NEW EDITION
CYAN MAG YELO BLACK HEX.GREEN
ISBN: 978-981-4923-75-0
McGraw Hill
Grade 3 • Unit 3
PHX MAC #1448252 03/07/18
READING/WRITING COMPANION 3.3
READING/WRITING COMPANION 9 789814 923750
UNIT 3
NEW EDITION
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E X P RE SS yourself!
GENRE STUDY 1 EXPOSITORY TEXT S
3 UNIT
Key Concept: Discoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Vocabulary
SHARED READ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
SHARED READ Earth and Its Neighbors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Comprehension Strategy: Summarize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Genre Study: Expository Text [Key Words and Charts] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Comprehension Skill: Main Idea and Key Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Respond to Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Vocabulary Strategy: Suffixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Research and Inquiry: Taking Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Vocabulary
PAIRED READ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
PAIRED READ The Red Planet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Grammar: Action Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Grammar: Subject-Verb Agreement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Make Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA-MSFC)
Research and Inquiry: Present Your Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Genre Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
iv
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ENCE CI
GENRE STUDY 2 FOLKTALE Key Concept: Be Unique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Vocabulary
SHARED READ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
SHARED READ Anansi Learns a Lesson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Comprehension Strategy: Visualize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Genre Study: Folktale [Illustrations and Lessons] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Comprehension Skill: Problem and Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Respond to Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Vocabulary Strategy: Synonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Research and Inquiry: Key Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Vocabulary
PAIRED READ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
PAIRED READ Get a Backbone! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Grammar: Past Tense Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Grammar: Future Tense Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Make Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Research and Inquiry: Present Your Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Janet Broxon
Genre Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
v
SOCIA
GENRE STUDY 3 HISTORICAL FICTION Key Concept: Leadership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Vocabulary
SHARED READ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
SHARED READ Jane’s Discovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Comprehension Strategy: Visualize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Genre Study: Historical Fiction [Characters and Illustrations]. . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Comprehension Skill: Cause and Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Respond to Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Vocabulary Strategy: Idioms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Research and Inquiry: Current Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Vocabulary
PAIRED READ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
PAIRED READ A Great American Teacher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Grammar: Combining Sentences with Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Grammar: Subject-Verb Agreement When Combining Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Make Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Research and Inquiry: Present Your Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Peter Ferguson
Genre Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
vi
TU L S DI
ES
3 UNIT
vii Peter Ferguson
Key Concept Discoveries
Essential Question What do we know about Earth and its neighbors?
2
Unit 3 • Expository Text
01
COLLABORATE
Astronomers first learned about Earth and our solar system by looking up at the sky. Today, scientists use telescopes, satellites, and manned spaceships to study the universe. They make new discoveries every day. Talk with a partner about the photograph.
• Moon phases • motion of the Moon
• Big Dipper • Little Dipper
• meteor showers • shooting stars
(bkgd) Giulio Ercolani/Alamy; (l to r) David Carillet/Shutterstock; Vector FX/Shutterstock; Belish/Image Source/Shutterstock; sripfoto/Shutterstock
Your Turn What discoveries have astronomers made? Write your ideas in the web. Use the photographs and words to help you.
• Milky Way galaxy • solar system
Astronomers’ Discoveries
Talk with a partner about your ideas. COLLABORATE
Unit 3 • Expository Text
3
VOCABULARY
02
amount
n. a
quantity of something
There is a different amount of water in each glass. What amount of water do you drink each day?
astronomer
n. someone
who studies the objects in space, such as the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets
The astronomer watches the night sky.
(t to b) MAHATHIR MOHD YASIN/Shutterstock; Ted Foxx/Alamy; stockfour/Shutterstock; ProStockStudio/Shutterstock
Would you like to be an astronomer? Why or why not?
astronomy
n. the
scientific study of space
The students study the planets in astronomy class. What would you like to learn about astronomy?
discovered
v. found
out something for the first time
Scientists discovered a new kind of plant. Make your own sentence. “The scientist discovered a new kind of 4
Unit 3 • Expository Text
.”
SHARED READ fascinating
adj. extremely
interesting and attractive
He looked at the fascinating butterfly in the garden. Name some other fascinating animals.
gigantic
adj. extremely
large
This tree is gigantic! Name three other things that are gigantic.
EQUATOR
n. the
world; the Earth
(t to b) Beata Becla/Shuttrstock; Lisa Wallis/Alamy; Barnaby Chambers/Shutterstock; SciePro/Shutterstock
globe
The equator divides the globe into two parts. Who are some famous people known all around the globe?
orbits MOON
v. follows
a curved path around a planet
The Moon orbits Earth. EARTH
How does a spaceship move if it orbits a planet?
Unit 3 • Expository Text
5
VOCABULARY satellite
n. a
device sent up into space to travel around Earth
The satellite helps us see Earth from space. What do you think a satellite is used for?
solar system
n. the
sun and all the planets that move around it
There are eight planets in our solar system.
(t to b) Konstantin Shaklein/3dsculptor/123RF; Stocktrek Images, Inc./Alamy; tomwang/123RF; Pixtal/age fotostock
Name one planet in our solar system.
support
v. provide
the right conditions for life
This land is too dry to support any plants. Describe a place that can support plants.
surface
n. the
outer or top layer of something
The surface of a watermelon is hard and smooth. What is the surface of a strawberry like? 6
Unit 3 • Expository Text
SHARED READ telescope
n. a
long tube used to see things that are far away
Jane uses the telescope to look at the stars more closely. What else could you see with a telescope?
temperature
n. a
measure of how hot or cold something is
The temperature is very high in the summer. What is the temperature today?
warmth
n. heat;
a high temperature
Make your own sentence. “The
(t to b) Celig/Shutterstock; gorra/Shutterstock; Chepko Danil Vitalevich/Shutterstock
Will and Paul cooked marshmallows over the warmth of a fire. ’s warmth made me feel better.”
Your Turn Pick three words. Write three questions for your partner to answer. COLLABORATE
Unit 3 • Expository Text
7
SHARED READ TAKE NOTES Asking questions before you read helps you figure out your purpose for reading. It also helps you gain information. Write your questions here.
t r h a EIts Neighbo
d n a
03
rs
As you read, make note of: Interesting Words:
Key Details:
Essential Question
What do we know about Earth and its neighbors?
The Granger Collection/Alamy
Read about how we have learned about space.
8
Unit 3 • Expository Text
Galileo studied the sky with a telescope he built.
EXPOSITORY TEXT FIND TEXT EVIDENCE
If the Sun could talk, it might say, “Look at me! Look at my sunspots! I am so hot!” Without the Sun, Earth would be a cold, dark planet. How do we know this?
Read Paragraphs 1-2
Summarize What did Galileo study?
Thanks to the astronomer Galileo, we know a lot about the Sun and the rest of our solar system.
Circle text evidence.
Telescopes: Looking Up
Paragraph 3
Galileo did not invent the telescope. However, 400 years ago he did build one that was strong enough to study the sky. When Galileo looked into space, he saw the rocky surface of the Moon. When he looked at the Sun, he discovered spots on its fiery surface.
Underline details that describe what Galileo saw. What is the main idea of this section?
Main Idea and Key Details
(bkgd) Ian McKinnell/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; (b) StockTrek/Photodisc/Getty Images
Reread
Author's Craft How does the author help you see what an astronomer does?
Fluency Take turns reading the first paragraph with expression. Talk about how the exclamation points help add feeling.
The Moon is Earth’s closest neighbor.
Unit 3 • Expository Text
9
SHARED READ FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Read Paragraph 1
Key Words Circle the key word. What does it mean?
(bkgd) NASA, ESA, R. O’Connell (University of Virginia), and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); (c) NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA-MSFC)
Paragraphs 2-4
Main Idea and Key Details Underline important details about satellites. What is the main idea of this section?
Reread
Author's Craft How does the author help you understand what satellites do?
10
Unit 3 • Expository Text
Astronomy, or the study of space, began with the simple telescope. But astronomers wanted to look at the sky more closely. They made bigger telescopes that could see farther than the one Galileo used. Astronomers still had many questions.
Satellites: A Step Closer In 1958, scientists launched Explorer 1, the first American satellite, into space. It was an exciting day for America. Soon many satellites circled the globe and took photographs of Earth, the Moon, stars, and other Explorer 1 planets. They collected a large takes off. amount of information. Satellites even tracked the temperature on the planet Saturn. Scientists have learned many things about the solar system from satellites. That’s why they kept sending more into space. Soon there were hundreds of satellites in space making amazing discoveries, but astronomers wanted to know even more. That’s why they found a way to put a man on the Moon.
One Giant Leap
EXPOSITORY TEXT
On April 12, 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man to travel into space. Just 23 days later, American astronaut Alan Shepard followed. Both flights were short, but they proved that people could go into space.
FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Read Paragraph 1
Summarize Why was 1961 an important year for space exploration? Summarize in your own words.
After Shepard, more astronauts went into space. Some circled Earth. Some walked on the dusty, bumpy surface of the Moon. They took pictures and collected Moon rocks. Astronauts wanted to answer some important questions. Did the Sun’s warmth heat the Moon? Could the Moon support life someday?
Underline text evidence. Paragraph 2
Suffixes Circle two words that describe the surface of the Moon. Write what they mean here.
rd the z” Aldrin walks towa Astronaut Edwin “Buz e Moon. th left his footprints on lunar module. Aldrin
(l) MPI/Archive Photos/Getty Images; (r) NASA-JSC
Reread
Author's Craft Why is "One Giant Leap" a good subheading for this section?
Aldrin brought home this Moon rock.
Unit 3 • Expository Text
11
SHARED READ FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Read
Scientists studied the photographs and Moon rocks that the astronauts brought back. They made exciting discoveries using telescopes and satellites. But it wasn’t enough. Scientists wanted to get closer to the other planets. Soon they found a way!
Paragraph 1
Summarize Draw a box around details that show what scientists did. Summarize in your own words.
Hubble and Beyond Scientists created another telescope, but this time it was gigantic. They sent it up into space. The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990. It’s still up there and orbits Earth above the clouds. It takes clear, close-up photographs of stars and planets. It sends fascinating information back to Earth. The Hubble helps scientists study Earth and its neighbors. It also helps astronomers see planets outside our solar system.
Paragraph 2
Main Idea and Key Details
(bkgd) Frank Whitney/The Image Bank/Getty Images
Underline key details that tell you about the Hubble Space Telescope. What is the main idea of this section?
12
It takes the Hubble Telescope 96 minutes to orbit Earth.
Unit 3 • Expository Text
EXPOSITORY TEXT More Discoveries Every Day
FIND TEXT EVIDENCE
Scientists are still asking questions about Earth and its neighbors in space. With the help of satellites, telescopes, and astronauts, they will continue to explore and find answers.
Read Paragraph 1
Key Words Circle the word explore. Write an important detail about it.
What Can We See? With a Simple Telescope
With Our Eyes
With the Hubble Telescope
The Moon
Craters on the moon
Planets outside our solar system
The Sun
Sunspots
Stars bigger than the Sun and farther away
Jupiter
Clouds around Jupiter
Jupiter’s surface
Charts Underline three things you can see with the Hubble Telescope. List three things you can see with your eyes.
Make Connections
Summarize
How have we learned about Earth and its neighbors in space? ESSENTIAL QUESTION This is a Hubble Telescope photo
of an exploding star.
(b) NASA, ESA, J. Hester and A. Loll (Arizona State University)
Use your notes to summarize the important details and ideas in "Earth and Its Neighbors."
What do you see when you look at the sky? TEXT TO SELF
Unit 3 • Expository Text
13
COMPREHENSION STRATEGY
Reread
Summarize
SHARED READ Quick Tip
When you summarize, you state the most important ideas and details in a text. Use these ideas and details to help you summarize “Earth and Its Neighbors.”
FIND TEXT EVIDENCE
To summarize, reread a paragraph and retell it in your own words. Make sure to retell ideas and details in a logical order.
How did telescopes help us learn about space? Reread the last part of page 9. Identify important ideas and details, and summarize them in your own words. Page 9
(bkgd) Ian McKinnell/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; (b) StockTrek/Photodisc/Getty Images
I read that Galileo built a telescope. He discovered sunspots and saw the Moon’s surface. Details help me summarize. Telescopes helped scientists learn more about space.
COLLABORATE
Your Turn Reread “Satellites: A Step Closer” on page 10. Think about the most important ideas and details in this section. Then summarize the section here.
14
Unit 3 • Expository Text
GENRE STUDY
EXPOSITORY TEXT
Reread
Key Words and Charts
SHARED READ Readers to Writers
“Earth and Its Neighbors” is an expository text. An expository text • gives facts and information about a topic • has text features such as subheadings, key words, and charts
FIND TEXT EVIDENCE
When you write an expository text, use a chart to help your readers compare information and better understand your topic.
I can tell that “Earth and Its Neighbors” is an expository text. It gives facts and information about telescopes, satellites, and space. It has subheadings, key words, and a chart.
Key Words Key words are important words in the text.
Charts
(bkgd) Frank Whitney/The Image Bank/Getty Images; (b) NASA, ESA, J. Hester and A. Loll (Arizona State University)
Page 13
A chart is a list of facts arranged in rows and columns. It helps readers compare information.
COLLABORATE
Your Turn Look at the chart on page 13. Write one way the Hubble Space Telescope is different from a simple telescope.
Unit 3 • Expository Text
15
COMPREHENSION SKILL
Main Idea and Key Details The main idea is the most important point an author makes about a topic. Key details tell about the main idea.
FIND TEXT EVIDENCE I can reread the first paragraph on page 10 and look for key details. Then I can think about what these details have in common in order to figure out the main idea. Main Idea
Astronomers are always searching for new tools that will help them better study space. Detail
Astronomers wanted to look at the sky more closely. Detail
They made bigger telescopes that could see farther than the one Galileo used. Detail
Astronomy, the study of space, began with a simple telescope.
NASA-JSC
COLLABORATE
16
Your Turn Reread “One Giant Leap” on pages 11 and 12. Find key details that tell you about astronauts. List them in your graphic organizer. Use details to figure out the main idea.
Unit 3 • Expository Text
Quick Tip To figure out the main idea, reread the text. Then find the key details. Think about how they support the main idea.
Reread
SHARED READ
Main Idea
Detail
Detail
Detail
Unit 3 • Expository Text
17
RESPOND TO READING COLLABORATE
Discuss Work with a partner. Use the discussion starters to answer the questions about “Earth and Its Neighbors.” Write the page numbers.
Questions 1 How do telescopes help us learn about space?
Discussion Starters Galileo . . .
Text Evidence Page(s):
He discovered . . . I read that . . .
18
2 How do satellites help us learn about Earth and its neighbors?
Satellites . . .
3 How do astronauts help us learn about Earth and its neighbors?
Astronauts . . .
Unit 3 • Expository Text
Page(s):
Satellites help astronomers . . . I also read that . . .
They . . . Then I read that . . .
Page(s):
Reread
SHARED READ
Write Review your notes. Then use text evidence to answer the question below.
How do we learn about Earth and its neighbors? Telescopes help us learn about Earth and its neighbors by Satellites Another way we learn about Earth and its neighbors is Frank Whitney/The Image Bank/Getty Images
Scientists will
Unit 3 • Expository Text
19
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
Reread
SHARED READ
Suffixes A suffix is a word part added to the end of a word. It changes the word’s meaning. The suffix -y means “full of.” The suffix -ly means “in a certain way.”
FIND TEXT EVIDENCE On page 9 in “Earth and Its Neighbors,” I see the word rocky. Rocky has the suffix -y. I know that the suffix -y means “full of.” The word rocky must mean “full of rocks.”
When Galileo looked into space, he saw the rocky surface of the Moon.
COLLABORATE
Your Turn Find the suffix. Use it to figure out the word's meaning. closely, page 10:
The Granger Collection/Alamy
20
Unit 3 • Expository Text
RESEARCH AND INQUIRY
S
e Integrat
Taking Notes
ENCE CI
Quick Tip
Plagiarism is copying an author’s exact words and using them as your own. As you take notes, avoid plagiarism by paraphrasing, or writing information in your own words. Paraphrasing helps you understand a topic better. Read the sentences below. Scientists wanted to know what Mars was once like. They sent machines called rovers to find out.
A Works Cited page is a list of sources. For each source, write the author (last name, first name), the title, the publication date, and the URL (if the source is a website). Use authors' last names to list sources in alphabetical order.
Now read these two sentences. Circle the one that is an example of paraphrasing. • Scientists wanted to know what Mars was once like so they sent machines called rovers. • Scientists sent rovers to explore and learn about Mars.
• Paraphrase interesting information. • Create a Works Cited page, or a list of your sources. • Make a poster of the solar system. Label the planets. NASA
COLLABORATE
Select a Genre Research the solar system. Use two sources to find interesting information. Then think about how to present the information. Select a genre, for example, a persuasive essay, expository essay, or a poem that matches your topic and audience. Plan a first draft by brainstorming your ideas. Remember to:
Unit 3 • Expository Text
21
VOCABULARY 14cm
04
average
12cm 10cm
adj. calculated by adding quantities together and then dividing by the number of quantities
The average length of these pencils is 12 centimeters. What is the average height of the students in your class?
fascinated
adj. very
interested in something or someone
Jenny was fascinated by the beautiful sunset. (t to b) r.classen/Shutterstock; Sergii Sobolevskyi/Shutterstock; Mohamed El Hebeishy/Shutterstock; Holly Hildreth/McGraw-Hill Education
Make your own sentence. “I was fascinated by the
glimpse
n. a
at the aquarium.”
quick look at someone or something
The tourists could catch a glimpse of the dolphins from the boat. If you catch a glimpse of something, do you see it for a long or short time?
observed
v. saw
and noticed
Sara observed the plant closely. Describe a time when you observed something. 22
Unit 3 • Expository Text
PAIRED READ ponder
v. think
about or consider something carefully
Jessie started to ponder what to write about. What kinds of things do you ponder?
rusty
adj. covered
with a red-brown substance
I found an old, rusty bike next to a tree.
SURFING
SNOWBOARDING
similarities
n. features
(t to b, l to r) Ken Karp/McGraw-Hill Education; imagebroker/Alamy; Sollina Images/Blend Images; Michael DeYoung/Blend Images LLC
Is a rusty object old or new?
that things or people have that make them alike
One of the similarities between surfing and snowboarding is that both sports use boards. What are some similarities and differences between you and your friend? Your Turn Pick three words. Write three questions for your partner to answer. COLLABORATE
Unit 3 • Expository Text
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PAIRED READ FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Read Paragraph 1
Why is Mars called the Red Planet?
Paragraph 2
Who has been studying Mars for many years?
Paragraph 3
Circle the phrase that tells what atmosphere means.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/USGS
Paragraphs 3-4
How are Mars and Earth similar and different? Draw a box around the similarities. Underline the differences.
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Unit 3 • Expository Text
Essential Question What do we know about Earth and its neighbors? Read about what humans have learned about our neighboring planet, Mars.
The Red Planet
05
For centuries, people all around the globe have been fascinated by the night sky. As they look out into the universe, they get a glimpse of the stars, planets, and objects that are part of our solar system. Some people enjoy searching for Mars among the stars each night. To human eyes, Mars looks like a rusty red star. That’s why Mars is known as the Red Planet. As people look up at Mars, they often ponder whether the planet can support life. They also think about whether humans could travel or live there. To answer these questions, astronomers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have been studying the Red Planet since the 1960s.
What is Mars? Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. Earth is the third planet from the Sun, so Mars is our neighbor. There are some similarities and differences between Earth and Mars. For example, both planets have weather and seasons. There are volcanoes, clouds, and rocks in both places. A day on Mars is 23 hours 56 minutes, and a day on Earth is 24 hours. Both planets have an atmosphere, or layer of gases, surrounding them, too. There are also many differences. The atmosphere on Mars is much thinner than the Earth’s atmosphere. It only takes Earth 365 days to orbit the Sun, while it takes Mars 687 days! Also, Mars is only about half the size of Earth.
EXPOSITORY TEXT FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Read Paragraph 1
Why is it important to find water on Mars?
Is There Life on Mars?
Astronomers have discovered that there may have been water on Mars at one time. Scientists have even observed evidence of floods long ago. Water is required for life, so it is possible that tiny living things could have lived there once. Maybe they could be still living there today. There is so much we do not know yet!
Paragraph 2
What is the next step some people want to take on Mars?
Can People Live on Mars?
However, scientists are studying how humans might visit the planet soon. Then, visitors to Mars can look out into the Martian night sky and search for our Earth among the stars!
Paragraph 2
Underline two problems with humans going to Mars.
Evidence for Liquid Water on Mars
Make Connections
(tc) Pro_Vector/Shutterstock; (tr) Pro_Vector/Shutterstock; (c) NASA/JPL/MSSS
Some people want to take the next step: sending humans to Mars. But scientists have discovered there is not much warmth on Mars. In fact, the average temperature on the planet’s surface is -81 degrees Fahrenheit, or -63 degrees Celsius. That is too cold for humans to survive! The amount of oxygen in the air is not enough to support human life, either.
COLLABORATE
How are Earth and Mars similar and different? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Talk with a partner about Mars. Use the details in the text to support your answer.
How are the planets you have read about this week alike and different? TEXT TO TEXT
Unit 3 • Expository Text
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Reread
PAIRED READ How does the author help readers become interested in the planet Mars?
COLLABORATE
Talk About It Talk with a partner about what you know about Mars. Point out questions the author uses to make you curious about the planet. Cite Text Evidence Write the questions the author answers about Mars that help you become interested in the planet.
Questions about Mars
Write To help readers become interested in Mars, the author
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Unit 3 • Expository Text
Quick Tip Before studying a new topic, make a list of questions you have about the topic. When you are finished studying, check your list to see if you found answers to all of your questions.
Comparing and Contrasting
Readers to Writers
When writers introduce a new topic to readers, they sometimes compare and contrast that topic with something readers already know about. This helps readers understand the topic better.
FIND TEXT EVIDENCE On page 24 in “The Red Planet,” the author compares and contrasts Mars and Earth. Readers already know a lot about Earth. …Earth is the third planet from the Sun, so Mars is our neighbor. There are some similarities and differences between Earth and Mars. For example, both planets have weather and seasons… …There are also many differences… It only takes Earth 365 days to orbit the Sun, while it takes Mars 687 days!
COLLABORATE
Words like “both” and “like” tell readers that the author is talking about similarities between (or comparing) two things. Words like but, while, and instead tell readers that the author is talking about differences between (or contrasting) two things.
Your Turn Reread “What is Mars?” on page 24. • What is one way the air on Earth and Mars is similar?
• What is one way the air on Earth and Mars is different?
Unit 3 • Expository Text
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GRAMMAR
Action Verbs • An action verb is a verb that shows action in the predicate part of a sentence. It tells what the subject is doing or has done.
FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Underline the action verb.
Scientists created another telescope, but this time it was gigantic.
COLLABORATE
Your Turn A. Circle the action verbs and underline the predicates. 1. Galileo looked at the sun through a telescope. 2. A Russian traveled into space. 3. Americans collected rocks from the Moon. 4. Some astronauts walked on the bumpy surface of the Moon.
Quick Tip Some action verbs tell about feelings or actions that cannot be seen. Want, think, feel, and believe are also action verbs because they can be done.
The Granger Collection/Alamy
B. Write a sentence about something you like to do for fun.
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Unit 3 • Expository Text
Subject-Verb Agreement • A verb must agree in number with its subject. • Add -s to most present tense verbs with singular subjects. Do not add -s to present tense verbs with plural subjects.
FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Underline the subject and circle the verb.
Astronaut Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin walks toward the lunar module. Your Turn A. Write the correct forms of the given verbs.
Quick Tip
1. The telescope
When a present tense verb with a singular subject ends in -sh, -ch, -ss, -zz, or -x, add -es. For present tense verbs with a singular subject that end in a consonant and -y, replace the -y to -i and add -es.
2. We 3. Astronomers 4. The astronaut
the Earth. (orbit) questions about other planets. (ask) to know more about space. (want) pictures of the Moon. (take)
B. Write a sentence about something you do with your friends. NASA-JSC
COLLABORATE
Unit 3 • Expository Text
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e Integrat
MAKE CONNECTIONS
Text Connections How is the photographer’s purpose for creating the photograph similar to why the authors wrote “Earth and Its Neighbors” and “The Red Planet”?
COLLABORATE
Talk About It Look at the photograph and read the caption. With a partner, talk about why the stars look like trails. Cite Text Evidence Circle clues in the photograph that help you understand how Earth moves. Underline text evidence that explains how the photographer created the photograph. Write The photographer's purpose is like the authors' purposes because
Viktar Malyshchyts/Shutterstock
This photograph is called “Star Trails over Mount Elbrus.” To create it, photographer Viktar Malyshchyts took many pictures of the stars at night. Then he combined all of the photographs into one. The stars look like trails because of Earth’s rotation.
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Unit 3 • Expository Text
Quick Tip I can use clues in the week’s selections and the photograph to understand what the authors and the photographer want me to know about Earth and its neighbors.
RESEARCH AND INQUIRY
S
e Integrat
Present Your Work COLLABORATE
ENCE CI
Quick Tip
Plan how you will present your project to the class. Use the Presenting Checklist to help you improve your presentation. After all the presentations are finished, discuss the sentence starters below and write your answers.
Fact-checking means checking to make sure that facts are true. Go back to your sources and check that the facts you present are correct.
Presenting Checklist
The most interesting thing I learned about the solar system is
I would like to know more about
I think my presentation was
I will make sure to use trusted sources. I will identify the planets in my poster. I will speak loudly and clearly enough to communicate ideas effectively. I will check that my Works Cited page is in alphabetical order.
Next time I could
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GENRE WRITING
Expert Model Features of an Expository Essay An expository essay is a form of expository text. It presents ideas and information about a topic. An expository essay • has an introduction that makes the reader want to keep reading • presents facts, details, and information in a logical order • provides a conclusion that relates to the topic Analyze an Expert Model Studying “Earth and Its Neighbors” will help you learn how to write an expository essay. Reread pages 8-13. Then answer the questions below. How does the way the author starts the selection make you want to read more?
StockTrek/Photodisc/Getty Images
What does the author do to make the topic more interesting?
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Unit 3 • Expository Text
Shared Read (pages 8-13)
Word Wise The author uses proper nouns when writing about a specific person, place, or thing. Proper nouns begin with a capital letter no matter where they are in a sentence.
EXPOSITORY TEXT
Plan: Choose Your Topic COLLABORATE
Quick Tip
Brainstorm With a partner, brainstorm a list of the planets in our solar system. Use the sentence starters to talk about ideas.
One of the planets in our solar system is . . .
A fact that I know about this planet is . . .
Writing Prompt Choose one of the planets as your topic for an expository essay. Ask yourself what you know about this planet. What is its relationship to the Sun? What is the surface of the planet like? What is special about it? I will write about
.
Purpose and Audience An author’s purpose is the main reason for writing. Your audience is who will be reading the work.
When you write an expository text, you are teaching your audience things you believe they should know about your topic. As you plan your expository text, ask yourself: What are the most important facts that I want to tell my audience about this planet? What kind of text features would help them understand these facts better?
The reason I am writing about this planet is
Planet
Plan Think about what information you want your readers to know about this planet. In your writer's notebook, draw an Idea Web. Write the name of the planet in the middle circle.
Unit 3 • Expository Text
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GENRE WRITING
Plan: Research Paraphrasing vs. Plagiarism Writers do research to find facts that help them understand their topic. To tell readers where they got the facts, they list their sources on a Works Cited page. Copying exact words from a source without saying where the words are from is called plagiarism. Plagiarism is like stealing someone else’s work. To avoid plagiarism, you should paraphrase, or put what you learned in your own words. Read this sentence from “Earth and Its Neighbors.”
Satellites even tracked the temperature on the planet Saturn.
COLLABORATE
Talk to a partner about how you can write about this sentence in your own words. Paraphrase the sentence here.
Plan In your writer's notebook, add important facts to your Idea Web. Make sure the facts describe the planet you chose to write about and are paraphrased, or written in your own words. 34
Unit 3 • Expository Text
Quick Tip You can always have an adult help you come up with your research plan for your expository essay. As you follow your research plan, look for relevant information from reliable sources. Check in with an adult if you have any questions about the information you collect.
EXPOSITORY TEXT
Draft
Reread pages 8-13. Look for interesting information. Use text evidence to answer the questions. What is one interesting fact that you read? Paraphrase it here.
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Find one term that has a definition next to it. Write the term and definition here.
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Hayati Kayhan/Shutterstock
COLLABORATE
Develop Your Topic Writers use facts related to their topic to explain their ideas to readers. They try to choose facts readers might not already know. They use definitions to explain terms readers might not know and interesting details to grab readers' attention. Remember to include enough facts, definitions, and details to help readers understand and stay interested in your topic.
Write a Draft Use your Idea Web to write your draft in your writer's notebook. Remember to describe facts in your own words.
Unit 3 • Expository Text
35
GENRE WRITING
Revise Strong Conclusion Writers end an expository essay with a strong conclusion. They summarize the important ideas of the text. They often use an interesting ending to help the reader remember what he or she has learned. COLLABORATE
Reread page 13 of “Earth and Its Neighbors.” Talk with a partner about the author's conclusion. Write about it here.
Revise It's time to revise your writing. Read your draft and look for places where you might • add more details to support your main ideas • add a chart or a photograph • add a strong conclusion or catchy ending Circle two sentences in your draft that you can change. Revise and write them here.
wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock
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Unit 3 • Expository Text
Quick Tip Revise your sentence structure to make your conclusion as clear as possible. Think about combining and rearranging ideas or deleting ideas you don't need.
EXPOSITORY TEXT
Peer Conferences COLLABORATE
Tech Tip
Review a Draft Listen carefully as a partner reads his or her draft aloud. Share what you like about the draft. Use these sentence starters to discuss your partner's draft. I like this part because it helped me learn . . . Add another fact to explain . . .
If you are writing your draft on a computer, you can easily highlight key words or make subheadings stand out, by making them bold or changing the font.
I have a question about . . . Revising Checklist
Add a subheading, key word, or chart here to . . . Partner Feedback After you take turns giving each other feedback, write one of the suggestions from your partner that you will use in your revision.
Did I include details that support the main ideas of my essay? Did I paraphrase the information that I found in my research?
Does my text end with a strong conclusion?
Revision After you finish your peer conference, use the Revising Checklist to figure out what you can change to make your expository essay better. Remember to use the rubric on page 39 to help with your revision.
Did I include helpful subheadings, key words, or charts?
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GENRE WRITING
Edit and Proofread After you revise your expository essay, proofread it to find any mistakes in grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Read your draft at least three times. This will help you catch any mistakes. Use the checklist below to edit your sentences. Editing Checklist
Do all sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a correct punctuation mark? Are all of the sentences complete? Do the proper nouns begin with capital letters? Are all the words spelled correctly? List two mistakes that you found as you proofread your essay. 1
2
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Unit 3 • Expository Text
Grammar Connections When you proofread your draft, remember to use a capital letter at the beginning of every proper noun. A proper noun can be the name of a person or a place such as Jupiter or Earth.
EXPOSITORY TEXT
Publish, Present and Evaluate
Presenting Checklist
Publishing When you publish your writing, you create a neat final copy that is free of mistakes. If you are not using a computer, use your best handwriting. Write legibly in print or cursive. Presentation When you are ready to present, practice your presentation. Use the Presenting Checklist. Evaluate After you publish and present, use the rubric to evaluate your writing.
Look at the audience. Speak loudly and clearly. Explain any charts or diagrams included in your essay. Answer questions thoughtfully.
What did you do well?
What needs some improvement?
4 • planet's relation to the Sun is clearly stated • includes many facts and a strong conclusion • is free or almost free from errors
3 • planet's relation to the Sun is stated • includes some facts and a conclusion • has few errors
2
1
• planet is stated but not its relation to the Sun • includes a few facts but a conclusion might be missing • has frequent errors
• planet and its relation to the Sun are unclear • has few facts and no conclusion • has many errors that make the essay hard to understand
Unit 3 • Expository Text
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NEW EDITION
CYAN MAG YELO BLACK HEX.GREEN
ISBN: 978-981-4923-75-0
McGraw Hill
Grade 3 • Unit 3
PHX MAC #1448252 03/07/18
READING/WRITING COMPANION 3.3
READING/WRITING COMPANION 9 789814 923750
UNIT 3
NEW EDITION
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