A Thesis | The Water Parliament by Tyler Lim

Water Urbanism as Cultural Embodiment A cautionary tale of embracing rising sea levels as a resource for enculturation where the Water Parliament is established with new water-based urbanism that enables the transformation of political culture, environment, and society of Bangkok towards urban resilience and deep sustainability.

by Lim Hock Siang,Tyler A0169695E

Architectural Design Research Report Submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE at the National University of Singapore 20 November 2020

Signature of Author: Department of Architecture Certified by: Adjunct Associate Professor Mr Khoo Peng Beng

Declaration I declare that the work in this dissertation titled â&#x20AC;&#x153;Water Urbanism as Cultural Embodimentâ&#x20AC;? has not been previously accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree or diploma at this or any other institution. I state that this dissertation is the result of my own independent investigation work, except where otherwise stated.

Lim Hock Siang, Tyler 20 November 2020

Abstract page image. “WATER URBANISM AS CULTURAL EMBODIMENT”. Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

Abstract

Can the new form of cultural embodiment and virtues enhance the traditional value and symbolism of religion, monarch, and water to fabricate a new lifestyle and society that can adapt to any environmental challenges? Religious culture is considered an essential pillar of Thai tradition and rooted in its society. It is not only the major moral force of Thai family and community but also contributing to the individualistic and tolerant behavior of people for many centuries. Today, Thai society portrays the harmonious combination of three belief systems: Animism, Hinduism, and Buddhism in which the Thai people are becoming an instinctive self as they are always subjected to higher power governance and dominance because of the belief in deities over their true-selves. On the other hand, religious rituals and festival celebrations have also made the water culture become a vital part of most of the Thai people’s life. It is the Thai tradition that the Thai people live with water by the canal in the traditional home town because of its rich cultural and religious traditions that often acts as the magnet for the unity of its people. Traditionally, monastic and religious architecture like the grand palace and temples have also been constructed to reflect the Thai people’s sense of community towards religious belief and to sustain the power and wealth of individual self and political regimes of the monarch in the country. However, with climate change and rising sea levels, water which used to be a sacred element that brings lives and civilization is now threatening the survival of Thai people as well as the unifying spirit of the country. This thesis aims to reimagine how the cultural evolution on the symbolism of religion, monarch, and water can transform Bangkok from a sin city into a water parliament where every Bangkokians participate in a redevelopment of the city. Water will be the space-making material literally or indirectly engaging in the discourse of facilitating these changes of the future living as well as the social, political, and environmental well-being in the face of climate change. The new water urbanism employs the symbolism of the traditional religious architecture and religious belief towards the different deities in Thailand. It will be postulated by the 4 Thai deities individually in different phases of redevelopment with temples preserved as the symbol of resilience through the adaptive use of water. Biophilic and Arcology design will also be incorporated in the new water urbanism that encompasses homeostasis systems which will enable Bangkok to be self-sustainable as well as creating a new platform for religious and solidarity celebration of the country. This new cultural profile shall portray a new form of faith, hope, fidelity, and charity, strengthening the political culture of the monarch and the unity of the country. It will also enable the participatory self-empowerment of its citizen during the redevelopment of the city with more housing and job security created in the future. Hence, the Water Parliament will be a people city that establishes the new water urbanism, focusing on (a) protecting the people against environmental challenges as well as (b) allowing the evolution of social and political institutions in Thailand. Overall, this speculative scenario does not mean to promise a “happy-ever-after Bangkok city” with absolute resiliency, but aims to bring awareness about social, environmental, and political conditions of the country and how can the spirit of embracing the rising sea and adaptive use of water be valued as an opportunity to re-appropriate all these issues.

Keywords : Water Urbanism, Enculturation,Virtues, Symbolism, Religion, Monarch, Water, Biophilic, Arcology, Homeostasis, Urban Resilience, Deep Sustainability, The Water Parliament

Contents

ONE Introduction

Symbolism of Religious Tradition and Cultural Belief Symbolism of Water through Religious Festival and Celebration Symbolism of Water Town Architecture

Issue and Problem Statements

Urban Flooding as a result of urbanization Environmental challenges of climate change and rising sea levels Water is Power A religious driven sin city

Hypothesis and Key Arguments

TWO Literature Review - Water Urbanism as Cultural Embodiment Sacredness Symbolism of Monarch Symbolism of Monastic Architecture Idolizing the Monarch Virtues of urban resilience â&#x20AC;&#x201C; To worship the necessity of life & participatory self-empowerment

THREE Research Approach and Methodology

Homeostasis in Architecture Homeostasis in Ecosystem Biophilic Design Biological Construction Material (Bamboo, Algae, Bioplastic) Urban Configuration (Deck Development) Open Building and Stem Building

Contents

FOUR

Research Output and Review by Design Introduction to Planning Scenario Narrative Translation to Architectural Design Collages Research and Design Site Studies and Planning

FIVE

Design Intention and Proposed Design Objective

Overall Program of the masterplan and typologies for Adaptive Living Water Urbanism ROOTS - Embankment Landscaping (Social spaces to promote celebration and unity) TRUNK – Sponge Tower (Bio-Arcological Tower for a sustainable living) BRANCH – Coastal Residential on Land (Adaptable Living Community) BRANCH – Coastal Residential on Water (Aquaculture and Coral Restoration)

CONCLUSION

Overall Movement towards the Water Parliament Selected areas for further development

List of Ilustrations 01. Introduction FP001. Abstract page image. “WATER URBANISM AS CULTURAL EMBODIMENT”. Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP101. ‘CENTRE MAINLAND IN SOUTHEAST ASIA’ Source: Hafner, J. (2020, November 01). Thailand. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP102. ‘TRADITIONAL THAI ARTS’ Source: Thai art. (2020, October 28). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_art. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP103. ‘RELIGION AND ETHNIC GROUPS’ Source: Tai. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand/Tai. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP104. ‘THERAVADA BUDDHISM AND THAI FOLKLORE’ Source: Theravada. (2020, November 04). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP104. ‘THERAVADA BUDDHISM AND THAI FOLKLORE’ Source: Thai folklore. (2020, September 12). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_folklore. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP 105. “WATER RELATED FESTIVALS” Source: Williams, S. (2018, March 02). Top Things to Do During Songkran in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://theculturetrip.com/asia/thailand/articles/top-things-todo-during-songkran-in-chiang-mai-thailand/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP 105. “WATER RELATED FESTIVALS” Source: Team, K. (2020, March 14). Where To Celebrate Loy Krathong And Yee Peng, Thailand’s Most Beautiful Festivals. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.klook.com/blog/loy-krathong-yee-peng-thailand/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP106. “RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL INFLUENCE” Source: Malhotra, A. (2019, March 28). Kumbh Mela: Cleaning up after the world’s largest human gathering. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/mar/28/ kumbh-mela-cleaning-up-after-the-worlds-largest-human-gathering. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP107. “TRADITION AND TRASH | WATER AND WASTE” Source: Suwitcha Chaiyong, S. (2019, November 11). Tradition vs trash on Loy Krathong. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from http://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/1791719/tradition-vs-trash-on-loy-krathong. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP107. “TRADITION AND TRASH | WATER AND WASTE” Source: Anchalee Kongrut, A. (2016, April 13). The quest for a sustainable Songkran. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/932033/ the-quest-for-a-sustainable-songkran?fbclid=IwAR0GHWsXYmKzAh33K8YanrW1HWcM6-1hK2hgvd2dMgnu2jjLtDCoVIdc1to. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP108. “HISTORY OF WATER-BASED SETTLEMENT” Source: Denpaiboon, C. H. A. W. E. E. W. A. N. (2015). Utilization of historical city for sustainable tourism: A case study of floating market in Thailand. Recent Advances in Earth Sciences, Environment and Development. Retrieved February, 9, 2016. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP108. “HISTORY OF WATER-BASED SETTLEMENT” Source: Thongpanya, T. (2018). Damnoen Saduak Floating Market: The construction of floating market community identity from agricultural society to tourism community. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(2), 254-261. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP109. “HISTORY OF FLOATING MARKET TYPOLOGY” Source: Denpaiboon, C. H. A. W. E. E. W. A. N. (2015). Utilization of historical city for sustainable tourism: A case study of floating market in Thailand. Recent Advances in Earth Sciences, Environment and Development. Retrieved February, 9, 2016. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP110. “HISTORY IDENTITY OF THE CANAL” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP111. “CANAL SETTLEMENTS FORM AND CHARACTERISTIC” Source: Denpaiboon, C. H. A. W. E. E. W. A. N. (2015). Utilization of historical city for sustainable tourism: A case study of floating market in Thailand. Recent Advances in Earth Sciences, Environment and Development. Retrieved February, 9, 2016. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP112. “CANAL EVOLUTION (1782-1910)” Source: N, T. (2020, May 14). COVID-19: Phuket airport to resume limited operations this Saturday. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www. thailandnews.co/2020/05/covid-19-phuket-airport-to-resume-limited-operations-this-saturday/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP112. “CANAL EVOLUTION (1782-1910)” Source: TAT, N. (2019, November 03). Agro tourism and Thainess on Khlong Mahasawat in Nakhon Pathom. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https:// www.tatnews.org/2016/02/agro-tourism-and-thainess-on-khlong-mahasawat-in-nakhon-pathom/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP112. “CANAL EVOLUTION (1782-1910)” Source: Fischer, M. (2011, July 04). Klong Saen Saep near Pratunam pier, Bangkok, Thailand [Digital image]. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:SaenSaepRiverBoat.jpg. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP112. “CANAL EVOLUTION (1782-1910)” Source: CANAL-SIDE HOUSING. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://en.codi.or.th/baan-mankong-housing/canal-upgrading-project/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

List of Ilustrations FP113. “BANGKOK URBANIZATION (1800 - 2016)” Source: Beek, Steve Van. “ The Chao Phraya River in Transition, ” ( Oxford University Press: Kuala Lumper, 1995) PP. 1-43, 68-120, 172-198. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP113. “BANGKOK URBANIZATION (1800 - 2016)” Source: Beek, Steve Van. “ Bangkok then and now (1999), ” ( Wind and Water Ltd, Hong Kong, 2008). Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP114. “WATER BASED - LAND BASED SETTLEMENTS” Source: History of Thailand - from antiquity to the present. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.thailand-trip.org/hu/Istoriya. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP114. “WATER BASED - LAND BASED SETTLEMENTS” Source: Thuan, W. (n.d.). Saen Saeb Canal in Bangkok. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://th.hotels.com/go/thailand/bangkok-saen-saeb-canal?intlid=gghcat%7Cbestof. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP115. “CANAL EVOLUTION (1782 - 1910)” Source: King, Ross. “Reading Bangkok, ” ( NUS Press, Singapore, 2011), PP. 1-198. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP116. “Consequences of Urbanization in Bangkok” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP117. “Flood Risk Districts ( Worse Case Scenario & Why ) Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP118. “BANGKOK “VENICE OF THE EAST”” Source: Lu, D., & Flavelle, C. (2019, October 29). Rising Seas Will Erase More Cities by 2050, New Research Shows. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/29/climate/coastal-cities-underwater.html. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP119. “BANGKOK MONTHLY RAINFALLS (MM) 2012 – 2015” Source: Thanvisitthpon, N., Shrestha, S., & Pal, I. (2018). Urban flooding and climate change: a case study of Bangkok, Thailand. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 9(1), 86-100. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP120. “INCREASING RAINFALL INTENSITY” Source: Thanvisitthpon, N., Shrestha, S., & Pal, I. (2018). Urban flooding and climate change: a case study of Bangkok, Thailand. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 9(1), 86-100. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP121. “BANGKOK SINK OR SWIM” Source: Sullivan, B. (2019, October 31). Rising Seas Will Erase Bangkok by 2050. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.thailand-business-news.com/environment/76864-rising-seas-willerase-bangkok-by-2050.html. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP122. “THE SINKING “VENICE” Source: Sattaburuth, A. (2015, July 22). Bangkok ‘could be submerged in 15 years’. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/631224/bangkok-could-besubmerged-in-15-years. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP122. “THE SINKING “VENICE” Source: Phanawat. (2019, September 02). Sinking Cities. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1740904/sinking-cities. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP122. “THE SINKING “VENICE” Source: Supoj Wancharoen, S. (2019, September 21). Experts warn of ‘endless’ flood cycle. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1755089/expertswarn-of-endless-flood-cycle. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP123. “BANGKOK FRESHWATER AT RISK” Source: Bangkok’s tap water turns salty amid drought, rising sea levels. (2020, January 11). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/bangkoks-tap-waterturns-salty-amid-drought-rising-sea-levels. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP123. “BANGKOK FRESHWATER AT RISK” Source: Seawater v Freshwater in Bangkok’s Chao Phraya River. The seawater is winning. (2020, January 06). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://thethaiger.com/news/bangkok/seawater-vfreshwater-in-bangkoks-chao-phraya-river-the-seawater-is-winning. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP123. “BANGKOK FRESHWATER AT RISK” Source: Reuters, T. (2020, January 13). Salty water in Bangkok is new ‘reality’ as sea pushes farther inland. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.eco-business.com/news/salty-water-inbangkok-is-new-reality-as-sea-pushes-farther-inland/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP124. “CAUSE OF LAND SUBSIDENCE (AQUIFERS IN THAILAND) Source: Buapeng, S., & Wattayakorn, G. (2008). Groundwater Situation in Bangkok and Its Vicinity. Hydrological changes and management from headwater to the ocean, At Kyoto Garden Palace, Kyoto, Japan, 1-3. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP125. “RATE OF LAND SUBSIDENCE” Source: CHUAMTHAISONG, O. P. C. GROUND WATER OF BANGKOK METROPOLIS, THAILAND. & Lorphensri, O., Nettasana, T., & Ladawadee, A. (2016). Groundwater environment in Bangkok and the surrounding vicinity, Thailand. In Groundwater environment in Asian cities (pp. 229-262). Butterworth-Heinemann. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP126. “BANGKOK LAND SUBSIDENCE” Source: Bangkok sinking 10mm every year. (2015, June 19). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/597616/bangkok-sinking-10mm-every-year. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

List of Ilustrations FP127. “BANGKOK SECTIONAL STUDY(RATE OF SINKING)” Source: KriangKrai Phamornpol. “Flood Mitigation and Management in Bangkok Metropolitan Area.” P.3-20. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP128. “LOST OF NATURAL WATER ABSORBER” Source: Ratchu Surajaras. (2019). Recharging Bangkok. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP129. “CANAL EDGE TYPOLOGIES” Source: Ratchu Surajaras. (2019). Recharging Bangkok. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP130. “SAEN SEAB CANAL SECTION STUDIES (CONCRETE EDGES)” Source: Ratchu Surajaras. (2019). Recharging Bangkok. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP131. “ANGKOR WAT AS A LESSON” Source: Lovgren, S. (2017, April 05). Angkor Wat’s Collapse From Climate Change Has Lessons for Today. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/04/ angkor-wat-civilization-collapsed-floods-drought-climate-change/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP131. “ANGKOR WAT AS A LESSON” Source: Rapp, J. (2020, February 21). Angkor Wat May Owe Its Existence to an Engineering Catastrophe. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/angkor-wat-reservoir-engineering-catastrophe-180974227/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP131. “ANGKOR WAT AS A LESSON” Source: Hannah, E. (2017, April 06). Angkor Wat: How Water Destroyed This Powerful Empire? Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/58245/20170406/ angkor-wat-water-destroyed-powerful-empire.htm. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP132. “VALDRADA - THE FICTIONAL MIRRORED CITY OF VENICE” Source: Italo Calvino (1972), Invisible Cities. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP132. “VALDRADA - THE FICTIONAL MIRRORED CITY OF VENICE” Source: Valdrada City (M). [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from http://karinapuente.com/shop-1/diomira-city-8wp87-pkz2b-mbxsj-rtger-rxcmd-aw7d4-kmkk9-ldm4x-wj8xc-g66j9stwpr-n48h9-at8m4-57ssg-xzyhd. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP133. “DEMOCRATIC DICTATORSHIP – MILITARY-MONARCH ALLIANCE” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP134. “BANGKOK 2050” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP135. “THESIS HYPOTHESIS” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP136. “PRELIMINARY VISION OF WATER URBANISM AS CULTURAL EMBODIMENT” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

List of Ilustrations 02. Literature Review - Water Urbanism as Cultural Embodiment FP201. “THE ROYAL MONARCH (CHAKRI DYNASTY 1782 - PRESENT)” Source: King Chulalongkorn Day. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.thaiembassy.sg/friends-of-thailand/p/king-chulalongkorn-day. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP201. “THE ROYAL MONARCH (CHAKRI DYNASTY 1782 - PRESENT)” Source: Ray, M. (2020, October 09). Bhumibol Adulyadej. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bhumibol-Adulyadej. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP201. “THE ROYAL MONARCH (CHAKRI DYNASTY 1782 - PRESENT)” Source: 2 great kings to be feted this month. (2018, October 10). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1555118/2-great-kings-to-be-feted-this-month. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP 202. “MONARCH IN RELATION TO HISTORY TO BANGKOK” Source: Thailand profile - timeline. (2019, March 07). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15641745. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP 202. “MONARCH IN RELATION TO HISTORY TO BANGKOK” Source: Timeline. (2019, September 09). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.lonelyplanet.com/thailand/background/history/timeline/a/nar/8edc4fb8-f14c-46fc-8c54cbe762528b61/357592. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP203. “WAT CHAI WATTHANARAM, AYUTTHAYA, THAILAND” Source: Wat Chaiwatthanaram. (2020, July 07). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Chaiwatthanaram. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP204. “WAT PHRA SI SANPHET, AYUTTHAYA, THAILAND” Source: Wat Phra Si Sanphet. (2019, November 18). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP205. “THE GRAND PALACE AND THE WAT PHRA KAEW TEMPLE” Source: Wat Phra Kaew. (2020, October 29). Retrived November 08, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP206. “IDOLIZING THE ROYAL MONARCH” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP207. “VIRTUES OF URBAN RESILIENCE-ALTERNATE REALITY OF BANGOK (2020-2050) Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP208. “CONNECTION BETWEEN VIRTUES AND THE NECESSITY OF LIFE” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP209. “PARTICIPATROY SELF-EMPOWERMENT” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP210. “A REPRESENTATION OF CULTURAL EMBODIMENT IN THE NEW WATER TOWN” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

List of Ilustrations 03. Research Approach and Methodology FP301. “THE ADAPTABILITY OF ARCHITECTURE - HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL SYSTEM” Source : Furtado, L., & Jular, J. E. Homeostasis in architecture and climate change–A case study. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joao_Lanzinha/publication/269633044_Homeostasis_in_Architecture_-_Conception_of_a_homeostatic_building_prepared_for_climate_change/links/5be977db92851c6b27b8ede7/Homeostasis-in-Architecture-Conception-of-a-homeostatic-building-prepared-for-climate-change.pdf. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP302. “ANALOGY BETWEEN HUMAN BODY FUNCTIONS AND ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING SYSTEMS” Source: Furtado, L., & Jular, J. E. Homeostasis in architecture and climate change–A case study. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joao_Lanzinha/publication/269633044_Homeostasis_in_Architecture_-_Conception_of_a_homeostatic_building_prepared_for_climate_change/links/5be977db92851c6b27b8ede7/Homeostasis-in-Architecture-Conception-of-a-homeostatic-building-prepared-for-climate-change.pdf. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP303. “ARCOLOGY - THE CITY IN THE IMAGE OF A SELF-LIVING ORGANISM (HUMAN)” Source: What Is Arcology?: Ideology of Paolo Soleri. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.arcosanti.org/arcology/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP303. “ARCOLOGY - THE CITY IN THE IMAGE OF A SELF-LIVING ORGANISM (HUMAN)” Source: “Arcology”: Meaning, the city by Paolo Soleri and future. (2020, May 25). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.minocaggiula.ch/en/arcology-paolo-soleri/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP304. “ARCOLOGY = ARCHITECTURE + ECOLOGY” Source: Christopher Thornton. (2017, March 15). Paolo Soleri - His life and work (1919-2013). Retrieved from https://wewanttolearn.wordpress.com/2017/03/15/paolo-soleri/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP305. “CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY CENTENARY PARK - A FLOOD-PROOF PARK FOR A FLOOD-PRONE CITY” Source: Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park “ Landezine International Landscape Award LILA. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://landezine-award.com/chulalongkorn-university-centenary-park/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP306. “MANGROVE RESTORATION ENGINEERING - MODULAR STRUCTURE FOR NATURE-BASED COASTAL PROTECTION” Source: Cho, I., Zdravko, T., &amp; Nasution, I. (2017, April 26). New high-density intensified housing developments in Asia: Qualities, potential and challenges. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13574809.2017.1311770?scroll=top. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP307. “TERRACED HOUSE - ARTIFICAL REGENERATION SYSTEM OF CORALS” Source: Teh, C. (2018, November 09). Singapore’s largest reef structure installed. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/singapores-largest-reef-structure-installed. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP308. “THE POWER OF THREE – IMPORTANT ROLE IN REPAIRING THE CITY’ ECOSYSTEM” Source: Bangkok growing mangroves to repair ecosystem. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://thaiembdc.org/2017/05/22/bangkok-growing-mangroves-to-repair-ecosystem/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP308. “THE POWER OF THREE – IMPORTANT ROLE IN REPAIRING THE CITY’ ECOSYSTEM” Source: Stefanie. (2019, September 07). Mangrove Forest in Bangkok. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://thehiddencoconut.co/mangrove-forest-in-bangkok/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP308. “THE POWER OF THREE – IMPORTANT ROLE IN REPAIRING THE CITY’ ECOSYSTEM” Source: Coastph. (2018, November 29). Three is better than one: Mangroves, Seagrass, and Coral Reefs. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.coast.ph/ccef-news/11/the-power-of-threemangroves-seagrass-and-coral-reefs/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP308. “THE POWER OF THREE – IMPORTANT ROLE IN REPAIRING THE CITY’ ECOSYSTEM” Source: Earp, H., Prinz, N., Cziesielski, M., & Andskog, M. (2018, August 30). For a World without Boundaries: Connectivity Between Marine Tropical Ecosystems in Times of Change. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-93284-2_9. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP309. “THE MULTIPLE VALUES OF MANGROVES” Source: Spalding, M., Mcivor, A., Tonneijck, F., Tol, S., & Eijk, P. V. (2014). Mangroves for coastal defence. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP310. “BRINGING THE OUTSIDE IN INSIDE OUT” Source: Edward O. Wilson, 1993 Biophilia and the GROZDANICConservation Ethic, The Biophilia Hypothesis & L. (2017). Using Biophilic Design to Improve Habitability. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.modlar.com/news/216/using-biophilic-design-to-improve-habitability/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP310. “BRINGING THE OUTSIDE IN INSIDE OUT” Source: Burke, P. (2019, November 14). More than a Room with a View: Biophilia and the Hospitality Experience. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.michaelgraves.com/more-than-aroom-with-a-view-biophilia-and-the-hospitality-experience/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP311. “A NEW HYPOTHESIS THE EXPONENTIAL SCALE OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN” Source: McLennan, J. (2018, December 13). Biophilic Design: A New Scale Emerges: Trim Tab. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://trimtab.living-future.org/trim-tab/issue-36/biophilic-design-a-new-scale-emerges/?fbclid=IwAR2mPKZb9Ca_dudTYn8oSTLmRe0EEE1_a37VXOwqrGkr67eOD0ah6AbDbLg. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP312. “BIOPHILIC DESIGN APPROACH” Source: Grozdanic, L. (2013, February 05). WOHA’s Met Tower Keeps its Cool in Bangkok’s Tropical Climate With Natural Ventilation. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://inhabitat.com/ wohas-met-tower-remains-naturally-cool-in-bangkoks-tropical-climate/the-met-bangkok-woha-architects-6/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP312. “BIOPHILIC DESIGN APPROACH” Source: Holmes, D. (2019, January 19). Morph 38: Bangkok,Thailand: Shma Design. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/morph-38-bangkokthailand-shma-design/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

List of Ilustrations FP312. “BIOPHILIC DESIGN APPROACH” Source: House for Trees. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.vtnarchitects.net/residential-properties/house-for-trees. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP313. “BAMBOO - SPECIES THAT HAVE MULTIPLE USAGES (FOOD COOKING, CRAFT AND CONSTRUCTION)” Source: Bamboo Species - Common + Useful Bamboos in Thailand. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://thai-bamboo.blogspot.com/p/bamboo-species.html. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP314. “BAMBOO STRUCTURE - CONVENTIONAL PRESERVATION METHOD” Source: Bielema, C. (2018, May 17). TN #92 Bamboo for Construction. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.echocommunity.org/resources/01e66db1-cc89-470c-8425-ff07d53962c8. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP314. “BAMBOO STRUCTURE - CONVENTIONAL PRESERVATION METHOD” Source: Dobbins, T. (2018, July 09). Sombra Verde’s 3D Printed Bamboo Structure Bridges the Gap Between Tradition and Technology. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.archdaily. com/897117/sombra-verdes-3d-printed-bamboo-structure-bridges-the-gap-between-tradition-and-technology?ad_medium=gallery. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP315. “BAMBOO – THE STRETCH ORGANIC MATERIAL AND DESIGN” WA Contents. (2014, March 19). Singapore Bamboo Skyscraper Competition Results Announced. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-news/pmcph/singapore-bamboo-skyscraper-competition-results-announced.html. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP316. “BIOPLASTIC FROM ALGAE, SUGARCANE, CORN” Source: Bioplastics: An Increasingly Durable &amp; Sustainable Solution. (2018, August 08). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.assemblymag.com/articles/94924-bioplastics-an-increasingly-durable-sustainable-solution. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP317. “ALGAE -3D PRINTING OF BIOPLASTICS” Source: Morris, A. (2017, December 04). Dutch designers convert algae into bioplastic for 3D printing. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.dezeen.com/2017/12/04/dutch-designers-ericklarenbeek-maartje-dros-convert-algae-biopolymer-3d-printing-good-design-bad-world/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP318. “ECOLOGICALLY ENGINEERING ACHIEVED THROUGH BIOPLASTIC” Source: Chee, S. (2019, July 30). Designing Sustainable Seascapes for New Coasts. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://impakter.com/designing-sustainable-seascapes-for-new-coasts/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP319. “LIVING SEAWALL FOR THE HOMEOSTASIS IN BIODIVERSITY” Source: Yalcinkaya, G. (2019, January 31). Volvo creates Living Seawall to combat pollution and promote biodiversity. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.dezeen.com/2019/01/31/volvo-living-seawall-pollution-biodiversity-design.. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP320. “URBAN SPACE FRAMEWORK - DISSECTING THE URBAN FABRIC” Source: Cho, I. S., Trivic, Z., & Nasution, I. (2017). New high-density intensified housing developments in Asia: qualities, potential and challenges. Journal of Urban Design, 22(5), 613-636.. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13574809.2017.1311770?scroll=top&needAccess=true. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP321. “THE ‘DECK’ DEVELOPMENT” Source: Shim, J. H., Park, S., & Park, E. J. (2004). Public space planning of mixed–use high–rise buildings–focusing on the use and impact of deck structure in an urban development in Seoul. Tall buildings in historical cities–culture and technology for sustainable cities, Seoul, South Korea, October 10, 13(2004), 764-771. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP322. “ACCOMDATING THE COMMONS SOCIAL-SPATIAL PRACTICES” Source: Havik, K., Avermaete, T., &amp; Mejia Hernandes, J. (2018, October 09). Accommodating the Commons: Social-Spatial Practices in Bogota. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from http://arhitectura-1906.ro/2018/10/accommodating-the-commons-social-spatial-practices-in-bogota/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP323. “MODULAR SYSTEM AND AREA OF INFILTRATION” Source: Oscar Newman, 1972, Defensible Space, New York: the Macmillan Company, p.2-3. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP324. “HERMAN HERTZBERGER - TYPOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DIAGOON DWELLINGS” Source: Herman Hertzberger, 2005, Lessons for Students in Architecture, 5th ed., Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, p.159. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP324. “HERMAN HERTZBERGER - TYPOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DIAGOON DWELLINGS” Source: Choi, M. (2015, October 21). P 2.3.1 Typology Study – Diagoon House – Herman Hertzberger. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://mcchoilearns.wordpress.com/2015/10/21/p-2-3-1typology-study-diagoon-house-herman-hertzberger/ &. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP325. “Tsinghua Ocean Center” Source: Tsinghua Ocean Center / OPEN Architecture. (2017, March 20). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/867423/tsinghua-ocean-center-open-architecture?ad_medium=gallery. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

List of Ilustrations 04. Research Output and Review by Design FP401. “BANGKOK DISTRICT FEASIBILITY STUDIES” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP402. “VIRTUE OF URBAN RESILIENCE - NARRATIVE TO ARCHITECTURAL PHASING” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP403. “TECTONIC COLLAGE FOR THE WATER PARLIAMENT” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP404. “MASTERPLAN COLLAGE FOR THE NEW FICTIONAL BANGKOK CITY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP405. “AREA OF INVESTIGATION” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP406. “PHRA NAKHON DISTRICT MAP” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP407. “SITE 2 - PHRA NAKHON LAND USE ZONING” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP408. “THE GRAND PALACE DISTRICT MAP” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP409. “NEW URBAN MORPHOLOGY DIAGRAM” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

List of Ilustrations 05. Design Intention and Proposed Design Objective FP501. “SITE RESPONSE - MASTERPLAN” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP502. “THE RAIN TREE ANALOGY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP503. “THE WATER PARLIAMENT MASTERPLAN 1- 2500” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP504. “WATER URBANISM AS CULTURAL EMBODIMENT - THE WATER PARLIAMENT” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP505. “EMBANKMENT WATER FESTIVAL PLAZA TO PROMOTE CELEBRATION AND UNITY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP506. “EMBANKMENT WATERPLAZA TYPOLOGY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP507. “SPONGE TOWER FOR A SUSTAINABLE LIVING” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP508. “SPONGE TOWER TYPOLOGY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP509. “COASTAL RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY WITH ADAPTABLE LIVING COMMUNITY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP510. “COASTAL RESIDENTIAL ON LAND TYPOLOGY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP511. “COASTAL RESIDENTIAL WITH AQUACULTURE AND CORAL RESTORATION” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP512. “COASTAL RESIDENTIAL ON WATER TYPOLOGY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020 FP513. Conclusion Page Image. “PRELIMINARY VISION OF WATER URBANISM AS CULTURAL EMBODIMENT” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

WORD COUNT : 8351

( NOTE : excludes Abstracts, Keywords, Contents, List of Illustrations, Biblography )

Acknowledgements

Thank you (S) :

To my family, thank you all so much for the constant support and always look after my welfare whenever I am busy with submission.

To Zheng Yu, thank you so much for countless encouragement and support for my work. It is almost impossible for me to make it through the semester without your help

To Terence, Mingjie, Kamil, thank you all so much for the weekly consultatation and words of encouragment. I am glad that we are all in this together.

To Aloysius thank you for all the crack softwares and always helping me

To Ivan and Edmund, thank you all so much for the additional teaching lesson over zoom all the way from UK

To my Tuesday Taiji Studiomates, thank you all so much for making this studio a little bit more fun despite most of the lesson were conducted via zoom.

Finally, to my thesis supervisor,

Mr Khoo Peng Beng, thank you so much your constant guidance and the weekly check-in sessions just to make sure we are doing fine.

ONE

Introduction Symbolism of Religious Tradition and Cultural Belief Thailand was primarily an agricultural country, but since the 1960s, increasing numbers of people have moved to Bangkok, the capital, and other cities. The greater Bangkok metropolitan area became the prominent urban center in the country. The vast majority of the inhabitants of Thailand are descendants of speakers of Tai languages who have been dominant in the area since the late 13th century. Although Buddhism is the largest religion that is practiced by 95% of the population in Thailand, there is no official state religion in the Thai constitution, which guarantees religious freedom for all Thai citizens, though the king is required by law to be a Theravada Buddhist (FP101). Also, the religious life of the country is more complex than how it is portrayed by such statistics. Of the large Thai Chinese population, most of those who follow Buddhism have been integrated into the dominant Theravada tradition. The Theravada tradition of Buddhism came to Thailand from Sri Lanka and the community of monks (sangha) is central to this tradition (FP103). In Thailand, almost every settlement has at least one temple-monastery (wat), where monks in their distinctive yellow robes reside and where communal rituals take place. When Thailand was still primarily an agrarian society, rituals held according to the Buddhist calendar at the wat were central to communal life. The culture of Thailand has evolved greatly over time, from its relative isolation during the Sukhothai era, to its more contemporary Ayutthaya era, which absorbed influences from all over Asia. Limited Indian, Chinese, Burmese, and other Southeast Asian influences are still evident in traditional Thai culture. Buddhism, Animism, and Westernization also play a significant role in shaping modern culture. Thai national culture is identified differently throughout regions in Thailand where it also integrated different regional cultures such as the Lanna, Isan, including Chinese origin and in the reign of King Chulalongkorn in the late-19th century, European trend of nationalism has begun to insert greater influence into Thai culture. However, the promotion of civic culture reached its peak after the Siamese revolution of 1932 where series of authoritarian regimes began to insert greater control over people’s culture and lifestyles, especially under the regime of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram. Present-day Thailand has a culture that is a combination of various local rituals from different parts of the country, along with Buddhist values and oriental trends like in many parts of Asia. Monarchy and the royal institution of the Chakri dynasty remain highly revered according to original Siamese culture, whereas societal values in Thailand tend to be more collectivist and religiously secular than in other Southeast Asian cultures that have undergone influences from western colonization. Buddhism in Thailand is also strongly influenced by traditional beliefs regarding ancestral and natural spirits, which have been incorporated into Buddhist cosmology. Thai folklore is a diverse set of mythology and traditional beliefs held by the Thai people. Most Thai folklore has a regional background for it originated in rural Thailand. Over time, and through the influence of the media, large parts of Thai folklore have become interwoven with the wider popular Thai culture and rooted in the folk religion. Until they were recorded, folk beliefs were handed down over the generations. It was used by elders to instill belief among the younger generation as most stories contain moral lessons teaching the importance of following traditions. However, some of the miscellaneous folk beliefs have resulted in some sort of superstition among the Thai people such as the obsession with Deities, Spirits, and Ghosts (FP104).

top left FP101. ‘CENTRE MAINLAND IN SOUTHEAST ASIA’ Source: Hafner, J. (2020, November 01). Thailand. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/place/ Thailand. Reconstructed Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

top right FP102. ‘TRADITIONAL THAI ARTS’ Source: Thai art. (2020, October 28). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_art Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom left FP103. ‘RELIGION AND ETHNIC GROUPS’ Source: Tai. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/ place/Thailand/Tai Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom right FP104. ‘THERAVADA BUDDHISM AND THAI FOLKLORE’ Source: Theravada. (2020, November 04). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom left FP104. ‘THERAVADA BUDDHISM AND THAI FOLKLORE’ Source: Thai folklore. (2020, September 12). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_folklore. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

Symbolism of Water through Religious Festival and Celebration

The Thai calendar brings plenty of festivals that have a strong relationship with the sacredness of water in Thailand. Each of these festivals draws on the rich cultural and religious traditions of the country and acts as the magnet for Thai tourism and the unity of the locals. Most of these festivals have religious and cultural influences with the Hinduism Festival of Kumbh Mela in India (FP106). For instance, Songkran is the ‘Water Festival’ that happens in mid-April every year. It heralds in the New Year and sees the country’s most sacred temples overflowing with devotees who perform a ritual of the Buddha statues. Songkran is a major event in the Buddhist calendar, making it the most important Thai festival. During Songkran, Buddhists visit temples to pray, light candles, and make merit as well as cleanse each other with water. On the main day of celebrations, a procession of Buddha statues, monks, and floats passes through the streets and Buddhists pour water over the statues. It is to celebrate the start of the Thai New Year, which is thought of as a time of cleansing and renewal and it is symbolized by pouring water and smearing white talcum paste on people to bring luck and prosperity (FP105). Loy Krathong is one of the other Thailand’s evocative festival. This Festival of Light is celebrated on the full moon of the 12th Thai calendar month. Banana leaves woven into lotus shapes and decorated with flowers, incense, and candles are floated down rivers across the country. While there are different tales about the origins of Loy Krathong, many celebrate this ritual now to pay their respects to the Goddess of Water and to ask for forgiveness for causing pollution (FP105). These festivals were meant to be the cleansing of sin for better luck and prosperity in the future, however, it causes increased waste in the environment and worsens the freshwater supply and condition of the country (FP107).

top FP 105. “WATER RELATED FESTIVALS” Source: Williams, S. (2018, March 02). Top Things to Do During Songkran in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://theculturetrip.com/asia/ thailand/articles/top-things-to-do-duringsongkran-in-chiang-mai-thailand/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

top FP 105. “WATER RELATED FESTIVALS” Source: Team, K. (2020, March 14). Where To Celebrate Loy Krathong And Yee Peng, Thailand’s Most Beautiful Festivals. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.klook.com/blog/loy-krathongyee-peng-thailand/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

middle FP106. “RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL INFLUENCE” Source: Malhotra, A. (2019, March 28). Kumbh Mela: Cleaning up after the world’s largest human gathering. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www. theguardian.com/cities/2019/mar/28/ kumbh-mela-cleaning-up-after-the-worldslargest-human-gathering. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP107. “TRADITION AND TRASH | WATER AND WASTE” Source: Suwitcha Chaiyong, S. (2019, November 11). Tradition vs trash on Loy Krathong. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from http://www.bangkokpost.com/life/ social-and-lifestyle/1791719/tradition-vstrash-on-loy-krathong. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP107. “TRADITION AND TRASH | WATER AND WASTE” Source: Anchalee Kongrut, A. (2016, April 13). The quest for a sustainable Songkran. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.bangkokpost. com/life/social-and-lifestyle/932033/ the-quest-for-a-sustainable-songkran?fbclid=IwAR0GHWsXYmKzAh33K8YanrW1HWcM6-1hK2hgvd2dMgnu2jjLtDCoVIdc1to. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

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Symbolism of Water Town Architecture

FP108. “HISTORY OF WATER-BASED SETTLEMENT” Source: Denpaiboon, C. H. A. W. E. E. W. A. N. (2015). Utilization of historical city for sustainable tourism: A case study of floating market in Thailand. Recent Advances in Earth Sciences, Environment and Development. Retrieved February, 9, 2016. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

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Besides, water also has another strong significance to the Bangkokians. Throughout history, the canal has always played an important role in Bangkokians’ lifestyle with boats and waterfront spaces used as primary common spaces for leisure, cultural events as well as transportations for daily commute and trades (FP110). As the city of Bangkok was built from a water-based settlement, there are 4 different forms of settlements in the past showing Bangkokians can easily adapt to the water-based lifestyle (FP111). Even with the urban morphology of Bangkok, the floating market remained as one of the city functions which is very important for the basis of life, local economy, and history for tourism development. In the past, Thai people traded agricultural harvests and other products on the rivers and canals (Yasmeen, 2000). The original name for these food markets was ‘market on appointment’, not referring to daily markets, but to markets that took place at certain times and places. Originally, the floating markets were neither a story about particular places, nor vendors, merchandises, or boats per se, but about the moments (‘appointments’) when several boats with vendors and their products gathered and interacted. Floating markets were scheduled according to the lunar calendar and floating markets in the same region generally were not held on the same day, so that local people could frequent multiple floating markets. Floating markets were not only important for the trading of food but were also social meeting places (FP109). These water community areas used to be located near the gardens as the farmers brought the agricultural product to markets. Thus, these areas were joined between rivers or canals or near the temple. There were floating markets where individual demands were exchanged and satisfied in such location of Intersection Canal nearby temple as a community center. Traditionally, the components of the canal network, religious temple, agriculture gardens, and floating markets consisted of the water village system in which each function is based on the coexistence of others in the context (FP108). However, after the introduction of the automobile and other forms of land-based transport, floating markets gradually disappeared (FP112). As such, the concept of access to water will be reversed for a new urban design available to all in my thesis. It is not only when most people enjoy the water as an amenity that they will truly appreciate, it is meant to propose a greater social and cultural significance in especially related to urban morphology and historic city, the new water urbanism.

FP108. “HISTORY OF WATER-BASED SETTLEMENT” Source: Thongpanya, T. (2018). Damnoen Saduak Floating Market: The construction of floating market community identity from agricultural society to tourism community. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(2), 254-261.Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP109. “HISTORY OF FLOATING MARKET TYPOLOGY” Source: Denpaiboon, C. H. A. W. E. E. W. A. N. (2015). Utilization of historical city for sustainable tourism: A case study of floating market in Thailand. Recent Advances in Earth Sciences, Environment and Development. Retrieved February, 9, 2016. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Following Page) top FP110. “HISTORY IDENTITY OF THE CANAL” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

middle FP111. “CANAL SETTLEMENTS FORM AND CHARACTERISTIC” Source: Denpaiboon, C. H. A. W. E. E. W. A. N. (2015). Utilization of historical city for sustainable tourism: A case study of floating market in Thailand. Recent Advances in Earth Sciences, Environment and Development. Retrieved February, 9, 2016. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP112. “CANAL EVOLUTION (1782-1910)” Source: N, T. (2020, May 14). COVID-19: Phuket airport to resume limited operations this Saturday. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.thailandnews. co/2020/05/covid-19-phuket-airport-to-resume-limited-operations-this-saturday/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP112. “CANAL EVOLUTION (1782-1910)” Source: TAT, N. (2019, November 03). Agro tourism and Thainess on Khlong Mahasawat in Nakhon Pathom. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www. tatnews.org/2016/02/agro-tourism-andthainess-on-khlong-mahasawat-in-nakhonpathom/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP112. “CANAL EVOLUTION (1782-1910)” Source: Fischer, M. (2011, July 04). Klong Saen Saep near Pratunam pier, Bangkok, Thailand [Digital image]. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://es.m.wikipedia. org/wiki/Archivo:SaenSaepRiverBoat.jpg. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP112. “CANAL EVOLUTION (1782-1910)” Source: CANAL-SIDE HOUSING. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://en.codi.or.th/baan-mankong-housing/ canal-upgrading-project/. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

Issue and Problem Statements Urban Flooding as a result of urbanization Besides facilitating the life of people, the canal is also important in managing the water in Bangkok. The transportation revolution was also a significant catalyst of the city growth that led to an expansion of urbanized areas to the north and east of the city (FP115). During the transformation processes, the city has changed from the water-based settlement (canals oriented) to land-based settlement (road-oriented) which utilizes the new transportation modes such as roads, trams, and railway systems (FP114). However, this also increases the vulnerabilities of the city against flooding. As such, dykes are usually built around the city to replace the loss of natural water absorption material and precious water surfaces for the water run-off (FP116). As the city of Bangkok is located along the Chao Phraya River Delta and Chao Phraya River Basin, flooding is very common and is usually caused by the heavy rainfall during the monsoon season (May - October) and the water run-off from the Northern region of the country. In 2011, the great flood crisis with more than 52% of the Bangkok affected indicates that the uprising amount of water precipitation than average and combining with the lack of water management system resulted in the national level catastrophe (FP117). This is also partially due to the significant impact of the urbanization that created the great areas of impervious surfaces and the displacement of canals for new roads. Some of the informal settlements along the canal have also obstructed the river flow and causing the city more vulnerable to flooding.

(Previous 2 Page) top FP113. “BANGKOK URBANIZATION (1800 - 2016)” Source: Beek, Steve Van. “ The Chao Phraya River in Transition, ” ( Oxford University Press: Kuala Lumper, 1995) PP. 1-43, 68-120, 172-198. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

top FP113. “BANGKOK URBANIZATION (1800 - 2016)” Source: Beek, Steve Van. “ Bangkok then and now (1999), ” ( Wind and Water Ltd, Hong Kong, 2008). Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

middle FP114. “WATER BASED - LAND BASED SETTLEMENTS” Source: History of Thailand - from antiquity to the present. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.thailand-trip. org/hu/Istoriya Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

middle FP114. “WATER BASED - LAND BASED SETTLEMENTS” Source: Thuan, W. (n.d.). Saen Saeb Canal in Bangkok. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://th.hotels.com/go/thailand/ bangkok-saen-saeb-canal?intlid=gghcat%7Cbestof Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP115. “CANAL EVOLUTION (1782 - 1910)” Source: King, Ross. “Reading Bangkok, ” ( NUS Press, Singapore, 2011), PP. 1-198 Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Previous Page) top FP116. “Consequences of Urbanization in Bangkok” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP117. “Flood Risk Districts ( Worse Case Scenario & Why ) Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Previous Page) top FP118. “BANGKOK “VENICE OF THE EAST”” Source: Lu, D., & Flavelle, C. (2019, October 29). Rising Seas Will Erase More Cities by 2050, New Research Shows. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www. nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/29/climate/coastal-cities-underwater.html Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

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Environmental challenges of climate change and rising sea levels

FP119. “BANGKOK MONTHLY RAINFALLS (MM) 2012 – 2015” Source: Thanvisitthpon, N., Shrestha, S., & Pal, I. (2018). Urban flooding and climate change: a case study of Bangkok, Thailand. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 9(1), 86-100. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

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Bangkok has long been known as the “Venice of the East” for its extensive network of canals. Building on soft clay and over-extraction of groundwater, Bangkok has the dubious distinction of being one of the fastest sinking cities in the world as it is sinking 10 times faster than the rising sea level. According to some estimates, parts of Bangkok are sinking by two centimeters annually. For some parts of the city that are now only half a meter above sea level, these estimates are very worrying. Tap water in the country also becoming saline as seawater pushed up the depleted Chao Phraya River and intrudes into aquifers (FP123). Based on the studies on the increasing rainfall intensity, if Bangkok decided not to do anything to address the rising sea issue, the whole city will be submerged by water completely in 2050 (FP118). Bangkok might seem to be a surprising addition to the climate change crisis list as the media coverage more often focuses on the impact of rising sea levels and surging tides on coastal residents, or vulnerable low-lying islands. In Thailand, however, the effects of climate change are felt inland, along rivers and deltas, mainly in the crucial Chao Phraya River region and Bangkok is particularly vulnerable. Under these assumptions, the city is expected to experience around 40 percent inundation by an extreme rainfall event and 15 centimeters (cm) sea-level rise (SLR) by 2030. A further expansion of the prediction also showed 70 percent inundation and 88 cm SLR by 2080 (FP121).

FP120. “INCREASING RAINFALL INTENSITY” Source: Thanvisitthpon, N., Shrestha, S., & Pal, I. (2018). Urban flooding and climate change: a case study of Bangkok, Thailand. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 9(1), 86-100. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Following Page) top FP121. “BANGKOK SINK OR SWIM” Source: Sullivan, B. (2019, October 31). Rising Seas Will Erase Bangkok by 2050. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.thailand-business-news.com/ environment/76864-rising-seas-will-erasebangkok-by-2050.html Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

middle FP122. “THE SINKING “VENICE” Source: Sattaburuth, A. (2015, July 22). Bangkok ‘could be submerged in 15 years’. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/ general/631224/bangkok-could-be-submerged-in-15-years Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

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The various negative impacts on the environment and society caused by land subsidence have been a problem in Bangkok since the 1970s. Intensive groundwater extraction for industrial and domestic purposes since the 1950s also led to a decline of groundwater levels which have been identified by various studies as the primary cause of the phenomenon of land subsidence (FP125). Therefore, part of the thesis research also focuses on how to recharge the water back to the ground to slow down the rate of sinking. With the sea-level rise and land subsidence, the red horizontal lines indicate the area that will be submerged in water by 2050 and 2100. The area between Maha Rat Road and Saen Seab Canal was chosen for further analysis because of its proximity to the religious temples, royal grand palace, and the historical water villages along the Saen Seab Canal that were eradicated because of the urbanization (FP127). The current canal system in Bangkok with concrete edges is the pitfall of its urbanization because of the loss of natural water absorption material. As such, this study shows that a more sustainable methodology will be required against the existing defensive flood strategy of building more concrete dyke systems as water will still find another way to enter the city (FP128)

FP122. “THE SINKING “VENICE” Source: Phanawat. (2019, September 02). Sinking Cities. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/ world/1740904/sinking-cities Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

middle FP122. “THE SINKING “VENICE” Source: Supoj Wancharoen, S. (2019, September 21). Experts warn of ‘endless’ flood cycle. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/ thailand/general/1755089/experts-warn-ofendless-flood-cycle Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP123. “BANGKOK FRESHWATER AT RISK” Source: Bangkok’s tap water turns salty amid drought, rising sea levels. (2020, January 11). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/ se-asia/bangkoks-tap-water-turns-saltyamid-drought-rising-sea-levels Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP123. “BANGKOK FRESHWATER AT RISK” Source: Seawater v Freshwater in Bangkok’s Chao Phraya River. The seawater is winning. (2020, January 06). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://thethaiger.com/ news/bangkok/seawater-v-freshwater-inbangkoks-chao-phraya-river-the-seawateris-winning Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP123. “BANGKOK FRESHWATER AT RISK” Source: Reuters, T. (2020, January 13). Salty water in Bangkok is new ‘reality’ as sea pushes farther inland. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.eco-business. com/news/salty-water-in-bangkok-is-newreality-as-sea-pushes-farther-inland/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

top FP124. “CAUSE OF LAND SUBSIDENCE (AQUIFERS IN THAILAND) Source: Buapeng, S., & Wattayakorn, G. (2008). Groundwater Situation in Bangkok and Its Vicinity. Hydrological changes and management from headwater to the ocean, At Kyoto Garden Palace, Kyoto, Japan, 1-3. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP125. “RATE OF LAND SUBSIDENCE” Source: CHUAMTHAISONG, O. P. C. GROUND WATER OF BANGKOK METROPOLIS, THAILAND. & Lorphensri, O., Nettasana, T., & Ladawadee, A. (2016). Groundwater environment in Bangkok and the surrounding vicinity, Thailand. In Groundwater environment in Asian cities (pp. 229-262). Butterworth-Heinemann. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

33 top FP126. “BANGKOK LAND SUBSIDENCE” Source: Bangkok sinking 10mm every year. (2015, June 19). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/ thailand/general/597616/bangkok-sinking10mm-every-year Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP127. “BANGKOK SECTIONAL STUDY(RATE OF SINKING)” Source: KriangKrai Phamornpol. “Flood Mitigation and Management in Bangkok Metropolitan Area.” P.3-20 Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Following Page) top left FP128. “LOST OF NATURAL WATER ABSORBER” Source: Ratchu Surajaras. (2019). Recharging Bangkok. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

top right FP129. “CANAL EDGE TYPOLOGIES” Source: Ratchu Surajaras. (2019). Recharging Bangkok. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP130. “SAEN SEAB CANAL SECTION STUDIES (CONCRETE EDGES)” Source: Ratchu Surajaras. (2019). Recharging Bangkok Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

Water is Power Traditionally, water has been seen as a power source that functions beyond just as a life essential. Angkor Wat is considered the largest religious monument in the world built in the early 12th century. It has a water management infrastructure that had no equal on Earth. Not only does it control the city, but it also played a religious role in Angkor society. It was shown that the engineered water systems of Angkor Wat would have allowed Angkorian rulers to accumulate power through rice agriculture and extend their sway through neighboring states. At that time, water was not only a resource that had to be managed in terms of agriculture and flooding but also tied up with the power of the king during the Khmer Empire. Even though the water infrastructure system at Angkor was enormous, highly interconnected (and interdependent), and very complex, experts believed that water built the city of Angkor and yet it was also water ultimately that aided in ruining this walled city by a series of cascading failures in response to an increase in climate extremes that ended the period of the Khmer empire (FP131).

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A religious driven sin city

FP131. “ANGKOR WAT AS A LESSON” Source: Lovgren, S. (2017, April 05). Angkor Wat’s Collapse From Climate Change Has Lessons for Today. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.nationalgeographic. com/news/2017/04/angkor-wat-civilization-collapsed-floods-drought-climate-change/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

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Bangkok is a city of contrasts with actions at every turn. One of the social and political phenomena in Bangkok is that the Thai people are more instinctive and animistic. Under the constitutional system, the king’s post as head of the armed forces is a means for the monarchy to be closely related to the armed forces. Even though Thailand is a democratic country, it is very much military dictatorship governance where it is ruling by decree, cracking down on dissent, censoring the media, and banning public gatherings (FP133). This is partially due to the symbolism of the monarch in the country that gives the military its astonishing resilience and power to rule the country. As result, the Thai people are bounded by their own religious beliefs and always subject to higher power governance and dominance.

FP131. “ANGKOR WAT AS A LESSON” Source: Rapp, J. (2020, February 21). Angkor Wat May Owe Its Existence to an Engineering Catastrophe. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https:// www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ angkor-wat-reservoir-engineering-catastrophe-180974227/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

top FP131. “ANGKOR WAT AS A LESSON” Source: Hannah, E. (2017, April 06). Angkor Wat: How Water Destroyed This Powerful Empire? Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.scienceworldreport.com/ articles/58245/20170406/angkor-wat-water-destroyed-powerful-empire.htm Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP132. “VALDRADA - THE FICTIONAL MIRRORED CITY OF VENICE” Source: Italo Calvino (1972), Invisible Cities Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP132. “VALDRADA - THE FICTIONAL MIRRORED CITY OF VENICE” Source: Valdrada City (M). [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from http://karinapuente.com/shop-1/ diomira-city-8wp87-pkz2b-mbxsj-rtgerrxcmd-aw7d4-kmkk9-ldm4x-wj8xc-g66j9stwpr-n48h9-at8m4-57ssg-xzyhd. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

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FP133. “DEMOCRATIC DICTATORSHIP – MILITARY-MONARCH ALLIANCE” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

FP134. “BANGKOK 2050” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

Hypothesis and Key Arguments Hence, Water Urbanism as a cultural embodiment examines the transformation of political culture, environment, and society of Bangkok towards urban resilience and deep sustainability. It aims to take the history of Angkor Wat as a reference and reimagine a fictional reality of Bangkok just like how Italo Calvino wrote the mirror city of Valdrada, in his Invisible Cities to describe a fictional city of Venice (FP132). It is a cautionary tale of embracing rising sea levels as a resource for enculturation as it proposes the existing condition and impact of the social, political, and environmental phenomenon in Bangkok as opportunities derived from the problem statement that will be elaborated in the next chapter. They are (a) to demonstrate how Bangkokians can adapt to the changes through the new form of cultural embodiment and virtues that enhance the traditional value and symbolism of religion, monarch, and water, allowing them to adapt to any environmental challenges and (b) creating the Water Parliament where it will be a people city that establishes the new water urbanism, focusing on protecting the people against environmental challenges as well as allowing the evolution of social and political institutions in Thailand (FP134).

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FP135. “THESIS HYPOTHESIS” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

FP136. “PRELIMINARY VISION OF WATER URBANISM AS CULTURAL EMBODIMENT” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

TWO

Literature Review Water Urbanism as Cultural Embodiment

Sacredness Symbolism of Monarch Siam, as Thailand was officially called until 1939, was never brought under European colonial domination. Independent Siam was ruled by an absolute monarchy until a revolution there in 1932. Since that time, Thailand has been a constitutional monarchy, and all subsequent constitutions have provided for an elected parliament. Although a crisis emerged in 2006, when the military aligned with the monarchy, they managed to overthrow an elected government and forming a new interim government in 2007 (FP202). King Chulalongkorn and King Bhumibol were both the great king who managed to modernize the nation, keeping up with the global standards of their respective eras. Their Majesties shared a common ultimate goal of improving the people’s lives by enabling the country to become self-sufficient, sustainable, and prosperous (FP201). Throughout history, the Thai King has often stood as a mediator between his people and their god, or (in ancient Sumer) as the god’s representative. Thailand is a homeostasis country where a good king can be the guiding light in a dark era and allow the country to progress and adapt through its monarchy governance and exhibiting urban resilience.

(Previous Page) top FP201. “THE ROYAL MONARCH (CHAKRI DYNASTY 1782 - PRESENT)” Source: King Chulalongkorn Day. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https:// www.thaiembassy.sg/friends-of-thailand/p/ king-chulalongkorn-day Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

top FP201. “THE ROYAL MONARCH (CHAKRI DYNASTY 1782 - PRESENT)” Source: Ray, M. (2020, October 09). Bhumibol Adulyadej. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/ biography/Bhumibol-Adulyadej Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

top FP201. “THE ROYAL MONARCH (CHAKRI DYNASTY 1782 - PRESENT)” Source: 2 great kings to be feted this month. (2018, October 10). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1555118/2great-kings-to-be-feted-this-month Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP 202. “MONARCH IN RELATION TO HISTORY TO BANGKOK” Source: Thailand profile - timeline. (2019, March 07). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/worldasia-15641745 Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP 202. “MONARCH IN RELATION TO HISTORY TO BANGKOK” Source: Timeline. (2019, September 09). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.lonelyplanet.com/thailand/ background/history/timeline/a/nar/8edc4fb8-f14c-46fc-8c54Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

Symbolism of Monastic Architecture Traditionally, monastic architecture in Thailand functions more than just as a building. Wat Chai Watthanaram (WCW) was built by King Prasat Thong to symbolize his victory over Cambodia and as a gesture of expressing his legitimacy and political power. The architecture layout followed the concepts of Khmer mountain temples of Angkor Wat to symbolize the Theravada Buddhist cosmology. This centralized model was first referenced from the Central Javanese garbha grha model from the early classical period and later the Khmer Prasat model during the middle classical period. The centralized planning followed the Khmer influence on Concentric Enclosure from the Angkor Wat where the relic tower, Prang, as the central architecture form was enclosed within a rectangular temple precinct that was defined by a boundary wall. It was placed on the raised terrace 89of the inner courtyard with the tallest main Phra Prang which had a monumental scale that reaches a height of 35m to symbolize Mount Meru (FP203). The central shrine of Wat Phra Si Sanphet (WPSS), the Chedi was also completed in 1492 by King Ramathibodi II to highlight the dignity and the glorious status of the great kingdom in Ayutthaya. It was used to enshrine the ashes of his father, King Borommatrailokanat, and served as an important monastic architecture in Ayutthaya which acted as the magical center of the capital of the kingdom of Ayutthaya similarly to the Wat Mahathat at Sukhothai (FP204). Up till today, the monastic architecture of Thailand is still the representation of the country’s cultural legacy as it reflects both the challenges of living in Thailand’s sometimes extreme climate as well as the importance of monastic architecture to the Thai people’s sense of community and religious beliefs in the past. Influenced by the architectural traditions of many of Thailand’s neighbours, it has also developed significant regional variations within its vernacular and religious buildings to demonstrate certain monarchy political agenda such as the present days of using the Grand Palace and temples to establish the connection between the religious culture of Theravada Buddhism and rightful authority of the kingdom (FP205).

(Previous Page) top FP203. “WAT CHAI WATTHANARAM, AYUTTHAYA, THAILAND” Source: Wat Chaiwatthanaram. (2020, July 07). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Chaiwatthanaram Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

middle FP204. “WAT PHRA SI SANPHET, AYUTTHAYA, THAILAND” Source: Wat Phra Si Sanphet. (2019, November 18). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP205. “THE GRAND PALACE AND THE WAT PHRA KAEW TEMPLE”

Source: Wat Phra Kaew. (2020, October 29). Retrived November 08, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

Idolizing the Monarch Though Thailand had a constitutional monarchy since 1932, when a revolution ended absolute rule by kings, the country’s monarchs are regarded as almost divine and have been seen as a unifying presence in the country that has seen regular bouts of political instability as it rotates between elected governments and military rule. As such, the monarch shall be idolized and continue to present as the living symbol of getting the mass participation of all loyal Thai people, achieving the focus of unity for the new Thai nation (FP206). It aims to propose greater transparency in governance as a movement towards resilience against the water crisis and upholding their cultural identity. By drawing the symbiotic relationship between monarch and monastic architecture, the proposed thesis will also be about preserving the religious and sacred architecture as the new symbol of resilience.

(Previous Page) FP206. “IDOLIZING THE ROYAL MONARCH” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 202

Virtues of urban resilience – To worship the necessity of life & participatory self-empowerment

Derived from postulated narratives and knowledge regarding environmental challenges on the city, the thesis will be broken down into 4 different phases. Each of these phasings will be anchored by the 4 Thai deities to transcend four different virtues as a catalyst for the Bangkokians to cultivate during the different phases of redevelopment (FP207). For instance, the four-faced deity, Phra Phrom represents the civic virtue of charity in Phase 1. He has eight arms and four faces which each represents love, compassion, joy, and charity. He is positioned to face the four cardinal directions, each responsible for luck in a different area. His role as the innovator will transcend the fundamental human requirements to protect, provide, and to participate. The mother rice goddess, Mae Phosop who is also known as the ‘Mother of Rice Prosperity’ is considered the spirit and soul of the main staple of the Thai diet, rice. She represents the natural virtue of hope in Phase 2 and her role as the human fertilizer will transcend the immediate need for harvesting and preparing for climate change in the future. Garuda is a warrior deity who fights injustice and destroys evil in his various avatars to preserve dharma. His insignia of royalty symbolizes the consistent virtue of fidelity in Phase 3 and his role as the culture hero will transcend the courage of adapting to the new way of future living. Known as the mother earth goddess, Phra Mae Thorani is personified as a young woman who wrings the water of detachment out of her hair to drown Mara. The water flowing forth from her long hair symbolizes the birth of a new life and the infused virtue of faith in Phase 4. Her role as the world creator will transcend the birth of a new Water Parliament where everyone in the country participates. Overall, the idea of using the animism belief towards the myths of the 4 Thai Deities to transcend the virtues as the catalyst is also meant to address the importance of securing the necessity of life in the face of rising sea levels (FP208). It aims to demonstrate cooperation between top-down and bottom-up approaches where the individuals and monarchs play a part to uphold the tradition of the country and create new water urbanism that addresses these fundamentals of survival. The preliminary illustrations are meant to reimagine how the various urban redevelopments will be carried out in the other part of Bangkok city during the different phases of construction (FP209). It highlights not only the changes of infrastructure but also the participatory self-empowerment of the individuals collectively to form the Water Parliament where the new water and religious architecture allows the new form of societal evolution (FP210).

(Previous Page) FP207. “VIRTUES OF URBAN RESILIENCE-ALTERNATE REALITY OF BANGOK (2020-2050) Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Following Page) FP208. “CONNECTION BETWEEN VIRTUES AND THE NECESSITY OF LIFE” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Following 2 Page) FP209. “PARTICIPATROY SELF-EMPOWERMENT” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

FP210. “A REPRESENTATION OF CULTURAL EMBODIMENT IN THE NEW WATER TOWN” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

THREE

Research Approach and Methodology The research approach and methodology comprises of four key aspects. First will be drawing the analogy between the human body functions and architectural building systems to create new homeostasis arcological systems that could adapt to climate change and rising sea levels. Secondly, creating a biophilic design as a curative design solution with the optimal healing environment that can reduce the adverse impacts of urbanization. Thirdly, the analytic studies to identify the potential of water, natural, and biological construction material that can help to restore the homeostasis condition of the ecosystems and build a cyclical model of sustainability. Lastly, the analysis of case studies of successful urban configuration and design that allows adaptable living and promotes community empowerment.

Homeostasis in Architecture

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Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal state that persists despite changes in the world outside. All living organisms, from plants to people, must regulate their internal environment to process energy and ultimately survive through this process of “dynamic equilibrium” (FP302). Each of the individual human body has a homeostatic control system that regulates all the body variables. Likewise, for the architecture, the homeostatic building also requires a homeostatic control system that controls its different variables such as tempered environment, energy, food, air, and water. As such, architecture that was developed under these homeostatic architecture concepts will have this system of dynamic equilibrium that has the potential possibility to adapt to any environmental challenges (FP301). Arcology is the fusion of architecture with ecology, a comprehensive urban perspective. In an Arcology, the built environment and the inhabitants’ life processes interact like organs, tissues, and cells in a highly evolved organism (FP303). In nature, as organisms evolve, they increase in complexity and become a more compact system. Likewise, a city should also evolve and function as a living system. (Paolo Soleri, 2020) The highly integrated and compact three-dimensional urban form of arcology is the opposite of urban sprawl for the traditional and organic city with its inherently wasteful consumption of land, energy, and time tending to isolate people from each other and the community. Arcologies are self-contained, vertically layered mega buildings that combine living, working, and natural environments into condensed superorganisms (FP304). Religious culture is the identity of Bangkok and it should be well-preserved. Therefore, the efficiency and liveability of the arcology are required to make Bangkok sustainable and resilient. As the country is preparing for the rising seawater, work needs to be widely projected to include roads, bridges, and infrastructure that will allow the city to continue functions. However, the design of a piece of architecture that minimizes the effect of climate change is not sufficient to achieve urban resilience. It still requires correspondence with the individual and community responsibilities and the design implementation with other natural ecosystems.

FP301. “THE ADAPTABILITY OF ARCHITECTURE - HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL SYSTEM” Source : Furtado, L., & Jular, J. E. Homeostasis in architecture and climate change–A case study. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ Joao_Lanzinha/publication/269633044_Homeostasis_in_Architecture_-_Conception_of_a_homeostatic_building_prepared_for_climate_change/ links/5be977db92851c6b27b8ede7/ Homeostasis-in-Architecture-Conception-of-a-homeostatic-building-prepared-for-climate-change.pdf Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP302. “ANALOGY BETWEEN HUMAN BODY FUNCTIONS AND ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING SYSTEMS” Source: Furtado, L., & Jular, J. E. Homeostasis in architecture and climate change–A case study. Retrieved from https://www. researchgate.net/profile/Joao_Lanzinha/ publication/269633044_Homeostasis_in_Architecture_-_Conception_of_a_homeostatic_building_prepared_for_climate_change/ links/5be977db92851c6b27b8ede7/ Homeostasis-in-Architecture-Conception-of-a-homeostatic-building-prepared-for-climate-change.pdf Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Following Page) top FP303. “ARCOLOGY - THE CITY IN THE IMAGE OF A SELF-LIVING ORGANISM (HUMAN)” Source: What Is Arcology?: Ideology of Paolo Soleri. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.arcosanti.org/ arcology/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

top FP303. “ARCOLOGY - THE CITY IN THE IMAGE OF A SELF-LIVING ORGANISM (HUMAN)” Source: “Arcology”: Meaning, the city by Paolo Soleri and future. (2020, May 25). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.minocaggiula.ch/en/arcology-paolo-soleri/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP304. “ARCOLOGY = ARCHITECTURE + ECOLOGY” Source: Christopher Thornton. (2017, March 15). Paolo Soleri - His life and work (1919-2013). Retrieved from https://wewanttolearn.wordpress.com/2017/03/15/ paolo-soleri/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

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Homeostasis in Ecosystem

FP305. “CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY CENTENARY PARK - A FLOOD-PROOF PARK FOR A FLOOD-PRONE CITY” Source: Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park “ Landezine International Landscape Award LILA. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https:// landezine-award.com/chulalongkorn-university-centenary-park/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

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Urban planners and environmentalists in Bangkok like to talk about monkey’s cheeks but they have not taken the next step to require them (FP305). Instead, the country has been moving in the other direction where big infrastructure projects are eating up land that might have provided for achieving homeostasis in ecosystems. As there is no silver bullet to overcome our environmental challenges, a range of multi-disciplinary solutions involving expertise from different parties will be needed because any changes in climate conditions can affect the health and function of ecosystems and the survival of entire species. Hence, homeostasis in ecosystem control is crucial and it can be achieved through mangrove and coral reef restoration (FP308). As the Grand Palace and some of the temples are monuments that need to be protected, mangroves planting can be a natural solution to replace the existing concrete dykes. Not only acting as a coastal defense service against waves and storms, but it can also help to regrade the natural embankment and build up the soil to increase the ground level around the monuments which further enhances the protection against the rising sea. Besides that, most mangrove protected areas even allow some levels of sustainable fishing, harvesting of non-timber forest products, and tourism that can generate a better source of revenue for the country’s economy in the future (FP309).

FP306. “MANGROVE RESTORATION ENGINEERING - MODULAR STRUCTURE FOR NATURE-BASED COASTAL PROTECTION” Source: Cho, I., Zdravko, T., &amp; Nasution, I. (2017, April 26). New high-density intensified housing developments in Asia: Qualities, potential and challenges. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/135 74809.2017.1311770?scroll=top Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP307. “TERRACED HOUSE - ARTIFICAL REGENERATION SYSTEM OF CORALS” Source: Teh, C. (2018, November 09). Singapore’s largest reef structure installed. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/ environment/singapores-largest-reef-structure-installed Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Previous Page) top FP308. “THE POWER OF TREE – IMPORTANT ROLE IN REPAIRING THE CITY’ ECOSYSTEM” Source: Bangkok growing mangroves to repair ecosystem. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://thaiembdc. org/2017/05/22/bangkok-growing-mangroves-to-repair-ecosystem/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

top FP308. “THE POWER OF THREE – IMPORTANT ROLE IN REPAIRING THE CITY’ ECOSYSTEM” Source: Stefanie. (2019, September 07). Mangrove Forest in Bangkok. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https:// thehiddencoconut.co/mangrove-forest-in-bangkok/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

top FP308. “THE POWER OF THREE – IMPORTANT ROLE IN REPAIRING THE CITY’ ECOSYSTEM” Source: Coastph. (2018, November 29). Three is better than one: Mangroves, Seagrass, and Coral Reefs. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www. coast.ph/ccef-news/11/the-power-of-threemangroves-seagrass-and-coral-reefs/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

top FP308. “THE POWER OF THREE – IMPORTANT ROLE IN REPAIRING THE CITY’ ECOSYSTEM” Source: Earp, H., Prinz, N., Cziesielski, M., & Andskog, M. (2018, August 30). For a World without Boundaries: Connectivity Between Marine Tropical Ecosystems in Times of Change. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://link.springer.com/ chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-93284-2_9 Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP309. “THE MULTIPLE VALUES OF MANGROVES” Source: Spalding, M., Mcivor, A., Tonneijck, F., Tol, S., & Eijk, P. V. (2014). Mangroves for coastal defence. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

Biophilic Design Biophilia describes the connections that human beings subconsciously seek for the rest of life. It further explains that—the affections we humans have with other life forms and nature as a whole are deeply rooted and ingrained within our biology (Edward O. Wilson, 1993). Biophilic design is the intentional application of biophilic principles and natural elements derived from or mimicked after nature such as the exterior views with greenery, water sources, and its association with nature or elements that mimic nature. It attempts to translate an understanding of the inherent human affinity to affiliate with natural systems and processes. This well-being and multi-sensory hospitality experience influence the environment where social spaces foster collaboration (FP310). On the other hand, the presence of water biophilic design pattern has also evolved from purely on the health and wellbeing benefits associated with access to water, including reduced stress, lower heart rate, and blood pressure, increased feelings of tranquillity, positive emotional responsiveness, improved concentration and perception, and memory restoration (FP310). It has proven that a frequent multisensory experience of clean water is very beneficial for our psycho-physiological health and wellbeing. Biophilia describes humans’ connection with nature whereas Biophilic design is replicating experiences of nature in design to reinforce that connection. Currently, the brutality of the existing urban fabric in Bangkok manifested in an extensive loss of natural biodiversity which further leads to climate change (FP312). As such, Biophilic design will be an appropriate design solution with the optimal healing environment that can reduce the adverse impacts of urbanization that contributed to the natural ground. It also encourages mutual contact between humans and nature within the dense metropolitan city and its architecture, enhancing the people’s positive relationship with nature to create a sustainable built environment.

(Previous Page) top FP310. “BRINGING THE OUTSIDE IN INSIDE OUT” Source: Edward O. Wilson, 1993 Biophilia and the GROZDANICConservation Ethic, The Biophilia Hypothesis & L. (2017). Using Biophilic Design to Improve Habitability. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.modlar.com/news/216/ using-biophilic-design-to-improve-habitability/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

top FP310. “BRINGING THE OUTSIDE IN INSIDE OUT” Source: Burke, P. (2019, November 14). More than a Room with a View: Biophilia and the Hospitality Experience. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www. michaelgraves.com/more-than-a-roomwith-a-view-biophilia-and-the-hospitalityexperience/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

middle FP311. “A NEW HYPOTHESIS THE EXPONENTIAL SCALE OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN” Source: McLennan, J. (2018, December 13). Biophilic Design: A New Scale Emerges: Trim Tab. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://trimtab.living-future. org/trim-tab/issue-36/biophilic-design-a-new-scale-emerges/?fbclid=IwAR2mPKZb9Ca_dudTYn8oSTLmRe0EEE1_ a37VXOwqrGkr67eOD0ah6AbDbLg Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP312. “BIOPHILIC DESIGN APPROACH” Source: Grozdanic, L. (2013, February 05). WOHA’s Met Tower Keeps its Cool in Bangkok’s Tropical Climate With Natural Ventilation. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://inhabitat.com/wohas-met-tower-remains-naturally-cool-in-bangkoks-tropical-climate/the-met-bangkok-woha-architects-6/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP312. “BIOPHILIC DESIGN APPROACH” Source: Holmes, D. (2019, January 19). Morph 38: Bangkok,Thailand: Shma Design. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/ morph-38-bangkokthailand-shma-design/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP312. “BIOPHILIC DESIGN APPROACH” Source: House for Trees. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www. vtnarchitects.net/residential-properties/ house-for-trees Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Previous 2 Page) top FP314. “BAMBOO - SPECIES THAT HAVE MULTIPLE USAGES (FOOD COOKING, CRAFT AND CONSTRUCTION)” Source: Bamboo Species - Common + Useful Bamboos in Thailand. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://thai-bamboo.blogspot.com/p/ bamboo-species.html Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

Biological Construction Material (Bamboo, Algae, Bioplastic) For the city to be redeveloped, construction of the new urban infrastructures will require a large number of raw materials. With the sea level gradually rising each year, the varied uses of bamboo and the incredible speed at which it grows make it an invaluable sustainable resource for construction use (FP314). From scaffolding, form making, laminated bamboo, roofing, floating devices, windbreakers, bridge, and temporary pavilions, bamboo has a vast range of uses. It can be used as the main construction material not just because of its strength, beauty, and flexibility, but also its 4-year growth cycle and carbon sequestration capacity. It is the most environmentally conscientious lightweight building material conceivable which will be very useful to be construction material that sits above the existing urban context of Bangkok. With the advancement of technology such as 3d printing, it allows us to investigate the innovative possibilities of bamboo in tall construction design in the future of Bangkok city. The integration of Bio-Plastic with Bamboo can create a sustainable modular and durable construction material (FP315). Not only it will be good for the environment, it will also connect the inhabitants with nature and enhance the quality of their life. As defined by the Plastics Industry Association’s (PLASTICS) Bioplastics Division, Bioplastics is a type of plastic made from bio-based materials like algae, sugar cane, or corn. It is a type of plastic that is capable of biodegrading through a process known as composting (FP317). Although bioplastics are commonly used in packaging applications, research has proven that it is also capable to be developed into construction materials and other appliances. With the advancement of 3D printing technologies, bioplastic filaments will be the next generation of construction material because they are durable, versatile, safe for food contact, and virtually odour-free (FP318). Hence, the agriculture of this new urbanism will focus on cultivating materials that can not only be served as food but also process into bioplastic and other sustainable energy. This cyclical model of sustainability allows us to achieve self-resilience. Algaculture is also another form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae. There are a lot of uses for algae such as food, fertilizer and agar, pollution control as the CO2 absorber, energy production, and other uses (FP318). As algae can grow almost anywhere which includes wastewater, greywater, and seawater, it can become the new source of renewable energy and food supply for Bangkok city in 2050 where the whole city will be surrounded by water.

middle FP315. “BAMBOO STRUCTURE - CONVENTIONAL PRESERVATION METHOD” Source: Bielema, C. (2018, May 17). TN #92 Bamboo for Construction. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www. echocommunity.org/resources/01e66db1cc89-470c-8425-ff07d53962c8 Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

middle FP315. “BAMBOO STRUCTURE - CONVENTIONAL PRESERVATION METHOD” Source: Dobbins, T. (2018, July 09). Sombra Verde’s 3D Printed Bamboo Structure Bridges the Gap Between Tradition and Technology. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/897117/ sombra-verdes-3d-printed-bamboo-structure-bridges-the-gap-between-tradition-and-technology?ad_medium=gallery Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP316. “BAMBOO – THE STRETCH ORGANIC MATERIAL AND DESIGN” WA Contents. (2014, March 19). Singapore Bamboo Skyscraper Competition Results Announced. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://worldarchitecture.org/ architecture-news/pmcph/singapore-bamboo-skyscraper-competition-results-announced.html Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Previous Page) top FP317. “BIOPLASTIC FROM ALGAE, SUGARCANE, CORN” Source: Bioplastics: An Increasingly Durable &amp; Sustainable Solution. (2018, August 08). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.assemblymag.com/ articles/94924-bioplastics-an-increasingly-durable-sustainable-solution Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

top middle FP318. “ALGAE -3D PRINTING OF BIOPLASTICS” Source: Morris, A. (2017, December 04). Dutch designers convert algae into bioplastic for 3D printing. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.dezeen. com/2017/12/04/dutch-designers-eric-klarenbeek-maartje-dros-convert-algae-biopolymer-3d-printing-good-design-bad-world/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom middle FP319. “ECOLOGICALLY ENGINEERING ACHIEVED THROUGH BIOPLASTIC” Source: Chee, S. (2019, July 30). Designing Sustainable Seascapes for New Coasts. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://impakter.com/designing-sustainable-seascapes-for-new-coasts/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP320. “LIVING SEAWALL FOR THE HOMEOSTASIS IN BIODIVERSITY” Source: Yalcinkaya, G. (2019, January 31). Volvo creates Living Seawall to combat pollution and promote biodiversity. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https:// www.dezeen.com/2019/01/31/volvo-living-seawall-pollution-biodiversity-design Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

Urban Configuration (Deck Development) In the context of urban development intensification, public spaces often face typological and programmatic contest and negotiation among the increasing number of diverse users, which results in the emergence of new urban space typologies. To respond to climate change and create more liveable high-density residential environments in the future in Bangkok, urban thoroughfares, air-spaces above the streetscape, and rooftop areas of some of the existing buildings appear to be the most ideal ground for the new development based on the Integrated Urban Space Framework studies (FP321). This taps on the potential of Pseudo-public spaces that appear to be public but are privately owned to be created into a virtuous platform that harmonizes civility and democracy, a new ground for open-source urbanism. As Bangkok is one of the Asian cities that is facing land scarcity, rapid urban growth, population growth, and housing shortage, the rising sea crisis offers an opportunity to inject the ‘Deck’ Development into the existing ground and create a new urban fabric that can reappropriate the social, political and environmental virtues of Bangkok (FP322). The reactive of Pseudo-public spaces also allow the expansion of this virtuous platform to harmonize civility and democracy, creating a new in-between ground for open-source urbanism that absorbs territorial boundary between public and private domain.

(Previous Page) top FP321. “URBAN SPACE FRAMEWORK - DISSECTING THE URBAN FABRIC” Source: Cho, I. S., Trivic, Z., & Nasution, I. (2017). New high-density intensified housing developments in Asia: qualities, potential and challenges. Journal of Urban Design, 22(5), 613-636.. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1 080/13574809.2017.1311770?scroll=top& needAccess=true Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP322. “THE ‘DECK’ DEVELOPMENT” Source: Shim, J. H., Park, S., & Park, E. J. (2004). Public space planning of mixed–use high–rise buildings–focusing on the use and impact of deck structure in an urban development in Seoul. Tall buildings in historical cities–culture and technology for sustainable cities, Seoul, South Korea, October 10, 13(2004), 764-771. Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

Open Building and Stem Building Design can make it possible for both inhabitant and stranger to perceive that an area is under the undisputed influence of a particular group, that they dictate the activity taking place within it, and who its users are to be (Oscar Newman, 1972). This notion of influential identity puts into the effect of Territory which initiates the conversation between public and private spaces. As such, the social-spatial practices are needed to be put in place for the social construction of open space that is meant to generate attachment and identity (FP323). These transformations are not only understood in terms of architectural and urban figures that represent an idea of commonality, but also as the politics of co-operation between the authority and commoners. In this view, an architectural project is not a single-authored venture, but rather a complex and layered process that depends upon multiple agencies that establish a commonality, the common enterprise that allows the participatory self-empowerment of the community. Instead of designing something flexible, Hertzberger designed a form that could be used and adapt in multiple ways and for every purpose. Also as an architect, it is crucial to consider the openness experience especially for the design of mass development. The Diagoon Experimental Housing by Herman Hertzberger is meant to be an incomplete product. The architectural skeleton is a half product that has the versatility to provoke users into transforming the building according to their preferences (FP325). The open design of the Tsinghua Ocean Centre also allows the users to occupy the space without imposing any spatial arrangement that may cause the space to be placeless (FP326). This adaptability of open design is not merely a passive component but a core principle of the design that empowers the occupants to have the liberty to live freely within the architectural skeleton. It becomes applicable for the new Bangkok city as it differs from the conventional typological way of social housing in the future. Urbanization is the main culprit responsible for the damages to natural ecosystems. The case study on the open spaces of informal settlements in Bogota also allows the re-examination of the reversal of how cities are conventionally perceived as a major contributor to climate changes and what other transformations can be made to improve the condition without comprising the identity of the region. By tapping into the in-between air space, it opens up a new paradigm for homeostasis living in the future urban neighbourhood of Bangkok, creating a new microcosm where Arcology is designed as community space for everyone and the new urbanism generates a sustainable ecosystem through Biophilic Design.

(Previous 2 Page) top FP323. “ACCOMDATING THE COMMONS SOCIAL-SPATIAL PRACTICES” Source: Havik, K., Avermaete, T., &amp; Mejia Hernandes, J. (2018, October 09). Accommodating the Commons: Social-Spatial Practices in Bogota. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from http://arhitectura-1906. ro/2018/10/accommodating-the-commons-social-spatial-practices-in-bogota/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP324. “MODULAR SYSTEM AND AREA OF INFILTRATION” Source: Oscar Newman, 1972, Defensible Space, New York: the Macmillan Company, p.2-3 Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Previous Page) top FP325. “HERMAN HERTZBERGER - TYPOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DIAGOON DWELLINGS” Source: Herman Hertzberger, 2005, Lessons for Students in Architecture, 5th ed., Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, p.159 Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

middle FP325. “HERMAN HERTZBERGER - TYPOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DIAGOON DWELLINGS” Source: Choi, M. (2015, October 21). P 2.3.1 Typology Study – Diagoon House – Herman Hertzberger. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://mcchoilearns. wordpress.com/2015/10/21/p-2-3-1typology-study-diagoon-house-hermanhertzberger/ Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP326. “Tsinghua Ocean Center” Source: Tsinghua Ocean Center / OPEN Architecture. (2017, March 20). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/867423/ tsinghua-ocean-center-open-architecture?ad_medium=gallery Reconstructed Diagramme: Tyler Lim, 2020

FP401. “BANGKOK DISTRICT FEASIBILITY STUDIES” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

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Research Output and Review by Design So what a new Bangkok city in 2050 will look like? It will be a glorified city for people with the Water Parliament extended from the grand palace and the various temples. As the religious and monastic architecture is the representation of the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cultural legacy of being homeostasis as well as the Thai people sense of community, religious belief, and its connection with the rightful authority of the kingdom, new urban sustainable infrastructures are meant to preserve these sacred ground and make the country more prosperous than what is it now where there are a future job and housing guaranteed. While the water act as the medium, the boundary between each urbanism and social status is blurred and not meant to be clearly defined to allow the flexibility adaptation of the people. Part of the thesis is also about preserving the culture and religious ground as the symbol of resilience. The masterplan investigation and feasibility studies on the existing Bangkok districts will also help to understand the historical context of the site and identify the best contextual ground for the architectural thesis to be designed: Water Urbanism as Cultural Embodiment.

Introduction to Planning Scenario The main Chao Phraya River flows through Bangkok and stretches all way from Northern Thailand to the Gulf of Thailand in the South. The different colours of lines indicate the morphology of the canal network at different timelines and how some of them were displaced for new roads during urbanization (FP401). Most of the religious temples and are identified to be located within the Phra Nakhon District together with the Grand Palace and the population density of the district is a good average between the highly densified district like Samphanthawong and low densified district like Chatuchak . Being the most iconic district populated by not only the local but also the international tourists, Phra Nakhon District is chosen as the district for the future urban redevelopment because of its proximity to the Chao Phraya River and the home of the Royal Grand Palace. The diverse urban development within the district itself and the number of temples also make it a good ground for the base of the Water Parliament to be established (FP401) . Furthermore, the lack of existing urban mobility allows the area to study how the future eco-mobility can be built to replace the existing system that is causing great harm to the environment.

Narrative Translation to Architectural Design As it is the fictional reimagining of a new Bangkok City in 2050, the thesis consists of 4 different phases of reconstruction to allow the adaption of the people’s life gradually. Instead of just using the Thai deities as the conceptual thinking of the narrative, each of the architectural phasing will also be anchored and postulated by the 4 Thai deities to represent the 4 new water urbanism strategies as it draws on the animism culture of the Bangkokians and encouraging them to participate. For instance, the four-faced deity, Phra Phrom who has a role as the innovator will be metaphorically translated into the protective mechanism of the new Embankment Urbanism where multiple layers of soft embankment layers will be created around the temple in four different directions to protect it when the seawater rises (FP402). These embankment spaces will also act as the floodable mediation space with pockets of recharge areas and a new ground for festival celebrations. Secondly, the mother of rice goddess, Mae Phosop who has the role of the humanity fertilizer will be translated into Sustainable Urbanism with water storage, energy recharge, and food harvesting. This new nexus sponge tower will have additional water storage spaces, allowing the community to treat the water as a valuable shared resource (FP402) . With the big water resource management, aero and hydroponics growing strategies can also be used to provide sustainable food and energy everywhere. Thirdly, Garuda who has the role of the culture hero will be translated into a new Coastal Urbanism that enables the Bangkokians to adapt their future living with the water (FP402) . The new inhabitable infrastructures aim to recreate an artificial nature of Bangkok where forms and landscape are created by the action of natural forces – land, water, and people. It is not meant to conflict with the existing monuments but aims of combining ‘nature’ with the high-density structures for future living. Lastly, the mother earth goddess, Phra Mae Thorani who has the role of the world creator will be translated into the new ground with a new landscape that functions as a multi-layered sponge (FP402) . It aims to push for greener infrastructure that will help to increase the resilience of a natural ecosystem. On top of that, the cooperation over water can also be used as a tool for the conversation to bring the various communities together and overcome the social and political differences.

Collages Research and Design As the thesis emphasizes the cultural symbolism in Bangkok, the illustration collages are meant to conceptually compose some of the religious icons and understanding how the design intent can be translated through the use of the metaphor of these symbols to create the architectural form and systems. This allows the architecture to be created with the ornamentation that enriched the visual expression of the special structures. The first paper collage illustrates the tectonic design for the Water Parliament. It demonstrates the spatial relationship between each of the various urbanisms such as the soft embankment around the temple, a series of stepwell for additional water storage space and food as well as the new floating bio-arcology that recreates an artificial nature of Thailand where forms and landscape are created by the water and religious culture (FP403). The second paper collage illustrates the future masterplan of the new fictional Bangkok city. As the Water Parliament is multi-layered sponge urbanism. It can be replicated like a viral system and connected through the multi-layered eco-mobility, slowly changing the new face of Bangkok city (FP404). As the water is an undefined sub-boundary, the new phenomenon of the city will be arcology as ground, arcology as infrastructure, and the new Water Urbanism as Cultural Embodiment.

(Previous Page) FP402. “VIRTUE OF URBAN RESILIENCE NARRATIVE TO ARCHITECTURAL PHASING” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 202

(Following Page) FP403. “TECTONIC COLLAGE FOR THE WATER PARLIAMENT” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Following 2 Page) FP404. “MASTERPLAN COLLAGE FOR THE NEW FICTIONAL BANGKOK CITY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

Site Studies The studies of the existing figure-ground of Phra Nakhon District helps to identify areas that can be recreated to best illustrate the intent of the thesis proposal of Water Urbanism as Cultural Embodiment. As such, existing temples and the Royal Grand Palace will be preserved as the new urban catalyst where the new redevelopment of the water urbanism will just extend from these temple boundaries. As the temples are all very close to each other they naturally become a microcosm of the New Bangkok city (FP406). On the other hand, the preliminary land-use zoning also illustrates the new district plan where the Grand Palace sub-district will be created and chosen for the new urban redevelopment (FP407) . The red and orange are all the different water parliaments that will be expanded from the temples. New waterways will also be introduced as the boundaries of the different sub-districts with the eco-mobility air routes created in the future to link all the various parliaments together. The individual estimated population for each of the sub-district was also being calculated based on the existing population density to perceive the number of housings that will be needed for The Water Parliament in the future.

(Previous Page) top FP405. “AREA OF INVESTIGATION” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

bottom FP406. “PHRA NAKHON DISTRICT MAP” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Following Page) FP407. “SITE 2 - PHRA NAKHON LAND USE ZONING” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

Site Planning Some of the areas are being marked out on the Grand Palace District Map as they are needed to be protected due to their sacred symbolism to the Thai people whereas the other areas around them will be recreated into multi-layered sponge urbanism (FP408). Water is not an enemy, if we make friends with water, we make friends with climate change. As such, the thesis proposal on the Water Urbanism as Cultural Embodiment aims to make use of the water as an assets to prepare and improve the life of the people, turning the environmental crisis into opportunities for new water urbanism to be created and slowly changing the new face of the whole city (FP409).

(Previous 2 Page) FP408. “THE GRAND PALACE DISTRICT MAP” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Previous Page) FP409. “NEW URBAN MORPHOLOGY DIAGRAM” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 20200

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Design Intention Proposed Design Objective Moving on from the site studies and planning, the Grand Palace sub-district will be further developed with the new water urbanism. As the design intention is to adopt the Homeostatic Central Nervous System to create a self-regulated composition and design of the architecture that could adapt to any environmental changes, the design of the new masterplan will be drawing an analogy from the Raintree where it adopts the conceptual metaphor and the literal notion of the tree roots absorbing the water, meandering and reaching out into the city (FP501). This idea is of regrowing and recreating a permeable urban fabric will help to transform the existing infrastructure expansion into a multi-layered sponge organism where it absorbs water and recharge the ground to prevent it from further sinking. In addition to the Biophilic Design Framework that will help to reduce the adverse impacts of urbanization, water, and other natural biological construction material will be used to restore the homeostasis condition of ecosystems and building a cyclical model of sustainability which turns the urban concrete jungle into new Water urbanism that is able to adapt with the projected rising sea levels.

Overall Program of the masterplan and the typologies for Adaptive Living Water Urbanism The new masterplan will respond to the site with four different urbanism in four phases in which (a) the new embankment landscape (ROOTS) will be created in Phase 1 for the preservation of the natural and sacred ground. After which, (b) the Sponge Tower (TRUNK) will be created in Phase 2 for the production of water, food, energy, and raw materials. Subsequently, (c) the Coastal Residential (BRANCHES) will be created in Phase 3 for the Bangkokians community to adapt their new life with water. Lastly, (d) the new mobility spine (TREE) will be created in Phase 4 for the new water-based and air-based connectivity to link all the various water parliaments together (FP502,FP503).

(Following Page) FP501. “SITE RESPONSE - MASTERPLAN” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Following 2 Page) FP502. “THE RAIN TREE ANALOGY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Following 3 Page) FP503. “THE WATER PARLIAMENT MASTERPLAN 1- 2500” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

ROOTS Embankment Landscaping (Social spaces to promote celebration and unity) In order to combat rising sea levels, the Embankment Landscaping will be incorporated with natural functions that can help to channel water, protect and preserve the temple such as the interactive waterway, floodable terraces with Bio-Swale and Bio-Retention Pond. As the architecture also seek to preserve the sacred ground, a new cultural promenade, meditation forest, and water festival plaza will be created around the existing temple for the new form of cultural celebration. As the previous collages research and design serve to define the symbolism backdrop for the architectural form to be designed, the embankment water plaza will be constructed with a water funnel design that took precedent from a shape of a monk bowl as well as the architectural skeleton that took reference from the Blur Building by Diller Scofidio (FP506). It is meant to symbolize the receiving of water as a gift from heaven and the water harvested will be used as a water supply for each of the housing units as well as creating a new misty water festival plaza for a cultural celebration (FP505).

(Previous Page) FP504. “WATER URBANISM AS CULTURAL EMBODIMENT - THE WATER PARLIAMENT” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

left FP505. “EMBANKMENT WATER FESTIVAL PLAZA TO PROMOTE CELEBRATION AND UNITY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Following Page) FP506. “EMBANKMENT WATERPLAZA TYPOLOGY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

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TRUNK Sponge Tower (Bio-Arcological Tower for a sustainable living) As the new Water Parliament will be created with new urbanism, there is a need to create an architecture that is not only self-sustaining but also able to contribute to the neighboring community (FP507). For instance, the Sponge Tower offers new ground for rainwater harvesting, fresh food cultivation, clean energy exchange, and biological material harvesting. It is a self-sustaining nexus tower that has an underground storage tank with an injection well to stabilize the ground soil as well as a porous façade design to allow natural daylighting and ventilation that promotes better food farming (FP502). The design was inspired by the shape of the royal ninetiered umbrella that symbolizes royalty and the Buddhist concept of protection where it has different elements and meaning on the different levels (FP508).

left FP507. “SPONGE TOWER FOR A SUSTAINABLE LIVING” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Following Page) FP508. “SPONGE TOWER TYPOLOGY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

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BRANCH Coastal Residential on Land (Adaptable Living Community) The new Coastal residential on land is meant to break away from the traditional housing typologies as it aims to promote better social and communal living. The modular system also allows the extensions of new homes to keep up with the increasing population. With this flexible and configurable open design, it helps to promote liberty living in the future. In addition, the design will be separated into 3 layers which are the social ground, commercial platform, and leisure space (FP509). The commercial platform such as eateries and market space will be created on the ground whereas the social ground will be where the community maker space will be located. The community will process the materials harvested from the sponge tower into the construction frame of the Reclining Buddha and the Protection Buddha will be later created by the local inhabitants as a form of encouragement and protection that helps them to overcome the fear of new living (FP510).

left FP509. “COASTAL RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY WITH ADAPTABLE LIVING COMMUNITY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Following Page) FP510. “COASTAL RESIDENTIAL ON LAND TYPOLOGY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

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BRANCH Coastal Residential on Water (Aquaculture and Coral Restoration) In an attempt to create a more coherent water settlement that is able to adapt to the rising sea levels, the floating pontoon is used for future housing. Instead of just have an empty pontoon decking that allows the future floating residential to be built above, a series of concrete structures with rough or uneven surfaces were created as an artificial regeneration system of corals that helps to attract more marine life and promote a better aquaculture living. The form design of the decking was inspired by the shape of the lotus leaf that symbolizes purity, enlightenment, and rebirth whereas the floating mechanism was inspired by the Blooming Bamboo Housing design by H&P Architects (FP512). This enables the adaptable living community with a floating market, restaurants and other water sports activates. As the above infrastructure starts to grow and coral restoration happening below, more marine life was attracted. This helps to promote better food security and self-sufficient living in the future where the ecosystems are restored (FP511). .

left FP511. “COASTAL RESIDENTIAL WITH AQUACULTURE AND CORAL RESTORATION” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

(Following Page) FP512. “COASTAL RESIDENTIAL ON WATER TYPOLOGY” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

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CONCLUSION Water Urbanism as Cultural Embodiment is an imaginary mirrored city of Bangkok that examines how water can be used as a resource to create space and a new people city that integrates the cooperation between top-down and bottom-up approaches where everyone in the country participates as a redevelopment. It establishes the Water Parliament that seeks to protect the sacred ground and also to provide a better future living that enables the participatory self-empowerment of its citizen during the redevelopment with more housing and job security created in the future. It transforms the political culture, environment, and society of Bangkok that gives the Bangkokians the liberty to live freely within the new architectural skeleton (FP513).

Selected areas for further development As for the thesis part two, the author aims to resolve and finalize the design realization aspect for the 4 different urbanisms and how the functions of each of the individual system tectonics will be created. On top of that, the author also seeks to demonstrate the adaptable lifestyle of the Bangkokians with the new Water Urbanism and further integrating all the different urbanisms with a more coherent landscape planning that can start to reshape the whole phenomenon of Bangkok City in the future (FP513). A new mobility network will also need to be created to demonstrate the growth of the Water Parliament and how each of them is interconnected. With that, in the context of rising seawater, water will no longer be seen as a threat but as an opportunity that allows this transformation to happen.

left FP513. Conclusion Page Image. “WATER URBANISM AS CULTURAL EMBODIMENT” Author’s Illustration: Tyler Lim, 2020

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Water Urbanism as Cultural Embodiment Master of Architecture AY 2020/21 Department of Architecture School of Design and Environment