Tue energy annual research report 2014

Energy Rethinking Power

Annual Research Report 2014

/ Strategic Area Energy

Table of content

Preface

Research theme leaders

Research projects

3.1 Future fuels

3.2 Energy conversion

3.3 Built environment

193

3.4 Fusion energy

263

3.5 Energy innovation

285

Contact persons

299

Overview research topics

301

Dissertations 2014

309

Energy Research 2015

Back cover

Annual Research Report 2014

1. Preface This booklet gives an overview of the energy-related PhD student and Postdoc research projects at the Eindhoven University of Technology, TU/e. Energy research at TU/e comprises five themes:

■ Future fuels Fossil fuels still cover 80% of our energy demand and we will continue to depend on them. Heavy transport ships or trucks require energy densities that can only be achieved with hydrocarbons. That is why we need to design new fuels and new engine techniques.

■ Energy conversion The sun offers more than enough energy to power our entire civilization. The Earth’s surface receives 10,000 times the amount that we consume. A new approach is needed to better exploit and store this energy. Photovoltaic systems, along with smart grids and heat storage systems will shape the era of renewable energy. Sadly, prof. Wil Kling passed away on 14 March 2015. We are convinced that his research will continue within the Strategic Area Energy.

■ Built environment Improving buildings is not only about new materials, cooling techniques, or heat storage devices. We also need to optimize comfort. A more comfortable building may be more productive, and hence: the energy used in the building is used more efficiently. Research at TU/e is aimed at integrating energy technologies in buildings and their environment.

■ Fusion energy Fusion is an endgame solution. It holds the promise of inexhaustible energy – clean, safe and available to all. With one drawback: it is an exceedingly complex scientific and technical challenge. Yet recent decades have seen rapid progress. Today, 34 countries are building the first power-generating fusion reactor, ITER, in a worldwide collaboration. In ITER, a ‘burning’ plasma is kept at a temperature of hundreds of millions of degrees, suspended in a magnetic field.

■ Energy innovation The Energy innovation agenda ensures the future strength of the Dutch economy by investing in energy education and training at the undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate level, and by developing a political, economical and societal energy agenda. Energy research at TU/e is institutionalized at the Eindhoven Energy Institute (EEI) whose mission is ‘to establish an energy ecosystem for science, society and industry’. For this, we cooperate with cities and provinces, on a national level with the Dutch Topsectors where also industry partners participate, and internationally within European University Alliances. However, such an ecosystem can only thrive if within TU/e itself, gaps between individual departments are bridged and (PhD) students and postdocs are actively encouraged to learn about existing energy research at other departments. It is for that reason that this booklet was put together so that from existing knowledge new cooperation and scientific breakthroughs are initiated.

David Smeulders Scientific Director, Strategic Area Energy

Annual Research Report 2014

2. Research theme leaders Future fuels, Philip de Goey ’Sustainable energy sources constitute only a fifth of our total energy production today. All the rest is from the combustion of fossil fuels. We therefore focus on ultra-clean and highly efficient conversion of fuels from biomass waste and ultimately fuels produced from solar energy.’

Energy conversion, René Jansen ‘The sun offers us more than enough energy to power our entire civilization. The Earth’s surface receives 10,000 times the amount of energy we consume and hence solar power has enormous potential.’

Built environment, Jan Hensen ‘About forty percent of the global fossil fuel consumption is for operating buildings. Our ultimate goal is a sustainable energy-positive built environment with indoor environmental quality optimized for health, comfort and productivity.’

Fusion energy, Niek Lopes Cardozo ’Clean, safe, zero carbon dioxide, for all and forever: that’s the great promise of fusion power. The entire world is collaborating in the development of fusion, an effort culminating in the ITER project: a 500 MW fusion reactor presently under construction in France.’

Energy innovation, Geert Verbong ‘TU/e actively contributes to ‘make energy innovation work’ in society by doing research on innovation, educating highly qualified professionals for the energy domain and by engaging with partners in energy innovation projects and ventures.’

Annual Research Report 2014

3.1 Research projects ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Clean Combustion Concepts

Annual Research Report 2014

10 |

Department

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis to Alcohols

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders

PhD student | Postdoc AAH (Abdul) Almutairi Project aim Currently, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis technology is mainly used to convert syngas, a mixture of CO and H2 that can be obtained from a wide range of hydrocarbons sources (gas, oil, coal), to liquid transportation fuels. This projects aims to develop catalysts for the production of alcohols, mainly ethanol, from syngas. Ethanol is a versatile platform molecule from which a large number of chemicals can be derived.

EJM Hensen

Sabic

I. Understanding the contribution of the metal and support on catalytic activity by preparation of well-defined catalysts. II. The role of the surface metal atom coordination on the activity and selectivity will be investigated in detail. III. The role of the support (reducibility of the active metal phase, the metal-support interface) and of promoters will be studied.

Funded by

Progress

Participants AAH Almutairi

Cooperations

Sabic

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information AAH Almutairi E a.a.h.almutairi@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc

Different sets of various promoters on Rh catalysts were prepared to study the effect of promotion and support on ethanol production from syngas. Substantial differences in ethanol selectivity are detected by variation of the support per type of promoter. The synthesis of some essential catalysts is in preparation in order to correlate results to literature and get additional insight on the relation with ethanol selectivity. Subsequently, a selected set will be characterized in more detail (XPS, XAS).

Scientific publications Almutairi, S.M.T., Mezari, B., Filonenko, G., Magusin, P.C.M.M., Pidko, E.A. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2013). Influence of extraframework aluminium on the Brønsted acidity and catalytic reactivity of faujasite zeolite. ChemCatChem, 5(2), 452-466. Almutairi, S.M.T., Mezari, B., Pidko, E.A., Magusin, P.C.M.M. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2013). Influence of steaming on the acidity of and methonol conversion reaction of HZSM-5 zeolite. Journal of Catalysis, 307, 194-203.

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders LMT Somers LPH de Goey

Participants S Ayyapureddi

Cooperations DAF Trucks TNO

Funded by Senter Novem

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2009 (October)

Information S Ayyapureddi T +31 (0)40 247 5995 E s.ayyapureddi@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion

Advances in the application of flamelet generated manifold for diesel engine combustion modeling PhD student | Postdoc S (Sridhar) Ayyapureddi Project aim Enhance FGM methodology to model diesel engine combustion, in a way to reduce the cost and time involved in numerical simulations:  Accurate predictions of ignition delay using counterflow diffusion flamelets.  Accounting pressure change, heat losses using pressure and enthalpy as additional dimension in FGM.  Modeling diesel soot formation.

Progress 1. ECN Spray Modeling: The in-cylinder combustion process in engines is greatly influenced by the igniting characteristics of a single diesel spray. The auto ignition phenomenon in a conditioned constant volume combustion chamber has been modeled using FGM approach. A wide set of experimental data from Engine Combustion Network (ECN) at various ambient conditions of the chamber are used for model validation. Spray H and Spray A are the two target flames used with n-heptane and n-dodecane as diesel surrogate fuel, respectively. Grid independence study, selection of spray sub models, optimization of the chemistry table’s resolution and the study on the effect of the turbulence closure of tables on ignition are carriedout, in this context. Refined FGM model showed decent match with the experimental observations. 2. Engine Cycle Simulations: Engine cycle simulations performed with moving mesh in STAR-CD, by coupling FGM tables using subroutines. A prior study for enthalpy integration has been carried out to understand the various levels of enthalpy for both oxidizer and fuel during entire cycle. Pressure based FGM implemented and concluded that 5 pressure levels (between start of injection and peak cylinder pressure) are required to achieve converged ignition delay predictions for both conventional and early injection timing. In order to account for the heat loss, enthalpy is used as additional dimension along with the pressure dependent FGM. The simulations with pressure dependent FGM, pressure and enthalpy dependent FGM is compared with an average pressure and enthalpy FGM. The model is also extended with NOx and 2-step soot model. This work is in progress. 3. Soot Modeling: With the recent norms on soot particle size along with the soot volume fraction, the detailed soot modelling is more focussed to predict the size of soot accurately. In the current work, a soot model based on two (soot volume fraction, particle number density) equations is implemented and validated with equivalence-temperature (φ-T) maps to evaluate the model at various φ-T conditions. The model results are validated with the published φ-T maps in literature. Then, the model is applied in Spray H case to validate against available experimental data from ECN. This work is in progress. Public defense: January 9, 2014.

Scientific publications Ayyapureddi, S. (2014). Advances in the application of flamelet generated manifold for diesel engine combustion modeling. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. (Co-promot.: prof.dr. L.P.H. de Goey & dr.ir. L.M.T. Somers). Egüz, U., Ayyapureddi, S., Bekdemir, C., Somers, L.M.T. & Goey, L.P.H. de (2013). Manifold resolution study of the FGM method for an igniting diesel spray. Fuel, 113, 228-238. Egüz, U., Ayyapureddi, S., Bekdemir, C., Somers, L.M.T. & Goey, L.P.H. de (2013). Manifold resolution study of the FGM method for an igniting diesel spray. Fuel, 113, 228-238. Ayyapureddi, S., Egüz, U. , Bekdemir, C. , et al.,(2012). Application of the FGM method to Spray A conditions of the ECN database. ID1285, ICLASS 2012 (ISBN 978-88-903712-1-9), Heidelberg, Germany, September 2-6, 2012. Egüz, U., Ayyapureddi, S., Bekdemir, C., Somers, L.M.T. & Goey, L.P.H. de (2012). Modeling fuel spray auto-ignition using the FGM approach: effect of tabulation method. SAE Technical Papers, 1-10.

12 |

Department

Fate of Forgotten Fuel

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc PC (Peter-Christian) Bakker Project aim

Project leaders

Diesel engines loose valuable efficiency points because of the relatively long burn-out phase. To study this in more detail, sophisticated laser diagnostic techniques will be developed and applied. The goal is to provide an improved fundamental understanding of the fate of this late-burning fuel, to improve engine efficiency by more economic use of the injected fuel, and to complete the last steps towards a full numerical engine combustion model (PhD H.Y. Akargün).

LMT Somers NJ Dam

Progress

Participants PC Bakker HY Akargün BH Johansson

The fuel-air mixing prior to combustion is essential for the combustion event itself. For the visualization of the mixing process the so-called fuel-tracer laser-induced fluorescence has been implented. The effects of injection strategy and fuel split were investigated. Some of the first results are promising, but more experiments are required to capture the true spray-wall (i.e. piston) effects.

Cooperations DAF Trucks TNO Delphi Shell Global Solutions

Funded by STW Shell

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2013 (July)

Information PC Bakker T +31 (0) 40 247 5995 E p.c.bakker@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion

Figure: Schematic overview of the setup in use.

Scientific publications Leermakers, C.A.J., Bakker, P.C., Nijssen, B.C.W., Somers, L.M.T. & Johansson, B.H. (2014). Low octane fuel composition effects on the load range capability of partially premixed combustion. Fuel, 135(1), 210-222. Bakker, P.C., De Abreu Goes, J.E., Somers, L.M.T. & Johansson, B.H. (2014). Characterization of low load PPC operation using RON70 fuels. SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1304.

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| 13

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders DMJ Smeulders HJ Veringa

Participants ZC Bourgonje H van Griensven GAJ van Hoek FHJC Seegers TGAP de Groot Cooperations Biolake

Funded by Biolake

Determine optimal torrefaction parameters for various biomass feedstocks PhD student | Postdoc ZC (Kees) Bourgonje Project aim Biomass is in the form of which it comes available not suited for high efficiency conversion into power and heat. By converting the biomass in a high temperature oven in the absence of oxygen the biomass obtains more favourable properties like better grindability, hydrophobic and a higher energy density. This study aims to develop a small scale automatic torrefaction testing system which determines the most optimal torrefaction process parameters to achieve the best possible quality output (specifications set by the end user) while taking into consideration the overall energy balance of the torrefaction system to operate auto thermal. Secondly, the torrefied biomass samples produced by the testing system are used for pelletizing and grinding tests to determine the optimal torrefaction settings to produce a durable pellet which requires a low grinding energy when pulverized.

Progress The lower reactor can torrefy biomass particles up to a size of 3 cm in which thermocouples are placed to log the temperature at various distances from the core of the biomass sample. In the upper reactor the ablated torrefactiongass is combusted and from the temperature profile of the combustion section the heating value of the torrefaction gas is determined. The information about the off gassing behaviour of several biomass types and qualities in a reactor is crucial for large torrefaction system to acquire a constant output quality of torrefied material.

Funding % per money stream

Figure: In the lower reactor, the biomass is torrefied in a stainless steel tube which can be opened from below to insert the biomass sample. The biomass sample is first dried in the lower region of the oven where the temperature is 105°C. When all the moisture is evaporated the biomass sample is placed in the middle of the oven where it is torrefied at a temperature of 280-350°C while argon gas is added so there can be no combustion of the biomass. The ablated gasses from the biomass sample are driven by the argon gas to the combustion section in the upper oven. In the upper oven there is air supplied just below the combustion bed. Here the torrefactiongas is combusted at a temperature of 520°C.

University 95 % Industry 5%

Start of the project 2012 (October)

Information ZC Bourgonje T +31 (0)40 247 3124 E z.c.bourgonje@tue.nl W www.biolake.nl

Scientific publications -

14 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

A novel approach to solar fuels: plasma assisted CO2 to CO conversion PhD student | Postdoc FK (Florian) Brehmer Project aim

FK Brehmer S Welzel B Klarenaar

The aim of this project is to perform the dissociation of CO2 to CO and O2 with high energy efficiency. One promising route to do this is to use an atmospheric-pressure dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. In the initial phase of the project, the parameter window for stable operation of the DBD for the used gas mixtures will be studied. For this an appropriate measurement system for the discharge current, power and gas temperature will be built. Subsequently, the densities of CO2 and CO will be monitored by means of infrared absorption spectroscopy. Moreover the optical emission of the plasma will be recorded. Using this diagnostics the effect of frequency and amplitude of the applied electrical ﬁeld, of the pressure and of the ﬂow speed of the gas on the CO2-to-CO conversion yield will be determined. When renewable energy sources are used to power the DBD, this approach might be a promising alternative route for the production of solar fuels.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders MCM van de Sanden RAH Engeln

Participants

DIFFER (the Netherlands) AFS Entwicklungs- und Vertriebs GmbH (Germany)

Funded by AFS Entwicklungs- und Vertriebs GmbH (Germany)

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

The progress in the last year involved the finishing of the experiments: Based on Raman spectroscopy, the gas temperature in the plasma can now be predicted as a function of the injected energy. Absolute number densities of CO, O2 and O3 were determined and found to be dependent on the scaling parameter , which is a function of the transferred charges and the residence time of molecules in the active plasma process. This scaling parameter suggests a mainly electron impact driven dissociation of CO2 into CO, which explains the achieved energy efficiency of the process. These findings were backed up by a simple plug flow reactor model which used the measurements of time-resolved IR absorption of CO together with the above mentioned estimation of gas temperatures. The results and diagnostics from this PhD project are valuable for future studies on plasma assisted CO2 to fuel conversion.

Start of the project 2011 (February)

Information RAH Engeln T +31 (0)40 247 5786 E r.a.h.engeln@tue.nl W http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp/

Figure: Number densities of CO, O2 and O3 plotted versus the scaling parameter found in the study.

Scientific publications Brehmer, F.K., Welzel, S., Sanden, M.C.M. van de & Engeln, R.A.H. (2014). CO and byproduct formation during CO2 reduction in dielectric barrier discharges. Journal of Applied Physics, 116:123303. Plasma-assisted CO2 processing for energy storage, R. Engeln, S. Welzel, F. Brehmer, S. Ponduri, M. Creatore, M.C.M. van de Sanden, proceedings of ESCAMPIG XXI, Portugal, July 10-14, 2012.

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| 15

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants A van den Bruinhorst

Cooperations -

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW 100%

Start of the project 2013

Information

Release Nature’s Building Blocks from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Novel Solvents PhD student | Postdoc A (Adriaan) van den Bruinhorst Project aim Wood, grass, straw, cane, bamboo, all common plants that could be the source for a biorefinery, based on lignocellulosic biomass. The stem cell wall of these plants consists of three biopolymers, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. These polymers are consisting mainly of glucoses, a mix of sugars and phenolics respectively. All of them are building blocks that could be refined into products that are nowadays based on fossil resources. However, the three biopolymers are intertwined to provide the cell wall strength, flexibility and biological resistance, hence they are not easily converted to fuels and chemicals. This is reflected in the extreme fractionation conditions of state of the art processes, like paper or bio-ethanol production. The aim of this project is to mitigate the process conditions for separating the biopolymers in lignocellulosic biomass through the use of novel, taskspecific solvents.

Progress Over 20 different solvents have been prepared from natural salts and (amino) acids. They belong to the so called deep eutectic solvents (DESs). DESs are prepared by simply mixing two solid organic components, the intermolecular interactions cause the mixture to melt at much lower temperatures than its starting components. Extraction experiments were performed with the goal to selectively remove lignin from the biomass. This was based on the results of dissolution experiments carried out earlier; a strong selectivity could be observed towards alkali lignin compared to cellulose. Despite these promising developments, the extraction of lignin from biomass at the same mild conditions (60 °C) was negligible. There can still be DESs that show more compatibility with biomass and a higher temperature resistance than the currently tested ones, which can maximize lignin extraction. The search continues!

MC Kroon T +31 (0) 40 247 5289 E m.c.kroon@tue.nl W www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Figures: The amount of extracted biomass per added biomass for the DES malic acid: choline chloride (MaliA:ChCl) at a 1:1 molar ratio at different extraction temperatures [left]. Mixtures of malic acid and choline chloride at different molar ratios at room temperature [right].

Scientific publications A. van den Bruinhorst, M. C. Kroon, “Applying Novel Natural Solvents to the Delignification of Lignocellulosic Biomass”, 27th European Symposium on Applied Thermodynamics, July, 2014, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. A. van den Bruinhorst, M. C. Kroon, “On the application of novel solvents for lignocellulosic biomass delignification”, 7th Green Solvents Conference, October, 2014, Dresden, Germany. A. van den Bruinhorst, D. Schoep, M. Francisco, M. C. Kroon, “Suitability of Natural Low Transition Temperature Mixtures (LTTMs) for lignocellulosic biomass processing”, 9th European Congress of Chemical Engineering, April, 2013, Den Haag, the Netherlands. A. van den Bruinhorst, D. Schoep, M. Francisco, M. C. Kroon, “Natural Low Transition Temperature Mixtures (LTTMs) as novel solvents for lignocellulosic biomass”, 2nd International Symposium on Green Chemistry, May, 2013, La Rochelle, France.

16 |

Department

Fundaments of Chemical Looping for Biomass Processing

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders M van Sint Annaland F Gallucci P Colonna

PhD student | Postdoc I (Ildefonso) Campos Velarde Project aim In the ECN MILENA Process, biomass is gasified by an indirect route comprising of a system of two coupled reactors. The performance of both interlinked reactors (bubbling fluidized bed reactor and riser reactor) is investigated in detail in relation to their respective operating conditions, especially focusing on the heat and oxygen transport in the system, and the effect of the residence time of gas and particles. Advanced experimental techniques PIV/DIA is used to study the hydrodynamics and to quantify the rate of heat and oxygen transport. An extended phenomenological model is developed and used for process optimization and scale up effects.

Progress Participants I Campos Velarde

Cooperations -

Funded by ADEM

Funding % per money stream ADEM

100%

Start of the project 2011

Information

The novel technique (ePIV/DIA) has been developed to study the hydrodynamics of gas-solid fluidized beds at high temperatures. The use of a new camera Dantec FlowMaster 16M coupled to a high temperature optical endoscope and the new laser EverGreen 70mJ have been valided at room temperature in a cold flow set up. A model for the indirect gasification of biomass has been done with Aspen Plus. The first step of the model considers sand as bed material. The products of the biomass devolatilization were estimated using empirical correlation from the open literature. Reaction kinetics for the homogeneous reactions are implemented. In the next step, the use of an oxygen carrier will be implemented.

Scientific publications Campos Velarde, et al (2014). High temperature endoscopic-laser PIV/DIA technique for the study of hydrodynamics of gas-solid fluidized beds. Proceedings NPS14, 3-5 November 2014, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Campos Velarde, I., et al (2014). Modeling of chemical looping biomass gasification. 3rd International Conference on Chemical Looping, 9-11 September 2014, Gothenborg, Sweden. Gothenborg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology.

I Campos Velarde T +31 (0)6 52121106 E i.camposvelarde@tue.nl

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Modulated turbulence for premixed flames

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders RJM Bastiaans LPH de Goey BJ Geurts

PhD student | Postdoc T (Thiago) Cardoso de Souza Project aim Considering the range of turbulent scales that occur in situations involving turbulent premixed combustion and the interaction of these scales with the flame front, the goal of this project is to investigate the response of a flame front embedded in a turbulent flow where certain conditions referred as ‘resonant’ turbulence are occurring. It is expected that an increase on the flame surface density can be achieved when the flow is subject to these ‘resonant’ conditions.

Progress

Twente University Ansaldo-Thomassen

DNS simulations of resonant turbulence in premixed combustion are currently investigated considering a Bunsen flame subject to these forcing conditions. For such simulations, we use our in-house CFD code, which was also already applied in other situations associated with premixed combustion. The forcing is introduced at the inflow plane of our numerical grid using sinusoidal modes related with a given wave number and amplitude, then we characterize the flame response to these resonant flow by looking into the conversion rate and the effects of the turbulent scales in the flame structure, considering a situation with and without such flow perturbations.

Funded by

Public defense: April 10, 2014.

Participants T Cardoso de Souza

Cooperations

STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2009

Information T Cardoso de Souza T +31 (0)40 247 3731 E t.cardoso.de.souza@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion

Figure: Turbulent Kinetic energy spectrum. Left: spectrum obtained using random perturbations applied at the inflow plane to generate turbulence in the DNS simulations of the Bunsen flame. Right: Sinusoidal modes related with a certain length scale introduced jointly with the inflow random algorithm used to generate turbulence.

Scientific publications Cardoso de Souza, T. (2014). Modulated turbulence for premixed flames. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. (Co-promot.: prof.dr.ir. B.J. Geurts, prof.dr. L.P.H. de Goey & dr.ir. R.J.M. Bastiaans). Cardoso de Souza, T., Geurts, B.J., Bastiaans, R.J.M. & Goey, L.P.H. de (2014). Steady large-scale modulation of a moderately turbulent co-flow jet. Journal of Turbulence, 15(5), 273-292. Cardoso de Souza, T., Bastiaans, R.J.M., Geurts, B.J. & Goey, L.P.H. de (2012). DNS of large scale forcing in premixed Bunsen flames. Proceedings of the 9th International Ercoftac Symposium on Engineering Turbulence Modelling and Measurements (ETMM9), 6-8 June 2012, Thessaloniki, Greece.

18 |

Department

Mechanism of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants W Chen

Cooperations Funded by NRSC-C

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

PhD student | Postdoc W (Wei) Chen Project aim The main aim of this research project is to develop the mechanistic and kinetic understanding of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction, taking into account the influence of nanoparticle surface structure. The main technique to be used is transient kinetic modeling including steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) and chemical transient kinetic analysis (CTKA) to reveal mechanistic information from the complex chemical FTS reaction network. Different from earlier approaches, we will describe the transient kinetics with detailed microkinetic models that are able to simulate the transient experiments based on the elementary reaction steps underlying the FTS process.

Progress A combination of SSITKA and CTKA was carried to investigate the CO activation in supported Co catalyst. The results show that an extra amount of methane, which is roughly equal to that of reversibly absorbed CO in steady state (by SSITKA), is released in backward chemical transient step (CO was replaced abruptly). We propose that the extra-CH4 is due to the accelerated CO dissociation on low-active sites. This interpretation is confirmed by a two-site model simulation. The transient technique was employed to probe the Fischer-Tropsch reaction as well. The chain growth of higher hydrocarbon is studied by analyzing the transient response curves. To obtain more kinetic information, mechanistic model fitting is in process.

Start of the project 2012

Information W Chen E w.chen@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc

Scientific publications Zhang, D., Guan, Y., Hensen, E.J.M., Chen, W. & Wang, Y.M. (2013). Porous MOFs supported palladium catalysts for phenol hydrogenation: a comparative study on MIL-101 and MIL-53. Catalysis Communications, 41, 47-51.

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Reactivity of (bi)metallic catalysts for reforming of biomass derived alcohols PhD student | Postdoc A (Aysegul) Ciftci Project aim

This project is focused on understanding the origin of reactivity in catalytic systems based on noble metals for the valorization of biomass derived molecules. The feedstock of the chemical industry has to go through a transition from finite fossil fuel resources to renewable resources for sustainable energy generation. Reforming of alcoholic portions of biomass in aqueous phase is a promising approach which provides an energy efficient alternative route to yield CO-free H2 as well as alkanes and alcohols. Glycerol is a reasonable model compound as it contains the same functional groups as the heavier polyols. Besides, it is produced in large amounts as a by-product of biodiesel production process. Pt is the preferred metal in APR as it has high activity in C-C breaking. Although the major part of this research work is focused on the conversion of glycerol in liquid phase, decomposition of ethanol and formic acid has also been studied using noble metal based oxide-supported materials.

Funded by

Progress

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants A Ciftci

Cooperations

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2009

Information EJM Hensen T +31 (0)40 247 5178 E e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc

Alloying precious metals with other transition metals such as Re increases the overall activity in APR and leads to significant changes in the product distribution. In order to understand the nature of the active sites in the PtRe bimetallic system, a set of PtRe catalysts with varying Pt:Re molar ratios (0.2-2) supported on carbon were prepared and extensively characterized using in situ spectroscopic techniques. The catalysts were also evaluated in CO stripping voltammetry, water-gas shift reaction in a fixed-bed reactor and APR of glycerol in a batch reactor. The results suggest that the promotional effect of Re on Pt/C mainly stems from (i) the higher WGS rate due to the presence of OH-covered Re surface atoms, resulting in lower CO surface coverage and higher reforming activity; (ii) the acidity generated by the Re-OH species, which facilitates dehydration reactions, increasing the rate of C-O bond cleavage reactions. Public defense: February 26, 2014

Figure: Glycerol conversion values with time on stream for the Pt/C, Re/C and PtRe/C catalysts at 225°C.

Scientific publications Ciftci, A. (2014). Reactivity of (bi)metallic catalysts for reforming of biomass derived alcohols. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. (Co-promot.: prof.dr.ir. E.J.M. Hensen & prof.dr. R.A. van Santen). Ciftci, A., Ligthart, D.A.J.M. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Aqueous phase reforming of glycerol over Repromoted Pt and Rh catalysts. Green Chemistry, 16(2), 853-863. Ciftci, A., Ligthart, D.A.J.M., Oben Sen, A., Hoof, A.J.F. van & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Pt-Re synergy in aqueous phase reforming of glycerol and the water-gas shift reaction. Journal of Catalysis, 311, 88-101. Ciftci, A., Eren, S., Ligthart, D.A.J.M. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Platinum–Rhenium synergy on reducible oxide supports in aqueous-phase glycerol reforming. ChemCatChem, 6(5), 1260-1269. Ciftci, A., Ligthart, D.A.J.M., Oben Sen, A., Hoof, A.J.F. van, Friedrich, H. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). PtRe synergy in aqueous-phase reforming of glycerol and the water-gas shift reaction. Journal of Catalysis, 311, 88-101.

20 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants AE Coumans

Cooperations Shell

Funded by Shell

PhD student | Postdoc AE (Alessandro) Coumans Project aim Environmental concerns and declining petroleum reserves have shifted attention to the valorisation of renewable resources such as biomass into transportation fuels. Compared to the oxygenates obtained by transesterification, hydrotreating of vegetable oils, animal fats and waste greases produces long-chain hydrocarbons with excellent fuel properties in blends with regular diesel. Since this process is compatible with current refinery infrastructure and employs similar catalyst technology as employed for crude oil desulfurisation, it constitutes an economically viable, intermediate solution to the legislated partial replacement of fossil-fuel based by biorenewablesbased diesel in the coming years. Kinetics of the catalytic hydrogenation of methyloleate are investigated in order to understand triglyceride hydrogenation in more detail. The catalyst is a supported NiMo sulfide. This information will be the basis for the kinetic model, which will then be extended by testing a model triglyceride. Additional characterization procedures (XPS, EXAFS, CO-IR) of the catalyst with respect to the long-term stability will be done.

Progress

Funding % per money stream Industry

A Kinetic model for triglyceride hydrogenation to biodiesel: from mechanistic understanding to improved catalysts

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Kinetic measurements of the catalytic hydrogenation of methyloleate and reaction intermediates were done in order to understand triglyceride hydrogenation and catalyst deactivation in more detail. The experimental setup has been adapted to accommodate measurements with trioleate, which are needed to bridge the gap between model compounds and real feedstocks. Parallel to this, series of catalysts have been prepared in order to investigate catalysts under working conditions. As a first characterization, these catalysts have been evaluated for their performance in gas phase thiophene hydrodesulfurization.

Information EJM Hensen T +31 (0)40 247 5178 E e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: Distribution of oxygenates in products over time, showing a loss of hydrogenation activity.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 21

Department

Mesh-free fracture simulation in swelling media

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc J (Jingqian) Ding Project aim This project focuses on the phenomenon of crack propagation in swelling media, where the response of the system is driven by events occurring at the crack tip. The meshfree Partition of Unity method will be used to encompass a set of fractures.

Project leaders

Progress

JMRJ Huyghe DMJ Smeulders

We listed both advantages and limitations about simulation of fracture and swelling in ABAQUS at first place. Based on the brief conclusions from ABAQUS, DAWN is used to simulate fracture at the moment. We verified the accuracy of finite deformation of one element in DAWN, and crack propagation in porous media in finite deformation is achieved. We could capture pressure profile in the fracture. The only problem was the ratchet effect with very low intrinsic permeability, and this could be solved by replacing continuous pressure model with the Enhanced Local Pressure (ELP) model.

Participants J Ding

Cooperations Baker Hughes EBN GDF Suez TKI Gas Total TU Delft University Utrecht Wintershall

Funded by Baker Hughes EBN GDF Suez TKI Gas Total Wintershall

Funding % per money stream TKI Industry

Figure: Peel test geometry and boundary conditions for two layer porous material. A 1mm crack is initiated from the left side of the beam. The dashed line represents the propagation path (l = 10 mm, h = 0.50 mm, a = 1 mm).

75 % 25 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information J Ding T +31 (0)6 48484328 E j.ding@tue.nl

Figure: Pressure profile of peel test with intrinsic permeability of 1.0e-10 (mm4/Ns) (left) and 1.0e-11 (mm4/Ns) (right).

Scientific publications -

22 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders DMJ Smeulders JAM Dam

Participants LR Dumitrescu

Cooperations TU/e Shell TKI Gas

Funded by TU/e Shell TKI Gas

Crystallization, nucleation and droplet growth for the combined gas treatment and liquefaction of natural gas PhD student | Postdoc LR (Raluca) Dumitrescu Project aim Liquefaction of natural gas involves several pre-treatment steps to remove contaminants from raw natural gas, such as: water, carbon dioxide, ethane, butane, nitrogen. These components are being removed to prevent their deposition at cryogenic conditions on equipment during actual liquefaction process, meet the international LNG sales and purchase agreements. In this research project we evaluate the feasibility of liquefaction of natural gas, with very limited gas treatment or heavy carbons removal, by investigating phase transitions (crystallization points, nucleation rates and Wilson points) for multi-component gas mixtures. The goal is to acquire the adequate description of nucleation phenomena, build the corresponding computational model.

Progress On one hand molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for single-component systems (Argon, Helium) to gain a close-up look at homogeneous nucleation process. This was studied by tracing and analyzing parameters such as: temperature of the system, maximum cluster size and onset of nucleation. On the other hand experiments were performed in an Expansion Cloud Chamber set-up for detection of liquid and solid formation in carbon dioxide and natural gas mixture. The chamber was filled up with gas mixture at given pressure. By means of a rapid electromagnetic valve, the gas was expanded into the vacuum tank giving rise to condensation and crystallization phenomena.

Funding % per money stream TKI Industry

75 % 25 %

Start of the project 2013

Information DMJ Smeulders T +31 (0)40 247 3167 E d.m.j.smeulders@tue.nl

Figure: Snapshot of nucleation simulation in single-component Argon box system.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 23

Department

DBD-Plasma assisted combustion

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders V Kornilov JA van Oijen LPH de Goey

Participants A Elkholy

PhD student | Postdoc A (Ahmed) Elkholy Project aim The aim of the project is to investigate experimentally low temperature plasma-flame interaction for CH4 premixed flame in a flat flame burner with a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) Plasma technique. We desire to investigate the effect of RF (radio frequency) plasma on flame stabilization, emissions, CH4 oxidation rate, radical and ion formation and their effect on flame propagation speed.

Progress  Design and construction of CH4 flat flame burner.  Design and construction of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma generator which consisting of disk electrodes, pulse generator, signal amplifier and oscilloscope.  Studying different holes patterns to get the suitable plasma discharge inside/around the holes.

Cooperation CWI's research group (U Ebert) Physics department in TU/e (S Nijdam)

Funded by Egyptian government

Funding % per money stream

0.5mm

Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2014 (March)

Information A Elkholy T +31 40 247 3621 E a.elkholy@tue.nl W www.combustion.tue.nl

Scientific publications -

24 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders DMJ Smeulders

Participants HJ Fan J Etienne HKJ Heller

Cooperations TU Delft

Funded by TU Delft China Research Council

Shock-induced borehole waves in fractured formations PhD student | Postdoc HJ (Huajun) Fan Project aim The dispersive properties of surface acoustic waves propagating along poroelastic media and fractures are studied experimentally and theoretically. Fractured formations strongly affect the wave propagation. These effects are studied in a shock tube set-up, where surface waves are generated by means of shock impact.

Progress Theoretical and experimental investigations in boreholes surrounded by poroelastic formations give information of fractures around the borehole. These effects will be studied in this project by means of a shock tube facility. A logging probe will be installed in the borehole to measure the pressure profiles. Fluid wave regimes inside the fracture are taken into account to compute the attenuation and reflection at the fracture region of the Stoneley wave in the borehole. Full wave theory predicts the same results as simplified dynamic Darcy flow, for small fracture widths. Our shock tube setup generates borehole Stoneley waves that are used for fracture characterization. Experiments on PVC samples with one single horizontal fracture show that varying fracture widths significantly alter the recorded Stoneley wave pressure signal at fixed depth. The technique is easily extensible to fractured porous samples for hydrocarbon reservoir applications. Public defense: June 11, 2014

Funding % per money stream University 10 % Scholarship 90 %

Start of the project 2008

Information HJ Fan E h.fan@tudelft.nl DMJ Smeulders T +31 (0)40 247 3167 E d.m.j.smeulders@tue.nl

Figure: Schematic of the experimental shock tube facility. The fractured test cylinder is placed in the bottom section of the tube and wave impact is recorded by the pressure probe.

Scientific publications Fan, H.J. (2014) Shock-induced borehole waves in fractured formations. Promotor: D.M.J. Smeulders, ISBN 9789088919107, http://repository.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid:39f70245-eb68-42b1a591-4a4334ee7570/. Fan, H.J. & Smeulders, D.M.J. (2013). Shock-induced wave propagation over porous and fractured borehole zones: Theory and experiments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 134(6), 4792-4800. Fan, H.J. & Smeulders, D.M.J. (2012). Shock-induced borehole waves and fracture effects. Transport in Porous Media, 93(2), 263-270 Fan, H.J. & Smeulders D.M.J. (2012): Fracture evaluation using shock-induced borehole waves. 28th International Symposium on Shock Waves. 805-810.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 25

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Dynamic and turbulent premixed combustion using flameletgenerated manifold in open FOAM PhD student | Postdoc A (Alessio) Fancello Project aim

A Fancello

The H2-IGCC project, co-funded by the European Union's 7th Framework Programme for Research and Development, is based on the initiative outlined in the European Turbine Network's (ETN). The subproject regarding TU Eindhoven is divided in two parts: Numerical (I) and Experimental (II). My tasks will cover the Numerical part: Development of RANS and LES models will be based on Flamelet Generated Manifold (FGM) techniques with a special focus on preferential diffusion effects, partial unpremixedness and local extinction. These effects govern thermodiffusive instabilities which interact with turbulence in a complicated way. The simulations will be done with the use of the open source software Open FOAM.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders RJM Bastiaans LPH de Goey

Participants

H2-IGCC Consortium Siemens AG

Funded by EU-FP7 project

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

 Extension of Flamelet Generated Manifold technique on Open FOAM from 1D to 2D case using either a laminar and a turbulent manifold.  Work in progress is now on the: - 3D/4D table case in order to include heat loss, turbulence and mixture fraction. - Inclusion of beta PDF for turbulent combustion using a 3D geometry (DLR jet flame). - Addition of hydrogen effects in the mixture and investigation on preferential diffusion. Public defense: October 15, 2014

Start of the project

Scientific publications

2010 (February)

Fancello, A. (2014). Dynamic and turbulent premixed combustion using flamelet-generated manifold in open FOAM. Oisterwijk: BOXPress. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr. L.P.H. de Goey & dr.ir. R.J.M. Bastiaans). Fancello, A., Bastiaans, R.J.M. & Goey, L.P.H. de (2013). Towards numerical simulation of turbulent hydrogen combustion  based on flamelet generated manifoldsProceedings of the 8th International OpenFOAM Workshop, 11-14 June 2013, Jeju (South Korea), Fancello, A., Bastiaans, R.J.M. & Goey, L.P.H. de (2013). Numerical simulation of turbulent hydrogen combustion based on flamelet generated manifolds with openfoam. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Numerical Combustion, 8-10 April 2013, San Antonio, Texas, USA, SIAM. A. Fancello, R.J.M. Bastiaans, and L.P.H. de Goey – A Flamelet Generated Manifolds LookUp table tool for premixed turbulent combustion -7th OpenFOAM Workshop - Darmstadt (Germany) - June 2012.

Information A Fancello T +31 40 247 3621 E a.fancello@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion

26 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants G Filonenko

Cooperations -

Funded by ICMS

Funding % per money stream

Creating artificial trees: multifunctional catalysts for harvesting atmospheric CO2 and sustainable fuel production PhD student | Postdoc G (Georgy) Filonenko Project aim The project aims at developing reliable techniques for fixation and transformation of carbon dioxide and further use of CO2 as a hydrogen storage agent. We propose to store H2 in the form of formic acid (FA) that can be further decomposed catalytically to yield pure CO-free mixture of H2 and CO2 to be used in fuel cell applications. Important part of the project is the development of the molecular understanding of the hydrogenation reaction targeted eventually at synthesis of better catalysts.

Progress Initially we established that heterogeneous catalysts cannot provide sufficient activity in CO2 hydrogenation. Afterwards the main focus was shifted towards homogeneous systems, namely, ruthenium cooperative pincer catalysts. Starting from the known RuPNP catalyst we found a likely mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation over this type of catalysts and provided the best example of ruthenium based catalyst, operating under mild conditions. A new catalyst, featuring N-heterocyclic carbenes was designed and proved to be active in hydrogenation of CO2. Interestingly these catalysts are active in hydrogenation of esters – a rather challenging substrate. Our efforts at the moment are focused on in depth catalytic investigation of NHCs activity and publishing our findings in their coordination chemistry.

University 100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information G Filonenko T +31 (0)40 247 8153 E g.filonenko@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc

Public defense scheduled: April 28, 2015.

Scientific publications Filonenko, G., Putten, R. van, Schulpen, E.N., Hensen, E.J.M. & Pidko, E.A. (2014). Highly efficient reversible hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formates using a Ruthenium PNP-pincer catalyst. ChemCatChem, 6(6), 1526-1530. Filonenko, G., Hensen, E.J.M. & Pidko, E.A. (2014). Mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation to formates by homogeneous Ru-PNP pincer catalyst: from a theoretical description to performance optimization. Catalysis Science & Technology, 4, 3474-3485. in Web of Science Cited 2 times Filonenko, G., Cosimi, E., Lefort, L., Conley, M.P., Copéret, C., Lutz, M., Hensen, E.J.M. & Pidko, E.A. (2014). Lutidine-derived Ru-CNC hydrogenation pincer catalysts with versatile coordination properties. ACS Catalysis, 4(8), 2667-2671. in Web of Science Cited 2 times Zhu, X., Rohling, R., Filonenko, G., Mezari, B., Hofmann, J.P., Asahina, S. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Synthesis of hierarchical zeolites using an inexpensive mono-quaternary ammonium surfactant as mesoporogen. Chemical Communications, 50, 14658-14661. in Web of Science Cited 0 times Almutairi, S.M.T., Mezari, B., Filonenko, G., Magusin, P.C.M.M., Pidko, E.A. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2013). Influence of extraframework aluminium on the Brønsted acidity and catalytic reactivity of faujasite zeolite. ChemCatChem, 5(2), 452-466. Filonenko, G., Conley, M.P., Copéret, C., Lutz, M., Hensen, E.J.M. & Pidko, E.A. (2013). The impact of metal-ligand cooperation in hydrogenation of carbon dioxide catalyzed by ruthenium PNP pincer. ACS Catalysis, 3, 2522-2526.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 27

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants IAW Filot

Cooperations -

Funded by NRSC-C

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project

Theoretical investigation of Fischer-Tropsch catalysis on Rh and Ru metal surfaces and particles PhD student | Postdoc IAW (Ivo) Filot Project aim We aim to elucidate the intrinsic mechanism of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalysis. A multi-scale approach is used, where we try to assert the relationship between the size and shape of the catalytic nanoparticles and the exposed crystal facets on the one hand, and the elementary reaction steps leading to macroscopic observables such as reaction order, apparent activation energies, selectivity and activity on the other hand. Due to the significantly different nature of Ru and Rh-based FT synthesis (the former produces mainly long hydrocarbons, whereas the latter tends to produce relatively short oxygenates), we focus our research on these two metals.

Progress Currently, we have been able to describe FT synthesis on Ru nanoparticles in terms of its constituting elementary reaction paths. We identified the dominant building block for the Ru-catalyzed C1-selfassembly as well as several industrially observed specificities which prior to our research were unexplained. Furthermore, we have elucidated the role of water in this process. Below, a schematic overview has been given showing the nodal fluxes in the FT process on Ru. From this graph, we can see that the dominant chain-growth catalytic cycle is the CH insertion, whereas the dominant depolymerization route is the C-decoupling. This particular catalyst produces mainly α-olefins of which the chain-termination pathway originates from a node lying in the chain-propagation cycle. This research contributes to our understanding of FT processes in general as well as to the development of the next-generation FT catalysts.

2010 Public defense scheduled: February 16, 2015.

Information IAW Filot E i.a.w.filot@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc

Scientific publications Filot, I.A.W., Santen, R.A. van & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Quantum chemistry of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction catalysed by a stepped ruthenium surface. Catalysis Science & Technology, 4(9), 31293140. Filot, I.A.W., Santen, R.A. van & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). The optimally performing Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. Angewandte Chemie, 126(47), 12960-12964. Filot, I.A.W., Santen, R.A. van & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Inside cover: the optimally performing Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 53(47), 12646-12646. Quek, X.Y., Filot, I.A.W., Pestman, R., Santen, R.A. van, Petkov, V. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Correlating Fischer-Tropsch activity to Ru nanoparticle surface structure as probed by high-energy X-ray diffraction. Chemical Communications, 50(45), 6005-6008. Weemers, J.J.M., Sypaseuth, F.D., Bäuerlein, P.S., Graaff, W.N.P. van der, Filot, I.A.W., Lutz, M. & Müller, C. (2014). Development of a benzimidazole-derived bidentate P,N-ligand for enantioselective iridium-catalyzed hydrogenations. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2014(2), 350-362. Van Santen, R.; Markvoort, A.J.; Filot, I.A.W.; Ghouri, M.M.; Hensen, E.J.M., PCCP, 2013. Zhu, T.W.; van Grootel, P.W.; Filot, I.A.W.; Sun, S.G.; van Santen, R.A.; Hensen, E.J.M., J. Catal., 2013, 297, 227-235. Filot, I.A.W.; Shetty, S.G.; Hensen, E.J.M.; van Santen, R.A., J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115 (29), 1420414212.

28 |

Department

Homogeneous nucleation of water and carbondioxide

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc MALJ (Maurice) Fransen Project aim Condensation of water is important for cloud formation in meteorological and climate models. Condensation of carbondioxide is important in industrial applications such as natural gas cleaning and CO2 sequestration. This study aims to experimentally investigate homogeneous nucleation of water and carbondioxide in an expansion wave tube.

Project leaders DMJ Smeulders

Participants MALJ Fransen E Sachteleben PR Bloemen GJ Hoek H van Griensven

Cooperations MEH van Dongen (TU/e) H Hruby (Prague)

Progress A horizontal expansion wave tube was installed which can be used for the optical detection of microscopically small condensate droplets. A 532 nm laser line-of-sight attenuation (LOSA) measurement is combined with 90 degrees constant angle Mie scattering (CAMS) to measure the concentration and growth of a cloud of condensate droplets over time. The condensation process is triggered by a rapid decrease of pressure and temperature in the setup where typical temperatures of 240 K are reached. This process is controlled by the pressure-time profile which can be selected to obtain a monodisperse cloud of droplets of identical size. It was shown that water nucleation in air and nitrogen is not significantly depending on carrier gas, but that the condensation rates are orders of magnitude above predictions by classical nucleation theory, which confirms findings from other publications on different gas-vapor mixtures.

Funded by TU/e Twister BV

Funding % per money stream University Industry

95 % 5%

Start of the project 2011

Information MALJ Fransen T +31 (0)40 247 2816 E m.a.l.j.fransen@tue.nl DMJ Smeulders T +31 (0)40 247 3167 E d.m.j.smeulders@tue.nl

Figure: Schematic picture of the expansion wave tube. Condensate is formed in the high-pressure section (HPS). The laser (L) signal is attenuated/scattered and measured by photodetector PD and photomultiplier PM. Pressure decrease is initiated by the rupture of the diaphragm that separates the HPS from the low-pressure section LPS, and profiled by the local widening section W. The gas mixture is preconditioned in the mixture preparation device MPD. Additional valves and pressure sensors are also shown. Public defense scheduled: June 18, 2015.

Scientific publications M.A.L.J. Fransen, E. Sachteleben, J. Hrubý and D.M.J. Smeulders (2014). On the growth of homogeneously nucleated water droplets in nitrogen: an experimental study, Exp. Fluids, 55(7), 1780. DOI: 10.1007/s00348-014-1780-y. Fransen, M.A.L.J., Sachteleben, E., Hruby, J. & Smeulders, D.M.J. (2013). Homogeneous nucleation of water in synthetic air. In P.J. DeMott & C.D. O'Dowd (Eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 23-28 June 2013, Fort Collins, Colorado, (AIP Conference Proceedings, 1527, pp. 124-127). New York: AIP Publishing. Dam, E.A. van, Wijnheijmer, A.P., Fransen, M.A.L.J., Marin Zapata, P.A. & Saes, L.H. (2013). Dynamics of moisture penetration into paper. Fransen, M.A.L.J., Sachteleben, E. & Smeulders, D.M.J. (2013). Wave-induced droplet growth measurement by laser light.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 29

Clean combustion of future fuels

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JA van Oijen

Participants

Project aim The focus of this project is on MILD combustion, which is characterized by a high degree of preheating and dilution of the reactants and offers the possibility of a sustainable, emission-free energy production. The project encompasses a multi-scale approach that starts with an exploration of the small-scale fundamental processes causing the outstanding properties of MILD combustion. This fundamental knowledge is then translated via numerical studies of lab-scale burners into design tools for large-scale industrial combustion devices. To investigate the reaction structures that arise in MILD combustion, high-fidelity numerical models will be employed.

Progress

MU Göktolga A Vasavan

Cooperations -

Funded by NWO (VIDI)

Funding % per money stream NWO/STW

PhD student | Postdoc MU (Ugur) Göktolga

100 %

2D and 3D DNS of Adelaide jet in hot coflow (JHC) experiments were performed and found out that preferential diffusion and heat loss effects are crucial, especially in predicting ignition delay. It was also observed that the form of ignition initiation is through autoignition everywhere, rather than flame spreading. Due to small scale velocity fluctuations in 3D, the variation and scatter in properties are wider compared to 2D. Initial autoignition happens at points with low scalar dissipation, high temperature, and mixture fraction close to most reactive value. RANS of Delft JHC was conducted with flamelet generated manifold (FGM) and eddy dissipation concept (EDC) options for turbulence-chemistry interaction. FGM performance is better than EDC in terms of lift-off height prediction. However, additional progress variable is needed to capture the temperature distribution correctly.

Start of the project 2010

Information JA van Oijen T +31 (0)40 247 3133 E j.a.v.oijen@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion

Figure: Comparison of 2D (left) and 3D (right) mixture fraction fields.

Scientific publications G. Sorrentino, P. Sabia, M. de Joannon, R. Ragucci, A. Cavaliere, M.U. Göktolga, J. van Oijen, P. de Goey; Development of a novel cyclonic flow combustion chamber for achieving MILD/Flameless Combustion, ICCEU12, Lancaster, UK.

30 |

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EJM Hensen JP Hofmann

Participants A Goryachev

Cooperations Funded by NRSC-C

Funding % per money stream NRSC-C

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information

PhD student | Postdoc A (Andrey) Goryachev Project aim The research is aimed on design, fabrication and following study of charge carrier dynamics of a Cu2O based model multi-layer photoelectrode for light-driven hydrogen evolution. The research includes three steps: i) controllable synthesis of light absorbing films based on Cu2O by (electro)chemical reduction supported on flat substrates; ii) design and optimization of protective layer/electrocatalyst combinations for improved charge separation, stability against photocorrosion as well as improve catalytic efficiency; iii) study of dynamic charge carrier transfer processes at the multilayer interfaces by dynamic XPS. OLEMS (on-line electrochemical mass-spectrometry) will be used for simultaneous products detection under electrochemical conditions for mechanism study. To derive (electro)catalytic structure-activity relationships, synchrotron based operando studies involving X-ray diffraction techniques will be employed.

Progress Hydrothermal synthesis of Cu2O films have been comprehensively studied in order to control morphology, thickness, phase composition, and crystallinity of photoelectrodes prepared on both glass and metal substrates. The possibility of using carbon-based materials as protective layers was also investigated. A dynamic XPS setup has been commissioned and tested on reference samples. In parallel, a transportable OLEMS system was designed and applied in a synchrotron assisted operando study of a model electrocatalyst. Model electrocatalysts – Pt(111) and Pt THH nanoparticles – have been studied during 3 beamtimes at ESRF, Grenoble by combined OLEMS-[XRR/GISAXS/SXRD] (X-ray reflectivity; grazing-incidence small-angle scattering; surface x-ray diffraction) as well as CDI (coherent diffraction imaging).

G Dima T +31 (0)40 247 2166 E g.dima@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc

E1 = 1.6 V E3 = -0.4 V E4 = 0.3 V

Ion current, a.u.

X-rays

E2 = 0.3 V

O2 H2

Peak area

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Metal oxide based semiconductor photoelectrodes for solar hydrogen production: mechanism – stability – reactivity

Reflectivity (a.u.)

Department

Pulse #

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Time, s

Figure: Scheme of the combined OLEMS-[XRR/GISAXS/SXRD] setup and an exemplary dataset of operando XRR-OLEMS curves upon switching between O2 and H2 evolution potentials.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 31

Department

Extension of the heat flux method

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders LPH de Goey

PhD student | Postdoc M (Mayuri) Goswami Project aim The heat flux method (HFM) is increasingly becoming a popular method of measuring adiabatic burning velocity of fuels. The method and its improvements remain an outcome of TU/e-CT’s years of dedicated research. The present project explores opportunities for HFM to be more visible and available to the academic and industrial world. This will enhance the option of measuring more accurate and fast data generation of fuels necessary in many sectors. A research proposal is conceptualized and written to attract grants from many industrial partners. Many collaborative activities with academic partners are also on-going.

Participants Progress

M Goswami E Volkov A Iyer JA van Oijen

Cooperations -

Funded by STW-Simon Stevin Meester Prijs

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information LPH de Goey E l.p.h.d.goey@tue.nl W www.combustion.tue.nl

The Heat Flux method is a method to stabilize planar adiabatic flames, which is primarily used to measure the Laminar Burning Velocity (LBV), a fundamental property of reacting mixtures. A research proposal is conceptualized and written lift the Heat Flux method to a higher level with respect to accuracy, versatility, and availability to industry. The generated knowledge will contribute to the continuous improvement of combustion systems to meet the demands of the future. To meet the project goal, advanced experimental set-ups, and state-of-the-art diagnostic tools of the highest scientific quality are combined. Apart from that many collaborative activities with academic partners are also on-going. A peer-reviewed article on syngas flames at high pressure from earlier measurements was accepted and presented in the prestigious 35th Combustion Symposium at San Francisco. Another journal article on C2-C3 alkanes at high pressure is in preparation.

Scientific publications Goswami, M., Bastiaans, R.J.M., Konnov, A., Goey, L.P.H. de (2014). Laminar burning velocity of lean H2-CO mixtures at elevated pressure using the heat flux method. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39, 1485-1498. Goswami, M., Coumans K., Bastiaans, R.J.M., Konnov, A., Goey, L.P.H. de (2014). Numerical simulations of flat laminar premixed methane-air flames at elevated pressure. Combustion, Science and Technology 186, 1447-1459. Goswami, M., van Griensven J.G.H., Bastiaans, R.J.M., Konnov, A. , Goey, L.P.H. de (2014). Experimental and modelling study of the effect of elevated pressure on lean high-hydrogen syngas flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 35, 655-662. Goswami, M., van Griensven J.G.H., Bastiaans, R.J.M., Konnov, A. , Goey, L.P.H. de (2014). Experimental and modelling study of the effect of elevated pressure on lean high-hydrogen syngas flames. 35th Symposium on combustion, August 3-8 2014, San Francisco, USA. Dissertation Goswami, M. (April 7, 2014). Laminar burning velocities at elevated pressures using the heat flux method. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr. L.P.H. de Goey, A. Konnov & dr.ir. R.J.M. Bastiaans).

32 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants WNP van der Graaff

Cooperations Dalian Insitute of Chemical Physics (China) Utrecht University (NL)

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Hybrid organic-inorganic mesoporous materials for the valorization of biomass PhD student | Postdoc WNP (William) van der Graaff Project aim The aim of the project is the development of, and application of catalytic ensembles – with a focus on solid acids - relevant for the valorization of cellulosic biomass to platform molecules which can be used as base chemicals for industry as well as fuel components. To this end, several routes towards such compounds are considered. The routes under investigation in this study comprise the dehydration of hexose sugars to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) as well as the chemocatalytic conversion of hexoses to lactate derivatives. Hereby the aim is to gain fundamental understanding of the chemistry behind these transformations.

Progress We demonstrated that Sn-speciation in Sn-BEA zeolite affects its performance as catalyst in the conversion of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone. This work was published in ChemCatChem. We investigated the reactivity of other zeolite topologies towards the conversion of carbohydrates such as 1,3dihydroxyacetone and glucose. Furthermore, we obtained fundamental knowledge on the influence 13 of diffusion effects by in-situ solid state C NMR on a model Sn-BEA catalyst impregnated with labeled glucose. We conducted a thorough investigation of the retro-aldol condensation reaction of hexose sugars. By a combination of kinetic experiments and characterization of the spent catalysts by Ar sorption, thermogravrimetric analysis and fluorescence microscopy, we gained insight in the diffusion of substrates and catalyst deactivation during reaction. Latter was done in cooperation with Utrecht University.

Start of the project 2011

Information EJM Hensen T +31 (0)40 247 5178 E e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: SEM micrograph of Sn-BEA zeolite.

Scientific publications Graaff, W.N.P. van der, Garrido Olvera, K., Pidko, E.A. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Stability and catalytic properties of porous acidic (organo)silica materials for conversion of carbohydrates. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 388-389, 81-89. Weemers, J.J.M., Sypaseuth, F.D., Bäuerlein, P.S., Graaff, W.N.P. van der, Filot, I.A.W., Lutz, M. & Müller, C. (2014). Development of a benzimidazole-derived bidentate P,N-ligand for enantioselective iridium-catalyzed hydrogenations. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2014(2), 350-362. Guo, Q., Fan, F., Pidko, E.A., Graaff, W.N.P. van der, Feng, Z., Li, C. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2013). Highly active and recyclable Sn-MWW zeolite catalyst for sugar conversion to methyl lactate and lactic acid. ChemSusChem, 6(8), 1352-1356. Weemers, J.J.M., Graaff, W.N.P. van der, Pidko, E.A., Lutz, M. & Müller, C. (2013). Bulky phosphinines: from a molecular design to an application in homogeneous catalysis. Chemistry - A European Journal, 19, 8991-9004.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Photo-bioreactors: saving algae from turbulence

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders F Toschi HJH Clercx

Participants A Gupta

PhD student | Postdoc A (Abhineet) Gupta Project aim This project is aimed at clarifying the influence of turbulence on algae growth to effectively scale-up photobioreactors and to operate them reliably for long periods. Turbulence in photo-bioreactors plays a key role for algae growth by enhancing mixing, allowing a homogeneous distribution of nutrients and an appropriate exposure of algae to sunlight (bioreactors exterior). However too intense turbulence will damage algae and will reduce productivity. We will investigate numerically the effects of turbulence and algae concentration, from dilute to dense suspensions. The knowledge of the multi-scale statistics of turbulent fluctuations, down to the individual alga, is key to develop models necessary to up-scale photo-bioreactor, select algae strain, optimize algae productivity and reduce bioreactors energy consumption.

Progress

Cooperations Shell-NWO/FOM

Funded by Shell-NWO/FOM

1. Development of 2D lattice Boltzmann code for solving the Navier Stokes equation for simulation of finite size particles using 4 different particle models. 2. Estimation of optimum particle resolution and confinement ratio. 3. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of homogeneous isotropic turbulence for several sets of parameters to estimate the optimum Reynolds number for simulations.

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (August)

Information F Toschi T +31 (0)40 247 3911 E f.toschi@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: Phase diagram for simulation of homogeneous isotropic turbulence for several set of parameters 3 (relaxation time, forcing amplitude, system size 128 ) using Lattice Boltzmann Method. Each point in the plot represents a simulation with its Reynolds Number (based on macroscopic length and velocity estimate).

Scientific publications -

34 |

Department

Catalytic pathways for lignin depolymerization

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EJM Hensen EA Pidko E Heeres

PhD student | Postdoc B (Burcu) Güvenatam Project aim The goal of the project is to produce aromatic fuel components from lignin by depolymerization route applying efficient, clean and economically viable method. To produce stable, nonpolar, petroleum soluble liquid products with high energy efficiency, it is aimed to reduce amount of the oxygen present in the original structure and prevent hydrogenation of aromatic rings. Accordingly, catalytic activity for this reaction should be selective towards C-O cleavage over C=C hydrogenation. The study started by focusing on catalyst screening and reaction condition optimization by the use of simple model compounds. Afterwards, lignin conversion tested on selected Lewis acids under optimized conditions. In the coming term, formic acid will be combined as an additive in this reaction system.

Participants B Güvenatam

Cooperations University of Groningen

Funded by CatchBio

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project

Progress Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignin model compounds is completed in the presence of hydrogen. We have investigated HDO reaction mechanisms on different noble metals. Secondly, we have completed screening study on depolymerization of lignin model compounds in the presence of Lewis acidic metal salts. This part of the study specifically adopted on Protobind lignin conversion. It was found that Lewis acidic property promotes lignin conversion under supercritical conditions in alcohol. We achieved to produce gasoline fuel content in our system as shown in figure below. Recently, our aim is to extensively understand the reaction mechanisms of the lignin conversion catalyzed by Lewis acids. As a final stage, formic acid studies are started to be combined with investigated processes. Public defense scheduled: May 28, 2015.

2010

Information EJM Hensen T +31 (0)40 247 5178 E e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: 2D gas chromatogram of Protobind lignin conversion under on-water condition.

Scientific publications Guvenatam, B., Kurşun, O., Heeres, E.H.J., Pidko, E.A. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Hydrodeoxygenation of mono- and dimeric lignin model compounds on noble metal catalysts. Catalysis Today, 233, 8391.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders F Toschi HJH Clercx

How gravity, shear and coalescence modify the droplet size distribution PhD student | Postdoc MAT (Michel) van Hinsberg Project aim The goal is to address the basic phenomenology of droplets under realistic situations. The focus being on large scale behavior. In this study the focus will be on the effects of gravity and of shear on droplet transport and collision rates.

Progress

Participants MAT van Hinsberg

Cooperations

The spectral code got a major revision. New tests have been added for reliability of the code. The documentation of the code is updated. Simulations have been done to investigate the influence of shear on the gravitational settling of particles. A model has been developed to explain the drift velocity for heavy particles in the horizontal direction while the shear velocities are directed in the vertical direction.

J ten Thije Boonkkamp

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (February)

Information F Toschi T +31 (0) 40 247 3911 E f.toschi@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/ HJH Clercx T +31 (0) 40 247 2680 E h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: The advection of tracers in a homogeneous shear flow.

Scientific publications Hinsberg, M.A.T. van, Thije Boonkkamp, J.H.M. ten, Toschi, F. & Clercx, H.J.H. (2013). Optimal interpolation schemes for particle tracking in turbulence. Physical Review E, 87(4), 043307. Hinsberg, M.A.T. van, Thije Boonkkamp, J.H.M. ten, Toschi, F. & Clercx, H.J.H. (2012). On the efficiency and accuracy of interpolation methods for spectral codes. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 34(4), B479-B498. Hinsberg, M.A.T. van, Thije Boonkkamp, J.H.M. ten, Toschi, F. & Clercx, H.J.H. (2012). On optimal interpolation schemes for particle tracking in turbulence. (CASA Report, No. 12-40). Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 8 pp. Hinsberg, M.A.T. van, J.H.M. ten Thije Boonkkamp & H.J.H. Clercx - An efficient, second order method for the approximation of the Basset history force, J. Comp. Phys. 230, 1465-1478 (2011). Hinsberg, M.A.T. van, J.H.M. ten Thije Boonkkamp, B.J.H. van de Wiel, F. Toschi, and H.J.H. Clercx, Interpolation error in DNS simulations of turbulence: consequences for particle tracking. In: Advances in Turbulence XIII. Proceedings of the 13th EUROMECH European Turbulence Conference, September 12-15, 2011, Warsaw, Poland. Eds. K. Bajer. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 318, 052022 1-6 (2011).

36 |

Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders S Arora HA Romijn GPJ Verbong

Participants E de Hoop

Cooperations V Vakhulabharanam (University of Hyderabad, India)

Funded by

Biofuels in India: flowing through time and space in tiny conduits PhD student | Postdoc E (Evelien) de Hoop Project aim This research project observes biofuel controversies in India by zooming in on the more unusual aspects that come into view when studying those controversies, following what Latour (2005) calls ‘tiny conduits’. This project therefore aims to study ‘wastelands’ in various times and places, the formation of India’s biofuel policies, farmers’ practices, their ploughs, land, ideas etc, and across the laboratory fields of scientists. By focusing on day-to-day practice and how that relates to policy and the ideational world of the ‘wasteland’, this study hopes to contribute to biofuels literatures that so far remained rather hypothetical based on experiences in laboratories, test fields or models.

Progress All fieldwork has been carried out. Part of the fieldwork consisted of archival research into the history of the concept ‘wasteland’ and how land ‘reacted’ to being classified as such. Secondly, I carried out interviews with policy makers, business representatives, civil society and researchers on India’s (political and practical) engagement with biofuels since the early 2000s. The last part consisted of ethnographic fieldwork with farmers in an ongoing biofuels project in Karnataka state. This has brought several valuable insights on the relations between biofuel policy, biofuel research and biofuel practices, and four papers are in the making.

NWO-MVI

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (May)

Information E de Hoop T +31 (0)40 247 4895 E e.d.hoop@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/industrial-ngineeringinnovation-sciences/thedepartment/staff/detail/ep/e/d/epuid/20113549/

Figure: Farmer growing Pongamia pinnata, a potential biodiesel feedstock, in India.He has more trees than most farmers, and would therefore be an important contributor to biodiesel projects since he could harvest many oilseeds from these trees. However, what is missing from most biodiesel studies is that this farmer and many like him are planning to (or have already) cut these trees to replace them by more useful trees like fruit or timber trees.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 37

Department

Lignin depolymerization and upgrading to fuel components

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants X Huang

PhD student | Postdoc X (Xiaoming) Huang Project aim Lignocellulosic biomass is a low-cost renewable feedstock that is uniquely suited for the production of sustainable liquid fuels. One approach to valorize the carbohydrate fraction is to convert the constituent sugars to ethanol by fermentation. Different from cellulose and hemicellulose, technologies to upgrade lignin into useful products are in early stage of development. Cellulosic ethanol production is approaching commercial practice. A considerable issue associated with largescale ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass is the co-production of large amounts of lignin; these amounts exceed both the internal energy needs of biorefineries and the world market for lignin-derived specialty products by a large margin. Therefore, new processes to add value to lignin beyond its combustion heat are needed. If lignin could be efficiently depolymerized, it could serve as a renewable feedstock for aromatics.

Cooperations Novel SYNthesis process CONcepts for efficient chemicals / Fuel production from biomass

Funded by Province of Noord-Brabant

Funding % per money stream Province of Noord-Brabant 100 %

Progress We have earlier reported a one-step valorization of soda lignin in supercritical ethanol using a CuMgAlOx catalyst, resulting in 23 wt% monomer yield (300 °C, 8 h) without char formation. Alkylation was found to play an important role in suppressing repolymerization. Ethanol acts as a capping agent, stabilizing the highly reactive phenolic intermediates by O-alkylating the hydroxyl groups and by C-alkylating the aromatic rings. Recently, we have optimized the one-step valorization of lignin in supercritical ethanol. High monomer yield (60-86 wt%) with little char formation is possible from soda, organosolv and Kraft lignins after reaction at 380 °C for 8 h. Compelling evidence is given for the role of ethanol capping agent of aromatics to prevent repolymerization, as formaldehyde scavenger and hydrogen source.

Start of the project 2012

Information EJM Hensen T +31 (0)40 247 5178 E e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc.

Figure: Production of fuels and chemicals from lignin depolymerization process.

Scientific publications X. Huang, T. I. Korányi, M. D. Boot, E. J. M. Hensen, Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin in Supercritical Ethanol, ChemSusChem. 7(2014) 2276.

38 |

Department Electricalal Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JG Slootweg J Frunt

Participants EAM Klaassen

Cooperations Enexis BV (Dutch Distribution System Operator)

Influencing energy consumption/production of households through smart grids PhD student | Postdoc EAM (Elke) Klaassen Project aim To support decision-making for implementing Demand Side Management (DSM) technologies, insights into the opportunities of smart grids as well as into the impact of the large-scale application of these technologies on the grid is needed. To investigate and quantify the DSM potential of consumers, Enexis is involved in several smart grid pilot projects. This research focusses on two of them, namely: (i) Jouw Energie Moment (JEM), and (ii) PowerMatching City II (PMC II). Both pilots, JEM and PMC II, have a different DSM architecture, in which also the role of the DSO is different. Research goal is to define a concrete plan for the evaluation of the two pilot projects, in order to evaluate the benefits of the projects for grid operators, energy market participants and project participants. Including an evaluation of the benefits of scaling up the project would provide for the same parties and an estimation on the perspectives for the implementation of smart grids in the Netherlands.

Progress

Funded by Enexis BV (Dutch Distribution System Operator)

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (October)

Information EAM Klaassen T +31 (0)6 46432786 E e.a.m.klaassen@tue.nl

Figure: Timeline of the PhD Project.

Scientific publications Klaassen, E.A.M., Reulink, M.H.B., Haytema, A.P., Frunt, J. & Slootweg, J.G. (2014). Integration of in-home electricity storage systems in a multi-agent active distribution network. Proceedings of the IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, July 27-31, 2014, Washington. Klaassen, E.A.M., Frunt, J. & Slootweg, J.G. (2014). Method for evaluating smart grid concepts and pilots. Proceedings of the IEEE Young Researchers Symposium (YRS 2014), 24-25 April 2014, Ghent, Belgium. Kobus, C.B.A. & Klaassen, E.A.M. (2014). Electricity on sale now!. Proceedings Behavior and Energy Efficiency Conference (BEHAVE 2014), September 3-4, Oxford, United Kingdom, (pp. 1-9). Wijbenga, J.P., MacDougall, P., Kamphuis, I.G., Sanberg, T., Noort, A. van den & Klaassen, E.A.M. (2014). Multi-goal optimization in powermatching city: a smart living lab. Proceedings of the 5th IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europea (ISGT Europe), 12-15 October 2014, Istanbul, Turkey. Kobus, C.B.A., Klaassen, E.A.M. & Slootweg, J.G. (2014). Slimme warmtepomp let op energieprijs. Energie +, 2014, 10-13. Klaassen, E.A.M., Kobus, C.B.A., Huijkelom, M., Frunt, J. & Slootweg, J.G. (2013). Evaluation of washing machine load potential for smart grid integration. Proceedings of the 48th International Universities’ Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2-5 September 2013, Dublin, Ireland. Klaassen, E.A.M., Asare-Bediako, B., Kling, W.L. & Balkema, A.J. (2013). Application of smart grid technologies in developing areas. Proceedings of the IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, July 21-25, 2013, Vancouver, Canada. Klaassen, E.A.M., Veldman, E., Slootweg, J.G. & Kling, W.L. (2013). Energy efficient residential areas trough smart grids. Proceedings of the IEEE PES General Meeting, 21-25 July 2013, Vancouver, Canada. Kobus, C.B.A., Klaassen, E.A.M., Kohlmann, J., Knigge, J.D. & Boots, S. (2013). Sharing lessons learned on developing and operating smart grid pilots with households. Proceedings of the 4th IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), October 6-9 2013, Copenhagen. Slootweg, J.G., Klaassen, E.A.M. & Kobus, C.B.A. (2013). Smart grids in de parktijk. Energie +, 33(4), 28-30.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Biomass fractionation using deep eutectic solvents

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants LJBM Kollau

Cooperations -

Funded by ISPT

Funding % per money stream ISPT

100 %

PhD student | Postdoc LJBM (Laura) Kollau Project aim For quality paper making, a cellulose rich pulp containing as little as possible lignin is required. Currently delignification takes place during the pulping process with multiple bleaching steps, often with the usage of chlorine. A ‘greener’ and more efficient method for wood (pre)treatment aimed at the paper industry would be highly beneficial for both environment and business. With its exceptional properties, like lignin solubility and the negligible solubility of cellulose, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) or Low Transition Temperature Mixtures (LTTMs) could be employed to develop a new environmentally benign manner for pulp making.

Progress Previously, Ionic liquids (ILs) have shown their ability to selectively extract lignin from lignocellulosic biomass without disrupting the cellulose. Correspondingly, DESs and LTTMs as analogues show high lignin- and negligible cellulosic solubility. However, other than ILs, DESs and LTTMs can easily be prepared by mixing two or more solids without the need for further purification. For the development of a new pulping process, first a screening is performed with different wood species, like Spruce, Poplar, Pine and Birch, with various DESs. This screening will focus on the solubility of lignin in different DESs, extractive properties of lignin from different wood types and the impregnation of DESs in the woodchips. Also the cellulose content of the woodchips will be monitored to investigate the effect of the DESs on the cellulose.

Start of the project 2014

Information MC Kroon T +31 (0)40 247 5289 E m.c.kroon@tue.nl W www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Figure: In this figure the process is depicted: 1. The biomass is mixed with the DES. 2. After stirring overnight at slightly elevated temperature the lignin is now extracted from the biomass and dissolved in the DES, causing the color change. 3. Upon water addition the lignin precipitates and can be collected on a filter. 4. After washing with an ethanol/water mixture the cellulose-rich biomass is separated from the DES.

Scientific publications -

40 |

Department

Transition-metal phosphides in hydrotreating catalysis

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders Th Weber EJM Hensen

Participants X Lan

Cooperations -

Funded by Government of China (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project

PhD student | Postdoc X (Xuefang) Lan Project aim Metal- rich phosphides show excellent activity for hydrogenation reaction and an increasing number of publications is concerned with their hydrotreating properties. Compared to traditional MoS2 catalysts, metal phosphides are believed to expose more active sites due to its globular structure. And because of their compact crystal structure, they are hard and strong and have high thermal and chemical stability. Meanwhile, the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) properties of metal phosphides have begun attracting attention, in recently years, because of the importance of HDO processing for the upgrading of biomass feedstocks to renewable transportation fuels. Hence, the object of this study is to developing a novel metal phosphide (e.g. Ni2P, MoP, CoP, Fe2P,WP) based catalysts for the upgrading of biomass (HDO). Effort will also be dedicated to exploring their application in clean transportation fuel production from oil and fischer-tropsch processes.

Progress Phosphate and hypophosphite methods are employed to prepare bulk and supported metal phosphides. Both methods require reduction of oxidic precursors. The specific reduction conditions are individually determined by temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and thermogravimetry (TG). Phosphate samples are reduced in H2 and hypophosphite samples are reduced in He atmosphere. After the reduction, samples are passivated and then characterized by XRD. HDS activity tests are carried out on the thiophene setup. A simple comparision of HDS ability among Ni2P/SiO2, MoP/SiO2, hypo MoP/SiO2 and CoMo/Al2O3 have been conducted.

2012 (September) 25

Information Th Weber T +31 (0)40 247 8174 E th.weber@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc.

Ni2P/SiO2 thiophene Ni2P/SiO2 H2 MoP/SiO2 shell 448

conversion %

0 0

time/ hour

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 41

Efficient fuels for future engines

Department Mechanical Engineering

PhD student | Postdoc CAJ (Niels) Leermakers

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project aim The development of a well-established understanding of the processes occurring in the cylinder in different combustion regimes will be indispensable since new combustion concepts make diesel engines much more complex. The project aims to gain a better understanding of the new combustion concepts and develop numerical models that capture the complex combustion phenomena in these concepts. For the latter the FGM approach will be extended and applied in a CFD approach. To validate the models and even more to increase the fundamental knowledge of the new combustion concepts, high speed laser diagnostic techniques are developed. Application of these techniques to an optically accessible engine will help to understand and possibly explore new pathways for future engines and combustion concepts.

Project leaders LPH de Goey LMT Somers NJ Dam

Participants

Progress

CAJ Leermakers U Egüz

The FGM approach is implemented on an engine setup. The database for chemistry generation is created by homogeneous reactors and igniting counter-flow diffusion flamelets. The method is validated by comparing the ignition delay results with the experimental data. Many tests have been done on the metal engine, consisting of fuel tests with bio-derived oxygenates, low-reactive naphtha blends, and gasoline-diesel dual fuel combustion. Initial tests have been done for the high-speed visualization of minor combustion species and a start has been made with experiments on the optical engine.

Cooperations DAF

Funded by STW DAF Delphi Shell Avantium

Public defenses: February 25, 2014.

Scientific publications

Funding % per money stream NWO (FOM, STW) Industry, GTI, EU

70 % 30 %

Start of the project 2009 (November)

Information CAJ Leermakers T +31 (0)40 247 5995 E c.a.j.leermakers@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion U Egüz E u.eguz@tue.nl

42 |

Leermakers, C.A.J. (2014). Efficient fuels for future engines. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof. B.H. Johansson, dr.ir. L.M.T. Somers & dr. N.J. Dam). Egüz, U., Leermakers, C.A.J., Somers, L.M.T. & Goey, L.P.H. de (2014). Modeling of PCCI combustion with FGM tabulated chemistry. Fuel, 118, 91-99. Egüz, U. (2013). Crossing the combustion modes in diesel engines. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr. L.P.H. de Goey & dr.ir. L.M.T. Somers). Egüz, U., Maes, N.C.J., Leermakers, C.A.J., Somers, L.M.T. & Goey, L.P.H. de (2013). Predicting autoignition characteristics of RCCI combustion using a multi-zone model. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 14(5), 693-699. Egüz, U., Leermakers, C.A.J., Somers, L.M.T. & Goey, L.P.H. de (2013). Premixed charge compression ignition combustion modeling with a multi-zone approach including inter-zonal mixing. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 227(9), 13131324. Zhou, L., Boot, M.D., Luijten, C.C.M., Leermakers, C.A.J., Dam, N.J. & Goey, L.P.H. de (2012). Emission performance of lignin-derived cyclic oxygenates in a heavy-duty diesel engine. SAE Technical Papers 2012-01-1056. Leermakers, C.A.J., Somers, L.M.T. & Johansson, B.H. (2012). Combustion phasing controllability with dual fuel injection timings. SAE Technical Papers, 2012-01-1575. Wagemakers, A.M.L.M. & Leermakers, C.A.J. (2012). Review on the effects of dual-fuel operation, using diesel and gaseous fuels, on emissions and performance. SAE Technical Papers 2012-01-0869.

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Development of the metal-sulfide-based photocatalysts for water splitting and reduction of carbon dioxide under visible light irradiation PhD student | Postdoc A (Anton) Litke Project aim

A Litke

The aim of the project is to link synthetic parameters and conditions with the properties of the resulted photocatalytic material. This knowledge is essential for the development of the controllable synthetic routes and fine-tuning of the properties of the material. The project is focused on the synthesis and thorough characterization and improvement of new existing semiconductor photocatalysts based on transition metal sulfides. These materials can be utilized for the hydrogen production from water as well as for the reduction of carbon dioxide.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants

Funded by NanoNextNL

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

We focused on the two-step synthesis of the mixed metal sulfides from the mixed hydroxides because this approach yields a highly active photocatalytic material. In literature this activity was ascribed to the specific nano-twinned particles. We carried out a thorough analysis of the influence of different synthetic parameters on the activity of the product which led us to a conclusion that the formation of the complexes in the course of the synthesis plays a crucial role and increases the photocatalytic activity of the material. We also carried out a detailed analysis of the correlation between the activity of the samples and the fraction of twinned particles which was found to be opposite to the one proposed in literature.

14 12 10 8

4 stirring 1.0M NaAc

2 / 

stirring 1.0M NaAc

SBET = 28 m2/g

Eg = 2.60 eV

still 1.0M NaAc

SBET = 27 m2/g

stirring no add.

Eg = 2.72 eV

EJM Hensen T +31 (0)40 247 5178 E e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W ww.catalysis.nl/imc

SBET = 17 m2/g

Information

Eg = 2.72 eV

Intensity / a.u.

2012

H2 evolution rate / mmolg-1h-1

Start of the project

stirring still 1.0M NaAc no add.

Figure: Influence of the sodium acetate and mechanical stirring on the (A) crystal phase (B) photocatalytic activity of Zn0.5Cd0.5S.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 43

Department

Catalytic conversion of lactic acid into commodity chemicals

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc K (Kaituo) Liu Project aim

Project leaders

In this project, the main aim is to explore novel catalyst materials for the dehydrogenation or decarboxylation of lactic acid to commodity chemicals. The starting point is the dehydrogenation of lactic acid or methyl lactate to produce pyruvic acid or methyl pyruvate. In this respect, gold doped hydrotalcite proved to be efficient catalyst for dehydrogenation. Ultimately, the goal is to combine the renewable feedstocks and some commodity chemicals with lactic acid.

EJM Hensen EA Pidko

Progress

Participants K Liu G Li GE Dima

Cooperations Cardiff University Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Instituto de Tecnologia Qulmica Hokkaido University Chiba University Tokyo Institute of Technology

In the past year, the dehydrogenation of methyl lactate had been the main focus of the research project. To carry out this part, dehydrogenation reactions were performed in mini-autoclave and the activity of MgAl-HT-HDP, HAP, TiO2, Rh/TiO2, PtRe/C and Au/MgCuCr2O4 were compared. MgAl-HTHDP, HAP and TiO2 showed higher dehydrogenation activity. It was found that TiO2 has the best activity of dehydrogenation of methyl lactate. Nobel metal/TiO2 and M/HT catalysts do not increase the methyl pyruvate selectivity. The highest selectivity of methyl pyruvate is 27.9%. PtRe/C shows the highest conversion ~ 76.6%, but lowest yield of methyl pyruvate. Because PtRe/C is active in breaking C-C bond.

Funded by

Novacam

Conv.ML Selec.MP

Funding % per money stream

100 %

Start of the project

40 30

2013 (June)

Information

EJM Hensen T +31 (0)40 247 5178 E e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl

0 MgAl-HT-HDP

HAP

Scientific publications -

44 |

TiO2

Rh/TiO2

PtRe/C Au/MgCuCr2O4

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders M van Sint Annaland F Gallucci

Participants M Martini

Cooperations Politecnico di Milano CSIC of Zaragozza

Funded by FP7

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

New CO2 capture process for pure hydrogen production combining Ca and Cu chemical loops PhD student | Postdoc M (Michela) Martini Project aim The increase of greenhouse effects is the main cause of the climate change, being CO2 the major responsible gas. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an interesting technology which involves CO2 capture following by storage underground. Moreover, H2 is considered a promising energy carrier in future energy systems. The aim of this project is to study a novel process to provide hydrogen production with integrated pure CO2 capture. In this process, the high temperature CO2 capture during the production of hydrogen fuel by means of the steam-methane reforming using Ca-Cu looping cycle is carried out. The heat needed to drive the endothermic steam-methane reforming reaction is matched with in-situ heat production from the calcium carbonate formation reaction. At the same time, the heat required to regenerate a calcium carbonate material is matched with in situ heat production through the reduction of CuO to Cu metal.

Progress First of all literature study on Ca/Cu looping process, oxygen carriers, CO2 sorbents, kinetic models was done. Then energy and mass balance of the Ca/Cu looping process using the sharp front approach was used to obtain preliminary values of the temperatures of the gas streams, the maximum temperature reached in the bed and the heat- and reaction-front velocities. Work on the 1-D model for packed bed reactors was done to adapt it for this process in order to describe more in detail the process. Experimental work was done on the oxygen carrier (CuO) and CO2 sorbent (CaO) in order to find the kinetics of the reactions that occus in the process. From preliminary experiment on the CuO-based solid, it was seen that oxygen uncoupling was occurring. The material was studied in the TGA with different concentration of O2 during the reduction time in order to describe the behaviour. In the figure below some results.

Information M Martini T +31 (0)40 247 8659 E m.martini@tue.nl

Figure: Conversion of CuO under different concentration of O2 during the reduction time at 870°C.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 45

Department DIFFER

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders H de Vries MJM van de Sanden

Participants A Meshkova S Starostin Y Liu F Elam

Funded by FOM FUJIFILM Europe BV

Funding % per money stream FOM Industry

50 % 50 %

Investigation of film nucleation and thin film front growth evolution PhD student | Postdoc A (Anna) Meshkova Project aim The aim of this research project is to understand the plasma surface interactions in a discharge having a non-local species generation with 2D spatial charge distribution and how this affects the film nucleation and growth front evolution (roughening). This research project will provide better understanding of the mechanism of conformal film growth on polymers (including porous or structured) surfaces relevant for moisture barriers as well as membrane applications. Elucidating the film growth mechanisms may lead to a novel solution to control conformal film growth and improved reactor design.

Progress The growth front evolution of silica-like thin films deposited in a high current dielectric barrier discharge was investigated using AFM subsequently processing the data within the frame work of the Dynamic Scaling Theory. The analysis indicates a transition from a non-self-affine to a self-affine surface morphology. The analyses of AFM images of thin films allowed us to derive the rms roughness and HHCF as a function of the film thickness. Hence an evolution of the morphology from the non-self-affine pristine PEN substrate into a rather smooth self-affine surface with one slope in HHCF is observed as the deposited silica-like layer thickness increases from 3.5 nm to 16.5 nm. Above this film thickness the roughness exponent and the growth exponent were obtained. Further analysis of the roughness development of thicker layers (>200 nm) is required.

Start of the project 2014 (April) 10

Information 2

HHCF [nm ]

A Meshkova T +31 (0)6 34398586 E a.meshkova@differ.nl

PEN 3.5 nm 5.5 nm 11.4 nm 16.5 nm

0.1 10

100

1000

r [nm]

Figure: Height-height correlation functions determined for the range of thicknesses from 3.5 nm to 16.5 nm.

Scientific publications -

46 |

Department

Ionic Liquids for CO2 capture

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc M (Mayte) Mota Martinez Project aim

M Mota Martinez

The presence of the acid gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in gas reserves is a major concern for oil and gas industry. The removal of these gases from the natural gas, the so called gas sweetening process, is usually done by absorption using either chemical or physical sorbents. Physical absorption is more convenient when concentration of acid gas is high and heavy hydrocarbons are scarcely present. Organic solvents like Selexol® are commonly used. Ionic liquids (ILs) are a new category of solvents whose main properties are their negligible vapor pressure, chemical and thermal stability and versatility. ILs have been proposed as an alternative to organic solvents for several processes, including gas separation. In this project the feasibility of using ILs for gas sweetening is investigated to produce a high quality gas and to minimize the operational costs.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants

Funded by Petroleum Institute

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

The solubilities of CO2, methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8) in the low viscosity 1hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate ([hmim][TCB]) IL were determined at temperatures between 280 and 400 K and pressures up to 12 MPa. It was found that the selectivity can be up to 20 moles of CO2 per mole of CH4, making the gas sweetening with this IL viable. The experimentally obtained equilibria data were modeled using two equations of state (EoS): Peng Robinson (PR) and a Group Contribution (GC). It was found that both models fit experimental data with the same degree of accuracy, although GC EoS was found to be more powerful tool to predict the solubilities at high pressures.

Start of the project 2010

Information MC Kroon T +31 (0)40 247 5289 E m.c.kroon@tue.nl W www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Figure: Modeling of (a) CO2 + [hmim][TCB], (b) CH4 + [hmim][TCB], (c) C2H6 + [hmim][TCB] and (d) C3H8 + [hmim][TCB] using the PR EoS (dashed line) and the GC EoS (solid line)

Scientific publications Mota-Martinez, M. T.; Althuluth, M.; Berrouk, A.; Kroon, M. C.; Peters, C. J., High pressure phase equilibria of binary mixtures of light hydrocarbons in the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate. Fluid Phase Equilibr. 2014, 362, (0), 96-101. Althuluth, M.; Berrouk, A.; Kroon, M. C.; Peters, C. J., Modeling Solubilities of Gases in the Ionic Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate Using the Peng– Robinson Equation of State. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2014, 53, (29), 11818-11821. Althuluth, M.; Mota-Martinez, M. T.; Berrouk, A.; Kroon, M. C.; Peters, C. J., Removal of small hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, butane) from natural gas streams using the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3 -methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate. J. Supercrit. Fluid 2014, 90, (0), 6572. Mota-Martinez, M. T.; Althuluth, M.; Kroon, M. C.; Peters, C. J., Solubility of carbon dioxide in the low-viscosity ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate. Fluid Phase Equilibr. 2012, 332, (0), 35-39. Althuluth, M.; Mota-Martinez, M. T.; Kroon, M. C.; Peters, C. J., Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in the Ionic Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2012, 57, (12), 3422-3425. Annual Research Report 2014

| 47

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders RJM Bastiaans LPH de Goey JA van Oijen

Participants S Mukhopadhyay A Donini

Cooperations Siemens Power Generation (SPG) Rolls Royce Deutschland (RRD)

Project aim In this project detailed knowledge for modeling of combustion with alternative fuels will be developed. This is done by means of detailed descriptions in the framework of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The ultimate goal is to predict the combustion process of gas turbines, including complex physical real fuel phenomena (NOx, preferential diffusion, thermo diffusive effects, etc.). To that end the promising flamelet generated manifolds (FGM) technique will be extended in this project. The technique is developed in its basic form at TU/e and has been continuously tested and extended to more general situations over the last years.

Progress Development of 2D Filtered FGM M-(FFGM) for premixed combustion, Modeling insights into Progress variable variance, Comparison with presumed PDF manifold, Simulation of slot burner with M-FFGM and presumed PDF. Public defense: June 11, 2014

Mukhopadhyay, S. (2014). Modeling turbulent combustion using spatially filtered flamelets. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr. L.P.H. de Goey, dr.ir. R.J.M. Bastiaans & dr.ir. J.A. van Oijen).

TU/e STW SPG RRD

Funding % per money stream 75 % 25 %

Start of the project 2010

Information RJM Bastiaans T +31 (0)40 247 4836 +31 (0)40 247 2140 (secretary) E r.j.m.bastiaans@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion

48 |

PhD student | Postdoc S (Sudipto) Mukhopadhyay

Scientific publications

Funded by

STW Industry

Modeling turbulent combustion using spatially filtered flamelets

Department

Long-range interactions in the interface

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JMRJ Huyghe DMJ Smeulders

Participants S Musa K Malakpoor J Ding C Yu T Sweijen (UU)

Cooperations University of Utrecht (the Netherlands) Procter and Gamble (Germany)

PhD student | Postdoc S (Sami) Musa Project aim The aim of the project is to study mechanical properties of swelling ionized porous media such as gels, shale and some biological tissues. These are materials which are widely used in industry. Porous materials in general are full of interfaces in the micro- and nano-scale level. However, when modeling these materials, to study their characteristics, they are homogenized assuming that the physics in the interface level is well understood. This assumption is not completely correct and could lead to errors in the model predictions. In part of this project we are studying an interfacial interaction which lead numerous physical effects such as to long range of repulsion of colloids, generation of fluid flow and colloidal crystal formation. The physical nature of these effects are not well understood. Our investigations are revealing the nature of these long-range forces.

Progress We have conducted therotical and experimental investigations to study the long-range repulsion forces at the interface between charged surfaces and solutions. In the experimental investigations we have used optical microscopy and multipartical tracking to describe and quantitively determine the repulsion forces and the velocity of fluid flow. The experimental results showed that the longrange repulsion of colloids agreed well with the model of difusiophoresis and that the fluid flow is caused by diffusioosmosis. We are planning further experiments using 3D-micro-particle tracking velocimetry to verify a theoretical model we developed which describes the combined effect of diffusionphoresis and diffusioosmosis.

Funded by STW Procter and Gamble (Germany)

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (June)

Information JMRJ Huyghe E J.M.R.Huyghe@tue.nl Figure: A microscope image showing repultion of colloids and fluid convection at the interface of a charge surface (Nafion) and colloids suspension.

Scientific publications D. Florea, S. Musa, J.M. Huyghe and H.M. Wyss. Long range transport of colloids in aqueous solutions, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 111(18): 6554-6559 (2014). Musa, S; Florea, D; Wyss, H; Huyghe, J. M; Convectional flow induced by hydrophilic surfaces, water conference Sofia, Bulgaria. October 2013.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 49

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders Q Wang GA Kolb V Hessel

Participants CE Ortega Rojas S Sundaram CPM Buijs ME Coolen – Kuppens EPJM van Herk

Cooperation Queen’s Belfast University

Funded by

Kinetic Study of the Methanol-to-Gasoline Conversion over ZSM-5 Catalysts PhD student | Postdoc CE (Carlos) Ortega Rojas Project aim The aim of this PhD project is to perform detailed kinetic investigations of the methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) conversion over designed Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5) catalysts (which will be delivered from the project partner Queen’s Belfast University). The reactions will be carried out in a microstructured gradientless recycle reactor in a wide range of reaction conditions (T, p, WHSV and feed composition). Furthermore, the kinetic analysis will consist in two main activities: (1) kinetic model proposal and discrimination, the models will be developed considering possible mechanism and rate determining steps, while the discrimination will be based on statistical analysis; and (2) kinetic parameters estimation, which will be done by multivariable nonlinear regression.

Progress During the first year of the project, the design and construction of the experimental set-up required to perform the kinetic analysis of the MTG reaction was completed (see schematic diagram in the figure). The system consists of three main sections: (1) Feed section, where methanol, N2 and other auxiliary gases can be fed through mass flow controllers (MFCs); (2) Reaction section, comprises the reactor and a recycling pump or blower (a recycle ratio greater than 25 can be achieved, so that the reaction system behaves as a continuous stirred tank reactor instead of a plug flow reactor); and (3) Analysis section, which is constituted by two GCs that perform online measurements of the composition of the product stream. One GC is also provided with two 12-loops multiposition valves that allow fast sampling of the product stream and overnight analysis of the composition.

EU - Grant agreement no 604296

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information CE Ortega Rojas T +31 (0)40 247 8654 E c.e.ortega@tue.nl

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for the MTG kinetic study Figure: Schematic diagram of the experimental set-up for the kinetic analysis of the MTG reaction. Scientific publications -

50 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants DJGP van Osch

Cooperations -

Funded by ISPT

The use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the recycling of paper PhD student | Postdoc DJGP (Dannie) van Osch Project aim Integral use of lignocellulosic biomass, whereby the cellulose fibers and lignin are valorized separately, is needed in a biobased economy to obtain most value from wood. The overall aim of this project is to investigate if we can decrease the energy consumption for the recycling of cellulose fibers (e.g. pulp and paper) with deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Two methods will be investigated. One method will focus on the removal of contaminants, e.g. stickies and ink, from the recycled paper with DESs. The other method will focus on the extraction of cellulose from the recycled paper. Both methods will aim for a decrease of energy consumption of at least 50%.

Progress Initial tests show great promise for the removal of one of the ‘stickie causers’, e.g. polyvinyl alcohol. Furthermore, experiments are planned for testing the removal of the other ‘stickie causers’, e.g. polyvinyl acetate, styrene-butadiene rubber and different metal-complexes. For the removal of ink future plans have to be discussed with the companies incorporated in our project. For the extraction of cellulose different experiments are performed, but till now no progress has been made.

Funding % per money stream ISPT

100 %

Start of the project 2014

Information MC Kroon T +31 (0)40 247 5289 E m.c.kroon@tue.nl W www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Figure: Example of a stickie on cellulose fibers.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 51

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders Q Wang GA Kolb V Hessel

Participants LPR Pala CPM Buijs ME Coolen – Kuppens EPJM van Herk

Cooperations Universidade Federal Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Allegre, Brazil (J Dupon)

Development and Testing of Durable and Sulfur tolerant Water Gas Shift (WGS) catalysts for syngas adjustment using Microchannel Reactor PhD student | Postdoc LPR (Laxmi Prasad Rao) Pala Project aim The aim of this Phd project is to develop durable and sulphur tolerant water-gas shift catalysts which can be coated into plate heat-exchanger reactors to enable single-step water-gas shift. The catalysts are part of a future process which aims for syngas generation from biomass, gas conditioning through water-gas shift and subsequent Fischer-Tropsch on catalyst formulations based upon ionic liquid technology (covered by the project partner. Long-term tests in presence of H2S will prove the enhanced durability of the catalysts developed. Progress During the first five months of the project, the design of the experimental set-up required to perform the Water Gas Shift (WGS) reaction is completed (see schematic diagram in the figure). Feed gases, H2, CO, CO2, H2S/Ar, Ar and O2 are fed through mass flow controllers (MFCs) and mixed with steam. This feed mixture passes through the microchannel reactor where the WGS reaction takes place at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of 200 - 400°C. Then the stream existing from the reactor is fed to the analysers (GC, IR) for the online measurement of the product compositions.

Funded by

Hydrogen

Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)

Carbon monoxide

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project

Carbondioxide

2014 (August)

Information LPR Pala T +31 (0)6 59133113 E l.p.r.pala@tue.nl

H2S/Ar

1 Atm; 200 - 400°c

WGS Reactor

Oxygen

Argon

Water

Vaporizer

H2, CO, CO2, H2S, Ar, O2, H2O to Analyser

Figure: Schematic diagram of the experimental set-up for the WGS reaction.

Scientific publications -

52 |

Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders HA Romijn

Participants AJK Pols S Arora QC van Est A Spahn GPJ Verbong

Biofuels: sustainable innovation or gold rush? PhD student | Postdoc AJK (Auke) Pols Project aim Biofuels are controversial. Policy makers and other stakeholders are struggling to find answers to how, and under which conditions sustainability could be realised, and how to encourage sustainable practices through guidelines and norms (e.g., derived from the Cramer Criteria). This research aims to address these strategic questions by investigating conceptual, ethical and political aspects of sustainability of biofuels. We study different organizational models for production and use, and their institutional and policy governance; value- and resource trade-offs arising between economic, social and environmental sustainability dimensions generated by these different models; and their relation to societal controversies. We study an early second generation biofuel, Jatropha curcas L., and compare two Jatropha frontrunner countries – Tanzania and India – and their links to policies and investments from EU countries.

Progress

KN Njau (Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania) V Vakulabharanam (University of Hyderabad, India)

Empirical research in Tanzania has been completed: technical aspects of Jatropha production, agronomy of the jatropha plant, interaction with the ecological context and social and economical aspects have been investigated. This has led to a comparative sustainability assessment of production systems, an assessment of economic viability, an assessment of ethical impacts, focusing on irreversible harms, and decision support tools for policy-makers and investors. We have also investigated the legitimacy of biofuel certification and the problems of certifying production, rather than production-consumption systems. Our PhD student E de Hoop has done substantial ethnographic fieldwork in India and has interviewed Indian biofuel project leaders and policy-makers.

Funded by

Scientific publications

Cooperations

NWO MVI

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (May)

Information HA Romijn T +31 (0)40 247 4754 E h.a.romijn@tue.nl

Arora, S., Romijn, H.A., Caniëls, M.C.J. (2014) Emergence of a biofuel economy in Tanzania: Local developments and global connections from an institutional perspective. Industrial and Corporate Change 23(2), 573-607. Bryant, S.T. and H.A. Romijn (2014, in press) 'Not quite the end for jatropha? A case study of the financial viability of biodiesel production from jatropha in Tanzania'. Energy for Sustainable Development. doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2014.09.006. van Eijck J.A.J., Balkema, A.J. Romijn, H.A., Faaij, A. (2014). Global experience with jatropha cultivation for bioenergy: an assessment of socio-economic and environmental aspects. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 32, 869-889. van Eijck, J.A.J., Romijn, H.A., Smeets, E., Bailis, R., Rooijakkers, M., Hooijkaas, N., Verweij, P., Faaij, A.P.C. (2014) Comparative analysis of key socio-economic and environmental impacts of smallholder and plantation based jatropha biofuel production systems in Tanzania. Biomass and Bioenergy 61, 25-45. Pols, A.J.K. and H.A. Romijn (2014) 'Irreversible social change', in: Proceedings of the 50th Societas Ethica Annual Conference on Climate Change, Sustainability, and an Ethics of an Open Future, Soesterberg, 22-25 Aug 2013, LiU Electronic Press, Linköping, pp. 79-99. http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/098/ecp13098.pdf. Romijn, H.A., Heijnen, S., Rom Colthoff, J., de Jong, B. and van Eijck, J.A.J. (2014) 'Economic and social sustainability performance of jatropha projects: results from field surveys in Mozambique, Tanzania and Mali', Sustainability, 6 (9): 6203-6235. Pols, A.J.K. and Spahn, A. (2013). Biofuels: ethical issues. In: Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics. P.B. Thompson and D.M. Kaplan (Eds) Springer. Online at: http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/324096.html (printed book version forthcoming).

Annual Research Report 2014

| 53

Department

Plasma assisted clean energy

Applied Physics

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc S (Srinath) Ponduri Project aim

Project leaders

To develop a plasma process to dissociate CO2 into CO with very high energy efficiency using numerical simulations and experiments. CO production is useful, because it can be converted to syngas (CO + H2), starting point of producing hydrocarbon fuels with Fischer-Tropsch process. Hydrocarbon fuels possess high energy density and can be used as chemical storage of energy generated using renewable sources.

RAH Engeln MCM van de Sanden

Progress

Participants S Ponduri

Cooperations DIFFER (S Welzel) INP Griefswald, Germany

Using numerical simulations, we showed that vibrational up-pumping process, hypothesized as the essential ingredient for energy efficient CO2 dissociation, is active in dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) – popular sources of non-equilibrium plasma at atmospheric pressure. Using a pin-pin configuration of DBD, we showed that conversion efficiency is independent of pressure, experimentally. Other important characteristics of CO2 DBDs like gap voltage and total charge transferred is shown to be only weakly dependent on pressure.

Funded by European Graduate School for Sustainability

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information RAH Engeln E r.engeln@tue.nl

Figure: Spatio-temporal evolution of second quantum of CO2 asymmetric stretch: CO2 (002). The pink line shows the time of voltage switched off. The intensification of CO2 (002) density at d1 and d2, after voltage being switched off, can be attributed to vibrational up-pumping.

Scientific publications -

54 |

Department

Numerical modelling of hydraulic fracturing

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc EW (Ernst) Remij Project aim The aim of this project is to develop a numerical model to predict the propagating fracture patterns that grow during hydraulic fracturing. Such a numerical model may be useful to identify key parameters in the hydraulic fracturing process and may be helpful to optimize the fracture process.

Project leaders

Progress

JJC Remmers JMRJ Huyghe DMJ Smeulders

We developed the Enhanced Local Pressure (ELP) model in order to accurately predict the pressure gradient due to fluid leakage near a propagating hydraulic fracture surface. In this model, which can be considered as an extension of the partition of unity based representations, the pressure in the fracture is described by an additional set of degrees of freedom. The pressure gradient is reconstructed analytically, based on Terzaghi’s consolidation solution. With this numerical formulation we also ensure that all externally applied fluid flow goes exclusively in the fracture and avoid the necessity to use a fine mesh near the fracture to capture the pressure gradient.

Participants EW Remij

Cooperations Baker Hughes EBN GDF Suez TKI Gas Total TU Delft University Utrecht Wintershall

Funded by Baker Hughes EBN GDF Suez TKI Gas Total Wintershall

Funding % per money stream TKI Industry

75 % 25 %

Start of the project 2013 (February)

Information EW Remij T +31 (0)40 247 3124 E e.w.remij@tue.nl W www.2f2s.org

Figure: Hydrauilc fracture growing in the direction of the highest confining stress.

Scientific publications Remij, E.W., Remmers, J.J.C., Pizzocolo, F., Smeulders, D.M.J. & Huyghe, J.M.R.J. (2014). A partition of unity-based model for crack nucleation and propagation in porous media, including orthotropic materials. Transport in Porous Media, 1-18. Remij, E.W., Remmers, J.J.C., Huyghe, J.M.R.J. & Smeulders, D.M.J. (2014). Numerical modelling of hydraulic fracturing. In F. Oka, A. Murakami, R. Uzuoka & S. Kimoto (Eds.), Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 14th international conference of international association for computer methods and recent advances in geomechanics, Kyoto, Japan, 22-25 September 2014, CRC Press.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 55

Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Responsible innovation in practice: The case of energy technology adoption in Indonesia PhD student | Postdoc AD (Andri) Setiawan

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project aim The study aims to extend understanding and use of knowledge or practice of responsible innovation framework and approach through the case of energy technology adoption in Indonesia. This will cover the use of different methods for the analysis of five responsible innovation dimensions (anticipation, reflexivity, deliberation, responsiveness, and participation), and the development and testing of conceptual responsible innovation framework with cultural dimensions for improving the practice of responsible innovation in certain/different cultural settings. Four case studies of the adoption of energy technology are selected for the application and testing of responsible innovation approach, namely: solar PV adoption in telecom towers, biodiesel development, LPG adoption, and CO2 utilization.

Project leaders HA Romijn

Participants AD Setiawan A Hidayatno

Progress

Cooperations Universitas Indonesia

Funded by Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP), Ministry of Finance of Republic of Indonesia

Accomplished research /case study: 1. The adoption of solar PV in telecom towers in Indonesia (published as a book chapter in Responsible Innovation volume 2 by Springer). 2. Biodiesel development and LPG adoption in Indonesia (under process of submission in the journal of Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions). On-going research/case study: Responsible innovation in CO2 utilization for industrial and marine sector in Indonesia (data collection and testing of five responsible innovation dimensions with cultural dimensions).

Funding % per money stream LPDP Scholarships

Develop theory and approach Responsible innovation (RI) and cultural dimensions

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (September)

Information AD Setiawan T +31 (0)40 247 8556 E A.D.Setiawan@tue.nl

Case Study 1: The adoption of solar PV in telecom towers (Analysis of five RI dimensions with stakeholder analysis and impact assessment)

Case Study 2 and 3: Biodiesel development and LPG adoption (Analysis of reflexivity and anticipation dimensions with system dynamics modeling)

Case Study 4: CO2 utilization for industrial and marine sector (Analysis of five RI dimensions with cultural dimensions i.e. Hofstede)

Write/draw reflection: “the influence of national culture on RI dimensions” 1. RI approach with cultural dimensions 2. RI approach without cultural dimensions Conclusion Responsible innovation in practice: theory and approach for different/certain cultural settings in the adoption of energy technology

Figure: Research methodology.

Scientific publications Setiawan, A.D., Romijn, H., Singh, R., 2014. Responsible innovation as the concept for analyzing leapfrogging. In European Business Ethics Network Annual Conference 2014, 12-14 June, Berlin, Germany. Setiawan, A.D., Singh, R., Romijn, H., 2014. Embedding accountability throughout innovation nd process in the green economy: The need for an innovative approach. In the 2 International Conference on Sustainable Innovation, 3-5 June, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Setiawan, A.D., Singh, R., Romijn, H., 2014, The influence of national culture on the dimensions of rd responsible innovation: an agenda for research. In the 3 International Conference on Responsible Innovation 2014, 21-22 May, The Hague, the Netherlands. Setiawan, A.D., and Cuppen, E., 2013. Stakeholder perspectives on carbon capture and storage in Indonesia. Energy Policy 61 (0): 1188-1199. Singh, R., and Setiawan, A.D., 2013. Biomass energy policies and strategies: Harvesting potential in India and Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 22 (0): 332-345.

56 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders RJM Bastiaans

Participants YL Shoshin H Gupra V Kurdyumov

Cooperations CIEMAT (Spain)

Funded by STW (the Netherlands) Bosch Thermotechniek (the Netherlands) POLIDORO SPA (Italy) MTT (the Netherlands)

Combustion strategies for next generation fuel-flexible burners PhD student | Postdoc YL (Yuriy) Shoshin Project aim The main goal of the project is to generate fundamental knowledge and understanding of preferential diffusion effects on the flame stabilization/combustion behavior of hydrogen-enriched natural gas, and to translate this knowledge into new design rules for fuel-flexible burners that can handle natural gas with a broad range of compositions.

Progress 1. An experimental setup was designed and built for micro-PIV measurements of velocity fields in flames stabilized on thin rods. First measurements have been performed and processed. The results will be used to establish stabilization and blow-off mechanism of laminar premixed flames and to determine the effect of fuel gas diffusivity on flame stabilization limits. 2. A new burner has been designed and built to study mechanisms of the blow-off a laminar premixed flame stabilized on a bluff body. Establishing these mechanisms will help in understanding flame stabilization principles for perforated-plate type burners typically used in boilers. 3. The CH* radical chemiluminescence measurements have been performed for 2-D Bunsen flames of hydrogen-methane-air mixtures stabilized on a laboratory multi-slot burner. These measurements allowed characterizing the effect of overall fuel diffusivity, which changes with the hydrogen fraction in fuel, on the net mixture burning velocity and local fuel consumption rates along the flame front.

0% H2

Funding % per money stream 69 % 31 %

40% H2

60% H2

Burner deck level

STW Industry

20% H2

Start of the project 2014 (October)

Information RJM Bastiaans T +31 (0)40 247 4836 E r.j.m.bastiaans@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/en/employee/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/19960027/

Figure: CH* chemiluminescence images of 2-D Bunsen flame for mixtures with different vol. hydrogen content in the fuel.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 57

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants WY Song

Cooperations ADEM

Computational studies of catalytic reactivity at the metalreducible oxide support interface PhD student | Postdoc WY (Weiyu) Song Project aim Reforming of biomass to hydrogen provides an alternative for the production of hydrogen from fossil fuels. For this process one requires a metal function to activate the C-C, C-H and O-H bonds. Very often a reactive support is required to cope with catalyst deactivation. A well-known example is the use of ceria which limits carbon deposition during reforming. Ceria has redox activity which can gasify the coke deposits in the presence of oxygen or water. The goal of this project is to determine structure-performance relationships: how does the composition and surface structure of the ceria determine the reactivity for water dissociation as well as the reactivity of the resulting OH groups with model compounds representing coke deposits. The influence of metals on C-C, C-H, O-H and C-O bond activation will be investigated.

Progress

2010

The morphology and oxidation state of ceria supported Rh under CO oxidation conditions have been determined. Under reducing conditions, Rh prefers three dimensional metallic morphology, while changes to two dimentional oxide film under CO oxidation conditions, which was speculated to be active sites. The CO oxidation mechanism has been determined based on the ceria supported Rh oxide filme. The particapation of surface oxygen is explained. The activity of single site Rh supported on three typical ceria surface towards CO oxidation has been studied. The results explains the surface depandence of reactivity. The ceria supported single Au and Au metallic cluster models have been employed to examined the experimentally dabated active sites for CO oxidation and water-gas shift reaction and understand how the surface depandence of activity.

Information

Public defense: September 11, 2014

Funded by ADEM

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project

EJM Hensen T +31 (0)40 247 5178 E e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: Schematic reaction diagram of CO oxidation on ceria supported rhodium oxide.

Scientific publications Song, W. (2014). Computational studies of catalytic reactivity at the metal-reducible oxide support interface. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. E.J.M. Hensen & prof.dr. R.A. van Santen). W.Y. Song, Emiel J.M. Hensen, ‘Structure Sensitivity in CO Oxidation by a Single Au Atom Supported on Ceria’. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2013, 117, 7721. W.Y. Song, A.P.J. Jansen, Emiel J.M. Hensen, ‘A computational study of the influence of the ceria surface termination on the mechanism of CO oxidation of isolated Rh atoms’. Faraday Discussion, 2013, 162, 281-292. W.Y. Song, V. Degirmenci, D.A.J. Michel Ligthart, A.P.J. Jansen, Emiel J.M. Hensen, ‘A computational study of the mechanism of CO Oxidation by A ceria supported surface rhodium oxide Layer’. Chemical Communication, 2013, 49, 3851. W.Y. Song, C. Popa, A.P.J. Jansen, Emiel J.M. Hensen, ‘Formation of a Rhodium Surface Oxide Film in Rhn/CeO2(111) Relevant for Catalytic CO Oxidation: A Computational Study’. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2012, 116, 22904. W.Y. Song, Emiel J.M. Hensen, ‘A computational DFT study of CO oxidation on a Au nanorod supported on CeO2(110): on the role of the support termination’. Catalysis Science and Technology, DOI: 10.1039/C3CY00319A.

58 |

Department

Non-oxidative methane dehydroaromatization

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc CHL (Christiaan) Tempelman Project aim

Cooperations

The aim of the project is to improve catalysts for the valorization of cheap natural gas into high value aromatics which can act as fuel and chemical feedstock. This is very much desired to monetize on the vast reserves of natural gas in remote areas. The construction of logistic facilities like pipelines to transport methane to the civilized world is usually not economically feasible unless very large gas fields are exploited. Altenatively, the non-oxidative methane dehydroaromatization reaction (MDA) converting low-value methane towards high-value liquid benzene (figure b) could be an interesting alternative. The specific catalyst studied in this process is a Molybdenum-modified ZSM-5 zeolite which is unfortunately prone to fast deactivation. In this project the reason for deactivation is investigated using a broad range of characterization techniques. Furthermore, alternative zeolites and catalyst preparation methods are proposed to improve the stability and selectivity.

Various European Partners Bayer Technology services

Progress

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants CHL Tempelman

2010

The main challenge in the MDA reaction is to reduce the deactivation of the catalyst. Therefore progress was made in the understanding of the deactivation mechanism and improvement of the catalytic performance. The formation of polyaromatic carbon deposits (hard coke) blocking the micropores were found to be the main reason for catalyst deactivation. The Brønsted Acid Sites (BAS) located at the external surface were identified as the cause for the polyaromatic carbon formation. Hence, to improve catalytic performance, the reduction of hard coke formation was identified to be the most obvious solution. The external surface BAS were deactivated by silylation, depositing a small amount of SiO2 at these BAS. It was found that the benzene selectivity was increased substantially for both microporous and hierarchical catalysts (figure a) after deactivation of the externally located BAS.

Information

Public defense scheduled: April/May 2015

Funded by EU FP7 integrated project NEXT-GTL

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project

EJM Hensen T +31 (0)40 247 5178 E e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc.

(a)

(b)

Figure: Graphical abstract containing (a) the benzene selectivity and the (b) MDA reaction scheme.

Scientific publications Koekkoek, A.J.J., Tempelman, C.H.L., Degirmenci, V., Guo, M., Feng, Z., Li, C. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2011). Hierarchical zeolites prepared by organosilane templating: a study of the synthesis mechanism and catalytic activity. Catalysis Today, 168(1), 96-111.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 59

Biomass to Biofuels

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders LPH de Goey MD Boot

PhD student | Postdoc M (Miao) Tian Project aim Conversely, in this PhD project we reverse engineer, from the engine’s perspective, which compounds should ideally be added to conventional fossil fuels to arrive at a more favorable overall engine performance (i.e. in terms of fuel economy and emissions). Second, a production route from biomass should be developed to produce these desired compounds from biomass. This project builds further on existing knowledge that so-called cyclic oxygenates should be targeted, specifically from lignin, a renewable waste-stream available in large volumes in the paper industry.

Progress Participants

1. Tested some oxygenate fuels on SI engine, to test their knock resistance property and the engine performance. 2. Test chosen oxygenate fuels’ ignition delay time by IQT (Ignite Quality Tester) in NREL, to further study their ignition quality.

M Tian

Cooperations -

Funded by China Scholarship Council (CSC)

1500 rpm WOT Euro95 1500 rpm WOT Euro98

1500 rpm WOT 10% benzyl alcohol+90% Euro95 1500 rpm WOT 10% anisole+90% Euro95

Funding % per money stream Scholarships

mean MAPO

x 10

1500 rpm WOT 10% acetophenone+90% Euro95

100 %

1500 rpm WOT 10% 2-phenylethanol+90% Euro95 1500 rpm WOT 10% 1,2-dimethoxybenzene+90% Euro95

MAPO

Start of the project 2012 (September)

Information

MD Boot T +31 (0)40 247 2393 E m.d.boot@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion

6 8 10 12 Spark timing [degree bTDC]

Figure 1: Mean Maximum Amplitude Pressure Oscillation for different fuels. 4

Ignition delay time(log) [ms]

anisole(Tmax:phi=1) guaiacol4(Tmax:phi=1) methyl levulinate(Tmax:phi=1) toluene(Tmax:phi=1) isobutanol(Tmax:phi=1) dimethylfuran(Tmax:phi=1)

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2 1.25 1000/T [1/K]

Figure 2: Auto-ignition delay time for different fuels.

Scientific publications -

60 |

1.3

1.35

1.4

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders DMJ Smeulders A Barnhoorn JJC Remmers

Participants V Valliappan

Cooperations Shell TU Delft

Funded by Shell FOM

Numerical modelling and validation of hydraulic fractures in anisotropic media PhD student | Postdoc V (Valliappan) Valliappan Project aim Hydraulic fracturing is employed for economically viable production in low permeable hydrocarbon reservoirs. Most of the existing fracture propogation studies model fracture growth in homogenous media, but in nature most rocks especially shales are anisotropic and hetrogenous. This project aims at developing a numerical model which will be able to predict the crack propogation in anisotropic media especially in layered rocks. The major aim is to look at the crack propogation at the interfaces between different layers. It also aims to study the influence of various parameters on crack growth and the interations between fluid driven cracks and natural faults. The results of the numerical model will be further validated using rock fracturing experiments conducted at TU Delft.

Progress We have been conducting a sensitivity study on the parameters which influence the crack growth using an existing hydraulic fracture model (EWRemij) which is based on eXtended finite element method (X-FEM).

Scientific publications -

Funding % per money stream Shell-FOM 100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information DMJ Smeulders T +31 (0)40 247 3167 E d.m.j.smeulders@tue.nl

Annual Research Report 2014

| 61

Department

Clean combustion of future fuels

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc A (Aromal) Vasavan Project aim

JA van Oijen

The focus of this project is on MILD combustion, which is characterized by a high degree of reheating and dilution of the reactants and offers the possibility of a sustainable, emission-free energy production. The sub-project involves the investigation of MILD combustion of Biogas, using advanced combustion models. The focus is on the development of an LES-FGM modeling approach for MILD combustion in real furnaces and reactors with internal recirculation. The effects of fuel composition and turbulent mixing on MILD combustion will be studied using this method.

Participants

Progress

A Vasavan MU Göktolga

The 1D analysis of combustion in MILD regime for different levels of CO2 addition to natural gas was performed. FGM chemistry tables for these cases were constructed and validated in 1D flames. The influence of automated progress varible on the prediction of 1D flames was investigated. Used these FGM tables in LES of jet-in-hot-coflow (JHC) flames with CO2 dilution of the DNG by employing an existing research code.

Project leaders

Cooperations -

Funded by NWO (VIDI)

Funding % per money stream STW/NWO 100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information JA van Oijen T +31 (0)40 247 3133 E j.a.v.oijen@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion

Figure: The reaction progress variable plot for JHC flame (time = 0.012 s), from LES simulation using FGM.

Scientific publications -

62 |

Department

World most perfect adiabatic flame

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc EN (Evgeniy) Volkov Project aim

EN Volkov VN Kornilov

A heat flux method is a unique way to stabilize adiabatic flames, which originated from Combustion Technology group of Eindhoven University of Technology about 20 years ago. The method is now known as one of the most accurate ways to measure adiabatic burning velocity of laminar flames and is used by an increasing number of institutes over the world. The main goal of this project is to improve accuracy of the heat flux method even more. A further step in accuracy can be made by improving the system by: a) increasing the sensitivity of the heat flux burner to changes in velocity, e.g. by using a thinner burner plate b) using more accurate ways to determine temperature profiles of the burner plate, c) using more accurate ways to set gas velocity and mixture equivalence ratio, and d) extending the method to a wider range of conditions (pressures, temperatures and alternative fuels).

Funded by

Progress

Project leader LPH de Goey

Participants

STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (November)

Information EN Volkov T +31 (0)40 247 3819 E e.volkov@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion

An alternative design of a heat flux burner has been developed. The new burner has a larger diameter and employs a thinner burner plate, which allowed us to increase the sensitivity of the method. Heat transfer between heating jacket and the burner plate, which plays a key role in a stabilization of adiabatic flames, has been improved in the new design. One of the most important features of the new burner is a use of a different approach to measure temperature profile along the burner plate. In order to increase the accuracy of temperature profile determination, a set of very thin film thermocouples has been sputtered on the burner plate. Test experiments with sputtered thin film thermocouples showed applicability of this approach. In addition, a number of thermocouples has increased significantly, which improved the accuracy of temperature profile determination.

Figure: A burner head of the new heat flux burner with sputtered thermocouples.

Scientific publications J. Beeckmann, H. Pitsch, N. Chaumeix, P. Dagaut, G. Dayma, F. Egolfopoulos, F. Foucher, F. Halter, C. Mounaïm-Rousselle, B. Renou, E. Varea, L.P.H. de Goey, E. Volkov, “Collaborative Study for Accurate Measurements of Laminar Burning Velocity”, Proceedings of the European Combustion Meeting – 2013, Paper P3-76, 2013.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 63

Department Applied Physics

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders HJH Clercx GJF van Heijst

Participants DD van der Voort NJ Dam W van de Water

Cooperations N Maes AM Yavuz

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

Experimental study of the dynamics of droplets in turbulent sprays and clouds PhD student | Postdoc DD (Dennis) van der Voort Project aim The main aims are 1) to study the dispersion of turbulent sprays by means of phosphorescence, 2) to determine the influence of turbulence on dispersion by investigating droplet dispersion in zero-mean homogeneous isotropic turbulence, and 3) to explore the effects of turbulence, pressure fluctuations, and entrainment on the dispersion in sprays, laying a foundation for a fundamental spray model.

Progress Measurements of dispersion in sprays, using a newly acquired high speed intensified camera, were performed and optimized. Two new setups have been built. The first (see figure (a)) is capable of investigating spray dispersion as a function of ambient pressure, as well as spray velocity and fluid properties. This will allow measurements in a large parameter space, using the phosphorescent tagging method to quantify dispersion. The second setup uses a high speed pressure sensor to detect pressure fluctuations in the injection pressure to correlate pressure fluctuations to measured dispersion fluctuations. Experiments on the dispersion of droplet lines in homogeneous isotropic turbulence (see figure (b)) show that inertial particles at small Stokes numbers disperse faster than true fluid tracers, as well as that the initial separations of the droplets influence the dispersion velocity, an effect that can be explained by caustics.

(a)

100 %

Start of the project

(b)

2013 (March)

Information HJH Clercx T +31 (0) 40 247 2680 E h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: (a) New experimental setup used to pressurize sprays to 30 bar, and injection sprays with pressures to 200 bar. The nozzles (b) are easily replaced, optically accessible, and capable of continuous injection without interference from the environment.

Scientific publications D.D. van der Voort, W. van de Water, N. Dam, H.J.H. Clercx, G.J.F. van Heijst, “Breakup and th dispersion of glowing sprays”, Proceedings of the 26 annual conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2014.

64 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders LPH de Goey LMT Somers

Participants

Ultra efficient clean combustion concepts and their fuel appetite PhD student | Postdoc S (Shuli) Wang Project aim A mandatory target has been set for the European transport sector to use 10% renewable energy by the year 2020. This can be implemented through blending renewable fuels with traditional fuels or through using renewable fuels alone. Our goal is to conduct an intensive study on Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) using various alternative fuels, like ethanol and butanol, to make sure they can meet the Euro VI smoke emissions standard as well as maintain high thermal efficiency.

Progress

S Wang

Cooperations -

Funded by China Scholarship Council

The goal of LTC is to lower combustion temperatures to advantageously alter the chemistry of NOx and soot formation. The amount of soot and NOx emissions emitted from an engine is dependent on both in-cylinder temperature and mixing of fuel and air. A correct combination of EGR rate and air-excess ratio controls the in-cylinder temperature, and fuels with higher research octane number are supposed to provide longer ignition delay, which can enhace the mixing of fuel and air. It is therefore of interest to investigate the behavior of several fuels with a same RON and analyze the sensitivity of the combustion parameters to changes in air-excess ratio for the different fuels.

Funding % per money stream 40

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information S Wang T +31 (0)6 16835075 E s.wang@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion

PRF70 ERF70 BRF70

Ignition Delay [CAD]

Scholarships

30 25 20 15 10 1.2

1.6

2.4

2.8

 [-]

Figure: Ignition delay versus air-excess ratio for three blends of RON70.

Scientific publications Wang, S., Bakker, P.C., De Visser, A.J.M. & Somers, L.M.T. (2014). Effect of air-excess on blends of RON70 partially premixed combustion. Proceedings SPEIC14 – Towards Sustainable Combustion, November 19-21, 2014, Lisboa, Portugal, (pp. 1-8).

Annual Research Report 2014

| 65

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Mercury Removal from Natural Gas Streams using Deep Eutectic Solvents PhD student | Postdoc SEE (Samah) Warrag Project aim

Cooperations

Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel that will remain one of the most dominant sources of energy worldwide in the next decades. However, the presence of vapor phase elemental mercury in natural gas is quite unwelcome. Upon contact it will damage aluminum metal components by amalgamation. Also it bears a serious health risk to those exposed to mercury or compounds thereof. Consequently, it needs to be removed effectively, reliably and safely. Once the mercury is captured from the gas phase the problem is not yet solved as it was only concentrated in a different medium. The final step should be one where it is disposed of in a safe way. The aim of this project is to investigate the use of deep eutectic solvents as candidate materials for mercury removal. On basis of their similarity in structure with ionic liquids, which show excellent mercury removal properties, it is expected that their capture potential is high.

Funded by

Progress

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants SEE Warrag

Petroleum Institute

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014

Experiments regarding the extraction of elemental mercury from a saturated solution in dodecane using 20 different deep eutectic solvents are starting up. The deep eutectic solvents were prepared by combining selected hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor compounds. Thereafter, the properties of the prepared deep eutectic solvents were characterized. This includes the measurement of the density, viscosity, surface tension, melting point and decomposition temperature. A new analysis equipment that is able to analyze the mercury content has been purchased. The first mercury removal data are expected to become available in the coming months.

Information MC Kroon T +31 (0)40 247 5289 E m.c.kroon@tue.nl W www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Figure: A promising deep eutectic solvent (middle) was prepared by mixing glycolic acid (hydrogen bond donor) with choline choride (hydrogen bond acceptor) in the molar ratio 3:1.

Scientific publications -

66 |

Department

Atomic layer deposition of noble metal nanoparticles

Applied Physics

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders MWW Kessels M Verheijen A Bol

Participants MJ Weber

Project aim Supported noble metal nanoparticles are known to be very efficient catalysts, which enable the reduction of energy use in chemical industry and the development of new products. The aim of this PhD project is the development, characterization and understanding of noble metal atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes. The nucleation stages of palladium and platinum thermal and plasmaassisted ALD processes are investigated and used in order to deposit nanoparticles on oxide substrates. ALD is a promising technique to synthesize these nanocatalysts. The versatility of this innovative approach led to the development of an innovative process enabling the synthesis of bimetallic Pd/Pt and Pt/Pd core-shell structured nanoparticles. This type of nanostructures exhibit excellent catalytic performance for oxygen reduction and for methanol electro-oxidation, which are two key reactions in methanol fuel cells.

Progress

Cooperations Marie Curie ENHANCE projects

Funded by FP7-ERC-Initial Training Network

Funding % per money stream EU

PhD student | Postdoc MJ (Matthieu) Weber

100 %

Start of the project 2010

In the first year, I developed palladium metal ALD processes, both thermal and plasma assisted. Although ALD is a thin film deposition technique, many metals have however the tendency to form highly dispersed nanoparticles on oxide substrates during the initial stage of the ALD process. My research in the second year was more focused on the study of the synthesis of these nanoparticles. The nucleation of palladium and platinum ALD have been investigated, and a proof-of-concept allowing for the synthesis of bimetallic core/shell structured nanoparticles has been developed. This research work has been enriched and made possible by the collaboration with other group members and by the participation to different training and teaching activities, workshops, and international conferences. Public defense: September 4, 2014.

Information MJ Weber E m.j.weber@tue.nl

Scientific publications Weber, M.J. (2014). Atomic layer deposition of noble metal nanoparticles. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. W.M.M. Kessels, dr. A.A. Bol & dr. M.A. Verheijen). Weber, M.J., Mackus, A.J.M., Verheijen, M.A., Longo, V., Bol, A.A. & Kessels, W.M.M. (2014). Atomic layer deposition of high-purity palladium films from Pd(hfac)2 and H2 and O2 plasmas. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 118(6), 8702-8711. Matthieu Weber et al., Supported Core/Shell Bimetallic Nanoparticles Synthesis by Atomic Layer Deposition. Chemistry of Materials 24, 15, 2973 (2012).

Annual Research Report 2014

| 67

Department

Dynamics, collisions and coalescence of droplets in turbulence

Applied Physics

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders HJH Clercx GJF van Heijst

PhD student | Postdoc MA (Altug) Yavuz Project aim In this experimental project the motions of droplets with diameter of 10 to 50 micrometer in an airfilled turbulence chamber are tracked with 3D particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). The focus is on interactions between droplets (collision or coalescence) and the effect of gravity. We also study the droplet size distribution with interferometric particle imaging (IPI). Turbulence-induced droplet coalescence is the process responsible for rapid precipitation formation; it is, however, not well understood.

Progress Participants MA Yavuz MAT van Hinsberg RPJ Kunnen F Toschi

Cooperations

The flow in the turbulence chamber has been fully characterized with PIV. 3D-PTV measurements have been performed to investigate the influence of turbulence on the droplet motions. We are studying the spatial distribution of the droplets in turbulence using the so-called Radial Distribution Function (RDF), which quantifies the clustering of the droplets under turbulence conditions. Indeed, we observe different levels of clustering depending on the turbulence intensity and the mean droplet size. Additionally, 3D-PTV allows us to measure velocity statistics of the droplets and thereby the influence of the turbulence on droplet trajectories, both individually and collectively.

BJ Geurts (UT) W van de Water (WDY-TU/e) DD van der Voort (WDY-TU/e)

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (March)

Information HJH Clercx T +31 (0)40 247 2680 E h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: The turbulence chamber at TU/e.

RPJ Kunnen T +31 (0)40 247 3194 E r.p.j.kunnen@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Scientific publications MA Yavuz, R Kunnen, HJH Clercx, GJF van Heijst, Bringing clouds into our lab, ‘Particles in Turbulence’ Workshop, TU Eindhoven, July 2013. MA Yavuz, R Kunnen, HJH Clercx, Tracking glowing particles, Lorentz centre workshop ‘Particles in Turbulence’, Leiden, May 2012.

68 |

Department

Towards novel solid acids

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc C (Chaochao) Yue Project aim

EJM Hensen

Solid acids find widespread use in refining, gas conversion and chemical processes. Some inorganic materials with the structure of octahedral-tetrahedral display strong Brønsted acidity and exhibit more favorable properties than zeolites towards transport of reactant and product molecules. In this project, zirconium silicate based on tetrahedral SiO4 and octahedral ZrO6 will be firstly synthesized by using template. Mixed oxides NbWx will be prepared and their acid activities will be tested by the hydroismerization of n-heptane.

Participants

Progress

C Yue

Zirconium silicate with the structure of tetrahedral SiO4 and octahedral ZrO6 was synthesized in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The obtained zirconosilicate has good activities on the isomerization of glucose to fructose. Mixed oxides NbWx with different ratio of W to Nb were prepared at different temperature. By addition of novel metal Pd, the obtained NbWx prepared at o 450 C show high activities on the hydroismerization of n-heptane which is linked to the presence of amounts of Brønsted acid sites. The mechanism of the acidic active sites formation is shown as in the figure:

Project leaders

Cooperations Shell

Funded by Shell

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2009

Information EJM Hensen T +31 (0)40 247 5178 E e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc

Figure: Mechanism for the formation of Brønsted acid sites.

Scientific publications Yue, C., Rigutto, M.S. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Glucose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by a combination of a basic zirconosilicate and a solid acid. Catalysis Letters, 144(12), 2121-2128. Yue, C., Magusin, P.C.M.M., Mezari, B., Rigutto, M.S. & Hensen, E.J.M., 'Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of a layered zirconium silicate', Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2013, 180, 48-55.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 69

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants Y Zhang

Cooperations Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (China)

Funded by KNAW Programme Strategic Alliances (China)

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2009

Synthesis and modification of semiconductor/co-catalyst systems for photo(electro) chemical reactions PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yi) Zhang Project aim Nowadays to find a new energy source becomes a stressing issue due to the depletion of conventional fossil fuels. Photocatalytic water splitting is an environmental-friendly technology to produce hydrogen by using a sustainable energy resource. To perform water splitting under visible light, a common strategy is to dope nitrogen into photocatalysts to increase the visible light harvesting. On the other hand, noble metal/metal oxide nanoparticle modification of semiconductor is also an important method of improving photocatalytic activity. The aim of the project includes (a) systematically investigations of the effects of doped nitrogen content and oxidation states in terms of different experimental parameters during chemical and physical treatments, and (b) studies of nanoparticle structure sensitivity on photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic performance of semiconductor materials.

Progress The recent project was cooperated with Applied Physics department to synthesize a thin layer of TiO2-xNx on top of calcined titanium foils and TiO2 nanotubular arrays by plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (PA-ALD). Different N contents and chemical bond configurations were obtained by varying the carrier gas (O2 or N2) and the plasma time (2 to 20 s). On calcined titanium foil, a positive effect from nitrogen doping on photocurrent density is observed for O2 as the carrier gas with short plasma time (5 and 10 s). Such effect correlates with the presence of interstitial N state with a binding energy of 400 eV (Ninterst). Longer plasma times or the use of N2 as carrier gas give rise to N state with a binding energy at 396 eV (Nsubst) and very low photocurrents. Public defense: December 9, 2014.

Information 0.030

blank1 2

0.025

after PE-ALD (O2 flow) after PE-ALD (N2 flow)

0.020

0.015

6 0.010 4 0.005

0.000

plasma0

Surface nitrogen content (at%)

Photocurrent Density(mA/cm )

EJM Hensen T +31 (0)40 247 5178 E e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc

0 1 blank

2 2s

3 5s

4 10s

5 20s

15s

Figure: Relation of surface nitrogen content, Ninterst fraction of the total N and photocurrent density as a function of the deposition condition for PA-ALD of TiO2-xNx thin layer on calcined Ti foil.

Scientific publications Zhang, Y. (2014). Synthesis and modification of semiconductor/co-catalyst systems for photo(electro)chemical reactions. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. E.J.M. Hensen & dr. M. Creatore). Zhang, Y., Ligthart, D.A.J.M., Quek, X.Y., Gao, L. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Influence of Rh nanoparticle size and composition on the photocatalytic water splitting performance of Rh/graphitic carbon nitride. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(22), 11537-11546. Zhang, Y., Ligthart, D.A.J.M., Liu, P., Gao, L., Verhoeven, M.W.G.M. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Size dependence of photocatalytic oxidation reactions of Rh nanoparticles dispersed on (Ga1-xZnx)(N1xOx) support. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 35(12), 1944-1954. Zhang, Y., Ma, Q., Gao, L. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2013). Preparation and photoelectrochemical properties of nitrogen doped nanotubular TiO2 arrays. Applied Surface Science, 282, 174-180.

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders RJM Bastiaans

Participants

Effects of pressure on combustion characteristics of cellular hydrogen flames PhD student | Postdoc Z (Zhen) Zhou Project aim Hydrogen is expected to play an important role in future energy production, especially for the fuel of gas turbine engines. However, there are gaps in the fundamental understanding of hydrogen combustion characteristics at normal and elevated pressures due to the high diffusivity, high reactivity of hydrogen. The aim of the project is to investigate the combustion characteristics of cellular hydrogen flames at elevated pressures.

Progress

Z Zhou

 2D lamianr freely-propagating flames of hydrogen/air mixture were simulated at elevated pressure and temperature.  High pressure flame ball setup is under development.

Cooperations -

Funded by China Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarships

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information Z Zhou T +31 (0)40 247 5995 E Z.Zhou1@tue.nl W www.tue.nombustion

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Mesopore generation in zeolites with applications in catalysis

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc X (Xiaochun) Zhu Project aim

Cooperations

Amongst the current developments in the field of hierarchical pore structures, the introduction of mesopores in zeolite crystals is the most frequently employed way to combine micropores with mesopores in one material and promote the properties of catalysts. Mesopores can be created via several routes from which acid leaching and base leaching are the most frequently applied. However, the selective removal of framework Al or Si by acid or alkali will change the structure properties and lead to a decrease in crystallinity. Novel approach using templates that create mesopores during synthesis have recently been launched. This strategy enables one to tune the mesoporosity, size, shape, and connectivity of the mesopore system in the zeolite by choosing the proper templates. The application of this technology is sought in improvement of catalyst stability for the conversion of methanol to olefins, in essence a flexible process to convert feedstock including coal, gas, oil and biomass to building blocks for the polymer industry.

Utrecht University TU Delft

Progress

Project leaders EJM Hensen

Participants X Zhu

Funded by Government of China (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

A set of highly crystallized mesoporous SSZ-13 was successfully synthesized in the presence of a diquarternary ammonium template C22-4-4·Br2 and fluoride anion. All catalysts have similar Si/Al ratio, Brønsted acid sites density and same acid strength. With the adding of fluoride in the synthesis, the obtained SSZ-13 showed lower intensity of internal silanols and higher resistance to the deactivation than the Reference SSZ-13. Mesoporous SSZ-13 zeolites have more shortened diffusion length which gives rise to the maximum lifetime (14 hours) in the MTO reaction.

Start of the project 2011

Information EJM Hensen T +31 (0)40 247 5178 E e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc

-1

Figure: Catalytic performance in the MTO reaction (WHSV = 0.8 g g h ; T = 350 ℃) of zeolites.

Scientific publications Zhu, X., Rohling, R., Filonenko, G., Mezari, B., Hofmann, J.P., Asahina, S. & Hensen, E.J.M. (2014). Synthesis of hierarchical zeolites using an inexpensive mono-quaternary ammonium surfactant as mesoporogen. Chemical Communications, 50, 14658-14661.

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme ■ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Novel ionic liquid and supported ionic liquid solvents for reversible capture of CO2 PhD student | Postdoc L (Lawien) Zubeir Project aim

As the attention to climate debate is growing, reduction of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions produced from combustion of fossil fuels in an efficient and cost-effective way has become an urgent topic. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies are a promising route to reduce these emissions. The current requirements of the CO2 capture technology are: a) reducing the parasitic energy load, b) effectively addressing corrosion, c) faster absorption/stripping rates, d) lower viscosity and less use of water, e) confronting the problem of solvent degradation and volatility. These problems pose stimulating challenges for the synthesis of new solvents, aided by detailed molecular modeling of solute/sorbent interactions, and for new integrative module designs that enable their effective implementation in a process environment. In this context, the project objectives are to develop and evaluate novel Task Specific Ionic Liquids (TSILs) that could replace conventional solvents.

Funded by

Progress

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants L Zubeir

Cooperations

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2012

Information MC Kroon T +31 (0)40 247 5289 E m.c.kroon@tue.nl W www.chem.tue.nl/sep

To design IL-based absorption processes, knowledge of the solubilities and diffusivities is needed. Besides, the thermophysical properties of the novel solvents have to be characterized, since limited information is available in literature. Moreover, experimental measurements of gas solubilities are time-consuming and expensive. Preferably, the thermodynamic phase behavior is described using a well-defined model that rigorously relates thermodynamic properties to physical intermolecular forces between the solute and the solvent. The thermophysical properties of the delivered ILs are measured and their dependence on temperature, water content and chemical structure are evaluated. The CO2 capacities and absorption/stripping rates are determined by measuring the bubble-point curves and modeled using physically based and cubic equations of state. Furthermore, a mathematical model derived from Fick’s second law is applied to determine the diffusion coefficients.

Figure: Px isothermal diagram for the CO2 + IL system using a magnetic suspension balance with isothermal data at (►) 288.15 K, (▲) 308.15 K, (●) 323.15 K, (♦) 338.15 K and (■) 353.15 K. The symbols represent the experimentally determined bubble-points and the lines are calculated with PengRobinson EoS using temperature-independent binary interaction parameters.

Scientific publications Bidikoudi, M, Zubeir, L.F., Falaras, P. Low viscosity highly conductive ionic liquid blends for redox active electrolytes in efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2(37), (2014), 15326-15336. Papatryfon, X., Heliopoulos, N.S., Molchan, I.S., Zubeir, L.F., Bezemer, N.D., Arfanis, M.K., Kontos, A.G., Likodimos, V., Iliev, B., Romanos, G.E., Falaras, P., Stamatakis, K., Beltsios, K.G., Kroon, M.C., Thompson, G.E., Klöckner, J. & Schubert, T.J.S. CO2 capture efficiency, corrosion properties, and ecotoxicity evaluation of amine solutions involving newly synthesized ionic liquids. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 53(30), (2014), 12083-12102. Romanos, G.E., Zubeir, L.F., Likodimos, V., Falaras, P., Kroon, M.C., Iliev, B., Adamova, G. & Schubert, T.J.S. Enhanced CO2 capture in binary mixtures of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide ionic liquids with water. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 117(40), (2013), 12234-12251. Tzialla, O., Veziri, Ch., Papatryfon, X., Beltsios, K.G., Labropoulos, A.I., Iliev, B., Adamova, G., Schubert, T.J.S., Kroon, M.C., Francisco, M., Zubeir, L.F., Romanos, G.E. & Karanikolos, G.N. Zeolite imidazolate framework-Ionic liquid hybrid membranes for highly selective CO2 separation. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 117(36), (2013), 18434-18440. Annual Research Report 2014

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74 |

3.2 Research projects □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

We are moving towards a society that runs on materials, not on fossil fuels.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 75

76 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders RJM Bastiaans LPH de Goey JA van Oijen

Participants SE Abtahizadeh A Donini

Cooperations Siemens Power Generation (SPG) Rolls Royce Deutschland (RRD)

Advanced low NOx flexible fuel gas turbine combustion, aero and stationary PhD student | Postdoc SE (Ebrahim) Abtahizadeh Project aim In the current project detailed knowledge for modeling of combustion with alternative fuels will be developed. This is done by means of detailed descriptions in the framework of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The ultimate goal is to predict the combustion process of gas turbines, including complex physical real fuel phenomena (NOx, preferential diffusion, thermo diffusive effects, etc.). To that end the promising flamelet generated manifolds (FGM) technique will be extended in this project. The technique is developed in its basic form at TU/e and has been continuously tested and extended to more general situations over the last years.

Progress Autorignition of non-premixed flames has been investigated in gas-turbine relevant conditions where methane based fuels have been enriched with various amounts of H2. For this purpose, Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of turbulent mixing layers has been performed by using detailed chemistry. Afterwards, FGM chemistry has been implemented in these calculations and validated against detailed chemistry results. Flame structure has been analyzed and subsequently, Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) models have been developed for LES calculations.

Funded by University STW SPG RRD

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

75 % 25 %

Start of the project 2014

Information RJM Bastiaans T +31 (0)40 247 4836 E r.j.m.bastiaans@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion

Figure: Counters of temperature field in 3D DNS computations.

Scientific publications S.E. Abtahizadeh, J.A. van Oijen, R.J.M. Bastiaans, L.P.H. de Goey, LES of turbulent lifted CH4/H2 flames using a novel FGM-PDF model, Bulletin of the 67th American Physical Society - Division of Fluid Dynamics (APS-DFD 2014), 23 - 25 November 2014, San Francisco, CA, USA. S.E. Abtahizadeh, J.A. van Oijen, R.J.M. Bastiaans, L.P.H. de Goey, LES of turbulent lifted CH4/H2 flames: Preferential diffusion effects, 52nd Symposium (Japanese) on Combustion, 3-5 December, 2014, Okayama, Japan. S.E. Abtahizadeh, J.A. van Oijen, R.J.M. Bastiaans, L.P.H. de Goey, LES of Delft Jet-in-Hot Coflow burner with hydrogen enriched mixtures, Proceedings of the Combustion Research and Application (COMBURA 2014), 8 - 9 October 2014, Soesterberg, the Netherlands. Dissertation Abtahizadeh, S.E. (January 27, 2014). Numerical study of mild combustion: from laminar flames to Large Eddy Simulation of turbulent flames with Flamelet Generated Manifolds. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr. L.P.H. de Goey & dr.ir. J.A. van Oijen).

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Fate of Forgotten Fuel

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders LMT Somers NJ Dam LPH de Goey

Participants HY Akargun

PhD student | Postdoc HY (Hayri Yigit) Akargun Project aim Investigation of the burn-out phase: the late combustion of “forgotten fuel”, left-overs from the main heat release in the classical diesel combustion (CDC) regime. Numerical part of the project will focus on testing and extending the Flamelet-Generated Manifold (FGM) approach towards the burnout phase. For that purpose; FGM method will be applied to Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) and validation studies will be performed for spray A and D5 optical engine cases.

Progress Literature in the field of theoretical & numerical combustion and FGM are studied. Detailed chemistry 1D flame solutions are obtained for ECN spray A like condition (for various temperature and strain rate values) by using chem1d. FGM's are constructed for spray A case and validation of reduced chemistry solutions against detailed chemistry ones are partially performed for 1-D case.

Cooperations Shell DAF Trucks TNO Lund University Imperial College Sandia National Laboratories IFP-EN

Funded by STW Shell

Funding % per money stream STW Shell

51 % 49 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Figure: FGM and detailed chemistry temperature profiles with respect to mixture fraction for spray A -1 condition (a=200s ).

Information HY Akargun T +31 (0)6 30368917 E h.y.akargun@tue.nl W www.tue.nl

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Scientific publications -

Department

Heat2Control

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc B (Bersan) Akkurt Project aim This research project focusses on the development of new modelling for high EGR diesel combustion concepts with multi-phase fueling systems, which is seen as an essential step towards future RCCI concepts. The CFD-FGM model, which will be extended for multi-pulse injection strategies, will be validated with experimental data.

Project leaders LPH de Goey

Progress

Participants

Literature researches about combustion, FGM, combustion modelling & CFD integration are done. Data generated with Chem1d for spray A conditions. Currently, 2D manifold generation and validation of it with chem1d is being performed.

B Akkurt LMT Somers FPT Willems

Cooperations DAF Trucks Sensata TNO Delphi

Funded by STW TNO Sensata DAF Trucks Delphi

Funding % per money stream STW TNO Sensata DAF Trucks Delphi

63.5 % 19.5 % 8.1 % 5.1 % 3.8 %

Start of the project 2014 (November)

Information B Akkurt T +31 (0)6 41401833 E b.akkurt@tue.nl

Figure: Steady state species mass fractions for spray A conditions at strain rate of 500 [1/s] for unity lewis number with respect to mixture fraction, Z.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

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Storage integrated Multi agent controlled Smartgrid (PV SiMS)

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders AAG van Zwam

Participants M Ampatzis

Cooperations Mastervolt International BV TU/e Alliander Amsterdam Smart City Greenspread InEnergie

Funded by Agentschap NL as part of the TKI Switch2SmartGrids 2012

PhD student | Postdoc M (Michail) Ampatzis Project aim Within the PV SiMS project the partners Mastervolt, TU Eindhoven, Alliander, AmsterdamSmartCity and Greenspread InEnergie are collaborating in the development of new technologies and new business models, which enable the storage and trade of electrical energy to provide a framework of optimal financial economic performance of investments in small scale renewable energy. Smart cooperation of solar PVs, energy storages, and flexible loads will become necessary to exploit their potential to facilitate both network operators and local customers. Utilization of intelligent agents is a key to support processes of power quality of supply and energy trading. Main focus of the PhD research is to develop Agent-based control strategies for the storage integrated PV system. The project is not only intended to deliver theoretical concepts, but also to demonstrate the feasibility of these concepts in different scales of laboratory set-ups and field tests.

Progress The PhD research began in February 2013. Since then, local electricity markets have been designed and implemented. A multi-agent system consisting of autonomous, self-interested agents is used for the implementation and verification of the local electricity market designs. Various local market designs are now tested for their efficiency. Additional research areas are price and load forecasting, bidding strategies, and the integration of local electricity markets to the overall power market structure. Last year, two MSc students completed their graduation projects working on household load forecasting and pricing the energy discharged from a Li-ion battery. Currently, one MSc student is working on his graduation project in the context of PV SiMs, working on the aggregation of distributed resources as a local community business case.

Funding % per money stream Industry Government

25 % 75 %

Start of the project 2013 (February)

Information AAG van Zwam T +31 (0)6 10688654 E AvanZwam@Mastervolt.com Figure: Local market example. The households of a distribution network bid for power in a local market. Local electricity trading is possible if approved by the distribution system operator, who monitors the distribution network to detect and predict potential technical limit violations.

Scientific publications Ahmed, K.M.U., Ampatzis, M., Nguyen, P.H. & Kling, W.L. (2014). Application of time-series and artificial neural network models in short term load forecasting for scheduling of storage devices. Conference Paper: Proceedings 49th International Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) 2014, 2-5 September 2014, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Ampatzis, M., Nguyen, P.H. & Kling, W.L. (2014). Local electricity market design for the coordination of distributed energy resources at district level. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 5th IEEE PES ISGT (Innovative Smart Grid Technologies ) Europe 2014 Conference, 15-18 October 2014, Istanbul, Turkey. Ampatzis, M., Nguyen, P.H. & Kling, W.L. (2014). Local electricity market design for the coordination of distributed energy resources at neighborhood level. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the IEEE Young Researchers Symposium (YRS 2014), 24-25 April 2014, Ghent, Belgium. Ghent: EESA. Karanasios, E., Ampatzis, M., Nguyen, P.H., Kling, W.L. & Zwam, A.A.G. van (2014). A model for the estimation of the cost of use of Li-Ion batteries in residential storage applications integrated with PV panels. Conference Paper: Proceedings 49th International Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) 2014, 2-5 September 2014, Cluj-Napoca, Romania). IEEE. Ahmed, B., Ampatzis, M., Nguyen, P.H., Lopes Ferreira, H.M. & Kling, W.L. (2013). Mitigating imbalances from wind power by using an agent-based matching mechanism. Conference Paper: roceedings of the 2013 48th International Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2-5 September 2013, Dublin, Ireland. Piscataway: IEEE Service Center. Ampatzis, M., Nguyen, P.H. & Kling, W.L. (2013). Introduction of storage integrated PV systems as an enabling technology for smart energy grids. Conference Paper: 4th IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), October 6-9 2013, Copenhagen. Piscataway: IEEE.

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders V Hessel Q Wang

Participants A Anastasopoulou B Patil

Cooperations Evonik Industries AG (Germany) DIFFER (the Netherlands) C-TECH Innovation Limited (UK) Fraunhofer ICT-IMM (Germany) University of Hull Royal Charter (UK)

Funded by

Process Design for Nitrogen Fixation Reactions via Energy, Cost and Life-Cycle Analysis PhD student | Postdoc A (Aikaterini) Anastasopoulou Project aim The project aims at the process design and optimization of the plasma—assisted nitrogen fixation at an industrial scale under stringent energy, environmental and cost criteria. Taking into consideration the intense energy consumption and ecological footprint associated with contemporary fertilizer industry employing conventional nitrogen fixation reactions, the need to develop and incorporate sustainable processes becomes very critical. For that purpose, process simulations of ammonia and nitric acid production employing plasma technology are realized and detailed Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and economic analyses are provided. The outcomes of this research study will provide a holistic approach towards the commercialization of plasma technology in the field of fertilizer production.

Progress The project is in its third year. A profound literature review on the conventional and plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation reactions has been conducted and reported. Process simulations for both NH3 and NO syntheses employing conventional and plasma technology have been carried out in ASPEN software. Potential areas of energy optimization and process intensification have been identified. Next steps involve a pinch analysis for enhanced energy efficiency, a Life Cycle Assessment analysis based on the optimized results generated in ASPEN simulations, and at the end a CAPEX/OPEX analysis to assess the overall economic performance of the examined processes.

EU - grant agreement No. CP-IP 309376

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (January)

Information A Anastasopoulou T +31 (0)40 247 8288 E a.anastasopoulou@tue.nl

Figure: Holistic approach towards plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation reactions.

Scientific publications Anastasopoulou, A., Wang, Q., Hessel, V. & Lang, J. (2014). Energy considerations for plasmaassisted N-fixation reactions. Processes, 2(4), 694-710. Hessel, V.; Anastasopoulou, A.; Wang, Q.; Kolb, G.; Lang, J. Energy, Catalyst and Reactor Considerations for (near)-Industrial Plasma Processing and Learning for Nitrogen-Fixation Reactions. Catal. Today, 2013, 211, 9–28.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Pd-Ag pore-filled membranes for hydrogen separation

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants A Arratibel Plazaola

PhD student | Postdoc A (Alba) Arratibel Plazaola Project aim Palladium membranes have been used in membrane reactors due to their remarkable permeability and exclusive perm-selectivity of hydrogen. The surface of thin Pd based membrane is prone to become contaminated and mechanically damaged, specially when it is used as part of fluidized bed membrane reactors. Improved mechanical stability and better adhesion of the palladium membrane can be expected by filling nanosized pores of a ceramic support with palladium particles. Novel “Pore-filled” (PF) Pd membranes have been developed by the electroless plating technique. Four steps are involved in the preparation of the “Pore-filled” membranes: (1) Coating of the surface of α-Al2O3 support tube with a nanoporous ceramic layer; (2) Seeding; nanoparticles of Pd are deposited inside the porous ceramic layer; (3) Coating with a nanoporous protecting ceramic layer and (4) electroless plating in order to fill the pores with Pd. The amount of Pd used is a fraction of the convectional Pd membranes and are stronger against hydrogen embrittlement.

Cooperations Tecnalia Research and Innovation (Spain)

Funded by EU + Tecnalia

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Progress Pore-filled membranes were sucesfully prepared with different thickness and amount of ceramic nanoparticles (γ-Al2O3 and YSZ). Synthesized nanoparticles where characterized by DLS, ICP, XRD and TEM. The thickness of deposited ceramic layer were measured by SEM. Prepared mebranes were characterized in a single gas test in order to measure the hydrogen permeance and the ideal selectivity (H2/N2). Up to now the properties of membranes are not as expected, the nitrogen permeance is quite low while the hydrogen permeance is too low. A squematic representation of pore-filled membranes is shown in the following figure.

Start of the project 2014 (April)

Information F Gallucci T +31 (0)40 247 3675 E f.gallucci@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/chemicalengineering-andchemistry/research/researchgroups/multiphase-reactors/

Figure: Schematic representation of the four steps involved in pore filled membranes.

Scientific publications A.Arratibel, E. Fernandez, J. Melendez, M. Llosa Tanco, F. Gallucci, D.A. Pacheco Tanaka “Preparation of Pd-Ag pore-filled membranes for hydrogen separation” EHEC 2014 European Hydrogen Energy Conference (poster) Sevilla, Spain (March 12-14, 2014). Alba Arratibel, D. Alfredo Pacheco Tanaka, Martin van Sint Annaland, Fausto Gallucci “Membrane reactor for autothermal reforming of methane, metanol and etanol” Chapter 3 in Membrane reactors for energy applications and basic chemical production Woodhead Publishing.

82 |

Department

Particle-particle interaction in biomass co-firing power plants

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JGM Kuerten

PhD student | Postdoc A (Abhijay) Awasthi Project aim A computational method will be developed to simulate the combined combustion of biomass and coal in biomass co-fired power plants. Realistic operation conditions of power plants involve particle volume fractions (typically 3x10-4) that require incorporation of two-way interaction between particles and surrounding gas in terms of mass, momentum and energy, and particle-particle interaction by radiative heat transfer. The method enables optimization of the combustion time, ash quality and emissions of the power plant by varying the particle composition and size. Effects of increased biomass fraction on the process efficiency will be quantified.

Participants Progress

A Awasthi

Shell BJ Geurts

An earlier DNS model with pyrolysis of biomass has been extended by including particle combustion reactions. Effect of particle diameter on particle conversion time has been analyzed. It was found that conversion time is very sensitive to particle size. Effect of particle volume fraction on conversion time has also been determined.

Funded by

Scientific publications

FOM Shell

Cooperations

Funding % per money stream FOM Industry

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information A Awasthi T +31 (0)40 247 5876 E a.awasthi@tue.nl W www.wtb.tue.nl/woc/ptc

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

SMART Project

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc AA (Ahmad Alrianes) Bachnas Project aim

S Weiland M Diehl (KU Leuven) B Pluymers (IPCOS)

Over the past decades, Advanced Process Control (APC) has become the technique of choice for online stabilization and optimization of, among others, chemical production processes. The installation of an APC system typically results in a 1-10% improvement in the main optimization goal, such as increased throughput, improved quality control or reduced total or unit energy consumption, without requiring any investment in additional process hardware. Hence, an APC system can be seen as a favorable and durable investment. This project aims at developing a set of breakthrough Advanced Process Control (APC) technologies aimed at drastically reduced total cost of ownership, by means of more streamlined implementation and automatic maintenance.

Participants

Progress

Project leaders

AA Bachnas R Tóth

Cooperations IPCOS NV IPCOS BV KU Leuven

Funded by

We have proposed new techniques to optimally select basis functions for Orthonormal Basis Functions (OBFs) model structure. One of those techniques has been found to outperform available techniques from literatures. The main reason for the investigation is because the control scheme that is aimed to be used in our project can be benefited when utilizing OBFs mode. The model has interesting properties that allow adaptability towards changing uncertainty description of the system, in terms of the moving operating regime and model degradation phenomena which are the main focus of the project. Moreover, since OBF model structures can be seen as a generalization of FIR model structures, the wide application of FIR model in APC is another appealing reason for the proposed model.

Eurostars Eureka

Funding % per money stream -

Start of the project 2013 (February)

Information AA Bachnas T +31 (0)40 247 8133 E a.a.bachnas@tue.nl W http://www.cs.ele.tue.nl

Figure: Comparison of multiple basis selection techniques. The symbols in the picture correspond to the poles while the line shows their respective Kolmogorov error bound.

Scientific publications Bachnas, A.A., Toth, R., Mesbah, A. & Ludlage, J.H.A. (2014). A review on data-driven linear parameter-varying modeling approaches: A high-purity distillation column case study. Journal of Process Control, 24(4), 272-285. Bachnas, A.A., Toth, R., Mesbah, A. & Ludlage, J.H.A. (2013). Perspectives of data-driven LPV modeling of high-purity distillation columns. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the European Control Conference, 17-19 July 2013, Zurich, Switzerland, (pp. 3776-3783). Zurich.

84 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders CWM van der Geld JGM Kuerten

Participants CHM Baltis J Desmarais

Cooperations DAF Spirotech BV

Effects of cross-section variation and bubble-bubble interaction on bubble detachment in convective flow PhD students | Postdocs CHM (Coen) Baltis JL (Julian) Desmarais Project aim The effect of flow on boiling bubble detachment from a heated plane wall is investigated for the effects mentioned in the title. Experiments serve to validate a model based on the diffuse interface method that will be further developed.

Progress In 2012 a start has been made with the development of a multi-scale method for phase-transitional flow in which the small scales are modeled by the diffuse interface model. To this end open boundary conditions for this model have been developed based on extensions of the characteristic method and the method of perfectly matched layers. In 2012 a new measuring technique of instantaneous temperature fields in liquid, based on the use of phosphoric tracers, has been further developed and a paper has been written about it. A new test section with multiple bubble generators at artificial sites has been commissioned. The electric conditioning has been further developed with modern electric components. The analyzing technique of axisymmetric bubbles has been published in 2012.

Funded by Public defense CHM Baltis: December 4, 2014 Public defense JL Desmarais: scheduled for 2015

STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information CWM van der Geld T +31 (0)40 247 2923 E c.w.m.v.d.geld@tue.nl W www.wtb.tue.nl/woc/ptc

Scientific publications Baltis, C.H.M. (2014). Nucleate boiling bubble mechanics in forced convection. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. J.J.H. Brouwers, prof.dr. J.G.M. Kuerten & dr. C.W.M. van der Geld). Desmarais, J.L. & Kuerten, J.G.M. (2014). Open boundary conditions for the diffuse interface model in 1-D. Journal of Computational Physics, 263, 393-418. Geld, C.W.M. van der, Colin, C., Segers, Q.I.E., Pereira da Rosa, V.H., & Yoshikawa, H.N., 2012, Forces on a boiling bubble in a developing boundary layer, in microgravity with g-jitter and in terrestrial conditions. Physics of Fluids, 24 (8), 082104-1/29.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

High-Voltage Actuation System

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EA Lomonova JW Jansen PAAF Wouters

Participants TA van Beek ABJM Driessen SJ Settels

PhD student | Postdoc TA (Tom) van Beek Project aim The aim of the project is to demonstrate relative high voltage levels of several kilovolts throughout the full actuation chain of high power-dense linear motion systems in vacuum. This project focuses on the integral research of power electronics, cables and connectors and actuators. Since the supply voltage of the high power-dense actuation system is in the order of several kilovolts, the different components should be able to endure high thermal, electrical and mechanical stresses.

Progress In the past year, electric field behavior inside coreless linear motion systems has been compared for different electric field control methods based on numerical methods. Furthermore, different concepts of linear actuators have been compared using two- and three-dimensional analytical and numerical methods. Currently, different power converter topologies are being investigated and compared on their feasibility in the high-voltage actuation system. Furthermore, different cable types and materials are being assessed on their flexibility and capability to withstand electric discharges in ambient and vacuum environment.

Cooperations 0.4

0.4

18 16 14

STW ASML Prodrive Technologies

yo (mm)

Funded by

10 8 6 4

Electric field strength (kV/mm)

ASML Prodrive Technologies

0 0

0.4

0 0

xo (mm)

0.4 xo (mm)

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

65 % 35 %

Figure: Electric field distribution for a foil coil with and without field control method.

Start of the project

Scientific publications

2014 (December)

Pluk, K.J.W., Beek, T.A. van, Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Modeling and measurements on a finite, rectangular, conducting plate in an Eddy Current Damper. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 61(8), 4061-4072. in Web of Science Cited 1 times Beek, T.A. van, Pluk, K.J.W., Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Optimization and measurement of Eddy current damping in a tuned mass damper. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the IEEE Young Researchers Symposium (YRS 2014), 24-25 April 2014, Ghent, Belgium, (pp. 1-6). Beek, T.A. van, Pluk, K.J.W., Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Optimization and measurement of eddy current damping applied in a tuned mass damper. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines, ICEM 2014, 2-5 September 2014, Berlin, Germany, (pp. 609-615). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center.

Information TA van Beek T +31 (0)40 247 5552 E t.a.v.beek@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/epe

86 |

Department

Direct Production of Fuels from Captured CO2

DIFFER

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders M Gleeson MCM van de Sanden

Participants TT Belete

PhD student | Postdoc TT (Tesfaye) Belete Project aim The objective of this project is to evaluate the potential for production of fuels directly from solid carbon capture material, namely calcium carbonate (CaCO3) during its regeneration to the carboncapture form, calcium oxide (CaO). This regeneration represents one side of the so-called “calcium looping cycle” (figure1) which is one of the promising candidates for CO2 capture. The approach involves Plasma-enhanced catalytic process for the direct production of fuel from CaCO3 utilizing H2O as the primary co-reagent. It is anticipated to produce substantial benefits relative to standard thermal regeneration in order to produce a pure CO2 stream. The main advantages targeted are: direct and energy-efficient conversion of electrical energy to chemical energy in the form of fuels; enhanced material regeneration in terms of a reduction in the energy input required, and enhanced material performance in terms of retention of CO2 carrying capacity.

Cooperations University of Twente

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (November)

Information TT Belete T +31 (0)40 3334935 E t.t.belete@differ.nl W www.differ.nl

Figure 1: Schematic representation of the calcium looping cycle.

Progress Experimental setup (figure 2) is designed for investigation of plasma-activation of H2O and CO2 by means of inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) both in the gas phase and in conjunction with relevant solid CO2-capture materials. It represents part of the commissioning and validation of a new experimental setup. The reactor performance is monitored in real time by means of Mass Spectrometry, Optical Emission Spectroscopy and total pressure response measurements. For plasma-material interaction studies, pre- and post-exposure analysis is available ex-situ. Figure 2b illustrates the two possible configurations of the quartz tube: either horizontally for direct sampling of the plasma species, or vertically for plasma-exposure of a material sample that can be heated independently using a resistive heating plate.

Figure 2: Schematic setup for dissociation of H2O and CO2 by plasma (a) and orientation of the quartz tube for direct plasma sampling and for material exposure (b).

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 87

Department

Humidity harvesting using water vapor selective membranes

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc D (Daniel) Bergmair Project aim

Project leaders

Design and optimize a wind driven humidity harvesting device with the use of water-vapor selective membranes. For this purpose a thermodynamic model has to be built by which the optimal design can be determined as well as the linking of this design to the already existing components. A lab scale model should serve to validate the thermodynamic model and design choices which should eventually be upscaled to a demo- and a full scale system.

HC de Lange AA van Steenhoven

Progress

Participants D Bergmair H Ouwerkerk

Cooperations Wetsus - Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology

Funded by Wetsus

A simulation model for the movement of a diluted gas (water vapor) in a hollow fiber membrane was further developed. The routine based on the statistical representation of numerous molecules by simulation particles (Statistical Particle Displacement Model) allows for the prediction of the water vapor concentration distribution within, and the permeation out of a fiber (see figure). The result was compared to commercial CFD software and submitted to the CMES journal. Furthermore the water vapor transport towards the condenser on the permeate side for various input parameters was analyzed. One of the options more closely considered was working with different permeate-side pressures while maintaining the driving force across the membrane via a recirculation stream. To validate these considerations an experimental setup has been built, and different selective coatings for membrane modules are tried. Public defense scheduled: April 16, 2015.

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information HC de Lange T +31 (0)40 247 2129 E h.c.d.lange@tue.nl W www.energy.tue.nl

Figure: Water vapor concentration in hollow fiber membranes with various permeabilities (P in Barrer).

Scientific publication Bergmair, D., Metz, S.J., Lange, H.C. de & Steenhoven, A.A. van (2014). System analysis of membrane facilitated water generation from air humidity. Desalination, 339, 26-33. Bergmair, D., Metz, S.J., Lange, H.C. de & Steenhoven, A.A. van (2013). A transport model based on kinetic theory for water vapor separation in hollow fiber membranes. Computer Modeling in Engineering and Sciences, 91(1), 1-15. Bergmair, D; Metz, S J; Lange, H C de; Steenhoven, A.A. van (2012). Modeling of a water vapor selective membrane unit to increase the energy efficiency of humidity harvesting. 6th European Thermal Sciences Conference (Eurotherm 2012), Poitiers, France. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 395 (2012) 012161.

88 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders M van Sint Annaland YC van Delft (ECN)

Participants J Boon

PhD student | Postdoc J (Jurriaan) Boon Project aim For pre-combustion carbon capture, fuels are first converted to synthesis gas: CO and H2. Water-gas shift (WGS) is then applied to increase the CO2 and H2 content. CO2 is then separated; H2 is used for power production and CO2 can be stored underground. The high partial pressure is a strong driving force for separation, allowing for relatively low energy use. Conventional processes for reaction and separation can be improved by processes based on CO2 adsorption with a solid sorbent or by H2 selective membranes. For both options, knowledge of the kinetics of CO2 capture and water-gas shift, as well as on transport limitations enables the design of efficient full scale reactors.

Progress

Cooperations ECN

Funded by ECN

Funding % per money stream GTI

Novel processes for high-temperature separation of CO2 and H2

100 %

Start of the project 2010 (December)

Information J Boon T +31 (0)22 4564576 E j.boon@tue.nl

A multicomponent adsorption isotherm has been developed for CO2 and H2O on K-HTC at 400°C and 0.5-24 bar partial pressure, based on integrated experimentally determined breakthrough curves with special attention being given to the high pressure interaction. SEWGS process simulations have indicated a significant reduction in energy consumption might be feasible (figure). Significant resistances in Pd membrane support have been shown experimentally. These were predicted to be both a pressure drop and a mole fraction gradient in the support layer, the latter being far more important than the former. The derived model allows to quantify, as a function of operating conditions, the intrinsic and external mass transfer resistances. Inhibition measurements have been performed to account for coadsorption by syngas species as a function of temperature and partial pressure.

Better understanding, Carbon CO2 Steam/CO2 improved performance capture ratio purity rinse + purge Wright et al. (2011) 95% 95% 1.9 Gazzani et al. (2013) 95% 99% 1.5 Jansen et al. (2013) Boon et al. (2015) 95% 99% <0.5 J. Boon et al. Chemical Engineering Science 122 (2015) 219-231 Figure: SEWGS cycle performance for CO2 capture in IGCC power plant in terms of steam consumption.

Scientific publications J. Boon, P.D. Cobden, H.A.J. van Dijk, C. Hoogland, E.R. van Selow, and M. van Sint Annaland. Isotherm model for high-temperature, high-pressure adsorption of CO2 and H2O on K-promoted hydrotalcite. Chemical Engineering Journal, 248:406–414, 2014. J. Boon, J.A.Z. Pieterse, J.W. Dijkstra, Y.C. Van Delft, P. Veenstra, A. Nijmeijer, and D. Jansen. Benchmarking of hydrogen selective membranes: Experimental and modelling approach to compare membrane performance. Energy Procedia, 37:1020–1029, 2013. J. Boon, J.A.Z. Pieterse, J.W. Dijkstra, and M. van Sint Annaland. Modelling and systematic experimental investigation of mass transfer in supported palladium-based membrane separators. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 11(SUPPL):122–129, 2012. H. Li, J.A.Z. Pieterse, J.W. Dijkstra, J. Boon, R.W. Van Den Brink, and D. Jansen. Benchscale WGS membrane reactor for CO2 capture with co-production of H2. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37(5):4139–4143, 2012. J. Boon, H. Li, J.W. Dijkstra, and J.A.Z. Pieterse. 2-dimensional membrane separator modelling: Mass transfer by convection and diffusion. Energy Procedia, 4:699–706, 2011.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 89

Department

Surface Passivation by Al2O3-based Film Stacks for Si Solar Cells

Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders WMM Kessels

Participants S Bordihn

Cooperations Hanwha Q Cells GmbH – Germany

PhD student | Postdoc S (Stefan) Bordihn Project aim The aim of this project is to investigate the surface passivation performance of Al2O3-based stacks with the purpose to use these stacks as a dielectric rear side passivation material in next-generation industrial solar cells. The impact of established manufacturing steps on the performance of Al2O3based stacks is studied, i.e. the effect of pre-deposition cleaning steps, deposition conditions and post-deposition temperature treatments. In particular, the surface passivation mechanism is addressed to gain a more fundamental understanding. The passivation by Al2O3-stacks is also studied + on highly doped n -type Si surfaces as this surface type is an essential part of Si solar cells. The optimal layer thicknesses of Al2O3/SiNx stacks are evaluated by means of combined optical and electrical simulations. Furthermore the performance of the investigated Al2O3-based stacks will be demonstrated on solar cell device level.

Progress

In last year the experimental work has been finished and the focus was set on publication of the project results. The figure below illustrates a solar cell in a cross-sectional view. The structure (a) is Funded by used for the optical and the structure of (b) for electrical performance simulation, for more details Hanwha Q Cells & German Ministry for see publication below ‘Surface Passivation and Simulated Performance of Solar Cells with Al2O3/SiNx Environment, Nature Conservation Rear Dielectric Stacks’. and Nuclear Safety (BMU) under Contract No. 0325150. Public defense: November 26, 2014.

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information S Bordihn T +49 (0)3494 6699 52118 E s.bordihn@tue.nl

Scientific publications Bordihn, S. (2014). Surface passivation by Al2O3-based film stacks for Si solar cells. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. W.M.M. Kessels & dr. M. Creatore). Bordihn, S., Mertens, V., Müller, J.W. & Kessels, W.M.M. (2014). Deposition temperature dependence of material and Si surface passivaion properties of O3-based atomic layer deposited Al2O3-based films and stacks. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 32, 01A128-1/7. S. Bordihn, V. Mertens, P. Engelhart, F. Kersten, M.M. Mandoc, J.W. Müller and W.M.M. Kessels, Surface Passivation by Al2O3 and a-SiNx:H Films Deposited on Wet-Chemically Conditioned Si Surfaces, J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 1, 6 (2013) pp. P320–P325. Bordihn, S., Dingemans, G., Mertens, V., Müller, J.W. & Kessels, W.M.M. (2013). Passivation of n+type Si surfaces by low temperature processed SiO2/Al2O3 stack. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 3(3), 925-929. S. Bordihn, J.A. van Delft, M.M. Mandoc, J.W. Müller and W.M.M. Kessels, Surface Passivation and Simulated Performance of Solar Cells with Al2O3/SiNx Rear Dielectric Stacks, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 3, 3 (2013) pp. 970–975. S. Bordihn, I. Kiesow, V. Mertens, P. Engelhart, J.W. Müller and W.M.M. Kessels, Impact of the Deposition and Annealing Temperature on the Silicon Surface Passivation of ALD Al2O3 Films, Energy Proc. 27 (2012) pp. 396–401. S. Bordihn, P. Engelhart, V. Mertens, G. Kesser, D. Köhn, G. Dingemans, J.W. Müller and W.M.M. Kessels, High Surface Passivation Quality and Thermal Stability of ALD Al2O3 on Wet-Chemically Grown Ultra-Thin SiO2 on Silicon, Energy Proc. 8 (2011) pp. 654–659.

90 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders WMM Kessels

Participants REHC Bosch

Cooperations ASM FEI Company Oxford Instruments Q-Cells SERIS

Funded by STW-Vici scheme

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Atomic level understanding of semiconductor/dielectric interfaces by nonlinear spectroscopy PhD student | Postdoc REHC (Roger) Bosch Project aim The project focusses on the fundamental investigation of industry relevant interfaces between semiconductors and dielectrics. A well-studied example is the c-Si/Al2O3 interface, which is relevant for surface passivation layers in silicon-based solar cells. The aim is to get an atomic level understanding of defect passivation and fixed charge generation at the interface, to address the dependence of chemical and field-effect passivation on processing conditions and film properties, and to investigate the interplay between materials when combined in novel advanced passivation schemes (as used for example in hetero-junction silicon solar cells). These interface studies are carried out by nonlinear spectroscopy (in particular second-harmonic generation) and are complemented by infrared spectroscopy (in situ FTIR) and thermal programmed desorption spectroscopy.

Progress Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a nonlinear optical technique which can be used as a contactless probe to study the properties of interfaces and surfaces. In figure below, one can see the principle of SHG, where in this example of c-Si/Al2O3 the incoming laser beam (red) generates a second-harmonic beam at the interface (blue). Within the past year the second-harmonic response of atomic layer deposited ZnO has been investigated. Furthermore, the newly developed in situ FTIR setup has been used to study the surface chemistry of during the growth of platinum nanoparticles, as well as during the growth of silicon nitride thin films by atomic layer deposition. Both materials are commonly used in solar cell devices. With the gained insights into the reaction mechanisms we can further optimise deposition processes and fully exploit the possibilities of atomic layer deposition.

Start of the project 2012 (March)

Information WMM Kessels T +31 (0)40 247 3477 E w.m.m.kessels@tue.nl RHEC Bosch T +31 (0)40 247 4882 E r.h.e.c.bosch@tue.nl W http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp/

Figure: Principle of Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG). In this example of Al2O3 deposited on silicon, the second-harmonic signal is generated at the c-Si/SiOx interface.

Scientific Publications Terlinden, N. M., Vandalon, V., Bosch, R. H. E. C., & Kessels, W. M. M. (Erwin). (2014). Secondharmonic intensity and phase spectroscopy as a sensitive method to probe the space-charge field in Si(100) covered with charged dielectrics. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 32(2), 021103. doi:10.1116/1.4862145. Terlinden, N. M., Dingemans, G., Vandalon, V., Bosch, R. H. E. C., & Kessels, W. M. M. (2014). Influence of the SiO2 interlayer thickness on the density and polarity of charges in Si/SiO2/Al2O3 stacks as studied by optical second-harmonic generation. Journal of Applied Physics, 115(3), 033708. doi:10.1063/1.4857075. Andersen, S. V., Vandalon, V., Bosch, R. H. E. C., van de Loo, B. W. H., Pedersen, K., & Kessels, W. M. M. (2014). Interaction between O2 and ZnO films probed by time-dependent second-harmonic generation. Applied Physics Letters, 104(5), 051602. doi:10.1063/1.4863942.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JW Jansen EA Lomonova

Participants

Electromagnetic design and analysis of highly-dynamic commutated motors PhD student | Postdoc BJH (Bart) de Bruyn Project aim This project investigates high force density linear motors, which are suitable for highly dynamic motion. In photolithographic systems, linear motors move the photomask in a repeated left-to-right sequence to allow scanning exposure of the dies of a wafer. An increase of force density of the linear motors by a factor 4-5 is desired to increase the throughput of these systems. In this project various concepts of linear motors are analyzed. Besides conventional technology, application of superconducting materials is investigated, which potentially allows a strong reduction in the required input power of the system.

BJH de Bruyn

Progress Cooperations EE Control Systems group

Funded by ASML

Funding % per money stream Impuls PhD 100 %

Analytical models of conventional linear actuators have been developed. These fast models allow a time efficient initial design of linear motors with and without an iron core. Design rules have been developed which allow the design of linear motors without a magnetic core with extremely low propulsion force ripples. In superconducting materials, losses result from application of alternating currents or magnetic fields. Evaluation of these losses is required during the design of the superconducting linear actuator. A physically based finite element model was implemented to predict these losses. In the figure, the magnetic flux density around a stack of superconducting tapes, predicted by the finite element model, is shown.

Start of the project 2014 (November)

Information BJH de Bruyn +31 (0)40 247 3553 E b.j.h.d.bruyn@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/epe

Figure: Magnetic flux density (T) around stack of superconducting tape carrying an alternating current.

Scientific publications Bruyn, B.J.H. de, Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Minimization of force ripples in coreless linear actuators. Conference Paper : Proceedings of the XXIth International Conference on Electrical Machines, ICEM 2014, 2-5 September 2014, Berlin, Germany.

92 |

Department

PowerDAC: A new approach in power amplification

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants MLA Caris JL Duarte H Huisman

PhD student | Postdoc MLA (Mark) Caris Project aim A steady demand exists for the development of ever more powerful precision amplifiers. The tendency in various application areas, such as MRI and lithography, is that the requirements set on power rating, and at the same time the requirements of the relative accuracy of the generated signals, are increasing. A related issue is that the bandwidth of the controlled amplifier needs to increase, which implies that ever higher switching frequencies are demanded. Without a breakthrough in technology, this would lead to ever higher switching losses, which translates into a major cooling effort and large, heavy systems. As such, there exists a dilemma in finding the optimal balance between power, efficiency and accuracy for a specific design of a power converter.

Progress

Cooperations -

Funded by THOR project (CATRENE/EURIPIDES)

In the “PowerDAC” project, a new approach for power amplifier systems is investigated. A topology, including a control/modulation scheme, has been synthesized by which a multilevel waveform can be created. This topology consists of a number of subsequent power stages, for which for each voltage level an optimal switch can be selected. Compared to the conventional two-level approach, the power stage has been extended in such a way that the output filter can be reduced or even eliminated. Last year, a proof-of-concept prototype has been designed and realized, which will be used to demonstrate the capabilities.

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (January)

Information MLA Caris E m.l.a.caris@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/epe Figure: Picture of prototype, a fully digital multi level power amplifier.

Scientific publications Caris, M.L.A., Huisman, H. & Duarte, J.L. (2014). Theoretical analysis of the duality principle applied to interleaved topologies. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 2014 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Hiroshima 2014 - ECCE-ASIA), 18-21 May 2014, Hiroshima, Japan, (pp. 2954-2959). IEEE. Caris, M.L.A., Huisman, H. & Duarte, J.L. (2013). Harmonic elimination by adaptive phase-shift optimization in interleaved converters. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 15-19 September 2013, Denver Colorado., (pp. 763768). Denver, Colorado: IEEE. Schellekens, J.M., Caris, M.L.A., Duarte, J.L., Huisman, H., Hendrix, M.A.M. & Lomonova, E.A. (2013). High precision switched mode ampliﬁer with an auxiliary bias circuit. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE ECCE Europe 2013), 3-5 September 2013, IEEE. Caris, M.L.A., Huisman, H., Schellekens, J.M. & Duarte, J.L. (2012). Generalized\ harmonic elimination method for interleaved power amplifiers. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2012), 25-28 October 2012, Montreal, Canada, (pp. 4979-4984). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center. Caris, M.L.A. (2012). Output current harmonic elimination of a 3-fold interleaved precision power amplifier. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Young Researchers Symposium in Electrical Power Engineering: challenges in sustainable electrical energy, 16-17 April 2012, Delft, the Netherlands, (pp. 1-6).

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

GaussMount II

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc DTEH (Dave) van Casteren Project aim

DTEH van Casteren J Paulides

In high-precision machines vibration isolation is of critical importance. In state-of-the-art systems three air-mounts suspend the metrological frame. Their function is to provide levitation (gravity compensation), while achieving a low stiffness to reduce floor vibrations arriving at the base-frame (transmissibility) and a very high stiffness to attenuate disturbance forces arising inside the waferscanner (compliance). With even higher requirements for future systems, challenging problems start to arise for the current systems. Therefore, alternative suspension systems are researched, such as a permanent magnet based isolation system. To estimate the forces a magnetic surface charge model is used. The goal of my research is to improve the accuracy of this model. Furthermore, the wheight of the supported mass is not constant, therefore, a method for a variable force output should be investigated.

Cooperations

Progress

ASML

The accuracy of the magnetic surface charge model has been improved by taking the relative permeability of materials into account. Measurement on the GaussMount, shown in the figure, have been conducted and including the relative permeability resulted in an error reduction of factor 3. Furthermore, unwanted horizontal negative stiffness was encounter in the prototype. This is also caused by the relative permeability of the magnets. A variable output force has been designed by mechanically varying the position of the magnets. A force variation of factor 2 can be obtained, without loss of performance of the gravity compensator.

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants

Funded by ASML

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (March)

Information DTEH van Casteren T +31 (0)40 247 3554 E d.t.e.h.v.casteren@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/epe

Figure: The GaussMount, a vibration isolation system.

Scientific publications D.T.E.H. van Casteren, J.J.H. Paulides, and E.A. Lomonova, “3-D numerical surface charge model including relative permeability: the general theory”, Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.50, no.11, 2014. D.T.E.H. van Casteren, J.J.H. Paulides, and E.A. Lomonova, “3-D semianalytical surface charge model including relative permeability using polynomial approximation” Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.50, no.11, 2014. D.T.E.H. van Casteren, K.J.W. Pluk, J.J.H. Paulides, and E.A. Lomonova, “Modeling the Effects of Magnetization Variations on a Permanent Magnet Based Levitation or Vibration Isolation System”, Periodical of Applied Mechanics and Materials, Linear Drives for Industry Applications IX, Vols. 416-417, 366-372 in 2013. D.T.E.H. van Casteren, B.L.J. Gysen, J.T.B.A. Kessels, J.J.H. Paulides, P.P.J. van den Bosch, and E.A. Lomonova, “Non-linear full-car modeling and sky-hook control for a direct-drive active suspension system”, SAE Transactions. Journal of Passenger Cars, 6(1), 252-268, 2013.

94 |

Department

Flexible very high efficiency solar cells

Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD students | Postdocs A (Alessandro) Cavalli D (Dick) van Dam Project aim We will develop high efficiency solar cells in which the actual harvesting of the solar energy is performed in III/V semiconductor nanowires. We will investigate the light management in these nanowire solar cells using a Fourier microscope and a rotating stage setup.

Project leaders JEM Haverkort EPAM Bakkers J Gomez-Rivas

Participants A Cavalli D van Dam

Cooperations Philips

Funded by

Progress We studied the influence of dopants on the growth of indium phosphide nanowires (InP NWs) in the <100> growth direction. <100> p- and n- NWs show a pure zincblende crystal phase. We developed a contact layer for p-doped InP using an axial p-InP/p-InAsP gradual interface, and studied the optoelectronic properties of p-n junction in single InP nanowire devices (figure 1a). These NWs show clear improvement compared to <111> oriented analogue devices, which make them excellent candidates for photovoltaic devices. We also studied the interaction of light with the NWs in order to optimize the final device further. We measured angle-dependent absorption and photoluminescence emission and found a clear relationship between the NW diameter and its far-field optical response (figure 1b). The tunable optical properties of the NWs make them promising for polarization- and direction-selective solar cells, photodetectors or light sources. a)

STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2012

Information JEM Haverkort T +31 (0)40 247 4205 E j.e.m.haverkort@tue.nl EPAM Bakkers E e.p.a.m.bakkers@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/psn Figure 1: a) Electroluminescence of <100> NWs with gradual interface (red) compared to <111> oriented NWs (blue), measured at 4K in a single nanowire device (shown in inset). (b) Directional emission map of an array of vertical NWs. The top color plot displays the measurement, the bottom plot the simulated emission. The color indicates the normalized PL intensity.

Scientific publications G. Grzela, R. Paniagua-Dom nguez, T. Barten, D. van Dam, J.A. S nchez-Gil, and J. G mez Rivas, Nanowire Antenna Absorption Probed with Time-Reversed Fourier Microscopy, Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 3227-3234. Y. Cui, J. Wang, S.R. Plissard, A. Cavalli, T.T.T. Vu, R.P.J. van Veldhoven, L. Gao, M. Trainor, M.A. Verheijen, J.E.M. Haverkort, E.P.A.M. Bakkers, Efficiency enhancement of InP nanowire solar cells by surface cleaning, Nano Lett. 2013. A. Cavalli, J. Wang, T. Vu, R. Plantenga, M.A. Verheijen, S. Plissard, J.E.M. Haverkort and E.P.A.M. Bakkers. Doping of <100> InP NW towards single crystal NW solar cells. Poster presented at the Nanowire Growth Workshop, June 10-12, 2013, Lausanne, Switzerland. J. Wang, S.R. Plissard, M.A. Verheijen, L.F. Feiner, A. Cavalli, and E.P.A.M. Bakkers, Reversible Switching of InP Nanowire Growth Direction by Catalyst Engineering, Nano Lett 2013.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JTBA Kessels

Participants H Chen S Weiland MCF Donkers WHA Hendrix TCJ Romijn

Cooperations DAF IKA TNO

Funded by EU FP7

Funding % per money stream EU

Complete Vehicle Energy-saving Technologies for HeavyTrucks PhD student | Postdoc H (Handian) Chen Project aim Fuel economy and emission legislation play a dominant role in the development process of new commercial heavy duty vehicles. To satisfy future requirements on fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions, new technologies emerge in these vehicles. Clear examples are energy efficient auxiliaries, hybrid electric powertrains and waste-heat recovery from the exhaust gas. To facilitate integration of all these subsystems, a suitable energy management system is needed. This project aims at the development, implementation and verification of innovative energy management concepts for commercial vehicles. A holistic system approach is developed that considers all energy sources, sinks and buffers present in the vehicle. The associated research concentrates on the theoretical development and practical verification of optimally distributed control concepts and underlying optimization algorithms.

Progress Since modern trucks entail various auxiliaries for different applications, the control strategies that aim at complete vehicle energy management are required to be flexible in structure (as this enables plug & play, which reduces development time). Besides this, the operation of the auxiliaries should also respect global efficiency. An algorithm that combines the above mentioned two properties is missing in the current literature. Therefore, a game-theoretic solution concept for complete vehicle energy management is developed. The approach starts with an offline part where the optimal strategies for each auxiliary are computed and stored in look-up-tables. Next, all the auxiliaries and a central unit are involved in an iterative procedure online to find a so-called Nash equilibrium. This approach is tested with a simplified hybrid truck model with an electrified refrigerated semi-trailer, which demonstrates the favorable features of the proposed solution strategy.

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (November)

Information JTBA Kessels T +31 (0)40 247 2656 E j.t.b.a.kessels@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/cs

Figure: Online iterative procedure involving all the auxiliaries and a central unit.

Scientific publications H. Chen, J.T.B.A. Kessels, M.C.F. Donkers, and S. Weiland. “Game-theoretic approach for complete vehicle energy management”. In Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Coimbra, Portugal, October 2014.

96 |

Department

Environmental Sensors for Energy Efficiency (ESEE)

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders AJM Pemen

PhD student | Postdoc VR (Vindhya) Chirumamilla Project aim ESEE – Environment Sensors for Energy Efficiency targets markets, where with highly reliable information regarding environmental conditions measures can be deducted, which reduce the use of energy. Intention is to provide solutions for energy efficient management and to introduce new solutions into the market of building control, air craft cabin monitoring and for electric cars indoor air control. The societal benefit will be the provision of healthy air in indoor environments in combination with a huge amount of reduction in the use of energy due to the avoidance of preparing unnecessarily new fresh air.

Participants VR Chirumamilla

Cooperations -

Funded by EU

Progress A brief description on the requirements and selection of sensors for indoor air purification in the deliverable D 1.7 submitted to the ESEE consortium. A prototype of SBDB based indoor air purifier is under construction. The total experimental set up along with a big cabinet, mass flow controllers and humidity sensors is almost ready. After the reactor is constructed, preliminary experiments on the chosen target pollutants will be performed. Preliminary experiments on low level NOx reduction using Dielectric-Barrier-Discharge (DBD) reactor were performed and the results were published at HAKONE XIV conference.

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

100

Start of the project

Information AJM Pemen T +31 (0)40 247 4492 E a.j.m.pemen@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/staff/ a.j.m.pemen

Conversion (%)

2013 (September)

Plasma alone Plasma catalysis

0 0

ε (J/L)

Figure: NO conversion as a function of energy density for both plasma and plasma catalytic configuration for 6 ppm initial concentration.

Scientific publications Chirumamilla, V.R., Hoeben, W.F.L.M., Beckers, F.J.C.M., Heesch, E.J.M. van & Pemen, A.J.M. (2014). Removing NOx indoor air by combining pulsed dielectric barrier discharges with CUOMNO2/TiO2 catalyst. 14th International Symposium on High Pressure Low Temperature Plasma Chemistry (HAKONE XIV), 21-26 September 2014, Zinnowitz, Germany, (pp. 317-322).

Annual Research Report 2014

| 97

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders M van Sint Annaland EJM Hensen F Gallucci P Cobden

Participants KT Coenen

Cooperations -

Funded by ADEM

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2014 (April)

Information

Sorbent Development on the Basis of Kinetics, and Mass- and Heat- Transport Phenomena in Sorption-Enhanced Processes at Elevated Temperatures PhD student | Postdoc KT (Kai) Coenen Project aim Hydrotalcite based adsorbents are interesting for carbon capture and storage technologies like Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift reaction (SEWGS) for hydrogen production, where an adsorbend is used to shift the reaction equilibrium and capture CO2. The sorbent can be regenerated with steam, which can be separated by condensation, resulting in a pure CO2 stream. At room temperature hydroitalcite belongs tot he group of anionic clays and can be described as 2Mg6Al2(HO)16CO3 x 4 H2O. At elevated temperatures the layered structure is no longer present and the material can be described as a mixed metal oxide with basic character. The aim of the project is understanding of the fundamental interactions occurring with small gas molecules (H2O, H2S, CO2 and other possible acidic species) on potassium promoted hydrotalcites based adsorbents.

Progress Different experimental techniques as Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) at high pressures up to 10 has been performed together with analyzing techniques like X-ray Diffraction (XRD), BET, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Adsorption isotherms have been measured at different conditions for different components to understand the influence of operating -and pretreatment conditions on the adsorption capacity of the material. Adsorbents with different Mg/Al ratio and are investigate to understand the influence of different components like MgO, Al2O3 and K2CO3 on the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents. A new experimental Setup has been developed and designed at TUE. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Packed Bed Reactor (PBR) experiments can be carried out with different adsorbents to pressures up to 10 bar. The Setup is designed to be used with H2S as an acidic species of interest for this project.

KT Coenen T +31 (0)40 247 8751 E k.t.coenen@tue.nl

Figure: High pressure Thermogravimetric Analysis Setup (TGA) for adsorption experiments.

Scientific publications -

98 |

Department

Mobilising heavy hydrocarbons

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders M Golombok MD Boot LPH de Goey

Participants MCM Cuijpers J Hasker FHJC Seegers MFW Willekens JFM van Santvoort

PhD student | Postdoc MCM (Michel) Cuijpers Project aim Different resources are global available, Heavy oil, Shale oil and Lignin, all containing a high viscosity and therefore hard to recover, transport and process. The use of subcritical water, at the right conditions, will crack or dissolve these resources. Resulting in a decrease in viscosity and a increase in H/C ratio, improving the quality and the workability of the resources.

Progress The primary interest for subcritical processing described here is to reduce the viscosity, figure. For surface processing of oil sands, this improves transportability in pipeline flow. In a more distant projected application in the subsurface (either for bituminous or for kerogenic oils where the rock permeability permits), viscosity reduction improves mobility for subsequent oil displacement.

Cooperations Shell

Funded by Shell

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (June)

Figure: Viscosity as function of process time.

Scientific publications -

Information MCM Cuijpers T +31 (0)40 247 3591 E m.c.m.cuijpers@tue.nl W www.combustion.tue.nl

Annual Research Report 2014

| 99

Department

Measurement tools for Smart Grid stability and quality

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders

PhD students | Postdocs V (Vladimir) Cuk F (Fei) Ni Project aim The aim of TU/e in this project is analyzing the propagation of Power Quality (PQ) phenomena through distribution network and the impact of measurement uncertainty on propagation analysis, based on wide area measurements. The project will make use of Live Lab, a test network of Alliander with a large number of measurement points, as a basis for simulation models and analysis.

V Cuk

Participants V Cuk F Ni

Cooperations NPL (UK) BRML (Romania) CMI (Czech Republi)c IMBiH (Bosnia and Herzegovina) LNE (France) METAS (Switzerland) MIKES (Finland) SIQ (Slovenia) SMU (Slovakia) SP (Sweden) Trescal (Denmark) VSL (the Netherlands) EIM (Greece) SUN (Italy)

Funded by EURAMET European Union

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information V Cuk T +31 (0)40 247 561 E v.cuk@tue.nl

100 |

Other partners in the project are focusing on: 1. A Metrology Framework for Phasor Measurement Units (PMU); 2. Network impedance measurements: develop and apply PMU based methods to measure the network impedance at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies on sections of HV/MV grid. 3. A Transducer Measurement Framework in Support of PMUs/PQ: provide a measurement and uncertainty framework for the medium/high voltage level current and voltage transducers used in PMU and PQ measurement systems.

Progress Started in September 2014. Literature review on the data applications in distribution networks has been completed. The modeling of the test network (Alliander Live Lab) is ongoing, together with the gathering of the measurement data.

Scientific publications -

Department

Advanced Electric Powertrain Technology (ADEPT)

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EA Lomonova JJH Paulides

Participants M Curti G Sfakianakis A Stefanskyi A Dziechciarz F Chauvicourt K Ramakrishnan K Niyomsatian N Djukic P Romanazzi S Ayat S Wiedemann S Stipetic

PhD student | Postdoc M (Mitrofan) Curti Project aim The goal of the ADEPT program is to produce a virtual development environment for E-propulsion systems and to train and establish a multi-disciplinary research network. The ADEPT program will raise the profile and to improve career perspectives for 12 ESRs, and 2 ERs, offering a high-quality structured consortium providing personalized training opportunities in E-propulsion systems and in complementary skills (i.e. entrepreneurship). An intimate involvement in all aspects of the collaboration (research, knowledge transfer, secondments, workshops) along with an extensive training program in a wide range of fields (electromagnetics, thermal, mechanical, vibroacoustic, control, vehicle integration of E-propulsion) will allow early-stage and experienced researchers to develop the technical proficiency and complementary skills required to make significant contributions to their professional careers. Through industry-academia partnerships, ADEPT will facilitate the uptake of scientific results in Epropulsion and industrial products and solutions.

Progress  Literature overview for analytical methods for computation of magnetic field.  Application of Plane Wave Expansion Method in magnetostatic

Scientific publications -

Cooperations AE BV Lodz University of Technology MACCON GmbH MDL Motor Engineering Polytechnic University of Milan Siemens Technical University of Cluj-Napoca Triphase NV Université libre de Bruxelles University of Oxford

Funded by European Union

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (June)

Information M Curti T +31 (0)40 247 3504 E m.curti@tue.nl W adept-itn.eu

Annual Research Report 2014

| 101

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders MFM Speetjens HJH Clercx DMJ Smeulders

Participants EA Demissie

Cooperations Ö Baskan (TU/e) G Metcalfe (CSIRO-MMT, Melbourne, Australia) F Posthuma-Scholtes (Primix BV, Mijdrecht) B Ohlmeier (DSM Research, Geleen) W Maas (Mecal NV, Veldhoven) A Reusken (RWTH, Aachen, Germany)

Lagrangian ‘mixing analysis’ of heat transfer: A new way for thermal optimization PhD student | Postdoc EA (Esubalew Alemayehu) Demissie Project aim Heat transfer admits representation in terms of the ‘‘motion of a fluid.’’ This fundamental change in thermal modeling enables thermal analysis in terms of the thermal trajectories (thermal counterpart to fluid trajectories) by well-established-and very successful-methods from mixing studies. This Lagrangian mixing analysis of heat transfer offers promising new thermofluids engineering capabilities byond those of convetional Eulerian approaches based on e.g. temperature fields. Aim of the study is further development of this concept for practical utilization by way of reperenatative industrial heat exchangers based on the static-mixing principle.

Progress The impact of three-dimensionality (3D) and fluid inertia on the dynamics and the Lagrangian transport properties for inline mixers with cylindrical geometries are investigated in terms of coherent structures that form in the 3D streamline portrait. Further progress has been made on development of a thermal-optimization procedure based on the Lagrangian heat-transfer formalism. The basic idea is to “design” the most optimal flow field required to reach a given thermal objective using only the temperature field that occurs in the absence of flow. This procedure is currently adopts the Rotated Arc mixer (RAM) as a representative system and being tested and refined by way of 2D case studies.

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information MFM Speetjens T +31 (0)40 247 5428 E m.f.m.speetjens@tue.nl W www.energy.tue.nl

Figure: (Left) Multiple families of streamtubes. (Right) Typical cross-sectional mixing pattern visualized by axial Poincaré sectioning at the inlet of 3D streamline pattern.

Scientific publications Speetjens, M.F.M., Demissie, E.A., Metcalfe, G. & Clercx, H.J.H. (2014). Lagrangian transport characteristics of a class of three-dimensional inline-mixing flows with fluid inertia. Physics of Fluids, 26(11), 113601.

102 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Remote plasma synthesis of silicon nanocrystals: plasma processes, nanocrystal growth, and diagnosis PhD student | Postdoc I (Ilker) Dogan Project aim

I Dogan

The aim is to investigate novel plasma processing routes for improved growth and surface functionality of silicon nanocrystals (NCs) for photovoltaic applications. We aim for the synthesis of NCs (< 4 nm) and the optimization of the NC size distribution by controlling the residence time of the NCs in well defined, configured plasma environments. The synthesis of NCs using a plasma approach also allows new post-processing approaches to improve the NC surface passivation. The ability to process surface passivated nanocrystals with reliable optical properties is crucial in establishing silicon NC solar cell concepts based on multi-exciton-generation (MEG). This approach can result in improved stability of plasma processed thin silicon film solar cell devices with higher efficiencies, while further reduction in processing costs of thin film silicon solar cells is foreseen.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders MCM van de Sanden WMM Kessels

Participants

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project

Bimodal size distribution is analyzed by means of Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is shown to be able to distinguish small and large Si-NCs. In addition, quantitative analysis of the size distribution of small Si-NCs and volume fraction of small and large Si-NCs are successfully analyzed from Raman data. Time scale modulation of silane flow demonstrates the role of growth precursors on the formation of small and large Si-NCs. We find that ion based growth reactions are dominant in the plasma beam, where small Si-NCs are synthesized. On the other hand, radical based growth reactions are dominant in the recirculation cells where large particles are formed. We conclude that, together with shorter residence time in the plasma, a high ion to radical density ratio is essential for preventing the formation of larger nanocrystals.

2009 Public defense: January 28, 2014.

Information I Dogan T +31 (0)6 30839504 E i.dogan@tue.nl

Scientific publications Dogan, I. (2014). Remote plasma synthesis of silicon nanocrystals: plasma processes, nanocrystal growth, and diagnosis. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot: prof.dr.ir. M.C.M. van de Sanden & prof.dr.ir. W.M.M. Kessels). Dogan, I., Weeks, S.L., Agarwal, S. & Sanden, M.C.M. van de (2014). Nucleation of silicon nanocrystals in a remote plasma without subsequent coagulation. Journal of Applied Physics, 115, 244301-1/9. Dogan, I. & Sanden, M.C.M. van de (2013). Direct characterization of nanocrystal size distribution using Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Physics, 114(13), 134310-1/8. Dogan, I., Kramer, N.J., Westermann, R.H.J., Dohnalova, K., Smets, A.H.M., Verheijen, M.A., Gregorkiewicz, T. & Sanden, M.C.M. van de (2013). Ultrahigh throughput plasma processing of free standing silicon nanocrystals with lognormal size distribution. Journal of Applied Physics, 113(13):134306.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 103

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation Project leaders RJM Bastiaans LPH de Goey JA van Oijen Participants A Donini S Mukhopadhyay SE Abtahizadeh Cooperations Siemens Power Generation (SPG) Rolls Royce Deutschland (RRD) Funded by Funding % per money stream STW 75 % Industry 25 % Start of the project 2014 (May) Information RJM Bastiaans T +31 (0)40 247 4836 E r.j.m.bastiaans@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion

104 |

Advanced Low NOx Gas Turbine Combustion Modeling for Stationary Gas Turbine Applications PhD student | Postdoc A (Andrea) Donini Project aim In the current project detailed knowledge for modeling of combustion with alternative fuels will be developed. This is done by means of detailed descriptions in the framework of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The ultimate goal is to predict the combustion process of gas turbines, including complex physical real fuel phenomena (NOx, preferential diffusion, thermo diffusive effects, etc.). To that end the promising flamelet generated manifolds (FGM) technique will be extended in this project. The technique is developed in its basic form at TU/e and has been continuously tested and extended to more general situations over the last years.

Progress Implementation of mixture fraction inclusion in the tool FGM construction. Ansys-CFX implementation of this technique for the 3D manifold. Testing in a simple 2D geometry. Inclusion of turbulence effects in the 5D FGM construction tool. Testing and validation on swirled gas turbine model combustor.

Scientific publications Donini, A., Bastiaans, R.J.M., Oijen, J.A. van & Goey, L.P.H. de (2014). Differential diffusion effects inclusion with flamelet generated manifold for the modeling of stratified premixed cooled flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 35(1), 831-837. Donini, A., Bastiaans, R.J.M., Oijen, J.A. van & Goey, L.P.H. de (2014). The application of flameletgenerated manifold in the modeling of stratified premixed cooled flames. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition (GT2014), June 16-20, 2014, Dusseldorf, Germany, (pp. 26210). ASME.

Dissertation Donini, A. (May 28, 2014). Advanced turbulent combustion modeling for gas turbine application. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr. L.P.H. de Goey, dr.ir. R.J.M. Bastiaans & dr.ir. J.A. van Oijen).

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders J van Duivenbode PAAF Wouters

Participants ABJM Driessen TA van Beek SJ Settels

Cooperations ASML Prodrive

Funded by STW ASML Prodrive

High Voltage Actuation System for Future Generation Lithography Machines PhD student | Postdoc ABJM (Alexander) Driessen Project aim The HVAS proposal aims at the integral research of the design of the full actuation chain: highprecision power amplifiers, cables, connectors and actuators of future generation lithography machines at a relatively high voltage level of several kilovolts. The voltage increase will enhance power to ultimately increase productivity. Currently, motion systems in lithography equipment operate at a voltage level of 600 V, after a steady increase in the past decades. Increasing the voltage to higher levels has the advantage over increasing current levels that the mass and volume of moving flexible power cables and their force and thermal disturbances can be reduced. However, such increased voltage requires a significant breakthrough in the power amplifiers, cables & connectors and actuators because several high-voltage effects will become significant. The project will be conducted by three PhD’s for the individual topics, in which here the focus is on connectivity.

Progress During this short beginning of the project, understanding and recognition of the research content is created. Literature about breakdown in gases and vacuum technology is collected and analyzed, because the environment inside the lithography machine will normally consist of hydrogen gas at 110 Pa. An old vacuum chamber is obtained and will soon again be operational to gather breakdown results for a Paschen curve and test existing and concepts of cables and connectors.

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

65 % 35 %

Start of the project 2014 (October)

Information J van Duivenbode E jeroen.van.duivenbode@asml.com

Figure: Schematic representation of the project topic.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 105

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JA van Oijen

Participants DV Efimov

Cooperations Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine

Development of Reliable Emission and Atomization Models for Combustor Design PhD student | Postdoc DV (Denis) Efimov Project aim Aim of this project is to develop an accurate and reliable computational tool for prediction of emissions in a lean burn combustion systems for civil aerospace applications. Within this project,the research carried out by TU/e will concentrate on the chemistry reduction method FlameletGenerated Manifold (FGM), which is intended to reduce the computational cost of the complex chemistry models for application in CFD codes. Improved flamelet tabulation techniques are to be developed focusing on accurate prediction of CO, UHC, NOx and soot emissions from gas turbine combustors.

Progress Detailed chemistry 1D flame calculations including mimicked isentropic expansion in the post flame zone (process encountered in gas turbine stator). Preliminary validation of FGM tabulated chemistry model, utilizing enthalpy and pressure as additional controlling variables (to account for stator conditions), against aforementioned 1D detailed chemistry cases.

Funded by EU University

Funding % per money stream EU 75 % University 25 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

Information JA van Oijen T +31 (0)40 247 3133 E j.a.v.oijen@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion

106 |

Figure: Rolls-Royce aircraft engine.

Scientific publications -

Department

WETREN (WEDACS True Environment)

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc RHL (Ruud) Eichhorn Project aim A conventional Otto (gasoline) engine is controlled by a throttle valve which induces throttle losses. These throttle losses can be recovered when the throttle valve is replaced by a turbine. The energy recovered by the turbine will be converted to electricity using a generator. The aim of the project is to develop this technology for maximum performance and controllability.

Project leaders MD Boot DMJ Smeulders

Participants RHL Eichhorn S Markinov

Progress Last year the research was focused on improving the efficiency of a Variable Geometry Turbine. Earlier it was proven that this type of turbine is best for controlling the engine but the efficiency at low load operating points was extremely low. Alternative geometries to improve the efficiency at this point were proposed and tested.

Scientific publications Cooperations Volvo

Funded by EU STW Volvo Inverto Progression Industry PsiControl

Eichhorn, R.H.L., Willekens, T.H.W., Boot, M.D. & Smeulders, D.M.J. (2013). Experimental validation of vanes with reduced vaneless space to improve transient behavior of variable geometry turbines. SAE Technical Papers:2013-24-0121. Dijkstra, R., Boot, M.D., Eichhorn, R.H.L., Smeulders, D.M.J., Lennblad, J. & Serrarens, A.F.A. (2012). Experimental analysis of engine exhaust waste energy recovery using power turbine technology for light duty application. SAE Technical Papers: 2012-01-1749. Rijk, L. de, Eichhorn, R.H.L., Boot, M.D. & Smeulders, D.M.J. (2012). Flow analysis of a radial-inflow variable geometry turbine stator vane ring using particle image velocimetry. Journal of Flow Visualization and Image Processing, 19(3), 195-213. Eichhorn, R.H.L., Boot, M.D. & Luijten, C.C.M. (2010). Throttle loss recovery using a variable geometry turbine. SAE Technical Papers, 2010-01-1441-1/19.

Funding % per money stream Industry EU

60 % 40 %

Start of the project 2010

Information RHL Eichhorn T +31 (0)6 52018259 E r.h.l.eichhorn@tue.nl

Annual Research Report 2014

| 107

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders HA Zondag CCM Rindt

Participants C Ferchaud

Cooperations

Characterization of the water vapor sorption process in salt hydrates used as thermochemical materials for seasonal heat storage PhD student | Postdoc C (Clair) Ferchaud Project aim A promising concept for seasonal heat storage in residential environment is based on the reversible water vapor sorption process into crystalline salt hydrates. In order to develop an adequate sorption material, identification and a control of the parameters influencing the heat and vapor transport in the material and the kinetics of reaction during the sorption process are required. It could be established during the first year of the project that two parameters influence the sorption process: the material properties of the salt hydrates and the operational conditions imposed by the storage system design (figure). Therefore, an experimental investigation was carried out to understand and control the kinetics of the process and the material stability of the salt hydrates under operating conditions of seasonal heat storage.

ECN (Energy research Centre of the Netherlands)

Funded by ADEM Innovation Lab Program

Funding % per money stream ADEM ECN

77 % 23 %

Start of the project 2010

Information HA Zondag T +31 (0)40 247 2719 E h.a.zondag@tue.nl W www.energy.tue.nl

Progress The two salt hydrates MgSO4.7H2O and MgCl2.6H2O, selected prior to this study for their high theoretical energy densities, showed promising performances under operating conditions of 3 seasonal heat storage. MgSO4.7H2O can reach a storage density in packed bed around 1 GJ/m during the charging phase of the material. However, the slow kinetics of reactions of the material under the operating conditions showed a low heat release during the heat discharge. MgCl2.6H2O can store and release heat with fast kinetics of reaction at adequate operating temperatures with a 3 storage density around 0.8 GJ/m . However, the material presents some issues for a long term chemical stability. Presently, a modification of the material properties of these two salt hydrates and an adjustment of the operating conditions are carried out to improve their long term storage capacity.

Scientific publications Ferchaud, C., Zondag, H.A., Veldhuis, J.B.J. & Boer, R. de (2012). Study of the reversible water vapour sorption process of MgSO4.7H2O and MgCl2.6H2O under the conditions of seasonal solar heat storage. Proceedings of the 6th European Thermal Sciences Conference (Eurotherm 2012), 4–7 September 2012, Poitiers, France. (Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 395, pp. 0120691/10). Bristol: IOP Publishing. Ferchaud, C., Zondag, H.A., Boer, R. de & Rindt, C.C.M. (2012). Characterization of the sorption process in thermochemical materials for seasonal solar heat storage application. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 12th International conference on Energy Storage (Innostock 2012), 16-18 May 2012, Lleida, Spain, (pp. 1-10). th Ferchaud C, Zondag HA, Rubino A, de Boer R, Proceedings 450 of the 6 Heat Powered Cycle conference, HPC 2012, 10-12 September 2012, Alkmaar, NL.

108 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants E Fernandez Gesalaga A Helmi

Cooperations Tecnalia (Spain) Unical (Italy) Hygear (Netherlands) CSIC (Spain) VITO (Belgium)

Funded by

Development of thin Pd-based supported membranes for hydrogen production PhD student | Postdoc E (Ekain) Fernandez Gesalaga Project aim The aim of DEMCAMER is to develop innovative multifunctional Catalytic Membrane Reactors (CMR) based on new nano-architectured catalysts and selective membranes materials to improve their performance, durability, cost effectiveness and sustainability (lower environmental impact and use of new raw materials) for pure hydrogen, liquid hydrocarbons and ethylene production. The preparation of thin Pd based membranes (<5 microns thick) is being developed by direct PVDMagnetron Sputtering technique at Tecnalia, on different type of porous supports, depending on the operating temperature of the reaction process. The prepared membranes will be integrated and tested in WGS and ATR membrane reactors (MR) in TU/e and the modelling/simulation of these membrane reactors with these novel membranes will be carried out in parallel.

Progress Porous metallic supports were acquired and characterized. Two types of metallic supports were considered depending on the operating temperature of the final membrane reactor: midtemperature support materials (316L) and high-temperature materials (Hastelloy X, Inconel 600). On the other hand, alumina (for membranes for WGS-MR) and zirconia ceramic tubular porous supports with different surface pore size were received (Alumina of 100 and 200 nm; and zirconia of 110 nm). Pd-Ag membranes were prepared using PVD-Magnetron Sputtering and electroless plating techniques on top of ceramic and modified metallic (including interdiffusion barrier layers) porous supports. Best results show high flux with permselectivities higher than 200000.

FP7

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (June)

Information F Gallucci T +31 (0)40 247 3675 E f.gallucci@tue.nl W www.tue.nl

Figure: H2 permeance (black circles) and H2/N2 ideal permselectivity (red squares) of metallic supported membrane over time at 500-600 ºC.

Scientific publications Gallucci, F., Fernandez Gesalaga, E., Corengia, P. & Sint Annaland, M. van (2013). Recent advances on membranes and membrane reactors for hydrogen production. Chemical Engineering Science, 92(5), 40-66.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 109

Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders REI Schropp WMM Kessels

Participants HA Gatz Y Kuang A de Waal

Cooperations Utrecht University AMOLF

Funded by Technology Foundation STW

Funding % per money stream STW

Novel multifunctional antireflecting, transparent, and conductive emitters for heterojunction cells PhD student | Postdoc HA (Henriette) Gatz Project aim Silicon heterojunction solar cells (SHJ) with thin intrinsic layer are among the record efficiency cells based on crystalline silicon. A promising way of further increasing their efficiency is to allow more light to enter the absorber material of the cell and thereby enhance the short circuit voltage. We aim to realize this by replacing the conventional amorphous silicon emitter layer by a more transparent nanocrystalline silicon oxide (ncSiOx) layer. The figure below depicts the different functional layers of conventional SHJ cells. In addition to its own enhanced transparency the crystalline properties of the doped nc-SiOx layer will allow to implement a novel TCO layer: boron doped zinc oxide (ZnO:B) made by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with a novel triisopropylborate (TIB) precursor. This should further improve the transparency of the front side of the cell.

Progress During 2013, the project was mainly focused on optimizing the silicon oxide material. The material is deposited using a RF PECVD cluster tool of Utrecht University. The best trade-off between optically thin and electrically thick has been determined. For this purpose, series of the material with different deposition conditions have been made and critical properties such as dark and light conductivity, reflection and transmission spectra, refractive index, band gap, activation energy, and crystallinity have been analyzed. Moreover, first ZnO:B layers with deposition conditions suitable for the SHJ production have been made.

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (October)

Information HA Gatz T +31 (0)40 247 5569 E h.a.gatz@tue.nl W http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp//

Figure: Illustration of the structure of the different layers of a conventional SHJ with intrinsic thin layer (left) and the novel SHJ cell structure we are working on (rigth). The novel layer taht will be implemented are indicated in red.

Scientific publications -

110 |

Department

EV Turbocharger

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EA Lomonova JL Duarte

Participants T Gerrits G Waltrich CGE Wijnands JJH Paulides MAM Hendrix

PhD student | Postdoc T (Thomas) Gerrits Project aim To develope and implement a fast charging system for electrical vehicles. The novelty of the project is that the charging power available is larger than the power supplied by the grid. To achieve this, an additional source in the form of a stationary battery is added to the system. With the grid and the stationary battery as input power sources, a vehicle battery can be charged faster. The three bidirectional power converters used to transfer the power from both input sources to the vehicle battery via a high frequency transformer are a grid connected matrix converter (AC-AC), a six leg inverter (DC-AC), and a three leg inverter(AC-DC). The research has been continued by Thomas Gerrits. The main focus of the second part of the research is on integration of a high power charger onto the vehicle by re-using the traction inverter components available in the EV.

Progress

Monday April 22 , 2013 Gierri Waltrich successfully defended his thesis on the aforementioned system. All simulations, implementation and measurements on a full scale 40 kW setup are finished. About the second part of the research: Simulations on the chosen approach are executed successfully and required parts for the setup are being developed.

Funded by

Scientific publications

Cooperations

Industry

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2009

Information T Gerrits T +31 (0)40 247 3504 E t.gerrits@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/epe

Waltrich, G. (April 22, 2013). Energy management of fast-charger systems for electric vehicles: experimental investigation of power flow steering using bidirectional three-phase three-port converters. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr. E.A. Lomonova & dr. J.L. Duarte). All written by: Waltrich, G.; Duarte, J.L.; Hendrix, M.A.M.:  Power steering for electric vehicle fast charging station (2012)  Multiport converter for fast charging of EV battery (2012)  Multiport converter for fast charging of EV battery; focus on DC/AC converter (2011)  Multiport converter for fast charging of EV battery (2011)  Multiport converter for fast charging of EV battery; focus on HF coaxial transformer (2010)

Annual Research Report 2014

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Integrated micro-fluidic cooling in laminated flexible micro systems

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □  □ □ □

PhD student | Postdoc G (Gökalp) Gürsel

Future fuels Energy conversion Built environment Fusion energy Energy innovation

Project aim Electronic devices will in the future be made more and more also as flexible sysem-in-foil (SIF) which can contain ultra-thin (15-50 micron) flexible embedded silicon chips. A challenge is given by the low thermal conductivity of the very yhin polymeric package aggravating the heat management problem. The aim of this project is to develop an integrated micro-fluidic cooling system in a laminated flexible micro-system.

Project leaders AJH Frijns AA van Steenhoven

Progress

Participants

A 1D mass-spring-damper model is developed to investigate the motion in pulsating heat pipe (PHP). Also a heat transfer model is coupled with a mass-spring-damper model. Results of this study reveal that as the heat input increases, the performance of the PHP also increases. Also, the motion composition in the PHP is studied and it was seen that there are four types of motion (no motion, oscillatory motion, combined oscillatory and translational motion and translational motion). The results of these studies show that PHP has the best performance when it is running in combinec or translational state.

G Gürsel

Cooperations Holst Centre IMEC Philips

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream NWO (FOM, STW)

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (August)

Information AJH Frijns T +31 (0)40 247 4825 E a.j.h.frijns@tue.nl W www.energy.tue.nl

Figure: Left: Thermal resistance as a function of time is shown. Box plots are the results of the model. Black line and blue line are the experimental and numerical results from literature for validation, respectively. Right: The motion compostion as a function of time is shown.

Scientific publications Gürsel, G., Frijns, A.J.H., Homburg, F.G.A. & Steenhoven, A.A.van. (2014). A mass-spring-damper th model of a pulsating heat pipe with asymmetric filling. Proceedings of the 5 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Microscale, Marseille, France. Gürsel, G., Frijns, A.J.H., Homburg, F.G.A. & Steenhoven, A.A.van. (2014). Asymmetry and geometry th effects on the dynamic behavior of a pulsating heat pipe. Proceedings of the 4 European Conference on Microfluidics, Limerick, Ireland.

112 |

Department

Cross-border Balancing in Europe

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □  □ □ □

Future fuels Energy conversion Built environment Fusion energy Energy innovation

Project leaders WL Kling M Gibescu

Participants JES de Haan

Cooperations -

Funded by TenneT TSO BV

Funding % per money stream Industry

PhD student | Postdoc JES (Jerom) de Haan Project aim Current developments in European power systems such as large-scale integration of renewable energy sources (RES) are one of the key drivers for the current search for efficiency in power system balancing. One of the options is cross-border cooperation between countries. When an area, e.g. the Netherlands experiences an infeed loss, as indicated in Figure 1, automatically all areas support the Netherlands. Nevertheless, the Dutch system needs to restore locally the balance and therefore restore the inter-area flows. However, to efficiently operate the system, reserves mide be activated cross-border, to reduce the costs. The project aim is to investigate if these flows will jeopardize the system because overloading of lines might lead to blackouts.

Progress The project ends in February 2015. Last year research has been finalized and draft versions of three articles have been written. The work is subdivided into three categories. First, research has been performed concerning the reduction of reserves because of the cooperation. It should not lead to reserve under-dimensioning, because this will jeopardize frequency quality. Secondly, the earlier mentioned flows have been investigated. Therefore, last year a process of transmission capacity allocation for balancing has been developed. At last, work has been finilazed concerning intrasynchronous area cooperation, cooperation between Continental Europe, Great Britain, and Northern Europe. In the upcoming months, the thesis will be written.

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (February)

Information JES de Haan T +31 (0)40 247 3707 E j.e.s.d.haan@tue.nl

Figure: Power flows experienced within Continental Europe when the Netherlands will be exposed to an infeed loss.

Scientific publications C.E. Concha, J.E.S. de Haan, A. Virag, M. Gibescu, W.L. Kling, “Towards a pan-European Energy th Balancing Exercise on Coupling the United Kingdom and Continental Europe”. 11 International Conference on the European Energy Market. Krakow, Poland, 2014. A. Strassheim, J.E.S. de Haan, M. Gibescu. “Provision of Frequency Restoration Reserves by Possible th Energy Storage Systems in Germany and the Netherlands”. 11 International Conference on the European Energy Market. Krakow, Poland, 2014.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □  □ □ □

Future fuels Energy conversion Built environment Fusion energy Energy innovation

Liquid vs gas phase sulfidation – influence on structural, activation and deactivation properties of commercial ULSD catalysts PhD student | Postdoc L (Lennart) van Haandel Project aim

L van Haandel

A crucial step in the preparation of hydrotreating (HDT) catalysts is the generation of the catalytically active phase MS2-phase (M = Mo, W) from an oxide precursor. The majority of the results available on the sulfidation mechanism are based on either surface-science studies or on studies using model catalysts. The aim of this project is to provide insight into the sulfidation mechanism of Mo-based oxidic precursors, with a composition that is representative of commercial catalysts, under industrially relevant conditions. The differences between gas-phase and liquidphase sulfidation procedures will be explored by means of XPS, TEM, FT-IR and EXAFS.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders Th Weber EJM Hensen

Participants

Funded by Shell

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (August)

We have developed an experimental cell to analyze HDT catalysts by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at high pressures and temperatures. With this cell we have for the first time characterized the structure of the active phase for a suite of Co-Mo catalysts under real HDS conditions. Figure 1 shows that the active Co sulfide phase forms in a very short timespan (< 5 min) when Co-Mo HDS catalysts are activated under relevant conditions (20 bar H2, model diesel feed). This ‘ignition’ is very different from the gradual sulfide phase formation, which is usually observed under model laboratory conditions (1 bar H2/H2S); it emphasizes that active phase genesis should be monitored under conditions as close as possible to commercial practice. The rapid phase transition can be ascribed to in situ generation of H2S by the decomposition of organosulfides in the feed at elevated temperatures, where Co would already be sulfided in a conventional H2/H2S sulfidation procedure.

Information L van Haandel T +31 (0)40 247 5586 E l.v.haandel@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl

Figure: a) in situ Co K XANES of a Co-Mo catalyst heated in a mixture of n-hexadecane/tertnonylpolysulfide(5%) and H2 gas (20 ml/min) at 20 bar. The time per spectrum was 5 minutes. b) composition of the catalyst as determined by LCF. c) picture of the experimental setup.

Scientific publications Groote, R., Haandel, L. van & Sijbesma, R.P. (2012), The effect of molecular weight and catalyst concentration on catalytic activity in mechanochemically activated transesterification using Silver(I)-N-heterocyclic carbine latent catalysts. Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 50(23), 4929-2935.

114 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □  □ □ □

Future fuels Energy conversion Built environment Fusion energy Energy innovation

Project leaders F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland

Participants A Helmi E Fernandez

Cooperations Project consertium

Funded by European commission University

Funding % per money stream EU TU/e

75 % 25 %

Microstructured membrane reactors for water gas shift reaction PhD student | Postdoc A (Arash) Helmi Project aim Water Gas Shift (WGS) reaction is a widely used reaction for hydrogen production and synthesis gas upgrading. The traditional two stage WGS process consists of a first reactor operated at high temperatures and a second reactor that works at lower temperatures. Pd- based membrane reactors are able to couple the WGS reaction and hydrogen separation and are currently studied both – experimentally and theoretically at low and high temperatures. Recently more attention is being paid on microstructured reactors to improve mass & heat transfer and thus intensify the process. The aim of this research is the detail study of reactor performance of both fixed bed microstructured membrane reactor and fluidized bed micro-structured membrane reactor through numerical simulations and proof of principle of the two concepts at lab scale.

Progress Both membrane reactor configurations have been successfully demonstrated at lab-scale. It includes the characterization of the membrane and the catalyst and later integration of both inside the membrane reactors. A fluidized bed membrane reactor setup was designed, built and developed in the context of the project (figure). In the modelling part, 1D and 2D pseoudo-homogeneous phenomenological models have been developed for packed bed and fluidized bed membrane reactors. Results from the experiments were used to validate the models.The main current focus of the project is the detail mass transfer and hydrodynamic studies inside membrane reactors utilizing particle image velocimetry, digital image analysis coupled with an infrared technique. Results from this part will allow us to derive the correct closure equations to accurately predict the perforamance of both packed and fluidized bed membrane reactors.

Start of the project 2012 (March)

Information F Gallucci T +31 (0)40 247 3675 E f.gallucci@tue.nl

Figure: Fluidized bed membrane reactor setup.

Scientific publications Ekain Fernandez, Arash Helmi, Kai Coenen, Jon Melendeza, J.L. Vivientea, D.A. Pacheco Tanaka, Martin van Sint Annaland, Fausto Gallucci, Development of thin Pd-Ag supported membranes for WGS in fluidized bed membrane reactors, Accepted for publication in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Arahs Helmi, Fausto Gallucci, Martin van Sint Annaland, Resource scarcity in palladium membrane applications for carbon capture in integrated gasification combined cycle units, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, ISSN 0360-3199.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □  □ □ □

Future fuels Energy conversion Built environment Fusion energy Energy innovation

Project leaders LPH de Goey

Participants N Hosseini V Kornilov J Teerling I Lopez Arteaga

Cooperations Bekaert Combustion Technology Technische Universität München Keele University

Funded by STW EC Bekaert Combustion Technology

Numerical and Experimental Study of Thermo-acoustics of Domestic Burner with Heat Exchanger PhD student | Postdoc N (Naseh) Hosseini Project aim The goal of the project is to investigate the interaction between a burner and a heat exchanger looking from a thermo-acoustic and hydrodynamic point of view. This goal is thought to be achieved by both laboratory and numerical experiments. A laboratory with basic test setups is available to measure the relation between acoustic pressure and heat release. On the numerical front, simple premixed flames are going to be modelled to study this relation. This will be taken as a starting point to research the interaction with a heat exchanger. Finally, design rules need to be defined in order to create this combination in a shorter time span. This is thought to be achieved by using statistic tools.

Progress In the numerical front, the CFD model is developed for inclusion of heat exchanger. Extensive combustion verifications have been performed to ensure correct flame speeds and thermoacoustic properties. Further modifications and verifications of the model with regard to previous studies are in progress. The idea of obtaining a total transfer function for the system via its components transfer functions has been developed. Currently simplified systems are under investigation to check the possibility of this theory. In this regard, a joint study with Technische Universität München has been planned. The experimental setup for the same case has been designed and manufactured in order to provide physical data along with the simulations. The major problems of the setup have been resolved and it will be ready for starting experiments by the end of 2014.

Funding % per money stream STW Industry EC

7% 18 % 75 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Information N Hosseini T +31 (0)6 44266732 E n.hosseini@tue.nl W www.combustion.tue.nl

116 |

Figure: Left, designed heat exchanger; middle, flame photos of various loads; right, simulations.

Scientific publications Hosseini, N., Kornilov, V., Teerling, O.J., Arteaga, I.L., de Goey, L.P.H., "Development of a Numerical Model for Obtaining Flame Transfer Function in a Simplified Slit Burner with Heat Exchanger”, The 21st International Congress on Sound and Vibration, 13-17 July 2014, Beijing, China. Hosseini, N., Kornilov, V., Teerling, O.J., Arteaga, I.L., de Goey, L.P.H., "Numerical Investigations of the Response of a Simplified Burner-heat exchanger System to Inlet Velocity Excitations”, Combura’14 Combustion Research and Application, 8-9 October 2014, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.

Department

Parallel Flux Switching Machines

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □  □ □ □

Future fuels Energy conversion Built environment Fusion energy Energy innovation

Project leaders EA Lomonova JJH Paulides

Participants E Ilhan MFJ Kremers

PhD students | Postdocs E (Elhan) Ilhan MFJ (Maarten) Kremers Project aim This project aims to get fundamental insight in the operation principles of parallel flux switching machines. The first ideas regarding these machines were conceived by Rauch and Johnson back in 1955. With the bipolar changes in the flux linkage and a 4-quadrant operation, these machines are next generation motors for high power density electrical drives. Application areas of these machines vary from high dynamic servo drives, high-tech automotive sector to energy sector. Two main research topics are selected being rotary and linear parallel flux switching machines. Both research directions specialize in their own path from the design rules to design tools brought to light. These tools will be bneficial to both industry and research environment.

Progress Cooperations IOP-EMVT

Funded by IOP-EMVT

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2009

To validate the flux switching permanent magnet machine’s dynamic capability, a new prototype was developed based on the generalized design methodology with criteria of high acceleration, torque profile and overloading capability. The newly developed FSPM prototype achieves a relatively higher acceleration compared to an industrial state-of-the-art brushless PMAC motor. This part is conducted by E. Ilhan The 3-D magnetic charge model is extended to analytically calculate the force production of the linear machine. Furthermore, the model can be used to directly obtain the flux linkage and EMF. Hence, an analytical 3-D modeling tool is developed, which can be used to optimize the design of a transverse flux machine. This work was done by MFJ Kremers. Public defense Ilhan: November 17, 2014.

Information EA Lomonova T +31 (0)40 247 5552 +31 (0)40 247 2310 E e.lomonova@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/epe

Figure: An illustration of a 5 pole segment of a linear transverse flux machine. Scientific publication Ilhan, E. (2014). Hybrid modeling techniques embracing permanent-magnet-biased salient machines. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr. E.A. Lomonova & dr. J.J.H. Paulides). Ilhan, E., Kremers, M.F.J., Motoasca, T.E., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E.A. (2013). Nonlinear performance characteristics of flux-switching PM motors. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2013:593434. Kremers, M.F.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Ilhan, E., Janssen, J.L.G. & Lomonova, E.A. (2013). Relative permeability in a 3D analytical surface charge model of permanent magnets. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 49(5), 2299-2302. Kremers, M.F.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Janssen, J.L.G. & Lomonova, E.A. (2013). Design considerations for coreless linear actuators. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 49(5), 2271-2274. Kremers, M.F.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Motoasca, T.E. & Lomonova, E.A. (2013). Analysis of a fractional slot permanent magnet machine for a series hybrid truck. COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 32(1), 108-125.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Reduced-complexity models for production optimization

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □  □ □ □

Future fuels Energy conversion Built environment Fusion energy Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc EG (Edwin) Insuasty Moreno Project aim

PMJ Van den Hof JD Jansen (TU Delft)

Simulation of multiphase flow plays a prominent role in the modern practice of reservoir engineering. Currently, the advent of smart field technologies allow the design of model-based operational strategies to maximize profits during the life cycle of the reservoir. However, from a numerical and a geological perspective, numerical models describe the reservoir at a level of detail that is too high for optimization purposes, leading to high computational costs of the model-based procedures for production optimization. This project aims to develop technology and numerical methods for reduced-complexity, physics-relevant mathematical modeling of petroleum reservoirs.

Participants

Progress

EG Insuasty Moreno S Weiland

We have exploited the spatial-temporal nature of the multiphase flow dynamics to extract dynamical correlations that were used for the reduction of dynamical complexity of reservoir models. Novel tensor-based reduced-order modeling techniques were applied for this purpose. Reduced order models were applied for computing optimal production strategies.

Project leaders

Cooperations Department of Geosciences (TU Delft)

Funded by Recovery Factory Program - Shell

Funding % per money stream -

Start of the project 2012 (September)

Information EG Insuasty Moreno T +31 (0)40 247 2603 E e.g.insuasty.moreno@tue.nl W http://www.cs.ele.tue.nl/

Figures: Left: Snapshots of oil saturation of reduced order models. Right: Financial performance of the optimal production strategy for different reduced order models.

Scientific publications -

118 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders CCM Rindt SV Gaastra-Nedea AA van Steenhoven

Participants E Iype

Cooperations M Huetter

Funded by European Graduate School

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

In silico characterisation of magnesium salt hydrates as energy storage materials PhD student | Postdoc E (Eldhose) Iype Project aim This study focuses on the dynamics of hydration and dehydration reactions of salt hydrates (MgSO4.7H2O, MgCl2.xH2O etc) from a molecular point of view. The project aims to identify the molecular and structural parameters which limit the kinetics and usability of salt hydrates as thermochemical heat storage materials. This study will help to classify such materials based on their storage efficiency, usability, kinetics, reusability etc. This information can be used to identify the best suitable material for thermochemical heat storage.

Progress Molecular and crystalline structures of MgSO4 hydrates have been refined using Quantum Chemical (DFT) methods. Presence of an extensive network of hydrogen bonds in the structures seem to be influencing the kinetics of hydration and dehydration reactions. Thus, the meta-stability of sulfate based hydrates can be attributed to these strong hydrogen bonds. A reactive molecular dynamics force-field is developed using a newly developed application of Metropolis Monte-Carlo algorithm with simulated annealing. DFT data such as optimized geometries, equations of states, binding energy etc were used for parameterizing the force-field. The force-field appeared to reproduce the characteristics of the complicated potential energy surface of magnesium sulfate-water system. Simulation results show evidences for the decomposition of water molecules during the dehydration process. It also reproduces the famous Topley-Smith effect in the dehydration simulations of MgSO4. More simulations are being performed to investigate the details of molecular and structure changes during hydration and dehydration reactions.

Start of the project 2009

Public defense: March 20, 2014.

Information CCM Rindt T +31 (0)40 247 2978 E c.c.m.rindt@tue.nl SV Gaastra-Nedea T +31 (0)40 247 5410 E silvia@win.tue.nl W www.energy.tue.nl

Figure: A snapshot of molecular dynamic simulation of MgSO4 and water system.

Scientific publications Iype, E. (2014). In silico characterisation of magnesium salt hydrates as energy storage materials. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. A.A. van Steenhoven, dr.ir. C.C.M. Rindt & dr. S.V. Gaastra - Nedea). Iype, E., Hütter, M., Jansen, A.P.J., Gaastra - Nedea, S.V. & Rindt, C.C.M. (2013). Parameterization of a reactive force field using a monte carlo algorithm. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 34(13), 1143-1154. Smeets, B., Iype, E., Gaastra - Nedea, S.V., Zondag, H.A. & Rindt, C.C.M. (2013). A DFT based equilibrium study on the hydrolysis and the dehydration reactions of MgCl2 hydrates. Journal of Chemical Physics, 139(12):124312. Iype, E., Gaastra - Nedea, S.V., Rindt, C.C.M., Steenhoven, A.A. van, Zondag, H.A. & Jansen, A.P.J. (2012). DFT study on characterization of hydrogen bonds in the hydrates of MgSO4. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116(35), 18584-18590. Iype, E., Arlemark, E., Gaastra - Nedea, S.V., Rindt, C.C.M. & Zondag, H.A. (2012). Molecular dynamics simulation of heat transfer through a water layer between two platinum slabs. 6th European Thermal Sciences Conference (Eurotherm 2012), Poitiers, France, (Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 395, pp. 012111). IOP Publishing. Iype, E., Ozen, C., Gaastra - Nedea, S.V., Rindt, C.C.M. & Zondag, H.A. (2012). Quantum chemical analysis of the structures of MgSO4 hydrates. Proceedings of the 12th International conference on Energy Storage (Innostock 2012), 16-18 May 2012, Lleida, Spain.

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □  □ □ □

Future fuels Energy conversion Built environment Fusion energy Energy innovation

Project leaders LMT Somers BH Johansson

Participants M Izadi Najafabadi

Cooperations Lund University Imperial Collegue London

Fuel and Thermal Stratification Study of Partially Premixed Combustion Using Advanced Laser Diagnostic Techniques PhD student | Postdoc M (Mohammad) Izadi Najafabadi Project aim  Better understanding of the concept of Partially Premixed Combustion by investigation of fuel and thermal stratification during this phenomenon.  Application of different laser diagnostic techniques in a light duty optical engine.  Accurate quantification of laser diagnostic technique’s outcomes in creative manners.  Successive sharing of experimental results to help other researchers, particularly numeric ones.

Progress    

Literature review on application of laser diagnostic techniques and partially premixed combustion. Preparation of the engine test cell and the Volvo D5 optical engine setup. Calibration of the engine test cell instruments. Familiarization and improvement of engine test cell softwares.

Funded by ECCO-MATE Marie Curie Actions

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (May)

Information M Izadi Najafabadi T +31 (0)40 247 5995 E m.izadi.najafabadi@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/combustion

Scientific publications -

120 |

Department

Respiratoir NL

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □  □ □ □

Future fuels Energy conversion Built environment Fusion energy Energy innovation

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants S Jumayev JJH Paulides A Borisavljevic K Boynov

Cooperations -

Funded by RVO

Funding % per money stream RVO

PhD student | Postdoc S (Sultan) Jumayev Project aim Due to increase number of patients with pulmonology diseases, there is a large demand of mobile respirators for the artificial breath support of a human. The idea of mobile respirator assumes compact and efficient devices with long autonomous operation time, where the heart of the system is miniature turbo-compressor. To be efficient the turbo-compressor requires high rotational speeds. Moreover, to imitate the breath of a human, the device should continuously operate in high-dynamics. The main goal of the project is the design of highly-dynamic high-speed electrical drives system for the respiratory applications. The most challenging part of the research is a high-speed permanent magnet motor design which is capable to operate within wide speed and wide torque ranges. This remains a niche for the research and demand for this research from the industry is very high.

Progress For the design of a miniature high-speed permanent magnet (PM) machines for highly-dynamic applications a fast fully-analytical tools has been developed. This tool facilitates analysis and design of high-speed PM machines with different slotless winding topologies, including toroidally wound, concentrated, Faulhaber and Maxon machines (see figures). The most important phenomena in electromagnetic circuit of the machine, including thermal and mechanical analysis, are taken into account. This makes the tools universal and suitable for the design optimization processes. It should be noted, that the electromagnetic design of the machines is coupled with PWM voltages sources, whose influence may tremendously change the machine’s behavior.

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (November)

Information S Jumayev T +31 (0)40 247 3553 +31 (0)40 247 2310 E s.jumayev@tue.nl

Figures: a) Concentrated, b) toroidal and c) skewed winding PM machines.

Scientific publications Jumayev, S., Borisavljevic, A., Boynov, K., Pyrhönen, J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). 3D modeling of armature field of helical (Faulhaber) winding including rotor Eddy currents. In IEEE Young Researchers Symposium, 24-25 April 2014, Ghent, Belgium. Jumayev, S., Borisavljevic, A., Boynov, K., Pyrhönen, J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Analysis of rotor eddy current losses in slotless high-speed permanent magnet machines. In Proceedings of the 2014 16th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'14-ECCE Europe), 2628 August 2014, Lappeenranta (pp. 1-10). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center. Jumayev, S., Borisavljevic, A., Boynov, K., Pyrhönen, J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2013). Comparative analysis of inductances of air-gap windings. In XVI International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics (ISEF 2013), Ohrid, Macedona, September 12-14, 2013. Jumayev, S., Borisavljevic, A., Boynov, K., Pyrhönen, J. & Lomonova, E. (2013). Force and torque calculation methods for airgap windings in permanent magnet machines. In 2013 8th International Conference and Exibition on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), 2730 March 2013, Monte Carlo (pp. 1-4). Monte Carlo: IEEE.

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme □  □ □ □

Future fuels Energy conversion Built environment Fusion energy Energy innovation

Project leaders M Creatore

Participants S Karwal BL Williams WMM Kessels

Cooperations TNO (Solliance) Delft University

Light management and interface engineering for highly efficient and ultra thin CIGS solar cells PhD student | Postdoc S (Saurabh) Karwal Project aim Fabrication of highly reflective back contact electrode for CIGS thin film solar cells to enhance light trapping in the absorber layer, thereby making solar cell more efficient and cheaper to manufacture. The layer is deposited by atomic layer deposition which offers precise control over thickness besides being conformal and defect- free.

Progress The development of process for deposition of conductive phase of Hafnium Nitride by atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been addressed. An extensive range of diagnostic tools has been adopted: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to quantify elemental relative content and chemical bonds, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to identify the crystalline phase, Four Point Probe (FPP) for determining resistivity, Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE) to obtain optical properties and Hall Measurements to determine charge carrier density and mobility. So far, conductive phase and insulative phase deposition conditions have been identified and in the future the material properties will be finetuned to serve the purpose of back contact of solar cell.

Funded by STW

ARC: MgF2

Funding % per money stream

ZnO:Al

STW Industry

i-ZnO

75 % 25 %

CdS

Start of the project 2014 (April)

CIGS

Information S Karwal T +31 (0)6 87160329 E s.karwal@tue.nl

Hafnium Nitride Soda lime glass (Semi infinite)

Figure: CIGS cell structure comprising of different layers.

Scientific publications -

122 |

Department

Molecular models for water vapor flows in silica nanopores

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc J (Junghan) Kim Project aim

Project leaders

For microchannel gas flows, macroscopic models for heat transfer are not sufficient to describe the cooling mechanisms. Therefore particle-based models have to be used. The goal of this project is to study the convective heat transfer and evaporative cooling in micro-devices by Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) techniques and to develop a multi-scale simulation method.

AJH Frijns AA van Steenhoven

Progress

Participants J Kim SV Gaastra-Nedea

Cooperations University of Stratchclyde, UK (J Reese, Y Zhang) INFICON, Liechtenstein (M West)

Molecular dynamics simulations of heat transfer in gases are computationally expensive when the wall molecules are explicitly modeled. To save computational time, an implicit boundary function is often used. In this work, the conceptual idea of Steele’s potential was extended in order to simulate water-silicon and water-silica interfaces. A new wall potential model is developed by using the electronegativity-equalization method (EEM), a ReaxFF empirical force field and a non-reactive molecular dynamics package PumMa. Contact angle simulations were performed in order to validate the wall potential model. The MD results are in agreement with experimental values. Finally the model is applied to an outgassing problem. Public defense: November 13, 2014.

Funded by GASMEMS (Marie-Curie, PF7)

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2009

Information AJH Frijns T +31 (0)40 247 4825 E a.j.h.frijns@tue.nl

Figure: Initial and an equilibrated configuration of water molecules on top of a silicon wall.

Scientific publications Kim, J. (2014). Molecular models for water vapor flows in silica nanopores. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. A.A. van Steenhoven, dr.ir. A.J.H. Frijns & dr. S.V. Gaastra - Nedea). Kim, J., Iype, E., Frijns, A.J.H., Gaastra - Nedea, S.V. & Steenhoven, A.A. van (2014). Development of EEM based silicon-water and silica-water wall potentials for non-reactive molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Computational Physics, 268, 51-62 Kim, J., Frijns, A.J.H., Gaastra - Nedea, S.V. & Steenhoven, A.A. van (2014). Molecular simulation of water vapor outgassing from silica nanopores. In S Colin, GL Morini, JJ Brandner & D Newport (Eds.), Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Microfluidics, 10-12 December 2014, Limerick, Ireland, (pp. muFLU14-69). SHF.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders MCM van de Sanden RAH Engeln

Participants BLM Klarenaar

Cooperations DIFFER

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (March)

A novel approach to renewable energy storage through plasma-assisted CO2-to-CO reduction PhD student | Postdoc BLM (Bart) Klarenaar Project aim The aim of the project is to develop an atmospheric-pressure plasma source that converts CO2 to CO with such high energy efficiency (~60%) that it makes the overall conversion process of CO2 and water to hydrocarbon/green fuel economically viable. The advantage of this novel approach would be the increased control over the CO2-to-CO conversion process through adjustments of the plasma parameters. Furthermore, it separates the dissociation of the process gas CO2 – which remains the bottleneck in conventional approaches - from the association process in which the hydrocarbon fuel is formed and for which efficient catalytic processes on industrial scale (such as Fischer-Tropsch) exist. Using non-equilibrium plasma-sources to efficiently overcome the energy barrier in CO2 dissociation will pave the way for renewables to become a holistic energy solution.

Progress The conversion process is studied using a dielectric barrier discharge in CO2. A Raman spectroscope has been built as an in situ diagnostic. The key element of the spectroscope is a Bragg grating: a notch filter for removing Rayleigh scattering and stray light. From the measured Raman spectra we will obtain the rotational temperature, the pressure, and the molecular concentration of CO2, CO, and O2. These parameters will help us acquiring a better understanding of the discharge chemistry. th Furthermore, oral presentations were given at the 26 NNV Symposium for Plasma Physics & th Radiation Technology in Lunteren, NL, and at the 6 International Workshop on Plasma Spectroscopy in Hoboken, NJ, USA. Both presentations were titled “Rotational Raman scattering in atmospheric pressure DBDs in CO2” and were awarded with the prize for the best lecture and the best student presentation award, respectively.

Information RAH Engeln T +31 (0)40 247 5789 E r.a.h.engeln@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/universiteit/facu lteiten/technische-natuurkunde/on derzoek/onderzoekscluster-plasma s-en-straling/plasma-and-materials -processing-pmp/research/researc h-areas/co2-neutral-fuels/

Figure: The closed carbon loop in which energy is stored by converting CO2 to hydrocarbons. The stored energy can be utilized by combustions of the hydrocarbon fuel.

Scientific publications -

124 |

Department

MTT micro CHP

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc VN (Viktor) Kornilov Project aim

LPH de Goey

The ultimate goal of the project is to develop a micro-turbine based Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system for the range of 3kW electic power. The aim of Combustion group is the development of a low-cost, low-emission combustion chamber for the micro turbine. A clean and stable combustor design is challenged by the wide variation of operating conditions in the MTT micro turbine, ranging from nearly atmospheric cold-startup to the base load at 3 bar and inlet air temperature of > 700°C, as well as part-load operating points.

Participants

Progress

VN Kornilov

The work was conducted in two directions: i) optimization of current combustor with aerodynamically (swirl) stabilized flame; ii) research of alternative combustion concepts. Due to optimization of current combustor NOx emission was reduced more then 2 times. Various candidate concepts for low emission combustion in a recuperated micro-turbine were investigated theoretically and experimentally, including: lean premixed ceramic burners; recuperative burners based on the concept of super-adiabatic combustion; catalytic combustion; ultra-lean flameless combustion; plasma assisted combustion.

Project leaders

Cooperations MTT TNO EDF/Eifer IREC

Funded by KIC InnoEnergy

Funding % per money stream EIT (EU)

100 %

Start of the project Information VN Kornilov T +31 (0)40 247 3819 E v.kornilov@tue.nl W www.combustion.tue.nl Figure: Operating recuperative burner.

Scientific publications Kornilov V.N., Shakariyants, S. A. and de Goey L.P.H., “Novel burner concept for premixed surface stabilized combustion”, In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Copenhagen, ASME Paper GT2012-69036. Patent application NL2007646C: MTT – TU/e join application: “Braided burner for premixed gasphase combustion”.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

High-silica zeolite membranes for gas and liquid separation

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc N (Nikolay) Kosinov Project aim The main aim of the project is to synthesize and characterize novel zeolite membranes for separation of liquids and gases. Zeolite as very robust, thermally and hydrothermally stable materials with uniform pores and channels are perfect candidates for molecular separations based on size and adsorption strength discrimination.

Project leaders Progress

EJM Hensen

Hyflyx Singapore

The main result of the last year is the preparation of SSZ-13 (CHA) membrane for the first time. SSZ13 material with high Si/Al ratio (50) and pores of 0,38 nm can be used to separate many gas mixtures. The synthesized membranes showed selectivity of 100 for CO2/CH4 equimolar mixture -7 separation at a CO2 permeance of 5x10 mol/(m2sPa) which is higher than Robeson upper bound for polymer materials. The membrane has proven to be stable and keep separation properties at 0 hydrothermal conditions (250 C, 6 bar, 10% steam), which is very important from industrial point of view.

Funded by

Public defense: October 14, 2014.

Participants N Kosinov V Sripathi

Cooperations

STW Hyflux Partnership

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information EJM Hensen T +31 (0)40 247 5178 E e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl W www.catalysis.nl/imc

Scientific publications Kosinov, N. (2014). High-silica zeolite membranes for gas and liquid separation. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. E.J.M. Hensen & F. Kapteijn). N. Kosinov, E.J.M. Hensen, Synthesis and separation properties of a-alumina- supported high-silica MEL membrane, J. Membr. Sci. 447 (2013) 12-18.

126 |

Department

Optimal off-shore wind farms (OptiWind)

Mathematics and Computer Science

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc N (Nikhil) Kumar Project aim The project is primarily aimed towards developing sophisticated numerical techniques for studying the flow of incompressible fluids. The developed numerical methods will be used for investigating turbulent wind farm wakes and for designing optimal wind farms.

Project leaders

Progress

JHM ten Thije Boonkkamp B Koren

We have developed a finite-volume discretization method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The method computes cell-face velocities involved in the convective flux terms by solving local boundary value problems. Thus we get a sub-cell resolution of the flow, allowing for coarser grids. The developed method was then used to study some flow problems.

Participants N Kumar

Scientific publications Cooperations -

Kumar, N., ten Thije Boonkkamp, J.H.M., Koren, B.: A new discretization method for the convective terms in the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Finite Volumes for Complex Applications VII - Methods and Theoretical Aspects, pp. 363-371. Springer, Berlin (2014).

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information N Kumar T +31 (0)40 247 8190 E n.kumar@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/mathematics-andcomputer-science/the-department/ staff/detail/ep/e/d/epuid/20134132

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders CCM Rindt HA Zondag AA van Steenhoven

Participants S Lan

Cooperations ECN (Energy research Center of the Netherlands)

Funded by ADEM Innovation Lab Program

Funding % per money stream ADEM

Development of micro- and meso-scale models for thermochemical heat storage materials PhD student | Postdoc S (Shuiquan) Lan Project aim For the purpose of the development of solid sorption materials, micro- and meso-scale models will be developed for the hydration and dehydration processes taking place in powdery samples. These processes are a combination of heat and vapor transport in the grains constituting the powdery sample and in the voids between the grains of the powdery sample. A complication in the modeling is that the solid-state kinetics in the hydration and dehydration processes is hard to be described satisfactorily. Besides, the macro- and micro- mechanical and transport properties will change during the reaction. Detailed characterization of interested materials has to been performed.

Progress A sharp interface model is developed to study the influence of water vapor diffusion in the reaction kinetics, as shown in figure (left). Li2SO4.H2O monocrystals as a model material is investigated both numerically and experimentally. In experiments, a direct study of the reaction kinetics based on microscopic observations is done. The surface nucleation rate and surface growth rate at various temperatures and pressures are estimated and will be used in the previous nucleation and growth model. Moreover, experiments on encapsulated crystals are designed in order to measure the growth rate in-depth. The reaction-diffusion dynamics of the dehydration reaction of Li2SO4.H2O monocrystals is studied with the help of our sharp interface model (see figure (right)). All information gathered so far will contribute to the more rigorous kinetic model, which bases on detailed phenomena during the reaction including nucleation and nuclei growth.

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information CCM Rindt T +31 (0)40 247 2978 E c.c.m.rindt@tue.nl W www.energy.tue.nl

Figures: Left: Phase transformation of the hydrous phase (transparent) and the anhydrous phase (opaque) separated by a sharp interface. The salt crystal is encapsulated by a transparent polymer material except the right surface. Right: Profiles of water concentration distribution in a plane sheet. Dehydration starts at the surface and the time difference between two profiles in the figure is the same.

Scientific publications Lan, S., Maris, M.P.F.H.L. van, Zondag, H.A. & Rindt, C.C.M. (2014). In situ observation of the dehydration of Li2SO4.H2O monocrystals. Conference Paper: Proceedings of Advances in Thermal Energy Storage, 28-30 May 2014, Lleida, Spain. Lan, S., Zondag, H.A. & Rindt, C.C.M. (2014). Kinetic study of Li2SO4.H2O dehydration using microscopy and modeling. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 15th International Heat Transfer Conference (IHTC-15), August 10-15, 2014, Kyoto, Japan, (pp. IHTC15-9000-1/10). Begell House.

128 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants E Lemmen MP Puentes Castilla

Reliability Through Redundancy and Reconfigurable Topologies PhD student | Postdoc E (Erik) Lemmen Project aim Research and prototyping of a power converter concept enabling higher reliability and flexibility than conventional power converters. Instead of basic parallel redundancy, an increased reliability should be obtained by advanced reconfigurability of the power converter topology.

Progress A new reconfigurable multi-level converter topology concept is developed and a first proof of concept is being developed.

Cooperations EU ENIAC program

Funded by EPPL

Funding % per money stream University 50 % EU 15 % National Funding 35 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

Information E Lemmen T +31 (0) 247 3566 E e.lemmen@tue.nl

Figure: 3.7kW DC/AC Converter proof of concept.

Scientific publications Lemmen, E., Schellekens, J.M., Wijnands, C.G.E. & Duarte, J.L. (2014). The extra l opposed current converter. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 29th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2014), 16-20 March 2014, Forth Worth, Texas, (29, pp. 13041311). IEEE. Lemmen, E. (2014). Introducing the extra l opposed current converter. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the IEEE Young Researchers Symposium (YRS 2014), 24-25 April 2014, Ghent, Belgium, (pp. 1-4). Ghent: EESA.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders DMJ Smeulders

Participants SJA van der Linden L Pel CCM Rindt

Funded by ADEM Innovation Lab

Funding % per money stream ADEM

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (November)

Information SJA van der Linden T +31 (0)40 247 2320 E s.j.a.v.d.linden@tue.nl W www.energy.tue.nl

130 |

Coupled mass and heat transfer in porous media with an application to thermal energy storage PhD student | Postdoc SJA (Steven) van der Linden Project aim To fundamentally understand, optimize and develop solid sorption materials for thermal energy storage, a model will be developed taking all physical processes at the porous microscale into account. These processes include for example reaction between a multiphase fluid and the solid, diffusion, adsorption, changing solid matrices, and transport of mass, momentum and energy. Multiple methods to derive macroscopic measurable quantities from the microscopic equations governing the system are investigated. Different experimental and/or numerical techniques will be used to validate the model, and measure the response by determining macroscopic measurable quantities given certain boundary conditions applied on the system.

Progress -

Scientific publications -

Department

Photoresponsive coatings for cleaning solar cells

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc D (Danqing) Liu Project aim The goal of this project is to design and synthesize switchable surface topologies using responsive polymers resulting in demonstrator devices that feature enhanced self-cleaning properties both under wet and dry conditions. An application is the coating of solar cells that are mounted in remote and contaminating area such as deserts.

Project leaders DJ Broer P Onck

Participants D Liu JMJ den Toonder

Cooperations University of Groningen

Funded by

Progress In the last year we fabricated (sub-)micron patterned responsive polymers with switchable surface topologies. We developed chiral-nematic polymer network coatings form a fingerprint texture in a self-assembling principle. For this purpose the molecular helix is oriented parallel to the substrate. The coating has a flat surface but when actuated by light in the presence of a copolymerized azobenzene compound, 3D fingerprints structures appeared in the coating. The helix form protrusions at the positions where the molecules are aligned parallel to the surface and withdraws at the position where the orientation is perpendicular. This process proceeds fast and is reversible, i.e. the fingerprint-shaped protrusions disappear when the light is switched off. The corresponding contact angle increases from 80 when the surface is flat to 100 when fingerprints structures are activated, see figure.

Dutch Polymer Institute

Funding % per money stream University 50 % Industry 50 %

Start of the project 2013 (January)

Information DJ Broer T +31 (0) 40 247 5875 E d.broer@tue.nl W https://www.tue.nl/universiteit/ faculteiten/scheikundigetechnologie/onderzoek/onderzoeks groepen/functional-organicmaterials-and-device

Figure: Confocal microscopic images of fingerprint and their corresponding CA. (a) 3D image of the initial flat state and ( c) its CA. (b) 3D image of surface topographies under the UV exposure and (d) the CA.

Scientific publications Danqing Liu and Dirk J. Broer, Self-assembled Dynamic 3D Fingerprints in Liquid Crystal Coatings Towards Controllable Friction and Adhesion, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 4542 –454. Danqing Liu and Dirk J. Broer, Liquid crystal polymer networks: Preparation, properties and applications of films with patterned molecular alignment, Langmuir, 2014. Danqing Liu and Dirk J. Broer, Light controlled friction at a liquid crystal polymer coating with switchable patterning. Soft Matter, 2014,10, 7952-7958.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Experiments on vortex structures in AC electro-osmotic flow

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders MFM Speetjens AJH Frijns AA van Steenhoven

Participants Z Liu PR Bloemen

Cooperations Universität der Bundeswehr, München, Germany (C Cierpka)

PhD student | Postdoc Z (Zhipeng) Liu Project aim The heat transfer in (laminar) micro-flows depends essentially on the topology of the Lagrangian fluid paths. Aim of the study is to investigate the fundamental connection between heat transfer and flow topology and to explore its potential with regard to control and optimisation of heat transfer in micro-flows.

Progress Experimental studies on the 3D flow structure of a micro-flow driven by way of AC electro-osmosis (ACEO) have been continued. Goal was further experimental characterization of the 3D velocity field and flow structure and its comparison with numerical simulations. To this end 3D flow measurements using 3D micro-Particle-Tracking Velocimetry (3DPTV) have been performed. This exposed electrode-wise symmetric pairs of 3D vortical structures and corresponding quasi-2D primary circulations that are in good qualitative agreement with numerical observations. More detailed (quantitative) investigations are in progress. Public defense: October 8, 2014.

Funded by TU/e - Mechanical Engineering

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2007

Information MFM Speetjens T +31 (0)40 247 5428 E m.f.m.speetjens@tue.nl W www.energy.tue.nl Figure: Vortical structure of a 3D ACEO micro-flow measured by 3DµPTV:3D trajectories visualizing electrode-wise symmetric pairs of 3D vortices (black vs. blue; red indicates trajectories crossing the symmetry plane).

(a) (b) Figure: Quasi-2D primary circulation measured by 3DPTV: (a) raw velocity data); (b) field interpolated on a regular grid including streamlines (colours indicate magnitude).

Scientific publications Liu, Z. (2014). Experiments on vortex structures in AC electro-osmotic flow. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. A.A. van Steenhoven, dr.ir. A.J.H. Frijns & dr.ir. M.F.M. Speetjens). Liu, Z., Speetjens, M.F.M., Frijns, A.J.H. & Steenhoven, A.A. van (2014). Validated numerical analysis of vortical structures in 3D AC electro-osmotic flows. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 16(6), 10191032. Liu, Z., Speetjens, M.F.M., Frijns, A.J.H. & Steenhoven, A.A. van (2013). Application of astigmatism μPTV to analyze the vortex structure of ac electro-osmotic flows. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics. 132 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders WMM Kessels

Participants BWH van de Loo

Cooperations ECN ASM Levitech Tempress Besi Roth&Rau TU Delft SERIS (NUS)

Funded by

Advanced Surface Passivation Schemes Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition for Commercial Solar Cells PhD student | Postdoc BWH (Bas) van de Loo Project aim The majority of solar cells produced today (>90%), is on the basis of crystalline silicon. In 2006, it was found in our research group that a thin layer of Al2O3 (i.e., <20 nm) prepared by atomic layer deposition provides superior surface passivation of (p-doped) silicon, which was still challenging at that time. This invention allowed for the increase in conversion efficiency from 16 - 18% for standard Al-BSF cells to ~21.5% for passivated p-type cells. In this project, we search for films or film stacks capable of not only passivating p-type Si, but also both p and n-type, which is required for next generation high-efficiency solar cells, where all metal contacts are at the back side. Furthermore, we aim to support industry by providing in-depth understanding of passivation processes, the physical interplay between passivating layers and the silicon solar cell, and the stability of passivation schemes during solar cell manufacturing.

Progress In the first year, we found that we can accurately control the fixed charge density and polarity in the passivation layer by precisely tuning the SiO2 interlayer thickness of atomic-layer deposited SiO2/Al2O3 stacks, making this a suitable scheme for back-contacted solar cells (figure B). Secondly, by studying the passivation behaviour of these SiO2/Al2O3 stacks on several base materials, we have gained fundamental understanding about its working principles and the role of texture and surface doping concentration on the passivation properties. Currently, work is ongoing to implement the SiO2/Al2O3 schemes in solar cells.

ADEM Innovation Lab

Funding % per money stream Industry 75 % Ministry of economic affairs 25 %

Start of the project 2012

Information BWH van de Loo T +31 (0) 40 247 4095 E b.w.h.v.d.loo@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/pmp

Figures: (A) A high-efficiency silicon cell concept which is currently in production, capable of capturing light from both sides. The passivation layers are indicated. (B) A more advanced solar cell concept, where all metal contacts are at the back. For such a cell, both n- and p-type silicon should be passivated simultaneously.

Scientific publications B.W.H. van de Loo, G. Dingemans, E.H.A. Granneman, I.G. Romijn, G.J.M. Janssen , W.M.M. Kessels Advanced front-surface passivation schemes for industrial n-type silicon solar cells. Photovoltaics International: the Technology Resource for PV Professionals, (24), 43-50. (2014). K.R.C. Mok, A.H.G. Vlooswijk, B.W.H. van de Loo, H.C.M. Knoops, W.M.M. Kessels, J. Derakhshandeh, L.K. Nanver, “Furnace Deposition of PureB Layers from B2H6 for Solar Cell Applications” proceedings of the 29th EU-PVSEC, Amsterdam 2014, pp. 863 – 866. G.J.M. Janssen, M. Koppes, Y. Komatsu, J. Anker, J. Liu, A. Gutjahr, A.A. Mewe, C.J.J. Tool, I.G. Romijn, O. Siarheyeva, M. Ernst, B.W.H. van de Loo, W.M.M. Kessels, “Front Side Improvements for n-Pasha Solar Cells” proceedings of the 29th EU-PVSEC, Amsterdam, 2014, pp. 812 – 815. D.S. Saynova, I.G. Romijn, I. Cesar, M.W.P.E. Lamers, A. Gutjahr, G. Dingemans, H.C.M. Knoops, B.W.H. van de Loo, W.M.M. Kessels, O. Siarheyeva, E. Granneman, L. Gautero, D.M. Borsa, P.R. Venema, A.H.G. Vlooswijk, “Dielectric Passivation Schemes for High Efficiency n-Type c-Si Solar Cells” proceedings of the 28th EU-PVSEC in Paris, 2013 pp. 1188 – 1193.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders WMM Kessels

Participants B Macco

Cooperations Roth & Rau Tempress TU Delft ECN Hanwha Q Cells

Funded by STW (with contributions from cooperation partners)

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Amorphous silicon growth kinetics and interface engineering for Si heterojunction solar cells PhD student | Postdoc B (Bart) Macco Project aim This project focuses on the development and optimization of functional contacts for solar cells, consisting of heterojunctions of (stacks of) atomically thin films with crystalline silicon (c-Si). There are a few key requirements for these films. Firstly, these thin films should serve as “membranes” to let either only electrons or holes pass through, which is achieved by a proper electronic band alignment. Secondly, the layers should have a good atomic contact to the atomic lattice of the c-Si wafer to avoid losses of charge carriers at defects located at the interface. Finally, a simultaneous high optical transparency and electrical conductivity is often desired , especially for layers that are to be used on the “sunny side” of the solar cell. The aim of this project is therefore to develop stacks of functional thin films that fullfil all these requirements, through detailed understanding of the material properties, interfaces, and employed deposition techniques.

Progress During the last year, the influence of the doping level of thin films of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) on the recombination between c-Si and amorphous silicon passivation layers has been investigated. It was found that a high doping is detrimental for the band alignment of the solar cell and should be avoided. These results can be found in publication (1). Moreover, a process to deposit highly transparent and conductive thin films of hydrogen-doped indium oxide (In2O3:H) using atomic layer deposition has been developed. In fact, the combination of transparency and conductivity is near or at its fundamental physical limit, i.e. these films are “as good as it gets”. The excellent quality is attributed to a large crystal size and a near-perfect atomic lattice within these crystals, as shown in the figure below, and as can be found in publication (2).

Start of the project 2012 (September)

Information B Macco T +31 (0)40 247 4882 E b.macco@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/universiteit/fac ulteiten/faculteit-tn/de-faculteit/ medewerkers/detail/ep/e/d/epuid/20071578/ Figure: Transmission Electron Microscopy image of crystallized In2O3:H. (a) shows the large crystal size, whereas the zoom in (b) and the FFT pattern in (c) show the excellent atomic lattice.

Scientific publications 1. B. Macco, D. Deligiannis, S. Smit, R. A. C.M.M. van Swaaij, M. Zeman, W.M.M. Kessels, “Influence of transparent conductive oxides on passivation of a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunctions as studied by atomic layer deposited Al-doped ZnO”, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 29 (2014) 122001. 2. B. Macco, Y. Wu, D. Vanhemel, W.M.M. Kessels, “High mobility In2O3:H transparent conductive oxides prepared by atomic layer deposition and solid phase crystallization”, Phys. Status Solidi RRL 1–4 (2014), DOI: 10.1002/pssr.201409426. 3. B. Macco, K. Sharma, W.M.M. Kessels, M. Creatore. (2013). Depositie van polykristallijn silicium voor dunne-film zonnecellen. Nevac Blad, 51(1), 6-11. 4. P. Spinelli, B. Macco, M.A. Verschuuren, W.M.M. Kessels, A. Polman (2013). Al2O3/TiO2 nanopattern antireflection coating with ultralow surface recombination. Applied Physics Letters, 102(23), 233902. 5. B. Demaurex, J.P. Seif, S. Smit, B. Macco, W.M.M. Kessels, J. Geissbuhler, et al., “Atomic-LayerDeposited Transparent Electrodes for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells”, IEEE J. Photovoltaics. 4 (2014) 1387–1396.

134 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders LPH de Goey NJ Dam LMT Somers

Participants NCJ Maes

Cooperations Fiat Powertrain Technologies

Funded by University Fiat Powertrain Technologies

Funding % per money stream

Tracking Joules: Flame-wall interaction in Diesel spray combustion PhD student | Postdoc NCJ (Noud) Maes Project aim In a collaboration with Fiat Powertrain Technologies, the effect of flame-wall interaction is studied in detail using optical diagnostic techniques and temperature measurements in a constant volume vessel. The higher goal is to design a completely new, heavy duty engine based on model optimization. In order to achieve reliable and predictive models, however, it is essential to perform fundamental and reproducible experiments at relevant conditions to validate the correctness and sensitivity of such numerical efforts.

Progress In order to study flame wall interaction at heavy loads, several adjustments to the existing constant volume vessel are required and the conditions need to be validated.  A dedicated, heavy duty single-hole injector has been installed.  An rpm-regulated electromotor is mounted to a magnetic coupling to ensure reliable mixing.  Thermocouple measurements have been prepared to characterize the internal temperature during experiments.  New valves are being installed at diagonal locations of the vessel to allow for higher densities and to obtain additional space for a wall insert with thermocouple probes.  Test measurements to characterize the liquid fuel have been performed using a high-speed light extinction technique.

University 66.6 % Industry 33.4 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information NCJ Maes T +31 (0)40 247 2877 E n.c.j.maes@tue.nl W www.combustion.tue.nl

Figure: Liquid fuel spray under evaporating conditions.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 135

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland I Roghair

Participants JA Medrano Jiménez R Voncken V Spallina

Cooperations -

Funded by NWO/STW

ClingCO2: Chemical Looping Reforming for pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture PhD student | Postdoc JA (José Antonio) Medrano Jiménez Project aim A Chemical Looping reactor concept for CO2 capture with immersed Pd-membranes for hydrogen separation is proposed in this project. Steam methane reforming is the reaction of interest for efficient hydrogen production. Hydrodynamics of the reactor for optimization in the design of the concept will be investigated. Experimental evaluation and demonstration is of interest for the project as well as a detailed model that describes the reactor concept. A phenomenological model will be developed for the scale-up and optimization of the concept. Finally, a techno-economical analysis will be carried out to demonstrate the applicability at large scale.

Progress Thermodynamic analysis of the reactor concept was compared with other reactor concepts in order to demonstrate the potential of the proposed reactor. It was shown that the mentioned concept can represent an important improvement in comparison to the others. Oxygen carrier for Chemical Looping Reforming has been investigated and proposed for future use when carrying out the experimental demonstration. Hydrodynamic study has been done and obtained results will be used for the final concept. Other 2D setup has been designed and is under construction for the study in detail of hydrodynamics in interconnected reactors. Membranes for the reactor are characterized by means of permeation of hydrogen and selectivity. A new phenomenological model for fluidized bed membrane reactors is also being developed.

Funding % per money stream

Scientific publications

NWO

Medrano JA, et al, Chemical looping membrane reformer concept for H2 production and CO2 capture, 2014. Medrano J.A. et al, NiO/CaAl2O4 as active oxygen carrier for low temperature chemical looping applications, 2014. Medrano J.A. et al, The membrane assisted chemical looping reforming concept as efficient reactor for H2 production and CO2 capture: a comparison to benchmark technology, 2014. Medrano, J.A. et al, Thermodynamic analysis of a membrane-assisted chemical looping reforming reactor concept for combined H2 production and CO2 capture, 2014.

100 %

Start of the project 2013

Information JA Medrano Jiménez T +31 (0)40 247 8055 +31 (0)6 42 055 727 E j.a.medrano.jimenez@tue.nl

136 |

Department

Atomic layer deposition of solid-state Li-ion battery materials

Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc M (Maarten) Mees Project aim

M Creatore WMM Kessels

The purpose of this project is to deposit and characterize solid-state Li-ion battery materials on a microstructured substrate (of e.g. micro-sized silicon pillars). In comparison with traditional planar thin-film batteries, the enhanced surface area of the “3D battery” is promising as it potentially results in both high power and energy output, while maintaining a small areal footprint. To achieve an operational 3D battery, the conformal deposition of the Li-ion battery materials is of vital importance. Together with our (international) partners, the project frames in an ongoing project that targets the development of a fully working 3D battery.

Participants

Progress

M Mees

The first films are deposited on the microstructured Si substrate, and the material stoichiometry of these films is characterized. These results show reasonable conformality, as presented in the figure below.

Project leaders

Cooperations Imec Belgium

(a)

Funded by

(b)

(c)

Imec Belgium

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September) Figure: Deposition of Li2CO3 on TiN coated Si pillars.

Information M Creatore T +31 (0)40 247 4223 E m.creatore@tue.nl W http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp/

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 137

Department

Reactor selection for oxidative coupling of methane

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc T (Tommaso) Melchiori Project aim

M van Sint Annaland F Gallucci

Aim of the project is to study different kinds of reactors for OCM and evaluate which could be the most suitable concept. A first qualitative discrimination will be performed by considering the current state of the art. On a second step, a more restricted number of concept will be chosen for more detailed assessment. This will be done by carrying out simulations using mostly phenomenological models. The investigation includes packed beds, fluidized beds, membrane reactors, and chemical looping reactors. Reactor optimization and sensitivity studies on the operative variables will be also carried out. The project is financed by Shell.

Participants

Progress

T Melchiori

The litereature review allowed to make a list of 26 possible concepts to carry out OCM, reported in international journals and/or patents. Pros and conswere evaluated for each one of them. In the second part of the year, simulations were carried out considering the following reactor concepts: multitubular packed bed with cooling, two stages adiabatic packed bed, packed bed membrane reactor with distributed oxygen feeding and external cooling, bubbling fluidized bed, circulating fluidized bed. Sensitivity analyses confirmed most of the experimental evidences about the maximum yields achievable in traditional reactor designs. The most promising results were obtained for the membrane reactor, that showed C2 yields possibly exceeding 40% and with a temperature control much easier than in cofeed operation.

Project leaders

Cooperations Shell Global Solutions International BV

Funded by Shell Global Solutions International BV

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information T Melchiori T +31 (0)6 48483907 E t.melchiori@tue.nl

Figure: Catalytic activation of methane to form ethylene.

Scientific publications T. Melchiori, L. Di Felice, N. Mota, R.M. Navarro, J.L.G. Fierro, M. van Sint Annaland, F. Gallucci, Methane partial oxidation over a LaCr0.85Ru0.15O3 catalyst: Characterization, activity tests and kinetic modeling, Applied Catalysis A: General 486 (2014) 239–249.

138 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders LPH de Goey

Participants M Merdzan A Borisavljevic EA Lomonova

Cooperations MTT (Micro Turbine Technology BV)

Funded by KIC InnoEnergy

Funding % per money stream University Industry TNO

KIC MTT micro CHP: Electromechanical aspects of a micro – CHP system PhD student | Postdoc M (Marko) Merdzan Project aim The aim of the project is to develop a micro – CHP (Combined Heat and Power) system capable of producing both heating and electric power for use in homes and small enterprises. Particularly, the project is focused on development of electromechanical subsystem, especially electrical components (high – speed generator and high – frequency converter). In order to make the CHP system cost – effective at the desired power level (3 kW of electric power), efficiency of the electromechanical conversion has to be at a very high level, and efficiency improvement represents the main project aim.

Progress During the previous year, since the start of the PhD project, a test setup for testing of high speed permanent magnet generator has been built in TU/e EPE laboratory, and preparations for further development of the full setup (which will include 2 mechanically connected high – speed generators) have started. The research has mostly been focused on modeling of an influence of power electronics converter (high – frequency inverter) switching on rotor loss. Analytical models have been verified with finite element analysis, and current plans include writing a publication about previously done research and performing laboratory measurements for further verification of analytical models.

37 % 58 % 5%

Start of the project 2012

Information M Merdzan T +31 (0)40 247 3554 E m.merdzan@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/epe

Scientific publications Merdzan, M., Borisavljevic, A. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Modeling the influence of commutation in voltage source inverters on rotor losses of permanent magnet machines. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'14ECCE Europe), 26-28 August 2014, Lappeenranta, Finland, (pp. 1-10). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center. Merdzan, M., Borisavljevic, A. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Trade-offs in design of high-speed permanent magnet generators for gas-turbine-based micro-CHP systems. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the IEEE Young Researchers Symposium (YRS 2014), 24-25 April 2014, Ghent, Belgium, (pp. 1-6). Merdzan, M., Borisavljevic, A. & Lomonova, E.A. (2012). Electromechanical aspects of a micro chip system. Poster presented at the 1st KIC InnoEngery Scientist Conference, November 4-9 2012, Leuven, Belgium, Leuven.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 139

Department

Boiling Flow Regime Maps for Safe Designing

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders CWM van der Geld JGM Kuerten BJ Geurts

Participants WR Michałek GJM Priems P Cifani (UT)

Cooperations DAF Trucks NV Essent NV Kaisec NEM NRG Re/genT BV Universiteit Gent Shell Storq Thermeq BV STW

PhD student | Postdoc WR (Wiktor) Michałek Project aim Prediction of the flow in tubes of evaporators has to include the production of steam that accelerates the remaining liquid and causes topology changes of vapor-liquid interfaces in axial direction. Inclusion of bubbles coalescing into large plugs and pulsating flows is also often required. The flow regime in boiling defines not only the pressure drop and the heat transfer, but also the socalled two-phase flow regime changes in flow direction. Adiabatic two-phase flows can be predicted with available flow pattern maps. Inclusion of heat transfer may be considered only in small diameter tubes and regimes near so called annular flow. Two main aims of this project are: flow pattern maps for heated two-phase flows and a multi-scale numerical method to determine such maps validated for the measurement conditions for water and HFE7000. For this, a joint experimental and numerical effort will be undertaken

Progress The two-phase models has been implemented in ANSYS FLUENT and in OpenFOAM to validate numerical results and compare performance of both CFD packages. In both cases the Volume of Fluid method was used and well pronounced spurious currents were observed in the interface area. In order to deal with instabilities related to the mass and heat transfer through the interface the smearing out procedure of the source terms proposed by Hardt & Wondra (2008) was implemented. As a result of the comparison, OpenFOAM was chosen for further research.

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Information CWM van der Geld T +31 (0)40 247 2923 E c.w.m.v.d.geld@tue.nl W www.wtb.tue.nl/woc/ptc

140 |

Figure: Contour plot of the interface cells at different time, with initially stationary round bubble, -12 g=9.81m/s, Mo=1.3x10 , d=5mm, fluid velocity equal to zero. Upper from left – t=1ms, 20ms, 40ms, 60ms, lower from left – t=80ms, 100ms, 120ms and 170ms.

Scientific publications Dissertation Michalek, W.R. (November 12, 2013). Numerical simulation of droplet-laden turbulent flow with application to the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co)promot.: prof.dr. J.G.M. Kuerten, prof.dr.ir. J.J.H. Brouwers & dr.ir. J.C.H. Zeegers).

Motion controlled arm support, McARM

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders D van der Pijl (Focal Meditech BV) EA Lomonova

Participants B van Ninhuijs JW Jansen BLJ Gysen

PhD student | Postdoc B (Bob) van Ninhuijs Project aim Impairments of the upper limbs caused by neuromuscular diseases and aging affect a large number of people; hence, they become more dependent on caregivers. The majority of the commercially available electromechanical assistive devices that can compensate for movement impairment are mechanical devices. These devices take over the functions of the affected limbs instead of supporting and enhancing the still existent functions of the limbs. Among the assistive devices, arm support systems are an important class of assistive devices, since they provide support in most of the daily activities. Because the commercially available arm support systems have still restrictions and limited functionality, this project aims at the design of a novel arm support system allowing most of the daily living activities.

Progress

Cooperations Focal Meditech BV Zuyd University Maastrich University Medical Center, MUMC+ Radboud Revalidatie M2Control Eurocarbon BV National Aerospace Laboratory, NLR

The smart arm support system is placed on a conventional wheelchair and both enhancement and training of the still existent arm functions is required. Furthermore, the arm support system must be easy to use, flexible and energy efficient. Such a smart system requires an optimal combination of gravity compensation and actuation to provide the necessary human arm movements. A patented multi-degree-of-freedom spherical gravity compensator is proposed and designed as shown in figure. Furthermore, a multi-degree-of-freedom actuator is researched which consists of two layers, one layer that contains the patented gravity compensator and a second active layer to produce the dynamical behavior.

Funded by Agentschap NL Province of Noord-Brabant Province of Limburg

Funding % per money stream Government

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information B van Ninhuijs T +31 (0)40 247 3554 E b.v.ninhuijs@tue.nl W www.mcarm.eu

Figure: Multi-degrees-of-freedom gravity compensator.

Scientific publications Heide, L.A. van der, Ninhuijs, B. van, Bergsma, A., Gelderblom, G.J., Pijl, D.J. van der & Witte, L.P. de (2014). An overview and categorization of dynamic arm supports for people with decreased arm function. Prosthetics & Orthotics International, 38(4), 287-302. Ninhuijs, B. van, Gysen, B.L.J., Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Multi-degree-of-freedom spherical permanent-magnet gravity compensator for mobile arm support systems. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 50(6), 3628-3636. Ninhuijs, B. van, Jansen, J.W., Gysen, B.L.J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Topology comparison of slotless permanent magnet semispherical actuators. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 50(11):8206104. Ninhuijs, B. van, Motoasca, T.E., Gysen, B.L.J. & Lomonova, E. (2013). Modeling of spherical magnets arrays using the magnetic charge model. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 49(7), 41094112. Ninhuijs, B. van, Motoasca, T.E., Gysen, B.L.J. & Lomonova, E. (2013). Modeling of spherical magnetic structures using the magnetic charge model. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 12th joint MMM-Intermag Conference, January 14-18 2013, Chicago, USA, (pp. 824-825). Chicago, USA. Ninhuijs, B. van, Gysen, B.L.J., Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E. (2013). Multi-degree-of-freedom spherical permanent magnet gravity compensator for mobile arm support systems. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC), Chicago, Illinois, May 12–15, 2013, (pp. 697-703).

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Autonomous Ceiling Robot

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD students | Postdocs TT (Timo) Overboom JPC (Johan) Smeets Project aim

EA Lomonova JW Jansen

The aim of the project is to demonstrate the principle of an autonomous magnetic actuator which is magnetically suspended underneath a ceiling. The project focuses on a system where multiple antigravity high-performance robots are magnetically suspended from and move along the ceiling. Since the robot is suspended from the ceiling, contactless data and energy transfer should be implemented in the system, as well as an accurate position detection system to be able to control the multiple robots.

Participants

Progress

TT Overboom JPC Smeets

In the last year, the different energy conversion principles for the actuation and transfer of energy have been combined in a design and realization of a magnetically suspended planar motor with integrated contactless energy transfer (CET) system. The wirelessly moving translator consists out of four linear motors and is magnetically suspended underneath a stationary permanent magnet array. -2 The translator has a mass of 8.9 kg, an acceleration equal to 5 ms , and a position error below 20 μm has been obtained in all six-DOF. The primary coils of the CET system have a height of 1.5 mm and are located inside the airgap of the planar motor. The CET system has an average output power equal to 230 W with a variation of 32% along the stroke of the translator. The prototype has proven a successfully and simultaneously operation of both integrated systems.

Project leaders

Cooperations -

Funded by IOP - EMVT

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2009 (December)

Information TT Overboon T +31 (0)40 247 5552 E t.t.overboom@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/epe JPC Smeets E j.p.c.smeets@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/epe Figure: Photo of the manufactured magnetically suspended actuator with integrated contactless energy transfer system: translator underneath the primary coil array.

Scientific publications Smeets, J.P.C., Overboom, T.T., Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Inductance calculation nearby conducting material. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 50(11):8401504. Smeets, J.P.C., Overboom, T.T., Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Inductance modeling nearby conducting material. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the IEEE International Magnetics onference, Intermag 2014, 4 - 8 May 2014, Dresden, Germany, (pp. 2114-2115).

142 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders WMM Kessels M Creatore

Participants J Palmans LW Veldhuizen T Faraz

Cooperations University of Utrecht OM&T

Funded by NanoNextNL

Funding % per money stream University 53.5 % STW 46.5 %

Nanocrystalline silicon at high-rate for multi-junction solar cells PhD student | Postdoc J (Jurgen) Palmans Project aim The overall objective is to develop high quality/uniformity plasma-deposited nc-Si:H layers, exhibiting high absorption and low band-gap, necessary for the implementation of nc-Si:H in thin film tandem solar cells. This objective is supported by an extensive in situ (real time) diagnostic approach, including plasma and plasma-surface interaction studies. The results achieved within these studies will be discussed and coupled to material characteristics of Si thin films. Here the focus is on the development of high rate a- and nc-Si:H for high efficiency tandem solar cells. The role of substrate nature and topography, as induced by novel concepts, e.g. nano-imprint lithography, will be covered. Furthermore, the project will provide a platform for the implementation of these wellcontrolled Si thin-films in crystalline silicon solar cells where interface aspects like surface passivation as defined by the material choice and topography, become prevailing.

Progress Initial growth studies of nc-Si:H layers in relation with substrate nature and topography have been conducted. Crystalline volume fraction (Xc) and microstructure parameter (R*) have been derived, revealing strong correlations. Not only has enhanced nucleation on AZO surfaces been identified, but also the strong impact of random and periodic topographies, as induced by nano-imprint lithography, has been explored. With topography, a reduced Xc up to ~20% was found while R* revealed limited impact. The main origin hereof has been identified as a reduced plasma-surface interaction thereby suppressing the crystallization process. This refers to ion-to-growth flux ratios and ion energies requiring thresholds to be exceeded for crystallization to occur. Last, the atomic 19 2 18 hydrogen flux, the driving force for nc-Si:H growth, was reduced from 3.1x10 part/cm s to 3.3x10 2 part/cm s upon increasing topography also suggesting a suppressed crystallization process.

Start of the project 2011

Crystalline volume fraction (%)

100

Information M Creatore T +31 (0)40 247 4223 E m.creatore@tue.nl W http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp/

Glass/AZO Cups/AZO Random/AZO Pyramids/AZO

0 1

SiH4 flow rate (sccm)

Figures: Left) Overview of applied structures for Si growth studies using the following NIL substrate topography: random texture with feature height of 350-1400 nm, pyramids with period of 800 nm and feature height of 130-170 nm. Right) Topography dependent evolution of Xc.

Scientific publications J. Palmans, W.M.M. Kessels and M. Creatore “Plasma-surface interaction during low pressure microcrystalline silicon thin film growth”, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 47, 224003, 2014. A.C. Bronneberg, X. Kang, J. Palmans, P.H.J. Janssen, T. Lorne, M. Creatore and M.C.M. van de Sanden “Direct ion flux measurements under high-pressure-depletion conditions employed for microcrystalline silicon deposition”, Journal of Applied Physics, 114, 063305, 2013. G. Aresta, J. Palmans, M. C. M. van de Sanden and M. Creatore “Initiated-chemical vapor deposition of organosilicon layers: Monomer adsorption, bulk growth, and process window definition”, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A, 30 (4) 2012. G. Aresta, J. Palmans, M. C. M. van de Sanden and M. Creatore “Evidence of the filling of nanoporosity in SiO2-like layers by an initiated-CVD monomer”, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 151, 434-439, 2012.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Selective metal removal with ionic liquids

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders

PhD student | Postdoc D (Dries) Parmentier Project aim During desalination, i.e. separating of water and salts, many techniques remove the water. This costs a lot of energy because the solution is about 96% water, and a few percent salt. Our main focus is to separate the minority compound, so we are looking for materials to selectively remove the salts. This should result in a more energy efficient desalination technique. Ionic liquids (ILs) are a relatively new type of material that can selectively extract salts from aqueous streams.

MC Kroon

Progress Participants D Parmentier

Cooperations KU Leuven University of Helsinki HiST – Sør-Trøndelag University College Wetsus

In the past years we selected an IL, tetraoctylammonium oleate, that can extract heavy metals from water with very high efficiencies. For zinc and iron chloride salts, the extraction efficiencies exceed 99% and 98%, respectively. We also already investigated how this process works and how we can strip the metals again from our IL. Nowadays, we developed a continuous metal extraction process. Test with lab solutions contain heavy (Co) and light (Na) metals showed again selective cobalt removal and high back extraction of metals. The final step now in my PhD research is to apply this continuous setup on real metal polluted waste water.

Funded by Wetsus

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information MC Kroon T +31 (0)40 247 5289 E m.c.kroon@tue.nl W www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Figure: Continuous metal extraction setup that consist out of 2 mixer-setlers. On the left: mixer-setler for metal extraction with the ionic liquid from a metal polluted waste stream. On the right: mixer-setler for the stripping of metals from the ionic liquids.

Scientific publications D. Parmentier, S. J. Metz and M. C. Kroon, Tetraalkylammonium oleate and linoleate based ionic liquids: promising solvents for salt extraction from aqueous phases, Green Chem., 2013, 15, 205209.

144 |

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders SV Gaastra-Nedea HA Zondag CCM Rindt DMJ Smeulders

Participants AD Pathak

Cooperations ECN FOM

Funded by Shell-FOM

Funding % per money stream Shell-FOM 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (June)

Information AD Pathak T +31 (0)40 247 3172 E a.d.pathak@tue.nl

Multiscale simulations for thermo chemical heat storage using new composite materials PhD student | Postdoc AD (Amar Deep) Pathak Project aim The promising concept for seasonal solar heat storage in the built environment is based on the reversible sorption process of water vapor into the crystalline structure of salt hydrates (MgSO4, MgCl2, LiSO4, etc). Their main advantages are a high energy density, a reaction temperature in the proper range for domestic applications and their low price. However, the rate of heat release of these materials is low due to the low rate of hydration under atmospheric conditions. A detailed study on molecular level of the involved processes is necessary in order to gain insight into the dynamics of the hydration/dehydration processes and their limiting factors in these systems. We understood the effect of solid crystal into the dehydration reaction.

Progress The cost of TCM material is 30 % of the total investment in the thermochemical heat storage system. One of the key aspects in designing the solar based heat storage system is selection of TCM materials. The major challenge in selection of these salt hydrates is their storage capacity and kinetics. MgCl2.6H2O is one of the most promising materials for thermal heat storage. It has very high energy 3 storage density (2-3 GJ/m ) and is readily available. MgCl2.nH2O can thermally decompose either as dehydration reaction MgCl2.nH2O(s/g) MgCl2.(n-2)H2O(s/g) + 2H2O(g) (n=6,4) MgCl2.nH2O (s/g) MgCl2.(n-1)H2O(s/g) + H2O(g) (n=2,1) or hydrolysis reaction MgCl2.H2O(s/g) ➙ MgOHCl(g) + HCl(g) The dissociation of MgCl22H2O can lead to the hydrolysis reaction which generate a highly corrosive and harmful HCl gas and affects the durability of the storage system. Preference of the hydrolysis over the dehydration reaction is ambiguous from experiments. In present study we would like to understand the molecular perspective of preferential hydrolysis reaction over dehydration reaction. We will perform Density functional theory (DFT) and Density functional perturbation theory (DFPT) calculation to calculate Gibbs free energy of gas molecules and crystal respectively.

Figure: Effect of solid crystal/gas consideration on water pressure Vs Temperature plot of MgCl2.XH2O.

Scientific publications A DFT based equilibrium study on the hydrolysis and the dehydration reactions of MgCl2 hydrates, B.Smeets, E.Iype, S.V.Nedea, H.A Zondag and C.C.M.Rindt, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 124312 (2013). Computer Simulations on the Dehydration and Hydrolysis reactions of Magnesium Chloride Hydrates, M.Sc Thesis, Bas Smeets, 2013.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders V Hessel Q Wang

Participants BS Patil A Anastasopoulou

Cooperations Evonik Industries AG (Germany) DIFFER (the Netherlands) C-TECH Innovation Limited (UK) Fraunhofer ICT-IMM (Germany) University of Hull Royal Charter (UK)

Reactor and Process Development for Plasma Assisted Nitrogen Fixation Reactions PhD student | Postdoc BS (Bhaskar) Patil Project aim The main aim of this project is to achieve high energy efficiency in the chemical nitrogen fixation process assisted by an alternative energy form, which is plasma. The final aim is to take the developed process on industrial scale. This can be achieved by process intensification via plasma catalysis, understanding the reactions and transport phenomena inside plasma reactor, and following holistic process design approach.

Progress The project is planned to go through phases as shown in figure 1. Project is now in its third year and is in phase of modifying the lab scale prototype reactor unit. Thorough literature search on plamsa nitrogen fixation reactions has been conducted and published. Furthermore, complete process of plasma nitrogen fixation has been developed and built on labscale, it includes plasma reactors as shown in figure 2. In the next step of the project various catalytic materials will be tested for the production of nitric oxide and ammonia in DBD and GlidArc plasma reactors for range of operating conditions, aiming at achieving high energy efficiency in plasma chemical reactions. The best performing catalytic material and plasma reactor will be scaled up to the demonstration unit, which will be built at industrial partner’s site in phase-3.

Funded by EU project MAPSYN under grant agreement No. CP-IP 309376 of the EU Seventh Framework Program

Funding % per money stream EU

Figure 1: Different phases of plasma reactor development.

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (December)

Information BS Patil T +31 (0)40 247 3734 E B.S.Patil@tue.nl

1-Sided DBD Reactor

2-Sided DBD Reactor

Gliding Arc Reactor

Figure 2: Lab scale plasma reactors from MAPSYN project.

Scientific publications A. Anastasopoulou, Q. Wang, V. Hessel, J. Lang, Energy Considerations for Plasma-Assisted NFixation Reactions, Processes. 2 (2014) 694–710. V. Hessel, A. Anastasopoulou, Q. Wang, G. Kolb, J. Lang, Energy, catalyst and reactor considerations for (near)-industrial plasma processing and learning for nitrogen-fixation , Catal. Today. 211 (2013) 9–28. V. Hessel, G. Cravotto, P. Fitzpatrick, B.S. Patil, J. Lang, W. Bonrath, Industrial applications of plasma, microwave and ultrasound techniques: Nitrogen-fixation and hydrogenation reactions, Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif. 71 (2013) 19–30.

146 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Looking down the rabbit hole: impact of porosity in the (in)organic layers on the performance of moisture permeation multi-layer barriers PhD student | Postdoc A (Alberto) Perrotta Project aim

Philips - Holst Centre and its industrial partners

This research project aims to investigate the relation between the microstructure (i.e. meso/ microporosity) of the layers composing a moisture permeation barrier system, the intrinsic barrier properties of the system and the control on the pinhole density in (flexible) OLED and OPV devices. The project pursues: 1. The identification of the (open) porosity defining the microstructure of the inorganic layer in terms of size (micro/mesoporosity), size distribution and chemical affinity with the permeant molecule for single/multi barrier solutions; 2. The identification of the permeant diffusion modes through single/multi barrier layers, as opposite to the ideal solubility/diffusion mode generally adopted; 3. The influence of the organic and inorganic layer growth (mechanism) on the multilayer barrier properties in terms of conformality and pinhole encapsulation.

Funded by

Progress

Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI)

The opto-chemical properties and moisture barrier performance of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) inorganic (i.e. SiO2) barrier layers have been thoroughly studied. Ellipsometric porosimetry (EP) was applied to determine the open porosity and pore size range of the layers. Next to EP, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was adopted for the first time to characterize and categorize the inorganic barriers in terms of the diffusivity and porosity content. Through the use of electrolytes showing different hydrated ion shells, EIS was used for detecting the pore size distribution of the layers. The combined approach of EP and EIS allowed for a zoom in the critical pore size between the kinetic diameter of water (0.27 nm) and 1 nm and the role of different pore size ranges has been disclosed, regardless the chemical nature of the layer.

Project leaders M Creatore

Participants A Perrotta W Keuning

Cooperations

Funding % per money stream University 25 % DPI 75 %

Start of the project 2012 (November)

Information

1.0

1.006 Water Ethanol Toluene

1.004

1.0

0.9 0.8

P = 3.4%

1.002 P = 0.5% 1.000

Li+ Na+ K+ Cs+

0.8

Relative Rpore

normalized n (at 633 nm)

A Perrotta T +31 (0)40 247 8382 E a.perrotta@tue.nl

0.7

0.6

0.4

100

200

300

0.5 0.4 0.3

P = 0.2% 0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Pprobe/Psat

0.4

0.5

500

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Time [min]

Figure: Ellipsometric porosimetry (on the left) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (on the right) characterization of a single PE-CVD SiO2 barrier layer.

Scientific publications A. Perrotta, E.R.J. van Beekum, G. Aresta, A. Jagia, W. Keuning, M.C.M. van de Sanden,W.M.M. Kessels, On the role of nanoporosity in controlling the performance of moisture permeation barrier layers, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 188 (2014) 163–171. A. Perrotta, S. J. Garcia, J. J. Michels, M. Creatore, Evaluation of moisture permeation barrier layers by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, submitted to Electrochemistry Communications. M. Creatore, A. Perrotta, Plasma Enhanced-Chemical Vapor Deposited Polymers: Plasma Phase Reactions, Plasma–Surface Interactions, and Film Properties, John Wiley & sons.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 147

Department

Hybrid Innovations for Trucks (HIT)

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JTBA Kessels T Hofman A Serebrenik

Participants TH Pham V van Reeven Y Dajsuren E Silvas

PhD student | Postdoc TH (Thinh) Pham Project aim The HIT project is aiming to deliver a significant contribution in realizing up to 7% CO2 emission reduction and up to 7% fuel saving for long haul vehicles by research and development of a number of technologies:  Hybridization of power train including energy management and hybrid control functions.  Efficient power conversion and electrification of auxiliaries.  Efficient shift strategy and efficient power take-off.  Simulation tool to analyze efficiency losses.

Progress  An integrated energy management was developed to show more than 7% fuel saving via simulation.  A prototype for a hybrid electric heavy-duty truck has been developed and tested at a test track from DAF trucks N.V.

Cooperations DAF Trucks NV TU/e SKF Heliox

Funded by HTAS

Funding % per money stream NWO Industry

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2011 (May) Figure: Integrated energy management for hybrid electric heavy-duty truck.

Information JTBA Kessels T +31 (0)40 247 2656 E j.t.b.a.kessels@tue.nl W http://tue.nl/cs

148 |

Scientific publications T.H. Pham, S.K. Ramachandran, J.T.B.A. Kessels, R.G.M. Huisman, and P.P.J.van den Bosch. Integrating battery management into energy management for hybrid heavy-duty trucks. In Proc. of the FISITA 2014, Maastricht, the Netherlands, 2-6 June 2014. T.H. Pham, P.P.J. van den Bosch, J.T.B.A. Kessels, and R.G.M. Huisman. Integrated online energy and battery life management for hybrid long haulage truck. In Proc. of the IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Coimbra, Portugal, 27-30 October 2014. T.H. Pham, J.T.B.A. Kessels, P.P.J. van den Bosch, R.G.M. Huisman, and R.M.P.A. Nevels. On-line energy and battery thermal management for hybrid electric heavy-duty truck. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., Washington, DC, June 2013. T.H. Pham, J.T.B.A. Kessels, P.P.J. van den Bosch, and R.G.M. Huisman. Cost-effective energy management for hybrid electric heavy-duty truck including battery aging. In Proc. of the 2013 ASME Dynamic Systems and Control Conference, Pablo Alto, CA, October 21-23 2013. H.T. Pham, P.P.J. van den Bosch, J.T.B.A. Kessels, and R.G.M. Huisman. Integrated energy and thermal management for hybrid electric heavy duty trucks. In Proc. of the IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Seoul, Korea, 9-12 October 2012.

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants KJW Pluk JW Jansen

Cooperations ASML

PhD student | Postdoc KJW (Kevin) Pluk Project aim In the high-end semiconductor industry and high precision systems, (sub) nanometer accuracy is required. The currently applied motion systems consist of two stages with actuators. The longstroke stage is used for the large movements and rough positioning, while a short-stroke stage is present for the accurate positioning. The positioning accuracy is gained in the high predictability and control of the short-stroke stage. The long-stroke actuator contains large permanent magnets which produce a large magnetic flux density. These strong magnetic fields influence the short-stroke actuators and, therefore, reduce the predictability of the short-stroke stage. To reduce the positioning errors, the crosstalk effects in a two-stage machine from the high-end industry are indicated. Compensational techniques to reduce the crosstalk (for instance shielding) are investigated and of the applicability of different modeling methods is researched.

Progress

Funded by ASML

Funding % per money stream Industry

X-Talk: Investigation of electromagnetic crosstalks in highprecision mechatronic systems

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (November)

A novel, 3-D, hybrid, semi-analytical modeling method has been implemented to model the electromagnetic crosstalk behavior. This modeling method is capable for incorporating three dimensional (Cartesian) geometries. The hybrid modeling method (3-D Fourier modeling combined with 3-D Magnetic Equivalent Circuits) is implemented in a generalized manner, such that only minimal user effort is required to calculate the magnetic field for a new geometry. In the figure, the results of the 3-D hybrid semi-analytical modeling are shown for a piece of iron located above two permanent magnets. The obtained magnetic flux density in the middle of the iron piece is compared to a 3-D Finite Element Model, which is shown in the right figure. As can clearly be seen, the semi-analytical modeling method predicts the magnetic flux density inside the shield very accurately (within 5%), while the calculation time is reduced by a factor 7-10.

Information KJW (Kevin) Pluk T +31 (0)40 247 3554 E k.j.w.pluk@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/EPE

Figure: The magnetic flux density inside a piece of iron, placed above two permanent magnets (left), and the difference between the hybrid model and Finite Element Model.

Scientific publications Pluk, K.J.W.; Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014), "Force Measurements on a Shielded Coreless Linear Permanent Magnet Motor," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.50, no.11, pp.1-4, 2014 Pluk, K.J.W.; Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E.A. (2013), “Magnetic Shielding for Coreless Linear Permanent Magnet Motors,” Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol.416, pp.45-52, 2013. Pluk, K.J.W., Gersem, G. de, Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E. A. (2013), “Field calculations for magnetic shielding: fourier modeling extended with mode-matching technique applied on a shield with finite dimensions,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.49, no.5, pp.1593-1596, 2013. Pluk, K.J.W., Gersem, G. de, Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E.A. (2013), “Fourier modeling of magnetic shields with linear permeable material and finite dimensions,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.49, no.7, pp.4160-4163, 2013.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 149

Department

Boiling Flow Regime Maps for Safe Designing

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders CWM van der Geld JGM Kuerten BJ Geurts

Participants GJM Priems WR Michalek P Cifani

Cooperations DAF Trucks NV Essent NV Kaisec NEM NRG Re/genT BV Universiteit Gent Shell Storq Thermeq BV STW

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Information CWM van der Geld T +31 (0) 40 247 2923 E c.w.m.v.d.geld@tue.nl W www.wtb.tue.nl/woc/ptc

150 |

PhD student | Postdoc GJM (Giel) Priems Project aim Prediction of the flow in tubes of evaporators has to include the production of steam that accelerates the remaining liquid and causes topology changes of vapor-liquid interfaces in axial direction. Inclusion of bubbles coalescing into large plugs and pulsating flows is also often required. The flow regime in boiling defines not only the pressure drop and the heat transfer, but also the socalled two-phase flow regime changes in flow direction. Adiabatic two-phase flows can be predicted with available flow pattern maps. Inclusion of heat transfer may be considered only in small diameter tubes and regimes near so called annular flow. Two main aims of this project are: flow pattern maps for heated two-phase flows and a multi-scale numerical method to determine such maps validated for the measurement conditions for water and HFE7000. For this, a joint experimental and numerical effort will be undertaken.

Progress Experimental part Scaling laws, amongst those of Chester, have been studied and used to select process conditions and liquids of interest for the present study. Since scaling will be the way to extend experimental results to conditions where no measurement results will become available, including some that will be simulated, the scaling is seen as a firm basis for both the replacement of 2D flow pattern maps for boiling flow conditions and the synthesis of experimental and numerical results to be obtained in the present project. Location and schematic of the test rigs were determined.

Scientific publications -

Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders GMW Kroesen J van Dijk

Participants T Rehman KSC Peerenboom DB Mihailova WAAD Graef

Cooperations -

PhD student | Postdoc T (Tafizur) Rehman Project aim A proper understanding of the plasma processes that are used for the production of thin-film solar cells is paramount for more cost-effective, durable and efficient device manufacturing. In a previous project that was carried out in cooperation with Energie Centrum Nederland (ECN) and the Stichting Technische Wetenschappen (STW), researchers at Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) have investigated the hydrogen/silane microwave plasma that is used to deposit so-called passivation layers. The bewildering number of species that are produced in such plasma complicated the analysis of the experimental results and rendered a full three-dimensional simulation of this plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition reactor impossible. The present project aims at solving this problem by introducing chemical reduction techniques that have been developed in the context of combustion engineering into the realm of plasma physics. Such techniques preserve all the important chemical features of the system, while drastically reducing the number of species that need to be dealt with explicitly. This will allow detailed multi-physics simulations of the reactor.

Progress

Funded by Shell CSER Programme

Funding % per money stream FOM

A plasma-enhanced CVD reactor for the production of thin film solar cells

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

The adoption of chemical reduction techniques and their incorporation in the existing Plasimo plasma simulation platform requires the development of large amounts of support code. In 2014 we have developed large parts of this “infra-structure”. Implementations of explicit and implicit time steppers that are tailored to large systems of reaction equations have been made available and tested by comparing simulation results with documented test cases. In addition, the well-established Intrinsic Low Dimensional Manifold (ILDM) technique, which has its roots in combustion engineering, has been investigated and an implementation has been made available. It has been verified by benchmarking it against a number of well-established test cases, such as Zel'dovich models for air. The application of the techniques to systems involving charged species was initiated at the end of the year.

Information T Rehman T +31 (0)40 247 5765 E t.rehman@tue.nl W http://plasimo.phys.tue.nl

Figure: Photograph of a single “plasma line” in a peCVD reactor (PhD Thesis Hübner, TU/e, 2014).

Scientific publications Rehman, T., Peerenboom, K.S.C., Kemaneci, E.H., Graef, W.A.A.D. & Dijk, J. van (2014). Application of ILDM technique for simplifying complex plasma chemistry. Proceedings of the 67th Annual Gaseous Electronics Conference (GEC), 02-07 November 2014, Raleigh, USA.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 151

Department

MES meets DES

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants MAA Rocha

Cooperations -

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project

PhD student | Postdoc MAA (Marisa) Rocha Project aim The project objectives are the design and development of a new cost-effective method for production and recovery of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from industrial waste waters. The method to be developed integrates microbial electrosynthesis (MES) with in-situ recovery cell. MES is a promising and sustainable bioelectrochemical technology, which uses renewable energy. However, the main disadvantage is the low concentration of the compounds, which makes their separation challenging. To overcome this problem, novel natural ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are evaluated in this project as extractants for the recovery of the produced VFAs from diluted aqueous phases. Compared to the conventional separation methods (e.g., distillation, precipitation) it is expected that ILs and DESs can be used to recover VFAs from the diluted aqueous media using much less energy and generating less wastes.

Progress Six hydrophobic ILs have been synthesized and fully characterized to be used as extractants for VFAs from aqueous media. The solubility of the different VFAs (acetic, propionic and butyric acid) and water in these ionic liquids was evaluated. From the previous results (hydrophobicity, viscosity, thermal stability and melting temperature), the ILs [N8881][C18:1] and [N8888][C18:1] were selected for a detailed liquid-liquid extraction studies. The extraction of acetic acid from diluted aqueous solutions was explored using the [N8881][C18:1], presenting high extraction efficiencies. DESs are hydrophilic systems and the effect of high quantities of water on DESs is still unknown. Preliminary tests using DESs as solvents are in progress.

2013

Information

MC Kroon T +31 (0)40 247 5289 E m.c.kroon@tue.nl W www.chem.tue.nl/sep

ClO HO

O -

a) Tetraoctylammonium 14 oleate

N+

b) From left to right, lactic acid, DES lactic acid:choline chloride at molar ratio 2:1 15 and choline chloride. Picture taken at room temperature.

Figure: Nature-based IL (a) and DES (b).

Scientific publications M. A. A. Rocha, A. van den Bruinhorst, M. C. Kroon, “Extraction of Acetic Acid from Diluted Aqueous Solution using Nature based Ionic Liquids”, NPS 2014, November, 2014, Utrecht, the Netherlands. M. A. A. Rocha, A. van den Bruinhorst, W. Schröer, B. Rathke, M. C. Kroon, “Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium for Ternary Systems Containing hydrophobic nature-based Ionic Liquids, Acetic Acid and Water”, 7th Green Solvents Conference, October, 2014, Dresden, Germany. M. A. A. Rocha, A. van den Bruinhorst, W. Schröer, B. Rathke, M. C. Kroon, “Phase Behaviour of Mixtures of Nature based Ionic Liquids with Volatile Fatty Acids”, 27th European Symposium on Applied Thermodynamics, July, 2014, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. M. A. A. Rocha, A. van den Bruinhorst, W. Schröer, B. Rathke, M. C. Kroon, “Extraction of Volatile Fatty Acids using Nature based Ionic Liquids”, ECTP2014 - 20th European Conference on Thermophysical Properties, August/September, 2014, Porto, Portugal.

152 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders MC Kroon

Participants N Rodriguez Rodriguez

Cooperations -

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2012

Azeotrope-breaking using novel nature-based deep eutectic solvent PhD student | Postdoc N (Nerea) Rodriguez Rodriguez Project aim It is difficult to separate azeotropic mixtures, because distillation cannot be applied. The aim of this project is to find an energy-efficient alternative for this type of separations. A new generation of solvents, called deep eutectic solvents (DESs), is for the first time applied as entrainers and/or extracting agents for azeotrope-breaking. DESs, which are ionic liquids analogues, are mixtures of two or more solid compounds that together, in the proper ratio, become a liquid at room temperature. DESs present negligible volatility, low toxicity and easy and cheap preparation with no purification required. These characteristics make them a suitable alternative to volatile organic compounds and to ionic liquids that are conventionally used entrainers for this type of separations.

Progress In the last year, we studied the application of DESs as extracting agents for several azeotropic mixtures via extractive distillation and liquid-liquid extraction. Regarding extractive distillation, we investigated the separation alcohol-water mixture, specifically, ethanol and isopropanol dehydration. We found that DESs are able to break the ethanol-water azeotrope, although the studied DESs were only able to displace but not to break the isopropanol-water azeotrope. Regarding liquid-liquid extraction, the systems aliphatic-alcohol, aliphatic-aromatic and alcohol-ketone were studied. We found that in all the studied systems, the selected DESs behave equal or better than the industrially used solvents, with the advantage of the easy solvent recovery related to the negligible vapor pressure of the DESs. Nevertheless, further economic analyses are needed in order to do a final evaluation. Figure 1 shows an example of liquid-liquid extraction using DESs.

Information MC Kroon T +31 (0)40 247 5289 E m.c.kroon@tue.nl W www.chem.tue.nl/sep

Figure: (●, solid line) Experimental tie-lines for the system {hexane + ethanol + LC(2:1)} at T/K= 298.15 and atmospheric pressure. (○, dashed line) calculated tie-lines using the NRTL model.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 153

Department

SMArt systems Co-design / Acoustic Energy Transfer

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants MGL Roes JL Duarte MAM Hendrix

Cooperations -

Funded by European Union

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project

PhD student | Postdoc MGL (Maurice) Roes Project aim The SMAC project is aimed at the development of innovative design methods and tools, to create a co-design and integration environment which enables multi-physics, multi-layer, multi-scale and multi-domain full Smart System simulation and optimization. Its application is a respiratory sensor for use in an MRI scanner that can be used to improve movement blur in MRI scans. One of the domains of interest is that of energy harvesting for the sensors. The large magnetic field inside the MRI machine prohibits the use of electromagnetic fields for energy harvesting. Energy harvesting from ultrasound pressure waves is proposed as a solution. Using sound waves for the wireless transfer of energy is a new field and has several advantages with respect to more established contactless energy transfer methods: A high directionality, no electromagnetic fields and the use of low frequencies, implying simple electronics.

Progress An acoustic energy transfer system (figure) consists of a transmitting transducer, which converts electrical energy into a pressure wave. The wave travels through a medium towards a receiving transducer, which in turn converts the mechanical energy back into electrical energy. Piezoelectric transducers are currently used for this purpose. These transducers can achieve high efficiencies but suffer, just as any loudspeaker, from the large impedance mismatch between the transducer and the medium. This mismatch also introduces unwanted reflections between the two transducers. Recent research on the topic has been aimed at decreasing this mismatch and increasing the power throughput of the system. Horns, acting as mechanical impedance transformers, are used for this purpose. Modelling of the system is extremely critical to arrive at a good design. Current research is aimed at increasing the attained power levels by using bolt-clamped piezoelectric transducers.

2011

Information MGL Roes T +31 (0)40 247 3504 E m.g.l.roes@tue.nl EA Lomonova T +31 (0)40 247 3573 E e.lomonova@tue.nl

Figure: An Acoustic Energy Transfer system consists of a transmitting transducer that generates sound waves in a medium, and a receiving transducer that converts them back to electrical energy.

Scientific publications M.G.L. Roes, J. L. Duarte, M.A.M. Hendrix, and E.A. Lomonova, ‘Acoustic energy transfer: A review,’ IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 242–248, Jan. 2013. M.G.L. Roes, J.L. Duarte, and M.A.M. Hendrix, ‘Design of Stepped Exponential Horns for Acoustic Energy Transfer Systems,’ in Proceedings of the International Ultrasonics Symposium, Jul. 2013. V. Klymko, M. Roes, J. van Duivenbode, E. Lomonova, ‘Phased transducer array for acoustic energy harvesting inside an MRI machine,’ in Proceedings of the International Ultrasonics Symposium, Jul. 2013. M.G.L. Roes, M. A. M. Hendrix, and J.L. Duarte, ‘Contactless energy transfer through air by means of ultrasound,’ in Proceedings of IECON 2011 - 37th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, Nov. 2011, pp. 1238–1243. M.G.L. Roes, M.A.M. Hendrix, and J.L. Duarte, ‘The effect of reflections on the performance of an acoustic energy transfer system,’ in Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Sep. 2012, pp. 388–393.

154 |

Department Electrical Engineeering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JTBA Kessels

Participants TCJ Romijn S Weiland MCF Donkers WHA Hendrix H Chen

Cooperations DAF IKA TNO

Funded by EU FP7

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Complete Vehicle Energy-saving Technologies for Heavy-Trucks (CONVENIENT) PhD student | Postdoc TCJ (Constantijn) Romijn Project aim Fuel economy and emission legislation play a dominant role in the development process of new commercial heavy duty vehicles. To satisfy future requirements on fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions, new technologies emerge in these vehicles. Clear examples are energy efficient auxiliaries, hybrid electric powertrains and waste-heat recovery from the exhaust gas. To facilitate integration of all these subsystems, a suitable energy management system is needed. This project aims at the development, implementation and verification of innovative energy management concepts for commercial vehicles. A holistic system approach is developed that considers all energy sources, sinks and buffers present in the vehicle. The associated research concentrates on the theoretical development and practical verification of optimally distributed control concepts and underlying optimization algorithms.

Progress Solution methods for solving the energy management problem considering the powersplit between the internal combustion engine and the electric machine is very well covered in today’s available literature. However, expanding these solution methods with integrated control of auxiliary systems is neither straightforward and nor does it lead to a systematic approach for designing a holistic energy management system. Therefore, a new approach is taken by considering the heavy-duty vehicle as a smart powernet with suppliers, consumers, converters and buffers. Each of them deciding on their power demands based on prices on the net. The prices are updated based on the future power requests from the driver and each of the components. A systematic way of updating the prices is developed by using a ‘dual decomposition’ approach. Promising results were achieved for a simplified problem of a heavy-duty vehicle with smart control of a refrigerated semi-trailer.

Start of the project 2012 (November)

Information JTBA Kessels T +31 (0)40 247 2656 E j.t.b.a.kessels@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/cs

Figure: Smart vehicle powernet with suppliers, consumers, converters and buffers.

Scientific publications T.C.J. Romijn, M.C.F. Donkers, J.T.B.A. Kessels and S. Weiland, “A Dual Decomposition Approach to Complete Energy Management for a Heavy-Duty Vehicle,” in Proceedings of the 53rd Conference on the Decision and Control, 2014.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 155

Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JGM Kuerten

Participants E Russo CWM van der Geld

Cooperations JA van Oijen Y Haseli EM Gucho (UT) G Brem (UT) BJ Geurts (UT)

Funded by Funding % per money stream 100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information JGM Kuerten T +31 (0)40 247 2362 E j.g.m.kuerten@tue.nl W www.wtb.tue.nl/woc/ptc

156 |

PhD student | Postdoc E (Emanuele) Russo Project aim In this project interaction between different kinds of particles and between particles and flow will be studied in which the properties of the particles, such as size, shape, temperature and chemical composition change in time because of combustion and flow of the surrounding gas. Particles will be treated as point particles, but detailed numerical simulations will be carried out to obtain correlations for the forces on a particle.

Progress An existing DNS code for Lagrangian simulations of point particles has been extended with equations for temperature and species concentration. Two-way coupling between gas and particle temperature has been incorporated. In 2012 simulations of droplet-laden turbulent channel flow with evaporation and condensation have been performed for several cases. A compressible DNS code has been developed with particles and two-way coupling in which the particles represent biomass particles and undergo pyrolysis. The effect of varying particle mass load on the pyrolysis time has been studied. Recently, co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass particles has been implemented and studied. Public defense: February 12, 2014.

Scientific publications

STW

DNS of turbulent particle-laden channel flow with heat and mass transfer

Russo, E. (2014). DNS of turbulent particle-laden channel flow with heat and mass transfer. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr. J.G.M. Kuerten, prof.dr.ir. J.J.H. Brouwers & dr. C.W.M. van der Geld). Russo, E., Kuerten, J.G.M. & Geurts, B.J. (2014). Delay of biomass pyrolysis by gas-particle interaction. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 110, 88-99. Russo, E., Kuerten, J.G.M., Geurts, B.J. & Geld, C.W.M. van der (2014). Water droplet condensation and evaporation in turbulent channel flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 749, 666-700. E. Russo, J.G.M. Kuerten, C.W.M. van der Geld, B.J. Geurts, Modeling water droplet condensation and evaporation in DNS of turbulent channel flow, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 318, 052019, (2011).

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders M van Sint Annaland I Roghair F Gallucci

Participants MA San Pio Bordeje

Unravelling the origin of the redox kinetics behavior of oxygen carriers in chemical looping combustion PhD student | Postdoc MA (Maria Angel) San Pio Bordeje Project aim The project aim could be divided by reaching different objectives: a. Detailed oxygen carriers characterization for developing novel particle models to describe the redox kinetics accounting for the morphology and the structural changes produced during the reduction and oxidation cycles. b. Extension of the particle models with thermodynamics and their verification and validation. c. Experimental investigation in packed bed CLC setup (testing different oxygen carriers). d. Embedding of the new particle models in the available reactor model for packed bed CLC. e. Detailed simulations of the CLC process with the new models.

Progress

Norway research council VIDI project - Gallucci Group of SINTEF (Norway) VITO (Belgium) ECN and TNO (the Netherlands) Collaboration with G Lozza from Politecnico di Milano (Italy)

Experimental studies of different oxygen carriers have been carried out to get knowledge about the kinetics with Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), the morphological changes with BET (surface area, porosity, pore size distribution), and the structural and phase changes of the particle with SEM-EDX and XRD. A new multi-dimensional particle model is being developed with homogenization techniques for taking into account the morphological and structural changes of the particles during the reactions. Not only space dimension, but also time is taking into account with homogenization in porous media. DNS and Matlab simulations of different particles and domains are being carried out for comparing them with the particle model being developed.

Funded by

Scientific publications

Echo Project Grant, NWO

Cooperations

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2013

Information M van Sint Annaland T +31 (0)40 247 2241 E m.v.sintannaland@tue.nl

Annual Research Report 2014

| 157

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders MAM Hendrix

Participants JM Schellekens

Cooperations Philips ASML Prodrive

A class of robust switched-mode power amplifiers with highly linear transfer characteristics: on the elimination of zerocrossing distortion in switching converters PhD student | Postdoc JM (Jan) Schellekens Project aim When looking at the trends of the technology roadmap in the semiconductor industry, it can be recognized that the high power switching amplifiers used in lithographic equipment are rapidly becoming a limiting factor. In order to satisfy the future requirements the generated noise and other disturbances are required to decrease by an order of magnitude. The UHPA project aims at investigating energy transfer, control and sensor technologies needed to improve the existing amplifiers at these essential points. This can only be achieved by utilizing state-of-the-art electronic components, together with advanced converter topology concepts, combined with state-of-the-art measurement and control systems.

Progress

2009

The project in its final stage and the PhD student is finalizing his thesis. The UHPA project has led to a switched mode DC to AC power converter concept that does not significantly suffer from zero crossing distortion. This is due to the elimination of the two most common causes of zero crossing distortion in conventional switched mode converters, which are switch blanking time and forward voltage drop of the switching devices. Over 100 times improvement of signal quality has been demonstrated on an experimental setup. Also different modulation and closed loop control methods are proposed, which lead to increased power density at the cost of a slightly reduced signal quality. Figure depicts the voltage error due to blanking time and forward voltage drop, scaled to input power supply voltage, without feedback-control, for conventional converters (a) and the proposed converter (b).

Information

Public defense: November 24, 2014.

Funded by Agentschap NL

Funding % per money stream Agentschap NL 100 %

Start of the project

MAM Hendrix E m.a.m.hendrix@tue.nl

(a)

(b)

Figure: Scaled voltage error due to blanking time and forward voltage drop for conventional converters (a) and the proposed converter (b).

Scientific publications Schellekens, J.M. (2014, November 24). A class of robust switched-mode power amplifiers with highly linear transfer characteristics: on the elimination of zero-crossing distortion in switching converters. TUE: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (xii, 331 p. pag.) (Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven) (ISBN 978-94-6259-400-5). Prom./coprom.: prof.dr. E.A. Lomonova, dr.ir. H. Huisman & dr. J.L. Duarte. Schellekens, J.M., Caris, M.L.A., Duarte, J.L., Huisman, H., Hendrix, M.A.M. & Lomonova, E.A. (2013). High precision switched mode ampliﬁer with an auxiliary bias circuit. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE ECCE Europe 2013), 35 September 2013, IEEE. Spinu, V., Schellekens, J.M., Lazar, M. & Hendrix, M.A.M. (2013). On real-time optimal control of highprecision switching amplifiers. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on System Theory, Control and Computing (ICSTCC), October 11-13 2013, Sinaia, Romania, (pp. 507514). Piscataway: IEEE Service System. Caris, M.L.A., Huisman, H., Schellekens, J.M. & Duarte, J.L., ‘Generalized harmonic elimination method for interleaved power amplifiers’. In proc. of the 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2012), 25-28 Oct. 2012, Montreal, Canada, (pp. 4979-4984). Schellekens, J.M., Duarte, J.L., Huisman, H. & Hendrix, M.A.M., ‘Volume reduction of opposed current converters through coupling of inductors and interleaved switching’. In proc. of the 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2012), 25-28 Oct. 2012, Montreal, Canada, (pp. 852-857). Schellekens, J.M., Duarte, J.L., Huisman, H. & Hendrix, M.A.M., ‘Harmonics in opposed current converters’. In proc. of the 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2012), 25-28 Oct. 2012, Montreal, Canada, (pp. 440-446). 158 |

Department

Advanced Electric Powertrain Technology (ADEPT)

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EA Lomonova JAP Tegenbosch

PhD student | Postdoc GE (Georgios) Sfakianakis Project aim The ADEPT Project, which started in 2014, aims to produce a virtual development environment for electric propulsion (E-propulsion) systems. Power electronic converters are key components of these systems and can significantly affect the overall performance in terms of power density, reliability, weight, and system cost. The goal of the project is to investigate how the performance of power electronic converters can be improved by applying novel circuit topologies and modulation strategies. The impact of newly introduced wide bandgap semiconductor devices will also be studied. In order to validate the proposed concepts, near-industrial prototype systems will be designed, constructed, and tested.

Participants GE Sfakianakis M Curti A Stefanskyi A Dziechciarz F Chauvicourt K Ramakrishnan K Niyomsatian N Djukic P Romanazzi S Ayat S Wiedemann S Stipetic

Progress Literature overview for Power Electronic topologies for battery charging applications.

Scientific publications -

Funded by European Union

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (June)

Information GE Sfakianakis T +31 (0)40 247 3504 E g.e.sfakianakis@tue.nl W adept-itn.eu

Annual Research Report 2014

| 159

Department

A robust hierarchical approach to life-cycle optimization

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders PMJ van den Hof JD Jansen (TU Delft)

PhD student | Postdoc MM (Muhammad Mohsin) Siraj Project aim Model-based dynamic optimization of oil production has shown significant scope to improve the economic life-cycle performance of an oil reservoir compared to the conventional reactive strategies. One of the key challenges in such model-based optimization is the high levels of uncertainty. The uncertainty arises from the limited knowledge of geological model parameters and the varying economic condition such as changing oil prices. The objective of this project is to bring uncertainty into model-based optimization framework and develop/implement novel ideas to reduce the negative effect of uncertainty on the optimized control strategy in order to improve economic performance.

Participants MM Siraj EG Insuasty Moreno

Cooperations Department of Geosciences - TU Delft

Funded by Recovery Factory Program - Shell

Progress The scenario based robust optimization approaches are considered. Both geological and economic uncertainty is characterized by the ensembles of models and varying oil prices as shown in figure. In [1], a robust hierarchical approach is implemented with both forms of uncertainty to explicitly incorporates short-term gains into the NPV long-term optimization. This approach includes uncertainty in the optimization but does not aim at minimzing the negative effect of it. In [2], with the robust averaging approach, a mean variance optimization is implemented with also minimizes the spread or the variance of NPV distribution. The question that whether with uncertainty handling, a natural balance between short-term and long-term objectives are naturally obtained in addressed.

Funding % per money stream -

Start of the project 2012 (September)

Information MM Siraj T +31 (0)40 247 3679 E m.m.siraj@tue.nl W http://www.cs.ele.tue.nl/

Figure: Economic and model uncertainty quantification.

Scientific publications J.D. Jansen, R.M. Fonseca, S. Kahrobaei, M.M. Siraj, G.M. van Essen and P.M.J. Van den Hof. The egg model - a geological ensemble for reservoir simulation. Geoscience Data Journal, 1: pp. 192-195. 2014. DOI: 10.1002/gdj3.21.

160 |

Department

Integrated models for polyolefin reactors

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders M van Sint Annaland

Participants HM Slagter I Roghair

Cooperations -

Funded by Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI)

Funding % per money stream DPI

100 %

PhD student | Postdoc HM (Mariët) Slagter Project aim The main objective of this PhD research is to fundamentally understand and quantitatively describe the complex interaction between hydrodynamic properties of the fluidized bed and sorption and transport phenomena in/around polymer particles. A combined computational and experimental approach is followed. In-house developed CFD models will be used to investigate the influence of sorption and swelling effects on the hydrodynamic behavior. A pseudo 2D fluidized bed is constructed to enable application of non-invasive optical measuring techniques like PIV and DIA to obtain information of the bubble and emulsion phases simultaneously under sorption conditions.

Progress The influence of temperature on the fluidization behavior of LLDPE particles has been investigated and post-processed with an improved DIA algorithm, which measures the bubble behavior with a higher accuracy. Additionally, small-scale experiments on the swelling behavior of polymer particles under influence of ICA’s have been researched. Moreover, a pseudo-2D bed is constructed to investigate the effects of sorption on the hydrodynamic characteristics, i.e. solids circulation patterns and bubble size distributions. Furthermore, the importance of the collisional parameters (normal and tangential restitution and particle friction), temperature and swelling are investigated in detail with a Discrete Particle Model.

Scientific publications -

Start of the project 2010 (July)

Information HM Slagter T +31 (0)40 247 8025 E h.m.slagter@tue.nl M van Sint Annaland T +31 (0)40 247 2241 E m.v.SintAnnaland@tue.nl

Annual Research Report 2014

| 161

Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders AWM Meijers

Participants J Smids FMF Verberne CJH Midden M Steinbuch T Hofman J Ham A Spahn

Cooperations DAF Trucks NV TNO Rathenau Instituut

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2009 (November)

Information A Spahn T +31 (0)40 247 2746 E a.spahn@tue.nl

162 |

Persuasive Technology, Allocation of Control, and Social Values PhD students | Postdocs J (Jilles) Smids FMF (Frank) Verberne Project aim This research program investigates the psychological mechanisms and the ethical dilemmas of persuasive technology in two ways. First, we develop an in-depth empirical study of a concrete case where persuasive technology is under development: the energy management and safety of vehicles (cars, trucks). Vehicle simulators will be used to observe human agents using various forms of persuasive technology, where the most important variable will be the amount of control transferred from the user to the technological system. Second, we analyze the general psychological mechanisms and ethical dilemmas at stake, which will result in design recommendations for developers of persuasive technology. Since persuasive technology is a perfectly generic technology our results will be important for many other areas as well.

Progress Mechanical engineering The results from two new studies suggest that truck drivers are willing to improve their anticipation behavior, and that this improvement can lead to substantial fuel consumption reduction (10%). Furthermore, it was found that the potential fuel savings are often limited by visibility. Psychology Four experimental studies have been completed. In the first study, we investigated whether trust in a virtual agent could be increased by morphing the face of the virtual agent with that of the participant. The other three studies investigate the impact of other similarity cues. Ethics First, building on the Rathenau workshop held previous year about policy aspects of persuasive technology in cars, we made a moral analysis of two types of Intelligent Speed Adaptation. Second, we investigated the ethical aspects of “moralizing mobility” in the trend to add more and more elements of persuasive technologies into modern cars and placed this development in the context of the connected car and the road to self-driving cars.

Scientific publications Ham, J., & Midden C., (2013). A Persuasive Robot to Stimulate Energy Conservation: The Influence of Positive and Negative Social Feedback and Task Similarity on Energy Consumption Behavior. International Journal of Social Robotics. Liu, C., Ham, J., Postma, E., Midden, C., Joosten, B., & Goudbeek, M. (2013). Representing Affective Facial Expressions for Robots and Embodied Conversational Agents by Facial Landmarks. International Journal of Social Robotics. Spahn, A. (2013). Moralizing Mobility? Persuasive Technology and the Ethics of Mobility. Transfers 3 (2), 108 – 115. Spahn, A (2013). Freie Fahrt für freie Maschinen - Zur Ethik des vernetzten Autos. ATZ Agenda 2 (1), 34-37. Thijssen, R., Hofman, T., Ham, J. “Ecodriving acceptance: An experimental study on anticipation behavior of truck drivers”, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 22, PP. 249 – 260, (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2013.12.015. Verberne, F., Ham, J., & Midden, C. (2013) The car that looks like me: Similarity cues can increase trust in the self-driving cars of the future. ERCIM News, 94, 23-24. Spahn, A. (2012). And lead us (not) into persuasion…?: persuasive technology and the ethics of communication. Science and Engineering Ethics, 18(4), 633-650. Verberne, F.M.F., Ham, J., & Midden, C.J.H. (2012) Trust in smart systems: Sharing driving goals and giving information to increase trustworthiness and acceptability of smart systems in cars. Human Facors, 54, 799-810, doi: 10.1177/0018720812443825. Ham, J., Esch, M. van, Limpens, Y., Pee, J. de, Cabibihan, J.-J., & Ge, S. S. (2012). The automaticity of social behavior towards robots: The influence of cognitive load on interpersonal distance to approachable versus less approachable robots. In S.S. Ge et al. (Eds.): ICSR 2012, LNAI 7621, pp. 15– 25, 2012. Liu, C., Ham, J., Postma, E., Midden, C., Joosten, B., Goudbeek, M. (2012). How to make a robot smile? Perception of emotional expressions from digitally-extracted facial landmark configurations. In S.S. Ge et al. (Eds.): ICSR 2012, LNAI 7621, pp. 26–34, 2012. Midden, C., & Ham, J. (2012). The illusion of agency: The influence of the agency of an artificial agent on its persuasive power. In M. Bang & E. L. Ragnemalm (Eds): Persuasive 2012, LNCS 7284, pp. 9099, 2012. Midden, C., & Ham, J. (2012). The illusion of agency: The influence of the agency of an artificial agent on its persuasive power. In M. Bang & E. L. Ragnemalm (Eds): Persuasive 2012, LNCS 7284, pp. 9099, 2012.

Department

Advanced Interface Engineering for Si Heterojunction Solar Cells

Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc S (Sjoerd) Smit Project aim This project aims at increasing the functionality and improving the performance of Si heterojunction solar cells by exploring approaches which are novel to the field. This is done by introducing new material systems; extending the available thin film preparation methods and using advanced interface analysis techniques.

Project leaders WMM Kessels

Participants S Smit C van Helvoirt

Cooperations ECN Tempress Hanwha QCells Oxford Instruments TU Delft

Progress A new theoretical method for the optimization of solar cells has been developed, called Variational Entropy Generation Minimization (VEGM). In traditional solar cell modeling, the researcher has to design the solar cell; the model will then predict the efficiency of that particular design. This means that optimizing the design is a matter of trial-and-error. These models are therefore efficiencypredictive. VEGM differs from efficieny-predictive models, because it can predict the most efficient cell design immediately from the physical constraints that have been imposed by the physics and the choice of materials for the solar cell. VEGM is therefore a design-predictive method.

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information S Smit T +31 (0)40 247 4919 E s.smit@tue.nl

Figure: A band diagram calculation of a typical silicon solar cell. The color map shows the entropy production rate, which gives detailed local information on where the solar cell is losing most of its output power.

Scientific publications B. Demaurex, J.P. Seif, S. Smit, B. Macco, W.M.M.E. Kessels, J. Geissbuhler, et al., Atomic-LayerDeposited Transparent Electrodes for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells, IEEE J. Photovoltaics. 4 (2014) 1387–1396. B. Williams, S. Smit, B.J. Kniknie, K.J. Bakker, W. Keuning, W.M.M. Kessels, et al., Identifying parasitic current pathways in CIGS solar cells by modelling dark JV response, Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. (2014), accepted for publication. D. Garcia-Alonso, S. Smit, S. Bordihn, W.M.M. Kessels, Silicon passivation and tunneling contact formation by atomic layer deposited Al2O3/ZnO stacks, Semiconductor Science and Technology 28 (2013) 082002. S. Smit, D. Garcia-Alonso, S. Bordihn, M.S. Hanssen, W.M.M. Kessels, Metal-oxide-based hole-selective tunneling contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, in press (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.06.016).

Annual Research Report 2014

| 163

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders F Gallucci

Participants V Spallina JA Medrano Jimenez R Voncken I Roghair M van Sint Annaland

Cooperations Shell ECN SINTEF Tecnalia

Funded by

Design and Optimization of a Membrane Assisted Chemical Looping Reforming for H2 production with CO2 capture PhD student | Postdoc V (Vincenzo) Spallina Project aim The aim of this this project is the techno-economic assessment, the reactor design and scale up of a membrane-assisted chemical looping reforming for H2 production integrated with CO2 capture. In this project the study will focus on the desing of the reactor which is based on an interconnected fludized bed reactor in which the natural gas is converted into H2O and CO2 in a fuel reactor by reacting with steam and a metal oxide which is reduced, and the produced H2 is directly permeated through H2 perm-selective membrane which are located inside the reactor. The metal oxide is circulated in an air reactor where it is oxidized. The analysis of the system includes the the design of the complete plant and the comparison with benchmark technologies and reference plant, the reactor design and modelling and the membrane scale-up.

Progress In the last year, the design of the MA-CLR integrated with the other component of the plant has been carried out. The performance of the system has been calculated taking into account the energy analysis and the total cost of system. Based on a set of common assumptions, the system has been compared with conventional steam methane reforming plant with and w/o CO2 capture as well as with other novel concept proposed for H2 production. The phenomenological model for the simulation of the process has been realized and the validation is now ongoing. The simulation tool has been written including both the fuel and air reactors in order to assess the steady state operation of the system.

STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (January)

Information V Spallina T +31 (0)40 247 8030 E v.spallina@tue.nl Figure: Schematic of the reactor system.

Scientific publications Medrano Jimenez, J.A., Spallina, V., Sint Annaland, M. van & Gallucci, F. (2014). Thermodynamic analysis of a membrane-assisted chemical looping reforming reactor concept for combined H2 production and CO2 capture. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39, 4725-4738. Spallina, V., Romano, M.C., Chiesa, P., Gallucci, F., Sint Annaland, M. van & Lozza, G. (2014). Integration of coal gasification and packed bed CLC for high efficiency and near-zero emission power generation. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 27, 28-41. Hamers, H.P., Romano, M.C., Spallina, V., Chiesa, P., Gallucci, F. & Sint Annaland, M. van (2014). Comparison on process efficiency for CLC of syngas operated in packed bed and fluidized bed reactors. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 28, 65-78. Medrano Jimenez, J.A., Spallina, V., Sint Annaland, M. van & Gallucci, F. (2014). The membrane assisted chemical looping reforming concept as efficient reactor for H2 production and CO2 capture: a comparison to benchmark technology. Proceedings NPS14, 3-5 November 2014, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Spallina, V., Sint Annaland, M. van & Gallucci, F. (2014). Comparison of advanced processes based on chemical looping and membrane separation fully integrated in an H2 production plant with CO2 capture. Proceedings of the XXI International Conference on Chemical Reactors, CHEMREACTOR-21, 22-25 September 2014, Delft, the Netherlands, (pp. 1-20).

164 |

Department

CFD modeling for the optimization of a flame ionization sensor

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JA van Oijen

PhD student | Postdoc N (Nico) Speelman Project aim The purpose of this research is to develop a combustion control and diagnostics sensor based on flame ionization for condensing boiler applications. The flame ionization sensor measures the electrical conduction of the charged species generated during the combustion process to detect flashback and combustion instabilities, and to monitor equivalence ratio. In particular, the focus is on developing models to integrate the electric field emanating from the electrode with the lean premixed combustion process and ion reaction/transport submodels to simulate the electrode test results and optimize its position and shape.

Participants Progress

N Speelman

Cooperations Bosch Thermotechnology BV

Funded by Bosch Thermotechnology BV

Funding % per money stream Industry

During the previous year the boundary condition modeling was finalized and the numerical model was validated against experimental observations. It was found that the model performed well qualitatively and that all features of the voltage-current characteristic were represented by the model. To improve the model, the chemical mechanism was optimized and this resulted in a very good agreement between the experimental and numerical results. The steady-state model was furthermore extended to include time-dependent effects, which were observed experimentally. These observations were captured by the model, but a discrepancy remains in absolute terms.

100 %

Start of the project 2010 (October)

Information JA van Oijen T +31 (0)40 247 3133 E j.a.v.oijen@tue.nl W http://combustion.tue.nl

Figure: Comparison of the newly developed mechanism with the GRI 3.0 [46] chemistry base mechanism and Belhi et al. ionization mechanism and experiments, T in = 350K.

Scientific publications N. Speelman, J.A. van Oijen, L.P.H. de Goey. Development of a flame ionization model for the prediction of electric currents in methane-air flames. Proceedings of the European Combustion Meeting 2013, 2013.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 165

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JJH Paulides EA Lomonova

Participants RLJ Sprangers KO Boynov BLJ Gysen

Cooperations Vostermans Ventilation BV

Funded by Vostermans Ventilation BV

Funding % per money stream Industry

Low-Power Induction and Synchronous Reluctance Machines: From Semi-Analytical Analysis towards Practical Application PhD student | Postdoc RLJ (Ruud) Sprangers Project aim The increasing energy-efficiency requirements for electric motor-driven systems are pushing motor manufacturers to improve the efficiency of their products. Such improvements can either be obtained by reconsidering the design of conventional motor technologies, such as Induction Motors (IMs) or by considering less conventional motor technologies, such as Synchronous Reluctance Motors (SynRMs). To explore the design space of such motor technologies, fast, accurate and reliable calculation models, together with a proper understanding of the material characteristics and model limitations, are required. Therefore, the aim of the project is to investigate and develop semianalytical analysis tools for IM and SynRM design.

Progress A semi-analytical method called Harmonic Modeling Technique (HMT) has been investigated and implemented for IM and SynRM analysis. For IMs, the developed models (firugre) extend previous model implementations by considering a direct coupling between the magnetic and electric domains. Also, a new method to calculate leakage and fringing flux effects in IMs is proposed. The results of the semi-analytical calculations are validated against measurements performed on four existing IMs and it is found that the discrepancies are generally within 5-10%. Furthermore, for SynRMs, HMT is extended to include material property variations, such that saturation effects can be taken into account. Two prototype SynRMs have been designed and tested in order to validate the models. Currently, the validation of the SynRM models and the PhD thesis are being finalized.

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (May)

Information RLJ Sprangers T +31 (0)40 247 3553 E r.l.j.sprangers@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/epe

Figure: Example of the IM harmonic model. Scientific publications Sprangers, R.L.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Boynov, K., Lomonova, E.A. & Waarma, J., Comparison of two anisotropic layer models applied to induction motors, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 50(4), 2014, pp. 2533-2543. Sprangers, R.L.J., Motoasca, T.E. & Lomonova, E.A., Extended anisotropic layer theory for electrical machines, IEEE Trans. Magn., 49(5), 2013, pp. 2217-2220.

166 |

Department

Nanowire solar energy conversion

Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc AJ (Anthony) Standing Project aim

JEM Haverkort EPAM Bakkers PHL Notten

We investigate III/V semiconductor nanowire photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. Nanowires promise to combine a very high solar harvesting efficiency (41.6% photovoltaic conversion efficiency reported) with a large active surface for attaching the multi-electron catalyst. We propose to synthesize nanowires with multiple junctions to effectively harvest the entire solar spectrum and to attach a catalyst to the nanowire surface for efficient hydrogen production or CO2 conversion. Although III/V multi-junction cells are expensive, we will present in Section 11 a simple and economic approach for large scale direct hydrogen production or direct CO2 conversion, which also strongly limits the required amount of scarce materials.

Participants

Progress

AJ Standing

In the last year a large amount of work has been performed on the passivation of the nanowires used, to increase the stability thereof. Layers of electrochemically produced gallium oxide and ALD deposited aluminum oxide were studied. Using these oxides improved the stability from less than two hours to (in the case of aluminum oxide) up to 72 hours. The most interesting effect of these oxide layers was the surface passivation witnessed in the case of gallium oxide. By producing this oxide layer on the nanowire surface, and combining this layer with the platinum catalyst we double our efficiency, from the previously reported 1.5% to the now achievable 2.9%. The figure shows linear sweep voltammograms of the initial wires, the result with catalyst only, the result with oxide layer and catalyst, and also a planar sample.

Project leaders

Cooperations TU/e, Dept of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Energy Materials and Devices (EMD) group

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2011

JEM Haverkort T +31 (0)40 247 4205 E j.e.m.haverkort@tue.nl

I (mA/cm2)

Information

-2 -4 -6 -8

Nanowires Catalyst Oxide and Catalyst Planar

-10

EPAM Bakkers E e.p.a.m.bakkers@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/psn

-12 -0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

V (vs NHE)

Annual Research Report 2014

| 167

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Accelerated Trifluoromethylations by Means of Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis PhD student | Postdoc NJW (Natan) Straathof Project aim

NJW Straathof

The incorporation of fluorine or fluorinated moieties are of high interest in pharmaceutical industry, agro chemistry and material science, because of its unique properties and limited known methodologies. The presence of fluorine has a diminishing effect on the metabolic oxidation by cytochrome P450 oxidase and numerous other advantages for biological active molecules. This stimulated us to investigate new methodologies regarding the incorporation of fluorine or fluorinecontaining functionalities. One of the main pillars of this work is to exploit visible light photoredox catalysis as a mild strategy to overcome chemical transformations. However, by nature, photochemistry has known to have limitations. To overcome these limitations, we utilize microflow technology.

Funded by

Progress

Project leaders T Noël V Hessel

Participants

Marie Curie CIG ERC Adv Grant

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

The project is now in its third year, and a number of publications regarding the trifluoromethylation of hetero-arenes and hetero-atoms in batch and continuous flow has been developed and reported. As anticipated, the application of continuous flow clearly intensifies the reaction (efficient irradiation & mass-transfer) and demonstrated great potential towards scalability and more efficient use of photoredox catalysis.

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Information NJW Straathof T +31 (0)40 247 8287 E n.j.w.straathof@tue.nl

Figure: Schematic representation of the accelerated trifluoromethylation of hetero arenes in a continuous microflow reactor.

Scientific publications Straathof, N.J.W., Osch, D.J.G.P. van, Schouten, A., Wang, X., Schouten, J.C., Hessel, V. & Noël, T. (2014). Visible light photocatalytic metal-free perfluoroalkylation of heteroarenes in continuous flow. Journal of Flow Chemistry, 4(1), 12-17. Straathof, N.J.W., Gemoets, H.P.L., Wang, X., Schouten, J.C., Hessel, V. & Noël, T. (2014). Rapid trifluoromethylation and perfluoroalkylation of five-membered heterocycles by means of photoredox catalysis in continuous flow. ChemSusChem, 7(6), 1612-1617. Straathof, N.J.W., Tegelbeckers, B.J.P., Hessel, V., Wang, X. & Noël, T. (2014). A mild and fast photocatalytic trifluoromethylation of thiols in batch and continuous flow. Chemical Science, 5(12), 4768-4773. Su, Y., Straathof, N.J.W., Hessel, V. & Noël, T. (2014). Photochemical transformations accelerated in continuous-flow reactors: basic concepts and applications. Chemistry - A European Journal, 20(34), 10562-10589. Straathof, N.J.W., Hessel, V., Schouten, J.C. & Noël, T. (2014). Accelerated trifluoromethylations by means of visible light photoredox catalysis in microflow. Wageningen Symposium on Organic Chemistry 2014 (KNCV), 3 – 4 April 2014, Wageningen, Netherlands., Straathof, N.J.W., Hessel, V., Schouten, J.C. & Noël, T. (2014). Accelerated trifluoromethylations by means of visible light photoredox catalysis in microflow. International Conferences on MicroReaction Technology (IMRET13), 23-25 June 2014, Budapest, Hungary, Budapest, Hungary: Wolters Kluwer. Straathof, N.J.W., Hessel, V., Schouten, J.C. & Noël, T. (2014). Accelerated trifluoromethylations by means of visible light photoredox catalysis in microflow. Chemistry As Innovating Science 2014 (CHAINS 2014), 17 – 18 November 2014, Veldhoven, Netherlands.

168 |

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Kinetic studies and controlled production of gas-liquid photocatalytic transformations via photomicroreactors PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yuanhai) Su

Project aim This project aims to establish a strategy to sufficiently utilize the visible light to active the gas-liquid biphasic reactions with photocatalysts via microreactor technology. The compatibility between microreactors, light sources and solvents are carefully considered. In order to obtain the key factors Project leaders influencing photochemical transformations, the intrinsic kinetics that is closely associated to light T Noël illumination and photon transport distance is investigated for a model gas-liquid photocatalytic V Hessel system, under the elimination of mass transfer effect. Small-scale light sources (e.g. LEDs) are selected and matched with the capillary microreactors. The effects of some important parameters Participants such as photocatalyst loading, light sources, capillary diameter, energy emission flux, etc. on the Y Su photochemical performance are studied to prove the new concept ‘controlled photochemical transformations via microreactors’. The numbering-up principle is applied in order to increase the Funded by Marie Curie-Intra-European Fellowship throughput of capillary microreactors. Furthermore, the exact photon flux in microreactors is studied with both experimental and numerical methods in order to improve the utilization efficiency of European Union luminous energy.

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (March)

Information Y Su E y.su@tue.nl T Noël E t.noel@tue.nl

Progress The Marie Curie project (IEF, No 622415) is now in the first year. The advantages and challenges of microreactor technology for photochemical transformations have been thoroughly discussed, and thus an up-to-date overview of both technological and chemical aspects associated with photochemical processes in microreactors has been provided. A strategy for studying the intrinsic kinetics of gas-liquid photocatalytic processes via photomicroreactors has been proposed based on some dimensionless parameters (e.g. Hatta number). The effects of photocatalyst loading and photon flux on the photochemical performance in the capillary microreactors have been investigated. Furthermore, the controlling factors on the photochemical performance, such as electrical energy supply for LEDs, light reflector and reaction environment have been studied. In particular, both photonic efficiency and effective electricity-light transformation efficiency in photomicroreactors have been explored. Currently, the numbering-up of microreactors for gas-liquid photocatalytic processes is being conducted experimentally. The photon flux effectively absorbed by the reaction medium in microreactors is being investigated by both experimental and numerical methods.

Scientific publications Su, Y.H., Straathof, N J. W., Hessel, V, Noël. T, Photochemical Transformations Accelerated in Continuous-Flow Reactors: Basic Concepts and Applications. Chemistry - A European Journal, 2014, 20, 10562 -10589.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JFG Cobben

Participants Y Sun

Cooperations DNV GL Strategic Research and Innovation

Funded by DNV GL Strategic Research and Innovation

Smart grid control and protection in power electronic dominant grid: modeling, testing, and verification PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yin) Sun Project aim The aim of the project is to investigate the impact of large scale implementation of power electronics on the future distribution grid. In addition, the project focuses to provide power electronics solutions to support the future distribution grid with high degree of reliability, controllability and flexibility.

Progress The future of electricity distribution systems will become increasingly interconnected with the demand for heat and transportation while the future energy demand from heat and transportation sector is expected to be supplied by electricity, the successful transition towards a sustainable, reliable and affordable energy future is dependent on the clean energy production, such as renewables. A future electrification scenario is therefore envisaged where electricity is produced by renewable generation sources (such as wind, solar and biomass), and consumer heat/transportation demand is satisfied by HPs and PEVs. To cope with the envisaged future development in the LV network, where a high penetration of distinctive technologies (PVs, PEVs, and HPs etc.) appear in the LV feeders, a back-to-back converter concept, shown in figure, is proposed to offer not only continuous voltage control capability but also additional control functions needed for the future.

Funding % per money stream Industry

PV Feeder

100 %

≈

PEV Feeder ≈

HP Feeder

Start of the project Control Agent

2014 (July)

Information

≈

Y Sun T +31 (0)26 3562758 E y.sun@tue.nl

≈

Storage Device

≈

Control Agnet

Feeder Side Converter

≈

DC Storage Controller

Grid Side Converter

Mixed Feeder

≈

Control Agent

communication

Department

Power Electronics Controller

= ≈

Control

LV Bus

MV/LV Transformer Communication signal Control signal Power connection

MV Bus

Future LV Grid Flexible Interface MV External Grid

Figure: Future LV grid flexible interface concept.

Scientific publications -

170 |

Department

Nanophononics

Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc MY (Milo) Swinkels Project aim To study experimentally how nano engineering can improve the thermoelectric efficiency of semiconductor materials. This will be done by studying the thermoelectric properties of several types of nanowires.

Project leaders

Progress

EPAM Bakkers R van der Heijden

The measurement scheme has been developed and tested by measuring the thermal conductivity of InAs nanowires as a function of diameter. This has been proven succesfull and this measurement and analysis scheme can now be applied to a vaste range of wires.

Participants MY Swinkels

Cooperations -

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (January)

Information EPAM Bakkers T +31 (0)40 247 5170 E ebakkers@tue.nl

Figure: Thermal conducitivty of InAs nanowires around room temperature as a function of diameter. The blue dots are measured data, the red line is a fit taking into account thermal contact resistance.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 171

Department

Next generation micro-reactor for ultra-pure H2 production

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc L (Lianghui) Tan Project aim The objective of this research is to design a micro-fluidized bed membrane reactor for ultra-pure H2 production based on the studies in concerted action by detailed simulations using advanced fundamental models and advance experimental techniques.

Project leaders

Progress

M van Sint Annaland

L Tan F Gallucci N Dang

Bubble-to-emulsion phase mass transfer has been investigated by performing DPM simulations with gas component conservation calculation. The main characteristics of bubble-to-emulsion phase mass transfer are in line with previous experimental studies, especially for the fluidized beds using Geldart B-type particles. The bubble-to-emulsion phase mass transfer coefficients calculated from simulation results are in a good agreement with the predictions from Davidson and Harrison (1963) model. 90% of the draft thesis is finished.

Cooperations

Scientific publications

Lianghui Tan, Ivo Roghair, and Martin van Sint Annaland. "Simulation study on the effect of gas permeation on the hydrodynamic characteristics of membrane-assisted micro fluidized beds." Applied Mathematical Modelling (2014).

Participants

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2009 (January)

Information M van Sint Annaland T +31 (0)40 247 2241 E M.v.SintAnnaland@tue.nl W www.chem.tue.nl/smr

172 |

Department

HTAS: Light weight in-wheel module

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders

PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yang) Tang Project aim Optimal design of a novel type of electrical motor for the light-weight in-wheel module, including:  Development of an automated design tool using the chosen modeling method;  Optimal electromagnetic design using the developed design tool;  Optimal winding design based on study of winding topology;  Prototype realization and practical validation.

EA Lomonova

Participants Y Tang JHJ Paulides

Cooperations Teamwork Technology Teamwork Sustainable Investment Wolters Engineering Light Weight Structures Vredestein Apollo (a)

Funded by HTAS

(b)

Figure: dc-excited flux-switching motor (DCEFSM) design for the light-weight in-wheel module.

Funding % per money stream

Progress

NWO

 Investigated different motor topologies for DCEFSM.  Investigated the correlations between certain design parameters and the motor performance.  Investigated the field weakening in DCEFSM.  Defined design requirements and specification.  Proposed a design procedure.  Tested the benchmark motor.

100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information Y Tang T +31 (0)40 247 3553 E y.tang1@tue.nl

Scientific publications Tang, Y., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Analytical modeling of flux-switching in-wheel motor using variable magnetic equivalent circuits. ISRN Automotive Engineering, 2014, 1-11. Tang, Y., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Energy conversion in dc excited flux-switching machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 50(11), 8105004-1/4. Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, E. Lomonova, ‘Topologies of flux-switching machines for in-wheel traction’, COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, to be published. Y. Tang, T. E. Motoasca, J. J. H. Paulides, E. Lomonova, ‘Comparison of flux-switching machines and permanent magnet synchronous machines in an in-wheel traction application’, COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 32(1),153 – 165, 2013. Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, T. E. Motoasca, E. Lomonova, ‘Flux-switching machine with DC excitation’, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 48(11), 3583-3586, 2012. Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, K. V. Kazmin, E. Lomonova, ‘Investigation of winding topologies for permanent magnet in-wheel motors’, COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 31(1), 88-107, 2012.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department DIFFER

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders GC de Temmerman MCM van de Sanden

Participants I Tanyeli

Nanostructuring of metal surfaces by high fluxes of low energy He ion irradiation PhD student | Postdoc I (Irem) Tanyeli Project aim In this project, we investigate the surface modification on different metal surfaces (Fe, Ti, Al, Cu) under high flux of low energetic He ion irradiation. The nanostructured metal surfaces will be oxidized in the intended phase and then their photocatalytic activities will be tested.

Progress Nanostructure formation on Fe surface was obtained. The effects of surface temperature and He ion fluence on surface modification were studied. Ti, Al, Cu surfaces were exposed to He plasma to compare the surface modification on different metals.

Cooperations Centre for Energy Research, University of California San Diego (USA) Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage (the Netherlands)

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information I Tanyeli E i.tanyeli@differ.nl

174 |

Figure: SEM image of Fe surface after plasma exposure with the surface temperature of 700C for 20 minutes.

Scientific publications -

Department

HiCaps

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc G (Gabriel) Tibola Project aim The project aims for research, study and development of a high step-down voltage ratio auxiliary power supply. It is intended to be applied as a floating supply in a modular multilevel converter (MMC) for flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) or high voltage dc (HVDC) applications.

Project leaders

Progress

EA Lomonova

During the last year the following items were attended:  Literature review and solution (topology) suggestion;  Theoretical and mathematical analysis;  Design methodology;  Design example based in a desired specification;  Simulations tests;  Prototype design and development;  Experimental tests.

Participants G Tibola JL Duarte

Cooperations ABB KTH

Funded by KIC InnoEnergy

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information G Tibola T +31 (0)6 82078772 E g.tibola@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/epe

Figure: MMC topology with full-bridge integrated gate-commutate thyristor (IGCT) submodule showing the power supply unit (PSU) and gate drive units (GU).

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 175

Department

GEOCHAOS-geoscience meets chaos

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders MFM Speetjens F Toschi

Participants S Varghese RR Trieling

PhD student | Postdoc S (Stephen) Varghese Project aim Traditional approaches for underground gas and heat recovery suffer from incomplete throughflow of the production fluid due to “short-circuiting” via large fractures and relatively low diffusion towards fractures. The project adopts a radically different approach based on chaos theory which can significantly boost performance by (i) distributing production fluids throughout the entire reservoir and (ii) promoting diffusion of gas or heat towards fractures by inducing large gradients. Chaotic throughflow of reservoirs can in principle be induced by sophisticated exploration schemes. However, their design is far from trivial due to the multi-scale nature of the transport and a lacking computational approach that makes chaos theory accessible to reservoir simulation and analysis. Principal aim is development of a computational strategy that enables this new way of reservoir analysis. Key to this is definition of closure models by lattice Boltzmann simulations.

Progress

Cooperations Collaborative project TU/e (ET – WDY)

Funded by

Activities to date concentrated on familiarization with methods and concepts from chaos theory and the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). The figure below gives a first computational result: developing flow in a network of 5 parallel channels versus a porous medium (randomly generated porous network) using LBM.

FOM (CSER programme)

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (May)

Information MFM Speetjens T +31 (0)40 247 5428 E m.f.m.speetjens@tue.nl W www.energy .tue.nl F Toschi T +31 (0)40 247 3911 E f.toschi@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: Developing flow in a network of 5 parallel channels (top) versus a randomly generated porous network (bottom) using LBM for a fixed pressure drop. Shown are volutions of isocontours of the velocity magnitude in time (from left to right).

Scientific publications -

176 |

Department Applied Phyisics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders REI Schropp (TU/e, ECN) WMM Kessels

Participants LW Veldhuizen Y Kuang CHM van der Werf (ECN)

Cooperations Enery Center of the Netherlands (ECN) Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI, Republic of Korea)

Nanocrystalline silicon at high-rate for multi-junction solar cells PhD student | Postdoc LW (Pim) Veldhuizen Project aim Hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium (a-SiGe:H) is a low band gap semiconductor that can be used as active material in thin film silicon based solar cells. The direct nature of its band gap allows for the use of a very thin absorber layer and much shorter deposition times compared to microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H). a-SiGe:H deposited by conventional plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD) has proven to result in materials with low electrical quality when the band gap is lower than 1.5 eV. We investigate whether low band gap a-SiGe:H deposited by hot wire CVD (HWCVD) can be considered as active material for low cost thin film multijunction solar cells.

Progress The reaction flows, process pressure and substrate temperature of the HWCVD process have been carefully optimized to produce a-SiGe:H with high optical and electrical quality. We have demonstrated that our optimized materials have an ambipolar diffusion length of > 60 nm even at a band gap as low as 1.3 eV. We have incoperated these materials in single junction solar cells achieving an initial efficiency of 9.3%, which is the highest reported value for an a-SiGe:H solar cell made by HWCVD. Also we have deposited a-SiGe:H/a-Si:H tandem cells and a-SiGe:H/ a-SiGe:H/aSi:H triple cells reaching efficiencies up to 11%. We continued our study by comparing several types of light scattering substrates to maximize the absorption in the solar cells.

Funded by NanonextNL

Funding % per money stream University 25 % NWO 50 % Industry 25 %

Start of the project 2011 (November)

Information LW Veldhuizen T +31 (0)6 10971400 E l.w.veldhuizen@tue.nl

Figure: Arrays of a-Si:H and a-SiGe:H solar cells.

Scientific publications L.W. Veldhuizen, Y. Kuang, N.J. Bakker, C.H.M. van der Werf, S.-J. Yun, R.E.I. Schropp, (2014) Hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium by Hot Wire CVD as an alternative for microcrystalline silicon in tandem and triple junction solar cells. MRS Online Proceedings Library, 1666(Film-Silicon Science and Technology), 683-1/6.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Energy flows of the future

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc BFW (Nard) Vermeltfoort Project aim In this project a new innovative solution is researched to combine domestic heating, decentralized electricity generation and mobility. Calculations and simulations have shown that this combination is energetically, economically and environmentally positive.

Project leaders

Progress

LPH de Goey NJ Dam

The research started with literature research about energy use in developed countries. This gave insight in the past and future of fossil fuels, including their strengths and weaknesses. Energy usage of households has been analyzed and it was found that heating and mobility together consume more than 85% of the total energy used by an average household. Different domestic energy conversion mechanisms where compared on economic and environmental impact. A possible solution was investigated and proven to be energetically, economically and environmentally viable. The research will continue to experimentally validate these claims.

Participants BFW Vermeltfoort

Cooperations Liander BV

Funded by Liander BV

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information BFW Vermeltfoort T +31 (0)6 31032026 E B.F.W.Vermeltfoort@tue.nl

Figure: Comparison of different energy scenarios in 2050; energy demand vs electricity generation.

Scientific publications -

178 |

Department

Demostrator High-Power Converter

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc BJD (Bas) Vermulst Project aim Research and prototyping of next-generation power converters with improved efficiency and high power density.

Progress Project leaders

New topology defined. Prototype building in progress.

EA Lomonova

Scientific publications Participants BJD Vermulst

Cooperations EU ENIAC program

Funded by EPT300

Funding % per money stream University 50.0 % EU 16.5 % National Funding 33.5 %

Start of the project 2012

Vermulst, B.J.D. & Duarte, J.L. (2014). Losses evaluation of two-level and three-level PFC topologies based on semiconductor measurements. Conference Paper: 2013 IEEE ECCE Asia Downunder: 5th IEEE annual international energy conversion congress and exhibition: 3-6 June 2013, Melbourne, Australia, (pp. 1263-1267). IEEE Service Center. Vermulst, B.J.D., Duarte, J.L., Wijnands, C.G.E. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Single-stage three-phase AC to DC conversion with isolation and Bi-directional power flow. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2014), 29 October- 1 November 2014, Dallas, Texas, (pp. 4378-4383). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center. Vermulst, B.J.D. & Lomonova, E.A. (2014). Design, simulation and evaluation of GLIM-type selfoscillating audio amplifier. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE 2013, ECCE Europe), 3-5 September 2013, Lille, France, (pp. 1-9). Isolated high-efficiency DC/DC converter for photovoltaic applications, IECON2012. Control of a hysteretic electromagnetic electron lens system, IECON2012. Losses evaluation of two-level and three-level PFC topologies based on semiconductor measurements, ECCE2013. Design, simulation and evaluation of self-oscillating GLIM-type audio amplifier, EPE2013.

Information BJD Vermulst E b.j.d.vermulst@tue.nl T +31 (0)6 54235855

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders PPJ van den Bosch

Participants A Virag PMJ van den Hof A Jokic

Funded by -

Funding % per money stream -

Start of the project 2010 (March)

Balancing the electrical power systems: identification and control PhD student | Postdoc A (Ana) Virag Project aim There is a constant increase in the power system's complexity and uncertainty. Changes and uncertainty have been introduced by a different generation mix with a higher ratio of renewable energy sources (RES), e.g., wind farms or solar panels. Parameters critical for the stability, such as lumped inertia or damping of the system, are dependent on the ratio of RES in the power generation mix. Moreover, higher penetration of RES implies the increase in disturbances amplitude and frequency. The research is based on the following observations: (i) the rate of change of power system dynamics is larger than it was, (ii) the disturbances are increased in amplitude and frequency, which causes (iii) the necessity for changes in the balancing strategy.

Progress We formalized the balancing requirements as system properties under mild assumptions. Moreover, we defined a measure to compute the balancing cost as a system property. It is shown that the requirement on minimizing the costs is opposite to all the other requirements. We showed that in the future power system with high RES penetration, all the performance metrics increase in size compare to the low RES penetration case. In particular, a critical requirement will be the one on the standard deviation of the frequency deviation signal. The performance can be improved by the coordinated tuning of all the SC and PC parameters within the interconnected power system, changing the market design, or by adding synthetic inertial response from the RES.

Information A Virag T +31 (0)40 247 2654 E a.virag@tue.nl

Figure: Operations in power systems.

Scientific publications A. Virag, A. Jokić, P.P.J. van den Bosch, P.M.J. Van den Hof: Using market schedules to improve th secondary control design, 10 International Conference on the European Energy Markets, May, 27 – 31, 2013, Stockholm, Sweden. J.E.S. de Haan, A. Virag, I. Lampropoulos, J. Frunt, W.L. Kling: ACE-netting of Germany, Denmark, the th Netherlands and Switzerland, 11 International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems. L. Puglia, A. Jokić, A. Virag, A. Bemporad: A Stochastic Optimization Approach to Optimal Bidding on th Dutch Ancillary Services Markets, 10 International Conference on the European Energy Markets, May, 27 – 31, 2013, Stockholm, Sweden. A. Jokić, P.P.J. van den Bosch, A. Virag, W.H.A. Hendrix, L. Puglia, W. de Boer, R. Vujanic, F.A. Nobel: th Reliability and Efficiency at Global Level in Power Systems, 10 International Conference on the European Energy Markets, May, 27 – 31, 2013, Stockholm, Sweden . J.E.S. de Haan, A. Virag, W.L. Kling, Analysis of Predictability and Variability Challenges of Wind and th Solar Power, Proceedings of the 12 International Workshop Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power Transmission Networks Offshore Wind Farms, London, United Kingdom, October 2013. Concha, C.E., de Haan, J.E.S. ; Virag, A. ; Gibescu, M. ; Kling, W.L. Towards a pan-European energy balancing market: Exercise on coupling the United Kingdom and Continental Europe.

180 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

INCREASE - Increasing the penetration of renewable energy sources in the distribution grid by Developing control strategies and using ancillary services PhD student | Postdoc MM (Mohamed Mansoor) Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali Project aim

Participants

INCREASE will focus on how to manage renewable energy sources in LV and MV networks, to provide ancillary services (towards DSO, but also TSOs), in particular voltage control and the provision of reserve. INCREASE will investigate the regulatory framework grid code structure and ancillary market mechanisms, and propose adjustments to facilitate successful provisioning of ancillary services that are necessary for the operation of the electricity grid, including flexible market products.

MM Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali PH Nguyen

Progress

Project leaders WL Kling L Vandevelde

Cooperations Ghent University (Belgium) ELIA – TSO (Belgium) EANDIS – DSO (Belgium) Elektro Gorenjska –DSO (Slovenia) Liander – DSO (the Netherlands) Stromnetz Steiermark GmbH – DSO (Austria) Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece) Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft MBH (Austria) University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Korona d.d. (Slovenia) Mastervolt International BV (the Netherlands)

Funded by FP7-ENERGY-2013

Funding % per money stream -

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information MM Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali T +31 (0)40 247 8459 E m.m.viyathukattuva.mohamed.ali@tue.nl W http://www.project-increase.eu/

Figure: Implementation of Multi-Agent Systemfor increasing penetration of renewable energy sources.

Scientific publications Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali, M.M., Nguyen, P.H. & Kling, W.L. (2014). Applying agent-based control to mitigate overvoltage in distribution network. In Proceedings of the IEEE Young Researchers Symposium (YRS 2014), 24-25 April 2014, Ghent, Belgium (pp. 1-5). EESA. Viyathukattuva Mohamed Ali, M.M., Nguyen, P.H. & Kling, W.L. (2014). An integrated control for overvoltage mitigation in the distribution network. In Proceedings of the 5th IEEE PES ISGT (Innovative Smart Grid Technologies) Europe 2014 Conference, 15-18 October 2014, Istanbul, Turkey (pp. 1-6). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders F Gallucci M van Sint Annaland I Roghair

Participants RJW Voncken V Spallina JA Medrano Jimenez

Cooperations Shell ECN Sintef Air Products HyGear

Funded by TU/e

STW Funding % per money stream University 12.9 % STW 87.1 %

Start of the project 2013

Information RJW Voncken T +31 (0)40 247 8180 E r.j.w.voncken@tue.nl

182 |

Chemical looping reforming for pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture (ClingCO2) PhD student | Postdoc RJW (Ramon) Voncken Project aim  Gaining knowledge on hydrodynamics, transport phenomena and kinetics in a fluidized bed reactor with hydrogen permeable membranes and heterogeneously catalyzed chemical reactions.  Scale-up of the Membrane Assisted-Chemical Looping Reforming (MA-CLR) concept.  Describing the effect of solids circulation on the MA-CLR reactor system.  Determining and improving the accuracy of the simulated data by performing experiments.  Performing a detailed investigation on various important reactor parameters and phenomena.

Progress Discrete Element Method (DEM) codes, and a continuum model code are being developed to model fluidized bed membrane reactors. For the continuum model simulations, OpenFOAM is used to simulate various experimental fluidized bed membrane reactor set-ups. An in-house code, OpenFOAM and the open source DEM software LIGGGHTS / CFDEM are used for DEM simulations. For both the continuum model and the DEM models, the extraction and addition of gas via either immersed membranes or membranes in the fluidized bed walls are being investigated. This way, phenomena such as the occurrence of gas-pockets around and concentration polarization at the membranes can be understood and quantified. Extension and improvement of these hydrodynamics based models to mass and heat transfer, and chemical reactions are on-going topics during a large part of this project.

Scientific publications Medrano, J., Voncken, R.J.W., Roghair, I., Sint Annaland, M. van & Gallucci, F. (2014). Experimental and numerical study on gas pockets surrounding horizontally immersed membranes in fluidized beds. Proceedings of the XXI International Conference on Chemical Reactors, CHEMREACTOR-21, 22-25 September 2014, Delft, the Netherlands.

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JPMB Vermeulen (ASML)

Participants NH Vrijsen JW Jansen EA Lomonova

Cooperations ASML Bosch Rexroth Heidenhain Numeric Magnetic Innovations MI-Partners Philips Apptech Prodrive TU/e TU Delft Vision Dynamics

Funded by SenterNovem Province of Noord-Brabant Province of Limburg SRE

Funding % per money stream University NWO Industry

22.5 % 51.0 % 26.5 %

Start of the project 2009

Information EA Lomonova e.lomonova@tue.nl

Magnetic hysteresis phenomena in electromagnetic actuation systems PhD student | Postdoc NH (Nilles) Vrijsen Project aim Fundamental and applied research, for improvement of positioning devices that are compatible with demands of the next generation semiconductor systems (inspection and lithography). The following sub-targets have been identified; 1. Dynamic optimization of actuator and sensor locations for over-actuation and over-sensing of NRB structures. 2. Development of control strategies for dynamic effects in NRB structures. 3. Development of an actuator concept with optimal force distribution and predictability despite of non-linearity with regard to current and position. In this project electric energy is converged to thermal and magnetic energy, which is converged to mechanic energy. 4. Development of control strategies for electromagnetic effects with spatial distribution in NRB structures. 5. Development of transient thermal models for frequency dependent thermal sensitivity (drift) and real-time compensation strategies.

Progress The performed research regarding sub-target 3; Comparison between voice coil and reluctance actuators. An analytical reluctance actuator model is obtained, based on the magnetic equivalent circuit method describing the convergence from electric to thermal and magnetic energy, which results finally in mechanic energy. This actuator model is extended with a dynamic Preisach hysteresis model, which describes the magnetic energy inside the ferromagnetic core. This core magnetics is included to improve the force prediction for the highprecision application. Simulations including magnetic hysteresis effects are performed with a 2d/3d finite element method software. Finally, dynamic measurements are performed on an E-core reluctance actuator with a piezoelectric load cell and measurements are performed on a C-core actuator with an actuator test-rig based on a position feed-back loop with voice coil actuators. Public defense: October 27, 2014.

Scientific publications Vrijsen, N.H. (2014, October 27). Magnetic hysteresis phenomena in electromagnetic actuation systems. TUE: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (XX, 228 p. pag.) (Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven) (ISBN 978-90-386-3709-9). Prom./coprom.: prof.dr. E.A. Lomonova & dr.ir. J.W. Jansen. Vrijsen, N.H., Jansen, J.W. and Lomonova, E.A. (2013). ‘Prediction of Magnetic Hysteresis in the Force of a Pre-biased E-core Reluctance Actuator,’ Proceedings of the IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC), 2013, Chicago, Illinois, May 12–15, pp.704-711. Bao, J., Gysen, B.L.J., Vrijsen, N.H., Sprangers, R.L.J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2013). Optimization of the force density for medium-stroke reluctance actuators. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC), May 12–15, 2013, Chicago, Illinois (pp. 712-719). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center. Vrijsen, N.H., Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E.A. (2013). Force prediction including hysteresis effects in a short-stroke reluctance actuator using a 3d-FEM and the preisach model. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Linear Drives for Industry Applications (LDIA13), 7-10 July 2013, Hangzhou, China (pp. ID 362). Vrijsen, N.H., Jansen, J.W., Compter, J.C. & Lomonova, E.A. (2013). Measurement method for determining the magnetic hysteresis effects of reluctance actuators by evaluation of the force and flux variation. Review of Scientific Instruments, 84 (7):075003. Vrijsen, N.H., Jansen J.W., and Lomonova, E.A., ‘Force Prediction Including Hysteresis Effects in a Short-Stroke Reluctance Actuator Using a3d-FEM and the Preisach Model,’ Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 416-417 (2013) pp. 187-194. Vrijsen, N.H., Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E.A. (2012). ‘Finite element analysis and Preisach hysteresis model compared to measurements on a toroid’. Proceedings of the Sitxth IEEE Young Researchers Symposium in Electrical Power Engineering: challenges in sustainable electrical energy, 16 - 17 April, 2012, Delft, the Netherlands, (pp. 1-5). Vrijsen, N.H., Jansen, J.W. & Lomonova, E.A. (2012). ‘Comparison of magnetic hysteresis obtained from a 3D Finite element method, a Presiach hystesis model and measurements: Proceedings of IEEE Energy conversion congress and exhibition (ECCE), Sept 15-20, 2012 (pp.1-6). Vrijsen, N.H.; Jansen, J.W. and Lomonova, E.A. ‘Analysis of Magnetic Hysteresis in a High-Precision Ecore Reluctance Actuator Compared to Measurements,’ IEEE Proceedings of CEFC 2012, Oita, Japan, Nov. 2012. Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

High efficiency nano-structured solar cells

Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD students | Postdocs TTT (Thuy) Vu Y (Yingchao) Cui Project aim

Project leaders

We aim to fabricate high efficiency solar cells by using III-V semiconductor nanowires by optimizing the growth, optical and electrical quality of the nanowires; employing the advantages of nanowires for enhancing solar absorption. Finally, nanowire solar cells can more easily be stacked into a multijunction cell.

JEM Haverkort EPAM Bakkers

Progress

Participants TTT Vu Y Cui

During the last year we have successfully achieved 19.1% efficiency at 1 sun (to be certified) for a InP nanowire solar cell fabricated by top-down method (compared to 11.1 % we obtained in 2013). We are now working on the improvement of open circuit voltage and solar cell efficiency by optimizing the contacts and improving the nanowire surfaces.

Cooperations Philips

Funded by Agentschap NL

Funding % per money stream Agentschap NL 100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information JEM Haverkort T +31 (0)40 247 4205 E j.e.m.haverkort@tue.nl EPAM Bakkers E ebakkers@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/psn

184 |

Scientific publications L. Gao, Y. Cui, J. Wang, A. Cavalli, A. Standing, T. Vu, M. Verheijen, J. Haverkort, E. Bakkers, P. Notten, Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production on InP Nanowire Arrays with Molybdenum Sulfide Electrocatalysts, Nano Lett. 14, 3715 (2014). Y. Cui, J. Wang, S. Plissard, A. Cavalli, Thuy T.T. Vu, R. Veldhoven , L Gao , M. Trainor, M. A. Verheijen, J.E.M. Haverkort and E.P.A.M. Bakkers, Efficiency Enhancement of InP Nanowire Solar Cells by Surface Cleaning, Nano Lett. 13, 4113 (2013). Y.Cui, S. Plissard, J. Wang, Thuy T.T. Vu, E. Smalbrugge, E.J. Geluk, T. de Vries, J. Bolk, M. Trainor, M.A. Verheijen, J.E.M. Haverkort and E.P.A.M. Bakkers, InP nanowire array solar cell with cleaned th sidewalls, 39 IEEE Photovoltaics specialist conference, Tampa, Florida 2013. T. Vu, T. Zehender, M.A. Verheijen, J. Haverkort, E.P.A.M. Bakkers, High optical quality of single crystal phase wurtzite and zincblende InP nanowires, Nanotechnology 24, 115705 (2013). Y. Cui, J. Wang, S. Plissard, M. Trainor, T. Vu, T. Zehender, G. Immink, M.A. Verheijen, J. Haverkort and E.P.A.M Bakkers, InP nanowire solar cell with high open circuit voltage and high filling factor, Conference Paper: Optical Instrumentation for Energy and Environmental Applications, OSA 2012. 6. J. Wang, S. Plissard, M. Hocevar, T. Vu, T. Zehender, G. Immink, M. A. Verheijen, J. Haverkort, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, Position-controlled [100] InP Nanowire Arrays, Applied Physics Letters 100, 053107 (2012).

Department Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders V Hessel

Participants I Vural Gursel Q Wang

Cooperations -

PhD student | Postdoc I (Iris) Vural Gursel Project aim Process intensification through micro-process technology allows to reach processing far from state of the art. In the past, it was based mainly on transport intensification – mass and heat transfer. Recently, chemical intensification is increasingly explored using harsh process conditions to boost microprocessing. So the approach has been largely to focus on one equipment and its processing. However, consideration of the chemical process as a whole is also very important. Therefore, as third momentum, process-design intensification is developed and it heads for integrated and simplified smart-scaled (micro/meso) flow process design. It has two parts: process simplification and process integration. Process simplification is aimed to be achieved with direct instead of multi-step synthesis considering the cost, energy and environmental impact. Process integration is aimed by coupling of micro unit operations with flow separation in focus.

Progress

Funded by EU - Grant agreement no.: 26744

Funding % per money stream ERC

Novel Process Windows – Boosted Micro Process Technology Process Simplification and Integration

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (August)

Information I Vural Gursel T +31 (0)40 247 8299 E i.vural@tue.nl

For large scale adipic acid synthesis a new direct flow route was studied. To compare it with the twostep commercial route process simulations were done using Aspen. It revealed profound simplification of the process due to requirement of much less process units. Cost analysis showed this resulted in total purchase cost of equipment to be halved although more advanced microreactor is used. To design an energy efficient process for this novel route in particular considering its heat integration, pinch analysis is employed. With the use of the Aspen Energy Analyzer a heat exchanger network is designed (figure). Compared with the basic heat exchanger network where energy requirements are supplied with utility streams, the improved heat exchanger network designed enables 70% reduction in operating cost which enables to pay back the extra capital cost requirement in less than one year. Then, focus of the project was given towards flow separation. Metal catalyst scavenging was achieved in flow with a separation unit based on liquid extraction. It was coupled to the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reaction. Triazole product was attained at high yield and purity in a single stage. Currently, scale up of the separation unit is in focus using coiled flow inverter to give the required mixing efficiency at the higher flow rates. For the model extraction systems studied partition coefficient close to thermodynamic equilibrium is reached at flow rate up to 6 L/h.

Scientific publications Vural - Gursel, I., Wang, Q., Noël, T., Hessel, V., Kolb, G.A. & van Veen, A. (2014). Heat-integrated novel process of liquid fuel production from bio resources - process simulation and costing study. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 39, 931-936. Wang, Q., Vural - Gursel, I., Shang, M. & Hessel, V. (2013). Life cycle assessment for the direct synthesis of adipic acid in microreactors and benchmarking to commercial process. Chemical Engineering Journal, 234, 300-311. Vural - Gursel, I., Wang, Q., Noël, T. & Hessel, V. (2013). Implementation of heat integration for efficient process design of direct adipic synthesis in flow. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 35, 775-780. Vural - Gursel, I., Wang, Q., Noël, T., Hessel, V. & Tinge, J.T. (2013). Improving energy efficiency of process of direct adipic acid synthesis in flow using pinch analysis. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 52(23), 7827-7835. Vural - Gursel, I., Wang, Q., Noël, T., Hessel, V. & Tinge, J.T. (2013). Improving energy efficiency of process of direct adipic acid synthesis in flow using pinch analysis. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 52(23), 7827-7835.

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders M Creatore

Participants BL Williams S Karwal

Cooperations -

PhD student | Postdoc BL (Benjamin) Williams Project aim Working under the projects Solarflare and Desire, research has been focussed towards the development of thin-film CIGS solar cells, with my work specifically on the front and back contacts. This has involved the development of a high quality ZnO:Al transparent conducting oxide (TCO) by expanding thermal plasma chemical vapour deposition (ETP-CVD). Demonstration of the TCO on working CIGS devices (baseline by TNO) is to be carried out. The impact of the deposition process on the quality of the baseline device is also to be investigated. Research on front contacts also includes the development of buffer layers between TCO and active layers, including the use of i-ZnO for electrical stability. Research on back contacts for solar cells will focus on the development of selectively reflecting back contacts in ultra-thin CIGS cells (CIGS thickness < 500 nm), with the aim being to optimize light absorption in active layers of the device whilst minimizing CIGS usage.

Progress

Funded by Interreg Vlaanderen Nederland TKI Energy

Funding % per money stream NWO Industry

Transparent conducting oxides and interface engineering for thin-film solar cells

80 % 20 %

Start of the project

High quality ZnO:Al TCO grown by ETP-CVD has been demonstrated, reaching resistivities of -4 5∙10 Ω.cm for 100 nm films. Upon application of ZnO:Al onto full CIGS devices, efficiencies of 11% were initially achieved. Substrate temperature during deposition should be minimized in order to yield the best performances. Temperature related degradation of CIGS devices was investigated further and shown to be related to intrinsic defects in the baseline CIGS stacks. An electrical model was developed to quantify losses caused by such intrinsic defects and other factors. The model may be used for many thin-film solar cell technologies and can assist diagnosis of non-optimised cell structures. The ETP-CVD ZnO:Al process has been transferred to another reactor whereby control of substrate temperature is improved. CIGS efficiencies of 14% have now been demonstrated. Process development of materials for reflecting back contacts has begun (atomic layer deposition of HfN).

2013 (October)

Information BL Williams T +31 (0)6 81517814 E b.l.williams@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/pmp

Figure: Possible defects in a ZnO:Al/i-ZnO/CdS/CIGS/Mo solar cell. SCLC refers 9 to space-charge limited current. An electrical model has been developed to quantify the significance of each of these defects.

Scientific publications Expanding thermal plasma chemical vapour deposition of ZnO:Al layers for CIGS solar cells K.Sharma, B.L. Williams, A. Mittal, H.C.M. Knoops, B.J. Kniknie, N.J. Bakker, W.M.M. Kessels, R.E.I. Schropp, and M. Creatore. Int. J. Photoenergy (2014), Article ID 253140. Identifying Parasitic Current Pathways in CIGS Solar Cells by Modelling Dark J-V Response B.L. Williams, S. Smit, B. Kniknie, N.J. Bakker, W. Keuning, R.E.I. Schropp, M. Creatore Prog. Photovoltaics (2014), doi: 10.1002/pip.2582.

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Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders HJP Timmermans

Participants D Yang

Cooperations -

Funded by European Research Council

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project

Effects of dramatically increasing energy prices on dynamic repertoires of activity-travel behavior PhD student | Postdoc D (Dujuan) Yang Project aim 1.Better understanding of the effect a dramatically increasing energy prices on sustainable urban environments in terms of a series of indicators (mobility, accessibility, economic performance, energy use, social inclusion, etc), based on the dynamics of repertoires of activity-travel patterns. 2.Develop a model to measure the dynamics of activity-travel patterns under the impact of dramatically increasing energy price. 3.Guidelines about how effectiveness of energy pricing strategies can be improved, considering both primary and secondary effects.

Progress  Constructed a dynamic activity-travel model with pseudo panel data and analysis the dynamic effects of energy price on their activity-travel patterns.  Constructed a dynamic model with genius panel data collected by GPS and analysis the dynamics of their activity-travel patterns is influenced by energy price.  Developed a web-based stated adaptation experiment to measure people’s responses to accumulative energy charges under different contexts.  Designed and developed a comprehensive web-based stated adaptation experiment to collect respondents’ repertoires of in-home and out-of-home activity-travel patterns and energy consumption.

2009

Information D Yang T +31 (0)40 247 3044 E d.yang@tue.nl

Scientific publications Yang, D. and Timmermans, H.J.P. (2014). Effects of Urban Spatial Form on Individuals’ Footprints: Empirical Study Based on Personal GPS Panel Data from Rotterdam and Eindhoven Area. Procedia Environmental Sciences 22,169-177. Yang, D. and Timmermans, H.J.P. (2014). The Prevalence of Context-dependent Adjustment of Activity-travel Patterns in Energy Conservation Strategies: Results from a Mixture-amount Stated Adaptation Experiment. Transportation, accepted. Yang, D. & H.J.P. Timmermans (2014), Effects of fuel price on individual dynamic travel decisions: Binary probit selection model that uses GPS panel data, Transportation Research Record, 2412, 110. Yang, D, Timmermans, H.J.P. and Grigolon, A., (2013). Exploring Heterogeneity in Travel Time Expenditure of Aging Populations in the Netherlands: Results of a CHAID Analysis. Journal of Transport Geography, 33, pp. 170-179. Yang, D. and Timmermans, H.J.P., (2013). Analysis of Influence of Fuel Price on Individual Activitytravel Time Expenditure. Transport Policy, 30, pp. 40-55. Yang, D. and Timmermans, H.J.P., (2012). Effects of Fuel Price Fluctuation on Individual CO2 Traffic Emissions: Empirical Findings from Pseudo Panel Data. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 54(4), pp. 493-502. Yang, D. and Timmermans, H.J.P., (2011). Effects of Energy Price Fluctuation on Car-based Individual Activity-travel Behavior. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 20, pp. 547-557.

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Department

Humoresque

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EA Lomonova

Participants R Zanis A Borisavljevic JW Jansen

Cooperations -

PhD student | Postdoc R (Reyhan) Zanis Project aim The goal of this multidisciplinary project is to design and realize an advanced, human-like robotic finger. The particular research focus within the project is on the finger joint actuator design, which requires a high torque density.

Progress Two types of actuators have been proposed for the robotic finger, namely direct-drive motor and magnetic-geared motor. For each of them, a design optimization procedure based on an analytical model has been developed. By combining this procedure with the kinematic and dynamic descriptions of a robotic finger, a finger based on a specific actuator type is designed given specifications such as geometric dimensions, fingertip static force and dynamic trajectory. A robotic finger based on directdrive motor was finally chosen to be manufactured due to its compactness and simplicity. In addition to the robotic finger design, further investigations of the magnetic-geared motor were performed in order to minimize its overall dimension. The investigations include a feasibility study of using solid ferromagnetic cores in magnetic gears and design optimization by taking into account magnetic saturation.

Funded by SMAC – Moving Coil Actuators

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (March)

Information R Zanis T +31 (0)40 247 5552 E r.zanis@tue.nl

Figure: Screenshot of the developed design optimization software for magnetic gears.

Scientific publications R. Zanis, A. Borisavljevic, J. W. Jansen and E. A. Lomonova, “Iron loss investigation of miniaturized magnetic gears having solid cores”, Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), pp. 3078-3082, IEEE, 2014. R. Zanis, A. Borisavljevic, J. W. Jansen and E. A. Lomonova, “Modeling, design and experimental validation of a small-sized magnetic gear”, Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), pp. 560-565, IEEE, 2013. R. Zanis, T. E. Motoasca and E. A. Lomonova, “Trade-offs in the implementation of rigid and th intrinsically compliant actuators in biorobotic applications”, Proceedings of the 2012 4 IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotic and Biomechatronics (BioRob), pp. 100-105, IEEE, 2012.

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Department

NANOMATCELL

Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders M Creatore

PhD student | Postdoc V (Valerio) Zardetto Project aim The objective of the project is the investigation of ultra-thin metal oxide films synthetized by means of atomic layer deposition (ALD). The aim is the passivation of the surface of the nanostructured novel electron acceptor based on Bi2S3 nanocrystals (NCs) and/or nanowires (NWs) for hybrid solid state solar cells devices. The complex 3D geometries of the electron acceptors requires novel designs of ALD processes of the selected metal oxides. In addition, low temperature ALD o (T ≤ 150 C) of selected metal oxides is included in the investigation with the purpose of developing processes compatibles with thermally sensitive layers of the device.

Participants V Zardetto WMM Kessels

Cooperations Imperial College London Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne Institut De Ciences and Fotonique G24i Power University of Rome-Tor Vergata

Progress The investigations carried out in the last year led to the optimization of low temperature ALD process parameters in order to obtain a sub-nanometer control of the growth of Al2O3 film on Bi2S3 NCs (see figure) and NWs. The results exclude the contribution of CVD during the ALD growth. We identified also an interesting difference in the growth per cycle (GPC) value compared to the GPC on silicon wafer which is related to the high surface reactivity of the Bi2S3. Finally the application of Al2O3 passivation layer on Bi2S3 NWs-based device led to a slight improvement of the solar cell performance. The introduction of Al2O3 layer enables the reduction of recombination process but at the same time leads to the decrease of hole charge transfer mechanism from Bi2S3 NWs to the hole transport material.

Funded by ENERGY.2012.10.2.1 (grant agreement no. 308997)

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information V Zardetto T +31 (0)40 247 5617 E v.zardetto@tue.nl W http://nanomatcell.icfo.eu/ http://www.phys.tue.nl/pmp/ Figure: TEM analysis of a) Al2O3 grown in OpAl on Bi2S3 NCs b) Al2O3 grown on Bi2S3 in FlexAl with the modified recipe.

Scientific publications Garcia-Alonso Garcia, D., Zardetto, V., Mackus, A.J.M., Rossi, F. De, Verheijen, M.A., Brown, T.M., Kessels, W.M.M. & Creatore, M. (2014). Atomic layer deposition of highly transparent platinum counter electrodes for metal/polymer flexible dye-sensitized solar cells. Advanced Energy Materials, 4(4):1300831. V. Zardetto, F. Di Giacomo, T.M. Brown, A. Di Carlo, A. D’Epifanio, S. Licoccia, W.M.M. Kessels, and M. Creatore ; “Atomic layer deposition for interface engineering in dye sensitized and perovskite solar cells”, Materials Matters, 2014.

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Molecular Dynamics Study on Sugar Alcohol based Phase Change Materials PhD student | Postdoc H (Huaichen) Zhang Project aim

H Zhang

Molecular Modeling of Sugar Alcohols as Seasonal Heat Storage Materials. Sugar alcohols (SA) and their eutectic mixtures are promising seasonal heat storage medium. These materials are environmentally friendly, low cost, and high in storage capacity. In the summer, SA is heated and melted to store the heat. Because of the large subcooling effect, SA can remain in liquid state at very low temperature without solidification. In the winter, the latent heat is discharged by triggering nucleation via mechanical shock. Nevertheless, the low nucleation rate and unpredictable growth pattern hinder the heat transfer process, resulting in poorly controlled discharge power and introduces difficulties in large scale industrial applications. Using molecular modeling methods, we can tackle the details during the nucleation process, depict the free energy landscape, and propose possible solutions to increase the nucleation and crystal growth kinetics.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders DMJ Smeulders SV Gaastra-Nedea CCM Rindt

Participants

CNRS-12M

The interfacial free energy of SA is studied. The large anisotropic free energy values may account the dramatic dendritic growth behaviors observed in the experiments. The vibrational density of state throughout the melting process is calculated using molecular dynamics simulations. At the point where phase transition happens, many thermodynamic properties change instantly.

Funded by EU-FP7

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

SOLID

Start of the project

LIQUID

2012 (September)

Information H Zhang T +31 (0)40 247 3172 E h.zhang@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/ medewerker/ep/e/d/ep-uid/ 20117603

Figure: The three most promising SAs as seasonal heat storage material and a simulation of xylitol solid liquid interface.

Scientific publications Zhang, H., Iype, E., Gaastra - Nedea, S.V. & Rindt, C.C.M. (2014). Molecular dynamics study on thermal dehydration process of epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O). Molecular Simulation, 40(14), 1157-1166. Zhang, H., Wissen, R.M.J. van, Gaastra - Nedea, S.V. & Rindt, C.C.M. (2014). Characterization of sugar alcohols as seasonal heat storage media - experimental and theoretical investigations. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the Advances in Thermal Energy Storage, EUROTHERM 99, 28-30 May 2014, Lleida, Spain, (pp. EUROTHERM99-01-020). Lleida, Spain. Zhang, H., Gaastra - Nedea, S.V., Rindt, C.C.M., Zondag, H.A. & Smeulders, D.M.J. (2014). Prediction of anisotropic crystal-melt interfacial free energy of sugar alcohols through molecular simulations. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 15th International Heat Transfer Conference (IHTC-15), August 10-15, 2014, Kyoto, Japan, (pp. IHTC15-8636). Begell House. Zhang, H., Iype, E., Gaastra - Nedea, S.V. & Rindt, C.C.M. (2013). Molecular dynamics study on thermal dehydration process of epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O). Molecular Simulation, accepted or in press. Goga, N., Rzepiela, A., Melo, M.N., Vries, A.H. de, Hadar, A., Markvoort, A.J., Gaastra - Nedea, S.V. & Berendsen, H. (2012). Methods for multiscale modeling of membranes. In Iglic, A. (Ed.), Advances in planar lipid bilayers and liposomes, (pp. 139-170). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

190 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels ■ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EJM van Heesch

Participants J Zhang J Teunissen

Cooperations CWI TU/e

Exploring a new medium for high-power switching: supercritical fluids PhD student | Postdoc J (Jin) Zhang Project aim Study the high power switching phenomena in supercritical fluids, as well as the recovery velocity of the supercritical medium after the breakdown. Feasibility of circuit breakers with supercritical fluid insulating will be studied on the bases of knowledge gained via experiments and modelling.

Progress Jin Zhang has intensively worked on the experimental and theoretical analysis of switching in supercritical fluids. Experiments of arc interruption testing on SC switches are proceeded. A theoretical model for the switching in SCFs has been developed and published. Jin Zhang has worked on the writing of her PhD thesis and preparing for her defense which will be held in May 2015. Public defense scheduled: May 2015.

Scientific publications

Funded by Oranjewoud KEMA ABB Siemens

J. Zhang, E.J.M. van Heesch, F.J.C.M. Beckers, T. Huiskamp, A.J.M. Pemen, “Breakdown Voltage and Recovery Rate Estimation of a Supercritical Nitrogen Plasma Switch”, IEEE transactions on Plasma Science, vol.42, no.2, pp.376-383, 2014 .

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

75 % 25 %

Start of the project 2010 (August)

Information EJM van Heesch T +31 (0)6 21268881 E E.J.M.v.Heesch@tue.nl J Zhang T +31 (0)40 247 4494 E jin.zhang@tue.nl

Annual Research Report 2014

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192 |

3.3 Research projects □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

About forty percent of all the world’s fossil fuels is used for operating buildings. There is so much to gain !

Annual Research Report 2014

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194 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders W Zeiler WL Kling

Participants KO Aduda G Boxem Y Zhao

Cooperations Kropman Installatietechniek Almende BV CVI

Funded by RVO (Rijksdienst Voor Ondernemend Nederland) within the TKI Switch2SmartGrid program

Smart Grid - BEMS: the art of optimizing The connection between comfort demand and energy supply PhD student | Postdoc KO (Kennedy) Aduda Project aim The project aims at developing a new generation Building Energy Management System with improved capacity for comfort and smart electrical energy management. This is crucial taken that buildings in the changing electricity supply chain management at low voltage levels must be able to act as generators in addition to the traditional role as loads (see figure). The project aim will be achieved by: (1) identifying and quantifying electrical energy flexibility in building processes and operations, and (2) integrating the identified flexibility in building management for smart scenarios during interactions with electrical power grid using. The second objective will be achieved using multi-agent systems (MAS) approach; this approach allows for easy integration of user activity level and behaviour apart from ensuring near real-time/dynamic intelligence that is essential in flexible operations.

Progress Initial results indicate that for office buildings electrical energy flexibilities in terms of peak load reduction exists in the range of approximately 30% and 35% for ventilation and humidification processes respectively. These results were obtained for short durations of flexible operations. However, further experiments are needed with fine grained data to practically demonstrate aggregated flexibility of whole building on a dynamic scale (processes, occupancy, integrated control) and also overall effects at built environment level.

Funding % per money stream TKI

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (March)

Information T +31 (0)40 247 3714 E w.zeiler@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/en/university/ departments/built-environment/ staff/detail/ep/e/d/ep-uid/ 20012047/ Figure: The place of Building Energy Management Systems in harnessing electrical energy flexibility, focus on the changing electricity supply chain management at Low Voltage Levels, adapted from IEADSM 2008.

Scientific publications Aduda, K.O., Zeiler, W. & Boxem, G. (2014). A multi agent system framework for value focused interactions between buildings and electrical grids. International Conference on intelligent Green Buildings and Smart Grids(IGBSG), 23-25 April 2014, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 1-4. Aduda, K.O., Zeiler, W., Boxem, G. & Bont, K de (2014). On the use of electrical humidifiers in office buildings as a demand side resource, Procedia Computer Science, 32, pp. 723-730. Aduda, K.O., Mocanu, E., Boxem, G., Nguyen, P.H., Kling, W.L. & Zeiler, W. (2014). The potential and possible effects of power grid support activities on buildings: an analysis of experimental results for ventilation system. Proceedings of the 49th Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC 2014), 2-5 September 2014, Cluj-Napoca, Romania., pp. 1-6. Aduda, K.O., Thomassen, T.P.W., Zeiler, W., Labeodan, T.M., Boxem, G., Velden, J.A.J. van der & Dubbeldam, J.W. (2014). The human in the loop: an approach to individualize smart process control, Procedia Environmental Sciences 22, pp. 302-312. Mocanu, E., Aduda, K.O., Nguyen, P.H., Boxem, G., Zeiler, W., Gibescu, M. & Kling, W.L. (2014). Optimizing the energy exchange between the smart grid and building systems. Proceedings of the 49th International Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2-5 September 2014, ClujNapoca, Romania.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 195

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders WL Kling PF Ribeiro

SMART energy homes and the smart grid: a framework for intelligent energy management systems for residential customers PhD student | Postdoc B (Ballard) Asare-Bediako Project aim Development of an integrated framework for energy management system in the housing/built environment, where decentralized and renewable energy sources are intelligently integrated with various smart loads and intelligently managed in a sustainable way.

B Asare-Bediako

 Functional description of integrated energy management system at housing level.  A framework for an energy management system with the appropriate detailed configurations.  Simulation and test results that provide insight into the feasibility of an integrated energy management system.

Cooperations

Progress

Participants

Laborelec GDF SVEZ DWA installaties en energieadvies Eaton

Funded by

The project is near completion. The main tasks as mentioned under the project aims have been fulfilled. The past year was dedicated to designing the control strategy and simulating and testing a multi-agent based home energy management system. Public defense: December 11, 2014.

Agentschap NL

Funding % per money stream Agentschap NL 100 %

Start of the project 2010 (September)

Information B Asare-Bediako T +31 (0)40 247 5726 E b.asare.bediako@tue.nl Figure: Agent-based home energy management systems integrating with smart meters, smart loads and external parties.

Scientific publications Asare-Bediako, B. (2014). SMART energy homes and the smart grid: a framework for intelligent energy management systems for residential customers. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.ir. W.L. Kling & prof.dr.ir. J.F.G. Cobben). Asare-Bediako, B., Kling, W.L. & Ribeiro, P.F. (2014). Future residential loads profiles: scenario-based analysis of high penetration of heavy loads and distributed generation. Energy and Buildings, 75, 228-238. B. Asare-Bediako, P.F Ribeiro, W.L. Kling, (2013). ‘Multi-agent system architecture for smart home energy optimization’, 4th IEEE PES International Conference and Exhibition on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Europe), 2013, Copenhagen, Denmark. B. Asare-Bediako, P.F Ribeiro, W.L. Kling, (2013). ‘Integrated Home Energy Management Systems for Smart Grid Applications’, 4th IEEE PES International Conference and Exhibition on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Europe), 2013, Copenhagen, Denmark. B. Asare-Bediako, P.F Ribeiro, W.L. Kling, (2013). ‘Day-Ahead Residential Load Forecasting with Artificial Neural Network using Smart Meter Data’, Proceedings of IEEE PES PowerTech, 16 – 20 June 2013, Grenoble, France.

196 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EF Steennis PAAF Wouters

Participants F Barakou

Cooperations TenneT

Funded by TenneT

Funding % per money stream Industry

Transient modelling and monitoring of EHV/HV transmission system PhD student | Postdoc F (Fani) Barakou Project aim The electricity transmission operator in the Netherlands and a large part of Germany (TenneT) has realized a 10 km long 400 kV underground cable transmission system in the Netherlands which is the first long underground power cable in a transmission network.  Future cable installations, both in the Netherlands and Germany will lead to new situations concerning the impact on lf and hf phenomena from switching activities, lightning strikes or network faults for which the modelling work needs to further be developed.  A number of measuring systems, already installed on a line-cable-line system, is producing data that needs to be analyzed for voltage transients, current transients and partial discharges.

Progress  A literature review, concerning transient phenomena in power systems, is underway.  Study of the effect of Substation, EHV/HV Overhead Lines by EHV/HV Underground cables on resonant grid behavior.  Study of the two models that have already been developed, simulating the resonant behavior of the cable installation and the whole Dutch 380kV grid.  A study concerning the distribution of overvoltages, of the simulated Dutch 380kV grid, due to switching actions in respect with the switching timing is underway.

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (November)

Information F Barakou T +31 (0)40 247 3560 E f.barakou@tue.nl

Figure: The Dutch 380kV transmission system and its substations (cables are located between Wateringen and Bleiswijk.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 197

Department

Smart Planning

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc R (Raoul) Bernards Project aim

R Bernards

In sight of the progressing energy transition towards a sustainable society we are at the dawn of a fundamental change in the way we generate and consume our electricity and utilize our grids. To facilitate and stimulate the transition and cope with its effects, innovative smart grid technologies are being developed. To sensibly and optimally integrate these new innovations, subject to the sometimes conflicting goals of different stakeholders, the classical approach to network planning will no longer suffice. The goal of the Smart Planning project is to provide insight into the overall costs and benefits of the smart grid and its related technologies and integrate these into the network planning process such that the future electricity network can be designed in an efficient and effective way and its capacity and flexibility can be optimally exploited by all stakeholders.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders JG Slootweg J Morren

Participants

Enexis Stedin Alliander Rendo TU Dortmund ETH Zürich ABB EWZ

An extensive literature survey was carried out, investigating active research topics relevant for future distribution network planning. An overview is composed of recent developments and promising techniques in modelling of future load profiles, (integration of) smart grid expansion options (e.g. as in the figure), smart market concepts and planning optimization tools and processes. Challenges are identified and the focus of the further research is determined. At this moment the current practice of distribution network planning at several Dutch grid operators is being investigated.

Funded by TKI Switch2Smartgrids

Funding % per money stream University 30 % EZ 60 % Industry 10 %

Storage

Online reconfiguration

On-load tap changer

Start of the project 2014 (March)

Demand side Management

Information R Bernards T +31 (0) 6 23213867 E r.bernards@tue.nl

Figure: Example of several ‘smart grid expansion options’.

Scientific publications R. Bernards, J. Morren, J.G. Slootweg, 2014, “Maximum PV-penetration in low-voltage cable networks”, Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Young Researchers Symposium, 24-25 April 2014, Ghent, Belgium.

198 |

Department

Optimization of Multi-Energy Systems for Smart Cities

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc I (Iris) van Beuzekom Project aim

Participants

To enable sustainable development of cities, expanding the concept of Smart Grids beyond electricity is essential. This is called a multi-energy system (MES). Implementing renewable energy resources requires a more flexible and more resilient energy system than currently present. MES allow more efficient integration of these renewable energy resources. This research aims to enable cities to apply multi-energy systems and reach their sustainability goals. Several future scenarios of national and international pilot cities will be determined. Consequently, the operation of these scenarios will be optimized using MES. Finally, the planning steps to reach those scenarios from the current situation of these cities will be modeled.

I van Beuzekom M Gibescu

Progress

Project leaders JG Slootweg

Cooperations TBD

Funded by ITS-ECO

Viewing the energy problem from a multi-energy and city perspective creates increased degrees of freedom, allowing for increased efficiency improvements. However, it also significantly increases the complexity of the system, making it difficult to model. As such, it is crucial to build upon existing work in this area. Current methodologies to assess the use of MES models in energy system planning and operation, do not explicitly review the application in Smart City development. As such, a first paper has been made to further analyze these models and provide a review of those specifically applicable to a city scale.

Funding % per money stream Industry

EVALUATION CRITERIA D

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information

I van Beuzekom T +31 (0)40 247 3993 E i.v.beuzekom@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/ees

TODAY

FUTURE

Figure: Schematic of Multi-Energy System modeling approaches.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 199

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders L Verheijen (Enexis BV) S Weiland

Participants C Bikcora

Cooperations -

PhD student | Postdoc C (Can) Bikcora Project aim The large charging power used by the electric vehicles is a potential risk for overloading low voltage cables and transformers. This risk can be mitigated by smart charging, a concept where the charging is controlled based on the available charge capacity, as opposed to uncontrolled charging where electric vehicles are charged whenever they are plugged in. In determining the available capacity, the most crucial element is the forecast of the electricity (load) use. By improving the accuracy of such predictions, controlled (smart) charging can be better realized. Therefore, this project aims to realize an accurate, robust, and practical prediction mechanism for the forecast of the electricity demand. In particular, the algorithm should be fast to provide the predictions at hundreds of thousands of locations in the grid and remain reliable under varying operating conditions (e.g. weather conditions, the level of distributed generation, etc.).

Progress

Funded by Enexis BV

Funding % per money stream Industry

Electricity demand forecasting for smart charging of electric vehicles

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

In addressing the needs above, a fully probabilistic approach (to produce density forecasts) has been adopted in modeling the load demand. The mean behavior is captured by an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model whereas the variance (volatility) is modeled by means of a GARCH or simpler models. Having solved the issues of error correlation and heteroscedasticity in this way, the multi-step ahead forecasts are produced by Monte Carlo runs due to the remaining non-Gaussian noise. Gaussian approximations and also less complicated models are also currently researched. In evaluating the performance, probabilistic criteria are used, such as rank histograms and counting the number of violations of a prediction interval for validation. Initial investigations of this predictive model is shown to be promising.

Information C Bikcora T +31 (0)6 21966989 E c.bikcora@tue.nl W www.smartcharging.nl

Figure: Fanplot showing the realized load (red) and several of the percentiles from the forecasted density, illustrated for the duration of 1 day.

Scientific publications -

200 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders WL Kling

Participants N Blaauwbroek M Gibescu PH Nguyen GJM Smit A Molderink M Roggenkamp HHB Vedder D Kuiken

DISPATICH - Distributed Intelligence for Smart Power routing and mATCHing PhD student | Postdoc N (Niels) Blaauwbroek Project aim Uncertainties resulting from stochastic intermittent renewable power generation as well as energyintensive appliances (e.g. electrical vehicles, heat pumps) make it increasingly difficult to balance supply and demand and to control the network in real time. To achieve reduction of these uncertainties, smart energy systems formed by merging information and communication technologies together with the power grid will play an important role in future distribution systems. The aim of the project is to develop a decentralized implicit interaction framework between at the one hand the electricity markets for supply and demand matching, and at the other hand the control mechanisms from grid operators to keep the system within secure bounds. This way, better plannings can be realized and optimal set points can be provided for local controllers in the distributen grid. This will be supported by appropriate legal and organization frameworks.

Progress

Cooperations Alliander NV Enexis BV Cofely Energy & Infra BV IBM Netherlands BV Locamation Beheer BV NV Nederlandsche Apparatenfabriek DNV KEMA

To develop proper control strategies to prevent operation limit violations (for example over voltage in the network due to a high penetration of photovoltaics as shown in figure), monitoring capabilities for the distribution network have to be extended. In order to achieve this, a simulation platform will be developed that is capable to do performance assessment of different monitoring applications. This simulation platform will be capable of simulating a full model of a 3-phase power system is, including neutral, grounding and mutual impedances. Models of measurement equipment and communication systems can be deployed to take measurements and communicate this with the monitoring applications, after which the impact of measurement accuracy, communication latency, throughput and packetloss for the monitoring accuracy can be studied. Once done, proper control applications can be developed on top of the monitoring extensions.

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream NWO (STW)

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (August)

Information N Blaauwbroek T +31 (0)6 30851142 E n.blaauwbroek@tue.nl

Figure: Voltage occurances with high penetration of PV for different nodes throughout the day.

Scientific publications Blaauwbroek, N., Issicaba, D. & Pecas Lopes, J. (2014). Multi-agent scheme to handle flexible loads on low voltage distribution grids. Conference Paper: Proceediings of the 18th Power Systems Computation Conference, August 18-22, 2014, Wroclaw, Poland, (pp. 1-7). Wroclaw.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 201

Department

Personal Control over Indoor Climate in Office Buildings

Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders

PhD student | Postdoc A (Atze) Boerstra Project aim The primary aim of this PhD study is to investigate the mechanism behind availability and (objective and perceived) quality of indoor climate control devices and comfort, health and productivity of office building users. The second aim is to allow for better informed design decisions to better position personal control over indoor climate in the design process of office buildings.

JLM Hensen

Progress A Boerstra MGLC Loomans

Cooperations Danish Technical University: International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy

Funded by BBA Binnenmilieu

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information A Boerstra T +31 (0)10 2447025 W ab-bba@binnenmilieu.nl

A field study (that already started in 2011) in 9 office buildings has been concluded mid 2012; the study was conducted in cooperation with 2 Master students. A lab study (done in cooperation and at the Danish University of Technology) has been initiated and executed, in cooperation with 1 Master student. Several conference papers were published and presented at international conferences (see below). Also 1 journal paper was written and published. For an example of the figures presented in the scientific paper: see the figure below.

Perceived temperature in winter (uncomfortable 1-7 comfortable)

Participants

7 ρs = 0.40 2-tailed p < 0.00 n = 64 buildings

6 5 4 3 2 1 1

3 4 5 6 Perceived control over temperature (none 1-7 full)

Figure: 5 Perceived control over temperature versus perceived temperature (comfortable - uncomfortable) 4.5 during winter (figure from the Architectural Science Review article mentioned in the main text) . 4 Scientific3.5 publications Boerstra, A.C., 3 Loomans, M.G.L.C. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). Personal control over indoor climate and productivity. 2.5 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (Indoor Air 2014), 7-12 July 2014, Hongkong, China, (pp. 1-8). Hongkong. 2 Beuker, T., Loomans, M.G.L.C. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2013). Impact of available and Boerstra, A.C., 1.5 perceived control on comfort and health in European offices. Architectural Science Review, 56(1), 30-41. 1 Boerstra, A.C., 0.5 Loomans, M.G.L.C. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2013). Personal control over temperature in winter in Dutch office buildings. HVAC&R Research, 19(8), 1033-1050. 0 Kulve, M. te, Boerstra, A.C., Toftum, J. & Loomans, M.G.L.C. (2013). Effect of personal control over 1 3 setting. Conference 4 5 Proceedings 6 7 thermal environment in a2laboratorium Paper: of the 11th REHVA World Congress & 8th International Conference on IAQVEC (CLIMA 2013), "Energy efficient, smart and healthy buildings", 16-19 June 2013, Prague, Czech Republic, (pp. 1-10). Boerstra A.C., Beuker T.C., Loomans M.G.L.C. & Hensen J.L.M. (2013). Impact of available and perceived control on comfort and health in European offices. Architectural Science Review, Vol. 56, Issue 1, 2013. Boerstra, A.C., Beuker, T.C., Loomans, M.G.L.C. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2012). Impact of perceived control on comfort and health in European office buildings. Proceedings paper: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Healthy Buildings 2012, 8-12 July 2012, Brisbane, Queensland, (pp. 1-6). Brisbane: International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate - ISIAQ.

202 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders B de Vries Q Han

Participants HC (Hung Chu) Chen

Cooperations -

Funded by Scholarship for studying abroad, Ministry of Education, Taiwan (ROC) Delta/ NTIO (the Netherlands Trade and Investment Office) Joint Environmental Scholarship

Funding % per money stream Scholarships

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Interaction between Land Use, Energy Consumption and Temperature on the City Scale PhD student | Postdoc HC (Hung Chu) Chen Project aim The aim of this research is to develop an urban interaction model for the local government to simulate various scenarios. Local government could use it to access their future urban plans and policies that deal with the climate change, in particular UHI, by reducing the temperature fluctuation while also reduce the energy usage. The interaction between land use (L), energy consumption (E) and temperature (T) change is the main focus of this research. Targets of this research can be summarized as: 1. Finding out the relation of land use, energy consumption and temperature fluctuation in a city scale. 2. Building up L-E-T interaction model to optimize the land use planning in the future. 3. Promoting the policy maker and land use planner to plan an ecocity with lower energy onsumption. 4. Strategically dealing with the city +2°C temperature increasing in 2050 (KNMI, 2006).

Progress During the first year of the PhD project, following progress has been achieved:  Refined the research framework and the research proposal.  Reviewed the literature and theoretical background.  Categorized spatiotemporal land use model into: sustainable spatial planning with land use, energy, climate change and master plan.  Divided spatial analysis tools into four categories: information entropy theory, GIS system and remote sensing image, landscape ecology method and mathematical method.  Collected the data in Rotterdam: land use types from DANs, energy consumption from Gemeente Rotterdam, and thermal infrared images (TIRs) from USGS.  Started to develop the Land Use & Energy & Temperature Map Explorer (figure).

Information HC Chen T +31 (0)40 247 8341 E h.c.chen@tue.nl

Figure: Land Use & Energy & Temperature Map Explorer.

Scientific publications Chen, H. C., Vries, B. d., & Han, Q. (2014). A Comprehensive Review of Spatiotemporal Land Use Model. In H. Timmermans (Ed.), 12th International Conference on Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning (pp. 1-14). (Original work published 2014). Chen, H. C., Vries, B. d., & Han, Q. (2014). Spatial Interaction between Land Use, Energy Consumption and Temperature on the City Scale. In H. Scholten (Ed.), Geodesign Summit Europe 2014 (pp. 1-31). (Original work published 2014). Retrieved from http://www.geodesignsummit.com/europe/pdfs/session-a-hung-chu-chen-fri.pdf.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 203

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Development of sustainable and functionalized inorganic binder-biofiber composites PhD student | Postdoc GCH (Guillaume) Doudart de la Grée Project aim

GCH Doudart de la Grée QL Yu

To develop wood/plant board with lower environmental impact, but with the same or improved properties as the wood-wool cement boards produced by Knauf. The properties of the Knauf board 3 are for example: low density (450 kg/m ), low thermal conductivity (λ ± 0.085 W/(m·K)), sound absorption, fire resistance (B2) and fungi resistance. The improvement of the board can be achieved by: firstly, replacing cement by more environmentally friendly binders and using minerals classified as waste; secondly, replacing the spruce wood originating from PEFC certificated logs with waste wood and plant fibers that otherwise would go to landfill or incineration plants. Furthermore increasing the functionality of the material as air purifier. To summarize: lower the environmental impact and make a product that is market competitive.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders HJH Brouwers

Participants

Wageningen University (WUR)

Funded by Knauf ENCI Eltomation STW Van Gansewinkel

   

Physical-chemical analyses of wood-wool cement boards. Particle packing of ingredients. Production of wood-wool cement boards at TU/e. Performing relevant tests (equipment purchasing/set-up installations) to investigate the board properties (mechanical property, density, thermal conductivity).  Implementation of waste/more environmentally friendly cement/binder replacements.  Creating functionalized wood-wool cement boards for NOx abatement.  Improvement of thermal and sound absorbing properties.

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

68 % 32 %

Start of the project 2012 (October)

Information HJH Brouwers E jos.brouwers@tue.nl E g.c.h.doudart.de.la.gree@tue.nl

Scientific publications Doudart de la Gree, G.C.H., Yu, Q. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2014). Wood-wool cement board: optimized inorganic coating. In H.V.T. Huong & H.M. Thygesen (Eds.), Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 14th International Inorganic-Bonded Fiber Composites Conference (IIBCC), 15-19 September 2014, Da Nang, Vietnam, (pp. 154-164). IIBCC. Doudart de la Gree, G.C.H., Yu, Q. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2014). Wood-wool cement board: potential and challenges. In V. Bilek & Z. Kersner (Eds.), Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference Non-Traditional Cement and Concrete (NTCC2014), June 16-19 2014, Brno, (pp. 279-282). Brno, Czech Republic: NOVPRESS. Doudart de la Gree, G.C.H., Yu, Q. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2014). Wood-wool cement board: utilization of a porous binder. In H.V.T. Huong & H.M. Thygesen (Eds.), Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 14th International Inorganic-Bonded Fiber Composites Conference (IIBCC), 15-19 September 2014, Da Nang, Vietnam, (pp. 177-188). IIBCC. Doudart de la Gree, G.C.H., Florea, M.V.A. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2013). Physical-chemical upgrading and use of bio-energy fly ashes as building material. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Chemistry of Construction Materials, 7-9 October 2013, Berlin, Germany, (pp. 23-26). Berlin: GDCh Division of Chemistry of Construction Chemicals.

204 |

Department

Thermochemical Seasonal Heat Storage for Built Environment

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders HA Zondag CCM Rindt

Participants M Gaeini

Cooperations ECN

Funded by University Province of Noord-Brabant

Funding % per money stream University 30 % Province of Noord-Brabant 70 %

PhD student | Postdoc M (Mohammadreza) Gaeini Project aim Heat is stored by an endothermic reaction in thermo-chemical material (dehydration of salt) in summer and in winter released energy from exothermic reaction (hydration of salt) is used to provide hot tap water and space heating. The goal of the project is to develop and optimize a prototype thermo-chemical heat storage system in scale of 0.25 m3. The problem can be described on three levels; first, various materials should be examined to find the most suitable one for seasonal heat storage; second, the reactor as the main part of the setup should be technically optimized; third, all the other parts of the system, such as humidifier and heat exchangers, should be designed and integrated all together as a system.

Progress A material investigation is started to evaluate the performance of the composite materials, such as impregnated salt hydrates in porous matrix materials. A 1D reactor model is developed, considering the heat and vapor transport processes and the chemical reaction, and is validated by experiments done in the reactor setup. The model is developing to a 2D model and it will be used in upscaling of the reactor. The so-called system setup, which is built as a proof of principle for the ability of the system in providing hot tap water, is tested and optimized. Improvement in the performance of the system caused by implementation of the heat recovery can be investigated by using a heater simulating the air-to-air heat exchanger. A parameter study is done by the system model which is developed for all parts of the system.

Start of the project 2013 (January)

Information M Gaeini T +31 (0)40 247 2768 E m.gaeini@tue.nl

Figure: Schematic view of the system setup.

Scientific publications Gaeini, M., de Jong, E.C.J., Zondag, H.A. & Rindt, C.C.M. Design of a thermochemical heat storage system for tap water heating in the built environment. Proceedings of the Advances in Thermal Energy Storage, EUROTHERM 99, 28-30 May 2014, Lleida, Spain, (EUROTHERM99-02-015). Gaeini, M., Zondag, H.A. & Rindt, C.C.M. Non-isothermal Kinetics of Zeolite Water Vapor Adsorption into a Packed Bed Lab Scale Thermochemical Reactor. Proceedings of the 15th International Heat Transfer Conference, IHTC-15, August 10-15, 2014, Kyoto, Japan, (IHTC15-9169).

Annual Research Report 2014

| 205

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JLM Hensen

Participants II Gaetani PJ Hoes

Cooperations IEA-EBC ANNEX 66

Funded by PIT/VABI SPARK consortium TU/e

Modeling of occupant influence for building energy performance predictions PhD student | Postdoc II (Isabella) Gaetani Project aim The aim of this study is to include the influence of occupants behavior on building energy consumption in a realistic and relevant way in various energy consumption predictions (from simplified to detailed simulation methods). Incorrect assumptions about building users influence can lead to a large discrepancy between actual and predicted building energy performance. This can result in wrong design decisions (e.g. over- or under-dimensioning of building installations). This study provides insight into 1) the relationship between building performance and building users and 2) modeling of building users. These insights can then be used to support decision making concerning occupant modeling and to develop a design method in which performance indicators are investigated under different user scenarios. The design method provides insight into the uncertainty and robustness of the design/performance indicators to the user behavior.

Progress A literature review was conducted to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the existing methods for modeling and simulation of building occupant behavior. The most relevant methods are identified and classified according to type of behavior, complexity of the model’s input, model resolution, range of applications. Identical houses

Funding % per money stream University Industry

16 % 84 %

Start of the project 2014 (December)

Information II Gaetani T +31 (0)40 247 2577 E i.i.gaetani@tue.nl

Figure: Average temperature and energy consumption per house in a residential area [Maier et al., 2009]; identical houses are indicated by the dotted line. Houses 2 and 4 show the same internal temperature, but a big difference in energy consumption (heat).

Scientific publications -

206 |

Fluid-structure interaction for vertical axis wind turbines

Department Built Environment

Research theme

PhD student | Postdoc F (Feiyu) Geng

Research theme

Project aim

□ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

The general purpose of the project is to optimize the power output of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) and to minimize fatigue loads on turbine blades and loading transferred from the turbine to the supporting structure by optimization of turbine blade geometry. This requires accurate simulation of fluid-structure interaction in wind turbine systems. In addition, a fatigue model needs to be developed that describes the accumulation of cracks and small-scale plasticity in VAWT under a large number of load cycles. The two models will be interactively coupled in order to carry out parameter variation studies on advanced VAWT structures subjected to complex wind loading conditions. This should lead to an improved design with larger efficiency and durability and lower life cycle costs.

Project leaders A Suiker BJE Blocken I Kalkman

Progress The project started with a literature survey on the behavior of VAWTs. Simulation techniques and theories were studied by reviewing literature and following courses, such as the application of the finite element method to flow problems and damage mechanics. In parallel, some preliminary simulations were performed on fracture processes, which are relevant for VAWTs. A case study on computational fluid dynamics modeling of wind flows is in progress.

Participants F Geng

Cooperations -

Funded by China Scholarship Council (CSC)

Funding % per money stream Scholarships

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information F Geng T +31 (0)6 59069330 E f.geng@tue.nl

Figure: Example of a VAWT.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 207

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders AG Tijhuis R Serra

Participants M Grau Novellas LJ Duipmans R Bojanic

Cooperations NXP Semiconductors

Funded by NXP Semiconductors STW-HTSM

Electromagnetic Compatibility of Integrated Circuits: Implications of technology choices on the EMC performance PhD student | Postdoc M (Mercè) Grau Novellas Project aim This project is part of a larger project called “EMC-robust Design of Automotive IC Products and Applications”. The objective is to develop a methodology for the EME/EMI-robust design of automotive integrated circuit products that can be embedded in a regular design flow. In order to avoid expensive and time-consuming redesigns, it is desirable to be able to predict the EMC performance of an IC at early stages of the design process. However, this task is extremely complicated, as there are non-clear merit figures or methodologies for a designer to evaluate the overall performance from an EMC point of view, and each case is treated singularly. The aim of this project is to develop a methodology for the evaluation of the impact of semiconductor technology choices on the EMC performance of integrated circuits.

Progress The work carried out so far has consisted of the development of electromagnetic analytical models for substrate noise propagation, from DC to RF. The main goal of this activity is to provide closedform expressions for interference prediction due to parasitic injected currents in the substrate of an integrated circuit. These expressions are not a behavioral but a physical description of how different types of substrates propagate the interference, in terms of technology related parameters. Therefore, these can be used to predict in a direct way the EMC performance of a substrate technology option with independence of the circuit and the layout.

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

70 % 30 %

Start of the project 2014 (March)

Information M Grau Novellas T +31 (0)40 247 8669 E m.grau@tue.nl

Figure: Electric fields generated due to parasitic injected currents caused by device switching activity in a Silicon-over-Insulator (SOI) substrate

Scientific publications -

208 |

Department

Computational Capacity Planning in Electricity Networks

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders

PhD student | Postdoc MOW (Marinus) Grond Project aim The project focuses on computational optimization in power distribution network capacity planning and develops novel ICT tools for scenario simulation and decision making in network planning. The goal of this project is to develop an adequate power system modeling approach for future distribution network planning and to investigate how to embed this in an optimization environment for scenario simulation and decision making.

JG Slootweg

Progress Participants MOW Grond H Luong (CWI) J Morren P Bosman H La Poutré

A distribution network planning approach is developed which meets requirements originating from network planning practice in order to guarantee realistic outcomes. This approach uses a state-ofthe-art evolutionary algorithm: Gene-pool Optimal Mixing Evolutionary Algorithm (GOMEA). The performance of this solution algorithm, as well as the proposed model, has been illustrated using real-world case studies. Distribution Network Expansion Planning Tool

Cooperations Centrum Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI)

MV-distribution network

Funded by

MV/LV transformer expansion routine

New transformer configurations

CAPEX + OPEX

over time

MV-distribution network

Expansion options, Design criteria

Expansion plan

NWO – SES program STW ICT regie

Funding % per money stream NWO

Real w orld Geogra phical data topology and Loa d ass ets X,Y coordinate s mea surem ents

100 %

Start of the project

CASE

Fut ure loads and ge ne rators

t0  thorizon Planning horizon

Future Scenario

CASE

MV-D network optimization process

thorizon

CAPEX + OPEX

over time

Objective: Expansion options, NPV minimization Optimizat ion Engineering rule s CAPEX + OPEX algorit hm GO ME A vs. GA

2011

Figure: Distribution network expansion planning tool.

Information

Scientific publications

MOW Grond T +31 (0)6 31905816 E m.o.w.grond@tue.nl

Optimal MV-D network topology including NOPs

Grond, M.O.W., Luong, N.H., Morren, J., Bosman, P.A.N., Slootweg, J.G. & Poutré, J.A. La (2014). Practice-oriented optimization of distribution network planning using metaheuristic algorithms. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC 2014),1822 August 2014, Wroclaw, Poland, (pp. 1-8). Luong, N.H., Grond, M.O.W., Poutré, J.A. La & Bosman, P.A.N. (2014). Efficiency Enhancements for Evolutionary Capacity Planning in Distribution Grids. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the Green and Efficient Energy Applications of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (GreenGEC) Workshop at the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2014), July 12–16 2014, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada., (pp. 1189-1196). Luong, N.H., Grond, M.O.W., Bosman, P.A.N. & La Poutré, H. (2013). Medium-Voltage Distribution Network Expansion Planning with Gene-pool Optimal Mixing Evolutionary Algorithms. The Biennial International Conference on Artificial Evolution (EA-2013), 21 -23 October 2013, Bordeaux, France. Grond, M.O.W., Morren, J. & Slootweg, J.G. (2013). Requirements for advanced decision support tools in future distribution network planning. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2013), 10 -13 June, 2013, Stockholm, Sweden., (pp. 1-6). Grond, M.O.W., Morren, J. & Slootweg, J.G. (2013). Integrating smart grid solution into distribution network planning. Proceedings of the IEEE PES PowerTech 2013 Conference, 16 - 20 June, 2013, Grenoble, France., Grond, M.O.W., Luong, N.H., Morren, J. & Slootweg, J.G. (2012). Multi-objective optimization techniques and applications in electric power systems. Proceedings of the 47th International Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC 2012), 4 - 7 September, 2012, London, UK, (pp. 1-6). Verzijlbergh, R.A., Grond, M.O.W., Verwater - Lukszo, Z., Slootweg, J.G. & Ilic, M (2012). Network Impacts and Cost Savings of Controlled EV Charging. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grids, 3(3), 12031212.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 209

Department

Self-healing grids

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc RJW (Robert) de Groot Project aim

Project leaders

The aim of the project is to investigate the impact of distribution automation systems within the medium voltage grid on reliability, grid-losses and investment deferral. Subjects of research include: optimal placement of distribution automation systems, grid loss reduction through closed-ring operation of distribution grids and the role of electrical energy storage within the scope of the distribution system operator.

JG Slootweg J Morren

Progress

Participants RJW de Groot

Cooperations Enexis BV

Funded by

Scientific publications

Enexis BV

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (December)

Information RJW de Groot T +31 (0)6 15419105 E r.j.w.d.groot@tue.nl

210 |

During the last year the research mainly focused on optimal placement of distribution automation systems and the reduction of grid losses through closed-ring operation. Several papers on both topics were presented on conferences. Furthermore a field-test was done within the distribution grid of Enexis, assessing the effect on losses once a grid was operated in closed-ring layout. Besides that, progress was made in developing algorithms for a battery energy storage system, in order to increase self-consumption of residential consumers and defer future grid reinforcements for the distribution system operator.

Castelijns, T.C.A., Groot, R.J.W. de, Morren, J. & Slootweg, J.G. (2014). Using particle swarm optimization for placement of DA in distribution networks. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 49th Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC 2014), 2-5 September 2014, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Groot, R.J.W. de, Morren, J. & Slootweg, J.G. (2014). Investigation of Grid Loss Reduction under Closed-Ring Operation of MV Distribution Grids. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, July 27-31, 2014, Washington, USA, Washington, USA: IEEE. Groot, R.J.W. de, Vonk, B.M.J., Beckers, H.J.A. & Slootweg, J.G. (2014). Development of a charge path optimization controller block for a battery energy storage system. Proceedings of the 19th IFAC World Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control, (IFAC'14), 24-29 August 2014, Cape Town, South Africa. Part I, (pp. 8583-8587). Cape Town, South Africa: International Federation of Automatic Control. Groot, R.J.W. de, Schouwenaar, A.J.M., Slootweg, J.G. & Overbeeke, F. van (2014). Armazenamento inteligente de energia na rede de baixa tensão. Eletricidade Moderna, 488(Novembro), 46-55.

Department

Passive + Active Adaptability for Structural Optimization

Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders PM Teuffel

Participants APHW Habraken RJT van Bommel S Ruitenbeek

Cooperations -

Funded by University

Funding % per money stream

PhD student | Postdoc APHW (Arjan) Habraken Project aim The overall goal of the research is to take a step towards minimizing world’s demand on resources and production of waste to reduce its enormous impact on the environment. This is done by making structures adaptable to the variable environmental conditions. Structures will mostly behave in a conventional passive way up to a certain level of loading. Above this threshold of the rare accruing high loadings, the structure will be actively controlled by actuators towards an optimal internal load path, minimal deflection and/or dynamic control. Therefore the amount of energy needed for control is limited but the impact in material minimisation is large.

Progress A project named “Active Vibration Control, from static to adaptive structural solutions” is recently performed. It is about actively reducing the vibration of a flexible structure by means of a control force generated by an actuator (hydraulic cylinder). The flexible structure considered here is a vertical cantilever beam. Both a computer simulation model as well as a laboratory model of the cantilever beam are created and used interactively. Test show remarkable results in damping the vibration in an active way. A new project has started. Within this project we study a lightweight arch structure that is able to deal with extreme loading conditions by using active control at the supports. Internal stresses, deformation and vibration will be studied with and without active control. Again it includes numerical analysis and laboratory models in order to validate the results.

University 100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information APHW Habraken T +31 (0)6 48128179 E a.p.h.w.habraken@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/sd

Figure: Active controlled lightweight arch model.

Scientific publications Patrick TEUFFEL, Arjan HABRAKEN, “Dynamic behaviour and redundancy of adaptive truss structures”, Proceedings of the IASS-SLTE 2014 Symposium “Shells, Membranes and Spatial Structures” 15 to 19 September 2014, Brasilia, Brazil.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Knowledge for Climate / Theme 4: Climate Proof Cities (CPC)/ WP2: Sensitivity, Vulnerability and Impacts

Department Built Environment

Research theme

PhD student | Postdoc M (Mohamed) Hamdy

□ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project aim Knowledge for Climate is a research programme to generate the knowledge required to climateproof the Netherlands. Research was carried out to eight themes, among others flood risk management, climate proof cities, governance and policy tools. The aim of our research Climate Proof Cities (Theme 4) is to strengthen the adaptability and reducing the vulnerability of cities and buildings for climate change. Within the Climate Proof Cities Theme, five work packages are defined. The central research questions in our workpackage (WP2: Sensitivity, Vulnerability and Impacts) are: What are the potential impacts of climate change and the sensitivity and vulnerability 2) of our urban environment to climate change? When, where and to what extent will adaptation meaures be needed?

Project leaders R Albers

Participants M Hamdy MGM van der Heijden JLM Hensen BJE Blocken

Cooperations Wageningen University and Research Centre Utrecht University VU University Amsterdam Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) TNO Deltares

Progress To answer the above research questions, four projects (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4) have been defined. In project 2.1 (my project), the effects of global warming on the indoor environmental performance of buildings is evaluated. During the last year (2014), the overheating risk in dutch dwellings is assessed considering the diversity in dwelling designs and operations as well as the expected changes in climate. The overheating risk in 9,216 dwelling cases (possible combinations of representative archetypes, orientations, fabric characteristics, shading options, ventilation rates, internal-heat gains, and adaptation opportunities consistent with the characteristics of the Dutch dwelling stock from 1964 to 2012) is assessed for current and future climate scenarios by using high-resolution dynamic thermal modelling and a new defined performance indicator (IOD). Current Climate (TRY De Bilt 64/65)

Funded by The Knowledge for Climate programme

Future Scenario (Global warming: +4 degree oC)

Funding % per money stream FES Co-funding parties

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2013 (December)

Information M Hamdy T +31 (0)40 247 3751 E M.H.Hassan.Mohamed@tue.nl W http://www.knowledgeforclimate. nl/urbanareas/researchtheme urbanareas/consortiumclimate proofcities Figure: The boxplots show the ranges of indoor overheating hours (IOHs) classified in according to eight dwelling archetypes, at two given climate scenarios.

Scientific publications -

212 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders WL Kling PH Nguyen

Participants ANMM Haque

Cooperations USEF Foundation

Funded by Agentschap NL

Funding % per money stream

Capacity management with the introduction of Graceful Degradation PhD student | Postdoc ANMM (Niyam) Haque Project aim The main objective of the research is to develop the ‘graceful degradation’ system that enhances flexibilities of the power system to deal with network congestions. The focus of the work will be on developing a decision making system to support network operators to handle the congestions problem. Appropriate mechanisms will be investigated and integrated to optimally exploit distributed local resources. Distributed and computational intelligence would be used to resolve the possible conflicting interests in between network operators and involved market entities.

Progress The proposed mechanism will allow the Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to curtail the power consumption at the individual households to tackle the congestion in the medium-voltage (MV) or low-voltage (LV) distribution network. The PhD project is divided into five work packages. Currently the work is being done in work package 2 and 3. The need of the congestion management in the future distribution network has been identified. Future developments which are likely to cause the congestion in the network has been defined. Two distinct mechaisms have been proposed to optimally curtail the consumption and/or generation at the connection points to tackle the congestions.

Agentschap NL 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

Information ANMM Haque T +31 (0)40 247 8515 E a.n.m.m.haque@tue.nl W http://www.usef.info/Home.aspx

Figure: The mechanism of the congestion management in the distribution network. The DSO detects the congestion in the network (e.g. in transformer) and sends appropriate signals to the corresponding households to limit their consumption or power injection to resolve the network congestion.

Scientific publications A.N.M.M. Haque; H.P. Nguyen; W.L. Kling, “Capacity Management In A Generalized Smart Grid Framework”, Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE PES 7th Young Researchers Symposium, Ghent, Belgium. A.N.M.M. Haque; P.H. Nguyen; W.L. Kling; F.W. Bliek, "Congestion management in smart distribution network," Proceedings of the 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), Cluj-Napoca, Romania. 2014.

Annual Research Report 2014

| 213

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Computational design optimization of building energy and thermal performance PhD student | Postdoc PJ (Pieter-Jan) Hoes Project aim

PJ Hoes

One of the aims of this research is focused on design optimization of buildings taking into account uncertainties and scenarios. The challenge is to design robust performing, future-proof buildings which guarantee comfort to the building users and find a balance between energy demand reduction and energy production. The investigated building solutions make use of (adaptable) thermal energy storage concepts. The building uncertainties and scenarios include climate change scenarios but also occupant behavior scenarios. Another part of this research focusses on modelling of building occupants and predicting their influence on building performance, which is related to the IEA Annex 66.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders JLM Hensen

Participants

IEA Annex 66

Funded by rd

Various 3 funding stream projects

Funding % per money stream University 75 % Other 25 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information PJ Hoes T +31 (0)40 247 2273 E p.hoes@tue.nl W https://www.tue.nl/universiteit/ faculteiten/faculteit-bouwkunde/ de-faculteit/medewerkers/details/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/20001237/t

214 |

Several articles related to the research are published, see publications list.

Scientific publications Hoes, P. (2014). Computational performance prediction of the potential of hybrid adaptable thermal storage concepts for lightweight low-energy houses. PhD thesis Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. Arteconi, A., Cóstola, D., Hoes, P. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). Analysis of control strategies for thermally activated building systems under demand side management mechanisms. Energy and Buildings, 80(September), 384-393. Loonen, R.C.G.M., Hoes, P. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). Performance prediction of buildings with responsive building elements challenges and solutions. In L Malki-Epshtein, C Spataru, L Marjanovic Halburd & D Mumovic (Eds.), Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 2014 Building Simulation and Optimization Conference (BSO14), 23-24 June 2014, London, United Kingdom, (pp. 1-8). London. Dissertation Hoes, P. (June 6, 2014). Computational performance prediction of the potential of hybrid adaptable thermal storage concepts for lightweight low-energy houses. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. J.L.M. Hensen & dr.dipl.-ing. M. Trcka).

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders BJE Blocken HL Schellen AWM van Schijndel

Participants Z Huijbregts

Cooperations Cultural Heritage Agency (the Netherlands) Department of Material Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology (the Netherlands) National Trust (United Kingdom) Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (Germany)

Experimental and numerical analysis of climate change induced risks to historic buildings and collections PhD student | Postdoc Z (Zara) Huijbregts Project aim This thesis aims to develop methods to assess climate change induced risks to European historic buildings and collections. These methods are of importance in the development of conservation strategies and indoor climate guidelines for built cultural heritage. Historical weather data are used to reconstruct the historical indoor climate in a selection of generic historic buildings. Hygrothermal whole-building simulation models are coupled with outdoor climate scenarios to assess the impact of future climate change on the indoor climate conditions in these buildings. In addition, a multiphysics model is created to evaluate climate-induced risks to art objects, based on the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of materials. The results include an evaluation of the required energy consumption for climate control systems under changing conditions and an assessment of the effect of active and passive measures for sustainable conservation of buildings and collections.

Progress The research during the last year focused on the application of hygrothermal whole-building simulation and finite element modelling to find a relation between observed damage and local climate conditions. A coupled heat, moisture and strain model was created to assess the impact of climate variations on mechanical degradation of wooden objects of art. Furthermore, measurement campaigns were conducted in two historic buildings in the Netherlands to derive possible relations between the microclimate conditions in a room and the occurrence of biological, chemical and mechanical degradation of wall paintings and oil paintings on canvas.

Funded by EU Climate for Culture project 226973 within FP7-ENV-2008-1

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information Z Huijbregts T +31 (0)40 247 3523 E z.huijbregts@tue.nl W www.climateforculture.eu

Figure: A graphical representation of the method that is applied to assess the impact of indoor climate variations in a monumental building on the risk on mechanical degradation of a historic wooden cabinet.

Scientific publications Huijbregts, Z., Schellen, H.L., Schijndel, A.W.M. van, and Blades, N (2014). Hygrothermal modelling of flooding events within historic buildings. Journal of Building Physics, 38(2) (pp. 138-155). Huijbregts, Z., Schellen, H.L., and Schijndel, A.W.M. van (2013). Computer modelling to evaluate the risks of damage to objects exposed to varying indoor climate conditions in the past, present, and future. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Central European Symposium on Building Physics, 9-11 September 2013, Vienna, Austria (pp. 335-342). Huijbregts, Z., Schellen, H.L., Schijndel, A.W.M. van, and Blades, N (2013). Hygrothermal modelling of flooding events within historic buildings. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Central European Symposium on Building Physics, 9-11 September 2013, Vienna, Austria (pp. 491-498). Leissner, J., Kilian, R., Antretter, F., Huijbregts, Z., Schellen, H.L. & Schijndel, A.W.M. van (2013). Impact of climate change on historic buildings and future energy demand by using whole building simulation tools. In: Implementing Sustainability - Barriers and Chances: Proceedings of SB13, 2426 April 2013, Munich, Germany (pp. 1-10). Huijbregts, Z., Martens, M.H.J., Schijndel, A.W.M. van & Schellen, H.L. (2013). The use of computer simulation models to evaluate the risks on damage to objects exposed to varying indoor climate conditions in the past, present, and future. In: Climate for Collections, Standards and Uncertainties, Postprints of the Munich Climate Conference, 7-9 November 2012, Munich, Germany (pp. 375-387).

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders WL Kling PH Nguyen

Participants

SG-BEMS: The art of optimizing the connection between comfort and energy demand supply PhD student | Postdoc LA (Luis) Hurtado Munoz Project aim The project aims to the development and realization of a platform for the integration of Smart Buildings through the use of Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS), with the Smart Grid to ensure and optimize the building’s energy efficiency while maintaining the minimum comfort levels. Such a system should be: automous, proactive, flexible, open, distributed, user friendly and embedded. And it should be able to cope with the functional and structural requirements and changes of different buildings.

LA Hurtado Munoz

Progress Cooperations

The general framework for the project, SG-BEMS, was propsesd and its capabilities for grid support, e.g. voltage support, were tested. A Multi-Agent System architecture was developed to monitor and control the Smart Building and the Smart Grid (see figure). Different strategies to enable flexible behavior from the building were tested, and the benefits of this flexible behavior were analyzed in the context of distribution network management. Finally, the coordinated operation of multiple buildings was compared under different coordination frameworks.

Kropman Almende CWI TU/e

Funded by Smart Energy Regions - Brabant

Funding % per money stream Government

100 %

Start of the project 2013

Information LA Hurtado Munoz T +31 (0)40 247 3297 E l.a.hurtado.munoz@tue.nl

Feeder agent

House load

BEMS agent EV charging agent Comfort agent

Building load

Zone agent

Occupancy Energy comfort

Room agent

Electric car Comfort sys.

Tcp/ip communication

room

Zone

Smart Building

Figure: Schematic diagram of the SG-BEMS system in a LV feeder.

Scientific publications Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Huijben, J.C.C.M., Verhees, B. & Verbong, G.P.J. (2014). The power of grid parity: a discursive approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 87, 179-190. Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Nguyen, P.H. & Kling, W.L. (2014). Multiple objective particle swarm optimization approach to enable smart buildings-smart grids. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 18th Power Systems Computation Conference, PSCC, 18-22 August 2014, Wroclaw, Poland, Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Nguyen, P.H. & Kling, W.L. (2014). Agent-based control for building energy management in the smart grid framework. Proceedings of the 5th IEEE PES ISGT (Innovative Smart Grid Technologies ) Europe 2014 Conference, 15-18 October 2014, Istanbul, Turkey, Piscataway: IEEE Service center, accepted or in press. Tolboom, S., Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Nguyen, P.H., Vonk, B.M.J. & Kling, W.L. (2014). Resource allocation of on-site PV production within the built environment. Proceedings of the 2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2-5 September 2014, ClujNapoca, Romania, (pp. 1-6). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center. Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Nguyen, P.H., Kling, W.L. & Zeiler, W. (2013). Building energy management systems: optimization of comfort and energy use. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 48th International Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC 2013), 2-5 September 2013, Dublin, Ireland, (pp. 1-6). Dublin-Ireland. Maruf, M.N.I, Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Nguyen, P.H., Lopes Ferreira, H.M. & Kling, W.L. (2013). An enhancement of agent-based power supply-demand matching by using ANN-based forecaster. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe Conference (ISGT 2013), 6-9 October 2013, Lingby, Denmark, (pp. 1-5).

216 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders PJV van Wesemael BJE Blocken

Participants S Iousef R Vasaturo I Kalkman H Montazeri D Timmermans (Heijmans) A Papadopoulos

Computational modeling of convective heat transfer for the integration of renewable energy systems in the urban environment PhD student | Postdoc S (Samy) Iousef Project aim The project is driven by the need for a healthier environment with less gas emissions and energy neutral buildings and cities. It provides an insight in the combination of urban redevelopment and urban physics while focusing on a multi-scale analysis of the urban environment (building, district and urban scale) where different technologies are applied either in isolation or in combination. In all the aforementioned scales, the themal analysis of the built environment is essential in order to assess the energy performance of buildings. For this purpose, the project aims to develop, validate and apply Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models for the analysis of the distribution of convective heat transfer coefficients (CHTC) on building surfaces, in order to integrate renewable energy systems. In the present research, the technologies to be analyzed are Building Integrated Photovoltaics/Thermal systems (BIPV/T) and Asphalt Solar Collectors (ASC).

Progress

An extensive review of the literature on CHTC, BIPV/T and ASC has been carried out. The review provided insight in the application of CHTC and its impact on the performance of the above technologies. The first phase of the research focuses on high-resolution CFD simulation of CHTC for Heijmans BV an isolated building. For this purpose, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is employed in order to capture City of Den Bosch the complexity of the flow. To reduce the total number of computional cells and computational Avans Hogeschool costs, the so-called non-conformal grid is used (figure 1a). The evaluation is based on validation with Province of Noord-Brabant wind-tunnel measurements of surface temperature of a reduced-scale wall-mounted cube. The results of the validation study show that LES, using the non-conformal grid, is caplabe of predicting Funded by CHTC at the surface of a wall-mounted cubic obstacle accurately (figure 1b/1c). The results of this The project is funded by TU/e PhD Impulse Programme, for PhD research part of the project will support future CFD simulations of CHTC for outdoor urban environments. projects in combination with industrial partner (Heijmans BV)

Cooperations

Funding % per money stream Industry 50 % Impuls PhD 50 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Information S Iousef T +31 (0)6 43243403 E S.Iousef@tue.nl

Figure: (a) Distribution of the velocity magnitude in a vertical cross-section (middle plane). (b) Distribution of computed CHTC across windward, top and side surface. (c) Distribution of computed CHTC across leeward, top and side surface. Results obtained by LES.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 217

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders BJE Blocken HJ van Wijhe (POR)

Participants WD Janssen

Cooperations Port of Rotterdam

Funded by Port of Rotterdam

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2010 (September)

Port of Rotterdam: from macro-climate to micro-climate in the harbor basins PhD student | Postdoc WD (Wendy) Janssen Project aim In general, the macroscale wind conditions at weather stations will show considerable differences with the local microscale wind conditions in harbor basins. This is caused by the influence of terrain roughness and obstacles on the local wind flow. However, knowledge of microscale port wind conditions is important for maneuvering and mooring of ships and also for optimizing the harbor design. Especially with the trend of increasing ship dimensions and cargo, navigating through the harbor becomes more difficult for the tugboat pilots. This motivates the establishment of an accurate transformation tool to convert the macroscale wind conditions at the weather station to the local wind conditions in the harbor basins

Progress A software tool is created based on CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations of wind flow in the port of Rotterdam. Given the wind direction and wind velocity at the KNMI weather station Noorderhoofd (position ‘Ref’ in the figure below) the software tool provides wind velocities, wind directions and turbulence intensity throughout the whole port at different heights. A validation study is performed for conducting wind forces on a container ship. The results showed a good agreement between wind tunnel measurements and CFD simulations. Additionally this container ship will be placed in the large calculation domain of the Port of Rotterdam. This step is still in progress. Further a secondary study is performed to calculate wind forces on the largest cruise ship in the world (the Oasis of the Seas) when visiting the Rotterdam Cruise Terminal.

Information WD Janssen T +31 (0)40 247 8444 E w.d.janssen@tue.nl W http://goo.gl/DoIF2h

Figure: Wind amplification factors at 10 m above mean sea level for West-southwest wind (240°). The reference velocity is taken at the KNMI weather station Noorderhoofd.

Scientific publications Janssen, W.D., Blocken, B.J.E. & Wijhe, H.J. van (2014). Numerical study of wind loads on large passenger ships in the Rotterdam Cruise Terminal. In T. Lipecki (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Environmental Effects on Buildings and People: Actions, Influences, Interactions, Discomfort, 20-22 October 2014, Krakau, Poland, (pp. 1-5).

218 |

Department

Responsive Infrared Reflector based on Liquid Crystal Polymer

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders APHJ Schenning M Debije CWM Bastiaansen DJ Broer

Participants H Khandelwal

Cooperations Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI)

Funded by

PhD student | Postdoc H (Hitesh) Khandelwal Project aim In this project we are aiming on responsive oligomeric liquid crystals which will change the reflection properties when subjected to heat, electricity or light. Light responsive reflectors will be fabricated by using photochromic chiral dopants that are sensitive to wavelengths of the incident light. To have the thermal responsive IR reflector the phase behavior of liquid crystals will be used as a key tool. As the temperature increases these materials will undergo a blue shift of the reflection band resulting in steep IR reflection. In this research we are also aiming for the electrically switchable IR reflector which can change its properties depending on applied electricity.

Progress In year 2014, an infrared (IR) polymer reflector based on chiral nematic (cholesteric) liquid crystals has been fabricated which can reflect more than 60% of solar IR energy without interfering with the visible solar radiation. Simulations show that when these polymer bilayers are coated over the windows of buildings or cars, a considerable amount of incident, unwanted heat could be reflected and therefore a significant amount of energy could be saved on cooling. Simulation predicts a temperature difference of up to 4.5 °C and 6 °C in London and Chicago respectively, by having the superimposed right- and left-handed bilayer film on the window.

Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI

Funding % per money stream DPI

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (June)

Information APHJ Schenning T +31 (0)40 247 3264 E a.p.h.j.schenning@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/en/employee/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/19982163/ Figure: Transmission spectra of the IR reflector that reflect a huge amount of IR light with having high transparency in the visible region.

Scientific publications H. Khandelwal, R. C. G. M. Loonen, J. L. M. Hensen, A. P. H. J. Schenning, M. G. Debije, J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 14622. H. Khandelwal, F. Roberz, R. C. G. M. . Loonen, J. L. M. Hensen, C. W. M. Bastiaansen, D. J. Broer, M. Debije, and A. P. H. J. Schenning, “Infrared reflector based on liquid crystal polymers and its impact on thermal comfort conditions in buildings,” SPIE conference, San Diego, 2014.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Dynamics of plane impinging jets at high Reynolds numbers – with applications to air curtains PhD student | Postdoc A (Adelya) Khayrullina Project aim

A Khayrullina

1. To provide insight in and knowledge of the relationship between jet separation efficiency and the wide range of jet and environmental parameters, to support air curtain applications with less energy demand (Figure 1). The investigated jet parameters include issuing nozzle configuration, velocity, turbulence intensity, height and width of the jet, jet temperature and spatial/temporal forcing of the jet. The investigated environmental parameters are temperature and pressure differences across the jet. 2. The research is performed by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics and PIV measurements in a water channel. Results will provide evaluation of different turbulence models applied in modeling of impinging jets/ air curtains. 3. Provide guidelines for air curtain applications in different applications.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders BJE Blocken GJF van Heijst TAJ van Hooff

Participants

Funded by Industry

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Construction of experimental set-up in the water channel of the Department of the Applied Physics was finished in 2014. PIV experiments are running, first results of the basic study on structure of impinging jets are to be published in 2015. CFD validation studies on impinging jets based on obtained experimental data – in progress. First results will be presented at Healthy Buildings Conference (Eindhoven) in May 2015. CFD parametric study on optimization of air curtain sealing efficiency in naturally ventilated buildings – in progress. First results will be presented at ISHVAC Conference (Tianjin, China) in July 2015.

Start of the project 2012 (October)

Information A Khayrull ina T +31 (0)40 247 4834 E a.khayrullina@tue.nl W https://www.linkedin.com/in/ khayrullina

Figure: Aerodynamic sealing provided by air curtain and structure of impinging jet.

Scientific publications -

220 |

Department

Seafront

Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders CWM Bastiaansen

Participants AS Kommeren

Cooperations Dutch Polymer Institute Akzo Nobel Fraunhofer IFAM Newcastle University TU Delft Solvay Minesto Biotrend Biolog University of Bristol University of Gothenbrug Bio-on Bluewater Smartcom Software Solintel Hapag Lloyd Val FoU

PhD student | Postdoc AS (Sander) Kommeren Project aim Marine biofouling, the unwanted colonization of marine organisms on surfaces immersed in seawater has a huge economic and environmental impact in terms of maintenance requirements for marine structures, increased vessel fuel consumption, operating costs, greenhouse gas emissions and spread of non-indigenous species. The SEAFRONT project will aim to significantly advance the control of biofouling and reduce hydrodynamic drag by integrating multiple technology concepts such as surface structure, surface chemistry and bio-active/bio-based fouling control methodologies into one environmentally benign and drag-reducing solution for mobile and stationary maritime applications. In parallel, a combination of laboratory-based performance benchmarking and enduser field trials will be undertaken in order to develop an enhanced fundamental/mechanistic understanding of the coating-biofouling interaction, the impact of this on hydrodynamic drag and to inform technology development and down-selection of promising fouling control solutions. This project aims to facilitate a leap forward in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from marine transport and the conservation of the marine ecosystem by adopting a multidisciplinary and synergistic approach to fouling control.

Progress -

Scientific publications

Funded by

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (January)

Information CWM Bastiaansen E c.w.m.bastiaansen@tue.nl W www.seafront-project.eu

Annual Research Report 2014

| 221

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders BJE Blocken JLM Hensen TAJ van Hooff

Participants K Kosutova

Cooperations EuroTech universities

Funded by EuroTech EEBC

Funding % per money stream University 66 % Industry 34 %

Multi-scale computational assessment of ventilative cooling as an energy-efficient measure to avoid indoor overheating PhD student | Postdoc K (Katarina) Kosutova Project aim In this PhD project, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to assess ventilative cooling, which can be a sustainable and energy-efficient solution to reduce energy consumption of the building for cooling, prevent indoor overheating and help maintaining the healthy indoor environment. The aim of the PhD project is to improve the modeling of coupled outdoor-indoor airflow and convective heat transfer during ventilative cooling by providing new internal convective heat transfer coefficients correlations based on the numerical simulations and experiments. In addition, the aim is to investigate the energy saving potential of ventilative cooling in buildings in different types of urban environments.

Progress An analysis of ventilative cooling in a generic isolated building equipped with ventilation louvers was carried out by means of non-isothermal CFD simulations. Three different slat angle positions were investigated: 0°, 30° and 45°. Furthermore, a building with windows without louvers was analyzed. This study provided valuable insights in the effect of ventilation louvers on ventilative cooling in a simple generic building. The computational geometry and the grid were created for the generic room in order to perform a parametric analysis investigating influence of chosen parameters on convective heat transfer. A grid-sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to mimize the discretization errors and the computational time. Results from the CFD simulations were validated with the experimental results.

Start of the project 2013 (August)

Information K Kosutova T +31 (0)40 247 3523 E k.kosutova@tue.nl W www.urbanphysics.net

Figure: Dimensionless velocity magnitude in the vertical centerplane of a generic isolated building equipped with ventilation louvers (a-c) and without ventilation louvers (d) for evaluation of ventilative cooling.

Scientific publications -

222 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JLM Hensen PJ Hoes

Participants RR Kotireddy

Cooperations Eurotech Universities: DTU (Denmark) EPFL (Switzerland) TU/e (the Netherlands) TUM (Germany)

Funded by Eurotech EEBC

Funding % per money stream University 66 % STW 34 %

Modeling and Simulation of Future Proof Low Energy Residential Buildings PhD student | Postdoc RR (Rajesh) Kotireddy Project aim The main aim of the project is optimization of building performance sensitivity under uncertainties due to future scenarios. The objectives of the project are:  Development of a performance assessment methodology to assess low energy building performance sensitivity with respect to uncertainties in future scenarios like occupant behavior and future use, climate change and price scenarios.  Development of multi objective optimization methodology in combination with building performance simulation to optimize building performance sensitivity of various low energy building designs under uncertainty due to future scenarios.  Identifying future proof design with minimum building performance sensitivity across all scenarios and optimal investment cost.  Evaluating suitability and usability of performance assessment methodology with users group (Building consultancy and services companies).

Progress Main sources of uncertainties in low energy buildings are identified. Future scenarios for whole building life span are created. A case study of net zero energy building is developed using building performance simulation tool (TRNSYS). Design optimization methodology is developed to optimize the building performance sensitivity under uncertainties due to occupant scenarios, climate change and price scenarios. Various designs of a net zero energy building, obtained by varying building and integrated energy system properties, are optimized to reduce the sensitivity of building performance under uncertainties due to future scenarios. Building performance sensitivity is being optimized with respect to investment cost for all future scenarios over building life span to identify more future proof design.

Start of the project 2013 (December)

Information RR Kotireddy T +31 (0)40 247 2302 E r.r.kotireddy@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/en/employee/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/20136689/

Figure: Performance assessment methodology.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

| 223

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Clever Climate Control For Culture: Energy conservation in museums by optimizing climate control while preserving collection, building and thermal comfort PhD student | Postdoc RP (Rick) Kramer Project aim

BJE Blocken HL Schellen

Developing an optimal control strategy for heating, cooling and (de)humidification of museums’ indoor climates that: minimizes energy consumption; provides an indoor climate that is suitable for the preservation of typical museum objects; provides the required thermal comfort for visitors and staff.

Participants

Progress

RP Kramer

The Hermitage Amsterdam is the central case study in this project. The two main exposition rooms are comprehensively monitored: temperature and relative humidity in the rooms, but also many variables of the air handling units are measured and logged. The case study is now serving three subprojects: (i) testing the energy impact of various setpoint strategies; (ii) developing a validated dynamical simulation model; (iii) studying thermal comfort in museums via surveys and measurments.

Project leaders

Cooperations EU Climate for Culture

Funded by Stichting PIT Kuijpers Building Services Zeeuws Museum Strukton Worksphere EU Climate for Culture

Funding % per money stream Industry EU

82 % 18 %

Start of the project 2012

Information RP Kramer T +31 (0)40 247 5613 E r.p.kramer@tue.nl W www.monumenten.bwk.tue.nl

224 |

Figure: The project aims to reduce energy cost and environmental impacts, while maintaining, or even improving collection preservation and thermal comfort.

Scientific publications Kramer, R.P., Schijndel, A.W.M. van & Schellen, H.L. (2014). Energy conservation in museums via setpoint strategies: a case study for a state-of-the-art museum using building simulations. In J. Arfvidsson, L.-E. Harderup, A. Kumlin & B. Rosencrantz (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics (NSB 2014), 15-19 June 2014, Lund, Sweden (pp. 624-631). Kramer, R.P., Schijndel, A.W.M. van & Schellen, H.L. (2013). Inverse modeling for the prediction and characterization of indoor climates. In 2nd Central European Symposium on Building Physics(CESB), September 9-11, 2013 Vienna, Austria (pp. 101-108). International Association of Building Physics. Kramer R, van Schijndel J, Schellen H. Inverse modeling of simplified hygrothermal building models to predict and characterize indoor climates. Build Environ 2013; 68:87–99. Kramer R, van Schijndel J, Schellen H. Simplified thermal and hygric building models: A literature review. Front Archit Res 2012; 1:318–25.

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EF Steennis PAAF Wouters

Participants B Kruizinga

Cooperations Locamation Enexis TNO

Technology for distribution area situational awareness in electrical networks(tDASA) PhD student | Postdoc B (Bart) Kruizinga Project aim This project aims towards a better grip on Low-Voltage(LV) cable system condition and reliability. As currently over 200.000 Km of LV cable is installed, this grid section contains a high asset value. These systems are known to have lifespans of many decades and faults have a low impact on customer-minutes-lost. However, little is known about degradation and fault development. This project aims to build an understanding of these aspects, and to investigate the possibilities to develop a system to assess cable system condition on-line.

Progress Investigations in common materials used in LV grids and interviews with several grid operators have led to identification of the main fault causes. The mechanisms behind this have been investigated in the laboratory and from experience in the field. The development of such fault shows to be a slow process from initial damage towards a disturbance. Currently, these aspects are under laboratory investigation to find a better understanding and identify key influences. Meanwhile, aspects that can be used for condition monitoring can be identified.

Funded by Locamation Enexis

Funding % per money stream NWO Industry

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2013

Information B Kruizinga E b.kruizinga@tue.nl

Scientific publications Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, F. (2014). PVC degradation and discharges due to water ingress in LV underground power cables. Conference Paper: International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, 21-25 September 2014, Jeju, Korea, (pp. 70-73). Jeju island. Kruizinga, B., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, F. (2014). The effects of branches on condition related signals in low voltage underground power systems. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 2014 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP 2014), 19-22 October 2014, Des Moines, USA, (pp. 578-581).

Annual Research Report 2014

| 225

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders W Zeiler WL Kling

Development of a Micro-Grid strategy for process control on room-level PhD student | Postdoc TM (Timilehin) Labeodan Project aim Development of a Multi-agent (MAS) based coordination system that integrates fine-grain occupancy information in control of building processes on the room-level for improved smart-grid operation.

Progress Development of a tool to obtain fine-grained User presence information.

Participants TM Labeodan G Boxem

Cooperations Kropman Sense

Funded by Smart Energy Regions - Brabant

Funding % per money stream Government

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (January)

Information W Zeiler T +31 (0)40 247 3714 E w.zeiler@tue.nl

226 |

Figure: User behavior, building behavior and system behavior applied in the design of the MAS process control Strategy.

Scientific publications Labeodan, T.M. & Zeiler, W. (2014). Multi-agent systems in microgrid bems control for improved occpant comfort and energy efficiency-state of the art and challenges. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the Building Simulation and Optimization (BSO 14) Conference, 23-24 June 2014, London, United Kingdom, (pp. 1-8). London. Zeiler, W., Labeodan, T.M., Boxem, G. & Maaijen, H.N. (2014). Detecting andtracing building occupants to optimize process control. Conference Paper: ICEBO 2014, (pp. 1-9). Beijing. Zeiler, W., Labeodan, T.M., Boxem, G., Maaijen, H.N., Velden, J.A.J. van der & Dubbeldam, J.W. (2014). Track and trace for optimal control of energy flows within a building. Conference Paper: DDSS 2014, (pp. 1-11). Eindhoven. Zeiler, W., Labeodan, T.M., Boxem, G. & Maaijen, H.N. (2013). Towards building occupants positioning: track and trace for optimal process control. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations [ICEBO], 8-11 October 2013, Montreal, Canada, (pp. ESL-IC-13-10-51-1/6). Labeodan, T.M., Aduda, K.O. & Zeiler, W. (2013). Towards multi-agent systems in building automation and control for improved occupant comfort and energy efficiency- state of the art and challenges. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the International Sympsoium on Intelligent Building and Building Automation (ISBBA 2013), 9-11 November 2013, Zhangiiajie, (pp. 1-8). Labeodan, T.M., Maaijen, H.N. & Zeiler, W. (2013). The human behavior: a tracking system to follow the human occupancy. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the International Conference on Cleantech for Smart Cities and Buildings (CISBAT 2013), 4-6 September 2013, Lausanne, Switzerland, (pp. 513-518).

Department

Smart Grid Evolution (SGE) project

Electrical Engineering

Developing a service platform for the Internet of Energy (SGE-IoE)

Research theme

PhD student | Postdoc I (Ioannis) Lampropoulos

□ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leader P Burghardt

Participants I Lampropoulos

Project aim The Dutch government has defined 9 top sectors (Top consortia for Knowledge and Innovation (TKI)) for concentrating R&D funding, with energy being one of them, and smart grids being one of the seven themes within the energy sector. The Smart Grid Evolution (SGE) project, funded under the TKI Switch2SmartGrids research agenda, has been initiated in Feb. 2014 and is scheduled until Oct. 2016. The project is carried out by a consortium of ten partners which includes two Dutch DSO companies, and aims to create a design for a large-scale smart grid demonstration program in the Netherlands (with the ambition of > 0.5 million connections), and to support the power industry with informed design and decision making processes. The implementation phase of the demonstration cases is scheduled for after the completion of the project.

Cooperations Cogas Infra & Beheer BV Alliander NV TU/e Universiteit Twente TU Delft Siemens Nederland Thales Research & Technology Delft Net2Grid Dr. Ten ProxEnergy

Progress Currently, a series of workshops are organized within the SGE project to identify the initial smart grid concepts and use cases to be implemented at each demonstration site. The DSO partners are assisted by the project team to describe their initial business cases and are introduced to modelling approaches and tools to establish a common understanding within the consortium. Methodologies for developing engineering requirements for future power systems have been proposed by TU/e and are currently under the consideration of the project consortium, and perhaps to be tested against a number of business and use cases.

Funded by TKI Switch2SmartGrids

Funding % per money stream RVO TU/e

80 % 20 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information I Lampropoulos T +31 (0) 40247 5699 E i.lampropoulos@tue.nl W http://tki-switch2smartgrids.nl/ projecten/smart-grid-evolutiondeveloping-a-service-platformfor-the-internet-energy-sge-ioe/

Figure: The development of smart grids and intelligent energy systems in the Netherlands is still in the Proof of Concept phase. Currently there are some small pilot projects in operation whereas a largescale pilot project is expected in 2016 to support the large-scale rollout of smart grids at the end of the current decade and in the early 2020s.

Scientific publications Ioannis Lampropoulos, and Wil L. Kling, “A Use Case Methodology for Defining Engineering Requirements for Future Power Systems,” submitted to IEEE PES 2015 General Meeting (under review). Dissertation: Lampropoulos, I. (April 22, 2014). Energy management of distributed resources in power systems operations. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.ir. W.L. Kling & prof.dr.ir. P.P.J. van den Bosch).

Annual Research Report 2014

| 227

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JLM Hensen HH Snijder

Building energy simulation based assessment of industrial halls for design support PhD student | Postdoc B (Bruno) Lee Project aim The main aims of the project are to explore different configurations of energy-producing industrial halls and develop computational models for such using building performance simulation tools, to advance a design support method that is meant to optimize energy performance of industrial halls, and to propose an assessment method that mitigate possible bias in the assessment process.

Progress

Participants B Lee M Trcka

Cooperations IEA Annex 54 Integration of Micro-Generation and Related Energy Technologies in Buildings

The last year, and the final year of the project, the focuses were in defining deliverables for the industrial partners, and advancing the computational simulation support method that could achieve the goal of designing energy producing industrial halls. A full factorial design approach was proposed. Energy performance of tens of thousands of different configurations of industrial halls was evaluated with building performance simulation. The results were assembled in the form of databases of energy performance, and the corresponding environmental impact and cost-benefit. The below figure depicts a snapshot of the results. Public defense: October 6, 2014.

Funded by Tata Steel Bekaert Bouwen met Staal

Funding % per money stream M2i

100 %

Start of the project 2009

Information B Lee T +31 (0)40 247 5760 E b.lee@tue.nl

Figure: Design solutions that minimize new CO2 emission and minimize annualized additional cost.

Scientific publications Lee, B. (2014). Building energy simulation based assessment of industrial halls for design support. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. J.L.M. Hensen, dr.dipl.ing. M. Trcka & J.D. Bynum). Lee, B., Trcka, M. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2013). Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems: a cost–benefit analysis study of industrial halls. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 0, 1-8 Lee, B., Trcka, M. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2012). Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems for industrial halls: Achieving economic benefit via lowering energy demand. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 1(4), 326-333.

228 |

Department

Inverse modeling of climate adaptive greenhouse shells

Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JLM Hensen

Participants CS Lee D Cóstola PJ Hoes

Cooperations EOS-lt CAGIM (WUR, HHS, TNO, TUD, Kenlog)

PhD student | Postdoc CS (Chul-sung) Lee Project aim The project develops a simulation methodology for climate adaptive greenhouse and explores the potential of greenhouse shell adaptation, which focuses not only on minimizing energy consumption but also on maximizing crop production. The project searches for the ideal thermal and optical behavior and does not start with existing concepts or technologies that are currently available. The objectives of the project are: 1. Develop and test a computational approach based on building energy simulation. 2. Demonstrate how this approach can be used to design high performance greenhouse by using a case-study. 3. Provide better understanding of the correlation between adaptive properties and performance.

Progress 1. Optimization of greenhouse shells with 5 different system concepts  For three crops: Tomatoes, Phalaenopsis, and Chrysanthemum  A performance prediction of optimized greenhouseshells with three adaptation frequencies yearly, monthly, and hourly optimization)

Funded by Agentschap NL EOS-lt CAGIM

Funding % per money stream Agentschap NL 100 %

Start of the project 2011 (March)

Information CS Lee T +31 (0)40 247 2577 E c.s.lee@tue.nl

Figure 1: Potentials of climate adaptive greenhouses shells (system concept 1). 2. Innovation and development challenges for future greenhouse shells.

Figure 2: Sensitivity of design variables for day (left) and night (right) over the year (hourly optimized greenhouse with system concept 1).

Scientific publications Lee, C., Cóstola, D., Loonen, R. C. G. M. & Hensen, J. L. M. 2013. "Energy saving potential of longterm climate adaptive greenhouse shells", BS2013, Proceedings of the International Building Performance Simulation Association, 25-28 August, Chambery, IBPSA, pp. 1-8. Lee, C., Cóstola, D., Swinkels, G. L. A. M., & Hensen, J. L. M. 2012. "On the use of building energy simulation programs in the performance assessment of agricultural greenhouses", ASim, Proceedings of the 1st Asia Conference of the International Building Performance Simulation Association, 25-27 November, Shanghai, IBPSA-Asia, pp. 1-8.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders W Zeiler

Participants R Li

Cooperations CWI TU/e – EES Kropman BuildingServices Almende

Funded by

The user as its own sensor: the human in the loop approach as part of a system integration for control on room level PhD student | Postdoc R (Rongling) Li Project aim The goal of this project is to research a bottom-up system integration approach to develop a process control strategy on room level which would be implemented in a control module on workplace level to optimize perceived thermal comfort, manage and reduce the energy demand. By making the user a part of the control loop this research is aimed at developing, implementing and evaluating new process control.  Develop an individual comfort strategy for office environment.  Find out how to relate different factors to the state of comfort of building occupants.  Apply the correlations for individual comfort control and integrate the control strategy into building energy management systems.

Progress The first Individual comfort system has been developed and the effectiveness and energy performance of the instrument has been evaluated in climate chamber. Based on the results, futher development of the actuator and the searching of critical performance indicators for the perceived comfort of the users are ongoing.

Province of Noord-Brabant

Funding % per money stream Province of Noord-Brabant 100 %

Start of the project 2014 (July)

Information W T E W

Zeiler +31 (0)40 247 3714 w.zeiler@tue.nl http://www.tue.nl/en/employee/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/20012047/

User Interaction

Figure: User centered comfort system for energy reduction.

Scientific publications -

230 |

Department

Extended functionality SCG

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yan) Li Project aim

Y Li

What is the working principle to perform calibration, accessory location, monitoring for water ingress and temperature changes? What are the possibilities and limitations of the various options aiming to achieve the above? Can this information be gathered with measuring from one side or is a two sided approach needed? Is it possible to locate also partial discharges with only one side measuring system based on the above found cable and reflection characteristics; what are the limits and constraints for single-sided measurement to be used and under what circumstances is a double-sided technique absolutely required? What are the compromises in the sense that how much accuracy and sensitivity is gained or lost by each option?

Cooperations

Progress

DNV GL

Cable and joint modeling, frequency limit study, single-sided partial discharge location, temperature effect on partial discharge propagation along cable, water effect on power cable, frequency domain diagnostics.

Project leaders EF Steennis PAAF Wouters

Participants

Funded by DNV GL Enexis Alliander Locamation

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2010 (December) Figure: Illustration of the single-sided on-line partial discharge monitoring and location system.

Information Y Li T +31 (0)6 81501122 E y.li.4@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/universiteit/ faculteiten/faculteit-electricalengineering/de-faculteit/ medewerkers/detail/ep/e/d/ ep-uid/20087526/ep-tab/4/

Scientific publications Yan Li, Peter A. A. F. Wouters, Paul Wagenaars, Peter C. J. M. van der Wielen, E. Fred Steennis. Single-Sided Partial Discharge Location Method Based on Impedance Discontinuities along Power Cable. 18th Power Systems Computation Conference, Wroclaw, Poland, August 2014. Yan Li, Peter A. A. F. Wouters, Paul Wagenaars, Peter C. J. M. van der Wielen, E. Fred Steennis. Temperature Dependency of Wave Propagation Velocity in MV Power Cable. 18th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Seoul, August 2013. Yan Li, Peter A. A. F. Wouters, Paul Wagenaars, Peter C. J. M. van der Wielen, E. Fred Steennis. Using Ferrite to Improve Directional Sensing for Pulse Travelling in MV Power Cables With Two Inductive Sensors. 18th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Seoul, August 2013. Yan Li, Peter A.A.F. Wouters, Paul Wagenaars, Peter C.J.M. van der Wielen, E. Fred Steennis. Detection Limitation of High Frequency Signal Travelling along Underground Power Cable. 2013 IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, Bologna, June 2013. Yan Li, Peter A.A.F. Wouters, Paul Wagenaars, Peter C.J.M. van der Wielen, E. Fred Steennis. Estimating Transmission Line Parameters of Three-core Power Cables with Common Earth Screen. Nordic Insulation Symposium, Trondheim, June 2013. Yan Li, Peter A.A.F. Wouters, Paul Wagenaars, Peter C.J.M. van der Wielen, E. Fred Steennis. Estimating Power Cable Joint Model: based on Lumped Components and Cascaded Transmission Line Approach. International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Vol. 4 No. 4, December 2012. Yan Li, Peter A.A.F. Wouters, Paul Wagenaars, Peter C.J.M. van der Wielen, E. Fred Steennis. Power Cable Joint Model in High Frequency. 2012 IEEE Int. Conf. on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD), Bali, Indonesia, 23-27 September 2012. Yan Li, Peter A.A.F. Wouters, Paul Wagenaars, Peter C.J.M. van der Wielen, E. Fred Steennis. Estimation of Transmission Line Parameters Single-Core XLPE Cables Considering Semiconducting layer. 2012 IEEE Int. Conf. on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD), Bali, Indonesia, 23-27 September 2012. Peter A.A.F. Wouters, Yan Li, S. Mousavi Gargari, Paul Wagenaars, E. Fred Steennis. Apparent Charge Magnitude in On-line PD Diagnostics on Medium-Voltage Power Cables. 17th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering,Hannover, 2011.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Inverse modeling of climate adaptive building shells

Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc RCGM (Roel) Loonen Project aim

RCGM Loonen D Cóstola M Trčka

This project investigates the potential of climate adaptive building shells (CABS) in terms of (i) improving indoor environmental quality, and (ii) reducing energy consumption. The aims of this project are:  To develop a simulation strategy for integrated performance prediction of buildings with adaptable building shell properties.  To develop and test a computational approach, based on simulation and optimization techniques, that is capable of quantifying the (full) performance potential of CABS.  To demonstrate, on a case study basis, how this approach can be used to identify high-potential, i.e. high-performance, low-complexity, directions for future CABS concepts.  To better understand the relationships between adaptability of building shell parameters and performance in a number of demonstration examples.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders JLM Hensen

Participants

EOS-lt FACET (TNO, TU Delft, ECN, Cauberg-Huygen Raadgevende Ingenieurs)

Funded by Agentschap NL EOS-LT FACET

Funding % per money stream Agentschap NL 100 %

 Finished implementation of a software toolchain for integrated performance optimization of CABS.  Quantification of the full performance potential of CABS on a case study basis.  Investigation of approaches to reduce CABS complexity (number of adaptable elements, number and range of adaptable element, switching frequency) on the basis of the same case study.  Simulation support for research and development of a window with switchable near-infrared reflection, in collaboration with Chemical Engineering department.  Development and demonstration of a framework for quantifying the potential of buildings with seasonal facade adaptation.  Update and extension of a database with (>400) examples of CABS concepts.

Start of the project 2010

Information RCGM Loonen T +31 (0)40 247 2571 E r.c.g.m.loonen@tue.nl W www.eosfacet.nl www.pinterest.com/cabsoverview

Scientific publications Bakker, L.G., Hoes - van Oeffelen, E.C.M., Loonen, R.C.G.M. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). User satisfaction and interaction with automated dynamic facades: a pilot study. Building and Environment, 78, 44-52. Kasinalis, C., Loonen, R.C.G.M., Cóstola, D. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). Framework for assessing the performance potential of seasonally adaptable facades using multi-objective optimization. Energy and Buildings, 79, 106-113. Khandelwal, H., Loonen, R.C.G.M., Hensen, J.L.M., Schenning, A.P.H.J. & Debije, M.G. (2014). Application of broadband infrared reflector based on cholesteric liquid crystal polymer network to windows and its impact on reducing the energy consumption in buildings. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2(35), 14622-14627. Loonen, R.C.G.M., Singaravel, S., Trcka, M., Cóstola, D. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). Simulation-based support for product development of innovative building envelope components. Automation in construction, 45, 86-95. Loonen, R.C.G.M., Trcka, M., Cóstola, D. & Hensen, J.L.M. (2013). Climate adaptive building shells: state-of-the-art and future challenges. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 483-493.

232 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders WL Kling

Participants HM Lopes Ferreira

Cooperations KIC InnoEnergy JRC-EC INESC Porto

PhD student | Postdoc HM (Helder) Lopes Ferreira Project aim In a world aiming towards high renewable energy integration, it is more and more relevant to be aware of the real technological situation. As well, it is also important to evaluate the potential deployment of those different technical solutions in an energy world where regulation and markets are keystones. In this framework, this project assessed several technologies (e.g., distributed generation and FACTS), and is performing a closer analysis of energy storage and its potential of playing a strong role on the evolution towards smart grids.

Progress A paper on the characterization on energy storage technologies was published this year, as well as a chapter on a book on innovative technologies, addressing FACTS (power electronics devices) usage in electrical networks. The work is focused on evaluating the potential economic benefits of energy storage in the Dutch electricity markets.

Scientific publications

Funded by Industry

Funding % per money stream Industry

Assessment of innovative technologies integration in electricity markets and networks: energy storage case study

100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information HM Lopes Ferreira T +31 (0)40 247 5779 E h.m.lopes.ferreira@tue.nl

Lopes Ferreira, H.M., Garde, R., Fulli, G., Kling, W.L. & Pecas Lopes, J. (2013). Characterisation of electrical energy storage technologies. Energy, 53, 288-298. Lopes Ferreira, H.M., L'Abbate, A., Fulli, G. & Hager, U. (2013). Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) Devices. Advanced Technologies for Future Transmission Grids (pp. 119-156). London: Springer. Maruf, M.N.I, Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Nguyen, Phuong H., Lopes Ferreira, H.M. & Kling, W.L. (2013). An enhancement of agent-based power supply-demand matching by using ANNbased forecaster. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe Conference (ISGT 2013), 2-6 October 2013, Copenhagen, Denmark. Lopes Ferreira, H.M., Costescu, A, L'Abbate, A., Minnebo, P. & Fulli, G. (2011). Distributed generation and distribution market diversity in Europe. Energy Policy, 39(9), 5561-5571. Lopes Ferreira, H.M., Fulli, G., Kling, W.L. & Pecas Lopes, J. (2011). Storage devices impact on electricity distribution. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2011), 6-9 June 2011, Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany. Lopes Ferreira, H.M., Fulli, G., L'Abbate, A., Vandenbergh, M., Gabrieli Francescato, M., Dicuonzo, F., Carlini, E. & Vergine, C. (2011). The impact of distributed generation on the European power system: the Italian experience. Proceedings of the CIGRE Symposium 2011 on Assessing and Improving Power System Security, Reliability and Performance in Light of Changing Energy Sources (CIGRE 2011), 3-6 April 2011, Recife, Recife, Brazil. Lopes Ferreira, H.M. (2011). Evaluating the direct and indirect benefits, strengths and weaknesses of distributed energy storage in Europe. Proceedings of the 3rd Energy Storage Forum (ESF), 17-19 May 2011, Paris, Paris, France. Lopes Ferreira, H.M., Faas, H., Fulli, G., Kling, W.L. & Pecas Lopes, J. (2010). Reliability analyses on distribution networks with dispersed generation: a review of the state of the art. Proceedings of the Powergrid Europe Conference, June 8-10-2010, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, (pp. 1-17). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: PennWell. Lopes Ferreira, H.M., Fulli, G., Kling, W.L., L'Abbate, A., Faas, H. & Pecas Lopes, J. (2010). Distributed Generation in Europe: the European regulatory framework and the evolution of the distribution grids towards Smart Grids. Proceedings of the Young Researcher Symposium, 29-30 March 2010, Leuven Belgium, (pp. 1-6). Leuven, Belgium: YRS. L'Abbate, A., Migliavacca, G., Hager, U., Rehtanz, C., Ruberg, S., Lopes Ferreira, H.M., Fulli, G. & Purvins, A. (2010). The role of facts and HVDC in the future pan-European transmission system development. Proceedings of the 9th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission, 19-21 October 2010, London, United Kingdom, (pp. 1-8). London: IET.

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Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JLM Hensen

Participants RA Mangkuto EJ van Loenen MBC Aries

Modelling and simulation of virtual natural lighting solutions in buildings PhD student | Postdoc RA (Rizki) Mangkuto Project aim The aim of the research is predicting the potential of virtual natural lighting solution (VNLS) system for application in various building types. The main objectives of the research are investigating and enabling innovative application of modeling approaches for VNLS.

Progress  Measurement and simulation of lighting performance of an existing virtual window (figure a).  Modeling and simulation of non-existing VNLS configurations with simplified and complex views, evaluated based on the space availability, uniformity, ground contribution on the ceiling, and probability of discomfort glare (figure b, c).

Cooperations -

Funded by Intelligent Lighting Institute – TU/e

Funding % per money stream University 100 % (b)

Start of the project

(c)

2010

Information RA Mangkuto T +31 (0)40 247 2302 E r.a.mangkuto@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/ili

(a) Public defense: May 14, 2014.

Scientific publications Mangkuto, R.A. (2014). Modelling and simulation of virtual natural lighting solutions in buildings. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. J.L.M. Hensen, prof.dr.ir. E.J. van Loenen & dr.ir. M.B.C. Aries). Mangkuto, R.A., Aries, M.B.C., Loenen, E.J. van & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). Simulation of virtual natural lighting solutions with a simplified view. Lighting Research and Technology, 46(2), 198-218. Mangkuto, R.A., Aries, M.B.C., Loenen, E.J. van & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). Analysis of various opening configurations of a second-generation virtual natural lighting solutions prototype. LEUKOS: The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 10(4), 223-236. Mangkuto, R.A., Aries, M.B.C., Loenen, E.J. van & Hensen, J.L.M. (2014). Modelling and simulation of virtual natural lighting solutions with complex views. Building Simulation: An International Journal, 7(6), 563-578. Mangkuto, R.A., Aries, M.B.C., Loenen, E.J. van & Hensen, J.L.M. (2013). Simulation of virtual natural lighting solutions with a simplified view. Lighting Research and Technology. Published online 20 February 2013 as DOI: 10.1177/1477153513476875. Mangkuto, R.A., Aries, M.B.C., Loenen, E.J. van & Hensen, J.L.M. (2012). Lighting performance of virtual natural lighting solutions with a simplified image in a reference office space. Proceedings of Experiencing Light 2012, 12-13 November 2012. Eindhoven, the Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology. Mangkuto, R.A., Ochoa Morales, C.E., Aries, M.B.C., Loenen, E.J. van & Hensen, J.L.M. (2011). Review of Modelling Approaches for Developing Virtual Natural Lighting Solutions. Proceedings of Building Simulation 2011, Sydney, November 2011, (pp. 2643-2650). Sydney, Australia: IBPSA Australasia & AIRAH. Mangkuto, R.A., Aries, M.B.C., Loenen, E.J. van & Hensen, J.L.M. (2011). Properties and Performance Indicators of Virtual Natural Lighting Solutions. Proceedings of CISBAT, Lausanne, September 2011, (pp. 379-384). Lausanne, Switzerland: Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL).

234 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders B de Vries WF Schaefer J Desmedt (VITO)

Participants LAJ Mazairac

Cooperations -

Integrated modeling and simulation of electricity, gas and heat networks underlying a sustainable city infrastructure PhD student | Postdoc LAJ (Wiet) Mazairac Project aim To secure the future supply of energy (electricity, gas, and/or heat) it is important to study possible changes in the patterns of energy demand and generation. This information is necessary to be able to anticipate on necessary interventions and investments in current and new networks. The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of technical developments and energy price variations on the energy networks, and to determine the most sustainable network infrastructure to adapt to these changes. The main deliverable of this research is an energy networks simulation model that is applicable to European cities. With this model, cities are supported in designing energy policies in which generation, distribution and consumption play equally important roles, and which are sustainable with regard to changes in availability of energy sources.

Progress

Funded by VITO

Funding % per money stream VITO

City Energy Networks

100 %

In the last few months we have been working on a method which makes it possible to find the optimal layout for a district heating network. Heat is one of three carries we will focus on during this project. We can now calculate the construction costs of the network and we can also calculate the operational energy losses. These two interests are conflicting. By applying a genetic optimization algorithm the optimal, least expensive solution can be found.

Start of the project 2013

Information LAJ Mazairac T +31 (0)6 81220502 E l.a.j.mazairac@tue.nl

Scientific publications Mazairac, L.A.J. & Beetz, J. (2013). BIMQL: an open query language for building information models. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 27(4), 444-456. Mazairac, L.A.J. & Beetz, J. (2012). Towards a Framework for a Domain Specific Open Query Language for Building Information Models. In P. Geyer, A. Borrmann, Y. Rafiq & P. de Wilde (Eds.), Conference Paper: International Workshop: Intelligent Computing in Engineering, München: Technische Universität München.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Perceived control in automated daylight control systems

Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EJ van Loenen EHL Aarts

Participants BW Meerbeek

PhD student | Postdoc BW (Bernt) Meerbeek Project aim Investigate how 'expressive interfaces' can increase users' acceptance and perception of control while interacting with intelligent systems such as domestic robots and automated blinds in offices.

Progress A five-month observational field study in 40 offices resulted into a dataset on the blinds usage of four types of blind users. This data was used to simulate the effect of the blinds usage on the energy consumption for heating and cooling. The results of the field study show that a majority of the building occupants switched off the automatic mode of the blinds system permanently. The simulation results indicate that this significantly impacts the energy consumption in the building. Currently, a blinds feedback system is designed and evaluated that aims to increase users’ acceptance of the automatic blinds system.

Cooperations Philips Research

Funded by NOP Philips Research

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2009

Information EJ van Loenen T +31 (0)6 55874721 E e.j.v.loenen@tue.nl

Scientific publications Meerbeek, B. Te Kulve, M., Gritti, T., Aarts, M., Van Loenen, E., Aarts, E., Building automation and perceived control: A field study on motorized exterior blinds in Dutch offices, Building and Environment, Volume 79, Pages 66-77. Mangkuto, R., Wang, S., Meerbeek, B. Aries, M., Van Loenen, E., Lighting performance and electrical energy consumption of a virtual window prototype, Applied Energy, 135, 261-273. Aliakseyeu, D., Meerbeek, B., Mason, J., Lucero, A., Ozcelebi, T., & Pihlajaniemi, H., Beyond the switch: explicit and implicit interaction with light., Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Fun, Fast, Foundational (pp. 785-788). Meerbeek, B., Van Loenen, E., Understanding User Experience of Smart Workplaces: mixed methods, NordiChi 2014 Workshop Proceedings. Meerbeek, B.W., Druenen, T. van, Aarts, M.P.J., Loenen, E.J. van & Aarts, E.H.L. Impact of Blinds Usage on Energy Consumption: Automatic Versus Manual Control., Ambient Intelligence, European Conference AmI 2014 Vol. 8850. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 158-173). Meerbeek, B., Seuntiens, P., Evaluating the experience of daylight through a virtual skylight. Proceedings of Experiencing Light 2014: International Conference on the Effects of Light on Wellbeing. B W Meerbeek, E J Van Loenen, M Te Kulve, M Aarts: User Experience of Automated Blinds in Offices. Experiencing Light; 01/2012. Bernt Meerbeek, MSc. PDEng.; Marije Te Kulve; Tommaso Gritti; Mariëlle Aarts; Evert Van Loenen; Emile Aarts (in review). Building automation and user control: A field study into the usage of automatic blinds in Dutch offices. Journal of Environmental Psychology.

236 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders WL Kling PH Nguyen

Participants E Mocanu

Cooperations Kropman Installatietechniek Almende CWI TU/e - Built Environment

SG (B2B & B2C) BEMS - The art of optimizing the connection between comfort and energy demand supply PhD student | Postdoc E (Elena) Mocanu Project aim Within the SG-BEMS project the partners are collaborating on B2B and B2C applications based on an interface with the BEMS, which focuses on optimizing the energy flows between building user, building installations and the public electrical grid. The concept of Smart Grid is a key technology and strategy to realize the optimization. Through the introduction of ICT and the use of Agent-based control technology supported energy management platform as a link between the Smart Grid and the building/home automation systems, more opportunities for balancing supply and demand arise. The goal of the optimization is to increase the overall performance, while keeping a good level of comfort for people in the built environment. A fundamental research (TU/e and CWI) coupled to experiments (Kropman and Almende) will lead to strong synergistic effect of theory and practice.

Progress

The goal of the work is to increase the overall performance of the continuous bidirectional flow of energy and information between SG and BEMS, while keeping a good level of comfort for people in the built environment. Below is detailed the progress made in 2014. Firstly, a novel method for automatically parameter selection to assess building energy efficiency using Gaussian Mixture Models was introduced in [1]. Secondly, the prediction problem over different time horizons with Funded by different time resolutions is investigated. Prediction of temporal energy consumption plays an Agentschap NL – TKI Switch2SmartGrids essential role in the current transition to future energy systems. Quantification of uncertainty of Top Sector Energy introduced with the advent of new renewable energy sources only strengthens the role of accurate predictions methods, in order to be included later in more complex decision making process able to Funding % per money stream control and plan the building energy consumption. At the same time these methods should be easily Agentschap NL 100 % expandable to higher levels of aggregation such a neighbourhoods and the power distribution grid. Our approach extends the state-of-the-art energy prediction methods by proposing two different Start of the project Deep Learning methods in [2]. Moreover, in [5] one of this methods is extended to do user tracking. 2013 (October) Finally, a new stochastic optimization formalism for the building resources allocation problem is developed in [3] and a method to improve the energy flexibility at the building level, given by a Information ventilation system is presented in [4]. W Zeiler T +31 (0)40 247 3714 E w.zeiler@tue.nl

Figure: Prediction of weekly energy consumption.

Scientific publications [1] Mocanu, E., Nguyen, P.H., Gibescu, M. & Kling, W.L. Optimized parameter selection for assessing building energy efficiency. IEEE YRS, 2014. [2] Mocanu, E., Nguyen, P.H., Gibescu, M. & Kling, W.L. Comparison of machine learning methods for estimating energy consumption in buildings. PMAPS, 2014. [3] Mocanu, E., Aduda, K.O., Nguyen, P.H., Boxem, G., Zeiler, W., Gibescu, M. & Kling, W.L. Optimizing the energy exchange between the smart grid and building systems. UPEC, 2014. [4] Aduda, K.O., Mocanu, E., Boxem, G., Nguyen, P.H., Kling, W.L. & Zeiler, W. The potential and possible effects of power grid support activities on buildings: an analysis of experimental results for ventilation system. UPEC, 2014. [5] Mocanu, E., Mocanu, D.C., Bou Ammar, H., Zivkovic, Z., Liotta, A. & Smirnov, E. Inexpensive user tracking using Boltzmann Machines. SMC, 2014.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Green Cities, modeling the spatial transformation into energy efficient cities PhD student | Postdoc S (Saleh) Mohammadi Project aim

Funded by

The overall aim of the project is developing an urban energy model (UEM) for studying the spatial and economic effects of renewable energy policies that promote renewable energy technologies in urban areas. The model is composed of three main modules as follows: 1. A demand module for determining the average electricity demand and demand load profiles of electricity connections of the built environment by considering electricity usage related variables. 2. An allocation module for examining the spatial and technical requirements for the allocation of renewable energy technologies in urban areas and then evaluates their economic implications to generate the cost effective electricity neutral plan. 3. A heuristic optimization module to analyze the deployment of energy storage technologies in urban level to balance the demand and supply profiles through energy storage technologies and generate an optimal energy storage solution for the study area. For application and validation of the modules the city of Eindhoven is used as a reference city and renewable energy policies are implemented by setting financial conditions in modules.

MSRT (Ministry of Science and Technology)

Progress

Project leaders B de Vries WF Schaefer

Participants S Mohammadi

Cooperations -

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2011 (June)

During the third year of the project the following progress has been achieved:  Implementation of the UEM modules  Data collection and pre-processing  Application on the reference city and modules calibration  Validation of the conceptual framework and simulation modules The following scheme demonstrates the UEM framework components and their associations.

Information S Mohammadi T +31 (0)6 24969861 E s.mohammadi@tue.nl

Urban energy model framework

Scientific publications Mohammadi, S., de Vries, B., & Schaefer, W. (2014). Modeling the Allocation and Economic Evaluation of PV Panels and Wind Turbines in Urban Areas. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 22, 333–351. Mohammadi, S., Vries, B., & Schaefer, W. (2013). A Comprehensive Review of Existing Urban Energy Models in the Built Environment. In S. Geertman, F. Toppen, & J. Stillwell (Eds.), Planning Support Systems for Sustainable Urban Development SE - 14 (Vol. 195, pp. 249–265). Mohammadi, S., Vries, B. de & Schaefer, W.F. (2013). Analyzing the decision making process of property owners in the built environment under different renewable energy policies. CUPUM 2013, 2-5 July 2013, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Mohammadi, S., Vries, B. de & Schaefer, W.F. (2012). Urban energy simulation, a new modeling approach to achieve energy neutral cities: a comprehensive review of existing urban energy models. DDSS2012, 27-29 August 2012, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.

238 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders BJE Blocken JLM Hensen

Participants H Montazeri

Computational modelling of evaporative cooling as a climate change adaptation measure at the spatial scale of buildings and streets PhD student | Postdoc H (Hamid) Montazeri Project aim This thesis aims to explore the benefits of direct and indirect evaporative cooling as climate change adaptation measures. The overall objective is to develop, validate and apply high-resolution computational models to investigate the performance of evaporative cooling in the built environment. This objective can be split up in the following sub-objectives: 1. Develop and validate CFD models for wind flow in urban areas. 2. Develop and validate CFD models for direct evaporative cooling (DEC) (figure). 3. Investigate the performance of direct evaporative cooling for a real complex case study. 4. Investigate the performance of indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) for a simple isolated building.

Cooperations TU/e

Funded by FES City authorities University

Funding % per money stream FES 50 % City authorisies 25 % University 25 %

Start of the project

Progress 1. The Lagrangian-Eulerian approach for evaporative cooling provided by the use of a water spray system with a hollow-cone nozzle configuration has been evaluated. The evaluation is based on grid-sensitivity analysis and validation using wind-tunnel measurements. A sensitivity analysis focused on the impact of the turbulence model for the continuous phase, the number of particle streams for the discrete phase and the nozzle spray angle has been carried out. 2. The impact of several physical parameters on the cooling performance of a water spray system has been investigated: inlet air temperature, inlet air humidity ratio, inlet air velocity, inlet water temperature and inlet droplet size distribution. 3. The potential of DEC applied for a complex urban environment has been evaluated. The CFD models, validated in the previous parts of the project, have been integrated to evaluate the th cooling performance of a water spray system for the Dutch city Rotterdam in July 17 2006, when the major European heat wave occurred.

2010 (October)

Information BJE Blocken T +31 (0)40 247 2138 E b.j.e.blocken@tue.nl W www.urbanphysics.net H Montazeri T +31 (0)40 247 4374 E h.montazeri@tue.nl

Figure: Direct evaporative cooling: (a) using a water spray system in an urban area, (b) schematic view of complex case study used in this thesis.

Scientific publications Montazeri H., Blocken B., Hensen J.L.M. Numerical evaluation of evaporative cooling by mist th spraying systems: validation and application. Proceedings of the 13 Conference of the Italian Association for Wind Engineering. Genova, Italy, June 2014.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders WL Kling

Participants RMDG Morales González M Bongaerts M Gibescu J Scheer FD Wattjes

Cooperations Alliander Cofely GDF-SUEZ

Funded by

Smart (Micro)Grid Applications for Concentrated Industrial and Commercial Areas PhD student | Postdoc RMDG (Rose) Morales González Project aim The aim of this research is to investigate the technical and economic benefits of smart grid applications for commercial and industrial (C&I) customers in business parks with a high penetration of distributed energy resources (DER) by proposing demand response (DR) programs that can provide value for consumers, producers, the regional distribution system operator (DSO), and other parties (e.g. energy service providers) involved in the energy system value chain.

Progress The first year of the PhD corresponded to the preparation and planning phase of the research. The main research questions and scope of the work were outlined in a project initiation document. A literature review on demand response for C&I customers was carried out to understand the research field and establish the theoretical groundwork for the project. The literature review was complemented with practical input from the experience of industry partners in the project. Furthermore, a modeling approach was defined in order to create a generic framework for simulating different types of flexibility in industrial/business parks and assess potential benefits for various actors. This is shown conceptually in the figure below. Two papers based on the results of previous PDEng work were prepared for publication, one of which has been presented at an international conference.

RVO Alliander

Funding % per money stream RVO Industry

50 % 50 %

Start of the project 2014 (February)

Information RMDG Morales González T +31 (0)6 16159072 E r.m.d.g.morales.gonzalez@tue.nl

Figure: Smart industrial park microgrid concept and aggregator’s decision paths for dispatching flexibility.

Scientific publications Morales González, R.M.D.G., Goch, T.A.J. van, Aslam, M.F., Blanch, A. & Ribeiro, P.F. (2014). Microgrid design considerations for a Smart-Energy University Campus. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 2014 5th IEEE PES International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Europe), 12-15 October, 2014, Istanbul, Turkey.

240 |

Department

Influence of new technologies on the distribution grid

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JFG Cobben

Participants M Nijhuis

PhD student | Postdoc M (Michiel) Nijhuis Project aim The distribution grid is subjected to many uncertainties, with the introduction of PV for instance, ordinary households become producers of electricity instead of just consumers. This has a large effect on the optimal distribution network topology. As the current approach to the planning of the distribution grid consist of a fit and forget approach which should be capable of dealing with load changes for the coming 40 years. The increased uncertainty and pace of technological change require another approach to the planning and reinforcement of distribution grids. The distribution grid needs to become more flexible to be able to deal with the uncertainties in the loading of the distribution network. The aim of this project is to define how the distribution grid topology can be changed in order to account for the influences of new technologies on the distribution grid, while becoming more flexible to meet future uncertainties.

Cooperations Progress

Liander NV

Funded by Liander NV

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

To be able to evaluate the effects of the possible future loading of the distribution network scenario analysis of the loading and possible technologies for the coming 40 years has been performed. The outputs of this scenario analysis are used to evaluate the risks in the current distribution network. By looking at the voltage deviations, loading of cables, available short circuit power and safety aspects LV-feeders can be classified based on the risks that they are no longer sufficiently strong enough. As the Dutch LV-network consist of over 300.000 feeders, generic feeders have been constructed by the use of fuzzy k-medians clustering. All the feeders in the distribution grid are classified according to the clustering and the risks for the generic feeders are assessed. Resulting in an overview of the risks present in the Dutch LV-network as illustrated in the figure below.

Information M Nijhuis T +31 (0)6 48526804 E m.nijhuis@tue.nl

Figure: Indication of the risks present in LV-feeders.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders BJE Blocken C Cecere (La Sapienza Roma, Italy)

Participants O Palusci

Cooperations La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy

Funded by Self-funded

Funding % per money stream University 25 % Personal funds 75 %

Start of the project

Wind environment and the Mediterranean city: Morphology, density, urban microclimate, outdoor comfort PhD student | Postdoc O (Olga) Palusci Project aim The purpose of the research is to identify and validate a comparative and analytic methodology that allows to evaluate the performance of specific urban morphologies and their effects on the outdoor comfort by the definition of “microclimatic vulnerability” index and of an index for assessing how much an urban morphology could be modified to fulfill wellbeing criterion. The research aims to quantify and qualify the dynamic relationships between morphology, density, urban microclimate, and outdoor comfort in fabrics typical of the city of Rome, an example of a compact city in the Mediterranean climate. These interactions are analysed as essential components to reduce the environmental impact of urban patterns. The belief is that controlling and mitigating adverse microclimate conditions means directly affecting the outdoor comfort conditions of citizens and indirectly improving the quality of indoor environments and reducing energy consumption.

Progress During the first part of the year there was a literature review about the resilience and mainly about the adaptation and mitigation measures for climate change in the urban environment related to heat waves and wind. Then, meteorological and morphological data of different case – studies were collected and I have started to carry on studies on the density of different morphologies of the city of Rome. Moreover I have chosen tools and methodology. From the preliminary analysis and simulations comes an initial confirmation of the suitability of the observation scale, and consequently of the parameters and tools used to model the phenomena under study. In fact, the neighborhood scale allows both the descriptions of diverse urban morphologies and the use of CFD simulations. For these reasons I have taken two courses about CFD in building engineering.

2014 (October)

Information O Palusci E o.palusci@tue.nl

Figure: Example of a morphological analysis.

Scientific publications -

242 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders BJE Blocken B Leite (USP, Brazil) TAJ van Hooff

Participants JI Perén Montero

Natural cross-ventilation in buildings: Evaluation and optimization of leeward sawtooth-roof geometries PhD student | Postdoc JI (Jorge Isaac) Perén Montero Project aim Natural ventilation in buildings is important to ensure a healthy and comfortable indoor environment and to reduce the energy consumption of Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems and the associated CO2 emissions. Wind-induced cross-ventilation is driven by the pressure difference across the building, as a result of local wind conditions, building envelope shape and mutual position of the window openings. The roof is a component of the building envelope with potential to amplify and direct the air flow from the inlet opening to the outlet opening located on the top rear of the building. In order to quantify the potential of natural upward cross-ventilation, the performance of different leeward sawtooth-roof geometries is analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

Progress

Cooperations Double degree agreement between: The University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil and the TU/e Technological Research Institute of São Paulo (IPT), Brazil The Engineering School of the University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil

One paper was accepted for publication in the ISI journal Building and Environment (IF: 2.700) in November 2014. A second paper was submitted in December 2014. Three journal papers are under preparation: one to be submitted in January 2015; one to be submitted in February 2015; and one to be submitted in March 2015. One conference paper published in the proceedings of Computational Wind Engineering conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2014. Three asbtracts submitted for conferences in 2015.

Funded by TU/e National Secretariat of Science Technology and Innovation (SENACYT), Panamá The Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES), Brazil

Funding % per money stream Industry Scholarships

25 % 75 %

Start of the project 2011 (March)

Information JI Perén T +31 (0) 6 33512096 E J.I.Peren.Montero@tue.nl Figure: Impact of the outlet opening location: (a, b) RIA_27_A and (c, d) RIA_27_B. (a, c) Contours of pressure coefficient CP in the vertical center plane. (b, d) Contours of nondimensional velocity magnitude (V/Uref) in the vertical center plane.

Scientific publications Perén, J. I., Santos, E. T., Leite, B. C. C. (2012); “Upward-airflow ventilation system: an architectural proposal for tropical weather”. In: Proceedings of ZEMCH 2012, Glasgow, UK, (pp. 726-741). Perén, J. I., Santos, E. T., Leite, B. C. C. (2011); “The influence of the sawtooth roof geometry in building ventilation”. In: Proceedings of URBENVIRON 2011, Cairo, Egito, (pp. 1-14).

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Department

Application of nano-silica in concrete

Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc G (George) Quercia Bianchi Project aim The aim of this research is to create a practical application method and a mix design tool to apply a newly developed nano-silica (nS) in concrete.

Progress Project leaders

Utrecht University (JW Geus) FP7 ProMine Project

The activities, according to the approved project plan, have been completed for 80%. The results demonstrated that the optimum replacement level of olivine nano-silica in concrete is between 3.8 to 5.0% by volume. Nevertheless, the addition of nano-silica causes always an increase in the required SP amount to obtain the same workability class. In addition, it was demonstrated that 1 kg of nano-silica can replace 5 kg of cement and the total binder can be decreased, while maintaining the required properties (in fresh and hardened state). Also, it was demonstrated, in laboratory and pilot scale that it is possible to decrease the CO2 footprint of concrete in 18%. Supplementary research is needed to modify and to improve the optimization algorithm developed by Hüsken and Brouwers in order to predict the expected behavior of the cement paste with higher accuracy, when nano particles are added.

Funded by

Public defense: October 1, 2014.

Materials innovation institute (M2i) Selor EEIG (SEMI)

Scientific publications

HJH Brouwers

Participants G Quercia Bianchi G Hüsken

Cooperations

Funding % per money stream University 20 % M2i 40 % Industry 40 %

Start of the project 2010 (February)

Information D Bol (M2i) T +31 (0)15 2782535 E d.bol@m2i.nl W www.m2i.nl V Heidweiller (Geochem Research BV) part of Selor EEIG T +31 (0)20 6711044 E heidweil@xs4all.nl W www.geochem.nl

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Quercia Bianchi, G. (2014). Application of nano-silica in concrete. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. H.J.H. Brouwers & G. Hüsken). Quercia Bianchi, G., Spiesz, P.R., Hüsken, G. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2014). SCC modification by use of amorphous nano-silica. Cement & Concrete Composites, 45, 69-81. Quercia, G., Lazaro, A., Geus, J.W. and Brouwers, H.J.H. (2013). Characterization of morphology and texture of several amorphous nano-silica particles used in concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites (Accepted). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.05.006. Lazaro, A., Brouwers, H.J.H. and Quercia, G. (2013). Synthesis of a green nano-silica material using beneficiated waste dunites and its application in concrete, World Journal of Nano Science and Engineering (3) 2013. Quercia, G., Van der Putten, J.J.G., Husken, G. and Brouwers, H.J.H. (2013). Photo-voltaic silica-rich waste sludge as cementitious supplementary materials (SCM), Cement and Concrete Research. Quercia, G., Van der Putten, J.J.G., and Brouwers, H.J.H. (2013). Photovoltaic’s silicarich waste sludge as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), Advances in Cement and Concrete Technology in Africa (ACCTA 2013), Johannesburg, South-Africa, January 2013. Buregyeya, A., Quercia, G. Spiesz, P., Florea, M.V.A. and Nassingwa, R. (2013). Exploratory Characterization of Volcanic Ash sourced from Uganda as a Pozzolanic Material in Portland Cement Concrete, Advances in Cement and Concrete Technology in Africa (ACCTA 2013), Johannesburg, South-Africa, January 2013. Quercia, G., Brouwers, H.J.H. and Hüsken, G. (2013). Effect of olivine nano-silica additions on the fresh and hardened behaviour of cement pastes and mortars, 1st International Conference on the Chemistry of Construction Materials, Berlin, Germany 7-9 October.

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders BJE Blocken CJ Geurts (TNO)

Participants MJ Ritzen (Zuyd, TU/e) Z Vroon (Zuyd, TNO) R Rovers (Zuyd)

Cooperations Zuyd University of Applied Sciences TNO

Environmental assessment of PV integration in the building envelope PhD student | Postdoc MJ (Michiel) Ritzen Project aim The aim of this research is to develop an environmental assessment model for the combination and interaction of material and energy aspects of integration of PV devices in the building envelope. The developed assessment model will be based on physical quantities that are underlying the generation of both materials and energy; solar energy input and land footprint, expressed in Embodied Land.

Progress The activities undertaken within this project follow two lines. The first is an inventory of building envelope functions and investigation of methods to assess the combined material and energy aspects of these functions. The second line is an experimental approach in which two field tests are defined and realized concentrating on different integration aspects of PV in the building envelope, their interaction and environmental impact. Currently, the effectiveness with respect to energy performance and material aspects are being monitored in these field tests and embedded in the assessment model.

Funded by Zuyd University of Applied Sciences NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO 30 % Zuyd University of Applied Sciences 70 %

Start of the project 2012

Information MJ Ritzen T +31 (0)6 24460817 E m.j.ritzen@tue.nl michiel.ritzen@zuyd.nl

Figure: The two field test at the ‘District of Tomorrow’; monitoring the PV performance under different conditions for backside ventilation and different colors.

Scientific publications Ritzen, M.J., Rovers, R., Vroon, Z.A.E.P. & Geurts, C.P.W. (2014). Making the assessment right, or making the right assessment? In K. Allacker & A. Khan (Eds.), Architecture and sustainability: critical perspectives: generating sustainability concepts from an architectural perspective. Brussels: Sint-Lucas Architecture Press. Ritzen, M.J., Vroon, Z.A.E.P., Rovers, R. & Geurts, C.P.W. (2014). Comparative performance assessment of four BIPV roof solutions in the Netherlands. In R.D. Lieb (Ed.), Proceedings ICBEST 2014. Aachen, Germany. Ritzen, M.J., Heumen, S, Vroon, Z.A.E.P., Rovers, R. & Geurts, C.P.W. (2014). Innovative BIPV rooftops: development, realization, and monitoring of 2 BIPV field tests in the Netherlands. In Proceedings of the 29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2014), 22-26 September, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Arkenbosch, R., Nieuwkamer, L. & Ritzen, M.J. (2014). Strategy development of adaptive reuse of churches in the Netherlands. In R.D. Lieb (Ed.), Proceedings ICBEST 2014. Aachen, Germany. Beek, M.R., Dijk, R.M., Ritzen, M.J., Kursten, M.P., Noort, E & Geurts, C.P.W. (2014). Ranking Responsible Source assessments for building materials. In World Sustainable Building Conference. Barcelona, Spain. Ritzen, M.J., Meijden, B. van der, Rovers, R., Vroon, Z.A.E.P. & Geurts, C.P.W. (2013). Comparison and development of sustainable office façade renovation solutions in the Netherlands. Journal of Facade Design and Engineering, 1 (1-2), 53-71. doi: 10.3233/FDE-130005 Ritzen, M.J., Rovers, R., Gommans, L., Geurts, C.P.W., Vroon, Z.A.E.P. & Sigwarth, S. (2013). Insulation versus installation - an exploration towards maximization. In G. Hauser, T. Lutzenkorf & N. Essig (Eds.), SB13 Munich - Implementing Sustainability - Barriers and Chances, 24-26 April 2013, Munich, Germany (pp. 305-307). Munich: Fraunhofer IRB Verlag. Ritzen, M.J., Rovers, R., Vervuurt, G., Vroon, Z.A.E.P. & Geurts, C.P.W. (2013). Effect of back-string ventilation on BIPV module efficiency. In Sunday 2013 Program and Abstract Scientific Posters. Ritzen, M.J., Geurts, C.P.W., Vroon, Z.A.E.P., Rovers, R. & Vervuurt, G. (2012). Effective BIPV. In Proceedings of the 7th Energy Forum on Solar Building Skins 2012, 6-7 December 2012, Munich, Germany (pp. 166-166). Munich: EF ecnomic forum.

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Department

Profiling of optical surfaces using a plasma jet

Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders WL IJzerman SJ Nijdam

Participants M van der Schans TW Tukker

Cooperations

PhD student | Postdoc M (Marc) van der Schans Project aim The optical system of modern LED lamps consists of several components, such as lenses, reflectors, diffusors and absorbers. The optics determine the emitted light distribution and are therefore an important factor in the efficiency of the lamp. As the shapes of the optical surfaces become increasingly more complex, with typical feature sizes ranging from several tens of microns to a millimeter, new measurement techniques to profile these surfaces have to be developed. The proposed method is based on so-called plasma bullets, which are fast moving ionization fronts generated by a plasma jet. Using the optical surface as a target for the plasma bullet, information on the profile can be obtained from fast imaging and electronic signal processing.

Progress A literature study is being performed to find a favorable plasma jet configuration and appropriate operation conditions. Furthermore, preparations are made for a first proof of concept measurement.

Philips Lighting

Funded by Philips Lighting

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (December)

Information M van der Schans T +31 (0)40 247 5762 E m.van.der.schans@tue.nl W tue.nl/staff/m.van.der.schans

Figure: Photograph of a plasma jet (grayscale) and the emission from a plasma bullet (false color). Photograph by Sven Hofmann.

Scientific publications -

246 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders J Beckers GMW Kroesen

Participants LPT Schepers TW Tukker WL IJzerman

Cooperations Philips

PhD student | Postdoc LPT (Leroy) Schepers Project aim Due to the interaction between a plasma and immersed macroscopic particles, a cloud of these dust particles can be easily confined and controlled. Therefore the dusty plasma will be used as a sample to study scattering of light. In White LEDs, a slab of scattering material including phosphor particles converts blue light in a spectrum of different colors which together compose white light. By using the dusty plasma as a model for a scattering material, fundamental knowledge about the scatter processes in white LEDs is gathered and can be used in order to increase the efficacy of white LEDs even further.

Progress In the first year of this PhD project, a complete new setup is designed and built. The setup allows spectroscopic measurements of light scattered on the dusty plasma, within a range of 360o around the scatter sample. Besides the construction of the setup, theory on light scattering is thoroughly investigated.

Scientific publications

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

Exploring Light Scattering on Dusty Plasmas to improve Energy Efficacy of White LEDs

100 %

Schepers, L.P.T., Beckers, J., Tukker, T.W. & IJzerman, W.L. (2014). Light Scattering on Dusty Plasmas for Enhanced Color Management in White LEDs. Proceedings of the 17th Euregional Workshop on the Exploration of Low Temperature Plasma Physics (WELTPP-17 2014), 20-21 November 2014, Kerkrade, the Netherlands.

Start of the project 2013 (December)

Information LPT Schepers E l.p.t.schepers@tue.nl

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Department

Hybrid Energy Grid Management (HyGrid)

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders

PhD student | Postdoc H (Huaizhou) Shi Project aim This project focuses on realizing a prototype multi-commodity (electricity, gas and thermal energy) energy management framework. The basis of HEGRID is FPAI system - an operational platform that supports multiple smart grid approaches for the electric grid. This base platform will be extended to support gas and thermal grids as well. The project addresses essential challenges posed by the "Energy transition" to incorporate more energy generated from renewable sources.

HP Nguyen

Progress

Cooperations

Unconstrained

TNO (the Netherlands) CWI (the Netherlands) VTT (Finland) KIT (Germany) DTAG (Germany)

Funded by EIT ICT labs TKI of the Netherlands

Funding % per money stream

Unconstrained Timeshifter

Uncontrolled

CHP

Common Heat Buffer

Gas

University 100 %

Heater

Start of the project

Electricity

Grid

Unconstrained

Buffer

Timeshifter

Uncontrolled

HP Nguyen E P.Nguyen.Hong@tue.nl

Unconstrained

2014 (June)

Information

Uncontrolled

H Shi

This project has been successfully completed on 31 December 2014. We have developed an energy management system named TUE-APP. This system is based on the latest version of FlexiblePower Application Infrastructure (FPAI). Both thermal and electrical energy are management in TUE-APP, with the goal of minimize the energy exchange with the grid.

Timeshifter

Participants

Figure: The management of a hybrid energy system.

Scientific publications Huaizhou Shi; Prasad, R.V.; Rao, V.S.; Niemegeers, I.G.M.M.; Ming Xu, "Spectrum- and energyefficient D2DWRAN," Communications Magazine, IEEE , vol.52, no.7, pp.38,45, July 2014. doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2014.6852081. Huaizhou Shi; Prasad, R.V.; Onur, E.; Niemegeers, I.G.M.M., "Fairness in Wireless Networks:Issues, Measures and Challenges," Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE , vol.16, no.1, pp.5,24, First Quarter 2014. doi: 10.1109/SURV.2013.050113.00015 Huaizhou Shi; Prasad, R.V.; Niemegeers, I.G.M.M.; Rahim, A., "Multi-channel management for D2D communications in IEEE 802.22 WRANs," Communications (ICC), 2014 IEEE International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1514,1519, 10-14 June 2014. doi: 10.1109/ICC.2014.6883536. Huaizhou Shi; Prasad, R.V.; Niemegeers, I.G.M.M.; Ming Xu; Rahim, A., "Self-coexistence and spectrum sharing in device-to-device WRANs," Communications (ICC), 2014 IEEE International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1651,1656, 10-14 June 2014. doi: 10.1109/ICC.2014.6883559.

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Department

Development of Eco Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc C (Chris) Straub Project aim The aim of this research is divided into two parts. Part one is a better understanding of the production process of AAC and involved reactions. This will be applied in part two, the substitution or replacement of raw materials by materials with an lower ecological impact, like industrial byproducts, landfill materials, other natural resources.

Project leaders HJH Brouwers

Participants C Straub G Quercia Bianchi

Cooperations

Progress The progress from the beginning of the project till now is mainly literature study and ordering the specific laboratory set up (autoclave and steam generator, ready end of 2013) as theoretical part. The (pre-)selection of possible replacement materials and ordinary raw materials, their ordering and characterization has been done. All materials have been characterized for chemical (LOI, XRF) and physical properties (density, particle size distribution, water demand). Theoretically considerations were collected about obtaining the greenbody properties.

HESS AAC systems BV

Funded by M2i

Funding % per money stream M2i

100 %

Start of the project 2013

Information C Straub T +31 (0)40 247 5795 E c.straub@tue.nl

Scientific publications Straub, C., Florea, M.V.A. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2014). Investigation of the spread flow of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) slurries. Conference Paper: GDCh-Tagung Bauchemie, 6-8 October 2014, Kassel, Germany, (pp. 220-224). Straub, C., Florea, M.V.A. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2014). A newly developed stoichiometric model for Autoclaved Aerated Concrete. Conference Paper: GDCh-Tagung Bauchemie, 6-8 October 2014, Kassel, Germany, (pp. 53-56). Straub, C., Quercia Bianchi, G., Florea, M.V.A. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2014). Slump flow of autoclaved aerated concrete slurries. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference Non-Traditional Cement and Concrete (NTCC2014), June 16-19, 2014, Brno, Czech Republic, (pp. 237-241).

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Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Chloride penetration in cracked and uncracked concrete structures PhD student | Postdoc A (Azee) Taher Project aim

TU Delft

The aim of this project is to improve/develop a model, which describes moisture transport in porous materials, in order to improve the durability of concrete. This model should also include chloride and heat transport. Many coupled differential equations of moisture, chloride and heat can be found in the literature. In these models one or more parameters are neglected. To validate and improve these models, experimental work is needed to estimate the relevance of these parameters. In order to accomplish this goal, the following subtasks should be carried out: Theoretical: a. Validate and improve existing moisture transport models. b. Extend moisture models with chloride and heat transport. Experimental: a. Experimental work regarding the sensitivity of the model parameters. b. Material parameters which are essential in the model must be assessed or measured.

Funded by

Progress

Project leaders HJH Brouwers

Participants A Taher AJJ van der Zanden

Cooperations

STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project 2010

The most important results of the last year were: a. Chloride has a large influence on moisture transport in sand-lime. From these experimental data, a journal paper has been written. b. The calculated diffusion coefficient from the experiment is in good agreement with the diffusion coefficient found in the literature. c. Chloride transport as the result of moisture transport has been demonstrated by measuring chloride concentrations before and after the experiment.

Information A Taher T +31 (0)40 247 2323 E a.taher@tue.nl W www.tue.nl/medewerker/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/20041217/

Figure: Methodology of the project.

Scientific publications Taher, A., van der Zanden, A.J.J. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2014). Chloride transport in mortar at low moisture concentration. Chemistry and Materials Research, 5, 53-56. Zanden, A.J.J. van der & Taher, A. (2014). A gravitational procedure to measure the diffusion coefficient of mater in porous materials: a case study on concrete. Drying Technology, 32(6), 708712. Taher, A., Cao, X., Pop, I.S., Zanden, A.J.J. van der & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2013). Moisture transport in concrete during wetting/drying cycles. Chemistry and Materials Research, 5, 86-90. Taher, A., Arends, T., Zanden, A.J.J. van der & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2014). Measuring water sorption isotherm of mortar containing chloride. XIII International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components,(XIII/DBMC), 2-5 September 2014, São Paulo, (pp. 1093-1100). Taher, A., Hofstede, J.M., van der Zanden, A.J.J. & Brouwers, H.J.H. (2014). The influence of air on the results of the RCM test. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Non-Traditional Cement and Concrete (NTCC2014), June 16-19 2014, Brno, (IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and technology, pp. 245-248).

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Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders BJE Blocken GJF van Heijst B Maiheu

Participants Y Toparlar

Cooperations TU/e Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO)

Funded by TU/e VITO Funding % per money stream TU/e 50 % VITO 50 %

A multi-scale analysis of the urban heat island effect: From city averaged temperatures to the energy demand of individual buildings PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yasin) Toparlar Project aim According to the United Nations, by the year 2050, 70% of the World population is expected to be living in urban areas. As urban areas exhibit higher temperatures than their rural surroundings, this rapid urbanization will have consequences on the way urban designers, architects and engineers design and plan built environments. In this project, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Building Energy Simulations (BES) are used to better understand the relationship between urban microclimate, building energy demand and human thermal comfort. Moreover, a complete numerical analysis will allow scenario analyses, where climate change adaptation measures can be tested for their effectiveness. Within this perspective, the project aims to develop a validated approach, where the microclimate of an urban region can be designed according to the demands of the community.

Progress The project was initiated in January 2013 and is scheduled for 48 months. The project started with an investigation of the scientific literature and existing practices which can numerically analyze urban microclimates. The CFD approach investigating urban microclimate was validated with a case study and the work is published in a journal paper. Now the focus of the project is on the implementation of climate change adaptation measures on both real and generic urban areas. The research will be followed by bridging the gap between CFD and BES, where conclusions regarding the effect of urban microclimate on building energy demand can be drawn.

Start of the project 2013 (January)

Information BJE Blocken T +31 (0)40 247 2138 E b.j.e.blocken@tue.nl W www.urbanphysics.net Y Toparlar T +31 (0)40 247 8444 E y.toparlar@tue.nl Figure: The range of scales in climate modelling and the position of the current project.

Scientific publications Toparlar, Y., Blocken, B.J.E., Heijst, G.J.F. van & Vos, P.E.J. (2014). Computational analysis of wind flow in a generic urban configuration: Comparison between Fluent and OpenFOAM. In K.H. Schlünzen (Ed.), Conference Paper: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Computational Wind Engineering (CWE2014) 8-12 June 2014, (pp. 1-8). Hamburg. Toparlar, Y., Blocken, B.J.E., Janssen, W.D., Hooff, T.A.J. van, Montazeri, H. & Timmermans, H.J.P. (2013). Numerical analysis of urban water ponds to reduce air temperatures during heat waves: Case study for Bergpolder Zuid, Rotterdam. In J.M. Buchlin, W. Bosschaerts & Souad Harmand (Eds.), Proceedings of the Eurotherm Seminar No96: Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement, 1718 September 2013, Brussels, Belgium, (pp. 1-8). Brussels: von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics.

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Department

GENiC (Globally Optimized Energy Efficient Data Centres)

Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders CIT (Ireland)

Participants JI Torrens V Zavrel J Bynum (until Oct’14) JLM Hensen

Cooperations UTRC-I (Ireland) ATOS (Spain) UCC (Ireland) CIT (Ireland) IMB (Switzerland) Acciona (Spain)

PhD student | Postdoc JI (Ignacio) Torrens Project aim The GENiC project aims to develop an integrated management and control platform for Data Centres (DC) wide optimization of energy consumption by integrating monitoring and control of computation, data storage, cooling , local power generation, energy storage, and waste heat recovery. The platform will include open interfaces, common data formats, control and optimization functions and decision support to achieve a substantial reduction in energy consumption. PUE, CUE. GENiC will develop a process and tool chain for cost-effective integration of renewable energy sources into DC power systems demonstrating renewable energy penetration in excess of 80%.

Progress During the first year of the project it has been crucial to agree on the technical architecture of the GENiC platform, trying to define the process that will lead to the correct functioning of the solution as well as identifying the requirements for it. In order to test this GENiC platform, a virtual DC infrastructure started to be developed during the first year. Thermal and power simulation models of the demonstration facilities: two DC’s in Cork (Ireland) and renewable energy systems (RES) sites in Sevilla and Madrid (Spain). Lastly, the first efforts in the integration of the different architecture components were made during this first year.

Funded by EU - grant agreement no. 608826

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Information JI (Ignacio) Torrens T +31 (0)40 247 8741 E j.i.torrens@tue.nl W http://projectgenic.eu/

Figure: Decision making across the different DC control levels.

Scientific publications V. Zavrel, M. Bartak, J.L.M. Hensen (2014) Simulation of a Data Center Cooling System in an Emergency Situation, proceedings of IBSPA-CZ conference, November 2014, Prague, The Czech Republic.

252 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders BJE Blocken PJV van Wesemael

Participants R Vasaturo S Iousef I Kalkman H Montazeri A Papadopoulos D Timmermans (Heijmans)

Cooperations Heijmans BV City of Den Bosch Avans Hogeschool Province of Noord-Brabant

Funded by TU/e, PhD Impulse Programme Heijmans BV

Multi-scale analysis of the impact of vegetative technologies and cool roofs on the urban environment PhD student | Postdoc R (Raffaele) Vasaturo Project aim The aim of the research is twofold: i) evaluate and optimize the energy-efficiency performance of several measures/technologies (cool roofs, green roofs, green facades, street greening) on different urban scales (building, district, city scale) by considering the influence of different parameters such as building type and height, neighborhood type, atmospheric conditions; ii) evaluate the use of vegetative technologies and cool roofs as a systemic approach of dealing with energy waste and climate change problems. In order to do that, the surrounding urban environment and atmospheric boundary layer must be adequately modelled, using the best models available. It has been ascertained that there is a need to develop and evaluate new models, especially in order to model the roughness at the ground and building walls in Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The testing of these new models is itself an intrinsic aim of this research.

Progress An extensive literature review has been carried out in order to: clarify the context in which the research is embedded, define research gaps and possible solutions to the research problem, review the state of the art in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques, review the proposed technologies. The first step of the research consists of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) model testing for the urban environment. Large Eddy Simulations have been used with a non-conformal mesh in order to reduce the computational cost of the simulation while preserving the accuracy of the results. Initial calculations revealed a substantial and unintended decay of turbulent kinetic energy along the length of the domain. Different wall treatments and inflow methods that take into account ground roughness are currently being tested in attempt to alleviate this problem. CFD simulation of the flow in an urban street canyon (USC) and validation against experimental data is also underway.

Funding % per money stream Industry 50 % Impuls PhD 50 %

Start of the project 2013 (October)

Information R Vasaturo T +31 (0)6 34413091 E r.vasaturo@tue.nl

Figure: PhD project description: (a) Schematic of the computational domain for ABL flow in the urban environment (modified from Blocken et al., 2007), (b) schematic of cool and green roofs, (c) (left) Envisioning green roofs on a large scale (www.maximizingprogress.org) and (right) cool roofs on a large scale in Los Angeles (image by Google maps).

Scientific publications -

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Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders W Zeiler

Participants JCG Verhaart G Boxem

Cooperations Maastricht University Delft University of Technology TNO Bouw Kropman Priva Vabi NXP

Funded by RVO (Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland)

Funding % per money stream RVO

100 %

Process Control on Workplace Level – User Centered Energy Reduction PhD student | Postdoc JCG (Jacob) Verhaart Project aim This project aims to develop a system for personal climate control to make it practically applicable. Personal Comfort Systems (PCS) offer an increased comfort level on the workplace, directly around the individual building occupant. A PCS should only require energy when the occupant is present and feeling uncomfortable. The energy that is used, delivers cooling directly to the individual. This way, the comfort level and productivity of each individual can be increased and energy use for the whole office building can be reduced. The performance of a PCS employed in an office building can be improved further if the system is able to determine the comfort level of the user. This can be achieved by combining information on the local environmental conditions, the state of the users’ thermoregulatory system and through user interaction. The actions that need to be taken for improving comfort can be coordinated between the PCS and the global climate system.

Progress In the past year, a general model for the determination of the energy saving potential of the application of a PCS has been proposed and published. This model states that, even though energy saving is a building characteristic, the total saving is also dependent on the specific characteristics of the PCS. This means that each PCS can be tested using this same method and its effect on the energy saving potential can be determined. A PCS for local cooling was developed and tested on human subjects in the climate chamber in a slightly warm environment. From these experiments, the first indication of the performance of this PCS could be made. Future tests can give the full performance and incremental improvements can improve this design further. The mechanism and method of detecting the onset of sweating as an indicator of warm discomfort is being studied and experimented on.

Start of the project 2013

Information JCG Verhaart E j.c.g.verhaart@tue.nl

Figure: Lay-out of ICS including subsystem.

Scientific publications Verhaart, J. C. G., Veselý, M., & Zeiler, W. (2014). Design of a Neck Heating System. In Indoor Air. Verhaart, J., Veselý, M., Kik, S., & Zeiler, W. (2014). Personal heating ; energy use and effectiveness. In 8th Windsor Conference: Counting the Cost of Comfort in a changing world (pp. 10–13). Verhaart, J., Zeiler, W. & Boxem, G. (2013) Process Control on Workplace Level – User Centered Energy Reduction. In ICEBO.

254 |

Department

Heat transfer in the human body and thermal comfort

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc S (Stephanie) Veselá Project aim The goal of this project is to develop dynamic and human specific thermo-physiological model to predict the heat transfer and temperature distribution in the human body. The model will be used for the prediction of thermal comfort in the built environment.

Project leaders

Progress

AJH Frijns

Our thermo-physiological model ThermoSEM is further improved by the introduction of a neurological based thermoregulation model. The new model outcomes are compared with experiments on volunteers. Good agreement is shown for blood flow, and for skin and core temperatures for young adults as well as for elderly. This thermo-physiological model was also used to predict the thermal responses to (changes in) the indoor climate. It was extended such that the thermal sensation can be predicted as well. Simulations and measurements showed a good agreement.

Participants S Veselá BRM Kingma H Pallubinsky M te Culve L Schellen L Schlangen WD van Marken Lichtenbelt AA van Steenhoven DMJ Smeulders

Cooperations MUMC+ Philips

Funded by RVO STW TU/e

Figure: Neuro-physiological thermoregulation model (left) and measured and computed thermal sensation (right).

Scientific publications Funding % per money stream University 80 % NWO 20 %

Start of the project

Kingma, B.R.M., Vosselman, M.J., Frijns, A.J.H., Steenhoven, A.A. van & Marken Lichtenbelt, W. van (2014). Incorporating neurophysiological concepts in mathematical thermoregulation models. International Journal of Biometeorology, 58(1), 87-99. Kingma, B.R.M., Frijns, A.J.H., Schellen, L. & Marken Lichtenbelt, W. van (2014). Beyond the classic thermoneutral zone: including thermal comfort. Temperature, 1(2), 10-17.

2014

Information AJH Frijns T +31 (0)40 247 4825 E a.j.h.frijns@tue.nl W www.energy.tue.nl

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Smart Energy for Building Comfort

Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc M (Micha) Veselý Project aim

M Veselý Y Zhao H Smulders

The non-industrial buildings represent about one third of the primary energy consumption in the developed countries, but despite the high energy consumption a high quality of the indoor environment is often not achieved. These problems lead to the development of personalized conditioning systems. Personalized conditioning represents a way how to overcome both of these problems. The individual approach to the buildings’ occupants with respect to their different needs makes it possible to satisfy everybody in the building. The fact that the energy is deployed in an effective way only on the place of its actual need allows to relax the indoor environmental conditions in the room and thus to save energy. However, the personalized conditioning systems are still controlled in a rather traditional way. Incorporating physiological parameters as critical indicators of peoples’ comfort can thus significantly improve the performance of personalized conditioning.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders W Zeiler

Participants

Kropman BS

Funded by NWO - STW

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (January)

A comprehensive literature review was published covering the topic of personalized conditioning and its impacts on thermal comfort and building energy performance. The initial tests with human subjects confirmed that fingertip temperature is a good predictor of thermal comfort under mild cool conditions. In order to apply this in practice it is needed to measure the fingertip temperature remotely without compromising overall comfort of the user. Therefore, infrared thermography was used for the measurements and an algorithm for real-time finger tracking has been developed. Second focus in the last period was on testing actuators for personalized heating. The experiments in a climate chamber were performed in cooperation with TKI EnerGo project UCER. The initial analysis of the results shows an improvement of thermal comfort when using a personalized heating system focused on neck, hands and feet under mild cool conditions.

Information M Veselý T +31 (0)40 247 2323 E m.vesely@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/en/employee/ ep/e/d/ep-uid/20122295/

Figure: Comparison of our study with the study of Wang et al. (2007), our data are represented by yellow empty squares, adapted from (Wang et al., 2007).

Scientific publications Veselý, M., & Zeiler, W. (2014). Personalized conditioning and its impact on thermal comfort and energy performance – A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, 401–408. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.024. Veselý, M., & Zeiler, W. (2014). Tracking hand movement in an infrared image. In Proceedings of 8th Windsor Conference: Counting the Cost of Comfort in a changing world. Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK. Retrieved from http://nceub.org.uk. Veselý, M., & Zeiler, W. (2014). Fingertip temperature as a control signal for personalized heating. In Proceedings of Indoor Air. Hong Kong. Veselý, M., & Zeiler, W. (2014). How to quantify thermal sensation and comfort? In Proceedings of Indoor Air. Hong Kong.

256 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JG Slootweg

Participants FD Wattjes

Cooperations -

PhD student | Postdoc FD (Frits) Wattjes Project aim The sustainable transition towards a smarter electricity system with an emphasis on decentralized systems and additional functionalities will be facilitated in the near future by smart microgrids. Smart microgrids are complex systems which must be developed in an efficient, effective and transparent way. A smart microgrid is not ‘just’ a technological concept but a multi-, inter- and trans disciplinary theme that can only succeed with a common effort of all involved actors. These actors vary in education, background, beliefs, etc., and are seeking for a pragmatic method to develop a smart microgrid in a complex and non-transparent sector. A new method is proposed for developing smart microgrids. This method will be applied in a pilot project for the development of a smart energy supply system for a commercial and industrial site in a Dutch municipality. This project is subsidized by the Agentschap NL.

Progress

Funded by Cofely Energy & Infra

Funding % per money stream Industry

System development methodology for smart microgrids within the business to business market

100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information FD Wattjes T +31 (0)6 20012573 E Frits.wattjes@cofely-gdfsuez.nl

The proposed system development framework is 90% completed and ready to be applied within smart microgrids. The smart microgrid is divided into several themes, each developed by the proposed framework. These themes are almost (95%) completed, the next step is to develop an integral part, which combines all themes into a holistic vision on smart microgrids system development and to draw conclusions on the feasibility of smart microgrids.

Scientific publications Wattjes, F.D., Janssen, S.L.L. & Slootweg, J.G. (2013). Framework for estimating flexibility of commercial and industrial customers in smart grids. Conference Paper: Proceedings of IEEE PES ISGT Europe 2013: October 6 - 9, 2013, Lyngby, Denmark., (pp. 1-5). Lyngby. Wattjes, F.D. & Slootweg, J.G. (2013). Design considerations for smart microgrids. Conference Paper: Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2013 48th International Universities', 2-5 Sept. 2013, Dublin, Ireland, Piscataway: IEEE. Utilities, ‘met intelligente netten naar een duurzame energievoorziening’, September 2011.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Power Quality Regulation within European Framework

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JFG Cobben

Participants LE Weldemariam V Ćuk

Cooperations NMA Alliander

PhD student | Postdoc LE (Leake) Weldemariam Project aim The objective of the research is to do calculations of voltage dips (based on computer simulation and field measurements) and estimate the expected number voltage dips/year; to study the classification of voltage dips taking their severity into account; to find an optimal placement of monitoring voltage dips, propose a better way voltage dips should be measured and reported reliabely in the MV network; to study the immunity of customers to voltage dips and possible mitigation solutions; to study the cost-benefit analysis of voltage dips and mitigation techniques; and propose voltage dip regulation (set a limit) to the grid code at the distribution network level.

Progress Calculation and estimation of voltage dips (simulation+field), optimal placement of monitoring, a better way voltage dips should be measured and reported are completed. The above figure illustrates about the monitoring, transfer of voltage dips to end-users. The immunity of voltage dips, mitigation solutions and costs related voltage dips and their mitigations are under study till the coming year.

Funded by NMA Alliander

Feeders of MV network

HV/MV transformer

Funding % per money stream Industry

MV/LV transformer

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (June)

HV grid

. . .

YNyn PQ monitoring

52.5/10.5kV, 2.5MVA

Line voltage dips Dyn

POC

SOL

Connected customers

Information LE Weldemariam E l.e.weldemariam@tue.nl

POC

Phase voltage dips

Dyn Industrial plant 2350kVA

Figure: The figure shows an HV to LV connections. Based on the research results, optimal location for monitoring voltage dips should be at the main busbar. End-users connected to the MV network through Dyn transfomers are affected by the line dips in the MV network. Thus, the monitoring tools in the MV network should record line voltage dips originating from the HV and MV networks. For future study, a critical industrial plant is to be considered to study the impacts of the monitored dips, immunity of the equipment to voltage dips, assess the costs due to voltage dip, study the possible and optimum mitigation solutions and costs related to the solutions.

Scientific publications L.E. Weldemariam, V. Cuk, J.F.G. Cobben, W.L. Kling, “The Influence of Critical Distance on th Monitoring Dips in the MV Network”, 49 IEEE Proc. of International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC2014 ), 2-5 Sep 2014, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. L.E. Weldemariam, V. Cuk, J.F.G. Cobben, W.L. Kling, “Monitoring Dips in the MV Network for th Regulation- A Case Study”, 16 IEEE Proc. of International Conference on Harmonics and Quality th of Power (ICHQP), 25-28 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania.

258 |

Department Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders EF Steennis PAAF Wouters

Participants L Wu

Cooperations TenneT

PhD student | Postdoc L (Lei) Wu Project aim    

Categorize causes over-voltage resonances. Investigate how power cable affects these events. Use Randstad380 project as case study. Investigate limits of introducing power cable.

Progress Based on mathematics, a frequency domain method is developed to analyze transients (upto 10 kHz) in complex transmission systems (combined overhead line and underground cables). Models of transformer and shunt reactor are checked by sweep frequency response analysis. Models of combined overhead lines and underground cables are checked by sequence-impedance measurement. Public defense: October 21, 2014.

Funded by TenneT

Scientific publications

Funding % per money stream Industry

Impact of EHV/HV underground power cables on resonant grid behavior

100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information L Wu T +31 (0)40 247 3973 E lei.wu@tue.nl

Wu, L. (2014). Impact of EHV/HV underground power cables on resonant grid behavior. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. F. Steennis & dr. P.A.A.F. Wouters). Bruyn, B.J.H de, Wu, L., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, F. (2013). Equivalent single-layer power cable sheath for transient modeling of double-layer sheaths. Conference Paper: IEEE PES PowerTech conference, 16-20 June 2013, Grenoble, (pp. 1-6). Grenoble. Wu, L., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, F. (2013). Application of frequency domain analysis to fault transients in complex HV transmission lines. Conference Paper: 8th International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical Engineering (ATEE 2013), May 23-25 2013, Bucharest, (pp. 1-6). Bucharest. Wu, L., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, F. (2013). Frequency domain transient analysis of resonant behavior for different HV overhead line and underground cable configurations. Conference Paper: 10th International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST 2013), 18-20 July 2013, Vancouver, (pp. 1-6). Vancouver. Wu, L., Fonk, H., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, F. (2013). Influence by parasitic capacitances on frequency response of a 380-150-50 kV transformer with shunt reactor. Conference Paper: 18th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH 2013), August 25-30 2013, Seoul, (pp. 56-60). Seoul. Wu, L., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, F. (2012). Model of a double circuit with parallel cables for each phase in a HV cable connection. Conference Paper: IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology, 30 Oktober - 2 November 2012, Auckland, New Zealand, (pp. 1-5). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center. Wu, L., Wouters, P.A.A.F. & Steennis, F. (2011). Aspects related to replacing HV lines by HV cables on resonant grid behavior. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST '11), 14-17 June 2011, Delft, the Netherlands, (pp. 1-6). Delft. Wu, L., Wouters, P.A.A.F., Heesch, E.J.M. van & Steennis, F. (2011). On-site voltage measurement with capacitive sensors on high voltage systems. Conference Paper: Proceedings of the IEEE PES PowerTech 2011 Conference, 19-23 June 2011, Trondheim, Norway, (pp. 1-6). IEEE Service Center.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Operation of Future Medium Voltage Distribution Grids

Electrical Engineering

Application of Statistical Methods for State Estimation and Fault Location

Research theme

PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yu) Xiang

□ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project aim

Y Xiang

The aim of the project is to investigate the minimum measurements needed in distribution grid for autonomous operation, and to develop an innovative operation framework with the proposed measurement scheme. The following research questions are proposed: 1. How many measurements in distribution grid are necessary for the future smart operation, including where to measure, what to measure and the timescale? 2. How can we make use of the measurement data to improve the operation of distribution grid? 3. How can we make the proposed operation framework so reliable and robust that a certain amount of false data cannot disturb the whole operation?

Cooperations

Progress

Alliander NV

As the second research topic, a statistical approach is proposed for the section-based fault location in medium voltage grid with under ground cables, based on Bayesian inference. The procedure is shown below. The prior distribution of a possible fault position is firstly calculated based on component failure databased, digging company reputation database, and fault indicator readings. With the measured transient currents and voltages during the fault, the posterior distribution is calculated using Bayes’ theorem. With the posterior distribution we can calcucate a ranking of possible faulted, which can facilitate the outage restoration process and reduce the interruption duration.

Project leaders JFG Cobben

Participants

Funded by Alliander NV

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information Y Xiang T +31 (0)40 247 5978 E y.xiang@tue.nl

Normal operation status

Quasi real-time state estimation

Digging company reputation database

Digging activity record

Component failure database

Pre-processing

Transmitted fault indicator (TFI) system

TFI readings

Fault

Transient measurement system

Pre-fault grid condition

Prior distribution of fault position

Bayes theorem

Network parameters

Measured transient current and voltage

Posterior distribution of fault position

Post processing

Ranking of possible faulted sections

Figure: Fault location procedure based on Bayesian inference.

Scientific publications Yu Xiang, J.F.G. Cobben, P.F. Ribeiro, Statistical Error Analysis of Household Load Profile for Medium Voltage Grid State Estimation, Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC), Wroclaw, Poland, Aug 18-22, 2014. Yu Xiang; Ribeiro, P.F.; Cobben, J.F.G., "Optimization of State-Estimator-Based Operation Framework Including Measurement Placement for Medium Voltage Distribution Grid," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.5, no.6, pp.2929,2937, Nov. 2014. Mao Li; Yu Xiang; Cobben, J.F.G., "Voltage sag estimation based on probabilistic short circuit including the fault ride through effect of distributed generator," Power System Technology (POWERCON), 2014 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.2972,2979, 20-22 Oct. 2014.

260 |

Department Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders JLM Hensen

Participants V Zavrel JI Torrens

Cooperations IBM ATOS Acciona UTRC UCC CIT

Funded by

GENiC: Energy Optimization of Data Centers Using Building Modeling Method PhD student | Postdoc V (Vojtech) Zavrel Project aim The PhD project is included in a larger project named GENiC (Globally Optimised Energy Efficient Data Centers), which focuses especially on the operational efficiency optimization of a data center (DC). The main goal of the overall project is to develop and validate a novel model based control strategy which should fill crucial research gaps such as a lack of coordination between IT workload, thermal and power management. It will also seek to develop a cost-effective tool chain for the integration RES and Heat Recovery in DCs. Since the possibilities to execute any tests in a real DC are extremely limited in practice, one of the main goals of the PhD project is to develop methodology for testing and commisiong the novel control strategy for DC.

Progress The Computational Building Performance Simulation group at TU/e is responsible for the energy modelling included in the wider multi-disciplinary project. Along with the literature study and other preparation tasks, such as the definition of project goals, the methodology and aslo definition of role and responsibility of each partner in the wider project; the first version of Virtual Data Center Infrastructure (VDCI) was developed. The VDCI is a complex physical model of DC and its systems and provides a tool for testing and commissioning of model based strategies for DC. Advantages of Building Modeling methods such as of multi scale and multi domain modeling feature and unsteady simulation with reasonable time is used for development process.

European union

Funding % per money stream EU

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (November)

Information V Zavrel T +31 (0)40 247 2571 E v.zavrel@tue.nl

Figure: Multi-scale modelling of data center.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Smart Energy for Building Comfort

Built Environment

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion ■ Built environment □ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders W Zeiler

Participants Y Zhao M Veselý

PhD student | Postdoc Y (Yang) Zhao Project aim Traditionally in energy management systems the control strategy is based on a simplified approach to comfort, leading to dissatisfaction and unnecessary energy consumption. To be really smart with energy and to reach the optimal combination of efficient supply and necessary demand, it is therefore important to look at the comfort demand more precisely. The human behaviour can influence the energy consumption, so therefore it is necessary to incorporate the human needs. Sensing, monitoring, and actuating systems in relation to the user perception and preferences play the key role in reducing overall energy consumptions in buildings. Therefore, we start with looking more closely to the perceived comfort. The developed systems can be used to optimize the process control of new buildings but far more important also used for optimizing existing buildings.

Progress Cooperations Kropman Installatietechniek

Funded by NWO-STW

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

First focus of the last period was on analyzing parameters that have potential to become a control signal within control process of personalized heating. The initial tests with human subjects confirmed that fingertip temperature is a good predictor of thermal comfort under mild cool conditions (figure). In order to apply this in practice it is needed to measure the fingertip temperature remotely without compromising overall comfort of the user. Therefore, infrared thermography was used for the measurements and an algorithm for realtime finger tracking has been developed. This algorithm was based on pattern matching in a monochromatic (infrared) image.

Start of the project 2013 (July)

Information W Zeiler T +31 (0)40 247 3714 E w.zeiler@tue.nl

Figure: Experimental relationship between thermal sentation and fingertip temperature.

Scientific publications -

262 |

3.4 Research projects □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Fusion is an endgame solution. We work on it for the sake of our children and grandchildren.

Annual Research Report 2014

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264 |

Department

Estimation of heat transport coefficients in fusion plasmas

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders MR de Baar

PhD student | Postdoc M (Matthijs) van Berkel Project aim New methodologies need to be developed to get improved estimates of the heat transport coefficients based on perturbative experiments. The project focuses on estimating the electron heat transport in fusion plasmas using frequency domain system identification techniques. Special attention needs to be paid to the inclusion of (measurement) uncertainty and model validation techniques. In addition, the design of novel perturbation signals for improved estimation of the transport coefficients needs to be developed.

Participants

Progress

M van Berkel GMD Hogeweij HJ Zwart G Vandersteen

New estimation methodologies have been developed and tested on simulation data and some measurement data (RTP, ASDEX-U, LHD). The results have been summarized in a number of articles and in the thesis entitled “Estimation of heat transport coefficients in fusion plasmas” by M van Berkel, which is currently being finalized.

Cooperations FOM DIFFER NIFS - LHD (JPN) Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BEL) ASDEX Upgrade (GER)

Funded by FOM programme 120

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (February)

Information M van Berkel T +31 (0)40 247 2058 E m.v.berkel@tue.nl (@live.com)

 Figure: Estimates of the diffusivity (Da) and convectivity (Va) at different radii ρ with confidence bounds calculated using the infinite domain maximum likelihood estimator (RTP-tokamak 19960403.006). The diffusivity estimates are of the correct order, but the convectivity estimates have a too high uncertainty. (Figure taken from M. van Berkel et al. 2013 IEEE-MSC).

Scientific publications  M. van Berkel, H.J. Zwart, N. Tamura, G.M.D. Hogeweij, S. Inagaki, M.R. de Baar, and K. Ida. Explicit approximations to estimate the perturbative diffusivity in the presence of convectivity and damping I Semi-infinite slab approximations. Phys. Plasmas 21, 112507, 2014.  M. van Berkel, G.M.D. Hogeweij, N. Tamura, H.J. Zwart, S. Inagaki, M.R. de Baar, and K. Ida. Explicit approximations to estimate the perturbative diffusivity in the presence of convectivity and damping II Semi-infinite cylindrical approximations. Phys. Plasmas 21, 112508, 2014.  M. van Berkel, N. Tamura, H.J. Zwart, G.M.D. Hogeweij, S. Inagaki, M.R. de Baar, and K. Ida. Explicit approximations to estimate the perturbative diffusivity in the presence of convectivity and damping III Cylindrical approximations for heat waves traveling inwards. Phys. Plasmas 21, 112509, 2014.  M. van Berkel, H.J. Zwart, G.M.D. Hogeweij, G. Vandersteen, H. van den Brand, M.R. de Baar, and the ASDEX Upgrade Team. Estimation of the thermal diffusion coefficient in fusion plasmas taking frequency measurement uncertainties into account. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 56(10), 105004, 2014.  M. van Berkel, G. Vandersteen, E. Geerardyn, R. Pintelon, H.J. Zwart, and M.R. de Baar. Frequency domain sample maximum likelihood estimation for spatially dependent parameter estimation in PDEs. Automatica, 50(8), 2113-2119, 2014.  M. van Berkel, G. Vandersteen, H.J. Zwart, G.M.D. Hogeweij, and M.R. de Baar. Maximum likelihood estimation of diffusion and convection in tokamaks using infinite domains. IEEE Multi-conference on Systems and Control, 1230-1234, 2013. 

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders M Steinbuch

Participants H Boessenkool MR de Baar D Abbink

Cooperations FOM Institute DIFFER Delft University of Technology

Funded by

Analysis and optimization of tele-operated task performance of ITER Remote Handling PhD student | Postdoc H (Henri) Boessenkool Project aim Tele-operated maintenance is crucial for future fusion plants like ITER, however it is expected to be very difficult and time consuming. The aim of this research is to optimize tele-operated task performance during ITER maintenance. Special attention is paid to the interaction between the human operator and the tele-manipulator and the applicability of the principles of haptic shared control to optimize task performance. Can we combine manual control and automation (and take benefits of both), by introducing intelligent guiding forces?

Progress To get quantitive insight in the exact problems operators encounter during tele-operated task execution, a task analysis approach was proposed and performed. Video recordings and logbooks of real world complex maintenance tasks at JET (Joint European Torus) were analysed to identify key areas for performance improvement. This analysis was complemented with a human factor experiment with a simulated task environment, which provided more detailed data about how tasks were executed. The gained insight in underlying causes for degraded task performance will be used in further research on operator assistance with augmented visual or haptic guidance.

EFDA GOT RH program

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (July)

Information H Boessenkool E h.boessenkool@tudelft.nl W https://www.tue.nl/en/afblijvenbest-practices/templates-vooronderzoeksgroepen/controlsystems-technology-cst/research/ specialties/robotics-for-careand-cure/ongoing-phd-researchprojects/analysis-and-optimizationof-tele-operated-task-performanceof-iter-remote-handling/ Figure: Schematic picture of tele-manipulation with proposed Haptic shared control. [modified from: H. Boessenkool, “A Task-Specific Analysis of the Benefit of Haptic Shared Control During Telemanipulation,” IEEE Trans. Haptics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 2–12, 2013]

Scientific publications H. Boessenkool, J. Thomas, C. J. M. Heemskerk, M. R. de Baar, M. Steinbuch, and D. a. Abbink, “Task analysis of human-in-the-loop tele-operated maintenance: What can be learned from JET?,” Fusion Eng. Des., vol. 89, no. 9–10, pp. 2283–2288, Oct. 2014. H. Boessenkool, D. A. Abbink, C. J. M. Heemskerk, F. C. T. van Der Helm, and J. G. W. Wildenbeest, “A Task-Specific Analysis of the Benefit of Haptic Shared Control During Telemanipulation,” IEEE Trans. Haptics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 2–12, 2013. H. Boessenkool, D. A. Abbink, C. J. M. Heemskerk, M. Steinbuch, M. R. de Baar, J. G. W. Wildenbeest, D. M. S. Ronden, and J. F. Koning, “Analysis of human-in-the-loop tele-operated maintenance inspection tasks using VR,” Fusion Eng. Des., vol. 88, pp. 2164–2167, 2013. J. G. W. Wildenbeest, D. A. Abbink, C. J. M. Heemskerk, F. C. T. van Der Helm, and H. Boessenkool, “The Impact of Haptic Feedback Quality on the Performance of Teleoperated Assembly Tasks,” IEEE Trans. Haptics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 242–252, Apr. 2013. J. van Oosterhout, D. A. Abbink, J. F. Koning, H. Boessenkool, J. G. W. Wildenbeest, and C. J. M. Heemskerk, “Haptic shared control improves hot cell remote handling despite controller inaccuracies,” in Fusion Engineering and Design, 2012, pp. 4–7. H. Boessenkool, D. A. Abbink, C. J. M. Heemskerk, and F. C. T. van Der Helm, “Haptic Shared Control Improves Tele-Operated Task Performance towards Performance in Direct Control,” in World Haptics Conference, 2011, pp. 433–438.

266 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders AJH Donné IGJ Classen

Edge Localized Mode (ELM) studies with Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) Imaging PhD student | Postdoc A (Anton) Bogomolov Project aim Utilize ECE Imaging diagnostic, in combination with other diagnostics, to study the development of ELM mode, providing a detailed description of the main characteristics, and the plasma parameters on which these depend. Look into the inpact of ELM control coils. Make a comparison between the experimentally observed characteristics and those predicted by ELM theory and models.

Progress

Participants A Bogomolov

Cooperations Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching, Germany

Several methods of ELM analysis were developed, which allowed to automatically extract such ELM parameters as ELM onset velocity, ELM mode localization, ELM mode wavenumber etc. Hundreds of ELMs of different shots were analysed, particulary shots with application of error field correction coils and shots with nitrogen seeded plasma. On the basis of the obtained results a paper is submitted.

Funded by FOM DIFFER

Funding % per money stream FOM EU

85 % 15 %

Start of the project 2011 (October)

Information A Bogomolov T +49 (0)17627553866 E a.bogomolov@differ.nl

Figure: Mode localization of type-I ELM onsets before (a) and during (b) the transition to small ELMs regime. c) Shows average intensity over chords. The temperature fluctuations related to type-I ELM onsets in both cases (before and during the transition) are localized around the flux surface rho=1.0.

Scientific publications A V Bogomolov, I G J Classen, J E Boom, A J H Donné, E Wolfrum, W Suttrop, N C Luhmann Jr and the ASDEX Upgrade Team. “Study of the ELM fluctuation characteristics during the mitigation of type-I ELMs”, 41st EPS (2014) P2.009.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

In-line ECE for NTM control at AUG

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc H (Hugo) van den Brand Project aim To build an ITER relevant MHD control system at AUG. To demonstrate the functionality of the radial tracking system based on mm-wave cavity FADIS and Mach-Zehnder interferometer. To establish control over the mm-wave cavity round path length. To modulate the power source in phase with the island’s O-point, as determined with a Kalman filter.

Project leaders MR de Baar

Progress

Participants H van den Brand

Cooperations Asdex Upgrade IFP Stuttgart TNO Delft

Funded by FOM programme 120

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information H van den Brand T +31 (0)40 247 2058 E h.v.d.brand@tue.nl

268 |

Experiments were done. Island can be appreciated in the data, but phase jump required for radial tracking not seen. This is due to the geometry of the AUG configuration. A modified set-up is proposed, which will show the phase jump. Control of the mm-wave cavity FADIS MKII (500 kW) is achieved, and a FADIS MKIII (water cooled, CW, full power) is set up. Offline analysis to determine the island phase and frequency with a Kalman filter demonstrated.

Scientific publications Brand, H. van den, Baar, M.R. de, Lopes Cardozo, N.J. & Westerhof, E. (2013). Evaluating neoclassical tearing mode detection with ECE for control on ITER. Nuclear Fusion, 53(1):013005. Brand, H. van den, Baar, M.R. de, Lopes Cardozo, N.J. & Westerhof, E. (2012). Integrated modelling of island growth, stabilization and mode locking consequences for NTM control on ITER. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 54(9):094003.

Department DIFFER

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders GC de Temmerman MCM van de Sanden

Participants KE Bystrov

Cooperations Internal: G van Swaaij (CPP-LT) External: L Marot (U. Basel, Switzerland) C Arnas (Aix-Marseille U., France) F Liu (Luoyang Ship Material Institute, China)

Erosion and morphology changes of graphite under high flux and low temperature plasma bombardment PhD student | Postdoc KE (Kirill) Bystrov Project aim The project aim is to study carbon migration under plasma conditions relevant for ITER divertor. Quantify graphite sputtering by hydrogen and nitrogen plasmas. Analyze hydrocarbon impurities transport patterns in high density plasmas. Determine the extent of local re-deposition of sputtered species. Analyze morphology changes on graphite surfaces due to high density plasma bombardment. Provide benchmark data for numerical simulations.

Progress Carbon gross and net sputtering yields and their time evolution are described in [1]. CH emission plumes are localized near injection point. Their correlation with sputtering and redeposition patterns are discussed in [2, 3]. Up to 90% of redeposited carbon returns to the surface and leads to synthesis of novel carbon micro- and nanostructures (see figure) [4]. Papers about sputtering in nitrogen and in-depth analysis of synthesized nanostructures [5,6] were submitted. Public defense: February 5, 2014

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2009

Information

Scientific publications

KE Bystrov T +31 (0)30 6096930 E k.bystrov@differ.nl

Bystrov, K.E. (2014). Erosion and morphology changes of graphite under high flux low temperature plasma bombardment. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. M.C.M. van de Sanden & G.C. De Temmerman). [1] K. Bystrov, J. Westerhout, M. Matveeva, et al., Erosion yields of carbon under various plasma conditions in Pilot-PSI, Journal of Nuclear Materials 415 (1 SUPPL), pp. S149-S152, 2011. [2] K. Bystrov, L.B. van der Vegt, G. A. van Swaaij, et al., Carbon Migration During Methane Injection Experiments Under ITER Divertor-Relevant Conditions, Journal of Nuclear Materials 438, S686-S689, 2013. [3] G.A. van Swaaij, K. Bystrov, D. Borodin, et al., Carbon Transport and Escape Fraction in a High Density Plasma Beam, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 438, S629-S632, 2013. [4] K. Bystrov, L. van der Vegt, G. De Temmerman, et al., Reorganization of graphite surfaces into carbon micro- and nanoparticles under high flux hydrogen plasma bombardment, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces and Films 31 (1), art. no. 011303, 2013. [5] K. Bystrov, T. W. Morgan, I. Tanyeli, G. De Temmerman, and M.C.M. van de Sanden, Chemical sputtering of graphite by low temperature nitrogen plasmas at various substrate temperatures and ion ux densities, Submitted to J Appl Phys. [6] K. Bystrov, G. De Temmerman, M. C. M. van de Sanden, et al., Spontaneous synthesis of carbon nanowalls, nanotubes and nanotips using high flux density plasmas, Submitted to Carbon.

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Department

Creeping Sparks

Electrical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders U Ebert

Participants AV Chvyreva D Trienekens S Nijdam EM Veldhuizen GMW Kroesen AJM Pemen A Dubinova

Cooperations ABB Switzerland Ltd (T Christen, M Seeger) FEI Company (EGT Bosch, AAS Sluyterman)

PhD student | Postdoc AV (Anna) Chvyreva Project aim The goal of the project is to understand the mechanisms of surface flashover, which is nowadays the most critical cause of failure of all high voltage technology. Existing design rules on surface flashover are based on long experience, but not on deep scientific understanding. Within the project the macroscopic behaviour on very short (nanoseconds) times are being characterized experimentally, and new design rules are developed. Physical understanding of processes leading to “creeping sparks” is based on three stages of discharge evolution: discharge inception, streamer propagation, and formation of an electric arc. Within the research all three stages will be investigated experimentally.

Progress Time-resolved imaging and current shapes measurements were performed, as well as inception voltage estimation. During the experiments AC and pulsed voltage supplies were used to power the set-up. Experimental investigations show that the presence of a dielectric surface changes the initial parameters of the environment (compared to the processes in bulk gas) – making it “easier” for a discharge to develop. The reduced electric field is larger than expected in a bulk gas. Velocities of streamers propagating along the surface were estimated based on the time-resolved imaging of the processes and the estimated parameters were compared for discharges propagating in nitrogen and in the ambient air. High E-field region

High E-field region

Funded by STW ABB

Funding % per money stream STW Industry

80 % 20 %

Figure: Configuration of the experimental sample and integral image of discharge development in nitrogen at 200 mbar pressure

Scientific publications Start of the project 2012

Information AV Chvyreva T +31 (0)40 247 5526 E a.v.chvyreva@tue.nl

270 |

Chvyreva, A.V. & Pemen, A.J.M. (2014). Experimental investigation of electron emission from dielectric surfaces due to primary electron beam: a review. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 5 (21), 2274-2282. doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2014.004487. Chvyreva, A.V., Pemen, A.J.M. & Christen, T. (2013). Investigation of streamer propagation along insulating surfaces. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases (ICPIG 2013), 14 - 19 July 2013, Granada, Spain. A.Chvyreva, A.J.M. Pemen and T. Christen, Investigation of Streamer Propagation along Insulating Surfaces, Proc. 31 Int. Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, PS2-068.

Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders B Koren HJ de Blank

Control and mitigation of Edge Localized Modes by further development and application of computational tools PhD student | Postdoc B (Bram) van Es Project aim Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) are disruptive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities observed in torus-shaped fusion devices in which an extremely hot plasma is confined magnetically (tokamaks) for the eventual goal of energy production. The project aim is to find ways to control and mitigate ELMs in an early stage of their development.

Progress

Participants B van Es

Cooperations FOM-DIFFER CWI

Funded by FOM (FOM Program 120, ‘Active Control of Magnetic Hydrodynamic Modes in Burning Plasmas’)

New finite-difference methods for extreme anisotropic diffusion were developed. The methods were tested on various discriminating benchmark problems. Results were presented at three international scientific conferences in 2012. In 2013 finite-volume schemes have been developed. In 2014 one journal paper regarding a finite-difference scheme has been published and one regarding the finite-volume scheme has been submitted.

Scientific publications Es, B. van, Koren, B. & Blank, H.J. de (2014). Finite-difference schemes for anisotropic diffusion. Journal of Computational Physics, volume 272, pages 526-549.

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (June)

Information B van Es T +31 (0)20 5924166 E b.van.es@cwi.nl

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department DIFFER

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders GJ van Rooij MCM van de Sanden

Participants N den Harder

Cooperations -

Funded by FOM STW

Funding % per money stream

Assessing reaction kinetics by (active) spectroscopy: from fusion boundary plasma to solar fuel plasma reactors PhD student | Postdoc N (Niek) den Harder Project aim Develop spectroscopic methodology to determine plasma physical and chemical reaction kinetics. Initially, atomic and molecular spectroscopy as well as laser scattering are employed in fusion boundary plasma (mimicking) conditions to characterize transport, ionization and dissociation of neutral atoms and molecules. These techniques are transferred in the second part of the project to a low temperature plasma reactor for solar fuels production to study the reaction kinetics underlying the reduction of CO2.

Progress Tungsten erosion, migration and redeposition was investigated in a low-temperature plasma laboratory experiment to determine inverse photon efficiencies. A probe was designed to introduce a controlled amount of tungsten into a linear plasma experiment. The known sputter yield of tungsten for low temperature argon ions was used to benchmark the probe (left figure below). After a successful calibration, the tungsten migration in the low-temperature plasma was studied using spectroscopy on the neutral tungsten 400.9 nm emission line (right figure below). Molecular spectroscopy was employed at the same plasma to determine temperature and density of the residual background gas. This information was used to quantify ionization and energy losses via molecular channels. Tungsten inverse photon efficiencies were used to monitor divertor erosion in JET in-situ.

FOM/STW 100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information N den Harder T +31 (0)30 6096756 E n.denharder@differ.nl

Figure: Molecular spectroscopy was employed at the same plasma to determine temperature and density of the residual background gas. This information was used to quantify ionization and energy losses via molecular channels.

Scientific publications -

272 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders AJH Donné MR de Baar R Scannell

Participants JN Hawke

Cooperations R Scannell J Harrison R Huxford P Bohm A Kirk IT Chapman

Funded by FOM/ITER-NL

Funding % per money stream FOM ITER-NL EU

65 % 20 % 15 %

Start of the project 2011

Information

Measurement of electron kinetic profiles in the divertor region and during magnetic perturbations using Thomson Scattering PhD student | Postdoc JN (Joshua Nathaniel) Hawke Project aim 1. Spectral design and Optical design for the divertor Thomson scattering system for MASTUpgrade. 2. Analysis of the affected area of Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) with application of Resonant Magnetic Perurbations (RMPs) on MAST.

Progress 1. For this work a paper was publish covering design considerations for the optical design of the AST-Upgrade TS system. To minimize Vigneting and provide quality measurements along the divertor leg, especially near the divertor target. As well work that is presented in my thesis is work done on the spectral design of the MAST-Upgrade TS polychromators. This work consists of designing the system for measurements at the low electron temperatures expected in the divertor, down to 1eV by designing additional spectral bins close to the laser wavelength. A test polychromator was assembled and was tested, calibrated, and examined the de-tilting of the spectral bin closest to the laser wavelength to allow for useful signal in that channel. Also, detector tests and examinations of low pressure Raman calibration were performed looking forward to Tritium experiments on JET and to the ITER system. 2. An examination into the MAST plasma pedestal in the presence of ELMs and applied resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs). ELMs are repetitive events which result from the edge transport barrier becoming unstable and relaxing to a lower level. An ELM ‘crash’ results in a burst of particles and energy released, causing high transient fluxes of heat and particles onto plasma facing components, often resulting in serious damage. The work presented is an examination of the plasma pedestal and ELM behaviour with and without the application of RMPs as obtained by the high resolution Thomson scattering diagnostics on MAST. The main focus is on the ELM affected area, with interesting results showing a change in the area of the plasma pedestal in which the ELM affects in mitigated discharges through the application of RMPs. It has been observed on MAST that some ELM mitigated discharges with applied RMPs retain good confinement; examinations into the ELM affected area may help provide an explanation.

JN Hawke T +44 (0)7876777117 E J.N.Hawke@differ.nl

Figure: Electron density losses due to ELM event for three discharges to show impact of RMPs on the ELM affected area.

Scientific publications I.T. Chapman et al. Nucl. Fusion 54 123003 (2014); doi:10.1088/0029-5515/54/12/123003. J. Hawke et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 103507 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4824074. J. Hawke et al. JINST 8 C11010 (2013); doi:10.1088/1748-0221/8/11/C11010.

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Optical boundary reconstruction for shape control of tokamak plasmas

Department DIFFER

Research theme

PhD student | Postdoc G (Gillis) Hommen

□ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project aim Develop a real-time plasma boundary reconstruction system for use in the shape control system of a tokamak. Explore potential and limitations and provide design guidelines for real-time imaging systems in fusion devices.

Project leaders MR de Baar

Progress A setup was built using two high-speed cameras, for use at the TCV tokamak at the CRPP Lausanne. Development and testing is completed, a feedback control experiment with Vision-in-the-loop was performed, demonstrating the feasibility of the diagnostic for feedback control of the plasma shape.

Participants G Hommen

Cooperations CRPP Lausanne (Basil Duval)

Public defense: August 26, 2014.

Funded by

Shot 48858, t=0.378, Img number 200

FOM/EFDA

Regions of Interest 0.8 -40

Funding % per money stream FOM EFDA (EU)

60 % 40 %

-20

0.6

Start of the project

0.4

2010

20 0.2

Information

G Hommen T +31 (0)6 47171375 E g.hommen@tue.nl

80 -0.2 100 -0.4 120

140

-0.6

160 -0.8 0.6 5

6 Figure: 4

0.8

1.2 20

x 10

Example image showing boundary reconstruction on a plasma image from the TCV tokamak

Scientific publications

2 Hommen,

G. (2014). Optical boundary reconstruction for shape control of tokamak plasmas. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr. M.R. de Baar & prof.dr.ir. 0 M. Steinbuch). 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Hommen, G., Baar, M.R. de, Citrin, J., Blank, H.J. de, Voorhoeve, R.J., Bock, M.F.M. de & Steinbuch, M. (2013). A fast, magnetics-free flux surface estimation and q-profile reconstruction algorithm for feedback control of plasma profiles. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 55:025007. Steinbuch, Y.F., Steinbuch, M., Baar, M.R. de & Hommen, G. (2013). Static calibration of a visuallight camera for plasma boundary reconstruction. (Internal Report, CST, No. 2013.029). Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, 45 pp. Hennen, B.A., Lauret, M., Hommen, G., Heemels, W.P.M.H., Baar, M.R. de & Westerhof, E. (2012). Nonlinear control for stabilization of small neoclassical tearing modes in ITER. Nuclear Fusion, 52(12):063007. Pérez Munoz, J.C., Baar, M.R. de, Hommen, G. & Steinbuch, M. (2012). Camera movement compensation for real-time optical plasma boundary. (Master Thesis, CST, No. 2012.069). Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, 57 pp. G. Hommen et al Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 113504 (2010).

274 |

Department

MHD flows for turbulence suppression in fusion plasmas

Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc MA (Merlijn) Jakobs Project aim

NJ Lopes Cardozo RJE Jaspers

The efficiency of future fusion reactors is to a large extent determined by their ability to confine the energy in the plasma. The large gradients in the plasma are a source of free energy that drives turbulence. This turbulence can be reduced by creating shear flows in the plasma, or by removing the driving force, i.e. the gradient, by increasing the plasma temperature at the edge. This project aims to assess the possibilities for flow control as an actuator for energy confinement, as well establishing stability boundaries for liquid metal flows that can be applied in fusion reactors to allow higher plasma edge temperatures.

Participants

Progress

MA Jakobs

A model to simulate the effect of changes in confinement time on the burn contours of a fusion reactor was developed, which shows that the system is very sensitive to changes in confinement time. Different possibilities for momentum injection in tokamaks were assessed, and the effect of rotation shear on ion profile stiffness was investigated using experimental data from the TEXTOR tokamak. A start was made in developing an MHD simulation to study the effect of heat loads on thin film liquid metal MHD flows in a spanwise magnetic field.

Project leaders

Cooperations WDY - Applied Physics - TU/e Systems and Control - Mechanical Engineering - TU/e

Funded by TU/e high potential program

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information MA Jakobs T +31 (0)40 247 4047 E m.a.jakobs@tue.nl

Figure: The ignition (blue) and burn (red) temperatures as a function of H-factor.

Scientific publications Jakobs, M.A., Lopes Cardozo, N.J. & Jaspers, R.J.E. (2014). Fusion burn equilibria sensitive to the ratio between energy and helium transport. Nuclear Fusion, 54:122005. Kappatou, A., Jaspers, R.J.E., Delabie, E.G., Marchuk, O., Biel, W. & Jakobs, M.A. (2012). Method to obtain absolute impurity density profiles combining charge exchange and beam emission spectroscopy without absolute intensity calibration. Review of Scientific Instruments, 83(10):10D519.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department DIFFER

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders AJH Donné E Westerhof

Interaction of a controlled sawtooth cycle with the distribution of helium in a fusion reactor and study of related MHD activity PhD student | Postdoc F (Fabien) Jaulmes Project aim The aim of the project is to investigate the transport of ions (thermal and energetic) in a tokamak plasma undergoing field line reconnection such as what happens during a sawtooth crash. The consequences of such redistribution in a fusion reactor are also investigated.

Progress Participants F Jaulmes

Cooperations External: EFDA Manuel Garcia-Munoz

Funded by FOM

A numerical code has been developed to model the evolution of fast ions during the field line reconnection event related to the sawtooth collapse. This computational tool has been applied to the modelling of NBI ions in the ASDEX Upgrade experiment, as well as the reconstruction of soft Xray emission from W impurity. The experimental data allowed to validate the modelling and will help to improve its precision and parametrization. Regarding the consequences of a large redistribution of fast particles, calculations were done to provide an analytical estimate of the TAE (Toroidal Alfvén Eigenmode) activity that would deteriorate confinement. An undergoing effort is dedicated to contribute to the ITPA benchmark for a numerical estimate of the TAE growth rate and saturation amplitude.

Funding % per money stream FOM EU

85 % 15 %

Start of the project 2011

Information F Jaulmes T +31 (0)30 6096948 E f.jaulmes@differ.nl

Figure: Reconstruction of the FIDA (Fast Ion D Alpha) signal from the numerical modelling (full and dashed line) compared with the measurements (error bars).

Scientific publications F. Jaulmes, E. Westerhof and H. J. De Blank, "Redistribution of fast ions during sawtooth reconnection", Nucl. Fusion 54 (2014) 104013. F. Jaulmes, S. D. Pinches, E. Westerhof and JET-EFDA contributors, "Consequences of sawteeth on TAE activity in fusion plasmas" 41st EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, P1.020 , Berlin, Germany (2014).

276 |

Department DIFFER

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders AJH Donné P de Vries RJE Jaspers

Investigations of helium transport in ASDEX upgrade plasmas with charge exchange recombination spectroscopy PhD student | Postdoc A (Athena) Kappatou Project aim The aim of the project is to investigate the transport properties of thermal and energetic helium in a tokamak plasma using charge exchange recombination spectroscopy. Specifically, the effect of sawteeth on the redistribution of thermal and fast helium is studied. For accurate interpretation of the helium charge exchange spectra, implementation of a reliable model for the helium plume effect, which has a strong impact on the measurement, is required.

Progress

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik – Germany (RM McDermott, R Dux, T Pütterich)

A high optical throughput spectrometer suitable for core charge exchange measurements on ITER has been installed and operated on ASDEX Upgrade. The capabilities of the system have been examined and evaluated. In the physics front, an analytic model for the helium plume emission has been implemented for ASDEX Upgrade and it has been shown that the plume corrections to the helium densities extracted from HeII CX (see figure) are roughly a factor of 2 and cannot be neglected. A validation of the model with experimental data has been undertaken. Furthermore, fast helium ions injected with a helium-doped deuterium beam have been successfully measured with charge exchange spectroscopy at ASDEX Upgrade.

Funded by

Public defense: October 23, 2014.

Participants A Kappatou

Cooperations

FOM/ITER-NL

Funding % per money stream FOM ITER-NL EU

65 % 20 % 15 %

Start of the project 2010

Information A Kappatou T +49 (0)1708347589 E a.kappatou@differ.nl

Scientific publications Kappatou, A. (2014). Investigations of helium transport in ASDEX upgrade plasmas with charge exchange recombination spectroscopy. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co)promot.: prof.dr. A.J.H. Donné, dr. R.J.E. Jaspers & R.M. McDermott). A. Kappatou, R.M. McDermott, R.J.E. Jaspers, T. Pütterich, R. Dux, Interpretation of helium charge exchange spectra for transport studies in fusion plasmas, Proceedings of 40th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, (2013) P5.111. G. Pautasso, M. Bernert, A. Mlynek, M. Maraschek, W. Suttrop, A. Kappatou, K. Gal, M. Hoelzl, ASDEX Upgrade team, MGI in plasmas with locked modes, Proceedings of 40th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, (2013) O5.104. R.J.E. Jaspers, M. Scheffer, A. Kappatou, N.C.J. van der Valk, M. Durkut, B. Snijders, O. Marchuk, W. Biel, G.I. Pokol, G. Erdei et al., A high etendue spectrometer suitable for core charge eXchange recombination spectroscopy on ITER, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83 (2012) 10D515. A. Kappatou, R.J.E. Jaspers, E. Delabie, O. Marchuk, W. Biel, M.A. Jakobs, Method to obtain absolute impurity density profiles combining charge exchange and beam emission spectroscopy without absolute intensity calibration, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83 (2012) 10D519. A. Kappatou, E. Delabie, R.J.E. Jaspers, M.G. von Hellermann, Feasibility of non-thermal helium measurements with charge exchange spectroscopy on ITER, Nucl. Fusion 52 (2012) 043007.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Control of mixing and oscillations in plasmas and fluids

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc M (Menno) Lauret Project aim To demonstrate locking as a method that can be applied in fluids and plasmas for flow and MHD control.

Progress Project leaders MR de Baar

Locking of the sawtooth instability predicted. Locking of the sawtooth demonstrated experimentally in TCV. Locking of fluid flows established (paper submitted). In addition work on mixing was done in collaboration with Prof. Heemels.

Participants M Lauret

Public defense: September 22, 2014.

Cooperations

Scientific publications

Lauret, M. (2014). Control of mixing and oscillations in plasmas and fluids. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr. M.R. de Baar & prof.dr.ir. W.P.M.H. Heemels). Lauret, M., Kamp, L.P.J., Heijst, G.J.F. van, Baar, M.R. de & Nijmeijer, H. (2013). Experimental stabilisation of 2D vortex patterns using time-dependent forcing. Europhysics Letters, 104(2):24003. Speetjens, M.F.M., Lauret, M., Nijmeijer, H. & Anderson, P.D. (2013). Footprints of Lagrangian flow structures in Eulerian concentration distributions in periodic mixing flows. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 250, 20-33. Hennen, B.A., Lauret, M., Hommen, G., Heemels, W.P.M.H., Baar, M.R. de & Westerhof, E. (2012). Nonlinear control for stabilization of small neoclassical tearing modes in ITER. Nuclear Fusion, 52(12):063007. Lauret, M., Felici, F.A.A., Witvoet, G., Goodman, T.P., Vandersteen, G., Sauter, O. & Baar, M.R. de (2012). Demonstration of sawtooth period locking with power modulation in TCV plasmas. Nuclear Fusion, 52(6):062002. Lauret, M., Baar, M.R. de, Westerhof, E. & Steinbuch, M. (2011). Numerical demonstration of injection locking of the sawtooth period by means of modulated EC current drive. Nuclear Fusion, 51(10):103043.

Funded by FOM programme 120

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2011

Information M Lauret T +31 (0)40 247 2072 E m.lauret@tue.nl

278 |

Tokamak divertor modelling with EUNOMIA

Department DIFFER

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders HJ de Blank WJ Goedheer AJH Donné

Participants

PhD student | Postdoc W (Wei) Lu Project aim The nonlinear Monte-Carlo code Eunomia has been developed for kinetic modelling of neutral particles in plasmas. Its design ensures high flexibility to treat different geometries, in particular linear plasma devices such as Magnum-PSI and Pilot-PSI, and tokamak divertors. Eunomia, coupled to the plasma multi-fluid code B2.5 following the SOLPS standards, has successfully modelled Magnum-PSI and Pilot-PSI plasma beams interacting with conducting targets, revealing the global consequences of e.g. local electric currents and populations of vibrationally excited molecules. The goal of this project is to use B2.5-Eunomia as a predictive modelling tool for tokamak divertor plasmas. A role of Magnum-PSI and Pilot-PSI modelling is to provide validation of reaction rates and collision cross sections at the relatively low temperatures of 2–5 eV expected in front of ITER divertor target plates in the detached regime.

W Lu

Progress Cooperations -

Funded by Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)

Progress has been made on fully understanding of the coupled code B2.5-Eunomia. A series of tests with simple physical models have been completed using the Pilot-PSI (linear device at DIFFER) geometry and common boundary conditions. Evolutions of plasma and neutral particle including densities, temperatures and fluxes, have been computed. These results, basically in accord with physical understanding, are approaching the steady state. Now the application of ASDEX-U geometry on B2.5-Eunomia is in progress.

Funding % per money stream Scholarships

100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information W Lu T +31 (0)30 6096835 E w.lu@differ.nl

Figure: + Simulation of the density evolutions of H (upper) and H (nether) in a pure hydrogen plasma beam 20 -3 on Pilot-PSI (B=0.8T, Te=3.3eV, ne=4.8e m ). The top, bottom and left sides of each bar separately represent the target, the inlet source and symmetric axis.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders MR de Baar

Participants E Maljaars

Cooperations -

Funded by TU/e Eurofusion

Funding % per money stream

Model predictive control of the safety factor profile in tokamaks PhD student | Postdoc E (Bert) Maljaars Project aim Successful high performance tokamak operation simultaneously requires plasma stability at high values of the normalized pressure as well as long energy confinement times. Both confinement and stability are associated with the distribution of the current density in the plasma, equivalent to the safety factor profile q (ρ). Achieving and maintaining a reference q-profile during a tokamak discharge in the presence of disturbances and uncertainties is the focus of this work. The controller real-time-varying operational and physics limits into account. A well established control methodology called model predictive control will be exploited to tackle this control problem in tokamaks. The aim is to demonstrate the performance in existing tokamaks after extensive analysis in simulations.

Progress A model predictive controller is designed for the tokamak safety factor profile that takes real-timevarying operational and physics limits into account. First simulation results are published in Nuclear Fusion. Currently this work is being improved and tested in a closed-loop simulation environment prior to implement in experiments intended at the end of 2015. The connection to a supervisory controller is being exploited for sharing actuators and handling off-normal events.

University 80 % Eurofusion 20 %

Start of the project 2012 (November)

Information E Maljaars T +31 (0)40 247 3578 E e.maljaars@tue.nl

Figure: Envisioned implementation of the model predictive controller in a tokamak.

Scientific publications -

280 |

Department

Turbulence and zonal flows in tokamak plasmas

Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders HJH Clercx GJF van Heijst

Participants VH Marques Fernandes Rosas LPJ Kamp

Cooperations N Lopes Cardozo (TU/e) R Jaspers (TU/e) M Steinbuch (TU/e-ME) MR de Baar (FOM; TU/e-ME)

Funded by TU/e

PhD student | Postdoc V (Vitor) Marques Fernandes Rosas Project aim Large scale coherent flows play an important role both in geophysical fluids and in fusion since they interact with the turbulence and can give rise to transport barriers. It turns out that these phenomena in fluids and plasmas can be described by the same equation. Therefore a relatively simple fluid dynamics experiment is proposed with the aim to study how zonal flows affect turbulence and turbulent transport and how these flows are sustained in the improved confinement mode. Comparisons fluid–plasmas by experiments and numerical simulations are an integral part of this research. In this project visualisation of the effect of flow on turbulence is a key element, whereas the fluid dynamics experiment will also serve as a test bed for control methods (link with project "Control of plasma transport by plasma flow" which is being conducted at Department Mechanical Engineering, TU/e).

Progress We have experimentally validated the previously obtained numerical results on the interaction between a shear-flow and a dipole initially propagating perpendicular to it. Furthermore, we also studied experimentally the evolution of a dipole injected obliquely into a shear flow. In this case an unexpected curvature was observed in the trajectory of the dipole, even in the absence of a shearflow. The content of this study was compiled into a manuscript that will be submitted to a scientific journal. Besides completing this study, two others were initiated. One of the studies involves the characterization of a novel method to generate dipolar vortices in shallow fluids and the other focusses on the characterization of secondary motions i.e. three-dimentional effects in shallow dipolar structures resulting from a fluid injection mechanism.

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2010 (March)

Information Information HJH Clercx T +31 (0)40 247 2680 E h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/ LPJ Kamp T +31 (0)40 247 4292 E l.p.j.kamp@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department DIFFER

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders WJ Goedheer

Participants GA van Swaaij

Cooperations EFDA TEC NWO

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM EU

85 % 15 %

Studies of impurity transport in high-density, low-temperature plasma with the ERO code PhD student | Postdoc GA (Gijs) van Swaaij Project aim High heat and particle fluxes at a tokamak wall cause erosion of the wall material. The subsequent transport and redeposition can reduce net erosion (which is beneficial), but remote redeposition and layer formation can retain large amounts of radioactive tritium, creating a potential safety hazard. This project aims at understanding impurity transport through numerical simulations, which are benchmarked against experimental results obtained in the Pilot-PSI and Magnum-PSI linear plasma devices at FOM Institute DIFFER.

Progress In the last year, carbon redeposition profiles during an erosion experiment were benchmarked against experiment. Particular attention was paid to the cross-field transport, which is determined in part by the collisions between impurity ions and plasma ions. The collisionality was found to be very high in the Pilot-PSI and Magnum-PSI conditions. Therefore, an electric field in the direction of the center of the beam causes radially inward transport; an example redeposition pattern is shown in the figure below. The high collisionality also causes entrainment of the impurity ions in the beam, making their impact energy on the target much greater than what would be expected from standard sheath considerations. A BSc thesis was completed in which a solver of the Fokker-Planck equation was developed to study the effects of the collisionality in more detail. Public defense: April 23, 2014.

Start of the project 2010

Information GA van Swaaij T +31 (0)30 6096839

Scientific publications Swaaij, G.A. van (2014). Studies of impurity transport in high density, low-temperature plasma with the ERO code. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr.ir. M.C.M. van de Sanden, dr. W.J. Goedheer, G.C. De Temmerman). K. Bystrov, L.B. van der Vegt, G.A. van Swaaij, T. Zaharia, Y. Kuang, W.J. Goedheer, G. De Temmerman, J. Nucl. Mater. 438, Suppl. (2013) S686-S689. G.A. van Swaaij, K. Bystrov, D. Borodin, A. Kirschner, L.B. van der Vegt, G.J. van Rooij, G. De Temmerman and W.J. Goedheer, Dissociative recombination and electron-impact de-excitation in CH photon emission under ITER divertor-relevant plasma conditions’, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 54 (2012) 095013. G.A. van Swaaij, K. Bystrov, D. Borodin, A. Kirschner, T. Zaharia, L.B. van der Vegt, G. De Temmerman and W.J. Goedheer, J. Nucl. Mater. 438, Suppl. (2013) S629-S632

282 |

Department

Bifurcation theory of the L-H transition in fusion plasmas

DIFFER

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Project leaders HJ de Blank GMD Hogeweij AJH Donne

PhD student | Postdoc W (Wolf) Weymiens Project aim Extend the mathematical field of bifurcation theory to be applicable to one-dimensional dynamical systems, such that it can be applied to one-dimensional transport models for the L-H transition observed in fusion plasmas. Apply this extended bifurcation theory to known L-H transition models and deduce their transition dynamics and corresponding control parameters. Extend these models with additional relevant physics, and analyze the influence of these changes on their bifurcation structure. To the aim of building a model that contains all the different fundamental dynamics of the L-H transition.

Progress Participants W Weymiens

Cooperations Within FP120: Delyan Zhelyazov (PhD) Stefan Paquay (MSc)

The fundamental bifurcation organizing the three different types of transition dynamics (see figure) is identified as the co-dimension 3 bifurcation. The mathematical field of bifurcation theory is extended to find this bifurcation in one-dimensional dynamical models (see publication 1). This bifurcation analysis is applied to existing transport models for the L-H transition (see publication 2 & 3). The L-H transition model is extended in two fundamentally different ways, and their bifurcation structures are compared (see publication 4). Public defense: April 17, 2014.

Funded by Euratom/FOM NWO

Funding % per money stream FOM EU

85 % 15 %

Start of the project 2010

Information W Weymiens T +31 (0)30 6096908 E w.weymiens@differ.nl

Scientific publications Weymiens, W. (2014). Bifurcation theory of the L-H transition in fusion plasmas. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. ((Co-)promot.: prof.dr. A.J.H. Donné, H.J. de Blank & dr. G.M.D. Hogeweij). [1] W.Weymiens, H.J.de Blank, G.M.D.Hogeweij, J.C.de Valença. ‘Bifurcation theory for the L-H transition in magnetically confined fusion plasmas’ Phys. Plasmas 19 072309 (2012). [2] W.Weymiens, H.J.de Blank, G.M.D.Hogeweij. ‘Bifurcation theory for the L-H transition’ 38th EPS conference on plasma physics, Strasbourg, France (2011). [3] W.Weymiens. H.J.de Blank, G.M.D. Hogeweij. ‘Bifurcation theory of a one-dimensional transport model for the L-H transition’ Phys. Plasmas 20 082306 (2013). [4] W.Weymiens, H.J.de Blank, G.M.D.Hogeweij, S.Paquay. ‘Comparison of L-H transition models by their bifurcation structure’.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department DIFFER

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment ■ Fusion energy □ Energy innovation

Tungsten surface modifications under ITER-relevant plasma fluxes PhD student | Postdoc HY (Haiyan) Xu Project aim

HY Xu

Tungsten has been chosen as plasma-facing material for ITER divertor and is currently considered as a leading candidate for future fusion devices such as DEMO. However, strong morphology changes can result from the exposure of metals to energetic particles and those may compromise the thermo-mechanical properties of the materials and lead to a reduction of their lifetime. The plasma conditions in the ITER divertor are such that the particle flux to the surfaces are unprecedented and most of the studies were performed using particle flux densities orders of magnitude lower than those expected in ITER. The question of the influence of the particle flux on the appearance of morphology changes on tungsten remains to be clarified and this provides the main research question of this work.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders GC de Temmerman AJH Donné

Participants

Within FP75: R ‘t Hoen (DIFFER) H Schut (TU Delft)

Funded by Euratom/FOM Tsinghua University

Funding % per money stream FOM 50 % Scholarship 50 %

Start of the project 2011

Information HY Xu E xu-hy09@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn

The experimental work was performed in the Pilot-PSI linear plasma device, which is uniquely 20 −3 capable of producing plasma parameters (ne ~0.1–10×10 m , Te ~1–5 eV) similar to those expected in the ITER divertor. A broad range of material analysis techniques, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transaction electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Doppler Broadening spectrum (DBS) of positron annihilation, was used to understand the material behaviour under such extreme conditions. The most striking result is the observation of the formation of nano-structures which was observed for the first time on W surfaces after D plasma exposure, when the ion flux density is higher than 24 -2 -1 10 m s . The surface temperature, ion energy, ion fluence and grain orientation strongly influence the plasma-induced nanostructure formation. Based on the experimental results, the mechanism(s) of formation of blisters and nanostructures are discussed based on the analysis of FIB-SEM and PADBS. High concentration of vacancies/vacancy clusters are created on W surface after exposure to low energy high flux D plasmas, corresponding to a porous layer on the top surface. Formation of nano-structures by mechanism of vacancy clustering was provoked due to supersaturation of vacancies. The vacancies clustered into unsaturable traps, such as voids and cavities, which trapped a large number of D and establish high stresses, leading to the growth of nano-structures by plastic deformation. The mechanism of plastic deformation was responsible for the formation of blisters, due to D supersaturation during high flux D plasma exposure.

Scientific publications H.Y. Xu, Y.B. Zhang, N.R. Tao, Y. Yuan, B.Q. Fu, A. Godfrey and W. Liu, Surface mechanical attrition treatment of tungsten and its behavior under low energy deuterium plasma relevant to ITERdivertor conditions, In:, Vol.33, 2012, 385-390 (proceedings). H.Y. Xu, Y.B. Zhang, Y. Yuan, B.Q. Fu, A. Godfrey, G. De Temmerman, W. Liu, and X.Huang, orientation dependence of surface morphology in W implanted by low energy and high flux D plasma, accepted by Journal of Nuclear Materials.

284 |

3.5 Research projects □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy ■ Energy innovation

TU/e also contributes actively to implement energy innovations in society by research, education and valorization

Annual Research Report 2014

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286 |

Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels mail Clerx □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy ■ Energy innovation

Project leaders HJH Clercx F Toschi

Participants KMJ Alards RPJ Kunnen PR Joshi H Rajaei

Cooperations -

Rotating Rayleigh Bénard turbulence: numeric PhD student | Postdoc KMJ (Kim) Alards Project aim In this project the dynamics of inertial and buoyant particles in Rayleigh-Bénard convection is investigated numerically. Inertial particles will be implemented in the Rayleigh-Bénard system and the effect of these particle properties on the thermal convection and the transition between turbulent states is explored. In particular, the interest is on preferential accumulation of particles in plumes and/or vortices, feedback on the flow and the possible modification of the interaction between bulk and boundary layer. Two numerical codes are used, a finite-difference code for exploring a cylindrical setup and a Lattice Boltzmann code for modeling a horizontally unbounded system.

Progress The progress made in 2014 is: 1. Study fundamental aspects of the problem. 2. Study of Lattice Boltzmann Methods and the available LB code. 3. Improving C programming skills, with specific interest for parallel computing.

Scientific publications -

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (October)

Information F Toschi T +31 (0)40 247 3911 E f.toschi@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels mail Clerx □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy ■ Energy innovation

Project leaders HJH Clercx

Participants Ö Baskan

Cooperations TU/e, Mechanical Engineering (MFM Speetjens, EA Demissie) CSIRO, Australia (G Metcalfe)

Funded by STW

Funding % per money stream STW

100 %

Start of the project

Lagrangian mixing analysis of heat transfer: a new way for thermal optimization PhD student | Postdoc Ö (Özge) Baskan Project aim Principle objective of the project is an in-depth analysis of the Kenics static mixer by Lagrangian mixing analysis of heat transfer. The study is divided into two subprojects: (1) Topological mixing analysis of heat transfer in the Kenics mixer (Esubalew Demissie, Wbt) and (2) Experimental heattransfer and mixing analysis of the Kenics mixer (Ozge Baskan, Applied Physics). This project focuses on the experimental characterization of Lagrangian mixing properties in case studies by measurement of 3D fluid trajectories and the evolution of 3D concentration/temperature fields using advanced optical measurement techniques. Benchmarking of numerical thermal mixing analyses and testing of the prototype thermal-analysis tools for advanced data processing. Experimental performance tests of optimized Kenics mixers in the laboratory set-up and in industrial test facilities.

Progress An extensive parametric study on the evolution of scalar patterns and the coherent flow structures in the simplified Rotated Arc Mixer (RAM) facility is conducted experimentally. The results reveal that there is a strong correlation between the scalar patterns and coherent flow structures and the islands in the Poincaré maps are the indicators of ‘unmixedness’. Moreover, a realistic 3D inline mixer facility is made operational to investigate the evolution of scalar fields in the mixer. The facility consists of an optically accessible test section with transparent mixing elements and accommodates a pressure-driven pipe flow. Successive placement of the static mixing elements in the axial flow direction results in a spatially periodic flow field. The numerical studies have proven the existence of spatially periodic patterns with exponentially decaying intensities, which agrees well with the eigenmode analysis of scalar transport in periodic flow fields in literature.

2010 (November)

Information HJH Clercx T +31 (0)40 247 2680 E e.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: Directly measured Poincaré maps. The maps show Hamiltonian progression of the Lagrangian flow topology of the 2D time-periodic RAM from integrable to (nearly) chaotic state.

Scientific publications M.F.M. Speetjens, O. Baskan, G. Metcalfe, and H.J.H. Clercx, Unravelling convective heat transfer in the rotated arc mixer. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Heat Transfer Conference, IHTC-15. August 10-15, 2014, Kyoto, Japan. Speetjens, M.F.M. & Clercx, H.J.H. (2013). Formation of coherent structures in a class of realistic 3D unsteady flows. In J. Klapp, A. Medina, A. Cros & C. Vargas (Eds.), Fluid Dynamics in Physics, Engineering and Environmental Applications, Part 1. (pp. 139-157) Springer. M.F.M. Speetjens, A Lagrangian formalism for thermal analysis of laminar convective heat transfer, Proc. 6th Thermal Sciences Conference (Eurotherm, Poitiers France 2012). (J. Physics: Conference Series, IOP)

288 |

Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy ■ Energy innovation

Project leaders F Langerak KS Podoynitsyna T Brown

Participants M Brehmer

Cooperations KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

Funded by Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctoral Scholarship (SELECT+ program)

Development of New Successful Business Models and Products in New Ventures: The Case of the Energy Sector PhD student | Postdoc M (Meike) Brehmer Project aim One of the reasons why the commercialization efforts for sustainable energy technologies have had limited success is that they tend to involve traditional business models. Emerging yet scattered evidence from particular firms suggest that business model innovation rather than pure technology and R&D innovation tend to drive success of firms within the sustainable energy setting. However, how exactly the business model innovations should be conducted still remains unclear. This project aims to analyse the development of innovative business models within green new ventures. This will result in a framework for representing business models and a method for systematic business model design that is based on energy and sustainable business model innovations that have occurred in Northern Europe in the past years.

Progress In the past year most of the time was spent on building a business model database. The case companies were selected based on the product/service they provided and either had a strong environmental and/or social orientation because of our interest in sustainable entrepreneurship and energy ventures in particulair. The database ranges from urban mobility solutions, sustainable lighting and refurbishment, community funding, alternative energy and heating applications to BOP solutions. An example of one of these business models is given in the figure below.

Funding % per money stream Scholarship 100% Money

Start of the project

Customer

2012 (September)

Information

Site4U

M Brehmer T +31 (0)6 42805240 E m.brehmer@tue.nl meike.brehmer@indek.kth.se W http://www.itemeindhoven.org/msc-mbrehmer.html?view=tabs

Money Car Website maintenance

Data

MyWheels

(Local) Community

Money

Insurance Money

Car owner

Money Money Car Insurance Centraal Beheer Achmea Data

Car renter

Figure: Business Model MyWheels.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy ■ Energy innovation

Project leaders JEM Haverkort

Mainstreaming Solar: PV Business Model Design under Shifting Regulatory Regimes PhD student | Postdoc JCCM (Boukje) Huijben Project aim This project is part of a larger project on High Efficiency Nanowire Solar Cells. Its aim is to better understand PV market development. Two countries are analyzed: the Netherlands and the Flemish region of Belgium. The project focuses on the development of business models for PV in both countries and how business model design is influenced by the regulatory regime in place.

Progress Over the last year one scientific article was published and two presentations were held at conferences. Two other articles have been submitted to scientific journals. A workshop on transition studies was given in Budapest.

Participants JCCM Huijben EPAM Bakkers TTT Vu Y Cui GPJ Verbong

Cooperations -

Funded by EOS-LT

Funding % per money stream Government

100 %

Start of the project 2010

Information JCCM Huijben T +31 (0)40 247 5579 E b.huijben@tue.nl

Source: Peter Segaar, 2012. Presentation held at the Solar Future conference. PV market growth in the Netherlands, we took the exponential growth since 2008 as a starting point for our research.

Scientific publications Mainstreaming Solar: The effect of shifting regulatory regimes on PV business models and market growth in the Netherlands and Flanders. Abstract for the 5th International Sustainability Transitions Conference, Utrecht, the Netherlands, August 27-29, 2014. Hurtado Munoz, L.A., Huijben, J.C.C.M., Verhees, B. & Verbong, G.P.J. (2014). The power of grid parity: a discursive approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 87, 179-190. Shaping Solar: PV business models under shifting regulatory regimes. Presentation held at Solar Plus conference, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands, April 17, 2014.

290 |

Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Sustainable energy transitions and the role of collective institutional entrepreneurship: Studies on PV solar and wind energy in India

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy ■ Energy innovation

Project leaders RPJM Raven

Participants S Jolly

PhD student | Postdoc S (Suyash) Jolly Project aim The aim of the project is to develop a novel perspective on sustainable energy transitions in the context of developing countries by emphasizing the role of institutional innovation in the process. This research particularly looks at development of wind and PV solar energy in India through the lens of 'collective institutional entrepreneurship’ i.e. actions and activities of actors in transforming institutional contexts. Relevant case studies include development of wind and solar energy at the national and sub-national level i.e. Indian states. The project aims to provide insights into governance of sustainable energy innovations by harnessing conflicts and contestations emerging in the process.

Cooperations Jadavpur University Chiang Mai University VU University

Funded by NWO - WOTRO

Progress During the last year, maximum progress was made in the project by finishing research articles, presenting the articles in conferences, getting feedback from experts as well as publishing some of the articles. Currently some research articles are under review in good journals whereas others are being revised and resubmitted. At the moment, final draft of the PhD thesis is being written. The project is on track at the moment and is expected to be finished in the coming months. The next step is the submission of the final PhD draft for the final defense.

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2011 (March)

Information S Jolly T +31 (0)40 247 5579 E s.jolly@tue.nl W http://www.tue.nl/en/employee/ ep/ed/ep-uid/20087327

Scientific publications Jolly, S., Spodniak, P., Raven, R.P.J.M. (2014). Institutional work in sustainable energy transitions: A comparative analysis of wind energy development in Finland and India. Submitted to Organization and Environment (under review) Jolly, S. (2014). Creation of regional PV solar energy markets in India: Distinct transformation pathways in Gujarat and West Bengal. Presented at 30th EGOS Colloquium 2014 in Rotterdam. Sub-theme 56: Markets and (Re-)Valuations inside Sustainability Transformations. Jolly, S. (2014). Role of field configuring events in sustainability transitions: Case of PV solar energy in India. ETH Phd Academy on Sustainability and Technology. Toward a Renewable Future? Technological, Organizational and Institutional Change in the Energy Sector, 8 th -13 th June, 2014, Appenzell, Switzerland Jolly, S., Raven, R.P.J.M. (2013). Empowering niche innovations: Case of PV solar energy in India. Presented at the 4th International Conference on Sustainability Transitions, 19-21 June, 2013, Zurich. Jolly, S., Raven, R.P.J.M. & Verbong, G.P.J. (2012). Upscaling of wind energy niches in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh and the role for collective institutional entrepreneurship. Abstract presented at Proceedings of the STRN Conference Sustainable Transitions: Navigating Theories and Challenging Realities, August 29-31 2012, Copenhagen, Denmark. Jolly, S., Raven, R.P.J.M. & Romijn, H.A. (2012). Upscaling of business model experiments in off-grid PV solar energy in India. Sustainability Science, 7(2), 199-212.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy ■ Energy innovation

Project leader HJH Clercx F Toschi

Participants PR Joshi RPJ Kunnen KMJ Alards H Rajaei

PhD student | Postdoc PR (Pranav) Joshi Project aim Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) is the laboratory realization of buoyancy-driven convection, which is relevant to many natural phenomena and industrial applications. Since these processes are often coupled with system rotation, its effect on RBC is also of interest, and has been shown to increase the heat transfer by inducing a transition to a new regime (see figure). In general, depending on the system parameters, the Rayleigh-Bénard system can exist in multiple turbulent states with different heat transfer characteristics. The aim of this project is to explore the possibility of tuning the transitions between various turbulent regimes of RBC (rotating as well as non-rotating) by adding particles to the fluid. The response of the system is expected to depend on the particle properties. Here, we focus on adding neutrally buoyant, thermally conducting particles to the system and plan to measure the system response as a function of various parameters and particle concentration.

Progress

Cooperations G Ahlers (UCSB) B Geurts (UT) D Lohse (UT) R Verzicco (Roma, Italy)

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

Rotating Rayleigh Bénard Experiments: Tuning the transition between turbulent states

The following points summarize the progress made during the year 2014. 1. The performance of the Rayleigh-Bénard system was checked and the results of preliminary heat transfer measurements without system rotation are in agreement with those in the literature. 2. Various particles from different manufacturers were tested to select the best option available. We have decided to use silver coated hollow ceramic spheres with mean diameter ~90 microns. 3. Since the particles supplied by the vendor have a wide range of density, we need to extract a fraction with density close to that of the working fluid, viz., water. The methods to achieve this density segregation have been tested and finalized. 4. Currently we are testing and automating the injection system to introduce particles into the Rayleigh-Bénard cell and preparing the first experiments.

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (April)

Information HJH Clercx T +31 (0)40 247 2680 E h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl W www.phys.tue.nl/wdy/

Figure: Schematic of the Rayeligh-Bénard cell: (a) side view; (b) top view. CW: cooling water; CP: copper plates; TS: temperature sensors; SW: side walls; SH: secondary heaters; AS: adiabatic shields; RH: Resistance heaters; BT: Bleed tube for deaeration; IT: Tube for particle injection.

Scientific publications Stevens, R. J. A. M., Clercx, H. J. H., and Lohse, D., 2013, “Heat transport and flow structure in rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection,” Eur. J. Mech. - B/Fluids, 40, pp. 41–49.

292 |

Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Development paths of biomass gasification PhD student | Postdoc AF (Arjan) Kirkels

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy ■ Energy innovation

Project leaders AF Kirkels

Participants AF Kirkels GPJ Verbong

Project aim Biomass gasification has been seen as promising for large scale, advanced applications (like high efficiency power, chemicals and biofuels) for many years. As such, it received funding and there has been continuous RD&D over the past three decades. Nevertheless, application remained limited to a few RD&D niches. Feedstock and pretreatment  Wood  Crop residues  Peat  Black liquor  Waste

Gasifiers  fixed bed - downdraft - updraft  fluid bed  entrained flow

Gas cleaning

Applications  Heat  Electricity  Chemicals  Transport fuels

Cooperations -

Funded by University

This research explores the underlying causes. It does so from multiple innovation perspectives (technological progress, role promise of technology, competing technologies). It explicitly addresses issues of system boundaries, actors involved, and cross-over between technologies. It might help understand this empirical case, as well draw more general lessons relevant to long term technological innovation paths.

Funding % per money stream University 100 %

Start of the project 2008

Information AF Kirkels T +31 (0)40 247 5761 E a.f.kirkels@tue.nl

Progress In 2014 I published ‘Punctuated continuity: The technological trajectory of advanced biomass gasifiers’. By an extensive literature study and an overview of demo plants it reveals the focus in development of advanced biomass gasifiers. This focus shows shifts in time: from methanol fuel in the early 1980s, to advanced cycles for power generation over the 1990s, to biofuels after 2000. These shifts were largely caused by changes in the socio-economic context. It resulted in discontinuities in technologies considered and actors and countries involved. Current work involves finalizing my thesis.

Scientific publications Arjan F. Kirkels, ‘Punctuated continuity: the technological trajectory of advanced biomass gasifiers.’ Energy Policy 68 (2014) 170-182. Arjan F. Kirkels, Geert P.J. Verbong; ‘Biomass gasification: Still promising? A 30-year global overview’; Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 471-481. Arjan F. Kirkels; ‘Discursive shifts in energy from biomass: A 30 year European overview’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012), 4105-4115. Wouter Drinkwaard, Arjan Kirkels, Henny Romijn; ‘A learning-based approach to understanding success in rural electrification: Insights from Micro Hydro projects in Bolivia’; Energy for Sustainable Development 14 (2010) 232-237.

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

KIC InnoEnergy SE: Energy Technology Commercialization PhD student | Postdoc WF (Freek) Meulman

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy ■ Energy innovation

Project leaders IMMJ Reymen

Participants WF Meulman KS Podoynitsyna AGL Romme

Cooperations KIC InnoEnergy SE

Funded by KIC InnoEnergy SE

Funding % per money stream EU

Project aim This project helps realize KIC InnoEnergy’s (further: KIC) objective to generate economic activity and societal benefits from technological innovations in the area of sustainable energy. The project specific objectives are:  Map current commercialization activities performed by KIC and create insight into boosting factors and barriers regarding tech commercialization in general.  Provide insight into practical guidelines and instruments for the KIC community to stimulate technology commercialization and for crossing the “valley of death”.  Provide a redesign of commercialization efforts and processes in KIC and facilitate the implementation of this redesign in CC Benelux.

Progress The PhD project is divided into 3 studies (see figure). The first study is under review for a special issue of Journal of Management Studies that focuses on “dealing with organizational complexity”. The conceptual model for study two is currently being developed. Data collection from a sample of innovative small and medium sized enterprises is planned for spring 2015. Study three will contain a design-science methodology to address ‘firm search and organizational awareness creation ‘. This study will propose design principles and a newly designed artefact (prototype) that will be tested in daily KIC InnoEnergy operations. Currently, a prototype tool is tested that enables KIC InnoEnergy to define and locate innovative SMEs in the sustainable energy sector. The aim is to have all three papers finished by summer 2016.

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (December)

Information WF Meulman T +31 (0)6 18725204 E w.f.meulman@tue.nl W www.item-eindhoven.nl

Figure: PhD project design consisting of three separate but related studies.

Scientific publications Dolmans, S.A.M., Meulman, W.F. and Reymen, I.M.M.J. (2013). ‘Inter-institutional conflicts in st technology commercialization ecosystems’. Proceedings of the 1 International Entrepreneurship Research Exemplars Conference, 23-25 May 2013, Catania, Italy, p. 1-11. Catania, Italy: The University of Catania

294 |

Department

Rotating RB turbulence: experiments

Applied Physics

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy ■ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc H (Hadi) Rajaei Project aim

Project leaders

This project focusses on exploring with 3D Particle Tracking Velocimetry (3D-PTV) how the Lagrangian dynamics of (fluid) particles can be utilized for turbulent state characterization, how the flow transition from one state to the other in rotating convection will affect the Lagrangian statistics of (fluid) particles, and how particle and thermal inertia affect particle dynamics in (rotating) convection.

HJH Clercx F Toschi

Progress

Participants H Rajaei RPJ Kunnen KMJ Alards PR Joshi

Cooperations

Measurements of the velocity and acceleration of the neutrally buoyant particles have been performed for 8 different rotation rates in the center of the RB cell. In parallel to the experiments, numerical simulations (Direct Numerical Simulation) have been performed concerning the center of the cell. Good agreements between experiments and simulations are observed. The experiments for the same 8 different rotation rates have been repeated for the region close to the top lid. These data show how rotation affects the velocity and acceleration of neutrally buoyant particles. Apart from the acceleration and velocity PDFs, the Lagrangian autocorrelation functions for both velocity and acceleration are calculated for different rotation rates.

G Ahlers (UCSB) BJ Geurts (UT) D Lohse (UT) R Verzicco (Roma)

Funded by FOM

Funding % per money stream FOM

100 %

Start of the project

Figure 1: Experimental setup.

2013 (September)

Information HJH Clercx T +31 (0)40 247 2680 E h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl

Figure 2: Normalized vertical-velocity pdfs (left) and normalized vertical-acceleration pdfs (right) at the center of the cell.

Scientific publications -

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy ■ Energy innovation

Project leaders AGL Romme B Walrave

Participants M Talmar GPJ Verbong KS Podoynitsyna

Cooperations Aalto University, Helsinki

Funded by Select + Erasmus Mundus

Funding % per money stream

Achieving internal alignment and external viability in sustainable energy ecosystems PhD student | Postdoc M (Madis) Talmar Project aim Innovation-oriented sustainable energy ventures inherently operate within business ecosystems, where the individual offerings of various organizations combine together to create novel customer facing value propositions. Think for example of the smart grid or the passive energy house concepts, which can be realized primarily as an output of a whole system of actors (rather than any single actor). The current research aims to study the interactions of actors in innovation ecosystems in order to investigate four specific aspects of ecosystem alignment: 1) the types of alignment that sustainable energy ecosystems feature, 2) the types of partners that sustainable energy ventures can use to increase their viability, 3) the methods for increasing the internal alignment and the external viability of sustainable energy ecosystems, 4) the tools that can be used for designing and mapping sustainable energy ecosystems.

Progress This research is divided into four sub-projects. Of these, one is near completion and is currently in review. The other three projects are in progress at various stages. In the first theoretical paper, we have underlined the main actors and their relationships when it comes to building innovation ecosystems for path-breaking innovations (such as sustainable energy innovations). The central graph of this framework is presented below, depicting the theoretical propositions that would inform a technology venture about the course of action necessary for developing an innovation ecosystem that is internally aligned and externally viable.

Scholarship 100 %

Start of the project 2013 (September)

Information M Talmar T +31 (0) 40 247 3285 E m.talmar@tue.nl W http://www.item-indhoven.org/ mam-talmar.html?view=tabs

Figure: Multilevel framework of path-breaking innovation ecosystem development.

Scientific publications Walrave et al. (2014) Technology ventures and their business ecosystem: a systemic framework (EGOS annual conference 2014 proceedings, Erasmus Rotterdam University, July 3-5, 2014). Walrave et al. (2013) Technology ventures and their ecosystem within the sociotechnical settings: A systemic framework (First International Entrepreneurship Exemplars Conference Proceedings, University of Catania, May 23-25 2013).

296 |

Department Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

Emerging Energy Practices in the Smart Grid PhD student | Postdoc N (Nick) Verkade

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy ■ Energy innovation

Project leaders GPJ Verbong G Spaargaren

Participants N Verkade R Smale

Cooperations Wageningen University (WUR) Enexis MilieuCentraal

Project aim The aim of the project NWO-URSES is to gain a better understanding of the developing energy practices of households in a smart energy system. We take on a practice theory perspective, which focuses our attention on the actual doings of householders. Technological development and expectations are guided by concepts of smart homes and smart citizens: increasingly interconnected devices, houses and infrastructures in which anything can be managed. We observe that new epractices of electric mobility, cooperative energy management and storage of electricity are emerging at the household level. The questions we ask are how some of these new e-practices emerge and develop, whether or not these technological advancements actually take hold in the form of practices, and how daily routines obstruct or accommodate smart energy technologies.

Progress The project has started in September 2014 and has concentrated on an in-depth literature study on practice theory and energy consumption. Currently detailing of the individual research proposal and the first fieldwork project on energy practices in households in an energy cooperative is scheduled for March 2015 onwards.

Scientific publications -

Funded by NWO

Funding % per money stream NWO

100 %

Start of the project 2014 (September)

Information N Verkade T +31 (0) 40 247 8398 E n.verkade@tue.nl

Annual Research Report 2014

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Department

Pipeline Attrition Acoustic Locator (PAAL)

Mechanical Engineering

Research theme □ Future fuels □ Energy conversion □ Built environment □ Fusion energy ■ Energy innovation

PhD student | Postdoc BBSA (Bouko) Vogelaar Project aim

BBSA Vogelaar M Golombok

As a large percentage of corrosion failures in the oil and gas industry originate from localized defects in carbon and low-alloy steels due to their poor general and CO2 corrosion performance, an increased understanding of localizing and sizing of defects in piping will help reduce the failure rate. Down-time to failure is prohibitively expensive. There is therefore an urgent need for the development of a quick, reliable method for the detection of internal pipe defects. The use of cylindrical guided waves propagating along the pipe wall is potentially an attractive solution to this problem since they propagate a long distance in contrast to traditional ultrasonic testing where the coverage is limited to the area in the vicinity of the sensor. This letter describes the development of such a guided wave testing technique for the inspection of downstream pipework, the original aim being to detect and locate wall thinning due to corrosion, cracks, and stress-induced strain.

Cooperations

Progress

Project leaders DMJ Smeulders

Participants

Shell Global Solutions

Funded by Shell Global Solutions

Funding % per money stream Industry

100 %

Start of the project 2012 (September)

Guided wave testing has been applied for rapid screening of long lengths of pipework for corrosion and other defects. The method employs mechanical stress waves that propagate along an elongated structure while guided by object’s boundaries. It uses permanently installed transducers on the pipe outer wall for continuous monitoring. The method enables tracking and trending signal change and allows amplitude analysis. Signal processing, such as bandpass filtering, Fourier decomposition, and dispersion imaging further improve the signal-to-noise-ratio. Stability and sensitivity experiments demonstrate the capabilities of the method to detect circumferential wall loss (fractional defect depth), high probability of axial damage localization at resonant frequency, and low probability of false indication. The figure shows that even slight wear on the inside wall can be detected at a distance of just a few meters from the transducers.

Information BBSA Vogelaar T +31 (0) 40 247 2135 E B.B.S.A.Vogelaar@tue.nl

Figure: Reflection coefficient as a function of wear in a carbon steel pipe.

Scientific publications Golombok, Michael and Bouko Vogelaar, 2014, A pipe fault detection system, US patent (filed). Golombok, Mike, Bouko Vogelaar, and Xander Campman, 2014, A new pipeline monitoring method with help from geophysics. Shell TechXplorer, Vol 02, No 06, 10-14.

298 |

4. Contact persons

Department  Applied Physics

 Built Environment

 Chemical Engineering and Chemistry

 DIFFER

Name

prof.dr. E.P.A.M. (Erik) Bakkers

e.bakkers@tue.nl

prof.dr. H.J.H. (Herman) Clercx

h.j.h.clercx@tue.nl

dr. M. (Adreana) Creatore

m.creatore@tue.nl

dr. J.E.M. (Jos) Haverkort

j.e.m.haverkort@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. (GertJan) G.J.F. van Heijst

g.j.f.v.heijst@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. W.M.M. (Erwin) Kessels

w.m.m.kessels@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. G.W.M. (Gerrit) Kroesen

g.m.w.kroesen@tue.nl

prof.dr. N.J. (Niek) Lopes Cardozo

n.j.lopes.cardozo@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. B.J.E. (Bert) Blocken

b.j.e.blocken@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. H.J.H. (Jos) Brouwers

h.j.h.brouwers@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. J.L.M. (Jan) Hensen

j.l.m.hensen@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. E.J. (Evert) van Loenen

e.j.v.loenen@tue.nl

prof.Dr.-Ing. P.M. (Patrick) Teuffel

p.m.teuffel@tue.nl

prof.dr. H.J.P. (Harrie) Timmermans

h.j.p.timmermans@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. B. (Bauke) de Vries

b.d.vries@tue.nl

prof.ir. W. (Wim) Zeiler

w.zeiler@tue.nl

dr. F. (Fausto) Gallucci

f.gallucci@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. E.J.M. (Emiel) Hensen

e.j.m.hensen@tue.nl

prof.dr. V. (Volker) Hessel

v.hessel@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. R.A.J. (René) Janssen

r.a.j.janssen@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. M.C. (Maaike) Kroon

m.c.kroon@tue.nl

prof.dr. A.P.H.J. (Albert) Schenning

a.p.h.j.schenning@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. M. (Martin) van Sint Annaland

m.v.sintannaland@tue.nl

prof.dr. M.R. (Marco) de Baar

m.r.d.baar@tue.nl

prof.dr. A.J.H. (Tony) Donné

a.j.h.donné@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. M.C.M. (Richard) van de Sanden m.c.m.vandesanden@differ.nl  Electrical Engineering

 Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences

 Mathematics and Computer Science

dr. G.C. (Greg) de Temmerman

g.c.detemmerman@differ.nl

prof.dr.ir. P.M.J. (Paul) van den Hof

p.m.j.vandenhof@tue.nl

prof.ir. W.L. (Wil) Kling †

secretariaat.ees@tue.nl

prof.dr. E.A. (Elena) Lomonova

e.lomonova@tue.nl

prof.dr. F. (Fred) Langerak

f.langerak@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. A.W.M. (Anthonie) Meijers

a.w.m.meijers@tue.nl

dr. K.S. (Ksenia) Podoynitsyna

k.s.podoynitsyna@tue.nl

dr.ir. I.M.M.J. (Isabelle) Reymen

i.m.m.j.reymen@tue.nl

dr.ir. H.A. (Henny) Romijn

h.a.romijn@tue.nl

prof.dr. A.G.L. (Sjoerd) Romme

a.g.l.romme@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. G.P.J. (Geert) Verbong

g.verbong@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. B. (Barry) Koren

b.koren@tue.nl

Annual Research Report 2014

| 299

ď&#x201A;§ Mechanical Engineering

300 |

prof.dr. M.R. (Marco) de Baar

m.r.d.baar@tue.nl

prof.dr. L.P.H. (Philip) de Goey

l.p.h.d.goey@tue.nl

prof.dr. J.G.M. (Hans) Kuerten

j.g.m.kuerten@tue.nl

dr.ir. C.C.M. (Camilo) Rindt

c.c.m.rindt@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. D.M.J. (David) Smeulders

d.m.j.smeulders@tue.nl

dr.ir. L.M.T. (Bart) Somers

l.m.t.somers@tue.nl

prof.dr.ir. M. (Maarten) Steinbuch

m.steinbuch@tue.nl

prof.dr. H.A. (Herbert) Zondag

h.a.zondag@tue.nl

5. Overview research topics Postdocs indicated in blue Future fuels

 Almutairi

 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis to Alcohols

 Ayyapureddi

 Advances in the application of flamelet generated manifold for diesel engine combustion modeling

 Bakker

 Fate of Forgotten Fuel

 Bourgonje

 Determine optimal torrefaction parameters for various biomass feedstocks

 Brehmer, FK

 A novel approach to solar fuels: plasma assisted CO2 to CO conversion

 Bruinhorst, van der  Campos Velarde

 Release Nature’s Building Blocks from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Novel Solvents

 Fundaments of Chemical Looping for Biomass Processing

 Cardoso de Souza  Chen

 Modulated turbulence for premixed flames

 Mechanism of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

 Ciftci

 Reactivity of (bi)metallic catalysts for reforming of biomass derived alcohols

 Coumans

 A Kinetic model for triglyceride hydrogenation to biodiesel: from mechanistic understanding to improved catalysts  Mesh-free fracture simulation in swelling media

 Elkholy

 Crystallization, nucleation and droplet growth for the combined gas treatment and liquefaction of natural gas  DBD-Plasma assisted combustions

 Fan

 Shock-induced borehole waves in fractured formations

 Fancello

 Dynamic and turbulent premixed combustion using flamelet-generated manifold in open FOAM

 Filonenko

 Filot

 Creating artificial trees: multifunctional catalysts for harvesting atmospheric CO2 and sustainable fuel production  Theoretical investigation of Fischer-Tropsch catalysis on Rh and Ru metal surfaces and particles

 Fransen

 Homogeneous nucleation of water and carbondioxide

 Göktolga

 Clean combustion of future fuels

 Goryachev

 Goswami

 Metal oxide based semiconductor photoelectrodes for solar hydrogen production: mechanism stability - reactivity  Extension of the heat flux method

 Graaff, van der

 Hybrid organic-inorganic mesoporous materials for the valorization of biomass

 Gupta

 Photo-bioreactors: saving algae from turbulence!

 Güvenatam

 Catalytic pathways for lignin depolymerization

 Hinsberg, van

 How gravity, shear and coalescence modify the droplet size distribution

 Hoop, de

 Biofuels in India: flowing through time and space in tiny conduits

 Huang

 Lignin depolymerization and upgrading to fuel components

 Klaassen

 Influencing energy consumption/production of households through smart grids

 Kollau

 Biomass fractionation using deep eutectic solvents

 Lan

 Transition-metal phosphides in hydrotreating catalysis

 Leermakers

 Efficient fuels for future engines

 Litke

 Development of metal-sulfide-based photocatalysts for water splitting and reduction of carbon dioxide under visible light irradiation  Catalytic conversion of lactic acid into commodity chemicals

 Ding  Dumitrescu

 Liu

 Martini

 New CO capture process for pure hydrogen production combining Ca and Cu chemical loops

 Meshkova

 Investigation of film nucleation and thin film front growth evolution

Annual Research Report 2014

| 301

 Mota Martinez

 Ionic Liquids for CO2 capture

 Mukhopadhyay

 Modeling turbulent combustion using spatially filtered flamelets

 Musa

 Long-range interactions in the interface

 Ortega Rojas

 Kinetic Study of the Methanol-to-Gasoline Conversion over ZSM-5 Catalysts

 Osch, van

 The use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the recycling of paper

 Pala

 Pols

 Development and Testing of Durable and Sulfur tolerant Water Gas Shift (WGS) catalysts for syngas adjustment using Microchannel Reactor  Biofuels: sustainable innovation or gold rush?

 Ponduri

 Plasma assisted clean energy

 Remij

 Numerical modeling of hydraulic fracturing

 Setiawan

 Responsible innovation in practice: The case of energy technology adoption in Indonesia

 Shoshin

 Combustion strategies for next generation fuel-flexible burners

 Song

 Computational studies of catalytic reactivity at the metal-reducible oxide support interface

 Tempelman

 Non-oxidative methane dehydroaromatization

 Tian

 Biomass to Biofuels

 Valliappan

 Numerical modelling and validation of hydraulic fractures in anisotropic media

 Vasavan

 Clean combustion of future fuels

 Volkov

 World most perfect adiabatic flame

 Voort, van der

 Experimental study of the dynamics of droplets in turbulent sprays and clouds

 Wang

 Ultra efficient clean combustion concepts and their fuel appetite

 Warrag

 Mercury Removal from Natural Gas Streams using Deep Eutectic Solvents

 Weber

 Atomic layer deposition of noble metal nanoparticles

 Yavuz

 Dynamics, collisions and coalesscence of droplets in turbulence

 Yue

 Towards novel solid acids: exploring zirconosilicates and other promising materials

 Zhang, Y

 Zhou

 Synthesis and modification of semiconductor/co-catalyst systems for photo(electro) chemical reactions  Effects of pressure on combustion characteristics of cellular hydrogen flames

 Zhu

 Mesopore generation in zeolites with applications in catalysis

 Zubeir

 Novel ionic liquid and supported ionic liquid solvents for reversible capture of CO2

Energy conversion

302 |

 Abtahizadeh

 Advanced low NOx flexible fuel gas turbine combustion, aero and stationary

 Akargun

 Fate of Forgotten Fuel

 Akkurt

 Heat2Control

 Ampatzis

 Storage integrated Multi agent controlled Smartgrid (PV SiMS)

 Anastasopoulou

 Process Design for Nitrogen Fixation Reactions via Energy, Cost and Life-Cycle Analysis

 Arratibel

 Pd-Ag pore-filled membranes for hydrogen separation

 Awasthi

 Particle-particle interaction in biomass co-firing power plants

 Bachnas

 SMART Project

 Baltis  Desmarais  Beek, van

 Effects of cross-section variation and bubble-bubble interaction on bubble detachment in convective flow  High-Voltage Actuation System

 Belete

 Direct Production of Fuels from Captured CO2

 Bergmair

 Humidity harvesting using water vapor selective membranes

 Boon

 Novel processes for high-temperature separation of CO2 and H2

 Bordihn

 Surface Passivation by Al2O3-based Film Stacks for Si Solar Cells

 Bosch

 Atomic level understanding of semiconductor/dielectric interfaces by nonlinear spectroscopy

 Bruyn, de

 Electromagnetic design and analysis of highly-dynamic commutated motors

 Caris

 PowerDAC: A new approach in power amplification

 Casteren, van

 GaussMount II

 Cavalli  Dam, van  Chen

 Flexible very high efficiency solar cells

 Complete Vehicle Energy-saving Technologies for Heavy-Trucks

 Chirumamilla

 Environmental Sensors for Energy Efficiency (ESEE)

 Coenen

 Sorbent Development on the Basis of Kinetics, and Mass- and Heat- Transport Phenomena in Sorption-Enhanced Processes at Elevated Temperatures  Mobilising heavy hydrocarbons

 Cuijpers

 Cuk  Ni  Curti

 Measurement tools for Smart Grid stability and quality

100

 Advanced Electric Powertrain Technology (ADEPT)

101

 Demissie

 Lagrangian ‘mixing analysis’ of heat transfer: A new way for thermal optimisation

102

 Dogan

103

 Donini

 Remote plasma synthesis of silicon nanocrystals: plasma processes, nanocrystal growth, and diagnosis  Advanced Low NOx Gas Turbine Combustion Modeling for Stationary Gas Turbine Applications

 Driessen

 High Voltage Actuation System for Future Generation Lithography Machines

105

 Efimov

 Development of Reliable Emission and Atomization Models for Combustor Design

106

 Eichhorn

 WETREN (WEDACS True Environment)

107

 Ferchaud

 Characterization of the water vapor sorption process in salt hydrates used as thermochemical materials for seasonal heat storage  Development of thin Pd-based supported membranes for hydrogen production

108

 Novel multifunctional antireflecting, transparent, and conductive emitters for heterojunction cells

110

 Gerrits

 EV Turbocharger

111

 Gürsel

 Integrated micro-fluidic cooling in laminated flexible micro systems

112

 Haan, de

 Cross-border Balancing in Europe

113

 Haandel, van

114

 Helmi

 Liquid vs gas phase sulfidation – influence on structural, activation and deactivation properties of commercial ULSD catalysts  Microstructured membrane reactors for water gas shift reaction

 Hosseini

 Numerical and Experimental Study of Thermo-acoustics of Domestic Burner with Heat Exchanger

116

 Ilhan  Kremers  Insuasty Moreno  Iype

 Parallel Flux Switching Machines

117

 Reduced-complexity models for production optimization

118

 In silico characterisation of magnesium salt hydrates as energy storage materials

119

 Izadi Najafabadi

120

 Jumayev

 Fuel and Thermal Stratification Study of Partially Premixed Combustion Using Advanced Laser Diagnostic Techniques  Respiratoir NL

 Karwal

 Light management and interface engineering for highly efficient and ultra thin CIGS solar cells

122

 Kim

 Molecular models for water vapor flows in silica nanopores

123

 Klarenaar

 A novel approach to renewable energy storage through plasma-assisted CO2-to-CO reduction

124

 Kornilov

 MTT micro CHP

125

 Kosinov

 High-silica zeolite membranes for gas and liquid separation

126

 Kumar

 Optimal off-shore wind farms (OptiWind)

127

 Lan

 Development of micro- and meso-scale models for thermo-chemical heat storage materials

128

 Fernandez Gesalaga  Gatz

Annual Research Report 2014

104

109

115

121

| 303

 Lemmen

 Reliability Through Redundancy and Reconfigurable Topologies

129

 Linden, van der

 Coupled mass and heat transfer in porous media with an application to thermal energy storage

130

 Liu D

 Photoresponsive coatings for cleaning solar cells

131

 Liu Z

 Experiments on vortex structures in AC electro-osmotic flow

132

 Loo, van de

133

 Macco

 Advanced Surface Passivation Schemes Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition for Commercial Solar Cells  Amorphous silicon growth kinetics and interface engineering for Si heterojunction solar cells

 Maes

 Tracking Joules: Flame-wall interaction in Diesel spray combustion

135

 Medrano Jiménez  Mees

 ClingCO2: Chemical Looping Reforming for pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture

136

 Atomic layer deposition of solid-state Li-ion battery materials

137

 Melchiori

 Reactor selection for oxidative coupling of methane

138

 Merdzan

 KIC MTT micro CHP: Electromechanical aspects of a micro – CHP system

139

 Michalek

 Boiling Flow Regime Maps for Safe Designing

140

 Ninhuijs, van

 Motion controlled arm support, McARM

141

 Overboom  Smeets  Palmans

 Autonomos Ceiling Robot

142

 Nanocrystalline silicon at high-rate for multi-junction solar cells

143

 Parmentier

 Selective metal removal with ionic liquids

144

 Pathak

 Multiscale simulations for thermo chemical heat storage using new composite materials

145

 Patil

 Reactor and Process Development for Plasma Assisted Nitrogen Fixation Reaction

146

 Perrotta

147

 Pham

 Looking down the rabbit hole: impact of porosity in the (in)organic layers on the performance of moisture permeation multi-layer barriers  Hybrid Innovations for Trucks (HIT)

 Pluk

 X-Talk: Investigation of electromagnetic crosstalks in high-precision mechatronic systems

149

 Priems

 Boiling Flow Regime Maps for Safe Designing

150

 Rehman

 A plasma-enhanced CVD reactor for the production of thin film solar cells

151

 Rocha

 MES meets DES

152

 Rodriguez Rodriguez  Roes

 Azeotrope-breaking using novel nature-based deep autectic solvent

153

 SMArt systems Co-design / Acoustic Energy Transfer

154

 Romijn

 Complete Vehicle Energy-saving Technologies for Heavy-Trucks (CONVENIENT)

155

 Russo

 DNS of turbulent particle-laden channel flow with heat and mass transfer

156

 San Pio Bordeje

157

 Sfakianakis

 Unravelling the origin of the redox kinetics behavior of oxygen carriers in chemical looping combustion  A class of robust switched-mode power amplifiers with highly linear transfer characteristics: on the elimination of zero-crossing distortion in switching converters  Advanced Electric Powertrain Technology (ADEPT)

 Siraj

 A robust hierarchical approach to life-cycle optimization

160

 Slagter

 Integrated models for polyolefin reactors

161

 Smids  Verberne  Smit

 Persuasive Technology, Allocation of Control, and Social Values

162

 Advanced Interface Engineering for Si Heterojunction Solar Cells

163

 Spallina

 Design and Optimization of a Membrane Assisted Chemical Looping Reforming for H2 production with CO2 capture  CFD modeling for the optimization of a flame ionization sensor

164

 Low-Power Induction and Synchronous Reluctance Machines: From Semi-Analytical Analysis towards Practical Application  Nanowire solar energy conversion

166

 Schellekens

 Speelman  Sprangers  Standing

304 |

134

148

158 159

165

167

 Straathof

 Accelerated Trifluoromethylations by Means of Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis

168

 Su

169

 Swinkels

 Kinetic studies and controlled production of gas-liquid photocatalytic transformations via photomicroreactors  Smart grid control and protection in power electronic dominant grid: modeling, testing, and verification  Nanophonics

 Tan

 Next generation micro-reactor for ultra-pure H2 production

172

 Tang

 HTAS: Light weight in-wheel module

173

 Tanyeli

 Nanostructuring of metal surfaces by high fluxes of low energy He ion irradiation

174

 Tibola

 HiCaps

175

 Varghese

 GEOCHAOS-geoscience meets chaos

176

 Veldhuizen

 Nanocrystalline silicon at high-rate for multi-junction solar cells

177

 Vermeltfoort

 Energy flows of the future

178

 Vermulst

 Demonstrator High-Power Converter

179

 Virag

 Balancing the electrical power systems: identification and control

180

 Viyathukattuva

181

 Voncken

 INCREASE – Increasing the penetration of renewable energy sources in the distribution grid by Developing control strategies and using ancillary services  Chemical looping reforming for pure hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture (ClingCO2)

 Vrijsen

 Magnetic hysteresis phenomena in electromagnetic actuation systems

183

 Vu  Cui  Vural Gursel

 High efficiency nano-structured solar cells

184

 Novel Process Windows – Boosted Micro Process Technology Process Simplification and Integration

185

 Williams

 Transparent conducting oxides and interface engineering for thin-film solar cells

186

 Yang

 Effects of dramatically increasing energy prices on dynamic repertoires of activity-travel behavior

187

 Zanis

 Humoresque

188

 Zardetto

 NANOMATCELL

189

 Zhang, H

 Molecular Dynamics Study on Sugar Alcohol based Phase Change Materials

190

 Zhang, J

 Exploring a new medium for high-power switching: supercritical fluids

191

 Sun

Built environment  Aduda

170 171

182

193 195

 Barakou

 Smart Grid - BEMS: the art of optimizing The connection between comfort demand and energy supply  SMART energy homes and the smart grid: a framework for intelligent energy management systems for residential customes  Transient modelling and monitoring of EHV/HV transmission system

 Bernards

 Smart Planning

198

 Beuzekom

 Optimization of Multi-Energy Systems for Smart Cities

199

 Bikcora

 Electricity demand forecasting for smart charging of electric vehicles

200

 Blaauwbroek

 DISPATCH – Distributed Intelligence for Smart Power routing and mATCHing

201

 Boerstra

 Personal Control over Indoor Climate in Office Buildings

202

 Chen

 Interaction between Land Use, Energy Consumption and Temperature on the City Scale

203

 Doudart de la Grée  Gaeini

 Development of sustainable and functionalized inorganic binder-biofiber composites

204

 Thermochemical Seasonal Heat Storage for Built Environment

205

 Gaetani

 Modeling of occupant influence for building energy performance predictions

206

 Geng

 Fluid-structure interaction for vertical axis wind turbines

207

 Grau Novellas

 Electromagnetic Compatibility of Integrated Circuits: Implications of technology choices on the EMC performance  Computational Capacity Planning in Electricity Networks

208

 Asare-Bediako

 Grond

Annual Research Report 2014

196 197

209

| 305

 Groot, de

 Self-healing grids

210

 Habraken

 Passive + active adaptability for structural optimization

211

 Hamdy

212

 Haque

 Knowledge for Climate / Theme 4: Climate Proof Cities (CPC) / WP2: Sensitivity, Vulnerability and Impacts  Capacity management with the introduction of Graceful Degradation

 Hoes

 Computational design optimization of building energy and thermal performance

214

 Huijbregts

 Experimental and numerical analysis of climate change induced risks to historic buildings and collections  SG-BEMS: The art of optimizing the connection between comfort and energy demand supply

215

217

 Janssen

 Computational modeling of convective heat transfer for the integration of renewable energy systems in the urban environment  Port of Rotterdam: from macro-climate to micro-climate in the harbor basins

 Khandelwal

 Responsive Infrared Reflector based on Liquid Crystal Polymer

219

 Khayrullina

 Dynamics of plane impinging jets at high Reynolds numbers – with applications to air curtains

220

 Kommeren

 Seafront

221

 Kosutova

 Multi-scale computational assessment of ventilative cooling as an energy-efficient measure to avoid indoor overheating  Modeling and Simulation of Future Proof Low Energy Residental Buildings

222

224

 Kruizinga

 Clever Climate Control For Culture: Energy conservation in museums by optimizing climate control while preserving collection, building and thermal comfort  Technology for distribution area situational awareness in electrical networks (tDASA)

 Labeodan

 Development of a Micro-Grid strategy for process control on room-level

226

 Lampropoulos

227

 Lee, B

 Smart Grid Evolution (SGE) project; Developing a service platform for the Internet of Energy (SGEIoE)  Building energy simulation based assessment of industrial halls for design support

 Lee, CS

 Inverse modeling of climate adaptive greenhouse shells

229

 Li, R

230

 Li, Y

 The user as its own sensor: the human in the loop approach as part of a system integration for control on room level  Extended functionality SCG

 Loonen

 Inverse modeling of climate adaptive building shells

232

 Lopes Ferreira

 Assessment of innovative technologies integration in electricity markets and networks: energy storage case study  Modeling and simulation of virtual natural lighting solutions in buildings

233

 City Energy Networks: Integrated modeling and simulation of electricity, gas and heat networks underlying a sustainable city infrastructure  Perceived control in automated daylight control systems

235

 SG (B2B & B2C) BEMS - The art of optimizing the connection between comfort and energy demand supply  Green Cities, modeling the spatial transformation into energy efficient cities

237

 Computational modeling of evaporative cooling as a climate change adaptation measures at the spatial scale of buildings and streets  Smart (Micro) Grid Appliations for Concentrated Industrial and Commercial Areas

239

 Influcence of new technologies on the distribution grid

241 242

 Quercia Bianchi

 Wind environment and the Mediterranean city: Morphology, density, urban microclimate, outdoor comfort  Natural cross-ventilation in buildings: evaluation and optimization of leeward sawtooth-roof geometries  Application of nano-silica in concrete

 Ritzen

 Environmental assessment of PV integration in the building envelope

245

 Schans, van der

 Profiling of optical surfaces using a plasma jet

246

 Schepers

 Exploring Light Scattering on Dusty Plasmas to improve Energy Efficacy of White LEDs

247

 Hurtado Munoz  Iousef

 Kotireddy  Kramer

 Mungkuto  Mazairac  Meerbeek  Mocanu  Mohammadi  Montazeri  Morales González  Nijhuis  Palusci  Perén Montero

306 |

213

216

218

223

225

228

231

234

236

238

240

243 244

 Shi

 Hybrid Energy Grid Management (HyGrid)

248

 Straub

 Development of Eco Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

249

 Taher

 Chloride penetration in cracked and uncracked concrete structures

250

 Toparlar

 A multi-scale analysis of the urban heat island effect: From city averaged temperatures to the energy demand of individual buildings  GENiC (Globally Optimized Energy Efficient Data Centres)

251

253

 Verhaart

 Multi-scale analysis of the impact of vegetative technologies and cool roofs on the urban environment  Proces Control on Workplace Level - User Centered Energy Reduction

 Veselá

 Heat transfer in the human body and thermal comfort

255

 Veselý

 Smart Energy for Building Comfort

256

 Wattjes

 System development methodology for smart microgrids within the business to business market

257

 Weldemariam

 Power Quality Regulation within European Fframework

258

 Wu

 Impact of EHV/HV underground power cables on resonant grid behavior

259

 Xiang

260

 Zavrel

 Operation of Future Medium Voltage Distribution Grids; Application of Statistical Methods for State Estimation and Fault Location  GENiC: Energy Optimization of Data Centers Using Building Modeling Method

 Zhao

 Smart Energy for Building Comfort

262

 Torrens  Vasaturo

Fusion energy

252

254

261

263

 Berkel, van

 Estimation of heat transport coefficients in fusion plasmas

265

 Boessenkool

 Analysis and optimization of tele-operated task performance of ITER Remote Handling

266

 Bogomolov

 Edge Localized Mode (ELM) studies with Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) Imaging

267

 Brand, van den

 In-line ECE for NTM control at AUG

268

 Bystrov

 Erosion and morphology changes of graphite under high flux and low temperature plasma bombardment  Creeping Sparks

269

271

 Hommen

 Control and mitigation of Edge Localized Modes by further development and application of computational tools  Assessing reaction kinetics by (active) spectroscopy: from fusion boundary plasma to solar fuel plasma reactors  Measurement of electron kinetic profiles in the divertor region and during magnetic perturbations using Thomson Scattering  Optical boundary reconstruction for shape controle of tokamak plasmas

 Jakobs

 MHD flows for turbulence suppression in fusion plasmas

275

 Jaulmes

276

 Lauret

 Interaction of a controlled sawtooth cycle with the distribution of helium in a fusion reactor and study of related MHD activity  Investigations of helium transport in ASDEX upgrade plasmas with charge exchange recombination spectroscopy  Control of mixing and oscillations in plasmas and fluids

 Lu

 Tokamak divertor modelling with EUNOMIA

279

 Maljaars

 Model predictive control of the safety factor profile in tokamaks

280

 Chvyreva  Es, van  Harder, den  Hawke

 Kappatou

270

272 273 274

277 278

 Marques  Turbulence and zonal flows in tokamak plasmas Fernandes Rosas  Swaaij, van  Studies of impurity transport in high-density, low-temperature plasma with the ERO code

281

 Weymiens

 Bifurcation theory of the L-H transition in fusion plasmas

283

 Xu

 Tungsten surface modifications under ITER-relevant plasma fluxes

284

Energy innovation

282

285

 Alards

 Rotating Rayleigh Bénard turbulence: numeric

287

 Baskan

 Lagrangian mixing analysis of heat transfer: a new way for thermal optimization

288

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| 307

 Brehmer, M

 Development of New Successful Business Models and Products in New Ventures: The Case of the Energy Sector  Mainstreaming solar: PV Business Model Design under Shifting Regulatory Regimes

289

291

 Joshi

 Sustainable energy transitions and the role of collective institutional entrepreneurship: Studies on PV solar and wind energy in India  Rotating Rayleigh Bénard Experiments: Tuning the transition between turbulent states

 Kirkels

 Development paths of biomass gasification

293

 Meulman

 KIC-InnoEnergy SE: Energy Technology Commercialization

294

 Rajaei

 Rotating RB turbulence: experiments

295

 Talmar

 Achieving internal alignment and external viability in sustainable energy ecosystems

296

 Verkade

 Emerging Energy Practices in the Smart Grid

297

 Vogelaar

 Pipeline Attrition Acoustic Locator (PAAL)

298

 Huijben  Jolly

308 |

290

292

6. Dissertations 2014 Name  Abtahizadeh

Topic

Page

 Ayyapureddi

Numerical study of mild combustion: from laminar flames to Large Eddy Simulation of turbulent flames with Flamelet Generated Manifolds SMART energy homes and the smart grid: a framework for intelligent energy management systems for residential customers Advances in the application of flamelet generated manifold for diesel engine combustion modeling

 Baltis

Nucleate boiling bubble mechanics in forced convection

 Bordihn

Surface passivation by Al2O3-based film stacks for Si solar cells

 Bystrov  Cardoso de Souza

Erosion and morphology changes of graphite under high flux low temperature plasma bombardment Modulated turbulence for premixed flames

 Ciftci

Reactivity of (bi)metallic catalysts for reforming of biomass derived alcohols

 Dogan

Remote plasma synthesis of silicon nanocrystals: plasma processes, nanocrystal growth, and diagnosis Advanced turbulent combustion modeling for gas turbine application

 Asare-Bediako

 Donini  El Bakari

77 196 12

269 18 20 103 104

 Fan

Enabling smart grids and future electricity markets with virtual power plants: development of Distributed Energy Resources Aggregation System (DERAS). Shock-induced borehole waves in fractured formations

 Fancello

Dynamic and turbulent premixed combustion using flamelet-generated manifold in open FOAM

 Goswami

Laminar burning velocities at elevated pressures using the heat flux method

 Hoeijmakers

Flame acoustic coupling in combustion instabilities

 Hoes

214

 Hommen

Computational performance prediction of the potential of hybrid adaptable thermal storage concepts for lightweight low-energy houses Optical boundary reconstruction for shape control of tokamak plasmas

 Ilhan

Hybrid modeling techniques embracing permanent-magnet-biased salient machines

117

 Iype

In silico characterisation of magnesium salt hydrates as energy storage materials

119

 Kappatou

277

 Kim

Investigations of helium transport in ASDEX upgrade plasmas with charge exchange recombination spectroscopy Molecular models for water vapor flows in silica nanopores

 Kochkin

Understanding lightning : experiments on meter long discharges and their x-rays

 Kosinov

High-silica zeolite membranes for gas and liquid separation

126

 Lampropoulos

Energy management of distributed resources in power systems operations

227

 Lauret

Control of mixing and oscillations in plasmas and fluids

278

 Lee, B

Building energy simulation based assessment of industrial halls for design support

228

 Leermakers

Efficient fuels for future engines

 Liu, Z

Experiments on vortex structures in AC electro-osmotic flow

132

 Mangkuto

Modelling and simulation of virtual natural lighting solutions in buildings

234

 Meijer

Direct injection fuel spray combustion studied by optical diagnostics 'A spray A'

 Mukhopadhyay

Modeling turbulent combustion using spatially filtered flamelets

 Quercia Bianchi

Application of nano-silica in concrete

 Ramponi

Computational modeling of urban wind flow and natural ventilation potential of buildings.

 Russo

DNS of turbulent particle-laden channel flow with heat and mass transfer

156

 Schellekens

A class of robust switched-mode power amplifiers with highly linear transfer characteristics: on the elimination of zero-crossing distortion in switching converters

158

274

123 -

48 244

Annual Research Report 2014

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310 |

 Song

Computational studies of catalytic reactivity at the metal-reducible oxide support interface

 Swaaij, van

Studies of impurity transport in high density, low-temperature plasma with the ERO code

282

 Vrijsen

Magnetic hysteresis phenomena in electromagnetic actuation systems

183

 Weber

Atomic layer deposition of noble metal nanoparticles

 Weymiens

Bifurcation theory of the L-H transition in fusion plasmas

283

 Wu

Impact of EHV/HV underground power cables on resonant grid behavior

259

 Zhang, Y

Synthesis and modification of semiconductor/co-catalyst systems for photo(electro) chemical reactions

Photography Image page 193: Ouden, P.H. den & Gal, R.A.J. (2014). Vision and roadmap Eindhoven energy-neutral 2045: research report energy in the built environment. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. Image page 263: TU/e Fusor experiment - Bart van Overbeeke Fotografie - www.bvof.nl

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