Entrepreneurship Unit - Annual report 2020 by Turun yliopisto

Entrepreneurship Unit Annual report 2020

CONTACT Entrepreneurship Turku School of Economics, University of Turku Visiting address: Rehtorinpellonkatu 3 20500 Turku, Finland Postal address: Turku School of Economics FI-20014 Turun yliopisto Professor Ulla Hytti Tel. +358 40 540 9112, e-mail: ulla.hytti@utu.fi Professor Jarna Heinonen Tel. +358 50 563 1713, e-mail: jarna.heinonen@utu.fi Professor Anne Kovalainen Tel. +358 50 502 7022, e-mail: anne.kovalainen@utu.fi HR Specialist Mira Liikkanen Tel. +358 50 4002 721, e-mail: mira.liikkanen@utu.fi

www.utu.fi/entrepreneurship

CONTENTS BUSINESS AS USUAL IN THE PANDEMIC? ............................................................ 5 RESEARCH WITH IMPACT ....................................................................................... 6 HIGHLIGHTS FROM OUR RESEARCH PROJECTS IN 2020 .............................. 8 INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TEACHING COOPERATION .................... 15 INSPIRING LEARNING EXPERIENCES ................................................................. 18 ENTREPRENEURSHIP STUDIES ...................................................................... 20 OTHER ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION ACTIVITIES ............................... 21 INTERACTION WITH SOCIETY .............................................................................. 26 APPENDICES .......................................................................................................... 32

BUSINESS AS USUAL IN THE PANDEMIC? It would be tempting to write this foreword without mentioning the Covid-19 at all. After one year in the home office and exchanges only taking place virtually I suspect we are all quite tired of the pandemic. It would be nice just to forget it and look into the future. But of course, the Covid-19 has impacted our work so considerably that it requires a brief commentary. First, the Covid-19 has impacted our research projects in how we are able to execute the projects and collect research materials. For example, in the DISCE “Developing Inclusive & Sustainable Creative Economies” research project we needed to move from off-line workshops into online interviews. More importantly, the pandemic has introduced new phenomena that need to be taken into account when researching sustainability and resilience in the creative sectors on one hand in the DISCE project or the innovation capacity and adaptability of the economy in order to overcome the crisis as in the new ReGrow – Reigniting Growth through Innovation –project. Second, we have transformed our teaching at all levels (B.Sc., M.Sc. and PhD) into the online format. Luckily many of us had experience from virtual teaching opportunities already before in order to facilitate the transfer successfully. In addition to teaching, we have paid attention to organising virtual meetings with our students to be able to focus on their well-being. We have organised virtual PhD research seminars regularly and for example PhD supervision has continued in regular Zoom meetings (or by having a supervision session by walking in the heavy rain as I have done). In 2020, we had two PhD defences that took place online gathering wide audiences internationally. In this sense, in many ways the ‘business has been as usual’ but the pandemic has made us develop new good practices that will hopefully continue in the future, like live streaming PhD defences. Similarly, we have developed new ways to interact and engage with the societal stakeholders by organising international webinars like in the DISCE project but also by resorting to good old practices. In order to share the results from our ACE project investigating entrepreneurship at the universities, the research consortium wrote two booklets in Finnish targeting the larger audiences in the universities. In line with the Entrepreneurial University, we have been actively developing new ways to engage and collaborate with the entrepreneurs and businesses. In 2020, we launched a new Entrepreneurs-in-Residence programme with three entrepreneurs representing different business fields, age groups and gender agreeing to be ‘honorary Teaching Fellows’ at our school. We are extremely proud of this scheme and look forward to developing it in the years to come. To compensate at least slightly for the lacking serendipitous meetings in the office and missing informal chat and banter during the coffee breaks, we have introduced virtual zoom coffee breaks and convened regularly in the more formal unit meetings. Still, I believe many of us are looking forward to returning to the university, which is more than an office. The university is an academic community consisting of researchers, teachers, students, administrative and other supporting staff as well as our stakeholders, it is a community and a ‘great place to think ahead’ as the slogan painted on our wall at the Turku School of Economics promises. See you there soon!

Ulla Hytti Professor Head of the Entrepreneurship Unit

Professor Head of the Entrepreneurship Unit

RESEARCH WITH IMPACT

Research on entrepreneurship and new working modes Entrepreneurship is one of the areas of strength at the Turku School of Economics. Research activities at the Entrepreneurship Unit focus on two themes in particular: entrepreneurship and new working modes in the digitalized economy; and entrepreneurial behaviour and business growth. These two main fields are connected through theoretical approaches in entrepreneurship and sociology, research methodology, science and technology studies, governance, and empirical studies. Research encompasses the processes of entrepreneurship and innovation as well as entrepreneurial behaviour from the point of view of business creation, growth, internationalisation, and renewal in different contexts in both private and public sector organisations. The Entrepreneurship Unit consists of about fifteen researchers with varied scientific backgrounds.

Multidisciplinary scholarly excellence and international cooperation We work internationally and emphasise scholarly excellence and policy relevance based on solid scientific knowledge particularly in entrepreneurship. The cornerstones of our entrepreneurship research are wellestablished multidisciplinary research groups, high-profile international research initiatives and networks, such as the European Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB), a strong track record in competitive research funding as well as close cooperation with policy makers.

JUFO publications 2011–2020 2011

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JUFO 1

JUFO 2

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HIGHLIGHTS FROM OUR RESEARCH PROJECTS IN 2020 Developing Inclusive and Sustainable Creative Economies (DISCE)

The Developing Inclusive & Sustainable Creative Economies (DISCE) project set to improve and enhance the growth, inclusivity and sustainability of the cultural and creative economies in the EU was launched in January 2019. DISCE will investigate the relationships between higher education, skills development and creative work; emerging business models; possibilities for improved quantitative mapping; new ways to understand what the ‘growth’ of creative economies consists of – and why such growth is valuable. At the heart of the project is the question of what are inclusive and sustainable creative economies and how they can be developed. Creative practitioners and policy makers will play a vital role in DISCE as both producers and users of new knowledge. Combining ten regional case studies with EU-wide quantitative mapping, the aim of DISCE, ultimately, is not only to understand the EU’s creative economies, but to help shape their future. The second year of the DISCE project was exceptional due to COVID-19 which since March 2020 influenced our field work in ten European creative ecologies as well as the ways in which DISCE reaches its academic and stakeholder audiences. New virtual approaches were innovated in order to keep the DISCE project ongoing and to reach its ultimate goals. In March an online interim review meeting of the DISCE project was organised to secure that the project is in process of meeting its expectations. Numerous interesting research findings have already been presented in several reports after the first year, including the Case study framework with related literature reviews, Creative workforce and higher education in Europe statistics reports, and most importantly the First DISCE European Policy Brief titled “Managing creative economies as Cultural Ecosystems”. The Policy Brief draws from the key literature, analysis of existing European statistical data and primary data collected by DISCE team in our pilot case study in Enschede, the Netherlands and in DISCE co-creation Labs and events. All the reports can be accessed at www.disce.eu. Intensive virtual field work characterises the second year of DISCE research. In addition to finalising the field work in the pilot region Enschede, the team conducted numerous online interview sessions in Southern Europe (l’Aquila and Treviso in Italy), Eastern Europe (Liepãja in Latvia and Pécs in Hungary), British Islands (Dundee and Chatham in the UK), and Northern Europe (Pori in Finland and Lund in Sweden). In 2021 another central European case study will be completed in Leuven, Belgium. The field work has provided us with unique and rich research data on interesting European creative economies as well as a notion of real-life consequences of the COVID-19 in the sectors which are among the ones most hit by the pandemic - the sector has literally been locked down during the crisis.

Parallel with field work the DISCE team has interacted actively with numerous stakeholders both in case study regions and on European level. Two DISCE webinars were organised as well a policy discussion with the European Commission. The DISCE researchers further disseminated the DISCE project and its preliminary research findings locally and European-wide in seminars and workshops which in 2020 were mostly organised virtually. Year 2021 will be the third year of the DISCE project implying that all research findings will be put together and compiled to numerous research reports and articles to highlight new stories and prospects for the creative economies of the future. Furthermore, policy workshops and discussions are to be organised in order to help policy-makers to support the development of more inclusive and sustainable creative economy in Europe. The project draws on the team’s highly interdisciplinary expertise. Entrepreneurship unit is the coordinator of DISCE, Professor Jarna Heinonen being the Principal Investigator of the project. The other research members of the consortium are the King’s College London (KCL) from the United Kingdom, the Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI) from Italy, and the Stockholm School of Economics (SSE) in Riga, Latvia. The consortium is completed with a Belgian based non-profit consultancy Culture and Media Agency Europe aisbl (CUMEDIAE) and the European network of non-governmental cultural centres based in Sweden Trans Europe Halles (TEH), who will together assume both the communications and stakeholder engagement within the CCIs. DISCE is funded by the Horizon 2020 Programme of the European Commission and it will run for a period of three years.

You can follow DISCE in the following social media channels:

Read more on DISCE from the website (https://disce.eu/) or contact project coordinator Elisa Akola elisa.akola@utu.fi or the DISCE PI Professor Jarna Heinonen jarna.heinonen@utu.fi.

Academic Entrepreneurship as a social process (ACE) The research project “Academic Entrepreneurship as a Social Process” (ACE) funded by the Academy of Finland (2016-2020) came to an end in August 2020. Given the societal importance of our project and the findings, the research team popularized the key findings by writing two booklets in Finnish. The first booklet “Toivoa, tunteita ja epätietoisuutta – näkövinkkeleitä yrittäjyyteen yliopistoissa” [”Hope, feelings and uncertainty – perspectives into entrepreneurship in universities”] examines the topic from diverse perspectives, namely those of students, teachers, researchers and university managers. This jointly written booklet combines the different research streams and highlights the key themes from researching entrepreneurship at the Finnish universities and the views within the faculty and stakeholders. https://erepo.uef.fi/handle/123456789/8346 This book was co-edited between Eeva Aromaa and Kati Kasanen from University of Turku and Kirsi Peura from University of Turku. The second booklet written by team members at the University of Eastern Finland focused on views of university managers on entrepreneurship. The university managers share benevolent attitudes towards it but also search for directions: what it is that it concretely means in their universities. https://archive.uef.fi/documents/1272892/1680845/UEF_yrittajyys Besides the academic articles published and in-process, the project team is also editing and writing a book “New Movements in Academic Entrepreneurship” to be published by Edward Elgar Publishing in 2021. It will also include several chapters written by the researchers but also other from international and national colleagues, and an epilogue from Professor Daniel Hjorth and Professor Chris Steyaert – the editors of the original New Movements book series some 10 years ago. In 2021, a book “A Research Agenda for the Entrepreneurial University” edited by Ulla Hytti will be published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book explores new research avenues and approaches for the entrepreneurial university. In 2020, Ulla Hytti was involved as a guest editor in two special issues linking to the ACE project. •

“Unsettling Entrepreneurship Education” special issue was published in the Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy in volume 3, number 3. It was co-edited with Ulla Hytti and ACE project collaborators Professor Karin Berglund and Senior Lecturer Karen Verduijn. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2515127420921480 The Unsettling special issue aims confronting taken-for-granted views on entrepreneurship education (EE), raising critical questions both about EE and how it is taught, and investigating the potential dark sides of entrepreneurship and EE. The contributions in the issue challenge our teaching positions and evoke a pedagogical approach to invention where curiosity, co-creation, thought-provoking questions can follow.

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“Filling in the blanks: “black boxes” in enterprise/entrepreneurship education” special issue was published in the International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research in volume 26, number 5. It was co-edited with Professors Helle Neergaard, William B. Gartner, Ulla Hytti, Diamanto Pollitis and David Rae. The articles in the special issue provided new insights into how the field of EEE has progressed; how and why the context of EEE influences entrepreneurial learning; the value of a value creation pedagogy, and, the importance of deconstructing our taken-for-granted assumptions and practices and reconstructing these efforts into new imaginative creations https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2020-828/full/html

Professor Ulla Hytti was appointed as a Research Editor for “Entrepreneurship Education & Pedagogy” https://journals.sagepub.com/editorial-board/eex The journal offers an opportunity for entrepreneurship educators to both publish their scholarship and showcase their practice. EE&P aims to provide a forum for the dissemination of research, teaching cases, and learning innovations focused on educating the next generation of entrepreneurs. Her 3-year term started from beginning of January 2021.

Entrepreneurship as a career alternative among rural youth in Finland YoungEntre project examined young people’s current and future paths to entrepreneurship in rural areas of Finland. A well-functioning rural community requires a balanced population structure, the realization of which has long been hampered by the migration of young people to study and work in cities. To tackle this challenge, we explored the role of entrepreneurship as a potential form of employment among rural youth. The aims of the study were fourfold: to understand the mindset towards entrepreneurship among different groups within different types of rural areas, to recognize various alternative modes of entrepreneurship, to investigate personal and educational driving forces towards entrepreneurship, and to explore the role of networks in young people’s entrepreneurship. Of particular interest were the possibilities of sharing economy, digitalization and experimentation culture in providing new paths to entrepreneurship among young people. We have applied a mixed method approach in the study. The research data consisted first of all of a survey targeted to students between 15-18 years of age from primary and secondary levels of education. We received altogether 402 responses. Furthermore, we conducted three focus group interviews among 18 local experts and, additionally, interviewed six young entrepreneurs. The data were gathered across six case regions representing three rural types: rural area close to urban area, rural heartland area and sparsely populated rural area. Our project reveals that entrepreneurship and its promotion in rural areas are subject to tensions, which means that the potential of entrepreneurship is not being fully realized. Tensions relate to the promotional goals (to whom), the entrepreneurial individuals (who), the entrepreneurship path (when), the community (with who), the business base (how), the place (where), the initial investment (with what), the learning arenas, the role of the school, and who is responsible for promoting entrepreneurship. Consequently, the study portrays two views on promoting entrepreneurship among rural youth: a traditional approach focusing on stereotypes and a modern approach highlighting opportunities. The tensions between these two perceptions can be resolved. However, it requires institutional change that can be achieved by rural actors through their own actions and cooperation. The study concludes with a number of policy recommendations targeted to dispelling stereotypes related to entrepreneurship and to strengthening entrepreneurship as an equal career opportunity with paid work among rural youth in Finland. YoungEntre was a three-year project (2018-2020) funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland through Makera Fund. The project was led by Professor Jarna Heinonen and the project team included Professor Ulla Hytti, Adjunct Professor Pekka Stenholm and Senior researcher Tommi Pukkinen.

More information about the project and its results are available online:

Research report: https://www.utupub.fi/handle/10024/151117 Policy brief: https://www.maaseutupolitiikka.fi/uutiset/politiikkasuositus-yrittajyys-maaseudunnuorten-uravaihtoehtona Blog post: https://www.maaseutupolitiikka.fi/blog/maaseudun-nuorten-yrittajyytta-kahlitsevatstereotyyppiset-kasitykset-yrittajyydesta

ReGrow – Reigniting Growth through Innovation

ReGrow – Reigniting Growth through Innovation – project explores the future of innovations in the era of the data economy and platform economy. Innovations and adaptability are key to solving the crises of the 2020s. Currently, special challenges are posed by the Covid-19, climate change and slowing economic growth. The ReGrow project gathers new information on factors that affect innovation capacity of the economy. The researchers will analyse highly skilled scientific research and innovations in top research units, universityindustry relations and global innovation chains. Research results will offer information to the national innovation strategy and contribute to the development of new practices. ReGrow is funded by Business Finland for three years, starting in autumn 2020 and lasting until 2022. The project is based on the research interests and cooperation within the SWiPE consortium, and it reunites researchers from ETLA and University of Turku (Anne Kovalainen, Seppo Poutanen, Oskari Pukkila, Johanna Arvonen, Marja Rautajoki) and abroad, with the interest of social science studies of science and technology, and with topics of highly skilled expertise, innovations, research, platforms and data economy. Read more about the research, the topics and the research group on project’s website: https://regrow.fi/ and on Twitter: @ReGrowResearch.

SWiPE gathered its main academic results in an international edited volume: Poutanen, Seppo & Kovalainen, Anne & Rouvinen, Petri (eds.) (2020). “Digital Work and the Platform Economy: Understanding Tasks, Skills and Capabilities in the New Era”, New York & Abingdon: Routledge.

The multi- and interdisciplinary SWiPE –research consortium, which was funded by the Strategic Research Council of the Academy of Finland for the period 2016-2019 (grant 303667) and led by Professor Anne Kovalainen, has published the major part of its results in high-quality international research journals and books. In the very beginning of 2020 the consortium’s collaborative work culminated in the publishing of an edited volume by the leading international publisher in the field of social sciences: Poutanen, Seppo & Kovalainen, Anne & Rouvinen, Petri (eds.) (2020) “Digital Work and the Platform Economy: Understanding Tasks, Skills and Capabilities in the New Era”, New York & Abingdon: Routledge. “Uberization,” “digitalization,” “platform economy,” “gig economy,” and “sharing economy” are some of the buzzwords that characterize the current intense discussions about the development of the economy and work around the world, among both experts and laypersons. Immense changes in the ways goods are manufactured, business is done, work tasks are performed, education is accomplished, and so on, are clearly underway.

For more information please see: https://www.smartworkresearch.fi/

https://www.routledge.com/DigitalWork-and-the-Platform-EconomyUnderstanding-Tasks-Skillsand/Poutanen-KovalainenRouvinen/p/book/9781138605848

The edited volume gathers distinguished researchers from economics, business studies, organisation studies, medicine, social psychology, occupational health, education studies, and sociology to put particular work in both public and private sectors and education in both academic and vocational settings at the focus of the emerging digitalized platform economy. The authors anchor their analyses and conceptual and theoretical work in distinctive empirical developments that are taking place in one of the leading countries of digitalization processes: Finland. Finnish case studies reflect general global developments and show their particular, context-related actualization in multiple ways. This double exposure enables the authors to advance conceptualization and theorization of the key phenomena in digitalizing platform societies in novel, creative, and groundbreaking directions. This book will be of great value to academic researchers and students in the fields of economics, business studies, work studies, social sciences, education, technology, digitalization, platforms, occupational health, entrepreneurship, and professions.

Unlocking the value of Nordic bioresources – NordAqua NordAqua is a five-year (2017-2022) Nordic Centre of Excellence (NCoE) funded by NordForsk through the Nordic Bioeconomy Programme. The Entrepreneurship Unit is a part of the NCoE with a specific role in encouraging and studying commercialization and entrepreneurship within the NCoE. Entrepreneurship Unit contributes by bringing in better understanding on the challenges in commercializing research on blue bioeconomy. We study how scientists perceive and make sense of commercialization, the potential of their own ideas and business opportunities. In addition, we are investigating how scientists evaluate and make sense of their own troubles and successes in between science and business. In NordAqual Annual Conference in March 2020 in Uppsala, Sweden Professor Jarna Heinonen presented fresh research findings derived from interviews among NordAqua researchers. Her presentation titled “Greetings from a ‘Remote Island’: Making sense of commercialization and entrepreneurship” highlighted the tensions researchers face when making sense of commercialisation and entrepreneurship. The very tension between academia and business is further articulated in terms of value creation, identity conflicts and the ways in which businesses and industries are to be approached. The tensions seem to be manifested differently depending on the researcher’s phase of career and motivation as well as on the nature of research and its dependency on industry. The research continues and will further develop a better understanding of the studied phenomenon to open up new avenues for commercialization of top research and entrepreneurship. For more information: Professor Jarna Heinonen (jarna.heinonen@utu.fi) and www.nordaqua.fi.

Digital Futures Digital Futures is the Academy of Finland profiling funding that extends over several years and finances researchers and research activities related to the digital futures and digitalization at different faculties at the University of Turku and especially at the School of Economics. The leader of DF initiative is professor Anne Kovalainen. Digital Futures has brought forward new initiatives, new collaborative ties, publications and projects. At the Department the research has focused on platforms economy and the new modes of work led by Seppo Poutanen, and extended in 2020 to a new Business Finland funded ReGrow project. National level collaboration includes cooperation with Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, VTT and FIOH. International collaboration is renewed with several universities, including University of California, Northeastern University and University of Oslo. As one highlight of the 2020 publications, DF researchers published a largescale study on the innovation potential of all active researchers affiliated in Finnish higher education institutions (universities, research institutions). Scientists' engagement with industry is a central mechanism in universityindustry knowledge transfer and the development of collaborative research. Most empirical studies so far are limited to researchers in technical disciplines. Our analysis included broader disciplinary fields, including humanists, economists, medicine, biosciences and cross-disciplinary scientists. Our findings suggest that researchers in cross-disciplinary fields and in technical sciences engage more in industry interaction than their peers in medicine, business, law and other mono-disciplinary sciences (Kotiranta-Tahvanainen-KovalainenPoutanen, 2020, Forms and varieties of research and industry collaboration across disciplines. Heliyon, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03404).

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TEACHING COOPERATION International cooperation has always been an important part of our work, and we have had international faculty both in research and teaching positions. In addition to international faculty, we consider researcher and teacher mobility to be very important and encourage our doctoral students, as well as postdoctoral researchers, to benefit from international visits. The Entrepreneurship unit has also been an attractive location for visiting researchers. For example, Professor Gry Alsos from Nord University visited our unit in February 2020. Her visit further strengthened the long-term co-operation between the entrepreneurship teams at Turku School of Economics and Nord University where the results have led to many publications for example in the area of gender and family firms. Her role also in the Engage - Centre of Engaged Education through Entrepreneurship – enables further co-operation in entrepreneurship education between Finland and Norway. https://www.nord.no/en/employees/gry-agnete-alsos

Researchers from other universities visiting us: • Professor Martina Battisti, University of Portsmouth, UK (March-April 2020) • Dr. Allan Discua Cruz, Lancaster University (March 2020)

Research collaborators We collaborate actively with a number of other national and foreign universities, institutions and networks. In 2020, we have conducted joint research projects at least with the following partners: Aalto University, Finland

NTNU, Norway

Aston University, UK

Royal Holloway, University of London, UK

Audencia Business School, France

Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, Finland

Babson College, USA

Stockholm School of Economics in Riga, Latvia

De Paul University, USA

Stockholm University, Sweden

Durham University Business School, UK

Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile

ESCP Europe Paris, France

Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain

Florida Atlantic University, USA

University of California, USA

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland

University of Pretoria, South Africa

Gran Sasso Science Institute, Italy

University of Southern Denmark, Denmark

King’s College London, UK

University of South Florida, USA

Kingston University, UK

University of Texas, USA

Lancaster University, UK

University of Utah, USA

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany

University of Vaasa, Finland

Lund University, Sweden

University of Waikato, New Zealand

Nord University, Norway

VU Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Northeastern University, USA

Åbo Akademi University, Finland

Northumbria University, UK

Sometimes serendipity affects life of an academic unit quite significantly: the introduction of Entrepreneurs-in-Residence to Turku School of Economics In November 2019, when international travel was still usual policy to academics, too, I was paying a short visit to Lancaster University in UK. During my stay, knowing that Lancaster University Management School (LUMS) is one of the best in its field in UK and Europe, I, out of curiosity, popped in the School’s premises, although I had no appointments there. The hypermodern building indicated success and wealth as expected, but what especially drew my attention was many lines of portraits on one wall. With closer inspection, the smiling individuals in the photographs proved to be Entrepreneurs-in-Residence, that is SME (small-and-medium sized business) entrepreneurs from several lines of business nationally and internationally, who were affiliated with a specific EiR programme of Department of Entrepreneurship and Strategy at LUMS. The EiRs had strongly committed themselves to everyday life of the department, “delivering Masterclass talks, breathing life into the theories with student classroom teaching, mentoring students…” (https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/lums/business/community/entrepreneurs-in-residence/). Back in Finland, being quite impressed by what I had found, I emailed to Dr. Allan Discua Cruz, who is the director of the EiR programme at LUMS. To my cautious inquiry concerning the “secret of success” of the programme, Dr. Cruz immediately and kindly replied with interest to visit Turku School of Economics and introduce the central elements of the success in person. The leadership of the Entrepreneurship Unit at TSE quickly greenlighted Dr. Cruz’s visit, which was then scheduled on the 6th of March 2020. The scheduling carried luck we had no idea of in the end of 2019, but, most importantly, Dr. Cruz turned out to be a wonderful person and great scholar, who in the most inspiring manner explained the key principles of the EiR programme and encouraged us to develop our own version of it. In addition, Dr. Cruz told, partly deriving from his own entrepreneurial experiences, about his fascinating research on family businesses in Latin America. The spark ignited by Dr. Cruz caught fire in the Entrepreneurship Unit. Professor Jarna Heinonen especially decided to take the matter forward, and, in spite of the truly exceptional circumstances including university lockdown etc., she was able to introduce the first three entrepreneurs of the EiR programme at TSE already in November 2020 (you can read more about our EiR programme on page 30). We anticipate the outcomes of our EiR programme with great interest! Seppo Poutanen, Senior Research Fellow, Management and Entrepreneurship (shared)

Dr. Allan Discua Cruz giving his presentation during the visit (Picture by Seppo Poutanen)

The Entrepreneurship Unit hosts or is a national partner in following research networks that work as platforms for active collaboration in research, knowledge dissemination, teaching and data collection:

European Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB) We host the Secretariat of the European Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB). The ECSB is a research-driven nonprofit organisation whose main objective is to facilitate the creation and dissemination of new knowledge through research and the open exchange of ideas between academia, education, policy and practice. Professor Ulla Hytti is a President-Elect and a member of the ECSB Board. Through the ECSB we reach a network of about 2000 entrepreneurship researchers and educators world-wide. https://ecsb.org/

NordAqua NordAqua is a five-year (2017-2022) Nordic Centre of Excellence (NCoE) funded by NordForsk through the Nordic Bioeconomy Programme. The NordAqua NCoE is a hub of 10 Nordic universities and research institutes from 3 different Nordic countries, along with several industrial and societal partners. With the strong cooperation of its partners, the NordAqua consortium has the potential to accelerate the transition to the bioeconomy by promoting sustainability as an attractive investment for industry. https://www.nordaqua.fi/

Turku Centre for Labour Studies (TCLS) The Department of Management and Entrepreneurship hosts the Turku Centre for Labour Studies (TCLS) research network which gathers multidisciplinary research on work and working life, including entrepreneurship and self-employment. TCLS acts at the University level and connects the seven faculties of the University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University and several other Research Units nationally and internationally. At the moment TCLS hosts Business Finland funded project ReGrow (www.ReGrow.fi ), which addresses new modes of work and innovations in post-Covid-19 economy. TCLS organises an international multidisciplinary research conference every second year as well as local seminars and does outreach activities locally and nationally, following the third task of the University. The next research conference WORK2021 is organised as a virtual series of three conferences in August, October and January 2021. TCLS also coordinates the Multidisciplinary Working Life and Personnel Issues (TYHE) study programme developed and offered together with UTU faculties and Åbo Akademi. https://www.utu.fi/en/university/turku-school-of-economics/turkucentre-for-labour-studies-tcls

INSPIRING LEARNING EXPERIENCES

In entrepreneurship, we offer education at all academic degree levels. In addition, our faculty is active in training programmes offered for example to executive education, TSE exe, and to the Open University and in increasing amount also in other faculties of the University of Turku. The strengths of entrepreneurship education are embedded in the faculty’s close connection to research in entrepreneurship. We also collaborate closely with student associations and Boost Turku – an open student-based entrepreneurship society for new start-ups. Guest lecturers from business life and international faculty are also a regular part of courses. In 2020, we introduced the new Entrepreneurs-in-Residence scheme to develop the ongoing collaboration with entrepreneurs as part of our teaching (see p. 16 and p. 30). In Entrepreneurship studies, we aim to advance students’ skills and know-how to recognize, create and exploit new business opportunities in all sectors. In our teaching we believe that entrepreneurship is about how you create a successful organisation in a dynamic and constantly changing business environment; how to recruit innovative employees, how to coordinate their work and how to build a productive and entrepreneurial organisational culture. In addition, we offer students both individual and societal views of entrepreneurship, for example an understanding of what kind of career opportunities entrepreneurship offers and how entrepreneurship is promoted in society. Entrepreneurship as a discipline is highly research-oriented with numerous international research projects and significant outcomes (e.g. publications, scientific and societal impact). Consequently, Entrepreneurship is a relatively small discipline at the Turku School of Economics in terms of the number of major students. It is however, a very popular minor subject and also single courses reach wider audiences. Furthermore, the faculty has contributed to guiding and supervising degree students across disciplines. In addition, according to the spirit of the Entrepreneurial University Strategy an increasing amount of entrepreneurship studies are being offered to other faculties based on their needs.

Development of Entrepreneurship studies in terms of study credits and degrees 2013–2020 2013

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Graduated students (B.Sc.)

Graduated students (M.Sc.)

Graduated students (D.Sc.)

Study credits (ECTS)

ENTREPRENEURSHIP STUDIES Bachelor studies Our aim at the bachelor level is to provide students with a theoretical and practical knowledge of entrepreneurship. Our bachelor studies focus on the entrepreneurial process and understanding the role of entrepreneurship at an individual and at a societal level. Entrepreneurship studies provide tools for students to work in a constantly changing, innovative business environment after graduation no matter their career choice. During entrepreneurship studies we emphasize active connections to business life e.g. through visiting lecturers and excursions.

Masters studies Our master studies focus on enhancing research skills through courses related to theoretical perspectives, classics and current issues in entrepreneurship research and research methods. Master studies provide the opportunity to specialize in an interesting research area.

Startup Mentoring in Emerging Markets – Enhancing entrepreneurship through self-regulative team challenge: Cooperation with Ambitious Africa Startup Mentoring in Emerging Markets was a team challenge organised as a part of YR1 Entrepreneurial Opportunities bachelor’s level course at University of Turku. The exercise was conducted in collaboration with Ambitious Africa (https://www.ambitious.africa). The course focuses on ideation, entrepreneurial opportunities and assessment. In this year’s challenge, the students had a possibility to train these in practise by mentoring startups in Africa and in emerging markets. The startups came from different industries and different parts of Africa. The mentoring was conducted in heterogeneous teams of around 4 students. The exercise put students to learn about African business context, startup scene, and to aid African startups to solve their problems and develop their businesses concerning new entrepreneurial opportunities. Each team was required to cover three phases of mapping, delivering and reporting the challenge, its solution and potential outcomes. The feedback from the Ambitious Africa and its partners highlighted students’ high-quality consulting for the African startups. The founders, who collaborated with the student teams, were overwhelmingly positive and they would warmly recommend their respective consulting team to other startups: “We managed to finetune our marketing strategy and already started implementing the recommendations from the consultants. We hope they can run with us in 2021 as we aim to start generating revenue.” “The team we had was just brilliant. We need more of this.” Due to the success of this pilot, Ambitious Africa is currently recruiting an Ambitious Consulting team which will be working to implement this program in other universities in Africa as well as the Nordics.

PhD studies The primary purpose of PhD studies is the preparation of a piece of original entrepreneurship research. Our PhD studies are designed to train doctoral candidates as independent researchers, so that they can claim professional standing as academic staff or in a profession requiring skills in entrepreneurship research. PhD studies consist of a dissertation and PhD courses. The entrepreneurship research seminar series provides our doctoral candidates with excellent learning opportunities and also possibilities to discuss their PhD projects with peers and senior researchers and professors. In 2020, we benefited from the virtual research seminars and invited several guest speakers in addition to our own PhD students. Additionally, international research visits and fellowships are encouraged as a part of the PhD process.

Dissertations in progress at the Entrepreneurship Unit There are 11 active PhD students in Entrepreneurship. The following six doctoral students were employed by the Entrepreneurship Unit in 2020: Anna Elkina

Entrepreneurial identity formation autoethnographic research

through

entrepreneurial

experience:

Mohamed Farhoud

Reward-based Crowdfunding as a catalyst of social enterprises’ Legitimacy, Autonomy, and Performance

Sanna Ilonen

Entrepreneurial learning in entrepreneurship education in higher education (defense 2020)

Laura Niemi

Towards an interaction-based approach to entrepreneurship: Understanding the cocreation of new value (defense 2020)

Matti Karinen

Pathways to Primary Sector Legitimacy

Mehdi Shafae

From living in between two cultures to creating an entrepreneurial identity: a study of second-generation immigrant in Finland

OTHER ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION ACTIVITIES Entrepreneurial thinking and business models in executive education Entrepreneurship has an important role in most executive education programmes offered by TSE exe. Members of our staff work as teachers and experts in the programmes and also supervise EMBA and JOKO theses. Our entrepreneurship faculty contributes mainly to one of the EMBA programmes’ four learning goals, namely “the graduates have the ability to lead and contribute to business renewal”. The main themes related to entrepreneurship and discussed in the programme include for example an entrepreneurial twist and corporate entrepreneurship at work as well as new business opportunities and opportunity creation and lean start-ups. The EMBA students submit an assignment on “Entrepreneurial thinking and business models” to Senior Research Fellows Pekka Stenholm and Tommi Pukkinen based on the one-day entrepreneurial workshop. Furthermore, Pekka Stenholm co-planned and conducted a new ‘Eat Failure for Breakfast’ – teaching module together with Dr. Peter Zetting from International Business Studies. In addition, Professor Jarna Heinonen serves as Chair of the EMBA Programme Committee which is responsible for assuring the quality of and increasing faculty commitment in the EMBA programme of TSE.

Doctoral Defense in Entrepreneurship by Sanna Ilonen M.Soc.Sc. Sanna Ilonen defended her dissertation in Entrepreneurship ”Entrepreneurial learning in entrepreneurship education in higher education” on 24th of April, 2020. The opponent was Associate Professor Karen Williams Middleton from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. Professor Jarna Heinonen (University of Turku) acted as a custos in the defense. The defense was the second to be streamed online because of the current pandemic at the faculty.

Sanna Ilonen and Custos Jarna Heinonen This dissertation investigates entrepreneurial learning in entrepreneurship education in higher education. In the field of entrepreneurship education, scholars believe that in order to learn entrepreneurship, one must do entrepreneurship. To develop and design entrepreneurship education, an understanding of entrepreneurial learning, which is a research field that explores entrepreneurs, has been pointed out as key. Despite the acknowledged importance of entrepreneurial learning, it has been underaddressed in the literature on entrepreneurship education. Higher education is an interesting context in which to investigate entrepreneurial learning because the practical nature of entrepreneurship has been presented as a value that does not necessarily suit the scientific aims of higher education. Using a mixed-methods approach, the dissertation investigates whether and if so how entrepreneurial learning takes place in entrepreneurship education in higher education. The aim of the dissertation is addressed through three research questions: 1) how are the entrepreneurial learning environments of entrepreneurs created in entrepreneurship education, 2) what is the entrepreneurial learning content in entrepreneurship education, and 3) what are entrepreneurial learning outcomes achieved in entrepreneurship education? Sanna’s dissertation reveals that entrepreneurial learning can take place in higher education. The key finding is an educational model for entrepreneurial learning in entrepreneurship education. The elements of this educational model are context, content, the learning environment and learning outcomes, which are bundled. The findings show that entrepreneurial learning in entrepreneurship education in higher education is a process whereby theoretical knowledge of entrepreneurship is learned, and entrepreneurial activities take place and are reflected in relation to each other to develop subjective stocks of knowledge, through which entrepreneurial devotion develops. The findings suggest variations in the roles of educators and learners. By setting learning objectives, the educator has a more prominent role in determining the context and deciding the content of education. The educator and learner both have important roles in the co-creation of entrepreneurial learning environments. The learner has a crucial role in determining whether the entrepreneurial learning outcome, entrepreneurial devotion, is developed. Moreover, if the educator maintains control without providing the learner with the possibility to take control of his/her learning, and if the learner is unwilling to participate in co-creation and take control of his/her learning, entrepreneurial learning in entrepreneurship education fails to materialise. The overall contribution of the dissertation is the binding of entrepreneurial learning and entrepreneurship education and describing what this merger means in higher education.

The dissertation is available on http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-8030-7

Doctoral Defense in Entrepreneurship by Laura Niemi

MSc Laura Niemi defended her doctoral dissertation “Towards an interaction-based approach to entrepreneurship: Understanding the co-creation of new value” on the 29th of May 2020 in the Turku School of Economics, University of Turku. Laura was happy to have Senior Research Fellow Pekka Stenholm and Professor Elina Jaakkola as her supervisors and Professor Martina Battisti from the University of Portsmouth and Professor Nicole Coviello from the Wilfrid Laurier University as pre-examiners of the dissertation. Professor Martina Battisti served as an opponent in the defence. The main aim of the dissertation is to suggest an interaction-based approach to entrepreneurship research. While conducting the research, Laura focused on the complex phenomenon of the cocreation of new value. She elaborated a theoretical framework of the co-creation of new value by synthesizing different theoretical debates. Using this theoretical framework, she provided novel insights into decision making, action and context, the key elements that must be taken into account to comprehensively understand the complex and dynamic co-creation of new value. Furthermore, the dissertation empirically provides some abstractions of reality to illuminate some new insights on whence new value truly emerges and how it is co-created.

Laura Niemi and Custos Pekka Stenholm

Based on the acquired theoretical knowledge and empirical studies, Laura summarized her key findings into three subpropositions. First, she argues that when aiming to co-create new value, entrepreneurs capture relevant knowledge about their consumers by making sense of the multi-layered consumer environment. Second, she claim that interaction practices, which involve multiple actors, construct legitimacy that at times enables and at others constrains entrepreneurial efforts and the co-creation of new value. Third, she states that consumers constitute the multi-layered consumer environment that works as a context for the co-creation of new value by situating themselves in relation to the social environment and their situational self. These three subpropositions collectively illustrate that the cocreation of new value is a highly interactive event. When co-creating new value, entrepreneurs can tap into the consumer environment by adjusting their sensemaking, judgment, and practices for the socially situated interplay of decision making, action, and context.

The dissertation is available on http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-8063-5

Yoop.fi – Turning entrepreneurship competence into credits – new web tool for higher education students and teachers Running a business and being actively involved in a student entrepreneurship society are opportunities for higher education (HE) students to acquire entrepreneurship competences. These kinds of informal and nonformal learning environments are many. A national HOTIT OPIT project (2018-2020) has promoted a more widescale utilization of learning and competences acquired by the HE students outside formal education to be included in the students’ degree in Finnish higher education institutions (HEIs). This takes place through the recognition of prior learning and accreditation of learning demonstrated in some other manner of entrepreneurship competences. HOTIT OPIT project has developed and launched a web-based tool Yoop.fi - that supports the students in recognising and articulating their entrepreneurship competences and in initiating recognition and accreditation of learning taking place outside formal education. Yoop.fi includes, for example, tips for demonstrating learning, inspiring student video stories and an interactive self-assessment of entrepreneurship competences. Furthermore, Yoop.fi tool includes a separate section for teachers with recommended measures together with a selected set of practical case examples from Finnish HEIs.

The project is funded by the Ministry of Education and Culture, and it is part of key projects for the implementation of Government Programme. The project consortium is led by University of Turku and it consists of eight other partner universities: Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, University of Oulu, Aalto University, Åbo Akademi, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences, LAB University of Applied Sciences and Oulu University of Applied Sciences. At the University of Turku, the project is implemented as a joint effort of Development Services and Entrepreneurship unit. The projects is led by Entrepreneurship programme manager, Dr. Kirsi Peura (kirsi.peura@utu.fi).

More information • • •

•

YOOP – Turning entrepreneurship competence into credits! http://www.yoop.fi/en Students’ stories in YoopTUBE: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHFFdFGRPu5_9aSvNIqIVYQ Report: Muodollisen opetuksen ulkopuolella hankitun yrittäjyysosaamisen sisällyttäminen korkeakouluopintoihin [Engl. Recognition and accreditation of learning of entrepreneurship competences acquired outside formal education in higher education], includes a summary in English http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-249-600-3 HOTIT OPIT project: http://www.yrittajyysyliopisto.fi/entrepreneurshipcompetences/.

INTERACTION WITH SOCIETY

Our activities contribute significantly to the third task of the university: societal impact and interaction with society. Our close relationships with business life and policy makers indicate that our expertise in entrepreneurship research, education and development is relevant for and appreciated by society in general, and our customers in particular. Our staff serve as board members in different organisations and their expertise is continuously requested in national and international expert assignments. The research done at the Entrepreneurship Unit has wide impact as outcomes have contributed to societal policies and decision-making. Our research has been used for instance in designing legislation, re-organising the activities of specific public agencies supporting SMEs, and informing entrepreneurship policy makers of research findings. A good example of such research activities with both scientific and societal impact is DISCE research project funded by the Horizon 2020 Programme of the European Commission. Communication and dissemination activities are an integral part of the research projects which, based on quality research aims at making an impact on society and the economy.

Maritime-Driven Business Innovation Camp in Singapore In early January 2020 the University of Turku and the Singapore Maritime Institute organised the second Finland-Singapore Maritime Innovation Camp. As a facilitated innovation process Business Innovation Camp is designed to solve challenges of partnering companies and organisations. Like in earlier international Business Innovation Camps, Senior Research Fellow Pekka Stenholm from Entrepreneurship Unit and group of TSE faculty members facilitated the process. – This edition of the Innovation Camp demonstrated once again the potential of the talented students in generating highly valid ideas for the global maritime sector. Given the challenge and intensive process, we saw all the students performing in truly innovative, determined, and committed way, says Professor Markus Granlund, Dean of the Turku School of Economics at the University of Turku. The intensive week puts students to create value and generate new ideas for the participating companies. – This concept illustrates how high level our students’ skills are to quickly adopt and process new knowledge to solve totally new challenges, Stenholm addresses. The student teams’ business ideas were assessed based on e.g. the relevance and perceived benefits of the solution, novelty, potential for scale-up, and presentation. The winning team impressed the judges with the quality and creativity of their proposal Cargo in the Clouds. The team comprised of Ada-Maria Wäck and Oula Huttunen from the University of Turku, Huang Yuxi from New Castle University, Singapore, and Antonio Ng Yeow Hwee from the National University of Singapore. – The Innovation Camp aimed to interest, excite, and enable students to gain deeper insight and perspective into the maritime industry through real-world business challenges. It offered them the opportunity to work with and be mentored by academic and industry professionals, emphasizes Sanjay C: Kuttan, Executive Director of the Singapore Maritime Institute. The Business Innovation Camp is implemented together with partner companies and universities for about a week both in Finland and abroad. Students are selected for each Camp on the basis of their applications.

DISCE Webinar series: Possible Future(s) of Creative Economies in postCOVID-19 Europe Our H2020 project DISCE – Developing Inclusive and Sustainable Creative Economies organised a webinar series with two episodes titled “Possible Future(s) of Creative Economies in post-COVID-19 Europe” in the spring 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic raised many challenges and interesting questions for the cultural and creative industries (CCIs), and DISCE decided to explore these topics creating an opportunity of engagement through the realisation of webinars. The webinars provided a possibility to keep the audience involved in the project development, attract new stakeholders, disseminate the DISCE’s research findings and make use of digital tools to reach out to the interested public. The first webinar took place on May 28th, 2020 under the title Mapping CCIs and Working Conditions of Creative and Cultural Workforce in the EU: Before, During and After the COVID-19 and focused on the definitions and characterization of the CCIs and the working conditions of the creative and cultural workforce in the EU, and the impact of COVID-19 in this context. The second webinar took place on June 4th, 2020 under the title (New) Business and Revenue Models in the Creative Economies and Policies for Managing Cultural Ecology: Before, During and After the COVID-19 and focused on definitions and characterization of the CCIs from the angle of their business and business models, and policies related to it in the light of the COVID-19 situation. The webinar series was a joint effort of DISCE partners. The speakers included researchers from University of Turku, King’s College London and Gran Sasso Science Institute and representatives from DISCE stakeholder holder partners Culture & Media Agency Europe aisbl, and Trans Europe Halles. In addition, there were representatives from IETM and Culture Action Europe as invited commentators. From the Entrepreneurship Unit (UTU) the Principal Investigator, Professor Jarna Heinonen introduced the DISCE project in both of the webinars and Professor Ulla Hytti and Senior Research Fellow Pekka Stenholm were speakers in the second episode which focused on new business and revenue models. The webinars collected 459 registrations. In total, 408 people from more than fifteen countries participated in the events, 160 for the first webinar and 248 for the second which was organised as a part of Trans Europe Halls’ online pre-conference ‘Cultural Impact Now!’. In all, the webinar series was a great success in engaging the actors of creative economies to discuss the future after COVID-19 while the creative and cultural sector was literally closed and facing, thus, huge challenges. The webinars also manifested the agility of the DISCE research team to accommodate with the new situation in terms of reaching the stakeholders and relevant audiences of DISCE.

Further information about DISCE at www.disce.eu and project coordinator Elisa Akola elisa.akola@utu.fi and DISCE PI professor Jarna Heinonen jarna.heinonen@utu.fi.

Engaging local entrepreneurs to the university through the Entrepreneurs-inResidence programme Entrepreneurs-in-Residence (EiR) is a programme that involves entrepreneurs in the activities of Turku School of Economics in variety of ways. The objective of the EiR programme is to increase the participation and presence of active entrepreneurs in the school. The unique programme started in autumn 2020 and no similar cooperation programme between entrepreneurs and a university exists in Finland. The idea for such programme stemmed from the research visit invitation by Senior Research Fellow Seppo Poutanen to Dr Allan Discua Cruz from the Lancaster University Management School in March 2020 (see p. 16). In the Autumn the three first Entrepreneurs-in-Residence were nominated as honorary members of the scientific community:

CM-trader Hannu Aaltonen Founder and CEO of Dagsmark Petfood Ltd Laura Strömberg Founder and CEE of Zefort Ltd Jussi Karttila.

The public launch of the EiR programme for the students was organised in collaboration with VISIO and student association TuKy in January 2021 through an online webinar with all EiRs present. EiRs offer students and faculty members a direct connection to the realities of business life. In turn, the entrepreneurs get access to the latest academic research and knowledge. Furthermore, the entrepreneurs are offered the possibility to engage with business collaboration projects and to offer students assignments for master’s theses, for example. The close collaboration benefits, thus, both parties. The EiR programme strengthens the profile of the University of Turku and School of Economics as an entrepreneurial university. Learn more about the programme, its forms of engagement and benefits at https://www.utu.fi/en/university/turku-school-of-economics/eir where you can also find the introductory videos of the three EiRs.

For more information: Professor Jarna Heinonen (jarna.heinonen@utu.fi).

EiRs CM-trader Hannu Aaltonen, Founder and CEO of Dagsmark Petfood Ltd Laura Strömberg and Founder and CEE of Zefort Ltd Jussi Karttila together with Professor Jarna Heinonen (picture by Antti Tarponen)

SOCIAL MEDIA Social media and other accessible channels are used to communicate our research and activities to international and domestic stakeholders and networks in an accessible and open manner. Open engagement with society is a central component of our activity at the interface of scientific study and societal dynamics in themes of entrepreneurship, changing modes of work and the digital future. We communicate via our Unit’s social media channels, mainly Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. In addition, bigger projects such as, DISCE and ReGrow have also their own social media channels in use. Social media is important also in teaching. Major and minor studies students on both graduate and undergraduate levels are engaged with the unit’s activities through a number of social media channels including Facebook, Twitter and Instagram and social media is also used as a teaching tool. Our teaching leverages the openness and accessibility of social media to communicate current events and promote active participation both inside and outside the classroom. The unit’s social media presence is coordinated at the unit level, but, more importantly, is based on the activity of a number of staff members taking part in important conversations across society.

APPENDICES Professional and community relations Community relations Project Researcher Satu Aaltonen • European Council of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB), Member Project Coordinator Elisa Akola • European Council of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB), Executive Secretary and Member Doctoral Candidate Mohamed Farhoud • The African Network for Social Entrepreneurship Scholars, co-founder and coordinator • Africa Academy of Management, Member • EMES International Research Network, Member • Catalyst 2030, Member Professor Jarna Heinonen • OP osuuskunta / OP Ryhmä (OP co-operative / OP Group), Member and Vice-Chair of the Board of Directors • TOP-säätiö (TOP Foundation), Board Member and Chair • Finnish Cultural Foundation in South-West Finland, Member and Vice-Chair of the Board, Chair of the Group (social sciences and economics) • Economic Policy Working Group, Turku Chamber of Commerce, Member • The Research Committee of the Finnish Family Firm Association, Member • Working Group for Policy relevant research on entrepreneurship and SMEs, EU Commission, Member • European Council of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB), Member Professor Ulla Hytti • European Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB), President-elect and Board Member • Engage – Centre for Engaged Education through Entrepreneurship (a Norwegian Center of Excellence in Education), Advisory Board Member • Academy of Management (AoM), member Postdoctoral Researcher Kaisa Hytönen • European Council of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB), Member University Teacher Sanna Ilonen • Scientific Association for Entrepreneurship Education, Deputy Board Member • European Council of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB), Member Professor Anne Kovalainen • The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, Member, Selection Committee Member • The Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, Member • Corpus research project (Oslo University) funded by Norwegian Research Council 2019-2023, International Advisory Board Member • European Science Foundation, Member of the College of Review Panel • International Sociological Association (ISA), European Sociological Association (ESA), British Sociological Association (BSA), American Sociological Association (ASA) and Society for Social Studies of Science (4S), Member Postdoctoral Researcher Kirsi Peura • European Council of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB), Member • Scientific Association for Entrepreneurship Education, Board Member • Association of Businessmen in Turku, Member • National YES Entrepreneurship Education Network, Member

Senior Research Fellow Seppo Poutanen • National Science Foundation (USA), Member of the Evaluation Faculty • European Science Foundation, Member of the College of Review Panel • International Sociological Association (ISA), European Sociological Association (ESA), British Sociological Association (BSA), American Sociological Association (ASA) and Society for Social Studies of Science (4S), Member Senior Researcher Tommi Pukkinen • European Council of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB), Member Senior Research Fellow Pekka Stenholm • Academy of Management (AoM), Member • European Council of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB), Member • Board of Directors of the Foundation of Turun Urheiluliitto, Member • Steering Group of i9 Innovation Project in Satakunta, Member

University administration Professor Jarna Heinonen • Education Development Committee, University of Turku, School of Economics, Member • EMBA Programme Committee, University of Turku, School of Economics, Member and Chair • Vice-Head of the Department of Management and Entrepreneurship • Turku School of Economics, Deputy Member of Board Professor Ulla Hytti • Member of the planning committee for Education within UTUGS (University of Turku Graduate School) University of Turku • Member of the Steering Committee of the Doctoral Programme at the Turku School of Economics, University of Turku Postdoctoral Researcher Kaisa Hytönen • Appreciation and support for Researchers-project, University of Turku, Member of a steering group • Well-being and Competence Development, University of Turku, Member of a Steering Group University Teacher Sanna Ilonen • Member of the Steering Committee of Bachelor Programme of International Management and Entrepreneurship at the Turku School of Economics, University of Turku • Universitas Turku, Steering group member • Turku University Library (alakampus), Deputy Member of Advisory Board Professor Anne Kovalainen • Turku Centre for Labour Studies, University of Turku, Director and Chair of Board • Turku University Institute for Advanced Studies (TIAS), Member of Board • University Profiling area in Digital Futures, Chair and member of the organising group Postdoctoral Researcher Kirsi Peura • Member of the Steering Committee of Faculty development programme of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial behaviour in university teaching, University of Turku

Activities in the scientific community Positions of trust Doctoral Candidate Mohamed Farhoud • Editorial board membership: Teaching cases on Social Entrepreneurship in Africa, Emerald Professor Jarna Heinonen • Editorial board memberships: International Small Business Journal; Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research; Journal of Small Business Management • Expert assignments: Chair of the review panel for social sciences at South-West Finland Cultural Foundation, Jury member for M. Koiranen Reward for the best Master Thesis in the field of family business research, Professional reference for professorship at University of Vaasa, Evaluation statements given to several funds and foundations. Due to confidentiality all foundation and fund details withdrawn. Professor Ulla Hytti • Editorial board memberships: Journal of Small Business Management (Associate Editor), International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Yrittäjyyskasvatuksen aikakauskirja (Editor) • Expert assignments: Evaluations of grant applications for research for the Foundation of the Selfemployed entrepreneurs, International Panel Member for reviewing Proposals to the Strategic Alignment of Teaching and Learning Enhancement Funding in Higher Education for National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education in Ireland, Jury member for the European Entrepreneurship Education Award Postdoctoral Researcher Kaisa Hytönen • Editorial board membership: Ammattikasvatuksen Aikakauskirja Professor Anne Kovalainen • Editorial board memberships: International Small Business Journal, Research in the Sociology of Work, Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research • Expert assignments: Evaluation committee member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, Professional reference for professorship Ostfold University College, Norway; Professional reference for docentship at Åbo Akademi University, Chair of the BRAIN-be Pillar 2 Programme evaluation committee Postdoctoral Researcher Kirsi Peura • Editorial board membership: Advisory Editorial Board Member, Strategies for the Creation and Maintenance of Entrepreneurial Universities, IGI Global • Expert assignments: Member of expert task force in entrepreneurship education, National YES Entrepreneurship Education Network; Member of the Steering Committee of Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial behaviour, National speer head project part of key projects for the implementation of Government Programme Senior Research Fellow Seppo Poutanen • Member of the Advisory Board of CALIPER-project 2018Senior Research Fellow Pekka Stenholm • Editorial review board memberships: Management Decision, Small Business Economics, International Small Business Journal

Ad hoc referee for journals Ammattikasvatuksen Aikakauskirja British Journal of Management Culture and Organization Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy European Management Review Futures Gender in Management Gender, Work and Organization Industry and Higher Education International Journal of Arts Management International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship

International Journal of Management Education International Small Business Journal Journal of Business Venturing Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development Journal of Small Business Management Journal of Social Entrepreneurship Management Decision Scandinavian Journal of Management Small Business Economics Studies in Graduate and Postgraduate Education

Referee for book proposals and chapters •

Review on a book chapters for Emerald, Springer and Routledge

Referee for conferences • • • • • •

3E Conference (ECSB Entrepreneurship Education Conference) Academy of Management Annual Meeting Babson 2021 Conference British Academy of Management Conference Finnish Entrepreneurship Education conference (Yrittäjyyskasvatuspäivät) RENT Research in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Conference

Awards, prizes or honours University Teacher Sanna Ilonen was selected as a best reviewer in RENT 2020 Conference. RENT – Research in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Conference is the leading entrepreneurship conference in Europe.

Activities in conferences, workshops and seminars Project Researcher Satu Aaltonen • Speaker at a webinar Työelämäosaaminen – tunnista ja tunnusta! organised by The Workintegrated Pedagogy in Higher Education project (WORKPEDA) Project Coordinator Elisa Akola • Organising committee member at 3E (ECSB Entrepreneurship Education) 2021 Conference online Professor Jarna Heinonen • Presentations at DISCE webinar series “Possible Future(s) of Creative Economies in postCOVID-19 Europe. 1st episode: Mapping CCIs and Working Conditions of Creative and Cultural Workforce in the EU: Before, During and After the COVID-19, 2nd episode: (New) Business and Revenue Models in the Creative Economies and Policies for Managing Cultural Ecology: Before, During and After the COVID-19”

•

Presentation at RENT XXXIV Conference

Professor Ulla Hytti • Scientific committee member at RENT 2020 • Chair at RENT 2021 Conference in Turku, Finland • Invited panelist at Academy of Management 2020 • Presentation at DISCE webinar “Possible Future(s) of Creative Economies in post-COVID-19 Europe. Second episode: (New) Business and Revenue Models in the Creative Economies and Policies for Managing Cultural Ecology: Before, During and After the COVID-19” • Presentation at RENT XXXIV Conference • Presentation British Academy of Management Conference Postdoctoral Researcher Kaisa Hytönen • Presentation at RENT XXXIV Conference University Teacher Sanna Ilonen • Keynote speaker at Entrepreneurship Day of the United Arab Emirates University • Keynote speaker at Innostan ja motivoin tulevaisuuden tekijöitä seminar • Session chair at National Entrepreneurship Education Conference • Presentation at RENT XXXIV Conference Professor Anne Kovalainen • Chair at WORK2021 Online Conference • Invited lecture at the Faculty of Education, University of Oslo • Presentation at 72nd LERA Labor and Employment Relations Association Virtual Conference Postdoctoral Researcher Kirsi Peura • RENT Policy Forum Chair 2021 • Invited lecture at International seminar on Building African Entrepreneurial Universities with the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa • Session chair at National Entrepreneurship Education Conference • Invited expert panel member at the annual Yrittäjyyden ytimessä [Engl. At the Hearth of Entrepreneurship] entrepreneurship education event organised by the National YES Network • Co-host of a national webinar Työelämäosaaminen – tunnista ja tunnusta! [Engl. Worklife competence – recognize and accredit it!] 2020 organised by The Work-integrated Pedagogy in Higher Education project (WORKPEDA) and the HOTIT OPIT project • Host of the annual Spring Entrepreneurship Day 2020 at the University of Turku Senior Research Fellow Seppo Poutanen • Scientific committee member at WORK2021 Online Conference • Presentation at 72nd LERA Labor and Employment Relations Association Virtual Conference Project Researcher Marja Rautajoki • Organising committee member at WORK2021 Online Conference Senior Researcher Tommi Pukkinen • Presentation at RENT XXXIV Conference Senior Research Fellow Pekka Stenholm • Session chair at RENT 2020 virtual conference • Mentor at the ECSB Post-Doctoral Paper Development Workshop at RENT XXXIV Conference • Presentation at RENT XXXIV Conference • Invited lecture at 2020 JSBE Research Seminar • Presentation at DISCE webinar “Possible Future(s) of Creative Economies in post-COVID-19 Europe. Second episode: (New) Business and Revenue Models in the Creative Economies and Policies for Managing Cultural Ecology: Before, During and After the COVID-19”

Main sources of finance In 2020, the unit’s revenues were 558 000 EUR. The most important financiers were the European Commission and the Ministry of Education and Culture. The main sources of finance 2020 are represented below:

Other ministries 3%

Other (e.g. foundations) 11%

Academy of Finland 12%

EU financing 41%

Ministry of Education and Culture 33%

Publications Journal articles and editorials Ahonen, P., Blomberg, A., Doerr, K., Einola, K., Elkina, A., Gao, G., … Zhang, L. (2020). Writing resistance together. Gender, Work and Organization, 27(4), 447–470. Berglund, K., Hytti, U., & Verduijn, K. (2020). Editorial: Unsettling entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy. 3(3), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515127420921480 Berglund, K., Hytti, U., & Verduijn, K. (2020). Navigating the terrain of entrepreneurship education in neoliberal societies. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515127420935444 Einola, K., Elkina, A., Gao, G., Hambleton, J., Kaasila‐Pakanen, A.-L., Mandalaki, E., Zhang, L.E. & Pullen, A. (2020). Writing multi-vocal intersectionality in times of crisis. Gender, Work and Organization. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12577 Farhoud, M., Shah, S., Stenholm, P., Kibler, E., Renko, M., & Terjesen, S. (2020). Social enterprise crowdfunding in an acute crisis. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, e00211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00211 Heinonen, J., & Ljunggren, E. (2020). It’s not all about the money: narratives on emotions after a sudden death in family businesses. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2020.1723351 Hytönen, K., & Nokelainen, P. (2020). Quo vadis, ammattikasvatuksen tutkimus? Pilvet sen kertovat... Ammattikasvatuksen aikakauskirja, 22(3), 4–12. Kotiranta, A., Tahvanainen, A., Kovalainen, A., & Poutanen, S. (2020). Forms and varieties of research and industry collaboration across disciplines. Heliyon. 6(3). e03404. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03404 Lepistö, T., & Hytti, U. (2020). Developing an executive learning community: focus on collective creation Academy of Management Learning and Education. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amle.2018.0338 Neergaard, H., Gartner, W.B., Hytti, U., Politis, D., & Rae, D. (2020). Editorial: Filling in the blanks: “black boxes” in enterprise/entrepreneurship education. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 26(5), 817–828. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2020-828 Rautajoki, M. (2020). Työelämän ja henkilöstöasioiden TYHE-opintokokonaisuus Turun yliopistossa. Työelämän Tutkimus, 18(4), 357–359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37455/tt.100674 Siivonen, P., Peura, K., Hytti, U., Kasanen, K., & Komulainen, K. (2020). The making of collective entrepreneurial identity in student entrepreneurship societies. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 26(3), 521–538.

Books, book chapters and book reviews Aromaa E., Hytti U., & Aaltonen S. (2020). The dark side of entrepreneurial passion: restraining employee innovative behaviour? In: A. Örtenblad (ed.) Against Entrepreneurship. A Critical Examination, 185–201. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-479374_11 Aromaa, E., Kasanen, K., & Peura, K. (eds.) (2020). Toivoa, tunteita ja epätietoisuutta: Näkövinkkeleitä yrittäjyyteen yliopistoissa. University of Eastern Finland.

Hytti, U., Heinonen, J., & Stenholm, P. (2020). Entrepreneurship for research professionals: triggering transformative learning? In: L. Aaboen, H. Landström & L. Sörheim (eds.) How to Become an Entrepreneur in a Week. The Value of 7-Day Entrepreneurship Courses, 100–118. Edward Elgar. Hytönen, K. (2020). Ammatillista oppimista tapahtuu myös sosiaalisissa verkostoissa. In: E. Aromaa, K. Kasanen & K. Peura (eds.) Toivoa, tunteita ja epätietoisuutta: Näkövinkkeleitä yrittäjyyteen yliopistoissa, 26–27. University of Eastern Finland. Hytönen K., & Kovalainen, A. (2020). Vocational education goes to industry: future skills at work derive from novel models of cooperation. In: S. Poutanen, A. Kovalainen, & P. Rouvinen (eds.) Digital Work and the Platform Economy: Understanding Tasks, Skills and Capabilities in the New Era, 77–95. Routledge, New York. Kovalainen, A., Vallas, S.P., & Poutanen, S. (2020). Theorizing Work in the Contemporary Platform Economy. In S. Poutanen, A. Kovalainen, & P. Rouvinen (eds.) Digital Work and the Platform Economy: Understanding Tasks, Skills and Capabilities in the New Era. Routledge: New York. Peura, K., & Hytti, U. (2020). ”Olenko minäkin yrittäjä?” – Yliopisto-opettajat pohtimassa yrittäjyyttä yritysidealeirillä. In E. Aromaa, K. Kasanen & K. Peura. (eds.) Toivoa, tunteita ja epätietoisuutta: Näkövinkkeleitä yrittäjyyteen yliopistoissa, 34-35. University of Eastern Finland. Peura, K., & Siivonen P. (2020). Pöhinää ja vilinää akatemiaan! Opiskelijoiden yrittäjyysyhteisöt peräänkuuluttavat yrittäjyystaitoja ja tekemisen meininkiä . In E. Aromaa, K. Kasanen & K. Peura. (eds.) Toivoa, tunteita ja epätietoisuutta: Näkövinkkeleitä yrittäjyyteen yliopistoissa, 24–25. University of Eastern Finland. Peura, K., & Stenholm, P. (2020). Opiskelijoiden videopäiväkirjat paljastavat tunteiden kirjon startupkurssilla. In E. Aromaa, K. Kasanen & K. Peura. (eds.) Toivoa, tunteita ja epätietoisuutta: Näkövinkkeleitä yrittäjyyteen yliopistoissa, 14–15. University of Eastern Finland. Poutanen, S. (2020). Ontologically sound basis for analyzing academia, digitalization, and entrepreneurship together: A solution to the sociomaterialistic puzzle of “strong relationality”. In S. Poutanen, A. Kovalainen, & P. Rouvinen (eds.) Digital Work and the Platform Economy: Understanding Tasks, Skills and Capabilities in the New Era. Routledge: New York. Poutanen, S., Kovalainen, A., & Rouvinen, P. (2020). Digital Work in the Platform Economy. In S. Poutanen, A. Kovalainen, & P. Rouvinen (eds.) Digital Work and the Platform Economy: Understanding Tasks, Skills and Capabilities in the New Era. Routledge: New York. Poutanen, S., Kovalainen, A., & Rouvinen, P. (eds.) (2020). Digital Work and the Platform Economy: Understanding Tasks, Skills and Capabilities in the New Era. Routledge, New York. Saari, E., Hasu, M., Käpykangas, S., & Kovalainen, A. (2020). Emergence of agentic professional competence in the digitalization of social services and healthcare. In: S. Poutanen, A. Kovalainen, & P. Rouvinen (eds.) Digital Work and the Platform Economy: Understanding Tasks, Skills and Capabilities in the New Era, 162–182. Routledge, New York. Seppänen, L., & Poutanen, S. (2020). Cultural Transition in the Sharing Economy: Introducing Platform Work With Activity Concepts. In S. Poutanen, A. Kovalainen, & P. Rouvinen (eds.) Digital Work and the Platform Economy: Understanding Tasks, Skills and Capabilities in the New Era. Routledge: New York. Stenholm, P. (2020). Book review. Entrepreneurship theory and practice. International Small Business Journal. December 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620976287

Research reports, working papers Peura, K., Aaltonen, S., Römer-Paakkanen, T., Lahikainen, K., Asteljoki, S., & Vainio, S. (2020). Muodollisen opetuksen ulkopuolella hankitun yrittäjyysosaamisen sisällyttäminen korkeakouluopintoihin. Turun kauppakorkeakoulun julkaisuja, sarja E-3: 2020, Turun yliopisto, Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-249-600-3

Gross, J., Heinonen, J., Burlina, C., Comunian, R., Conor, B., Crociata, A., Dent, T., Guardans, I., Hytti, U., Hytönen, K., Pica, V., Pukkinen, T., Renders, M., Stenholm, P., & Wilson, N. (2020). DISCE: Managing creative economies as cultural eco-systems. European Policy Brief. Published online: https://disce.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/DISCE-Policy-Brief-1.pdf

Conference proceedings Heinonen, J., Hytti, U., Pukkinen, T., & Stenholm, P. (2020). Entrepreneurial activities at leisure and school in supporting entrepreneurial self-efficacy and desirability of rural adolescents. Paper presented at RENT 2020 Research in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Conference, online, November 18–20, 2020. Ilonen, S., & Hytönen, K. (2020) Students’ intrapreneurial outcome expectations in entrepreneurship education in higher education. Paper presented at RENT 2020 Research in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Conference, online, November 18–20, 2020. Kovalainen, A., & Poutanen, S. (2020). At-work-learning among platform workers. Paper presented at LERA 72nd LERA, Labor and Employment Relations Association Annual Conference, online, June 13-16, 2020. Peura, K., & Stenholm, P. (2020). Agency and emotions in entrepreneurship education. Paper presented at RENT 2020 Research in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Conference, online, November 18–20, 2020.

Dissertations Ilonen, S. (2020). Entrepreneurial learning in entrepreneurship education in higher education. Turun yliopiston julkaisuja, Annales Universitatis Turkuensis. Sarja E osa 54, Oeconomica. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-8030-7 Niemi, L. (2020). Towards an interaction-based approach to entrepreneurship: Understanding the cocreation of new value. Turun yliopiston julkaisuja, Annales Universitatis Turkuensis. Sarja E osa 57, Oeconomica. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-8063-5

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