Kurier UEK nr 89, jesień 2021

Page 1

CZASOPISMO UNIWERSYTETU EKONOMICZNEGO W KRAKOWIE

,661 1U MHVLHġ

Z pasją do nauki


;XQ[ \ZMĬKQ

6ğRZR 5HNWRUD

3

,QDXJXUDFMD 5RNX $NDGHPLFNLHJR 8(. &KDU\WDW\ZQ\ .RQFHUW Z )LOKDUPRQLL .UDNRZVNLHM ([SR Z 'XEDMX

5

2 SU]\MDŏQLDFK HNRQRPLL L PHG\F\QLH Z NUDNRZVNLP e)DILNXr

19

3RGVXPRZDQLH F\NOX GHEDW NUDNRZVNLFK 2ZRFH ZVSÐğSUDF\ SROVNR PRğGDZVNLHM RUD] 8(. $6(0 -XELOHXV]RZD *DOD 0HQWRU]\ 8(. 6SRWNDQLH HPHU\WRZDQ\FK 3UDFRZQLNÐZ ] -0 5HNWRUHP 5DGD %L]QHVX SU]\ .ROHJLXP 1DXN R =DU]ãG]DQLX L -DNRijFL -DN PLHU]\å NDSLWDğ OXG]NL" +LVWRU\F]Q\ VXNFHV SROVNLHM UHSUH]HQWDFML QD ,9 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHM 2OLPSLDG]LH (NRQRPLF]QHM &04 .V]WDğFLP\ DEVROZHQWÐZ SU]\V]ğRijFL

31 36 37

3URMHNW ,QNXEDWRU ,QQRZDF\MQRijFL

:VSÐğSUDFD 8(. 3RPDJD ] 7RZDU]\VWZHP 3U]\MDFLÐğ ']LHFL Z .UDNRZLH =QRZX UD]HP F]\OL ; .RQIHUHQFMD 3ROVNLFK 3URIHVRUÐZ =DU]ãG]DQLD 1DXNL ]DU]ãG]DQLD t 1RZH +RU\]RQW\ 3R URNX QDUHV]FLH WZDU]ã Z WZDU] F]\OL SRGVXPRZDQLH 6WXG\ 7ULS 3DULV VWXGHQWÐZ 3URJUDPX ([HFXWLYH 0%$ 6WXGHQFL 8(. QD :\VWDZLH IJZLDWRZHM (;32 'XEDL *UDQW\ 5(9 2WZLHUDP\ VL÷ QD SU]\E\ğ\FK ] FDğHJR ijZLDWD F]\OL VğÐZ NLOND R XUXFKRPLHQLX :HOFRPH &HQWUH 8(. 3RGZÐMQ\ G\SORP t GZD DV\ Z U÷NDZLH 7R FLãJOH SRF]ãWHN &HOÐZ =UÐZQRZDőRQHJR 5R]ZRMX &HQWUXP :VSDUFLD 3V\FKRORJLF]QHJR 6SRWNDQLD 1,%(6 &KÐU 'RPLQDQWD 8(. ZH ZVSRPQLHQLDFK G\U\JHQWNL 0DğJRU]DW\ /DQJHU .UÐO

55 56 58 67 68

IJZLDWRZ\ 7\G]LHġ 3U]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL =GDOQLH WHő PRőH E\å IDMQLH 5DSRUW ]H ]PLHQLDMãFHJR VL÷ ijZLDWD .RğR 1DXNRZH 5R]ZRMX 2VRELVWHJR t VWDZLDP\ QD OXG]L 5HNRUGRZ\ IJZLHŐ$. 1RZH .RğD 1DXNRZH

75 76 78

6WXGHQFL SRG RSLHNã WXWRUÐZ 0DUJLQDOL]DFMD SUDZ L ZROQRijFL RVÐE QDOHőãF\FK GR /*%7 e&\ZLOL]DFMD WR QLHNRġF]ãF\ VL÷ FLãJ SRWU]HE NWÐU\FK QLH SRWU]HEXMHP\ -HGHQ NRQW\QHQW t GZLH (XURS\ *RVSRGDURZDQLH RJUDQLF]RQ\PL ]DVREDPL QD ZVSÐOQ\P WHUHQLH

83 87 89

5D]HP RGNU\ZDP\ ijZLDW

6ğÐZ NLOND R ZSğ\ZLH QDUW QD SUDF÷ NDGU

97

:LUWXDOQD WXU\VW\ND

$GUHV UHGDNFML

5HGDNWRU QDF]HOQ\ 2OJD %RMDUVND

8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH

6NğDG L ğDPDQLH 3DZHğ :ÐMFLN

L ]PLDQ UHGDNF\MQ\FK QDGV\ğDQ\FK DUW\NXğÐZ

XO 5DNRZLFND

=GM÷FLD MHijOL QLH SRGSLVDQR LQDF]HM 3LRWU 0DOHF

RUD] ]PLDQ\ LFK W\WXğÐZ

.UDNÐZ

:\GDZFD 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH

EXG\QHN e.VL÷őÐZNDr SRN .

'UXN =DNğDG 3ROLJUDILF]Q\ 8(.

WHO

1DNğDG HJ]HPSODU]\

H PDLO JD]HWD#XHN NUDNRZ SO

5HGDNFMD ]DVWU]HJD VRELH SUDZR GR VNUDFDQLD

ISSN 1689-7757


;bIVW_VQ 8Iġ[\_W +ba\MTVQKa ¶3]ZQMZI =-3ª RM[QMġ \W KbI[ bIUQMZIVQI [XWKbaVS] Q XZbMUQRIVQI )TM _ ĬZWLW_Q[S] ISILMUQKSQU \W XIZILWS[ITVQM WSZM[ J]LbMVQI [QĔ LW ĵaKQI Q VW_MOW XWKbĊ\S] 1VI]O]Z]RĊK ! ZWS ISILMUQKSQ =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM b_Z{KQðMU ]_IOĔ VI \W RIS JIZLbW XW\ZbMJVM Q KMVVM _ WJMKVMR [a\]IKRQ [Ċ _QMLbI Q _aS[b\IðKMVQM :{_VWKbMĬVQM VQM UWĵMUa XWb_WTQČ VI \W Ja Jaða WVM WLMZ_IVM WL KbaVVQSI T]LbSQMOW Q P]UIVQbU] = XZWO] ZWbXWKbaVIRĊKMOW [QĔ VW_MOW ZWS] LbQIðITVWĬKQ VI[bMR ]KbMTVQ ĵaKbĔ VIU _[ba[\SQU JaĬUa XW\ZI TQ JaČ XZI_LbQ_Ċ _[X{TVW\Ċ § [WTQLIZVĊ [QTVĊ Q WLXW_QMLbQITVĊ 6QMKP [MZKM WLLIVM VI]KM JĔLbQM Z{_VWKbMĬVQM [MZKMU W\_IZ\aU VI XW\ZbMJa LZ]OQMOW KbðW_QMSI GU KDE 67$1,6Ğ$: 0$=85 SURI 8(. 5HNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH

3


4

wspomnienie


wspomnienie

,QDXJXUDFMD 5RNX $NDGHPLFNLHJR 8(. ? XQĊ\MS XIĎLbQMZVQSI Z WLJaðI [QĔ ]ZWKba[\I 1VI]O]ZIKRI ! :WS] )SILMUQKSQMOW _ =VQ_MZ[a\MKQM -SWVWUQKbVaU _ 3ZISW_QM

I

nDXJXUDFM÷ WUDG\F\MQLH SRSU]HG]LğD PV]D ijZ Z NRijFLHOH RR .DUPHOLWÐZ %RV\FK NWÐUHM SU]HZRGQLF]\ğ DES 0DUHN -÷GUDV]HZVNL 2 JRG]LQLH RILFMDOQH XURF]\VWRijFL UR]SRF]ãğ SRFKÐG :ğDG] 8F]HOQL GR +DOL 6SRUWRZR :LGRZLVNRZHM 8(. Z NWÐU\P XF]HVWQLF]\OL &]ğRQNRZLH 5DG\ 8F]HOQL :ğDG]H 5HNWRUVNLH ']LHNDQL .ROHJLÐZ '\UHNWRU]\ ,QVW\WXWÐZ RUD] SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH 6WXGHQWÐZ

: ]ZLã]NX ] V\WXDFMã HSLGHPLF]Qã Z NUDMX XURF]\VWRijå ]RVWDğD ]RUJDQL]RZDQD Z V\VWHPLH K\EU\GRZ\P 'R VWDFMRQDUQHJR XF]HVWQLFWZD ]RVWDOL ]DSURV]HQL MHG\QLH Z\EUDQL SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH :VSÐOQRW\ $NDGHPLFNLHM D ZV]\VF\ F]ğRQNRZLH 6SRğHF]QRijFL QDV]HM 8F]HOQL RUD] ]DSURV]HQL JRijFLH PRJOL XF]HVWQLF]\å Z Z\GDU]HQLX G]L÷NL WUDQVPLVML QD ő\ZR 3R XURF]\VW\P RGijSLHZDQLX *DXGH 0DWHU 3RORQLD SU]H] &KÐU 'RPLQDQWD 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH JğRV ]DEUDğ -0 5HNWRU GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. .UÐWNLH SU]HPÐZLHQLD Z\JğRVLOL WDNőH 0DUV]DğHN :RMHZÐG]WZD 0DğRSROVNLHJR :LWROG .R]ğRZVNL RUD] 3UH]\GHQW 0LDVWD .UDNRZD SURI GU KDE -DFHN 0DMFKURZVNL ,QDXJXUDFMD E\ğD WDNőH RND]Mã GR XF]F]HQLD -XELOHXV]X OHFLD SUDF\ SURIHVRUÐZ 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH SURI GU KDE $QGU]HMD 6]URPQLND SURI GU KDE $QQ\ .DUZLġVNLHM RUD] SURI GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZD %HOQLDND : F]DVLH XURF]\VWRijFL LPPDWU\NXORZDQR QRZ\FK VWXGHQWÐZ D WDNőH QDJURG]RQR QDMOHSV]\FK DEVROZHQWÐZ SRV]F]HJÐOQ\FK NLHUXQNÐZ 8(. RUD] ZU÷F]RQR QDJURG\ 6DQWDQGHU 8QLYHUVLGDGHV SU]\]QDZDQH RG ODW Z\UÐőQLDMãF\P VL÷ VWXGHQWRP NDőGHJR LQVW\WXWX 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH ]D Z\VRNLH Z\QLNL Z QDXFH RUD] Z\ELWQH RVLãJQL÷FLD QDXNRZH L RUJDQL]DF\MQH : NROHMQHM F]÷ijFL ,QDXJXUDFML JğRV ]DEUDğ 3U]HZRGQLF]ãF\ 3DUODPHQWX 6WXGHQFNLHJR 8(. 7RPDV] 0DXUHN NWÐU\ SU]\ZLWDğ QRZ\FK F]ğRQNÐZ 6SRğHF]QRijFL $NDGHPLFNLHM :\NğDG LQDXJXUDF\MQ\ SW Motivation and challenging times Z\JğRVLO .RQVXO *HQHUDOQ\ 86$ Z .UDNRZLH t GU 3DWULFN 7 6ORZLQVNL

5


6

wspomnienie


7


8


9


+PIZa\I\a_Va 3WVKMZ\ Z )LOKDUPRQLL .UDNRZVNLHM ? [WJW\Ĕ ! XIĎLbQMZVQSI Z _ .QTPIZUWVQQ 3ZISW_[SQMR QU 3IZWTI ;baUIVW_[SQMOW WLJað [QĔ NRQFHUW LQDXJXUXMãF\ 5RN $NDGHPLFNL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH

C

hDU\WDW\ZQ\ NRQFHUW 7DUEXN =DJUDQR XWZRU\ %ODJRML %HUV\ ]RVWDğ ]RUJDQL]RZDQ\ )U\GHU\ND &KRSLQD L 0LHF]\VğDZD ] LQLFMDW\Z\ .RQVXOD .DUğRZLF]D +RQRURZHJR 5HSXEOLNL &KRUZDFML Z .UDNRZLH t 3DQD 3DZğD -0 5HNWRU GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU :ğRGDUF]\ND : RUJDQL]DFM÷ ZğãF]\ğ SURI 8(. ]D]QDF]\ğ Z VZRLP SU]HVL÷ WDNőH 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ PÐZLHQLX őH EDUG]R VL÷ FLHV]\ Lő Z .UDNRZLH t -0 5HNWRU ]DSURVLğ WHJRURF]Q\ NRQFHUW LQDXJXUDF\MQ\ QLH XF]HVWQLNÐZ NRQFHUWX QD XURF]\VW\ W\ONR ZSLVXMH VL÷ Z WUDG\FMH QDV]HJR EDQNLHW &HOHP Z\GDU]HQLD E\ğD ]ELÐU8QLZHUV\WHWX DOH PD SU]\ RND]ML FKDND SLHQL÷G]\ QD RGEXGRZ÷ V]NRğ\ UDNWHU FKDU\WDW\ZQ\ PX]\F]QHM Z PLHijFLH 6LVDN 3ODFÐZND ]RVWDğD ]EXU]RQD SU]H] WU]÷VLHQLH ]LHPL t 7D ZVSDQLDğD LGHD MDNã MHVW G]LVLHMV]\ Z JUXGQLX URNX NRQFHUW FKDU\WDW\ZQ\ ]DLQLFMRZDQD SU]H] 3DQD .RQVXOD SRZRGXMH őH 3RGF]DV NRQFHUWX Z\VWãSLOL ijZLDWRZHM XG]LDğ Z QLHM MHVW GOD QDV MHV]F]H VğDZ\ FKRUZDFF\ DUW\ijFL t SLDQLVWZL÷NV]\P ]DV]F]\WHP L EH] ZãWSLHQLD ND 0LD 3HåQLN L G\U\JHQW 0ODGHQ RJURPQã SU]\MHPQRijFLã 6]DOHQLH

10

FLHV]÷ VL÷ őH MDNR :VSÐOQRWD $NDGHPLFND 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH PRőHP\ VZRMã REHFQRijFLã ZHVSU]Hå WDN V]ODFKHWQ\ FHO MDNLP MHVW RGEXGRZD V]NRğ\ PX]\F]QHM Z 6LVDNX QD &KRUZDFML L LQDXJXUXMãF 5RN $NDGHPLFNL Z QDV]HM 8F]HOQL VWDå VL÷ F]÷ijFLã WHJR SL÷NQHJR G]LHğD t SRGNUHijOLğ -0 5HNWRU G]L÷NXMãF $PEDVDGRURZL ]D ]DSURV]HQLH +RQRURZ\ SDWURQDW QDG NRQFHUWHP REM÷OL 3DQ 7RPLVODY 9LGRxHYLå t $PEDVDGRU 5HSXEOLNL &KRUZDFNLHM Z 3ROVFH RUD] :LWROG .R]ğRZVNL t 0DUV]DğHN :RMHZÐG]WZD 0DğRSROVNLHJR


11


([SR Z 'XEDMX VIR_QĔS[bM _aLIZbMVQM _a[\I_QMVVQKbM b ]LbQIðMU VI[baKP [\]LMV\MS Q [\]LMV\{_ 8ZbMb VIRJTQĵ[bM UQM[QĊKM _ ,]JIR] WLJa_IČ [QĔ JĔLbQM _a[\I_I Ĭ_QI\W_I XZbM[]VQĔ\I _ KbI[QM W ZWS bM _bOTĔL] VI XIVLMUQĔ ([SR PD E\å Z\MãWNRZã SU]HVWU]HQLã SUH]HQWRZDQLD ZVSÐğF]HVQ\FK RVLãJQL÷å F]ğRZLHND DOH UÐZQLHő ZVND]\ZDQLD ]DJURőHġ MDNLH VWRMã SU]HG QDV]ã F\ZLOL]DFMã ?a[\I_QM JĔLbQM

XZbaĬ_QMKIðW PI[ðW ¶ŀĊKbĊK ]Ua[ða \_WZbaUa XZba[bðWĬČª +WVVMK\QVO 5QVL[ +ZMI\QVO \PM .]\]ZM I _ RMR XZbMJQMO bIIVOIĵ]RĊ [QĔ [\]LMV\SQ Q [\]LMVKQ b =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM

12


W

\VWDZ\ ijZLDWRZH PDMã ODW WUDG\FML NWÐUã UR]SRF]÷ğD Z U e:LHOND :\VWDZD 3U]HP\VğX :V]\VWNLFK 1DURGÐZr 2GE\ğD VL÷ RQD Z QLHLVWQLHMãF\P MXő .U\V]WDğRZ\P 3DğDFX Z\EXGRZDQ\P Z ORQG\ġVNLP +\GH 3DUNX 2G WDPWHJR Z\GDU]HQLD FR NLOND ODW Z QLHUHJXODUQ\FK RGVW÷SDFK F]DVX SUH]HQWRZDQR Z UÐőQ\FK NUDMDFK HNVSR]\FMH SRijZL÷FRQH SU]HJOãGRZL ijZLDWRZ\FK RVLãJQL÷å t Z Z\PLDU]H ]DUÐZQR FDğHM F\ZLOL]DFML MDN L SRV]F]HJÐOQ\FK SDġVWZ 2EHFQLH QDMZL÷NV]H Z\GDU]HQLD Z\VWDZLHQQLF]H t WDNLH MDN UR]SRF]\QDMãFH VL÷ QLHEDZHP Z 'XEDMX t RNUHijOD VL÷ PLDQHP Z\VWDZ ijZLDWRZ\FK SRZV]HFKQ\FK XQLZHUVDOQ\FK 7UZDMã PLHVL÷F\ L XF]HVWQLF]\ Z QLFK ] UHJXğ\ EOLVNR NUDMÐZ L RUJDQL]DFML PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK MDN UÐZQLHő RN POQ ]ZLHG]DMãF\FK 2G U HNVSR]\FMH XQLZHUVDOQH RGE\ZDMã VL÷ FR ODW 2SUÐF] QLFK RUJDQL]RZDQH Vã WDNőH ePDğH ([SRr F]\OL Z\VWDZ\ VSHFMDOLVW\F]QH WHPDW\F]QH WUZDMãFH NUÐFHM PLHVLãFH PQLHMV]H L EDUG]LHM MHGQRURGQH SRG Z]JO÷GHP GRPLQXMãFHM SUREOHPDW\NL .ROHMQD WDND Z\VWDZD E÷G]LH PLDğD PLHMVFH Z U Z %XHQRV $LUHV

'R WHM SRU\ ]RUJDQL]RZDQR EOLVNR Z\VWDZ R UÐőQ\P ]QDF]HQLX L FKDUDNWHU]H SU]\ F]\P SRğRZLH ] QLFK QDGDQR VWDWXV XQLZHUVDOQ\FK :\EUDQ\P PLDVWRP SUDZD GR ]RUJDQL]RZDQLD REX URG]DMÐZ Z\GDU]Hġ SU]\]QDMH %LXUR :\VWDZ IJZLDWRZ\FK %,( %XUHDX ,QWHUQDWLRQDO GHV Expositions ]U]HV]DMãFH SDġVWZ 3ROVND Z U ]RVWDğD F]ğRQNLHP ]DğRő\FLHOHP WHM RUJDQL]DFML 1D]Z÷ e([SRr VSRSXODU\]RZDQR GRSLHUR SR SRQDG VWX ODWDFK XU]ãG]DQLD Z\VWDZ ijZLDWRZ\FK t SLHUZV]\ UD] Z U JG\ Z\VWDZ÷ Z %DUFHORQLH ]DF]÷WR RNUHijODå VNUÐWHP e([SRr ZUD] ] GRGDQLHP URNX 3U]H] SRQDG SÐğWRUD ZLHNX IRUPXğD Z\GDU]Hġ SUH]HQWXMãF\FK GRNRQDQLD SDġVWZ RUD] RUJDQL]DFML PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK HZROXRZDğD UR]V]HU]DMãF VZÐM ]DNUHV L GRVWRVRZXMãF VL÷ GR ]PLHQLDMãF\FK VL÷ ZDUXQNÐZ JRVSRGDUF]\FK VSRğHF]Q\FK L SROLW\F]Q\FK =RUJDQL]RZDQLH SLHUZV]HM Z\VWDZ\ XQLZHUVDOQHM E\ğR QDVW÷SVWZHP UHZROXFML SU]HP\VğRZHM RUD]

3DZLORQ &KLQ ([SR

IRWR DXWRU

Jğ÷ERNLFK SU]HPLDQ MDNLH GRNRQDğ\ VL÷ Z VSRVREDFK SURGXNFML 6WDUDQR VL÷ SUH]HQWRZDå ELHőãFH RVLãJQL÷FLD F\ZLOL]DF\MQH t ]DUÐZQR Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR SRV]F]HJÐOQ\FK SDġVWZ MDN L Z NRQWHNijFLH JOREDOQ\P 'ODWHJR Z /RQG\QLH DOH WDNőH SRGF]DV NROHMQ\FK Z\GDU]Hġ SRND]\ZDQR RVLãJQL÷FLD WHFKQLF]QH Z W\P SUHPLHURZR ZLHOH Z\QDOD]NÐZ P LQ PDV]\Q÷ GR SLVDQLD JUDPRIRQ WHOHIRQ UHQWJHQ GLDEHOVNL Pğ\Q ]DPHN Eğ\VNDZLF]Q\ 3LHUZV]D SRğRZD ;; Z WR F]DV SURPRZDQLD WDNőH GRURENX NXOWXURZHJR L LGHL SROLW\F]Q\FK GRPLQXMãF\FK Z SRV]F]HJÐOQ\FK NUDMDFK 2EHFQH ([SR VğXőã SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP NUHRZDQLX ZL]HUXQNX XF]HVWQLF]ãF\FK Z QLFK SDġVWZ D WDNőH GRVWDUF]DQLX GğXJR SDPL÷WDQ\FK GRijZLDGF]Hġ 1DOHő\ SRGNUHijOLå őH RVWDWQLH HG\FMH ([SR PLDğ\ t Z ]DP\ijOH %,( RUD] NUDMÐZ JRVSRGDU]\ t VSHğQLDå ZDőQH IXQNFMH VSRğHF]QH ZVND]XMãF

SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP NOXF]RZH ]DJDGQLHQLD ]ZLã]DQH ]H ]UÐZQRZDőRQ\P UR]ZRMHP Z W\P ] NRQLHF]QRijFLã VNXWHF]QHM RFKURQ\ ijURGRZLVND QDWXUDOQHJR 5ROã ZVSÐğF]HVQ\FK Z\VWDZ MHVW ]ZUDFDQLH XZDJL SROLW\NÐZ G]LHQQLNDU]\ SU]HGVL÷ELRUFÐZ D WDNőH ]Z\Nğ\FK RE\ZDWHOL QD Z\EUDQH NZHVWLH ZDőQH GOD SU]\V]ğRijFL QDV]HM F\ZLOL]DFML =QDMGXMH WR RG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLH Z JğÐZQ\FK KDVğDFK Z\VWDZ Z\]QDF]DMãF\FK PRW\Z\ SU]HZRGQLH GOD SUH]HQWDFML SRV]F]HJÐOQ\FK SDġVWZ Z\VWDZFÐZ 3RGF]DV Z\VWDZ\ Z 6]DQJKDMX U E\ğR WR PRWWR e/HSV]H PLDVWR OHSV]H ő\FLHr ]Dij Z 0HGLRODQLH U t e:\ő\ZLHQLH SODQHW\ (QHUJLD GOD ő\FLDr (PLUDFNLHPX Z\GDU]HQLX E÷G]LH SU]\ijZLHFDğR KDVğR eĞãF]ãF XP\Vğ\ WZRU]\P\ SU]\V]ğRijår :\VWDZ\ SR]RVWDZLDMã QLH W\ONR ZVSRPQLHQLD Z XP\VğDFK LFK XF]HVWQLNÐZ DOH WDNőH DUWHIDNW\

3DZLORQ 0DOH]ML ([SR

IRWR DXWRU

13


3DZLORQ 7DMODQGLL ([SR

IRWR DXWRU

Z PLDVWDFK NWÐUH MH JRV]F]ã :LHOH ] QLFK ]QDQ\FK MHVW QD FDğ\P ijZLHFLH 1DMEDUG]LHM UR]SR]QDZDOQ\ RELHNW NWÐU\ ]RVWDğ Z\EXGRZDQ\ QD Z\VWDZ÷ ijZLDWRZã WR SDU\VND :LHőD (LIIOD XijZLHWQLDMãFD Z\GDU]HQLH ] U ,QQH SU]\NğDG\ WR 3DğDF 1DURGÐZ Z %DUFHORQLH U $WRPLXP Z %UXNVHOL U .RVPLF]QD ,JğD Z 6HDWWOH U 0RVW 9DVFR GD *DP\ Z /L]ERQLH U : 'XEDMX QLH Z\EXGRZDQR VSHNWDNXODUQHJR RELHNWX DUFKLWHNWRQLF]QHJR NWÐU\ PÐJğE\ VWDå VL÷ DWUDNFMã WXU\VW\F]Qã MHGQRF]HijQLH SU]\SRPLQDMãF NROHMQ\P SRNROHQLRP R Z\GDU]HQLX ] U , EH] WHJR MHGQDN PLDVWR PD ZLHOH ]QDQ\FK SRZV]HFKQLH V\PEROL QD F]HOH ] PHWURZã %XUGő &KDOLIã t QDMZ\őV]ã EXGRZOã ZROQRVWRMãFã QD ijZLHFLH : OLWHUDWXU]H QDXNRZHM Z\VWDZ\ ijZLDWRZH ]DOLF]D VL÷ GR QDMZL÷NV]\FK Z\GDU]Hġ QD ijZLHFLH RNUHijODMãF MH PLDQHP mega-events ([SR

3DZLORQ 6LQJDSXUX ([SR

IRWR DXWRU

14

]H Z]JO÷GX QD UR]PDFK RUJDQL]DF\MQ\ OLF]E÷ XF]HVWQLNÐZ L ZSğ\Z QD ORNDOQã JRVSRGDUN÷ ORNXMH VL÷ Z SLHUZV]HM WUÐMFH JOREDOQ\FK SU]HGVL÷Z]L÷å t QD UÐZQL ] OHWQLPL LJU]\VNDPL ROLPSLMVNLPL L SLğNDUVNLP PXQGLDOHP :\VWDZ\ ijZLDWRZH SRVWU]HJD VL÷ MDNR NXOWXUDOQ\ L JRVSRGDUF]\ RGSRZLHGQLN W\FK GZÐFK QDMZL÷NV]\FK Z\GDU]Hġ VSRUWRZ\FK 3RGF]DV ([SR NOXF]RZH ]QDF]HQLH GOD PDUNHWLQJRZHJR Z\PLDUX SUH]HQWDFML QDURGRZ\FK PD DUFKLWHNWXUD SDZLORQÐZ JG\ő WR RU\JLQDOQ\ L LQWU\JXMãF\ Z\JOãG W\FK EXGRZOL ]DFK÷FD XF]HVWQLNÐZ Z\VWDZ GR RGZLHG]HQLD GDQHM HNVSR]\FML MDN UÐZQLHő LQVSLUXMH G]LHQQLNDU]\ GR SXEOLNRZDQLD OLF]Q\FK GRQLHVLHġ PHGLDOQ\FK 3DZLORQ SU]\JRWRZDQ\ QD Z\VWDZ÷ XQLZHUVDOQã SHğQL ]DWHP URO÷ RJURPQHJR HNVSRQDWX 3U]HFL÷WQ\ JRijå WDNLHJR Z\GDU]HQLD QLH MHVW Z VWDQLH MHGQHJR GQLD ]ZLHG]Lå ZV]\VWNLFK SDZLORQÐZ ]QDP WR ] GRijZLDGF]HQLD JG\ő

SRGF]DV SRSU]HGQLFK HG\FML ([SR GRNXS\ZDğHP ELOHW\ QD NROHMQH GQL DE\ ]DSR]QDå VL÷ ] ZV]\VWNLPL SUH]HQWDFMDPL :\VWDZF\ PXV]ã ]DWHP VNXWHF]QLH ]DELHJDå R XZDJ÷ ]ZLHG]DMãF\FK t D PRJã WR RVLãJQãå SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP SU]H] SU]\FLãJDMãF\ XZDJ÷ Z\JOãG SDZLORQÐZ :DőQD MHVW WDNőH DUDQőDFMD LFK ZQ÷WU] t QS Z\SRVDőDQLH Z LQVWDODFMH PXOWLPHGLDOQH L HNVSR]\FMH XDNW\ZQLDMãFH ZV]\VWNLH ]P\Vğ\ JRijFL ([SR 7U]HFL ] ZDőQ\FK HOHPHQWÐZ SUH]HQWDFML WR RUJDQL]RZDQLH ]UÐőQLFRZDQ\FK F]÷VWR VSHNWDNXODUQ\FK Z\GDU]Hġ Z UDPDFK Z\VWãSLHġ QDURGRZ\FK t G]LHMãF\FK VL÷ ]DUÐZQR ZHZQãWU] SDZLORQÐZ MDN UÐZQLHő Z LFK VãVLHG]WZLH :LHOH HOHZDFML SDZLORQÐZ RUD] DUDQőDFML LFK ZQ÷WU] QD GğXJR SR]RVWDMH Z SDPL÷FL XF]HVWQLNÐZ Z\VWDZ RUD] SRMDZLD VL÷ Z ZLHOX ijZLDWRZ\FK SU]HND]DFK PHGLDOQ\FK -DNR HJ]HPSOLILNDFM÷ PRőQD SU]\ZRğDå NLOND NRQVWUXNFML ] Z\VWDZ\ NWÐUD Z U RGE\ğD VL÷ Z 6]DQJKDMX = HOHZDFML EU\W\MVNLHJR SDZLORQX Z\VWDZDğR W\V SU]H]URF]\VW\FK SU÷WÐZ ]DZLHUDMãF\FK ZğÐNQD ijZLDWğRZRGRZH RUD] QDVLRQD W\V JDWXQNÐZ URijOLQ 3U÷W\ SRUXV]Dğ\ VL÷ QD ZLHWU]H L SR]ZDODğ\ GRWU]Hå GR ZQ÷WU]D RELHNWX ijZLDWğX QDWXUDOQHPX 3DZLORQ $UDELL 6DXG\MVNLHM SU]\EUDğ NV]WDğW SÐğNXOL V\PEROL]XMãFHM ZLV]ãFã ğÐGŏ (OHPHQWHP HNVSR]\FML E\ğ UR]OHJğ\ HNUDQ R SRZLHU]FKQL ERLVND GR SLğNL QRőQHM D QD GDFKX RELHNWX XV\SDQR ] SLDVNX Z\GP÷ RUD] SRVDG]RQR SDOP GDNW\ORZ\FK LPLWXMãF\FK RD]÷ = NROHL QD GDFKX IXWXU\VW\F]QHM EU\ğ\ SDZLORQX 6]ZDMFDULL IXQNFMRQRZDğ Z\FLãJ NU]HVHğNRZ\ t VW\OL]RZDQ\ QD DOSHMVNã NROHMN÷ %XG\QHN ] HNVSR]\FMã 6LQJDSXUX ] ]HZQãWU] SU]\SRPLQDğ SR]\W\ZN÷ D Z MHJR ZQ÷WU]X ]QDMGRZDğ VL÷ ]EXGRZDQ\ ] UR]P\VğHP V\VWHP SRFK\OQL VFKRGÐZ NUDWRZQLF RUD] SODWIRUP =ZLHġF]HQLH VLQJDSXUVNLHJR SDZLORQX VWDQRZLğ RJUÐG ]QDMGXMãF\ VL÷ QD GDFKX 6LOQLH ] NXOWXUã VZRMHJR NUDMX NRMDU]\ğ VL÷ SDZLORQ 0DOH]ML NWÐU\ V\PEROL]RZDğ 5XPDK *DGDQJ t WUDG\F\MQ\ GRP OXGX 0LQDQJNDEDX 3RQDGWR XZDJ÷ RVÐE ]ZLHG]DMãF\FK V]DQJKDMVNã Z\VWDZ÷ SU]\NXZDğ ZLHOREDUZQ\ GDFK PDOH]\MVNLHJR RELHNWX XGHNRURZDQ\ WHFKQLNã PDODUVNã %DWLN 1DMZL÷NV]\P


EXG\QNLHP WHJR ([SR R SRZLHU]FKQL W\V P L Z\VRNLP QD SRQDG P E\ğ SDZLORQ JRVSRGDU]\ 2ELHNW XORNRZDQ\ Z FHQWUXP WHUHQÐZ Z\VWDZRZ\FK QD]ZDQR e2ULHQWDOQã NRURQãr 3DZLORQ XEDUZLRQ\ UÐőQ\PL RGFLHQLDPL F]HUZLHQL PLDğ NV]WDğW RGZUÐFRQHJR VWRőND L SU]\SRPLQDğ VWDURő\WQã FKLġVNã NRURQ÷ )RUPD EXG\QNX RG]ZLHUFLHGODğD GRXJRQJ F]\OL WUDG\F\MQ\ HOHPHQW VSRW\NDQ\ RG SRQDG W\V ODW Z D]MDW\FNLHM DUFKLWHNWXU]H ,QWHUVXMãFH LQVFHQL]DFMH ]DDUDQőRZDQR WDNőH ZH ZQ÷WU]DFK SDZLORQÐZ ]EXGRZDQ\FK QD ([SR : PHGLDFK E\ğR JğRijQR R GXġVNLP SDZLORQLH GR NWÐUHJR SU]HWUDQVSRUWRZDQR ] .RSHQKDJL RU\JLQDOQ\ SRPQLNL 0DğHM 6\UHQNL 'XġVNã HNVSR]\FM÷ ]ZLHG]DMãF\ PRJOL RJOãGDå MHőGőãF QD URZHUDFK : U )UDQFMD SRND]DğD RU\JLQDOQH G]LHğD Z\ELWQ\FK HXURSHMVNLFK DUW\VWÐZ REUD]ÐZ L U]HŏE÷ Z W\P P LQ 9LQFHQWD YDQ *RJKD ¦GRXDUGD 0DQHWD L 3DXOD *DXJXLQD *ğÐZQã DWUDNFMã ğRWHZVNLHM HNVSR]\FML E\ğ SLRQRZ\ WXQHO DHURG\QDPLF]Q\ Z NWÐU\P RGE\ZDğ\ VL÷ SRND]\ ] XG]LDğHP GZÐFK ]DZRGRZ\FK SLORWÐZ = NROHL Z FHQWUDOQ\P SXQNFLH QLHPLHFNLHJR SDZLORQX ]QDMGRZDğD VL÷ NXOD R ijUHGQLF\

P SRNU\WD GLRGDPL /(' ]D NWÐUHM SRPRFã SU]HSURZDG]DQR ZLGRZLVNRZH SRND]\ GRW\F]ãFH KLVWRULL 1LHPLHF RUD] F]DVÐZ ZVSÐğF]HVQ\FK .XOD XUXFKDPLDğD VL÷ DXWRPDW\F]QLH JG\ ZH ZQ÷WU]X RELHNWX ]JURPDG]LğR VL÷ Z\VWDUF]DMãFR GXőR RVÐE 3U]\ZRğXMãF ]DJUDQLF]QH HNVSR]\FMH QDOHő\ RGQLHijå VL÷ GR WHJR MDN 3ROVND SUH]HQWRZDğD VL÷ SRGF]DV ([SR 1LHVWHW\ KLVWRULD XG]LDğX QDV]HJR NUDMX Z Z\VWDZDFK ijZLDWRZ\FK QLH MHVW GğXJD :Sğ\Q÷ğ\ QD WR Z]JO÷G\ UHJXODPLQRZH RUD] SROLW\F]QH 2G VDPHJR SRF]ãWNX RUJDQL]RZDQLD VZRLFK Z\GDU]Hġ %,( SU]\M÷ğD ]DVDG÷ őH GRSXV]F]D GR HNVSRQRZDQLD MHG\QLH UHSUH]HQWDFMH SDġVWZRZH : SRF]ãWNRZHM ID]LH UR]ZRMX Z\VWDZ 3ROVND QLH PLDğD VZRMHM SDġVWZRZRijFL = WHJR WHő Z]JO÷GX GR F]DVX RG]\VNDQLD VXZHUHQQRijFL L SRZVWDQLD ,, 5]HF]SRVSROLWHM URG]LPL DUW\ijFL RUD] Z\WZÐUF\ XF]HVWQLF]\OL Z Z\VWDZDFK SRG IODJDPL LQQ\FK QDURGÐZ 3LHUZV]ã RND]M÷ GR ]DSUH]HQWRZDQLD VL÷ QDV] NUDM PLDğ Z &KLFDJR Z U %\ğR WR VNURPQH UR]SRF]÷FLH XF]HVWQLFWZD Z Z\VWDZDFK ijZLDWRZ\FK 3LHUZV]\ RELHNW ] SU]H]QDF]HQLHP GR VDPRG]LHOQHJR SUH]HQWRZDQLD VL÷ 3ROVND

Z\EXGRZDğD F]WHU\ ODWD SÐŏQLHM Z 3DU\őX :DUWR ZVSRPQLHå őH WR ZğDijQLH Z U ]HVSÐğ URG]LP\FK Z\VWDZFÐZ RGQLÐVğ VSRU\ VXNFHV t RWU]\PDğ QDJUÐG *UDQG 3UL[ D DUFKLWHNWXUD SDZLORQX QDURGRZHJR Z\UÐőQLRQD ]RVWDğD MDNR MHGHQ ] WU]HFK QDMOHSV]\FK RELHNWÐZ 3R ,, ZRMQLH ijZLDWRZHM XZDUXQNRZDQLD SROLW\F]QH SU]\F]\QLğ\ VL÷ GR DEVHQFML QDV]HJR NUDMX SRGF]DV ZLHOX Z\VWDZ ijZLDWRZ\FK :\QLNDğR WR ] ]LPQRZRMHQQ\FK QDSL÷å L ] WHJR őH ÐZF]HVQH ([SR RGE\ZDğ\ VL÷ SR]D JUDQLFDPL NUDMÐZ NRPXQLVW\F]Q\FK t PL÷G]\ LQQ\PL Z %UXNVHOL U 0RQWUHDOX U 2VDFH U 7D V\WXDFMD ]PLHQLğD VL÷ GRSLHUR ZUD] ] UR]SRF]÷FLHP SU]HPLDQ Z U 3R NLONX GHNDGDFK SU]HUZ\ 3ROVND ]DSUH]HQWRZDğD VL÷ Z U Z 6HZLOOL D SLHUZV]\ VDPRG]LHOQ\ SDZLORQ Z\EXGRZDğD Z +DQRZHU]H Z U 3RGF]DV RVWDWQLFK HG\FML Z\VWDZ ijZLDWRZ\FK QDV]H QDURGRZH SDZLORQ\ P LQ ]H Z]JO÷GX QD RU\JLQDOQH NRQVWUXNFMH QDOHőDğ\ GR MHGQ\FK ] QDMFK÷WQLHM RGZLHG]DQ\FK L Z\ZRğDğ\ ]QDF]QH ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH PHGLÐZ 7DN E\ğR SRGF]DV XG]LDğX 3ROVNL Z ([SR NWÐUH RGE\ğ\ VL÷ Z +DQRZHU]H U $LFKL U 6]DQJKDMX U L 0HGLRODQLH

3DZLORQ 3ROVNL ([SR

IRWR DXWRU

15


U : 1LHPF]HFK SROVNL SDZLORQ R RWZDUW\FK ijFLDQDFK ]EXGRZDQR Z RSDUFLX R VWDORZH VğXS\ QD NWÐU\FK SRGZLHV]RQD ]RVWDğD NRQVWUXNFMD ]H VWDOL V]NğD RUD] DOXPLQLXP = NROHL SRGF]DV MDSRġVNLHM Z\VWDZ\ HOHZDFM÷ QDURGRZHJR SDZLORQX Z\NRQDQR ] ELDğHM ZLNOLQ\ : 3DġVWZLH IJURGND QDWRPLDVW EXG\QHN ] SROVNã HNVSR]\FMã SU]\SRPLQDğ ] ]HZQãWU] ZLHORNURWQLH ]JL÷Wã NDUWN÷ SDSLHUX t SDSLHURZã R]GRE÷ WUDG\F\MQã OXGRZã Z\FLQDQN÷ 7DND V\PEROLND ğãF]\ğD PRW\Z\ EOLVNLH ]DUÐZQR 3RODNRP MDN L PLHV]NDġFRP NUDMX JRV]F]ãFHJR Z\VWDZ÷ Z &KLQDFK Z\QDOH]LRQR SDSLHU

NUDLQD MDEğNDr 7KH :RQGHUODQG RI Apple :ijUÐG RVÐE RGSRF]\ZDMãF\FK Z W\P PLHMVFX SU]HSURZDG]DQR GHJXVWDFM÷ VRNX ] MDEğHN :\MãWNRZR UR]SRF]\QDğR VL÷ ]ZLHG]DQLH HNVSR]\FML t QD SLHUZV]\P SL÷WU]H RG SU]HMijFLD SU]H] RJUÐG QD]ZDQ\ 0DJLF *DUGHQ Z NWÐU\P ]QDMGRZDğ\ VL÷ URijOLQ\ ] SROVNLFK ğãN L VDGÐZ Z W\P MDEğRQLH

D WZRU]HQLH SDSLHURZ\FK R]GÐE ]QDQH MHVW WDP RG ZLHNÐZ : QRF\ SRGijZLHWORQD HOHZDFMD SU]\ZRG]LğD QD P\ijO Z]RU]\VW\ ODPSLRQ 3ROVNL SDZLORQ G]L÷NL RU\JLQDOQHPX Z\JOãGRZL VWDğ VL÷ MHGQ\P ] QDMEDUG]LHM UR]SR]QDZDQ\FK V\PEROL ([SR -HJR ]GM÷FLH SRMDZLğR VL÷ QD SODNDWDFK SURPXMãF\FK Z\VWDZ÷ ZijUÐG W\ONR NLONX LQQ\FK Z\EUDQ\FK HNVSR]\FML :L]HUXQHN SDZLORQX PRőQD E\ğR UÐZQLHő F]÷VWR ]REDF]\å Z SUDVLH L LQQ\FK PHGLDFK 3R ]DNRġF]HQLX Z\VWDZ\ RELHNW ]RVWDğ QDJURG]RQ\ VUHEUQ\P PHGDOHP ]D QDMEDUG]LHM NUHDW\ZQã SUH]HQWDFM÷ = NROHL ZH :ğRV]HFK QDV] SDZLORQ VSUDZLDğ ZUDőHQLH MDNE\ ]RVWDğ XğRőRQ\ ] NLONXVHW VNU]\QHN QD MDEğND 0RW\Z VNU]\QHN Z\NRU]\VWDQR WDNőH QD VWUDJDQDFK SU]HG SDZLORQHP L QD WHUHQLH RWZDUW\P t QDG PLHMVFDPL GR VLHG]HQLD SRVWDZLRQR SDUDVROH SU]HGVWDZLDMãFH NZLWQãFH GU]HZD MDEğRQL D RVRE\ ZFKRG]ãFH Z REV]DU HNVSR]\FML ZLWDğD SODQV]D ] QDSLVHP e=DF]DURZDQD

]H VZRLP SU]HND]HP Z LFK SDPL÷å 7R ZğDijQLH WDNLH SRND]\ F]÷VWR Z SLHUZV]HM NROHMQRijFL SU]\ZRğ\ZDQH Vã ZH ZVSRPQLHQLDFK XF]HVWQLNÐZ ([SR 3U]\NğDGHP DNW\ZL]RZDQLD LFK ZV]\VWNLFK ]P\VğÐZ E\ğD HNVSR]\FMD ]DDUDQőRZDQD Z SROVNLP SDZLORQLH SRGF]DV Z\VWDZ\ VSHFMDOLVW\F]QHM NWÐUD Z U RGE\ğD VL÷ Z $VWDQLH REHFQLH 1XU 6XğWDQ 3RP\Vğ\ WDP Z\NRU]\VWDQH GRFHQLğR %,( SU]\]QDMãF $ZDUG IRU ([KLELWLRQ 'HVLJQ ]D QDMOHSV]\ SDZLORQ R SRZLHU]FKQL PQLHMV]HM QLő P 2VRE\ ]ZLHG]DMãFH HNVSR]\FM÷ SU]HPLHV]F]Dğ\ VL÷ ijFLHőNã SURZDG]ãFã SU]H] QDVW÷SXMãFH VWUHI\ e:HMijFLHr e7HFKQRORJLDr e/DVr e:\SRF]\QHNr e5HJLRQ\r 6WUHI\ UÐőQLğ\ VL÷ PL÷G]\ VREã NRORU\VW\Nã VSRVREHP VW\OL]DFML ZQ÷WU]D L WHPSHUDWXUã t Z F]÷ijFL e7HFKQRORJLDr E\ğR FLHSOHM QLő Z REV]DU]H e/DVr 1DV] QDURGRZ\ Z\VWDZFD SRZijFLãJOLZLH Z\NRU]\VWDğ LQVWDODFMH ijZLHWOQH RUD] PXOWLPHGLDOQH IRUP\ NRPXQLNDFML Z ]DPLDQ

3RGF]DV NDőGHM ZVSÐğF]HVQHM Z\VWDZ\ ijZLDWRZHM PRőQD RGQDOHŏå HNVSR]\FMH Z UDPDFK NWÐU\FK Z\VWDZLDMãFH VL÷ NUDMH Z RU\JLQDOQ\ VSRVÐE RGG]LDğXMã QD ]P\Vğ\ ]ZLHG]DMãF\FK VWDUDMãF VL÷ WUZDOH ZELå

3DZLORQ :LHWQDPX ([SR

IRWR DXWRU

16

VL÷JDMãF SR LQQH t QLő W\ONR ZL]XDOQH t ijURGNL VHQVRU\F]QHJR RGG]LDğ\ZDQLD QD ]ZLHG]DMãF\FK %\ğR WR V]F]HJÐOQLH ZLGRF]QH Z VWUHILH SRijZL÷FRQHM ODVRP 8 RVÐE NWÐUH SU]HE\ZDğ\ Z WHM F]÷ijFL SDZLORQX VLOQLH XDNW\ZQLRQR Z]URN GRW\N ]DSDFK RUD] VğXFK 1D ijFLDQDFK SUH]HQWRZDQR SL÷NQR SROVNLFK ODVÐZ ] Z\NRU]\VWDQLHP VWDW\F]Q\FK JUDILN L ILOPÐZ 3RGijZLHWODQ\ VXILW ]GRPLQRZDğD ]LHOHġ D XPLHV]F]RQD QD QLP JUDILND VSUDZLDğD ZUDőHQLH SURPLHQL VğRġFD SU]HELMDMãF\FK VL÷ SU]H] NRURQ\ GU]HZ 1D Z\PLDU KDSW\F]Q\ ZSğ\Z PLDğ\ UÐőQH PDWHULDğ\ SDZLORQ Z\ğRőRQR PL÷NNã Z\NğDG]LQã LPLWXMãFã WUDZ÷ RUD] RNOHLQã RGZ]RURZXMãFã F]DUQ\ GãE L ]ğRWã EU]R]÷ 3RQDGWR ]ZLHG]DMãF\ PRJOL NRU]\VWDå ] LQWHUDNW\ZQ\FK HNUDQÐZ GRW\NRZ\FK QD NWÐU\FK Z\ijZLHWODğ\ VL÷ WHNVW\ L REUD]\ SU]HND]XMãFH LQIRUPDFMH R ]MDZLVNDFK ]DFKRG]ãF\FK Z ODVDFK *RijFLH SDZLORQX ZğãF]DMãF RGSRZLHGQLH SU]\FLVNL L SU]\NğDGDMãF XFKR GR JğRijQLNÐZ PLHOL PRőOLZRijå SRVğXFKDQLD RGJğRVX G]LND RUD] ijSLHZX VğRZLND 'R XV]X RVÐE SU]HE\ZDMãF\FK Z SDZLORQLH GRFKRG]Lğ\ UÐZQLHő GŏZL÷NL LQQ\FK SWDNÐZ 3U]\FLVNDPL ]H VSHFMDOQ\FK XU]ãG]Hġ HPLWXMãF\FK XZDOQLDQR ]DSDFK\ URijOLQ t OLS\ VRVQ\ L NRQZDOLL 1DWRPLDVW VPDN XDNW\ZQLDQR SR]D JğÐZQã SUH]HQWDFMã 1D SL÷WU]H EXG\QNX Z NWÐU\P ]QDMGRZDğD VL÷ HNVSR]\FMD IXQNFMRQRZDğD UHVWDXUDFMD VHUZXMãFD WUDG\F\MQH SROVNLH GDQLD P LQ VSRU]ãG]DQH QD ED]LH ]ELHUDQ\FK Z ODVDFK JU]\EÐZ :DUWR SRGNUHijOLå őH PRőOLZRijå KROLVW\F]QHJR RGG]LDğ\ZDQLD QD ]P\Vğ\ XF]HVWQLNÐZ Z\GDU]Hġ Z\VWDZLHQQLF]\FK SR]ZROLğD SU]HWUZDå W\P Z\GDU]HQLRP Z GRELH FRUD] Jğ÷EV]HJR ZNUDF]DQLD UR]ZLã]Dġ F\IURZ\FK Z ő\FLH ZVSÐğF]HVQHJR F]ğRZLHND :UD] ] QDVWDQLHP V]\ENLHM ğDWZHM WDQLHM L JOREDOQHM NRPXQLNDFML HOHNWURQLF]QHM QLHNWÐU]\ QDXNRZF\ L SUDNW\F\ ]DF]÷OL SRGGDZDå Z ZãWSOLZRijå VHQV XF]HVWQLF]HQLD Z WDUJDFK L Z\VWDZDFK ijZLDWRZ\FK -HGQDN Z\GDU]HQLD Z\VWDZLHQQLF]H REURQLğ\ VL÷ 1LF ERZLHP QLH ]DVWãSL EH]SRijUHGQLHJR NRQWDNWX ] GUXJLP F]ğRZLHNLHP L MHJR RIHUWã 'RGDWNRZR RGE\ZD VL÷ WR Z DWPRVIHU]H Z\MãWNRZHJR ijZL÷WD Z NWÐU\P XF]HVWQLF]ã SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH ZLHOX


NUDMÐZ ]DLQWHUHVRZDQL SUH]HQWRZDQã WHPDW\Nã :UÐåP\ MHGQDN GR Z\GDU]HQLD UR]SRF]\QDMãFHJR VL÷ ZğDijQLH Z 'XEDMX (PLUDFND Z\VWDZD SRWUZD RG SDŏG]LHUQLND U GR PDUFD U 0D WR E\å GQL Z\MãWNRZ\FK SU]Hő\å XF]HVWQLNÐZ Z\GDU]HQLD t SU]Hő\å NWÐU\FK QLJG\ QLH ]DSRPQã 7DNLH SRGHMijFLH ZSLVXMH VL÷ Z ]DğRőHQLD JRVSRGDUNL GRijZLDGF]Hġ Z NWÐUHM Z FHQWUXP XZDJL NğDG]LH VL÷ GR]QDQLD DGUHVDWÐZ G]LDğDġ PDUNHWLQJRZ\FK 3U]HJOãGDMãF SURJUDP ([SR PRőQD ]DXZDő\å őH QD NDőG\ G]LHġ ]DSODQRZDQR SRQDG Z\GDU]Hġ WRZDU]\V]ãF\FK t G]LHMãF\FK VL÷ QD ő\ZR L RGG]LDğXMãF\FK QD ZV]\VWNLH ]P\Vğ\ JRijFL Z\VWDZ\ :\GDU]HQLD WH E÷Gã VL÷ RGE\ZDğ\ ] LQLFMDW\Z\ RUJDQL]DWRUD RUD] NDőGHJR ]H Z\VWDZLDMãF\FK VL÷ NUDMÐZ MDN UÐZQLHő ] LQVSLUDFML RUJDQL]DFML PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK L SDUWQHUÐZ VSRQVRUÐZ ([SR :\VWDZD ijZLDWRZD ]DMPLH SRZLHU]FKQL÷ KD QD NWÐUHM Z\G]LHORQR WU]\ ]DVDGQLF]H REV]DU\ WHPDW\F]QH e6]DQVHr 2SSRUWXQLW\ e0RELOQRijår 0RELOLW\ e=UÐZQRZDőRQ\ 5R]ZÐMr 6XVWDLQDELOLW\ =DNğDGD VL÷ őH Z\VWDZ÷ RGZLHG]L POQ RVÐE Z W\P VSR]D =MHGQRF]RQ\FK (PLUDWÐZ $UDEVNLFK D UHODFMRQRZDå Mã E÷G]LH W\V G]LHQQLNDU]\ ] FDğHJR ijZLDWD =RUJDQL]RZDQLH HNVSR]\FML QDURGRZ\FK Z\PDJD NLONX ODW SUDF\ ZLHOX RVÐE NWÐUH PXV]ã ]DDQJDőRZDå VL÷ Z SU]\JRWRZDQLH EXGRZOL ]QDMGXMãFHM VL÷ t F]÷VWR t Z RGOHJğ\P ]DNãWNX JOREX .RQLHF]QH MHVW WDNőH SRQLHVLHQLH SU]H] SDġVWZD Z\VWDZFÐZ ]QDF]Q\FK QDNğDGÐZ ILQDQVRZ\FK OLF]RQ\FK Z G]LHVLãWNDFK PLOLRQÐZ ]ğRW\FK =D VNRPSOLNRZDQ\ SURFHV ]DSODQRZDQLD L ]UHDOL]RZDQLD SUH]HQWDFML QDV]HJR NUDMX Z 'XEDMX RGSRZLDGD 3ROVND $JHQFMD ,QZHVW\FML L +DQGOX =DGDQLHP $JHQFML RSUÐF] EXGRZ\ SDZLORQX L VWZRU]HQLD DWUDNF\MQHM GOD ]ZLHG]DMãF\FK HNVSR]\FML MHVW ]DDUDQőRZDQLH QD PLHMVFX OLF]Q\FK Z\GDU]Hġ SURPXMãF\FK 3ROVN÷ t SRND]XMãF\FK MHM RVLãJQL÷FLD Z UÐőQ\FK REV]DUDFK t DOH UÐZQLHő SRV]F]HJÐOQH UHJLRQ\ NUDMX :DőQ\PL PRPHQWDPL E÷Gã 3ROVNR $UDEVNLH )RUXP *RVSRGDUF]H JUXGQLD

3DZLORQ 3ROVNL ([SR

IRWR DXWRU

U RUD] SU]HGVL÷Z]L÷FLD UHDOL]RZDQH SRGF]DV 'QLD 3ROVNLHJR JUXGQLD U +DVğR SU]HZRGQLH MDNLH SU]\M÷WR GOD QDURGRZHM HNVSR]\FML WR e3ROVND .UHDW\ZQRijå LQVSLURZDQD QDWXUãr 3RODQG &UHDWLYLW\ LQVSLUHG E\ QDWXUH ,VWQLHMH V]DQVD QD WR őH DUFKLWHNWXUD QDV]HJR SDZLORQX NWÐU\ Z\EXGRZDQR Z =MHGQRF]RQ\FK (PLUDWDFK $UDEVNLFK Z]EXG]L t WDN MDN WR E\ZDğR SRGF]DV SRSU]HGQLFK HG\FML ([SR t QLHPDğH ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH JRijFL Z\VWDZ\ L ]RVWDQLH GRFHQLRQD SU]H] G]LHQQLNDU]\ 2ELHNW VWDQãğ QD G]LDğFH R SRZLHU]FKQL P Z FHQWUDOQ\P SXQNFLH WHUHQÐZ Z\VWDZRZ\FK t Z F]÷ijFL SRijZL÷FRQHM PRELOQRijFL %U\ğ÷ EXGRZOL WZRU]\ RWZDUWD UR]UDVWDMãFD VL÷ NX JÐU]H PRGXğRZD NRQVWUXNFMD 1DG JğRZDPL JRijFL ZFKRG]ãF\FK

GR SDZLORQX ]QDMGXMH VL÷ RU\JLQDOQD LQVWDODFMD t U]HŏED NLQHW\F]QD V\PEROL]XMãFD SU]HODWXMãFH VWDGR SWDNÐZ 0LJUXMãFH SWDFWZR VWDQRZL ZVSÐOQ\ ZãWHN NXOWXU ZLHOX QDURGÐZ Z W\P UÐZQLHő W\FK ]DPLHV]NXMãF\FK 3ÐğZ\VHS $UDEVNL 2VRE\ NWÐUH ZFKRG]ã GR ZQ÷WU]D EXGRZOL VSRW\NDMã VL÷ ] QDUUDFMã RG]ZLHUFLHGODMãFã KDVğR JğÐZQH QDURGRZHM HNVSR]\FML RUD] PRW\Z PRELOQRijFL 1D RSRZLHijå R 3ROVFH VNğDGD VL÷ SL÷å F]÷ijFL RGSRZLDGDMãF\FK SL÷FLX VWUHIRP Z ijFLHőFH ]ZLHG]DQLD NWÐUH ]DW\WXğRZDQR , e3ROVND ,QVSLURZDQD QDWXUãr 3RODQG ,QVSLUHG E\ QDWXUH ,, e3ROVND 'RP NUHDW\ZQRijFLr 3RODQG $ KRPH IRU FUHDWLYLW\ ,,, e3ROVND 'XFK SRP\VğRZRijFLr 3RODQG 6SLULW RI LQJHQXLW\ ,9 e3ROVND .UDLQD REILWRijFLr 3RODQG /DQG RI SOHQW\ 9 e3ROVND .UDMREUD]\ NUHDW\ZQRijFLr

:HMVFLH GR SROVNLHJR SRZLORQX ([SR

IRWR DXWRU

17


3RODQG /DQGVFDSHV RI FUHDWLYLW\ 1D V]F]HJÐğRZ\ RSLV QDV]HM HNVSR]\FML SU]\MG]LH F]DV SR SRZURFLH ] ([SR MHGQDN MXő WHUD] ZDUWR ZVSRPQLHå őH MHGQ\P ] HOHPHQWÐZ ]ZLHG]DQLD MHVW ]DSURV]HQLH JRijFL GR e3ROVNLHJR 6WRğXr t MHG\QHM Z VZRLP URG]DMX PXOWLPHGLDOQHM LQVWDODFML DUW\VW\F]QHM 5R]SRF]\QD RQD SRGUÐő SR ZQ÷WU]X SDZLORQX ğãF]ãF SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL ZLHOX NXOWXU -DN ]DSHZQLDMã SURMHNWDQFL QDV]HM SUH]HQWDFML QDURGRZHM eLQVWDODFMD MHVW XQLNDOQ\P RELHNWHP DUW\VW\F]Q\P VWZRU]RQ\P ] FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\FK GOD 3ROVNL VXURZFÐZ WDNLFK MDN PLHGŏ V]NğR GUHZQR FHUDPLND F]\ ZğÐNQD Z÷JORZH SU]\ ZVSÐOQ\P Z\VLğNX SROVNLFK U]HPLHijOQLNÐZ DUW\VWÐZ L LQő\QLHUÐZr

3DZLORQ 3ROVNL ([SR 'XEDL

ŏUÐGğR ZZZ SDLK JRY SO

18

:DőQã URO÷ SU]\ e3ROVNLP 6WROHr RGJU\ZD SHUVRQHO SDZLORQX NWÐU\ ZHUEDOQLH XUXFKDPLD LQVWDODFM÷ 7÷ F]\QQRijå E÷Gã Z\NRQ\ZDå UÐZQLHő SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH QDV]HJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX ERZLHP SROVNLH Z\VWãSLHQLH Z =MHGQRF]RQ\FK (PLUDWDFK $UDEVNLFK ZHVSU]H VZRLP ]DDQJDőRZDQLHP GZDG]LHijFLRUR VWXGHQWHN L VWXGHQWÐZ ']L÷NL ZVSÐğSUDF\ QDZLã]DQHM PL÷G]\ 3ROVNã $JHQFMã ,QZHVW\FML L +DQGOX D 8QLZHUV\WHWHP (NRQRPLF]Q\P

Z .UDNRZLH RGE÷Gã RQL SğDWQH SUDNW\NL Z QDV]\P SDZLORQLH 3UDNW\NL E÷Gã PLDğ\ PLHMVFH Z GZÐFK WXUDFK SR WU]\ PLHVLãFH 2SUÐF] F]ğRQNÐZ QDV]HM VSRğHF]QRijFL XF]HOQLDQHM ZH]Pã Z QLFK XG]LDğ SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH MHV]F]H W\ONR SL÷FLX LQQ\FK RijURGNÐZ DNDGHPLFNLFK 'R RERZLã]NÐZ VWXGHQWHN L VWXGHQWÐZ E÷Gã QDOHőDğ\ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP RSLHND QDG RVREDPL ]ZLHG]DMãF\PL SDZLORQ Z W\P UÐZQLHő JRijåPL VSHFMDOQ\PL t G\SORPDWDPL SROLW\NDPL DUW\VWDPL EL]QHVPHQDPL L DQJDőRZDQLH VL÷ Z RUJDQL]DFM÷ ]UÐőQLFRZDQ\FK Z\GDU]Hġ SURPXMãF\FK 3ROVN÷ $E\ Z\MHFKDå QD ([SR VWXGHQWNL L VWXGHQFL PXVLHOL SU]HMijå NLOND V]F]HEOL UHNUXWDFML t QD SR]LRPLH XQLZHUV\WHWX MDN L SRGPLRWX RGSRZLHG]LDOQHJR ]D SU]\JRWRZDQLH SUH]HQWDFML QDV]HJR NUDMX 8G]LDğ Z ([SR E÷G]LH GOD ]UHNUXWRZDQ\FK RVÐE QLH]Z\Nğã SU]\JRGã t RND]Mã GR SR]QDQLD RGOHJğHM NXOWXU\ NUDMX JRV]F]ãFHJR Z\VWDZ÷ XG]LDğX Z ZLHOX Z\GDU]HQLDFK WRZDU]\V]ãF\FK SU]HE\ZDQLD ] UÐZLHijQLNDPL ] FDğHJR ijZLDWD MDN UÐZQLHő QDZLã]DQLD NRQWDNWÐZ ] SU]HGVL÷ELRUFDPL L SROLW\NDPL RGZLHG]DMãF\PL SROVNL SDZLORQ

PRőOLZ\ EH] ő\F]OLZRijFL L ]DDQJDőRZDQLD ZğDG] QDV]HJR XQLZHUV\WHWX t -0 5HNWRUD GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZD 0D]XUD SURI 8(. RUD] 3URUHNWRUD GV 3URMHNWÐZ L :VSÐğSUDF\ GU KDE 3LRWUD %Xğ\ SURI 8(. NWÐU\ ]RVWDğ $PEDVDGRUHP ([SR ] UDPLHQLD QDV]HM 8F]HOQL 3URFHV UHNUXWDFML GXő\P QDNğDGHP SUDF\ ]UHDOL]RZDğ\ 3DQLH ] $NDGHPLFNLHJR &HQWUXP .DULHU\ 8(. PJU LQő 0DMD 7LPOHU IJZLHFK PJU 0RQLND 0LFKDOLN RUD] PJU 0DULD %D]\OVND

:\MD]G QDV]\FK VWXGHQWHN L VWXGHQWÐZ QD 3ÐğZ\VHS $UDEVNL QLH E\ğE\

GU KDE 0DUFLQ *÷EDURZVNL SURI 8(. .DWHGUD =DU]ãG]DQLD 3URFHVRZHJR

8G]LDğ ZH ZVSÐğF]HVQ\FK Z\VWDZDFK ijZLDWRZ\FK PD SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP SU]\F]\QLDå VL÷ GR Z\NUHRZDQLD QD DUHQLH PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM SRőãGDQHJR ZL]HUXQNX SRV]F]HJÐOQ\FK NUDMÐZ SUH]HQWXMãF\FK WR FR PDMã QDMOHSV]H t VZÐM SRWHQFMDğ SU]\URGQLF]\ NXOWXURZ\ SU]HP\VğRZ\ QDXNRZ\ 1DOHő\ FLHV]\å VL÷ őH VZÐM ZNğDG Z DNW\ZQRijå SURPRF\MQã QDV]HJR NUDMX ZQLRVã WDNőH UHSUH]HQWDQWNL L UHSUH]HQWDQFL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH ]GRE\ZDMãF SU]\ W\P QLH]Z\NğH GRijZLDGF]HQLD SRGF]DV NLONXPLHVL÷F]QHJR SRE\WX Z =MHGQRF]RQ\FK (PLUDWDFK $UDEVNLFK


2 SU]\MDŏQLDFK HNRQRPLL L PHG\F\QLH _ SZISW_[SQU ¶.I S]ª ZU]HijQLD U t GRNğDGQLH Z Wã URF]QLF÷ ijPLHUFL .D]LPLHU]D *RğGDVD GDZQHJR NLHURZQLND 'RPX 6WXGHQFNLHJR „Fafik” LbQ[QMR[bMOW =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM XZba ]T :IKðI_QKSQMR ! Z PXUDFK WHJRő PLDğR PLHMVFH VSRWNDQLH GDZQ\FK MHJR PLHV]NDġFÐZ L ]DSU]\MDŏQLRQ\FK ] QLPL eVãVLDGÐZr b XWJTQ[SQMOW ,WU] ;\]LMVKSQMOW ,

LbQ[QMR[bMOW +WTTMOQ]U 5MLQK]U =VQ_MZ[a\M\] 2IOQMTTWġ[SQMOW b ]T :IKðI_QKSQMR !)

P

r]\MDŏQLH ]DZLã]DQH SRPL÷G]\ Z ODWDFK PLDğ\ PLHMVFH QLPL t ]ZğDV]F]D Z ODWDFK F]WHU\ HG\FMH .UDNRZVNLFK 6SRWNDġ ;; Z F]DVLH QLH]Z\NOH GOD QLFK (NRQRPLVWÐZ L 0HG\NÐZ SLHUZV]H EDUZQ\P ] SHUVSHNW\Z\ F]DVX MHV]F]H SRG LQQã QD]Zã ,9 =MD]G NWÐU\ PLQãğ WUZDMã GR G]LVLDM 3RQDG 0LHV]NDġFÐZ :DOHWÐZ L 6\PSDW\NÐZ SL÷åG]LHVL÷FLX XF]HVWQLNÐZ WHJR '6 e)DILNr 8(. RUJDQL]RZDQH VSRWNDQLD SRğãF]\ğD ODW WHPX WDNőH SU]H] ]URG]RQH ] WHM ZVSÐğSUDF\ LGHD ZVSÐğG]LDğDQLD Z VIHU]H ğãF]ãFHM .UDNRZVNLH 6WRZDU]\V]HQLH (GXNDFML HNRQRPL÷ L PHG\F\Q÷ L WDN G]L÷NL WHPX e(NRQRPHGr NWÐUHPX SU]HZRGQLF]\

3LRWU 'UãőNLHZLF] t NLHUXMãF\ 5DGã 0LHV]NDġFÐZ e)DILNDr Z GUXJLHM SRğRZLH ODW 6SRWNDQLH XijZLHWQLOL VZRMã REHFQRijFLã GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. t 5HNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH RUD] GU

)RW 0LHV]NDġF\ e)DILNDr SRGF]DV -XZHQDOLÐZ Z U ŎUÐGğR $UFKLZXP 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH $8(. *RğGDV .D]LPLHU] *. $OEXP\ IRWRJUDILL L IRWRJUDILH

19


RGVğRQL÷FLD WDEOLF\ XSDPL÷WQLDMãFHM .D]LPLHU]D *RğGDVD Z ]ZLã]NX ] URF]QLFã MHJR ijPLHUFL %\ğ\ ZÐZF]DV NZLDW\ UR]PRZ\ Z]UXV]HQLD L ZVSRPQLHQLD t Z ijZLHFLH L F]DVLH SRGREQ\P GR G]LVLHMV]HJR DOH WDNőH RGPLHQQ\P

)RW e)DILNr L MHJR PLHV]NDġF\ SRGF]DV -XZHQDOLÐZ Z U ŎUÐGğR $8(. *RğGDV .D]LPLHU] *. $OEXP\ IRWRJUDILL L IRWRJUDILH

KDE 3LRWU %XğD SURI 8(. t 3URUHNWRU 8(. GV 3URMHNWÐZ L :VSÐğSUDF\ 5HNWRU 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SU]HND]Dğ QD U÷FH 3LRWUD 'UãőNLHZLF]D XURF]\VW\ DGUHV VNLHURZDQ\ GR XF]HVWQLNÐZ VSRWNDQLD 6]DQRZQ\ 3DQLH 3UH]HVLH Z Z\MãWNRZ\P GQLX VSRWNDQLD Z 'RPX 6WXGHQFNLP e)DILNr SURV]÷ SU]\Mãå QDMVHUGHF]QLHMV]H ő\F]HQLD NWÐUH MDNR SU]HGVWDZLFLHO 6HQDWX :ğDG] 5HNWRUVNLFK RUD] FDğHM 6SRğHF]QRijFL $NDGHPLFNLHM 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR w .UDNRZLH VNğDGDP QD U÷FH 3DQD 3UH]HVD GOD ZV]\VWNLFK GDZQ\FK PLHV]NDġFÐZ '6 e)DILNr DEVROZHQWÐZ 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR L 8QLZHUV\WHWX -DJLHOORġVNLHJR &ROOHJLXP 0HGLFXP RUD] F]ğRQNÐZ L V\PSDW\NÐZ .UDNRZVNLHJR 6WRZDU]\V]HQLD (GXNDFML e(NRQRPHGr )RW 3U]HG ]ğRőHQLHP NZLDWÐZ SRG WDEOLFã .D]LPLHU]D *RğGDVD Z KROX e)DILND ZU]HijQLD U Z SLHUZV]\P U]÷G]LH RG OHZHM 6WDQLVğDZ %LV]W\JD 3LRWU %XğD t 3URUHNWRU 8(. 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU t 5HNWRU 8(. L 3LRWU 'UãőNLHZLF] IRW 7DGHXV] )LODU

-HVWHP SHğHQ SRG]LZX GOD 3DġVWZD HQWX]MD]PX L GHWHUPLQDFML Z SRGWU]\P\ZDQLX GDZQ\FK SU]\MDŏQL L ]QDMRPRijFL QDZHW SR ZLHOX ODWDFK RG XNRġF]HQLD VWXGLÐZ -HVWHP UÐZQLHő Jğ÷ERNR ZG]L÷F]Q\ ]D SRGHMPRZDQH SU]H] e(NRQRPHGr G]LDğDQLD VSRğHF]ne i FKDU\WDW\ZQH t ]ZğDV]F]D ]ELÐUNL SLHQL÷G]\ QD ]DNXS VSU]÷WX UDWXMãFHJR ]GURZLH L ő\FLH RUD] XVSUDZQLDMãFHJR G]LDğDQLH NUDNRZVNLFK V]SLWDOL :V]\VWNLP RUJDQL]DWRURP L XF]HVWQLNRP G]LVLHMV]HJR VSRWNDQLD Z 'RPX 6WXGHQFNLP e)DILNr ő\F]÷ ]GURZLD SRJRG\ GXFKD RUD] ZV]HONLHM SRP\ijOQRijFL 1LHPDO ODW ZF]HijQLHM t SDŏG]LHUQLND U GU KDE $QGU]HM &KRFKÐğ SURI 8(. t ÐZF]HVQ\ 5HNWRU 8(. 7HUHVD 'RURWD *RğGDV t ZGRZD SR SDQX .D]LPLHU]X RUD] GU 6WDQLVğDZ %LV]W\JD t GDZQ\ PLHV]NDQLHF e)DILNDr RUD] LQLFMDWRU L IXQGDWRU SU]HGVL÷Z]L÷FLD t GRNRQDOL

ZU]HijQLD U SRG WDEOLFã .D]LPLHU]D *RğGDVD WDNőH ]ğRőRQR NZLDW\ D SRWHPf SRWHP ZVSRPLQDQR L UR]PDZLDQR R WHUDŏQLHMV]RijFL L SODQDFK QD SU]\V]ğRijå t P LQ R W\P E\ Z U ]RUJDQL]RZDå 3LãWH -XELOHXV]RZH .UDNRZVNLH 6SRWNDQLH (NRQRPLVWÐZ L 0HG\NÐZ ER MHVW RQR ]Z\F]DMQLH EDUG]R SRWU]HEQH 0LDğR PLHå PLHMVFH MHVLHQLã U t DOH ]H Z]JO÷GÐZ QD WUZDMãFã ZÐZF]DV ID]÷ SDQGHPLL PXVLDğR ]RVWDå RGZRğDQH 6SRWNDQLD WDNLH Vã EDUG]R SRWU]HEQH ER SR]ZDODMã G]LDğDå QD U]HF] WHUDŏQLHMV]RijFL L SU]\V]ğRijFL t ]JRGQLH ] W\PL FHODPL MDNLH SRVWDZLğ VRELH e(NRQRPHGr 3RWU]HEQH Vã WDNőH ER SR]ZDODMã SRGWU]\P\ZDå L UR]ZLMDå UHODF\MQ\ NDSLWDğ SU]\MDŏQL ] NWÐU\FK ZLHOH UR]SRF]÷ğR VL÷ NLHG\ij Z GZÐFK VãVLDGXMãF\FK ]H VREã GRPDFK VWXGHQFNLFK SU]\ XO 5DFğDZLFNLHM Z .UDNRZLH 3U]\MDŏQLH WH ZVSRPLQDğ ODW WHPX 6WDQLVğDZ %LV]W\JD D ODW SÐŏQLHM ZVSRPQLHQLD WH ]QDOD]ğ\ VL÷ Z WRPLH ZVSRPQLHġ SRijZL÷FRQ\FK .D]LPLHU]RZL *RğGDVRZL t 0LDğHP KRQRU PLHV]NDå Z DNDGHPLNX SU]\ XO 5DFğDZLFNLHM = SHUVSHNW\Z\ SRQDG åZLHUå ZLHNX ] FDğã RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijFLã RijZLDGF]DP őH E\ğ WR QLH]Z\Nğ\ RNUHV Z PRLP ő\FLX >f@ = RNUHVX VWXGLÐZ SRFKRG]ã ERZLHP QDMZVSDQLDOV]H SU]\MDŏQLH WUZDMãFH F]÷VWR GR G]LVLDM -HijOL NWRij ZÐZF]DV E\ğ QRUPDOQ\ VHUGHF]Q\ XF]\QQ\ L OXELDQ\ t G]LVLDM MHVW WDNL VDP 0RőH PD PQLHM ZğRVÐZ L ZL÷FHM NLORJUDPÐZf $OH MHijOL NWRij ZÐZF]DV ]DFKRZ\ZDğ VL÷ MDN eNODUQHWr t HSLWHW GREU]H ]QDQ\ Z .UDNRZLH t WR SHZQLH G]LVLDM MHVW WDNL VDP L QDZHW QDMOHSV]\ Z\JOãG ]HZQ÷WU]Q\ QLF]HJR QLH ]PLHQLf1 GU 7DGHXV] )LODU 'HSDUWDPHQW 0DUNL L .RPXQLNDFML 2SLHNXQ 0X]HXP 8(.

6WDQLVğDZ %LV]W\JD :DOHW ] )DILND >Z @ 3DQ .D]LPLHU] .D]LPLHU] *RğGDV ZH ZVSRmnieniach =HEUDğ L RSUDFRZDğ 7DGHXV] )LODU :\GDZQLFWZR 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH .UDNÐZ V

20


jednostki

3RGVXPRZDQLH F\NOX

LMJI\ SZISW_[SQKP : GQLX ZU]HijQLD RGE\ğD VL÷ RVWDWQLD ] F\NOX GHEDW NUDNRZVNLFK ¶8ZbMUaĬTMČ 3ZIS{_ Q 5IðWXWT[SĔ 8MZ[XMS\a_I ª ]DW\WXğRZDQD ©5QI[\W Q :MOQWV _ MZbM XW[\ XIVLMUQKbVMR § WL LQIOVWba LW ZWb_QĊbIġª *RVSRGDU]HP GHEDW\ E\ğ 5HNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH t GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(.

21


wydarzenia 22

C

EL]QHVX PÐZLğ WDNőH -0 5HNWRU 8(. ]ZDUWNRZD GHEDWD E\ğD =ZUÐFLğ RQ XZDJ÷ QD ZVSÐğSUDF÷ SLãW\P L RVWDWQLP VSRWNDL XPLHM÷WQRijå SRGHMPRZDQLD V]\EQLHP ] F\NOX GHEDW NUDNLFK GHF\]ML NWÐUD t MHJR ]GDQLHP NRZVNLFK ]DLQLFMRZDQ\FK SU]H] 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ t E\ğD EDUG]R ZLGRF]QD Z F]DVLH SDQGHPLL QS Z G]LDğDQLDFK VğXőE\ Z .UDNRZLH D SURZDG]RQ\FK ZH ]GURZLD ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] ZğDG]DPL VDPRU]ãGRZ\PL .UDNRZD L 0DğRSROVNL NUDNRZVNLPL XF]HOQLDPL EL]QHVHP RUD] t 2JÐOQLH U]HF] ELRUãF GDOLijP\ UDG÷ Z\WU]\PDOLijP\ DOH WR SRND]XMH RUJDQL]DFMDPL RE\ZDWHOVNLPL &HOHP ZLHONã SU]HVWU]Hġ GOD QRZRF]HVRUJDQL]DFML VHULL GHEDW E\ğR RWZDUFLH SU]HVWU]HQL GR Z\PLDQ\ SRJOãGÐZ QHJR SDġVWZD 2QR Z W\P ijZLHFLH SHğQ\P QLHNRġF]ãF\FK VL÷ ]PLDQ NRQIURQWDFML LGHL L NRQFHSWÐZ RUD] SRZLQQR G]LDğDå ]QDF]QLH OHSLHM X]JDGQLDQLD NOXF]RZ\FK NLHUXQNÐZ UR]ZRMX .UDNRZD L 0DğRSROVNL .DőGH E\ijP\ QLH PXVLHOL ZV]\VF\ G]LDğDå QD JUDQLF\ DOER L SR]D JUDQLFDPL ]H VSRWNDġ GRW\F]\ğR LQQHJR LVWRWQHQDV]\FK PRőOLZRijFL t PÐZLğ GU KDE JR REV]DUX IXQNFMRQRZDQLD PLDVWD 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. : G\VNXVML XG]LDğ Z]L÷OL ĞXNDV] 3RGF]DV ZF]HijQLHMV]\FK GHEDW 6PÐğND t :LFHPDUV]DğHN RPDZLDQR P LQ :RMHZÐG]WZD 0DğRSROVNLHJR 0DUFLQ -÷GU\FKRZVNL t '\UHNWRU 6]SLWDOD 8QLZHUV\WHFNLHJR e6Ğ8Ő%$ ='52:,$ &]\ PLHV]NDġF\ .UDNRZD Z .UDNRZLH :RMFLHFK 3U]\E\OVNL t 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX .UDNRZVNL 3DUN L 0DğRSROVNL PRJã F]Xå VL÷ 7HFKQRORJLF]Q\ RUD] 3LRWU ']LZRN EH]SLHF]QLH"r t 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX 6KHOO 3ROVND 3UHVLGHQW RI WKH 6WUDWHJLF %RDUG 8F]HVWQLF\ , GHEDW\ GU KDE 3UHVLGHQW RI $%6/ 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. t 5HNWRU 8(. SURI 7RPDV] *URG]LFNL t 3URUHNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX :ijUÐG QDMZDőQLHMV]\FK ZãWNÐZ -DJLHOORġVNLHJR GV &ROOHJLXP SRMDZLğD VL÷ P LQ NZHVWLD ZQLRVNÐZ 0HGLFXP 0DUFLQ -÷GU\FKRZVNL t MDNLH PRőHP\ Z\FLãJQãå ] G]LD'\UHNWRU 6]SLWDOD 8QLZHUV\WHFNLHJR ğDġ L Z\GDU]Hġ NWÐU\FK E\OLijP\ ijZLDGNDPL Z F]DVLH SDQGHPLL RUD] Z .UDNRZLH GU KDE $QGU]HM LFK NRQVHNZHQFML QLH W\ONR GOD JR.XOLJ t =DVW÷SFD 3UH]\GHQWD 0LDVWD .UDNRZD ĞXNDV] 6PÐğND VSRGDUNL DOH L GOD VSRğHF]HġVWZD 3U]\NğDGHP PRőH E\å ZL÷NV]D t :LFHPDUV]DğHN :RMHZÐG]WZD ijZLDGRPRijå WHJR MDN ZDőQD MHVW 0DğRSROVNLHJR F\IU\]DFMD F]\ NRQLHF]QRijå UHJXODFML SUDZQ\FK GRW\F]ãF\FK SUDF\ ]GDOt (SLGHPLD XGHU]D Z QDV]H ]GURZLH QHM FR VWDQRZF]R SRGNUHijODğ 3LRWU DOH WDN VDPR PRFQR GRW\ND QD']LZRN V]HJR ő\FLD VSRğHF]QHJR ]PLHQLD IXQNFMRQRZDQLH JRVSRGDUNL ZL÷]L t 1LJG\ QLH ZUÐFLP\ MXő GR U]HVSRğHF]QH SU]\]Z\F]DMHQLD L ]Z\F]\ZLVWRijFL VSU]HG SDQGHPLL 3R F]DMH 2JUDQLF]HQLH MHM QHJDW\ZQ\FK NLONXQDVWX PLHVLãFDFK MHM WUZDQLD VNXWNÐZ Z UÐőQ\FK SURSRUFMDFK SUDFRZQLF\ FKFã E\ijP\ LP ]D]DOHő\ RG V\VWHPX RSLHNL ]GURZRWQHM SHZQLOL PRőOLZRijå SUDF\ ]GDOQHM ZğDG] VDPRU]ãGRZ\FK QDXNRZFÐZ OLGHUÐZ RSLQLL HNVSHUWÐZ t PÐZLğ GU , P\ PXVLP\ WR ]URELå 7U]HED WR KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. MHGQDN XUHJXORZDå SUDZQLH 6ã NUDMH MDN +LV]SDQLD NWÐUH ]QDF]QLH V]\EFLHM UR ]URELğ\ 7DND UHJXODFMD e*2632'$5.$ &]\ OHFL MHVW HOHPHQWHP PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM ] QDPL SLORW"r NRQNXUHQFML t NRPHQWRZDğ 3LRWU ']LZRN =DDSHORZDğ WDNőH GR SROL8F]HVWQLF\ ,, GHEDW\ GU KDE W\NÐZ R SU]\VSLHV]HQLH SUDF Z W\P 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. t 5HNWRU ]DNUHVLH 8(. GU KDE 5REHUW 7RPDQHN SURI 8( t SRGVHNUHWDU] VWDQX 2 W\P őH SDQGHPLD RND]DğD VL÷ Z 0LQLVWHUVWZLH 5R]ZRMX 3UDF\ GREU\P F]DVHP GOD QRZRF]HVQHJR L 7HFKQRORJLL SURI GU KDE PHG

$QGU]HM 0DW\MD t 3UH]HV 1DF]HOQHM ,]E\ /HNDUVNLHM 3LRWU =L÷WDUD t 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX 0LHMVNLHJR 3U]HGVL÷ELRUVWZD :RGRFLãJÐZ L .DQDOL]DFML 6 $ Z .UDNRZLH 3DZHğ 6XOLġVNL t 6HQLRU 'LUHFWRU *%6 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ /HDG +LWDFKL 9DQWDUD GU KDE $QQD 0RŏG]LHU] SURI 8(. t ']LHNDQ .ROHJLXP (NRQRPLL )LQDQVÐZ L 3UDZD 8(. '\VNXWXMãF R ZSğ\ZLH SDQGHPLL QD JRVSRGDUN÷ XF]HVWQLF\ GHEDW\ VNXSLOL VL÷ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QD NRQWHNijFLH ORNDOQ\P 2GSRZLDGDOL QD S\WDQLD FKRåE\ R X]DOHőQLHQLH .UDNRZD RG WXU\VW\NL XVğXJL GOD EL]QHVX NWÐU\FK .UDNÐZ VWDğ VL÷ MHGQ\P ]H ijZLDWRZ\FK FHQWUÐZ UÐZQRZDJ÷ PL÷G]\ JRVSRGDUNã D PHG\F\Qã D WDNőH R VWUDWHJLH UR]ZRMRZH LQVW\WXFML SXEOLF]Q\FK RUD] SROVNLHJR U]ãGX t : G]LDğDMãF\P SU]\ 8(. X &HQWUXP 3ROLW\N 3XEOLF]Q\FK Z\SUDFRZXMHP\ PRGHOH IXQNFMRQRZDQLD LQVW\WXFML SXEOLF]Q\FK SRGF]DV SDQGHPLL L SR QLHM :LHP\ MXő őH LFK IXQNFMRQRZDQLH D SU]H] WR FDğD JRVSRGDUND PRFQR VL÷ ]PLHQLã =DSUDV]DP GR UR]PRZ\ QD WHQ WHPDW ER ]PLDQ\ GRWNQã ZV]\VWNLFK DOH SU]\JRWRZDQL t E÷G]LHP\ DUFKLWHNWDPL QRZHM JRVSRGDUNL NWÐUD PRőH E\å ]GURZV]D RG WHM VSU]HG SDQGHPLL t PÐZLğ GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. e0L÷G]\QDURGRZ\ EL]QHV Z .UDNRZLH -DND MHVW SU]\V]ğRijå HXURSHMVNLHM VWROLF\ QRZRF]HVQ\FK XVğXJ GOD EL]QHVX"r 8F]HVWQLF\ ,,, GHEDW\ SURI -DFHN 0DMFKURZVNL t 3UH]\GHQW 0LDVWD .UDNRZD GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. t 5HNWRU 8(. -HU]\ 0X]\N t =DVW÷SFD 3UH]\GHQWD .UDNRZD GV =UÐZQRZDőRQHJR 5R]ZRMX :RMFLHFK &LFKRġ t 9LFH 3UHVLGHQW +HDG RI WKH (XURSHDQ %XVLQHVV 6HUYLFHV &DSJHPLQL 3DZHğ +DMGXN t +HDG RI &HQWUH $06 : F]DVLH GHEDW\ SRUXV]RQR NZHVWLH ]ZLã]DQH ] REDZDPL R SU]\V]ğRijå VHNWRUD EL]QHVRZHJR Z .UDNRZLH -DN SRGNUHijOLğ 3UH]\GHQW 0LDVWD SURI -DFHN 0DMFKURZVNL t SDQGHPLD ]PLHQLğD ZLHOH Z VHNWRU]H


wydarzenia

EL]QHVRZ\P SRND]XMãF QS PRőOLZRijå SUDF\ ]GDOQHM t &KRå Vã REDZ\ ZHGğXJ PQLH QLH WU]HED VL÷ PDUWZLå R MHJR SU]\V]ğRijå Z VHQVLH GDOV]HJR UR]ZRMX t .UDNÐZ MHVW ERZLHP PLDVWHP NWÐUH VWZDU]D ZDUXQNL DE\ ILUP\ NWÐUH VL÷ WX SRMDZLDMã PRJğ\ VL÷ UR]ZLMDå PRJğ\ ]DSHZQLå VZRLP SUDFRZQLNRP FDğH VSHNWUXP WHJR FR MHVW SRWU]HEQH GR IXQNFMRQRZDQLD t PÐZLğ SURI -DFHN 0DMFKURZVNL 5HNWRU 8(. RGSRZLDGDMãF QD S\WDQLH F]\ .UDNÐZ PRőH VWUDFLå SR]\FM÷ HXURSHMVNLHJR OLGHUD QDMOHSV]\FK GHVW\QDFML GR SURZDG]HQLD EL]QHVX SRGNUHijOLğ őH REHFQ\ F]DV MHVW VSHF\ILF]Q\ D QD JOREDOQ\P U\QNX ePRJã Z\VWãSLå SHZQH SU]HWDVRZDQLDr t 1RZD JRVSRGDUND NUHXMH MHGQDN QRZH UHJXğ\ &L NWÐU]\ VL÷ Z QLH ZSLV]ã ]DFKRZDMã VZRMã SR]\FM÷ QD U\QNX DOER ]\VNDMã QRZã = SHZQRijFLã WH UHJXğ\ WR V]\ENL G\QDPLF]Q\ UR]ZÐM QRZ\FK WHFKQRORJLL NRPXQLNDFML ,7 DXWRPDW\]DFMD SURFHVÐZ EL]QHVRZ\FK ZSURZDG]HQLH QRZ\FK QDU]÷G]L PRGHOL EL]QHVRZ\FK 7H QDU]÷G]LH WR QD SU]\NğDG ZSURZDG]HQLH SUDF\ K\EU\GRZHM VSRVÐE Z\NRU]\VWDQLD SU]HVWU]HQL ELXURZHM D WDNőH UHZROXFMD t PÐZLğ GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. e5<1(. 35$&< *LQãFH SRMDZLDMãFH VL÷ ]DZRG\r

NRPSHWHQFML SU]\V]ğRijFL -0 5HNWRU 8(. ZVND]Dğ QD V]DQVH L ]DJURőHQLD Z REOLF]X ]PLHQLDMãFHJR VL÷ U\QNX SUDF\ t :V]\VF\ &L NWÐU]\ RGQDMGã VL÷ Z ORJLFH UHZROXFML WR MHVW WD JUXSD OXG]L NWÐUD E÷G]LH ]\VNLZDå =\VNLZDå E÷Gã UÐZQLHő RVRE\ Z\NRQXMãFH ]DZRG\ R QLVNLFK NRPSHWHQFMDFK NWÐU\FK NRV]W\ DXWRPDW\]DFML Vã ]E\W Z\VRNLH L QLH ZDUWR WHJR F]\QLå .WR E÷G]LH WUDFLğ WR WD JRUV]D F]÷ijå NRPXQLNDWX t Z XSURV]F]HQLX NODVD ijUHGQLD :DUWR EXGRZDå VFHQDULXV]H NWÐUH SR]ZROã Z\Mijå ] WHM RSUHVML t PÐZLğ GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. 3DQL ZLFHPLQLVWHU $QQD .RUQHFND ]ZUÐFLğD QDWRPLDVW XZDJ÷ QD SUREOHP NU\]\VX GHPRJUDILF]QHJR

-DNR UHFHSW÷ QD WHQ NU\]\V ZVND]DğD P LQ DXWRPDW\]DFM÷ SUDF\ &\NO GHEDW NUDNRZVNLFK e3U]HP\ijOHå .UDNÐZ L 0DğRSROVN÷ 3HUVSHNW\ZD r GRELHJğ NRġFD 6SRWNDQLD WH E\ğ\ RND]Mã GR SU]HG\VNXWRZDQLD ZDőQ\FK GOD UHJLRQX WHPDWÐZ Z SU]HVWU]HQLDFK FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\FK GOD .UDNRZD L ZRMHZÐG]WZD PDğRSROVNLHJR WDNLFK MDN .DPSXV 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH )LOKDUPRQLD .UDNRZVND F]\ 8U]ãG 0LDVWD .UDNRZD (IHNWHP W\FK GHEDW E\ğR RPÐZLHQLH VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK Z\]ZDġ RUD] SU]HGVWDZLHQLH PRőOLZ\FK UR]ZLã]Dġ SR]ZDODMãF\FK VSURVWDå W\P Z\]ZDQLRP :RMFLHFK 6\SHN L 5HGDNFMD 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR

8F]HVWQLF\ ,9 GHEDW\ :LWROG .R]ğRZVNL t 0DUV]DğHN :RMHZÐG]WZD 0DğRSROVNLHJR GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. t 5HNWRU 8(. $QQD .RUQHFND t SRGVHNUHWDU] VWDQX Z 0LQLVWHUVWZLH 5R]ZRMX 3UDF\ L 7HFKQRORJLL -HU]\ 0X]\N t =DVW÷SFD 3UH]\GHQWD 0LDVWD .UDNRZD /HV]HN 5RőGőHġVNL t :LFHSUH]\GHQW :\NRQDZF]\ ,]E\ 3U]HP\VğRZR +DQGORZHM Z .UDNRZLH 7RPDV] %U]RVWRZVNL t '\UHNWRU =DU]ãG]DMãF\ *OREDOQã 6WUXNWXUã &HQWUÐZ 1RZRF]HVQ\FK 8VğXJ GOD %L]QHVX ILUP\ +LWDFKL 9DQWDUD '\VNXVMD WRF]\ğD VL÷ ZRNÐğ ]PLDQ ]DFKRG]ãF\FK QD U\QNX SUDF\ QRZ\FK IRUP ]DWUXGQLHQLD RUD] 23


wydarzenia

2ZRFH ZVSÐğSUDF\ SROVNR PRğGDZVNLHM WZIb =-3 );-5 'RNWRUDW KRQRULV FDXVD $6(0 GOD GU KDE 3LRWUD %Xğ\ SURI 8(.

XZWZMS\WZI L[ XZWRMS\{_ Q _[X{ðXZIKa =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM

W

GQLDFK ZU]HijQLD URNX QD VSHFMDOQH ]DSURV]HQLH $NDGHPLL 6WXGLÐZ (NRQRPLF]Q\FK 0RğGDZLL $6(0 $FDGHP\ RI (FRQRPLF 6WXGLHV RI Moldova L ]H VSHFMDOQHM RND]ML SU]HE\ZDğD Z .LV]\QLRZLH GHOHJDFMD ] 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH Z VNğDG]LH SURUHNWRU GV SURMHNWÐZ L ZVSÐğSUDF\ 8(. GU KDE 3LRWU %XğD SURI 8(. G]LHNDQ

24

.ROHJLXP 1DXN R =DU]ãG]DQLX L -DNRijFL 8(. GU KDE %HUQDUG =L÷ELFNL SURI 8(. RUD] UHSUH]HQWDQFL .DWHGU\ =DU]ãG]DQLD 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR GU 0RQLND 6DG\ GU $JQLHV]ND ŐDN RUD] GU 3LRWU 6HGODN 3U]\F]\Qã ZVSÐOQHJR VSRWNDQLD E\ğ MXELOHXV] OHFLD $6(0 RGE\ZDMãFD VL÷ ] WHM RND]ML 0L÷G]\QDURGRZD .RQIHUHQFMD 1DXNRZD \HDUV RG HFRQRPLF UHIRUPV LQ WKH 5HSXEOLF RI 0ROGRYD HFRQRPLF SURJUHV YLD LQQRYDWLRQ MDN

UÐZQLHő SU]\]QDQLH GRNWRUDWX KRQRULV FDXVD GU KDE 3LRWURZL %XOH SURI 8(. 5HSXEOLND 0RğGDZLL WR SDġVWZR SRğRőRQH Z SRğXGQLRZR t ZVFKRGQLHM (XURSLH QD REV]DU]H KLVWRU\F]QHM %HVDUDELL L WHUHQDFK QD OHZ\P EU]HJX 'QLHVWUX 7D ZğDijQLH OHZD F]÷ijå EU]HJX QD]ZDQD 1DGGQLHVWU]HP SR XSDGNX =655 RJğRVLğD VHFHVM÷ L IXQNFMRQXMH MDNR QLHSRGOHJğH SDġVWZR FKRå SUDNW\F]QLH QLHX]QDZDQH


2G URNX URNX RJğRV]HQLD QLHSRGOHJğRijFL 5HSXEOLND 0RğGDZLL ZNURF]\ğD QD WUXGQã GURJ÷ WUDQVIRUPDFML SROLW\F]QHM JRVSRGDUF]HM L VSRğHF]QHM : ZDUXQNDFK JRVSRGDUNL U\QNRZHM L SR UR]SDG]LH =ZLã]NX 5DG]LHFNLHJR 0RğGDZLD MDNR SDġVWZR ]DF]\QDğD SUDNW\F]QLH RG QRZD : WHM V\WXDFML NRQLHF]QH VWDğR VL÷ RWZDUFLH V]NRğ\ Z\őV]HM DE\ VSURVWDå Z\PDJDQLRP JRVSRGDUNL SU]HMijFLRZHM D SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP E\ NV]WDğFLå VSHFMDOLVWÐZ R RGSRZLHGQLFK NZDOLILNDFMDFK GR QRZ\FK Z\PDJDġ RWRF]HQLD JRVSRGDUF]HJR : GQLX ZU]HijQLD U ]JRGQLH ] GHF\]Mã QU U]ãGX 5HSXEOLNL 0RğGDZLL XWZRU]RQR $(60 $FDGHP\ RI (FRQRPLF 6WXGLHV RI 0ROGRYD t $NDGHPL÷ 6WXGLÐZ (NRQRPLF]Q\FK 0RğGDZLL : WHQ VSRVÐE VSHğQLğR VL÷ GãőHQLH ZLHOX SRNROHġ 0RğGDZLDQ NWÐUH SUDJQ÷ğ\ QLH]DOHőQHM XF]HOQL Z\őV]HM Z G]LHG]LQLH QDXNL L HGXNDFML HNRQRPLF]QHM 0RőOLZH VWDğR VL÷ UÐZQLHő ]LQWHJURZDQLH Z\őV]HJR V]NROQLFWZD HNRQRPLF]QHJR ] SURFHVHP QDXNRZR EDGDZF]\P D WDNőH SLRQRZD LQWHJUDFMD UÐőQ\FK SR]LRPÐZ NV]WDğFHQLD t SU]HG XQLZHUV\WHFNLHJR L XQLZHUV\WHFNLHJR 2G VDPHJR SRF]ãWNX FHOHP 8QLZHUV\WHWX E\ğR QLH W\ONR QDVWDZLHQLH VL÷ QD QDXN÷ L U]HF]\ZLVWH SURIHVMRQDOQH VSHFMDOLVW\F]QH NV]WDğFHQLH VWXGHQWÐZ DOH WDNőH QD Z\FKRZDQLH QRZ\FK SRNROHġ Z GXFKX ZROQRijFL P\ijOL L G]LDğDQLD SUDJPDW\]PX L VSUDZQRijFL ő\FLRZHM 3U]H] WH ZV]\VWNLH ODWD $6(0 ]QDF]QLH VL÷ UR]ZLQ÷ğD VWDMãF VL÷ JğÐZQã L MDN QD UD]LH MHG\Qã XF]HOQLã R SURILOX HNRQRPLF]Q\P Z NUDMX VWDQRZLãFã QRZRF]HVQ\ NRPSOHNV XQLZHUV\WHFNL

:\VRNL SR]LRP VWXGLÐZ ]DDZDQVRZDQH EDGDQLD QDXNRZH WHQGHQFMD GR FLãJğHJR GRVNRQDOHQLD L ]GROQRijå GR GRVWRVRZDQLD VL÷ GR Z\PDJDġ VSRğHF]HġVWZD XPLHijFLğ\ $6(0 Z JURQLH QDMEDUG]LHM DWUDNF\MQ\FK LQVW\WXFML V]NROQLFWZD Z\őV]HJR Z 5HSXEOLFH 0RğGDZLL 6]F]HJÐOQH ]QDF]HQLH Z SUDF\ XF]HOQL PD ZVSÐğSUDFD ] LQQ\PL LQVW\WXFMDPL HGXNDF\MQ\PL L RijURGNDPL EDGDZF]\PL Z SRQDG NUDMDFK ijZLDWD PDMãF\PL FHQQH WUDG\FMH Z ]DNUHVLH VWXGLÐZ L EDGDġ HNRQRPLF]Q\FK $6(0 MHVW P LQ F]ğRQNLHP 6WRZDU]\V]HQLD 8QLZHUV\WHWÐZ )UDQNRIRġVNLFK $8) F]ğRQNLHP 6LHFL 8QLZHUV\WHWÐZ %DVHQX 0RU]D &]DUQHJR %681 F]ğRQNLHP 6LHFL 8QLZHUV\WHWÐZ ,QLFMDW\Z\ IJURGNRZRHXURSHMVNLHM &(, 8QLYHUVLW\ 1HWZRUN D UHODFMH ] SDUWQHUDPL Vã WUZDğ\P ZVSDUFLHP GOD ZGUDőDQLD VNXWHF]Q\FK PHWRG QDXF]DQLD L SURPRZDQLD ]DVDG QRZRF]HVQHM HNRQRPLL 2EHFQLH $NDGHPLD 6WXGLÐZ (NRQRPLF]Q\FK 0RğGDZLL MHVW NRPSOHNVHP XQLZHUV\WHFNLP ] Z\G]LDğDPL NDWHGUDPL GHSDUWDPHQWDPL FHQWUDPL G]LDğDPL ZVSDUFLD 6]NRğã 0%$ 6]NRğã 'RNWRUVNã :\őV]ã 6]NRğã 7XU\VW\NL L 8VğXJ +RWHODUVNLFK ,QNXEDWRUHP 3U]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL RUD] 1DURGRZ\P .ROHJLXP +DQGOX $6(0 SRVLDGD GRVNRQDOH SU]\JRWRZDQã ED]÷ LQIUDVWUXNWXUDOQã QD NWÐUã VNğDGD VL÷ P LQ ELEOLRWHND QDXNRZD Z\SRVDőRQ\ Z QRZRF]HVQ\ VSU]÷W L G]LDğ NRPSXWHURZ\ NLOND FHQWUÐZ NV]WDğFHQLD XVWDZLF]QHJR L GRUDG]WZD DNDGHPLNÐZ QRZRF]HVQ\ NRPSOHNV VSRUWRZ\ VDO NRPSXWHURZ\FK SRGğãF]RQ\FK GR ,QWHUQHWX FHQWUXP OHF]QLF]R NRQVXOWDF\MQH RUD] ED]÷ Z\SRF]\QNRZã Z 9DGXO OXL 9RGá 2G URNX $6(0 XNRġF]\ğR W\V DEVROZHQWÐZ 2EHFQLH SU]\ ZVSDUFLX SUDFRZQLNÐZ QDXNRZ\FK VWXGLXMH WDP SRQDG W\V VWXGHQWÐZ PDJLVWUDQWÐZ L GRNWRUDQWÐZ -XELOHXV] PLDğ EDUG]R XURF]\VW\ SU]HELHJ ] ZLHORPD SXQNWDPL SURJUDPX 3LHUZV]\ ] QLFK SRND]Dğ MDN EDUG]R ő\ZR Z SDPL÷FL REHFQHJR 5HNWRUD SURI * %HORVWHFLQLFD L VSRğHF]QRijFL DNDGHPLFNLHM REHFQD MHVW RVRED SLHUZV]HJR 5HNWRUD $6(0 SURI 3DXOD %UDQD NWÐU\ ]DU]ãG]Dğ XF]HOQLã Z ODWDFK .DőG\ ] REHFQ\FK

GHOHJDWÐZ GRVWDğ RG RUJDQL]DWRUÐZ V\PEROLF]QH ELDğH NZLDW\ NWÐUH QDVW÷SQLH ]RVWDğ\ ]ğRőRQH SRG SDPLãWNRZã WDEOLFã ] ZL]HUXQNLHP SURI 3 %UDQD

wydarzenia

QD DUHQLH PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM 6WROLFã 0RğGDZLL MHVW &KLVLQDX .LV]\QLÐZ -HVW WR MHGQRF]HijQLH QDMZL÷NV]H L QDMEDUG]LHM UR]ZLQL÷WH JRVSRGDUF]R PLDVWR NUDMX QDG 'QLHVWUHP ZDőQ\ RijURGHN QDXNRZ\ NXOWXURZ\ L SU]HP\VğRZ\ JğÐZQ\ Z÷]Hğ WUDQVSRUWRZ\ : .LV]\QLRZLH UR]ZLMD VL÷ JğÐZQLH SU]HP\Vğ VSRő\ZF]\ OLF]QH ZLQLDUQLH SU]HWZÐUVWZR ZDU]\Z L RZRFÐZ SU]HP\Vğ W\WRQLRZ\ WHNVW\OQ\ L PDWHULDğÐZ EXGRZODQ\FK 0LDVWR MHVW VLHG]LEã SXEOLF]Q\FK L QLHSXEOLF]Q\FK XF]HOQL 3RQDGWR Z .LV]\QLRZLH PLHV]F]ã VL÷ OLF]QH WHDWU\ PX]HD L SODFÐZNL NXOWXUDOQH

1DVW÷SQLH XF]HVWQLF\ VSRWNDOL VL÷ Z 6DOL 6HQDFNLHM $6(0 JG]LH SR XURF]\VW\P SRZLWDQLX SU]H] :ğDG]H 8F]HOQL ]RVWDğ\ ZU÷F]RQH RNROLF]QRijFLRZH PHGDOH $NDGHPLL 6WXGLÐZ (NRQRPLF]Q\FK Z 0RğGDZLL ] LPLHQQ\PL FHUW\ILNDWDPL e]D V]F]HJÐOQH ]DVğXJL Z SURPRFML QDXNL L V]NROQLFWZD Z\őV]HJR RUD] ] RND]ML ;;; OHFLD SRZVWDQLD $6(0r =RVWDğ\ RQH ZU÷F]RQH UÐZQLHő SU]HGVWDZLFLHORP QDV]HM VSRğHF]QRijFL DNDGHPLFNLHM t GU KDE % =L÷ELFNLHPX SURI 8(. GU 0RQLFH 6DG\ GU 3LRWURZL 6HGODNRZL RUD] GU $JQLHV]FH ŐDN .ROHMQ\P EDUG]R FLHNDZ\P L LQVSLUXMãF\P HOHPHQWHP E\ğR XURF]\VWH RWZDUFLH VSHFMDOQLH ]DDUDQőRZDQHM SU]HVWU]HQL GR SUDF\ L RGSRF]\QNX VğXőãFHM ]DUÐZQR VWXGHQWRP MDN L SUDFRZQLNRP XF]HOQL $(60 ] URNX QD URN UR]ZLMD VL÷ D MHJR LQIUDVWUXNWXUD MHVW EDUG]R QRZRF]HVQD =DU]ãG]DMãF\ $6(0 RG GZXG]LHVWX ODW -0 5HNWRU SURI GU KDE *ULJRUH %HORVWHFLQLF ijPLDğR L XGDQLH UHDOL]XMH VZRMã ZL]M÷ L VWUDWHJL÷ GRUÐZQDQLD VWDQGDUGRP QDMOHSV]\FK XF]HOQL QD ijZLHFLH 3R NUÐWNLP VSDFHU]H NRU\WDU]DPL XF]HOQL ]ZLHG]DQLX Z SHğQL F\IURZHM ELEOLRWHNL QD NWÐUHM SDQGHPLD Z\PXVLğD SU]\VSLHV]HQLH ]PLDQ Z ]DNUHVLH GLJLWDOL]DFML ]DVREÐZ RUD] SURIHVMRQDOQLH Z\SRVDőRQHJR XF]HOQLDQHJR VWXGLD 79 QDVWãSLğD GUXJD F]÷ijå XURF]\VWRijFL t VSHFMDOQH SRVLHG]HQLH 6HQDWX SRGF]DV NWÐUHJR QDVWãSLğR ZU÷F]HQLH GRNWRUDWX KRQRULV FDXVD GU KDE 3LRWURZL %XOH SURI 8(. t 3URUHNWRURZL GV 3URMHNWÐZ L :VSÐğSUDF\ 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH 8QLZHUV\WHFNL FKÐU e&DQWDELOHr RGijSLHZDğ K\PQLF]QH e*DXGHDPXV ,JLWXUr SLHijġ SRZVWDğã Z ;,,, OXE ;,9 Z ijSLHZDQã REHFQLH Z F]DVLH XURF]\VWRijFL DNDGHPLFNLFK e&DQWDELOHr G]LDğD Z $6(0 RG URNX Z MHJR UHSHUWXDU]H ]QDMGXMã VL÷ XWZRU\ NRPSR]\WRUÐZ QDURGRZ\FK L ijZLDWRZ\FK ] UÐőQ\FK RNUHVÐZ &KÐU MHVW ODXUHDWHP ZLHOX NUDMRZ\FK L PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK NRQNXUVÐZ L IHVWLZDOL ZVSÐğSUDFXMH ] SDġVWZRZ\P 25


wydarzenia

UDGLHP L WHOHZL]Mã RUD] IXQGDFMã QD U]HF] UR]ZRMX 5HSXEOLNL 0RğGDZLL 8URF]\VWHJR UR]SRF]÷FLD SRVLHG]HQLD 6HQDWX GRNRQDğ -0 5HNWRU $6(0 SURI *ULJRUH %HORVWHFLQLF NWÐU\ SU]\ZLWDğ ]JURPDG]RQ\FK JRijFL L Z\MDijQLğ SRZÐG VSRWNDQLD 3U]\EOLő\ğ UÐZQLHő VSHF\ILN÷ W\WXğX GRNWRUD KRQRULV FDXVD F]\OL QDMZ\őV]HJR Z\UÐőQLHQLD Z ijZLHFLH DNDGHPLFNLP 'RFWRU KRQRULV FDXVD ] ğDFLġVNLHJR eGOD ]DV]F]\WXr WR KRQRURZ\ W\WXğ QDXNRZ\ SU]\]QDZDQ\ SU]H] XF]HOQLH RVRERP V]F]HJÐOQLH ]DVğXőRQ\P GOD QDXNL L NXOWXU\ F]\ ]DDQJDőRZDQ\FK Z UR]ZÐM ZVSÐğSUDF\ PL÷G]\ XF]HOQLDPL 1DGDZDQ\ MHVW ]D]Z\F]DM RVRERP R Z\VRNLP VWDWXVLH VSRğHF]Q\P L QDXNRZ\P 'R WHM SRU\ $(60 Z VZHM OHWQLHM KLVWRULL SU]\]QDğD W\WXğÐZ GRNWRUD KRQRULV FDXVD ]DVğXőRQ\P GOD VZRMHM XF]HOQL RVRELVWRijFLRP P LQ ] 0RğGDZLL 5XPXQLL 86$ )UDQFML 1LHPLHF :ğRFK +LV]SDQLL $XVWUDOLL 8NUDLQ\ %XğJDULL 3ROVNL L 6]ZHFML :ijUÐG WHJR JURQD E\ğR GZÐFK 3RODNÐZ t Z URNX 3LRWU 0DUFLQLDN t $PEDVDGRU 3ROVNL Z 0RğGDZLL RUD] Z URNX SURI /HV]HN %DOFHURZLF] 1DVW÷SQLH PDMãF\ SROVNLH NRU]HQLH ']LHNDQ :\G]LDğX %L]QHVX L $GPLQLVWUDFML SURI $6(0 GU 5RPDQ /LYDQGRYVFKL RGF]\WDğ ELRJUDP GU KDE 3LRWUD %Xğ\ SURI 8(. RUD] ODXGDFM÷ QD MHJR F]÷ijå 3R SU]HEUDQLX Z WRJ÷ ] HOHPHQWDPL RUQDPHQW\NL OXGRZHM L NRORUDPL PRğGDZVNLHM IODJL QDURGRZHM RUD] ELUHW QDVWãSLğR ZU÷F]HQLH SURI 3LRWURZL %XOH G\SORPX RUD] PHGDOX ] RND]ML RWU]\PDQLD W\WXğX GRNWRUD KRQRULV FDXVD /DXUHDW Z\JğRVLğ SU]HPÐZLHQLH Z NWÐU\P VHUGHF]QLH G]L÷NRZDğ ]D SU]\]QDQLH W\WXğX L ZVSRPLQDğ SRF]ãWNL ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] PRğGDZVNã XF]HOQLã 2G ODW .DWHGU÷ =DU]ãG]DQLD 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH L $(60 ğãF]\ GğXJROHWQLD ZVSÐğSUDFD 3URI 3 %XğD MHVW WHő DPEDVDGRUHP WHM 8F]HOQL MXő RG SRQDG ODW 0L÷G]\ D URNLHP QDV]H 8F]HOQLH SURZDG]Lğ\ UHJXODUQã GRURF]Qã Z\PLDQ÷ VWXGHQWÐZ NWÐUD RGE\ZDğD VL÷ Z IRUPLH VHPLQDULXP PL÷G]\QDURGRZHJR = VHPLQDULÐZ VNRU]\VWDğR SRQDG VWXGHQWÐZ ]DUÐZQR ] 3ROVNL MDN L 0RğGDZLL 'R G]Lij QLHNWÐU]\ ] QLFK XWU]\PXMã NRQWDNW\

26

ZVSRPLQDMã ZVSÐOQã SUDF÷ QDG SURMHNWDPL QDXNRZ\PL NRQIHUHQFMH ZL]\W\ Z .RQVXODFLH 53 MDN UÐZQLHő F]DV VS÷G]RQ\ QD SR]QDZDQLX SL÷NQHJR L JRijFLQQHJR NUDMX SRğRőRQHJR PL÷G]\ 3UXWHP D 'QLHVWUHP :DUWR SU]\SRPQLHå őH Z GQLDFK ZU]HijQLD URNX Z PXUDFK $NDGHPLL RGE\ğD VL÷ ,9 NRQIHUHQFMD ]DJUDQLF]QD GOD SROVNLFK SURIHVRUÐZ .RPLWHWX 1DXN 2UJDQL]DFML L =DU]ãG]DQLD 3$1 SRG W\WXğHP e1DXNL ]DU]ãG]DQLD Z RNUHVLH GHVWDELOL]DFML 3HUVSHNW\ZD 3ROVNL L 0RğGDZLLr : PLQLRQ\P F]DVLH ]H VWURQ\ $6(0 ZVSÐğSUDFRZDğR ] SURI 3 %Xğã ZLHOH ő\F]OLZ\FK RVÐE NWÐUH QLH W\ONR RUJDQL]RZDğ\ L EUDğ\ XG]LDğ Z OLF]Q\FK VSRWNDQLDFK F]\ G\VNXVMDFK QDXNRZ\FK DOH WHő ]DSHZQLDğ\ ZVSDUFLH L SRPRF 6ã WR P LQ SURI /DULVD 'RGX *XJHD t ']LHNDQ :\G]LDğX 0L÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK 5HODFML (NRQRPLF]Q\FK SURI /XGPLOD &RE]DUL t ']LHNDQ :\G]LDğX )LQDQVÐZ 7DWLDQD *DXJDVK t =DVW÷SFD '\UHNWRUD 0DVWHU 6FKRRO SURI 2[DQD 6DYFLXF t NLHURZQLN .DWHGU\ 0DUNHWLQJX L /RJLVW\NL SURI /XGPLOD 6WLKL t ZLHORWHWQL SUDFRZQLN ,QWHUQDWLRQDO (FRQRPLF 5HODWLRQ RUD] SURI 1DWDOLD 7VLPEDOLXF UHSUH]HQWXMãFD .DWHGU÷ =DU]ãG]DQLD L 3U]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL 3URI 3 %XğD SR]RVWDMH UÐZQLHő Z GREU\FK UHODFMDFK ] 3URUHNWRUHP GV EDGDġ L ZVSÐğSUDF\ GU &RUQHOLX *XΐX 6]F]HJÐOQLH ZDőQã RVREã MHVW ZLHOROHWQL SU]\MDFLHO SURI 6HUJKHL 3RUWDUHVFX G\UHNWRU 0$&,3 &HQWUXO GH ,QVWUXLUH VL &RQVXOWDQWD LQ $IDFHUL &HQWUXP 6]NROHġ L 'RUDG]WZD %L]QHVRZHJR NWÐU\ t MDNR SLHUZV]\ ] JURQD SUDFRZQLNÐZ $NDGHPLL ZÐZF]DV GRNWRU t RG ODW WRZDU]\V]\ 3URI 3 %XOH QD GURG]H ZVSÐğSUDF\ L SU]\MDŏQL :DőQ\P HWDSHP WHJR ZLHOROHWQLHJR PL÷G]\QDURGRZHJR SDUWQHUVWZD E\ğR SU]\]QDQLH SURI 3 %XOH ZU]HijQLD U SRVWDQRZLHQLHP 3UH]\GHQWD 0RğGDZVNLHM $NDGHPLL 1DXN SURI *KHRUJKHD 'XFD PHGDOX ] RND]ML OHFLD ]DğRőHQLD 0RğGDZVNLHM $NDGHPLL 1DXN RUD] OHFLD XWZRU]HQLD SLHUZV]\FK LQVW\WXFML EDGDZF]\FK Z 0RğGDZLL 0HGDO ]RVWDğ ZU÷F]RQ\ SRGF]DV REFKRGÐZ OHFLD $NDGHPLL (NRQRPLF]QHM Z 0RğGDZLL $6(0 Z NWÐU\FK XF]HVWQLF]\ğ WDNőH 3UH]\GHQW 0RğGDZLL 1LFRODH 7LPRIWL

.RġF]ãF VZRMH Z\VWãSLHQLH NWÐUH GRW\F]\ğR Z\NğDGX QD WHPDW V]WXF]QHM LQWHOLJHQFML RUD] ]PLDQ Z ijZLHFLH F\IU\]DFML SURI 3 %XğD MHV]F]H UD] SRG]L÷NRZDğ ZğDG]RP L FDğHM VSRğHF]QRijFL DNDGHPLFNLHM $(60 ]D XKRQRURZDQLH JR ]DV]F]\WQ\P W\WXğHP GRNWRUD KRQRULV FDXVD Z WDN V]F]HJÐOQ\P GQLX MDNLP MHVW MXELOHXV] OHFLD 8QLZHUV\WHWX 1DVW÷SQLH ']LHNDQ .ROHJLXP 1DXN R =DU]ãG]DQLX L -DNRijFL 8(. GU KDE %HUQDUG =L÷ELFNL SURI 8(. RGF]\WDğ OLVW RG -0 5HNWRUD 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH SURI GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZD 0D]XUD NWÐU\ Z LPLHQLX 6HQDWX 5HNWRUÐZ RUD] FDğHM VSRğHF]QRijFL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH SRJUDWXORZDğ MXELOHXV]X OHFLD $6(0 -0 5HNWRU Z\UD]Lğ QDG]LHM÷ QD GDOV]ã RZRFQã ZVSÐğSUDF÷ ]DUÐZQR SRPL÷G]\ SUDFRZQLNDPL MDN L VWXGHQWDPL NWÐUD SR]ZROL QD PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\ UR]ZÐM QDXN HNRQRPLF]Q\FK : OLijFLH ]QDOD]ğR VL÷ UÐZQLHő SRG]L÷NRZDQLH ]ğRőRQH QD U÷FH -0 5HNWRUD $6(0 ]D X]QDQLH ]DVğXJ QD SROX ZVSÐğSUDF\ PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM L SU]\]QDQLH GRNWRUDWX KRQRULV FDXVD GU KDE 3LRWURZL %XOH SURI 8(. ']LHNDQ % =L÷ELFNL SU]HND]Dğ UÐZQLHő FDğHM VSRğHF]QRijFL DNDGHPLFNLHM ő\F]HQLD VXNFHVÐZ QD SU]\V]ğRijå D QD SURJX UR]SRF]\QDMãFHJR VL÷ QRZHJR URNX DNDGHPLFNLHJR Z\WUZDğRijFL L HQWX]MD]PX Z ]GRE\ZDQLX ZLHG]\ GOD VWXGHQWÐZ -0 5HNWRU SURI GU KDE *ULJRUH %HORVWHFLQLF RGHEUDğ PHGDO ] RND]ML MXELOHXV]X OHFLD 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH SRGSLVDQR WDNőH RGQRZLHQLH XPRZ\ R ZVSÐğSUDF\ SRPL÷G]\ QDV]\PL XF]HOQLDPL 1DVW÷SQLH 5HNWRU $6(0 ]DPNQãğ QDG]Z\F]DMQH SRVLHG]HQLH 6HQDWX D FKÐU SRQRZQLH RGijSLHZDğ *DXGHDPXV ,JLWXU &LHNDZRVWNã ]ZLã]DQã WHPDW\F]QLH ] RSLV\ZDQã XURF]\VWRijFLã MHVW IDNW őH PRW\Z *DXGHDPXV LJLWXU Vğ\FKDå QD NRġFX XURF]\VWHM e8ZHUWXU\ $NDGHPLFNLHMr RS $NDGHPLVFKH )HVWRXYHUWÙUH F PROO RS -RKDQQHVD %UDKPVD NWÐU\ Z WHQ VSRVÐE FKFLDğ RND]Då ZG]L÷F]QRijå 6HQDWRZL 8QLZHUV\WHWX :URFğDZVNLHJR ZÐZF]DV 8QLYHUVLWÁW %UHVODX ] UãN NWÐUHJR Z PDUFX URNX NRPSR]\WRU RWU]\PDğ GRNWRUDW KRQRULV FDXVD 'OD SURI 8(. GU KDE


= RND]ML URF]QLF\ SRZVWDQLD $6(0 QD XQLZHUV\WHFLH RGE\ğD VL÷ 0L÷G]\QDURGRZD .RQIHUHQFMD 1DXNRZD e \HDUV RG HFRQRPLF UHIRUPV LQ WKH 5HSXEOLF RI 0ROGRYD HFRQRPLF SURJUHV YLD LQQRYDWLRQr : ]DSURV]HQLX QD NRQIHUHQFM÷ 5HNWRU $6(0 SURI * %HORVWHFLQLF Z\UD]Lğ SU]HNRQDQLH őH UR]ZÐM HGXNDFML L QDXN HNRQRPLF]Q\FK RUD] SURSDJRZDQLH QDXNL ZijUÐG VSRğHF]HġVWZD VWZRU]\ PRőOLZRijå UR]ZRMX SRWHQFMDğX JRVSRGDUF]HJR NUDMX RUD] SURPRFML LQWHUHVX QDURGRZHJR 1DXND HNRQRPLL L NV]WDğFHQLH HNRQRPLVWÐZ PXV]ã E\å SRVWU]HJDQH MDNR JğÐZQH GŏZLJQLH SU]\VSLHV]HQLD UHIRUP 0RğGDZLD SRWU]HEXMH QDXNL HNRQRPLF]QHM NWÐUD RG]ZLHUFLHGODğDE\ SUDZG]LZLH L GRJğ÷EQLH REHFQH L SU]\V]ğH UHDOLD NUDMX ,VWQLHMH SRWU]HED ijFLVğHM ZVSÐğSUDF\ PL÷G]\ XQLZHUV\WHWDPL LQVW\WXFMDPL EDGDZF]\PL L SRGPLRWDPL JRVSRGDUF]\PL .RQLHF]QH VWDMH VL÷ UÐZQLHő V]HUV]H ZğãF]HQLH HNRQRPLF]QHJR SRWHQFMDğX QDXNRZHJR Z SURFHV UHIRUP ]Dij VNRQFHQWURZDQLH Z\VLğNÐZ DE\ RVLãJQãå ZğDVQ\ VXNFHV L Z WHQ

VSRVÐE SU]\F]\QLå VL÷ GR VXNFHVX FDğRijFL MHVW ZVSÐOQ\P RERZLã]NLHP .RQIHUHQFM÷ RWZRU]\ğ 0LQLVWHU (GXNDFML .XOWXU\ L %DGDġ 1DXNRZ\FK 5HSXEOLNL 0RğGDZLL -÷]\NDPL REUDG SRGF]DV NRQIHUHQFML E\ğ\ DQJLHOVNL IUDQFXVNL UXPXġVNL L URV\MVNL : UDPDFK JUDWXODFML ] RND]ML MXELOHXV]X 3URUHNWRU GV SURMHNWÐZ L ZVSÐğSUDF\ 8(. GU KDE 3LRWU %XğD SURI 8(. ZU÷F]\ğ -0 5HNWRURZL SURI * %HORVWHFLQLFRZL DNFM÷ ] U ] ZğDVQHM SU\ZDWQHM NROHNFML 1D REFKRGDFK MXELOHXV]X L NRQIHUHQFML REHFQ\FK E\ğR ZLHOH GHOHJDFML ] XQLZHUV\WHWÐZ ] 0RğGDZLL L ]DJUDQLF\ = UDFML EOLVNLHJR VãVLHG]WZD ijFLVğHM ZVSÐğSUDF\ L ZVSÐOQHJR M÷]\ND QDMOLF]QLHM UHSUH]HQWRZDQH E\ğ\ XF]HOQLH ] 5XPXQLL %\ğ\ WR e&RVWLQ & .LULWHVFXr 1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH IRU (FRQRPLF 5HVHDUFK $FDGHPLD 5RP¿Qá $FDGHPLD GH 6WXGLL (FRQRPLFH GLQ %XFXUHVWL %XFKDUHVW 8QLYHUVLW\ RI (FRQRPLF 6WXGLHV 8QLYHUVLWDWHD 9DODKLD GLQ 7DUJRYLVWH 9DODKLD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7DUJRYLVWH RUD] 8QLYHUVLWDWHD e'XQáUHD GH -RVr GLQ *DODŕL 8QLYHUVLW\ RI *DODŕL = 7XUFML JRijFLğD GHOHJDFMD ] ¤DQDNNDOH 2QVHNL] 0DUW ¹QLYHUVLWHVL &DQDNNDOH 2QVHNL] 0DUW 8QLYHUVLW\ RUD] 8ķDN ¹QLYHUVLWHVL 8QLYHUVLW\

IURP 8ķDN 2EHFQD E\ğD UÐZQLHő XNUDLġVND GHOHJDFMD ] .LMRZVNLHJR 1DURGRZHJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX +DQGOX L (NRQRPLL ƴǒǰnjǛǦǔǒǓ ǗNJǠǯǘǗNJǕǦǗǒǓ ǜǘǚǍǘnjǏǕǦǗǘ ǏǔǘǗǘǖǯǡǗǒǓ ǝǗǯnjǏǚǛǒǜǏǜ .\LY 1DWLRQDO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7UDGH DQG (FRQRPLFV ] 5HNWRUHP SURI $QDWROHP $ 0D]DUDNLP GRNWRUHP KRQRULV FDXVD 8(. ] U RUD] $6(0 ] U : .LV]\QLRZH VSRWNDOL VL÷ UÐZQLHő UHSUH]HQWDQFL LQQ\FK XF]HOQL EXğJDUVNLHM ƼǏǟǗǒǡǏǛǔǒ ǝǗǒnjǏǚǛǒǜǏǜ Ȃ ƬNJǚǗNJ 7HFKQLFDO 8QLYHUVLW\ t 9DUQD VğRZHġVNLHM 8QLYHUVLW\ &HOMH ZğRVNLHM 8QLYHUVLW½ GHJOL 6WXGL GL 1DSROL )HGHULFR ,, 7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1DSOHV )HGHULFR ,, DQJLHOVNLHM %XFNLQJKDPVKLUH 1HZ 8QLYHUVLW\ RUD] RF]\ZLijFLH SROVNLHM 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH

wydarzenia

3LRWUD %Xğ\ FKÐU e&DQWDELOHr SU]\JRWRZDğ UÐZQLHő QLHVSRG]LDQN÷ PX]\F]Qã Z SRVWDFL NUÐWNLHJR NRQFHUWX QDMEDUG]LHM ]QDQ\FK ZVSÐğF]HVQ\FK XWZRUÐZ

1D ]DNRġF]HQLH ]DUÐZQR RUJDQL]DWRU]\ ]H VWURQ\ $6(0 MDN L SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH GHOHJDFML SROVNLHM VHUGHF]QLH G]L÷NXMã -0 5HNWRURZL 6WDQLVğDZRZL 0D]XURZL ]D ZVSDUFLH MDNLHJR XG]LHOLğ DE\ SR ODWDFK PRJğR GRMijå GR ZVSÐOQHJR SRQRZQHJR VSRWNDQLD PL÷G]\ QDV]\PL 8QLZHUV\WHWDPL

GU $JQLHV]ND ŐDN .DWHGUD =DU]ãG]DQLD 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR

27


wydarzenia

2]JQTM][bW_I /ITI 0HQWRU]\ 8(. ? XWVQMLbQIðMS KbMZ_KI Z VI VI[baU 3IUX][QM I LWSðILVQMR _ VW_W _aZMUWV\W_IVaU ST]JQM [\]LMVKSQU BI=-3 WLJaðI [QĔ MXELOHXV]RZD ; *DOD SOHELVF\WX QD QDMOHSV]HJR SURZDG]ãFHJR t 0HQWRU]\ 8(.

J

HVW WR Z\GDU]HQLH LQLFMRZDQH SU]H] 3DUODPHQW 6WXGHQFNL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH )LQDğ WHJRURF]QHM HG\FML ]H Z]JO÷GX QD UHőLP VDQLWDUQ\ ]RVWDğ ]ZLHġF]RQ\ MHG\QLH *DOã t QLH RGE\ğ VL÷ SRZLã]DQ\ ] QLã %DO 3DUODPHQWDU]\VW\

6ZRMH SU]HPÐZLHQLH Z\JğRVLğ -HJR 0DJQLILFHQFMD 5HNWRU 8(. ÐZF]HVQ\ 3U]HZRGQLF]ãF\ 3DUODPHQWX 6WXGHQFNLHJR t .U]\V]WRI .XOD RUD] .RRUG\QDWRUND SURMHNWX t ,QÆV 6DPDQLHJR 0LND *RijFLH PLHOL WDNőH V]DQV÷ SRG]LZLDå Z\VW÷S XWDOHQWRZDQHM WDQFHUNL t 6DELQ\ 2QGHUNL

']L÷NL WHM LQLFMDW\ZLH VWXGHQFL RG ODW PDMã RND]M÷ DE\ ZVND]\ZDå L KRQRURZDå QDXF]\FLHOL DNDGHPLFNLFK NWÐU]\ Z VZRMHM FRG]LHQQHM G]LDğDOQRijFL QDXNRZR G\GDNW\F]QHM Z\UÐőQLDMã VL÷ QD WOH LQQ\FK 0D WR QD FHOX SRGNUHijOHQLH őH VWXGHQFL ]ZUDFDMã XZDJ÷ QD QDZHW QDMPQLHMV]H V]F]HJÐğ\ L QLH]Z\NOH GRFHQLDMã W\FK SUDFRZQLNÐZ QDXNRZ\FK NWÐU]\ SURZDG]ã VZRMH ]DM÷FLD Z SU]\VW÷SQ\ L ]DDQJDőRZDQ\ VSRVÐE

: W\P URNX E\ğD PRőOLZRijå JğRVRZDQLD Z SL÷FLX NDWHJRULDFK Z]ÐU GR QDijODGRZDQLD EUDWQLD GXV]D F\EHU PLVWU] PRW\ZDWRU RUD] SR]\W\ZQD GXV]D 3U]HGVWDZLHQLH ]Z\FL÷]F\ Z NDőGHM ] QLFK SRSU]HG]RQH ]RVWDğR ODXGDFMDPL

0RőQD SRZLHG]LHå őH SURMHNW WHQ VWDğ VL÷ QLHMDNR WUDG\FMã QDV]HM 8F]HOQL L MHVW IRUPã SRG]L÷NRZDQLD GOD SURZDG]ãF\FK RG VWXGHQWÐZ ]D LFK QLHXVWDQQH SRijZL÷FHQLH

/DXUHDWDPL WHJRURF]QHM HG\FML SOHELVF\WX ]RVWDOL

$JQLHV]ND 5XWNRZVND $OHNVDQGUD 1RZLFND

• • • •

:\GDU]HQLH SRSURZDG]LOL QDVL VWXGHQFL t %DUWğRPLHM %LHUÐZND RUD] :HURQLND :RODQLQ 3RMDZLğR VL÷ ZLHOX ]QDPLHQLW\FK JRijFL P LQ 5HNWRU 8(. t -HJR 0DJQLILFHQFMD GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. 3URUHNWRU GV .V]WDğFHQLD L 6WXGHQWÐZ t GU KDE .DUROLQD .OHFKD 7\OHF SURI 8(. 3HğQRPRFQLN 5HNWRUD GV -DNRijFL L .V]WDğFHQLD GU :RMFLHFK 6]\POD 3HğQRPRFQLN 5HNWRUD GV 2UJDQL]DFML 6WXGHQFNLFK -DURVğDZ %D]LDN '\UHNWRU]\ ,QVW\WXWÐZ L ZLHOX LQQ\FK SUDFRZQLNÐZ QDXNRZ\FK QDV]HM 8F]HOQL 28

Z NDWHJRULL e:]ÐU GR QDijODGRZDQLDr t GU ĞXNDV] 'DQHO Z NDWHJRULL e%UDWQLD GXV]Dr t SURI 0DUFLQ -÷GU]HMF]\N Z NDWHJRULL e&\EHUPLVWU]r t GU :RMFLHFK 6]\POD Z NDWHJRULL e3R]\W\ZQD GXV]Dr t GU -XULM 5HQNDV Z NDWHJRULL e0RW\ZDWRUr t GU =RILD *UÐGHN 6]RVWDN


29


30


wydarzenia

6SRWNDQLH MUMZa\W_IVaKP 8ZIKW_VQS{_ b 25 :MS\WZMU .LOND W\JRGQL WHPX ZU]HijQLD URNX Z PXUDFK 6DOL 6HQDFNLHM RGE\ğR VL÷ [XW\SIVQM MUMZa\W_IVaKP 8ZIKW_VQS{_ VI[bMR =KbMTVQ b 25 :MS\WZMU LZ

PIJ ;\IVQ[ðI_MU 5Ib]ZMU XZWN =-3

W

\GDU]HQLH WR E\ğR QDZLã]DQLHP GR F\NOLF]Q\FK VSRWNDġ LVWQLHMãFHJR SU]\ 8F]HOQL .RğD 6HQLRUD NWÐUH SU]H] SDQGHPL÷ L ZLãőãFH VL÷ ] QLã RJUDQLF]HQLD QD EOLVNR SÐğWRUD URNX ]DZLHVLğR VZRMã G]LDğDOQRijå 'RW\FKF]DV ijURGRZH SRSRğXGQLD NDőGD SLHUZV]D ijURGD PLHVLãFD JURPDG]Lğ\ NDPHUDOQH JURQR NLONXQDVWX RVÐE ZijUÐG NWÐU\FK E\OL ]DUÐZQR VWDOL E\ZDOF\ MDN L RVRE\ SRMDZLDMãFH VL÷ VSRUDG\F]QLH 0LHVLãFH NWÐUH XSğ\Q÷ğ\ Z FLHQLX SDQGHPLL QLH W\ONR SU]HUZDğ\ IXQNFMRQRZDQLH .RğD 6HQLRUD DOH QLH SR]ZROLğ\ UÐZQLHő QD ZF]HijQLHMV]H RVRELVWH VSRWNDQLH -0 5HNWRUD ]H VSRğHF]QRijFLã 6HQLRUÐZ

7\P UD]HP SRF]ãWNLHP ZU]HijQLD UR]HVğDQR SRQDG ]DSURV]Hġ NWÐUH VSRWNDğ\ VL÷ ] EDUG]R V]HURNLP SR]\W\ZQ\P RG]HZHP = XZDJL QD LQQH ]RERZLã]DQLD QLH ZV]\VF\ FK÷WQL PRJOL GRWU]Hå QD VSRWNDQLH DOH PLPR WR VZRMã REHFQRijFLã ]DV]F]\FLğR QDV SRQDG RVLHPG]LHVL÷FLX (PHU\WÐZ QDV]HM 8F]HOQL :ijUÐG REHFQ\FK ]QDOHŏOL VL÷ SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH NDGU\ SURIHVRUVNLHM ] 5HNWRUHP 6HQLRUHP SURI GU KDE 5\V]DUGHP

%RURZLHFNLP QD F]HOH E\OL SUDFRZQLF\ QDXNRZL SUDFRZQLF\ DGPLQLVWUDFML RUD] REVğXJL 6SRWNDQLH PLDğR EDUG]R XURF]\VW\ FKDUDNWHU OHF] Z őDGQ\P MHJR PRPHQFLH QLH GDğR VL÷ RGF]Xå EDULHU SRPL÷G]\ MHJR XF]HVWQLNDPL 6HUGHF]QD DWPRVIHUD L UDGRijå ] PRőOLZRijFL UR]PRZ\ QD NLOND JRG]LQ SR]ZROLğ\ ]DSRPQLHå R WUXGQ\P RVWDWQLR F]DVLH MDNLHJR ZV]\VF\ GRijZLDGF]\OLijP\ *RVSRGDU] VSRWNDQLD -0 5HNWRU VğRZHP ZVW÷SX SU]HGVWDZLğ REHFQã V\WXDFM÷ QDV]HM $OPD 0DWHU RPÐZLğ GRNRQDQLD ZVSÐOQH VXNFHV\ RUD] SODQ\ QD QDMEOLőV]H PLHVLãFH 0DMãF ijZLDGRPRijå SRWHQFMDğX MDNL GU]HPLH Z ZLHG]\ VSRVWU]HőHQLDFK L GRijZLDGF]HQLX WHM F]÷ijFL QDV]HM :VSÐOQRW\ MDNã Vã 6HQLRU]\ XGDğR VL÷ ]HEUDå XZDJL L SRP\Vğ\ E\ MHV]F]H OHSLHM ZğãF]\å (PHU\WÐZ Z ő\FLH DNDGHPLFNLH : SUH]HQWDFML SU]HGVWDZLRQR UÐZQLHő SDNLHW ijZLDGF]Hġ L EHQHILWÐZ ] NWÐU\FK PRJã NRU]\VWDå QDVL (PHU\FL L 5HQFLijFL :ijUÐG SU]\WRF]RQ\FK ]QDOD]ğ\ VL÷ P LQ eJUXV]Dr QLHRSURFHQWRZDQH SRő\F]NL ] IXQGXV]X PLHV]NDQLRZHJR ]DM÷FLD VSRUWRZH SURZDG]RQH SU]H]

6WXGLXP :\FKRZDQLD )L]\F]QHJR L 6SRUWX RUD] %LXUR 6SRUWX $NDGHPLFNLHJR F]\ Z NRġFX PRőOLZRijå VNRU]\VWDQLD ] SRE\WX Z e&KDWFHr Z =DNRSDQHP 8URF]\VWRijå XijZLHWQLğ Z\VW÷S GU 3LRWUD 'RPDJDğ\ ZVSDQLDğHJR JLWDU]\VW\ MD]]RZHJR Z\NğDGRZF\ NODV\ JLWDU\ Z ,QVW\WXFLH -D]]X $NDGHPLL 0X]\F]QHM LP .DUROD 6]\PDQRZVNLHJR Z .DWRZLFDFK 2G Z\GDU]HQLD PLQ÷ğR MXő NLOND W\JRGQL MHGQDN ZFLãő RGELMD VL÷ RQR V]HURNLP HFKHP ZijUÐG 6SRğHF]QRijFL 6HQLRUÐZ .RğR 6HQLRUD MHVW QLHIRUPDOQã QLH]RERZLã]XMãFã JUXSã HPHU\WRZDQ\FK 3UDFRZQLNÐZ NWÐU\FK VSRWNDQLD RGE\ZDMã VL÷ Z NDőGã SLHUZV]ã ijURG÷ PLHVLãFD R JRG] RG SDŏG]LHUQLND GR F]HUZFD 6ã ZVSDQLDğã RND]Mã GR UR]PÐZ ZVSRPQLHġ L VS÷G]HQLD F]DVX Z PLğ\P WRZDU]\VWZLH 6HUGHF]QLH ]DSUDV]DP\ W\FK ] 3DġVWZD NWÐU]\ FKFLHOLE\ GRğãF]\å PJU Aleksandra Farnaus 6HNFMD 6RFMDOQD .RRUG\QDWRU Z UDPDFK 3URMHNWX 8(. 3RPDJD 3RG]HVSÐğ GV G]LDğDġ QD U]HF] F]ğRQNÐZ ZVSÐOQRW\ 8F]HOQL

31


wydarzenia

5DGD %L]QHVX XZba 3WTMOQ]U 6I]S W BIZbĊLbIVQ] Q 2ISWĬKQ

W

PDMX EU SRZRğDQD ]RVWDğD 5DGD %L]QHVX SU]\ .ROHJLXP 1DXN R =DU]ãG]DQLX L -DNRijFL =JRGQLH ] SU]\M÷W\P UHJXODPLQHP 5DG\ MHM VNğDG WZRU]ã SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH SUDNW\NL JRVSRGDUF]HM Z\W\SRZDQL SU]H] VSRğHF]QRijå .ROHJLXP D WDNőH NLHURZQLF\ .DWHGU G]LDğDMãF\FK Z .ROHJLXP RUD] SU]HGVWDZLFLHO NÐğ QDXNRZ\FK VWXGHQWÐZ L SU]HGVWDZLFLHO GRNWRUDQWÐZ

.DPLO .÷G]LHUVNL 6DQWDQGHU %DQN 3ROVND

.U]\V]WRI .QLV]QHU 8QLPD 6\VWHP\ 7HOHLQIRUPDW\F]QH 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX

,]DEHOD %ğDV]F]\N .UDNRZVNLH %LXUR )HVWLZDORZH ,&(

/HVğDZ :LOF]DN 1DURGRZ\ %DQN 3ROVNL 2GG]LDğ 2NU÷JRZ\ Z .UDNRZLH

:RMFLHFK &]HUHSDN &RPDUFK

.RUQHO 'XO÷ED +DUELQJHUV 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX

3DXOD )DQGHURZVND 6WRZDU]\V]HQLH .RQIHUHQFMH .RQJUHV\ Z 3ROVFH 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX

32

3LRWU +DMWR $OWNRP $NDGHPLD

:LHVğDZ +DğXFKD $OYHQWD GDZQLHM =DNğDG\ &KHPLF]QH $OZHUQLD 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX

.RQUDG +HUQLN 27 /RJLVWLFV 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX

RSLQLRZDQLH SRőãGDQHJR SURILOX VWXGLÐZ HIHNWÐZ NV]WDğFHQLD L SURJUDPÐZ VWXGLÐZ GOD NLHUXQNÐZ VWXGLÐZ SURZDG]RQ\FK Z .ROHJLXP

XğDWZLDQLH ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] UHJLRQDOQ\PL SUDFRGDZFDPL

ZVSRPDJDQLH UR]ZRMX L SURPRZDQLH RVLãJQL÷å .ROHJLXP L 8F]HOQL

ZVSRPDJDQLH WUDQVIHUX ZLHG]\ PL÷G]\ .ROHJLXP L SUDNW\Nã JRVSRGDUF]ã

0DJGDOHQD :ğRGHN 3KLOLS 0RUULV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5DGRVğDZ :ğRV]HN .UDNÐZ $LUSRUW 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX $JQLHV]ND :ÐMFLJD $%%

Z\UDőDQLH RSLQLL QD WHPDW RF]HNLZDQ\FK QD U\QNX SUDF\ NRPSHWHQFML DEVROZHQWÐZ NLHUXQNÐZ NV]WDğFHQLD Z UDPDFK G\VF\SOLQ\ QDXNL R ]DU]ãG]DQLX L MDNRijFL

5REHUW 6RğHN 793 :DUV]DZD 0DUFLQ 6]F]\JOLġVNL 6WDWH 6WUHHW %DQN ,QWHUQDWLRQDO

'RPLQLND 1DZURFND &DSJHPLQL 3ROVND

3U]HGVWDZLFLHOH SUDNW\NL JRVSRGDUF]HM ZFKRG]ãF\ Z VNğDG 5DG\ WR

7RPDV] 'HMWURZVNL -HURQLPR 0DUWLQV 3ROVND

5DGD %L]QHVX VWDQRZL IRUXP Z\PLDQ\ ZLHG]\ PL÷G]\ VSRğHF]QRijFLã DNDGHPLFNã .ROHJLXP L LQWHUHVDULXV]DPL ]HZQ÷WU]Q\PL 'R NRPSHWHQFML 5DG\ QDOHő\ Z V]F]HJÐOQRijFL

3LRWU =L÷WDUD :RGRFLãJL 0LDVWD .UDNRZD 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX 7RPDV] ŐXUHN 8%6 %XVLQHVV 6ROXWLRQV 3RODQG :L÷NV]Rijå ] Z\PLHQLRQ\FK RVÐE RG ZLHOX ODW ZVSÐğSUDFXMH ] QDV]ã 8F]HOQLã D WDNőH ZVSLHUD DNW\ZQLH MHM UR]ZÐM =QDF]QD F]÷ijå ] QLFK WR UÐZQLHő DEVROZHQFL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH

: GQLX F]HUZFD U RGE\ğR VL÷ SLHUZV]H VSRWNDQLH 5DG\ %L]QHVX =H Z]JO÷GX QD RJUDQLF]HQLD SDQGHPLF]QH PLDğR RQR IRUP÷ ]GDOQã ] Z\NRU]\VWDQLHP SODWIRUP\ =RRP : VSRWNDQLX XF]HVWQLF]\ğR WDNőH ZLHOX ]DSURV]RQ\FK JRijFL Z W\P -0 5HNWRU t GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. 3URUHNWRU GV .V]WDğFHQLD


wydarzenia

Odpowied]ialnoijå EtyF]ne post÷powanie Umiej÷tnoijå organi]DFji pracy Zğasnej Umiej÷tnoijå efektywnego komunikowania sL÷ Samod]ielnoijå

5\V :\QLN EDGDġ QD WHPDW RF]HNLZDġ SUDFRGDZFÐZ Z ]DNUHVLH NRPSHWHQFML DEVROZHQWÐZ VWXGLÐZ HNRQRPLF]Q\FK SU]HSURZDG]RQH SU]H] SUDFRZQLNÐZ .ROHJLXP 1DXN R =DU]ãG]DQLX L -DNRijFL

Otwartoijå na uF]Hnie si÷ i stağy ro]wój Umiej÷tnoijå pracy w ]Hspole Wied]D merytoryF]na (np. ] ]Dkresu marketingu,… Umiej÷tnoijå podejmowania decy]ji ElastyF]noijå i ]dolnoijå adaptacji

ŎUÐGğR RSUDFRZDQLH ZğDVQH

Umiej÷tnoijci informatyF]ne (pakiety biurowe np.… KrytyF]ne myijlenie (logiF]ne argumentowanie) Umiej÷tnoijci analityF]ne (pr]Htwar]Dnie informacji… Kreatywnoijå Tolerancja dla róőnorodnoijci pracowniF]Hj Wied]D ogólna Znajomoijå pierws]Hgo j÷]yka obcego Umiej÷tnoijci informatyF]ne (programy… Znajomoijå drugiego j÷]yka obcego 0

L 6WXGHQWÐZ t GU KDE .DUROLQD .OHFKD 7\OHF SURI 8(. =DVW÷SF\ '\UHNWRUÐZ ,QVW\WXWÐZ Z .ROHJLXP D WDNőH SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH VWXGHQWÐZ ZFKRG]ãF\ Z VNğDG 5DG ,QVW\WXWÐZ Z .ROHJLXP &HOHP VSRWNDQLD E\ğD G\VNXVMD QD WHPDW RF]HNLZDġ U\QNX SUDF\ Z ]DNUHVLH NRPSHWHQFML DEVROZHQWÐZ NLHUXQNÐZ VWXGLÐZ SURZDG]RQ\FK Z UDPDFK G\VF\SOLQ\ QDXNL R ]DU]ãG]DQLX L MDNRijFL 1D SRF]ãWNX VSRWNDQLD ']LHNDQ .ROHJLXP t GU KDE %HUQDUG =L÷ELFNL SURI 8(. SU]HGVWDZLğ VWUXNWXU÷ RUJDQL]DF\MQã RUD] RIHUW÷ NLHUXQNÐZ NV]WDğFHQLD Z .ROHJLXP 1DXN R =DU]ãG]DQLX L -DNRijFL 1DVW÷SQLH GU KDE 0DğJRU]DWD 7\UDġVND SURI 8(. t '\UHNWRU ,QVW\WXWX =DU]ãG]DQLD ]DSUH]HQWRZDğD Z\QLNL EDGDġ GRW\F]ãFH RF]HNLZDġ SUDFRGDZFÐZ Z ]DNUHVLH NRPSHWHQFML DEVROZHQWÐZ VWXGLÐZ HNRQRPLF]Q\FK %DGDQLD WH SURZDG]RQH E\ğ\ SU]H] SUDFRZQLNÐZ .ROHJLXP Z UDPDFK SURMHNWX ILQDQVRZDQHJR ] SURJUDPX 'LDORJ QU XPRZ\ '/*

0,5

1

1,5

%DGDQLD Z\ND]Dğ\ őH SUDFRGDZF\ SU]\ZLã]XMã Z\őV]ã ZDJ÷ GR NRPSHWHQFML ePL÷NNLFKr QLő eWZDUG\FKr Z SU]\SDGNX DEVROZHQWÐZ XF]HOQL HNRQRPLF]Q\FK -DNR QDMEDUG]LHM SRőãGDQH NRPSHWHQFMH ]RVWDğ\ X]QDQH RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijå HW\F]QH SRVW÷SRZDQLH XPLHM÷WQRijå RUJDQL]DFML SUDF\ ZğDVQHM XPLHM÷WQRijå HIHNW\ZQHJR NRPXQLNRZDQLD VL÷ VDPRG]LHOQRijå U\V 3U]HGVWDZLRQH Z\QLNL EDGDġ E\ğ\ SU]HGPLRWHP G\VNXVML 3U]HGVWDZLFLHOH SUDNW\NL JRVSRGDUF]HM FK÷WQLH ]DELHUDOL JğRV G]LHOL VL÷ VZRLPL GRijZLDGF]HQLDPL Z\UDőDOL RSLQLH =ZUÐFRQR XZDJ÷ QD NRQLHF]QRijå GãőHQLD XF]HOQL GR SU]\JRWRZDQLD VWXGHQWÐZ GR SU]\V]ğHM NDULHU\ Z\F]XOHQLH QD NZHVWL÷ SU]HVWU]HJDQLD HW\NL Z EL]QHVLH ğãF]HQLH ZLHG]\ ] SUDNW\Nã : ]ZLã]NX ] QRZ\PL Z\]ZDQLDPL QD U\QNX SUDF\ UR]ZRMHP WHFKQRORJLL SURFHVRZRijFLã SRGNUHijORQR UÐZQLHő NRQLHF]QRijå UR]ZLMDQLD NRPSHWHQFML WZDUG\FK WDNLFK MDN ]DU]ãG]DQLH SURMHNWDPL GDWD VFLHQFH PHWRG\ VWDW\VW\F]QH

2 2,5 3 IJrednia ocen

3,5

4

4,5

5

EXGRZDQLH PRGHOL 3UDFRGDZF\ RF]HNXMã UÐZQLHő RG SU]\V]ğ\FK DEVROZHQWÐZ GRijZLDGF]HQLD GODWHJR SRWU]HEQH MHVW RUJDQL]RZDQLH SUDNW\N ]DZRGRZ\FK Z Z\PLDU]H FR QDMPQLHM WU]\PLHVL÷F]Q\P L SÐğURF]Q\P : UH]XOWDFLH SURZDG]RQHM G\VNXVML ]DLQLFMRZDQ\ ]RVWDğ SURMHNW RUJDQL]RZDQLD Z ILUPDFK SURJUDPÐZ GğXJRWHUPLQRZ\FK SUDNW\N ]DZRGRZ\FK VWDő\ L SURJUDPÐZ VW\SHQGLDOQ\FK GOD VWXGHQWÐZ MDN UÐZQLHő PRőOLZRijå XF]HVWQLF]HQLD SUDNW\NÐZ Z NV]WDğFHQLX SUDNW\F]Q\P VWXGHQWÐZ : SRGVXPRZDQLX VSRWNDQLD ]DUÐZQR F]ğRQNRZLH 5DG\ MDN L ]DSURV]HQL JRijFLH Z\UD]LOL RSLQL÷ R SRWU]HELH RUJDQL]RZDQLD WHJR W\SX G\VNXVML ']LHNDQ ]DSRZLHG]LDğ RUJDQL]DFM÷ NROHMQ\FK VSRWNDġ RUD] ]DSURVLğ SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL SUDNW\NL JRVSRGDUF]HM GR XG]LDğX ZH ZU]HijQLRZHM NRQIHUHQFML QDXNRZHM .ROHJLXP GU KDE %HUQDUG =L÷ELFNL SURI 8(. .DWHGUD 0DNURHNRQRPLL 8(. PJU $QQD 0DMND 3UDFRZQLN ']LHNDQDWX .ROHJLXP 1DXN R =DU]ãG]DQLX L -DNRijFL

33


wydarzenia

-DN PLHU]\å NDSLWDğ OXG]NL" ?MJQVIZQ]U +);8): ] W UQMZVQS] SIXQ\Ið] T]LbSQMOW 7-+,

1RZ\ PLHUQLN NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR NWÐU\ PRőQD VWRVRZDå Z EDGDQLDFK SRUÐZQDZF]\FK E\ğ WHPDWHP ZHELQDULXP SW 0]UIV KIXQ\IT QV 7-+, KW]V\ZQM[" ) VM_ UMI[]ZM IVL Q\[ XWTQKa LZQ^MZ[ NWÐUH RGE\ğR VL÷ OLSFD EU

J

HJR RUJDQL]DWRUHP E\ğR &HQWUXP &$63$5 &HQWUH )RU $GYDQFHG 6WXGLHV RI 3RSXODWLRQ $QG 5HOLJLRQ 8(. Z .UDNRZLH RUD] 6WDğH 3U]HGVWDZLFLHOVWZR 53 SU]\ 2UJDQL]DFML :VSÐğSUDF\ *RVSRGDUF]HM L 5R]ZRMX 2(&' Z 3DU\őX : MHJR WUDNFLH -DPLOD %RWHY L &KULVWLQH GH /D 0DLVRQQHXYH ] 'HSDUWDPHQWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR 2(&' ]DSUH]HQWRZDğ\ QRZ\ PLHUQLN NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR1

=QDF]HQLH SRSXODU\]DFML WHM QRZHM SURSR]\FML PHWU\F]QHM Z\QLND ] NLONX SRZRGÐZ .DSLWDğ OXG]NL ZSURZDG]RQ\ GR QDXNRZHM OLWHUDWXU\ Z ODWDFK V]HijåG]LHVLãW\FK ;; ZLHNX SU]H] HNRQRPLVWÐZ ] &KLFDJR 6FKXOW] %HFNHU 0LQFHU VWDğ VL÷ SRSXODUQ\P REV]DUHP EDGDġ WHRUHW\F]Q\FK PHWRGRORJLF]Q\FK L HPSLU\F]Q\FK QLH W\ONR Z HNRQRPLL 2EHFQLH WZRU]\ RQ UÐZQLHő LQWHUHVXMãF\ REV]DU DQDOL] P LQ GHPRJUDILF]Q\FK VRFMRORJLL SV\FKRORJLL F]\ Z QDXNDFK R ]DU]ãG]DQLX =DWHP NDSLWDğ OXG]NL MDNR F]\QQLN QLHUR]HUZDOQLH ]ZLã]DQ\ ] RVREã L LFK JUXSDPL WM JUXSã OXG]L QDURGDPL SDġVWZDPL L SRNROHQLDPL VWDMH VL÷ NOXF]RZ\P NRQWHNVWHP DQDOL] GRW\F]ãF\FK MHGQRVWNRZ\FK ]DFKRZDġ

OXG]L R FKDUDNWHU]H VRFMRORJLF]Q\P SURGXNF\MQ\P NRQVXPSF\MQ\P :LHORijå EDGDġ QDG NDSLWDğHP OXG]NLP GRW\F]\ IXQNFMRQRZDQLD ILUP L ]HVSRğÐZ SUDFRZQLNÐZ ]ZğDV]F]D Z NRQWHNijFLH SRGQRV]HQLD LFK HIHNW\ZQRijFL G]LDğDQLD GOD SU]HWUZDQLD L UR]ZRMX RUJDQL]DFML :LHOH XZDJL SU]\FLãJD LGHQW\ILNDFMD LPSOLNDFML WHJR NDSLWDğX GOD UR]ZRMX JRVSRGDUF]HJR NUDMÐZ JRVSRGDUHN L LFK JUXS NWÐUH UR]ZLMDMã VL÷ ]DUÐZQR Z ]EOLőRQ\FK MDN L RGPLHQQ\FK Z]RUFDFK NXOWXURZ\FK : V]F]HJÐOQRijFL GRW\F]\ WR EDGDġ QDG ]ZLã]NDPL ğãF]ãF\PL NDSLWDğ OXG]NL L Z]URVW JRVSRGDUF]\ D WDNőH PRőOLZRijFLDPL ]G\QDPL]RZDQLD UR]ZRMX JRVSRGDUF]HJR NUDMÐZ VğDELHM UR]ZLQL÷W\FK WDN DE\ PRJğ\ RQH ]EOLő\å SR]LRP VZHJR UR]ZRMX SR]LRPX ő\FLD VZ\FK PLHV]NDġFÐZ GR NUDMÐZ ERJDW\FK =ğRőRQRijå NRQWHNVWÐZ Z NWÐU\FK NDSLWDğ OXG]NL MHVW SU]HGPLRWHP EDGDġ SU]\F]\QLğD VL÷ GR GZÐFK Z\]ZDġ SU]HG NWÐU\PL ]RVWDOL SRVWDZLHQL EDGDF]H WHJR NDSLWDğX 3R SLHUZV]H ]QDF]QH WUXGQRijFL SU]\VSDU]D ZLHORijå LVWQLHMãF\FK GHILQLFML NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR IXQNFMRQXMãF\FK Z OLWHUDWXU]H R RGPLHQQ\FK LQNOLQDFMDFK WHRUHW\F]Q\FK

0DP\ ERZLHP GR F]\QLHQLD ] GHILQLFMDPL NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR Z NDWHJRULDFK QDJURPDG]RQ\FK Z OXG]LDFK ]DVREÐZ ]GURZLD XPLHM÷WQRijFL NZDOLILNDFML L GRijZLDGF]HQLD ]DZRGRZHJR NWÐU\ MHVW ŏUÐGğHP VDW\VIDNFML ]DURENÐZ F]\ WHő RJÐOQLH XVğXJ R MDNLHMij ZDUWRijFL 1DWUDILDP\ WDNőH QD GHILQLFMH NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR NWÐUH XMPXMã EãGŏ SUÐEXMã XFKZ\FLå ZLHORijå F]\QQLNÐZ L RNROLF]QRijFL NWÐUH ZLãőã VL÷ ] V]HURNR UR]XPLDQã HJ]\VWHQFMã F]ğRZLHND L JUXS Z JRVSRGDUFH L VSRğHF]HġVWZLH 3R GUXJLH ZLHOH WUXGQRijFL QDVWU÷F]D SRPLDU WHJR URG]DMX NDSLWDğX : V]F]HJÐOQRijFL NDSLWDğ OXG]NL VNğDGD VL÷ ] NLONX NRPSRQHQWÐZ F]÷VWR QDNğDGDMãF\FK VL÷ QD VLHELH :Sğ\ZD RQ WDNőH EH]SRijUHGQLR L SRijUHGQLR QD Z]URVW L UR]ZÐM HNRQRPLF]Q\ =DWHP XFKZ\FHQLH ]DOHőQRijFL PL÷G]\ LQZHVW\FMDPL Z NDSLWDğ OXG]NL RUD] RGSRZLDGDMãF\PL LP HIHNWDPL MHVW ]DGDQLHP WUXGQ\P L ]ğRőRQ\P 1D W\P WOH Z OLWHUDWXU]H ZVND]XMH VL÷ OLF]QH EDULHU\ NRQVWUXRZDQLD PLHUQLNÐZ NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR NWÐUH ZLãőã VL÷ ]H ]ğRőRQRijFLã PHU\WRU\F]Qã WHJR SRM÷FLD D WDNőH ] RJUDQLF]RQ\P GRVW÷SHP GR GDQ\FK VWDW\VW\F]Q\FK LOXVWUXMãF\FK HOHPHQW\ VNğDGRZH NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR

%RWHY - ¦JHUW % 6PLGRYD = 7XUQHU ' $ 1HZ 0DFURHFRQRPLF 0HDVXUH 2I +XPDQ &DSLWDO :LWK 6WURQJ (PSLULFDO /LQNV 7R 3URGXFWLYLW\ 2(&' (FRQRPLF 'HSDUWPHQW :RUNLQJ 3DSHUV 1R 2(&' 3XEOLVKLQJ 3DULV

34


'XőH ]QDF]HQLH EDGDġ PDMãF\FK QD FHOX SRV]XNLZDQLH GREU\FK D ] SHZQRijFLã OHSV]\FK QLő LVWQLHMãFH VSRVREÐZ SRPLDUX NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR PRőQD Z UÐőQRUDNL VSRVÐE X]DVDGQLDå -HGQDN Z NRQWHNijFLH ZHELQDULXP NWÐUH RGE\ğR VL÷ OLSFD EU ZDUWR SRGNUHijOLå MHGHQ ]DVDGQLF]\ SRZÐG

0LDQRZLFLH ZLHOX EDGDF]\ SRGNUHijOD őH QLHGRVNRQDğRijFL LVWQLHMãF\FK PLHUQLNÐZ NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR Z GXőHM PLHU]H RGSRZLDGDMã ]D QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRijFL Z\QLNÐZ EDGDġ QDG LPSOLNDFMDPL WHJR F]\QQLND GOD JRVSRGDUNL L IXQNFMRQRZDQLD SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZ : V]F]HJÐOQRijFL Z EDGDQLDFK PLNURHNRQRPLF]Q\FK L SURZDG]RQ\FK QD SR]LRPLH ILUP\ NDSLWDğ ]DZDUW\ Z OXG]LDFK Z\ND]\ZDğ GRGDWQLH ]ZLã]NL ] RGSRZLHGQLR ] SğDFDPL SUDFRZQLNÐZ L VXNFHVHP ILUP\ = NROHL DQDOL]\ PDNURHNRQRPLF]QH LOXVWURZDğ\ F]÷VWR

RERM÷WQH D QDZHW XMHPQH ]QDF]HQLH WHJR URG]DMX NDSLWDğX GOD Z]URVWX JRVSRGDUF]HJR L SURGXNW\ZQRijFL 2SUDFRZDQ\ SU]H] SUDFRZQLNÐZ 2(&' PLHUQLN NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR REOLF]D VL÷ Z RSDUFLX R ]DğRőHQLH URVQãFã OXE Z NV]WDğFLH OLWHU\ 8 ]PLHQQRijå VWRS\ ]ZURWX ] NDőGHJR GRGDWNRZHJR URNX NV]WDğFHQLD 3U]\ F]\P DXWRU]\ ]DNğDGDMã Lő SR]LRP WHM VWRS\ PRőH VL÷ ]PLHQLDå QLH W\ONR Z F]DVLH DOH UÐZQLHő E\å ]UÐőQLFRZDQ\ PL÷G]\ NUDMDPL QD QLVNLP ijUHGQLP L Z\VRNLP SR]LRPLH UR]ZRMX : V]F]HJÐOQRijFL Z PLHUQLNX W\P Z\NRU]\VWDQR DNWXDOQH GRVW÷SQH GDQH GRW\F]ãFH VWÐS ]ZURWX ] NV]WDğFHQLD ]HEUDQH SU]H] 3VDFKDURSRXORVD L 3DWULQRVD RUD] 0RQWHQHJUR L 3DWULQRV 3 NWÐUH QDVW÷SQLH VNRU\JRZDQR

R LQIRUPDFMH GRW\F]ãFH ijUHGQLHJR RNUHVX NV]WDğFHQLD RSUDFRZDQH SU]H] *RXMRQ L LQ : ]ZLã]NX ] W\P SUDFRZQLF\ 2(&' VXJHUXMã Lő ZDUWRijFL REOLF]RQHJR ZVNDŏQLND NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR RG]ZLHUFLHGODğ\ UÐőQLFH Z W\P ]DNUHVLH PL÷G]\ NUDMDPL -HGQDN QLH MHVW X]DVDGQLRQD SHğQD KHWHURJHQLF]QRijå NUDMÐZ D MHG\QLH WDND NWÐUD SR]ZDOD SRG]LHOLå SRV]F]HJÐOQH NUDMH QD JUXS UÐőQLãF\FK VL÷ PL÷G]\ Vã VWRSã ]ZURWX ] NV]WDğFHQLD :ÐZF]DV GDQH F]DVRZR SU]HNURMRZH NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR SR]ZDODMã

XFKZ\FLå KHWHURJHQLF]QRijå NUDMÐZ EH] QLHSRWU]HEQHJR V]XPX Z GDQ\FK : V]F]HJÐOQRijFL WDN VNRQVWUXRZDQH GDQH F]DVRZR SU]HNURMRZH XMDZQLDMã Lő GOD ZL÷NV]RijFL NUDMÐZ REVHUZXMH VL÷ Z]URVW NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR -HGQRF]HijQLH NUDMH VğDELHM UR]ZLQL÷WH FKDUDNWHU\]XMã VL÷ PQLHMV]\PL Z]URVWDPL W\FK VWÐS QLő NUDMH Z\VRNRUR]ZLQL÷WH

wydarzenia

-HGQDN GREUH D ZL÷F ZLDU\JRGQH PLDU\ NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR XPRőOLZLã P LQ OHSV]H ]UR]XPLHQLH VLğ VSUDZF]\FK Z]URVWX JRVSRGDUF]HJR EDUG]LHM WUDIQã RFHQã WUZDğRijFL UR]ZRMX HNRQRPLF]QHJR Z GğXJLP RNUHVLH D WDNőH LGHQW\ILNDFM÷ ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ UH]XOWDWÐZ L SURGXNW\ZQRijFL VHNWRUÐZ HGXNDF\MQ\FK L RFKURQ\ ]GURZLD ] GUXJLHM ]Dij SR]D HNRQRPLF]Q\FK VNXWNÐZ SRG]LDğX WHJR F]\QQLND Z\WZÐUF]HJR Z JRVSRGDUFH

3RUÐZQDQLH ZDUWRijFL NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR REOLF]RQHJR GOD NUDMÐZ 2(&' ZHGğXJ WHM SURSR]\FML SRND]XMH őH Z URNX 1LHPF\ -DSRQLD ,VODQGLD L $XVWUDOLD FKDUDNWHU\]RZDğ\ VL÷ QDMZ\őV]\PL SR]\FMDPL Z UDQNLQJX NUDMÐZ ]H Z]JO÷GX QD NDSLWDğ OXG]NL REOLF]RQ\ QRZã PHWRGã D ZL÷F XZ]JO÷GQLDMãFã ]UÐőQLFRZDQã PL÷G]\ NUDMDPL L URVQãFã VWRS÷ ]ZURWX ] HGXNDFML RUD] ijUHGQLã OLF]Eã ODW NV]WDğFHQLD VNRU\JRZDQã ijPLHUWHOQRijFLã RUD] UÐőQLFDPL Z SğFL ZLHNX L Z\NV]WDğFHQLX SRSXODFML W\FK NUDMÐZ = NROHL ZijUÐG NUDMÐZ ]DMPXMãF\FK GROQH SR]\FMH Z W\P UDQNLQJX ]QDOD]ğ\ VL÷ P LQ 3RUWXJDOLD +LV]SDQLD *UHFMD L 7XUFMD -HGQRF]HijQLH SUÐE\ XZ]JO÷GQLDQLD ZDUWRijFL WHJR PLHUQLND GOD NUDMÐZ 2(&' Z UÐZQDQLDFK UHJUHVML SURGXNW\ZQRijFL XMDZQLDMã LVWRWQã VWDW\VW\F]QLH L GRGDWQLã ]DOHőQRijå PL÷G]\ NDSLWDğHP OXG]NLP L Z]URVWHP SURGXNW\ZQRijFL NUDMÐZ ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ F]ğRQNRZVNLFK 2(&' MDN L VSR]D WHJR XJUXSRZDQLD NUDMÐZ :DUWR Z W\P PLHMVFX SRGNUHijOLå Lő ] HPSLU\F]Q\FK EDGDġ ] WHJR ]DNUHVX QLHMHGQRNURWQLH Z\QLND DOER QLHLVWRWQ\ DOER QLH GRGDWQL FKDUDNWHU ]DOHőQRijFL PL÷G]\ NDSLWDğHP OXG]NLP RUD] Z]URVWHP JRVSRGDUF]\P L SURGXNW\ZQRijFLã : W\P VHQVLH SURSR]\FMD 2(&' MHVW DWUDNF\MQD JG\ő ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ RSLHUD VL÷ QD ZLDU\JRGQ\FK SRGVWDZDFK PHWRGRORJLF]Q\FK ] GUXJLHM ]Dij SR]ZDOD XFKZ\FLå PDNURHNRQRPLF]QH LPSOLNDFMH NDSLWDğX OXG]NLHJR NWÐUH Vã ]JRGQH ] XSRZV]HFKQLRQã WH]ã őH .DSLWDğ /XG]NL MHVW :DőQ\ L 0D =QDF]HQLH GU KDE ĞXNDV] -DEğRġVNL .DWHGUD 0DNURHNRQRPLL 8(.

3VDFKDURSRXORV * 3DWULQRV + $ 5HWXUQV WR LQYHVWPHQW LQ HGXFDWLRQ $ IXUWKHU XSGDWH q(GXFDWLRQ (FRQRPLFVr YRO QR V t KWWSV GRL RUJ 0RQWHQHJUR & ( 3DWULQRV + $ &RPSDUDEOH (VWLPDWHV RI 5HWXUQV WR 6FKRROLQJ $URXQG WKH :RUOG 3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK :RUNLQJ 3DSHU 1R :RUOG %DQN *URXS :DVKLQJWRQ '& *RXMRQ $ . & 6 6SHULQJHU 0 %DUDNDW % 3RWDQFRNRY¾ 0 (GHU - 6WULHVVQLJ ( %DXHU 5 /XW] : $ +DUPRQL]HG 'DWDVHW 2Q *OREDO (GXFDWLRQDO $WWDLQPHQW %HWZHHQ $QG t $Q $QDO\WLFDO :LQGRZ ,QWR 5HFHQW 7UHQGV $QG )XWXUH 3URVSHFWV ,Q +XPDQ &DSLWDO 'HYHORSPHQW q-RXUQDO RI 'HPRJUDSKLF (FRQRPLFVr YRO QR V KWWSV GRL GHP

35


wydarzenia

0Q[\WZaKbVa []SKM[ XWT[SQMR ZMXZMbMV\IKRQ VI ,9 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHM 2OLPSLDG]LH (NRQRPLF]QHM 5HSUH]HQWDFMD 3ROVNL PğRG\FK HNRQRPLVWÐZ ] ,9 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHM 2OLPSLDG\ (NRQRPLF]QHM SU]\ZLR]ğD Dő SL÷å PHGDOL Z W\P GZD ]ğRWH <MIU TMILMZIUQ LZ]ĵaVa VIZWLW_MR [Ċ XZIKW_VQKa

=VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM" XZWN LZ PIJ ;\IVQ[ðI_ 7_[QIS 1V[\a\]\ .QVIV[{_ 3I\MLZI .QVIV[{_ Q 8WTQ\aSQ .QVIV[W_MR WZIb UOZ :ILW[ðI_ īT][IZKbaS 1V[\a\]\ .QVIV[{_ 3I\MLZI .QVIV[{_ Q 8WTQ\aSQ .QVIV[W_MR

D

QLD VLHUSQLD ]DNRġF]\ğ\ VL÷ ]PDJDQLD ,9 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHM 2OLPSLDG\ (NRQRPLF]QHM : WUZDMãF\FK RG OLSFD EU ]DZRGDFK XF]HVWQLF]\ğR EOLVNR XF]QLÐZ ] SDġVWZ ijZLDWD *RVSRGDU]HP ILQDğÐZ E\ğ 8QLZHUV\WHW Z 5\G]H ĞRWZD =H Z]JO÷GX QD V\WXDFM÷ HSLGHPLRORJLF]Qã ]DZRG\ RGE\ZDğ\ VL÷ Z IRUPXOH ]GDOQHM 0L÷G]\QDURGRZD 2OLPSLDGD (NRQRPLF]QD VNğDGD VL÷ ] WU]HFK EORNÐZ SRGVWDZ\ ILQDQVÐZ HNRQRPLD RUD] EXVLQHVV FDVH 3ROVN÷ QD ,9 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHM 2OLPSLDG]LH (NRQRPLF]QHM UHSUH]HQWRZDğD SLãWND QDMOHSV]\FK ODXUHDWÐZ ;;;,9 2OLPSLDG\ :LHG]\ (NRQRPLF]QHM 7UZDMãFH W\G]LHġ ]PDJDQLD ]DNRġF]\ğ\ VL÷ KLVWRU\F]Q\P VXNFHVHP PğRG\FK HNRQRPLVWÐZ ] 3ROVNL 1DVL UHSUH]HQWDQFL ]GRE\OL SL÷å PHGDOL =ğRWH PHGDOH ]GRE\OL 6]\PRQ )ORUHN 9,,, /LFHXP 2JÐOQRNV]WDğFãFHJR Z :DUV]DZLH RUD] .LQJD *UXV]ND 8QLZHUV\WHFNLH /LFHXP 2JÐOQRNV]WDğFãFH Z 7RUXQLX 6UHEUQH PHGDOH ]GRE\OL 'DZLG .U]\NDZVNL ,, /LFHXP 2JÐOQRNV]WDğFãFH Z .UDNRZLH :LNWRU 6RELHFNL ,, /LFHXP

36

2JÐOQRNV]WDğFãFH Z :DUV]DZLH RUD] 2OLZHU :LUNXV ,,, /LFHXP 2JÐOQRNV]WDğFãFH Z *G\QL 'RGDWNRZR PğRG]L HNRQRPLijFL ] 3ROVNL X]\VNDOL GZD W\WXğ\ e%HVW LQ (FRQRPLFVr t 6]\PRQ )ORUHN RUD] .LQJD *UXV]ND 7\WXğ WHQ SU]\]QDZDQ\ MHVW SL÷FLX QDMOHSV]\P XF]HVWQLNRP Z F]÷ijFL eHNRQRPLDr -DN SU]\VWDğR QD ODXUHDWÐZ SUDZGRSRGREQLH QDMVWDUV]HM ROLPSLDG\ HNRQRPLF]QHM QD ijZLHFLH UHSUH]HQWDQFL 3ROVNL Z\JUDOL GUXő\QRZã NODV\ILNDFM÷ Z F]÷ijFL HNRQRPLD .ROHMQH PLHMVFD Z GUXő\QRZHM NODV\ILNDFML F]÷ijFL HNRQRPLD ]DM÷OL XF]QLRZLH ] %UD]\OLL PLHMVFH L 5RVML PLHMVFH *HQHUDOQã NODV\ILNDFM÷ GUXő\QRZã ,9 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHM 2OLPSLDG\ (NRQRPLF]QHM Z\JUDğD %UD]\OLD 3RGLXP X]XSHğQLOL UHSUH]HQWDQFL .DQDG\ PLHMVFH L 86$ PLHMVFH 'UXő\QLH ] 3ROVNL GR SRGLXP NODV\ILNDFML JHQHUDOQHM ]DEUDNğR SXQNWÐZ PLHMVFH ,QG\ZLGXDOQLH QDMZ\őV]\ Z\QLN X]\VNDğ $QG\ :HL .DQDGD 7HDP OHDGHUDPL UHSUH]HQWDFML 3ROVNL Vã SURI GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 2ZVLDN RUD] PJU 5DGRVğDZ

IJOXVDUF]\N 2EDM Vã UÐZQLHő F]ğRQNDPL RUJDQÐZ VWDWXWRZ\FK 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHM 2OLPSLDG\ (NRQRPLF]QHM 1DOHő\ GRGDå őH F]ğRQNDPL .RPLWHWX *ğÐZQHJR 2OLPSLDG\ :LHG]\ (NRQRPLF]QHM G]LDğDMãF\P SU]\ 3ROVNLP 7RZDU]\VWZLH (NRQRPLF]Q\P Vã UÐZQLHő QDVW÷SXMãF\ SUDFRZQLF\ 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH GU KDE $QQD 0RŏG]LHU] SURI 8(. ,QVW\WXW )LQDQVÐZ GU 5\V]DUG .RZDOVNL ,QVW\WXW (NRQRPLL RUD] GU *U]HJRU] :Dğ÷JD ,QVW\WXW (NRQRPLL PJU 5DGRVğDZ IJOXVDUF]\N .DWHGUD )LQDVÐZ


wydarzenia

&04 ;,,, 0L÷G]\QDURGRZD .RQIHUHQFMD 1DXNRZD 3WTMOQ]U 6I]S W BIZbĊLbIVQ] Q 2ISWĬKQ =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM X\ e:LHG]D t *RVSRGDUND t 6SRğHF]HġVWZRr WLJaðI [QĔ _ LVQIKP _ZbMĬVQI ZWS] 3WVNMZMVKRĔ

XZbMXZW_ILbWVW bLITVQM XZba _aSWZba[\IVQ] XTI\NWZUa BWWU 8ZWOZIU SWVNMZMVKRQ Jað JWOI\a Q bZ{ĵVQKW_IVa bIZ{_VW _ WJ[bIZbM VI]SW_aU RIS Q MUXQZaKbVaU

K

RQIHUHQFM÷ UR]SRF]÷ğD VHVMD LQDXJXUDF\MQD SRGF]DV NWÐUHM MDNR SLHUZV]\ JğRV ]DEUDğ 3URUHNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH SURI 3LRWU %XğD NWÐU\ ő\F]\ğ XF]HVWQLNRP NRQIHUHQFML ZLHOX LQVSLUDFML EDGDZF]\FK 3RJUDWXORZDğ RUJDQL]DWRURP SU]\JRWRZDQLD QLH W\ONR VHVML QDXNRZ\FK DOH WDNőH LQWHUHVXMãF\FK WHPDW\F]QLH SDQHOL HNVSHUFNLFK = NROHL JğRV ]DEUDğ ']LHNDQ .ROHJLXP 1DXN R =DU]ãG]DQLX L -DNRijFL 8(. SURI %HUQDUG =L÷ELFNL NWÐU\ SU]HGVWDZLğ FHOH NRQIHUHQFML L SRGNUHijOLğ MHM ]QDF]HQLH GOD UR]ZRMX QDXN R ]DU]ãG]DQLX L MDNRijFL 3URI $QGU]HM -DNL SRG]L÷NRZDğ ZV]\VWNLP RVRERP NWÐUH ZVSDUğ\ NRQIHUHQFM÷ PRGHUDWRURP VHVML QDXNRZ\FK L SDQHOL HNVSHUFNLFK D WDNőH UHFHQ]HQWRP L UHGDNWRURP PRQRJUDILL 3URI -DQXV] 1HVWHUDN SHğQLãF\ IXQNFM÷ 3U]HZRGQLF]ãFHJR .RPLWHWX 2UJDQL]DF\MQHJR &04 SU]HGVWDZLğ SURJUDP NRQIHUHQFML L RPÐZLğ ]UHDOL]RZDQã Z PDMX VWXGHQFNã VHVM÷ QDXNRZã NWÐUHM HIHNWHP Vã WU]\ SXEOLNDFMH ]DZLHUDMãFH ]UHFHQ]RZDQ\FK DUW\NXğÐZ QDXNRZ\FK SU]\JRWRZDQ\FK SU]H] PğRG\FK QDXNRZFÐZ RUD] SRVWHU\ SU]HGVWDZLRQH SU]H] VWXGHQWÐZ :\UD]Lğ ]DGRZROHQLH ]H Z]URVWX ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD VWXGHQWÐZ NRQIHUHQFMã &04 L SRG]L÷NRZDğ GU =RILL *UÐGHN 6]RVWDN RUD] 3URI $JDFLH 1LHPF]\N ]D RSLHN÷ QDG VWXGHQWDPL 3R ]DNRġF]HQLX WHM F]÷ijFL NRQIHUHQFML UR]SRF]÷ğ\ VL÷ GZLH VHVMH SOHQDUQH 3LHUZV]ã e(NRQRPLF]QH L VSRğHF]QH

Z\]ZDQLD ZVSÐğF]HVQHM JRVSRGDUNLr U\QNX SUDF\ L NV]WDğWRZDQLH SURZDG]Lğ SURI 6WDQLVğDZ 3RSHN D GR NRPSHWHQFML DEVROZHQWÐZ VWXGLÐZ HNRQRPLF]Q\FK Z\JğRV]HQLD WH] EDGDZF]\FK ]DSURV]RQ\FK ]RVWDğR F]WHUHFK EDGDF]\ 0RGHUQ FRQFHSWV DQG WRROV IRU UHSUH]HQWXMãF\FK NUDMRZH XQLZHUV\WHW\ • RUJDQL]DWLRQ PDQDJHPHQW 'UXJD DQJORM÷]\F]QD VHVMD SOHQDUQD e(FRQRPLF DQG VRFLDO DVSHFWV RI WKH • 8ZDUXQNRZDQLD UR]ZRMX L SU]HPRGHUQ EXVLQHVV PDQDJHPHQW PRNV]WDğFHġ SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZ GHURZDQD E\ğD SU]H] SURI $JQLHV]N÷ ŐELNRZVNã :\VWãSLğR Z QLHM F]WHUHFK 6HVMH QDXNRZH PRGHURZDQH E\ğ\ QDXNRZFÐZ ] ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK MHGQRSU]H] ]DSURV]RQ\FK SURIHVRUÐZ VWHN EDGDZF]\FK *ZDWHPDOD 6HUELD .ROHJLXP 1DXN R =DU]ãG]DQLX 8NUDLQD :ğRFK\ L SU]HGVWDZLFLHO L -DNRijFL 3DZğD &DEDğ÷ 'DULXV]D GXőHM PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM NRUSRUDFML '\PND $GDPD )LJOD %DUWRV]D .XUND ] 86$ : SR]RVWDğ\FK VLHGPLX Z W\P *UDő\Q÷ 3DOLZRG÷ 3÷NRV] -DURVğDZD GZÐFK DQJORM÷]\F]Q\FK VHVMDFK 3OLFKW÷ 0DğJRU]DW÷ 7\UDġVNã RUD] QDXNRZ\FK ]DSUH]HQWRZDQH ]RVWDğ\ %HUQDUGD =L÷ELFNLHJR UHIHUDW\ SU]HJRWRZDQH SU]H] EDGDF]\ UHSUH]HQWXMãF\FK XF]HOQL ,QWHJUDOQã L LQWHUHVXMãFã F]÷ijFLã ;,,, =DJDGQLHQLD G\VNXWRZDQH Z F]DVLH .RQIHUHQFML &04 E\ğR G]LHZL÷å WUZDQLD VHVML QDXNRZ\FK NRQFHQWURZD]UÐőQLFRZDQ\FK WHPDW\F]QLH SDQHOL ğ\ VL÷ ZRNÐğ QDVW÷SXMãF\FK WHPDWÐZ HNVSHUFNLFK Z NWÐU\FK SRGM÷WR • 'HWHUPLQDQWV RI WKH IXQFWLRQLQJ RI G\VNXVMH QD WHPDW QDMZDőQLHMV]\FK ]DJDGQLHġ ZVSÐğF]HVQHJR ijZLDWD WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ FRQVXPHU DQG JRVSRGDUF]HJR 3DQHOH HNVSHUFNLH LQYHVWRU PDUNHW FLHV]\ğ\ VL÷ GXő\P ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHP L ]JURPDG]Lğ\ Z VXPLH XF]HVWQL• 'HWHUPLQDQW\ IXQNFMRQRZDQLD NÐZ L HNVSHUWÐZ UHSUH]HQWXMãF\FK L UR]ZRMX JRVSRGDUHN t SHUUÐőQH EUDQőH 3DQHO VSHNW\ZD JOREDOQD UHJLRQDOQD L ORNDOQD 7XU\VW\ND t ZUDFDP\ MXő GR JU\" SURZDG]RQ\ E\ğ SU]H] SURI $JDW÷ • ,QVWUXPHQW\ EXGRZDQLD NRQNX1LHPF]\N L GU =RIL÷ *UÐGHN 6]RVWDN UHQF\MQRijFL SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZ 7R MXő SRQDG URN MDN &29,' ]PLHQLğ ZDUXQNL IXQNFMRQRZDQLD SRGPLRWÐZ • .RPSHWHQFMH DEVROZHQWÐZ VWXJRVSRGDUF]\FK Z W\P WDNőH EUDQő\ GLÐZ HNRQRPLF]Q\FK ZREHF Z\WXU\VW\F]QHM 3RZV]HFKQLH X]QDMH VL÷ ]ZDġ ZVSÐğF]HVQHJR U\QNX SUDőH VHNWRU WXU\VW\NL XFLHUSLDğ QDMEDUG]LHM F\ Z\]ZDQLD ZVSÐğF]HVQHJR 37


wydarzenia

Z Z\QLNX SDQGHPLL 5\]\NR ] MDNLP ]PDJDğ\ VL÷ SRGPLRW\ JRVSRGDUF]H SU]\EUDğR QRZã QLHRF]HNLZDQã IRUP÷ 0RőQD SRVWDZLå S\WDQLD F]\ WR U\]\NR MXő Z\JDVğR F]\ SU]\EUDğR LQQã SRVWDå F]\ SRPRF ]H VWURQ\ SDġVWZD RND]DğD VL÷ Z\VWDUF]DMãFD" 1D WH L LQQH S\WDQLD RGSRZLDGDğR JURQR HNVSHUWÐZ 5HPLJLXV] 'UÐőGő 3UH]HV 3RPRUVNLHM ,]E\ 7XU\VW\NL 3DXOD )DQGHURZVND =DVW÷SFD '\UHNWRUD .%) GV &HQWUXP .RQJUHVRZHJR ,&( .UDNÐZ $QQD 6DODPRġF]\N 0RFKHO :LFHSUH]HV =DU]ãGX 3ROVNLHM 2UJDQL]DFML 7XU\VW\F]QHM L $JDWD :RMWRZLF] 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX 7DWU]DġVNLHM ,]E\ *RVSRGDUF]HM •

38

,QQRZDFMH Z ]DU]ãG]DQLX VHNWRUHP NRPXQDOQ\P SU]\JRWRZDQ\ E\ğ SU]H] SURI 0DUND -DEğRġVNLHJR L GU 'DULXV]D )LV]WD .OXF]RZ\P REV]DUHP WHPDW\F]Q\P SDQHOX E\ğD LGHQW\ILNDFMD Z\]ZDġ ]DJURőHġ L SHUVSHNW\Z ]ZLã]DQ\FK ] ]DU]ãG]DQLHP VHNWRUHP NRPXQDOQ\P ] SHUVSHNW\Z\ LQQRZDFML WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK .RQIURQWDFMD GRijZLDGF]Hġ SDQHOLVWÐZ ] ZLHG]ã SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL ijURGRZLVND QDXNRZHJR SR]ZROLğD ]LGHQW\ILNRZDå ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ NOXF]RZH REV]DU\ SUREOHPRZH GRW\F]ãFH ]DU]ãG]DQLD VHNWRUHP NRPXQDOQ\P ] SHUVSHNW\Z\ LQQRZDFML WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK ] GUXJLHM ]Dij RNUHijOLğD SRWHQFMDOQH NLHUXQNL GRVNRQDOHQLD ]DU]ãG]DQLD VHNWRUHP NRPXQDOQ\P : SDQHOX XF]HVWQLF]\OL 0DUHN .DEDFLġVNL &]ğRQHN =DU]ãGX 032 6S ] R R 0DUFLQ .DQGHIHU &]ğRQHN =DU]ãGX .UDNRZVNLHJR +ROGLQJX .RPXQDOQHJR 6$ 0DUHN 0D]XUHN &]ğRQHN =DU]ãGX 03(& 6$ RUD] 3LRWU =L÷WDUD 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX :RGRFLãJL 0LDVWD .UDNRZD 6$ 5XUDO GHYHORSPHQW WKURXJK HQWUHSUHQHXUVKLS DQ H[DPSOH RI JRRG SUDFWLFHV PRGHURZDQ\ E\ğ SU]H] GU 7RPDV]D .XVLR RUD] GU .DWDU]\Q÷ ŐPLM÷ : UDPDFK SDQHOX ]DSUH]HQWRZDQH ]RVWDğ\ UH]XOWDW\ SURMHNWX $UGHQW Z WU]HFK NUDMDFK SDUWQHUVNLFK Z 3ROVFH 1LHPF]HFK L 3RUWXJDOLL 3URMHNW VğXő\ SURPRZDQLX NV]WDğFHQLD Z ]DNUHVLH SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL ZijUÐG RVÐE GRURVğ\FK SRFKRG]ãF\FK ] REV]DUÐZ ZLHMVNLFK -HJR

FHOHP MHVW WDNőH ]ZL÷NV]HQLH ]DDQJDőRZDQLD VSRğHF]QHJR LQVW\WXFML V]NROQLFWZD Z\őV]HJR SRSU]H] ZL÷NV]ã LQWHJUDFM÷ L QDZLã]DQLH ZVSÐğSUDF\ SRPL÷G]\ XF]HOQLDPL D VSRğHF]QRijFLã ZLHMVNã GDQHJR UHJLRQX 3UH]HQWDFMRP WRZDU]\V]\ğD G\VNXVMD NWÐUHM P\ijOã SU]HZRG• QLã E\ğD SUÐED ]QDOH]LHQLD RGSRZLHG]L QD S\WDQLH MDN VNXWHF]QLH ZVSLHUDå UR]ZÐM REV]DUÐZ ZLHMVNLFK Z GRELH ZVSÐğF]HVQ\FK Z\]ZDġ" : G\VNXVML XF]HVWQLF]\OL 7RPDV] .XVLR 3URMHFW 0DQDJHU ,XOLD 0DULD 6WURLOD 0HPEHU RI $UGHQW 7HDP *HUPDQ\ $OH[DQGUD %RUJHV 0HPEHU RI $UGHQW 7HDP 3RUWXJDO L -DQXV] 5RVLHN 0HPEHU RI $UGHQW 7HDP 3RODQG •

*RVSRGDUND R RELHJX ]DPNQL÷W\P Z REV]DU]H RSDNRZDġ t UHDOQD PRőOLZRijå F]\ XWRSLD" ]RUJDQL]RZDQ\ E\ğ SU]H] SURI $JQLHV]N÷ &KROHZ÷ :ÐMFLN 3DQHO SUDNW\NÐZ E\ğ G\VNXVMã QD WHPDW JRVSRGDURZDQLD QLHRGQDZLDOQ\PL ]DVREDPL Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQ\PL Z EUDQő\ RSDNRZDġ 3DQHOLijFL SRG]LHOLOL VL÷ VSRVWU]HőHQLDPL QD WHPDW VWUDWHJLL L G]LDğDġ ]ZLã]DQ\FK ] WUDQVIRUPDFMã SU]HP\VğX RSDNRZDQLRZHJR Z NLHUXQNX JRVSRGDUNL R RELHJX ]DPNQL÷W\P *2= 8G]LDğ Z SDQHOX SR]ZROLğ SR]\VNDå ZLHG]÷ QD WHPDW GRVNRQDOHQLD RSDNRZDġ L SURFHVÐZ LFK Z\WZDU]DQLD RUD] ]DVW÷SRZDQLHP PDWHULDğÐZ RSDNRZDQLRZ\FK XFLãőOLZ\FK GOD ijURGRZLVND QDWXUDOQHJR PDWHULDğDPL ] VXURZFÐZ RGQDZLDOQ\FK : SDQHOX

XG]LDğ Z]L÷OL .U]\V]WRI +RUQLFNL :LFHSUH]HV =DU]ãGX ,QWHUVHURK $GYLVRU\ VS ] R R .RQUDG 1RZDNRZVNL 3UH]HV 3ROVNLHM ,]E\ 2G]\VNX L 5HF\NOLQJX L -DFHN :RG]LVğDZVNL 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX )XQGDFML QD U]HF] 2G]\VNX 2SDNRZDġ $OXPLQLRZ\FK 5HFDO -HV]F]H VHJPHQWDFMD F]\ MXő LQG\ZLGXDOL]DFMD" 1RZH WHFKQRORJLH Z NRPXQLNDFML PDUNHWLQJRZHM PRGHURZDQ\ E\ğ SU]H] SURI $JQLHV]N÷ ŐELNRZVNã 'XőD UÐőQRURGQRijå SRWU]HE L RF]HNLZDġ NRQVXPHQWÐZ VSUDZLğ\ őH WZRU]HQLH SRMHPQ\FK VHJPHQWÐZ U\QNX VWDğR VL÷ FRUD] WUXGQLHMV]H VWãG SRMDZLğD VL÷ NRQFHSFMD ]DVWãSLHQLD VHJPHQWDFML PDVRZã SHUVRQDOL]DFMã 5R]ZÐM QRZRF]HVQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL VSUDZLD őH ZL÷NV]Rijå SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZ PRőH PDVRZR LQG\ZLGXDOL]RZDå NRPXQLNDFM÷ PDUNHWLQJRZã ] NRQVXPHQWDPL -HGQRF]HijQLH ZVSÐğF]HijQL NRQVXPHQFL FRUD] F]÷ijFLHM DNW\ZQLH VDPRG]LHOQLH SRV]XNXMã LQIRUPDFML R SURGXNWDFK L QLH Vã MXő W\ONR ELHUQ\PL RGELRUFDPL WUHijFL Sğ\QãF\FK ] UHNODP\ WHOHZL]\MQHM F]\ ELOOERDUGX 3DQHOLijFL V]XNDOL RGSRZLHG]L QD S\WDQLD R WR NWÐUH QDU]ãG]LH SURPRFML QDMğDWZLHM MHVW LQG\ZLGXDOL]RZDå" F]\ WDND SHUVRQDOL]DFMD MHVW HIHNW\ZQD" MDNLH NDQDğ\ VSUDZG]DMã VL÷ QDMOHSLHM Z LQG\ZLGXDOQHM NRPXQLNDFML ] NRQVXPHQWDPL L QD LOH PRőQD ]DXWRPDW\]RZDå LQG\ZLGXDOQã NRPXQLNDFM÷ PDUNHWLQJRZã" : SDQHOX Z]L÷OL XG]LDğ HNVSHUFL *U]HJRU] %ğDőHZLF] 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX 6$/(6PDQDJR


.RPSHWHQFMH DEVROZHQWÐZ VWXGLÐZ HNRQRPLF]Q\FK ZREHF Z\]ZDġ ZVSÐğF]HVQHJR U\QNX SUDF\ t 3URMHNW 'LDORJ SURZDG]RQ\ E\ğ SU]H] SURI -RDQQ÷ .XGHğNR 3U]HGPLRWHP GHEDW\ HNVSHUWÐZ E\ğ\ NRPSHWHQFMH DEVROZHQWÐZ VWXGLÐZ HNRQRPLF]Q\FK ZREHF Z\]ZDġ ZVSÐğF]HVQHJR U\QNX SUDF\ SRVWU]HJDQH ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD SUDFRGDZFÐZ UHSUH]HQWXMãF\FK UÐőQH EUDQőH JRVSRGDUNL 'R JğÐZQ\FK ZãWNÐZ GHEDW\ QDOHőDğ\ RFHQD NRPSHWHQFML DEVROZHQWÐZ VWXGLÐZ HNRQRPLF]Q\FK RF]HNLZDQLD NRPSHWHQF\MQH SUDFRGDZFÐZ Z SU]\V]ğHM SHUVSHNW\ZLH SRWU]HED UHDOL]DFML VWXGLÐZ SUDNW\F]Q\FK L IRUP\ ZVSÐğSUDF\ XF]HOQL L SUDNW\NÐZ JRVSRGDUF]\FK Z ]DNUHVLH NV]WDğFHQLD VWXGHQWÐZ 'R JURQD HNVSHUWÐZ ]DSURV]HQL ]RVWDOL 0LFKDğ $GDPF]\N 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX *UXS\ .06 ĞXNDV] %HUQDUG • :LFHSUH]HV =DU]ãGX $GPLOO 6S ] R R 0DJGDOHQD .OLPHN IJO÷]DN ZğDijFLFLHO ,QIRSURILW 6S ] R R 0RQLND /LSLġVND )U\GU\FK 6WDUV]\ 6SHFMDOLVWD GV 5HNUXWDFML +5 1DYLJDWRU 0DğJRU]DWD 0DMHZVND 0DGXUD 0DQDJHU 3URMHNWÐZ 5HNUXWDF\MQ\FK +5 1DYLJDWRU 0DUFLQ 6RMND ZğDijFLFLHO 6DOHV +5 3DZHğ :LãN '\UHNWRU 2GG]LDğX 1RWXV )LQDQVH 6$ L (OőELHWD =DG÷FND &LHijOLN .RRUG\QDWRU 3URMHNWÐZ L %LXUD 6WRZDU]\V]HQLH 'RUDGFÐZ (XURSHMVNLFK 3/LQ(8 5ÐőQH REOLF]D SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL SU]\JRWRZDQ\ E\ğ SU]H] GU =RIL÷ *UÐGHN 6]RVWDN L SURI $JDW÷ 1LHPF]\N 7U]HFLD GHNDGD ;;, ZLHNX WR RNUHV LQWHQV\ZQ\FK ]PLDQ Z ZLHOX VIHUDFK ő\FLD NWÐUH MHV]F]H NLONDQDijFLH ODW WHPX E\ğ\ QLHZ\REUDőDOQH L VWDQRZLğ\ EDUG]LHM RSRZLHijFL ] OLWHUDWXU\ VFLHQFH ILFWLRQ D QLH SURJQR]\ FR GR U]HF]\ZLVW\FK WUHQGÐZ Z\VW÷SXMãF\FK QD ijZLHFLH 5R]ZÐM QRZRF]HVQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL F\IU\]DFMD JOREDOL]DFMD ]PLDQ\ NXOWXURZH Vã Z\PLHQLDQH MDNR

WH NWÐUH QDMEDUG]LHM ZSğ\ZDMã QD ]UÐZQRZDőRQ\ UR]ZÐM SU]\V]ğRijå JRVSRGDUF]ã L VSRğHF]Qã 1LHVNXWHF]QRijå WUDG\F\MQHJR PRGHOX EL]QHVRZHJR SRZL÷NV]DMãFH VL÷ ]DJURőHQLH Z\NOXF]HQLHP VSRğHF]Q\P WR U]HF]\ZLVWRijå NWÐUD Z\PDJD QRZHJR VSRMU]HQLD QD VSRğHF]HġVWZR -HGQã ] V]DQV QD UR]ZLã]DQLH ZVSRPQLDQ\FK SUREOHPÐZ MHVW UR]ZÐM SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL t DOH MDNLHM" &]\ SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]Rijå PRőH VWDQRZLå DQWLGRWXP QD SUREOHP\ U\QNX SUDF\" 3UÐE÷ RGSRZLHG]L QD SRVWDZLRQH SUREOHP\ SRGM÷ğR ]DSURV]RQH JURQR HNVSHUWÐZ :LWROG (NLHOVNL GRUDGFD 2ijURGND :VSDUFLD (NRQRPLL 6SRğHF]QHM .RQUDG .ROHJRZLF] 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX &HQWUXP .RPHUFMDOL]DFML 8(. 6S ] R R %HUQDUG 6]DWNRZVNL JğÐZQ\ VSHFMDOLVWD Z 'HSDUWDPHQFLH :VSDUFLD (NVSRUWX 0$55 6$ .DUROLQD :DQGD 2OV]RZVND NRRUG\QDWRU 5HJLRQDOQHJR 2ijURGND 'HEDW\ 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHM Z .UDNRZLH L %DUEDUD 6LRUHN NLHURZQLN %LXUD .DULHU $63 Z .UDNRZLH 6DPRU]ãG Z 3ROVFH t Z\]ZDQLD L NLHUXQNL UR]ZRMX PRGHURZDQ\ SU]H] GU 3LRWUD 0DUNLHZLF]D L PJU 3LRWUD :HVRğRZVNLHJR 3DQGHPLD &RYLG ZSğ\Q÷ğD QD ZLHOH REV]DUÐZ L DNW\ZQRijFL QDV]HJR ő\FLD UÐZQLHő QD MHGQRVWNL VDPRU]ãGX WHU\WRULDOQHJR -67 Z 3ROVFH Z ]DNUHVLH ]DGDġ SXEOLF]Q\FK NWÐUH PDMã UHDOL]RZDå : SDQHOX SUHOHJHQFL G\VNXWRZDOL QD WHPDW Z\]ZDġ ]ZLã]DQ\FK ] Z\FKRG]HQLHP ] NU\]\VX SDQGHPLF]QHJR RUD] ]PLDQ MDNLH Z\PXVLğ WHQ NU\]\V Z IXQNFMRQRZDQLX W\FK MHGQRVWHN : MDNLP VWRSQLX FHOH SU]\M÷WH Z GRNXPHQWDFK VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK E÷Gã PXVLDğ\ SRGOHJDå UHZL]ML L PRG\ILNDFML" -DNL ZSğ\Z QD UR]ZÐM -67 E÷G]LH PLDğ GRVW÷S GR ijURGNÐZ ] IXQGXV]\ 8(" -DNã URO÷ E÷G]LH RGJU\ZDğR G]LHOHQLH VL÷ ZLHG]ã L GREU\PL SUDNW\NDPL" 1D WH S\WDQLD RGSRZLDGDğR JURQR ]DSURV]RQ\FK HNVSHUWÐZ 5REHUW -DNXERZVNL %XUPLVWU] .RQVWDQW\QRZD ĞÐG]NLHJR .RQUDG 3RNRUD 3UH]\GHQW =GXġVNLHM :ROL -DFHN :LijQLHZVNL 3UH]\GHQW 0LHOFD L 0DUHN :ÐMFLN

SHğQRPRFQLN GV OHJLVODF\MQ\FK =DU]ãGX =ZLã]NX 0LDVW 3ROVNLFK •

:VSÐğF]HVQH XZDUXQNRZDQLD UDFKXQNRZRijFL SURZDG]RQ\ E\ğ SU]H] SURI $UWXUD +RğG÷ L GU $QQ÷ 6WDV]HO 7HPDWHP G\VNXVML E\ğ\ ZVSÐğF]HVQH GHWHUPLQDQW\ IXQNFMRQRZDQLD UDFKXQNRZRijFL 6]F]HJÐOQLH PLHMVFH Z G\VNXVML ]DM÷ğD SUREOHPDW\ND RV]XVWZ NVL÷JRZ\FK L PDQLSXODFML GDQ\PL Z NRQWHNijFLH UDFKXQNRZRijFL NUHDW\ZQHM MDN UÐZQLHő ZSğ\Z SDQGHPLL QD UDFKXQNRZRijå RUD] SRVW÷SXMãFD DXWRPDW\]DFMD L LQIRUPDW\]DFMD NWÐUH PRJã PLHå EH]SRijUHGQL L ]QDF]ãF\ ZSğ\Z QD V\VWHP ZVSÐğF]HVQHM UDFKXQNRZRijFL '\VNXVMD GRW\F]\ğD UHODFML PL÷G]\ WHRULã UDFKXQNRZRijFL SUDNW\Nã UDFKXQNRZRijFL D SRVW÷SXMãF\PL ]PLDQDPL QD ijZLHFLH MDN UÐZQLHő SU]\V]ğRijFL ]DZRGX NVL÷JRZHJR L ELHJğHJR UHZLGHQWD 7HPDW\ WH SRUXV]\OL *U]HJRU] 2V]F]\SDğD 3UH]HV 3,%5 2 .UDNÐZ 3LRWU 5\ELFNL (NVSHUW &RUSRUDWH *RYHUQDQFH L -DNXE :RMQDURZVNL +HDG RI $&&$ 3RODQG %DOWLF &RXQWULHV

wydarzenia

.RUQHO 'XO÷ED '\UHNWRU =DU]ãG]DMãF\ +DUELQJHUV L 0DJGDOHQD 7RNDUF]\N &\UDQ '\UHNWRU 0DUNHWLQJX L 6SU]HGDő\ $UPDWXU\ 6$

8F]HVWQLF\ NRQIHUHQFML SRFKRG]LOL ] 3ROVNL .DQDG\ 1LHPLHF 3RUWXJDOL 6HUELL 8NUDLQ\ :ğRFK L 86$ (IHNWHP NRQIHUHQFML &04 MHVW VLHGHP SXEOLNDFML NWÐUH PRőQD SREUDå ]H VWURQ\ LQWHUQHWRZHM KWWSV FPT XHN NUDNRZ SO 3RGVXPRZXMãF NRQIHUHQFM÷ &04 3U]HZRGQLF]ãF\ 5DG\ 3URJUDPRZHM SURI $QGU]HM -DNL SRJUDWXORZDğ .RPLWHWRZL 2UJDQL]DF\MQHPX VSUDZQHJR SU]HSURZDG]HQLD LQWHUHVXMãF\FK VHVML QDXNRZ\FK RUD] SDQHOL HNVSHUFNLFK = NROHL SURI -DQXV] 1HVWHUDN SRG]L÷NRZDğ LPLHQQLH ZV]\VWNLP ZVSÐğSUDFRZQLNRP L SDUWQHURP NRQIHUHQFML NWÐU]\ DNW\ZQLH ZğãF]\OL VL÷ Z MHM SU]\JRWRZDQLH L SU]HSURZDG]HQLH 'R SURMHNWRZDQLD SU]\V]ğRURF]QHJR Z\GDU]HQLD ]DSURVLğ EDGDF]\ L HNVSHUWÐZ NWÐU]\ Vã ]DLQWHUHVRZDQL XUXFKRPLHQLHP VHVML L SDQHOL UR]V]HU]DMãF\FK WHPDW\F]QLH SURJUDP ;,9 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHM .RQIHUHQFML 1DXNRZHM .ROHJLXP 1DXN R =DU]ãG]DQLX L -DNRijFL &04 GU KDE -DQXV] 1HVWHUDN SURI 8(. 3U]HZRGQLF]ãF\ .RPLWHWX 2UJDQL]DF\MQHJR .RQIHUHQFML &04

39


wydarzenia

.V]WDğFLP\ IJ[WT_MV\{_ XZba[bðWĬKQ 2G F]ZDUWHJR SDŏG]LHUQLND QRZR SU]\M÷W\FK VWXGHQWÐZ NLHUXQNX *OREDO %XVLQHVV 6HUYLFHV UR]SRF]QLH VZRMH ]DM÷FLD DNDGHPLFNLH

XZW_ILbWVM XZbMb XZIKW_VQS{_ =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM XZba _[X{ðXZIKa b ZUIUQ [MS\WZI /TWJIT *][QVM[[ ;MZ^QKM[

D

R ZVSRPQLDQHJR VHNWRUD *%6 QDOHőã P LQ $%6/ $%% $EEYLH $FFHQWXUH $06 $PZD\ *%6 %%+ &,6&2 (< *HQSDFW +HLQHNHQ .UDNÐZ +LWDFKL +6%& ,%0 -DFREV .LPEHUO\ &ODUN 0RWRUROD 6ROXWLRQV 2SXV % 4XUDWH 5HWDLO *URXS 5DQGRP )RUHVW 6FKHOO 6WDWH 6WUHHW 7DOHQW $OSKD 7KH +DFNHWW *URXS 8%6 953 &RQVXOWLQJ :V]\VF\ Z\PLHQLHQL SDUWQHU]\ SRPRJã QDP Z\NV]WDğFLå DEVROZHQWD SU]\V]ğRijFL 1RZ\ NLHUXQHN SR ODWDFK VWDUDġ

7R SLHUZV]\ URN NLHUXQNX *OREDO %XVLQHVV 6HUYLFHV 3RP\Vğ QD ZVSÐğSUDF÷ ZRNÐğ NV]WDğFHQLD VWXGHQWÐZ SRPL÷G]\ ILUPDPL VHNWRUD *%6 L 8QLZHUV\WHWHP (NRQRPLF]Q\P Z .UDNRZLH QDURG]Lğ VL÷ RN SL÷å ODW WHPX ] G\VNXVML SRPL÷G]\ :LFHSUH]HVHP +LWDFKL 9DQWDUD 7RPDV]HP %U]RVWRZVNLP L SURI GU KDE -HU]\P +DXVQHUHP IJURGRZLVNX QDXNRZR G\GDNW\F]QHPX SUDFRZQLNÐZ .ROHJLXP *$3 XGDğR VL÷ UR]ZLQãå WHQ SRP\Vğ GRSURZDG]DMãF GR XWZRU]HQLD NLHUXQNX Z U ']L÷NL WHPX Z WHJRURF]QHM UHNUXWDFML PRJOLijP\ ]DSURSRQRZDå NDQG\GDWRP QD VWXGLD QRZã RIHUW÷ HGXNDF\MQã Z\FKRG]ãFã QDSU]HFLZ SRWU]HERP NV]WDğFHQLD DEVROZHQWÐZ JRWRZ\FK ZHMijå Z V]\ENR ]PLHQLDMãF\ VL÷ U\QHN SUDF\ SU]\V]ğRijFL 3RWU]HED QRZHM IRUP\ NV]WDğFHQLD 3RWU]HE÷ LQQHM IRUP\ NV]WDğFHQLD QDMOHSLHM Z\WğXPDF]\ğ :LFHSUH]HV +LWDFKL 40

9DQWDUD 7RPDV] %U]RVWRZVNL 3RGF]DV VSRWNDQLD RQOLQH ] NDQG\GDWDPL QD VWXGLD SRGNUHijOLğ őH ZHGğXJ V]DFXQNÐZ HNVSHUWÐZ VHNWRUD *%6 SUDZLH G]LHFL Z ZLHNX V]NROQ\P REHFQLH E÷G]LH SUDFRZDğR Z ]DZRGDFK NWÐUH DNWXDOQLH QLH LVWQLHMã RUD] őH Z SHUVSHNW\ZLH QDMEOLőV]\FK ODW RN PLHMVF SUDF\ JOREDOQLH ]RVWDQLH QD]QDF]RQH SURFHVDPL DXWRPDW\]DFML L F\IU\]DFML 6WãG Z\VRND NRQLHF]QRijå ]PLDQ\ VSRVREX XF]HQLD PğRG\FK OXG]L 3URFHV NV]WDğFHQLD QD XF]HOQLDFK SRZLQLHQ PLHå SURLQQRZDF\MQH FHFK\ ğãF]\å ZLHG]÷ DNDGHPLFNã ] SUDNW\Nã HNVSHUWÐZ EL]QHVRZ\FK RUD] XPRőOLZLå HODVW\F]Qã IRUP÷ SU]HND]\ZDQLD ZLHG]\ UHDJXMãFã QD V]\ENR ]PLHQLDMãFã VL÷ U\QNRZã U]HF]\ZLVWRijå %L]QHV VSRW\ND VL÷ ]H VWXGHQWDPL 2 Z\MãWNRZRijFL NLHUXQNX *%6 ijZLDGF]\ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP VSRVÐE SURZDG]HQLD ]DM÷å : SURJUDPLH VWXGLÐZ OLFHQFMDFNLFK ]QDMGXMã VL÷ WU]\ ijFLHőNL G\GDNW\F]QH GR Z\ERUX RGSRZLDGDMãFH SRWU]HERP VHNWRUD QRZRF]HVQ\FK XVğXJ GOD EL]QHVX ]DU]ãG]DQLH SURMHNWDPL PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\PL DQDOLW\ND EL]QHVRZD RUD] ]DU]ãG]DQLH PDUNã 6WXGHQFL E÷Gã UHJXODUQLH VSRW\NDå VL÷ ] SDUWQHUDPL EL]QHVRZ\PL 6ã RQL RG SRF]ãWNX ]DDQJDőRZDQL Z SURFHV XNğDGDQLD SURJUDPX QDXF]DQLD D QDVW÷SQLH Z SU]HELHJ ]DM÷å DNDGHPLFNLFK ']L÷NL WHPX NDőG\ SURZDG]RQ\ SU]HGPLRW PD SU]\SLVDQHJR Z\NğDGRZF÷ DNDGHPLFNLHJR RUD] JUXS÷ FK÷WQ\FK GR SRG]LHOHQLD VL÷ VZRMã ZLHG]ã SUDNW\F]Qã SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL ILUP

SDUWQHUVNLFK *%6 7R MHGQDN QLH NRQLHF LQQRZDFML NWÐUH ZSURZDG]D *%6 1LH ]DNğDGD RQ W\ONR VDPHM IRUPXğ\ Z\NğDGRZHM F]\ åZLF]HQLRZHM : SURJUDPLH QDXF]DQLD SU]HZDőD IRUPD NRQZHUVDWRULXP X]XSHğQLRQD R QRZH DNW\ZQRijFL GOD VWXGHQWÐZ 1DOHőã GR QLFK P LQ SURMHNW\ EDGDZF]H NWÐUH SROHJDMã QD ZğãF]HQLX VWXGHQWÐZ Z ]HVSRğ\ EDGDZF]H ]DMPXMãFH VL÷ DQDOL]ã VHNWRUD *%6 2ERZLã]NRZH SUDNW\NL VWXGHQFNLH Z Z\PLDU]H JRG]LQ VWXGHQFL NLHUXQNX E÷Gã RGE\ZDå Z ILUPDFK SDUWQHUVNLFK SRG RNLHP Z\]QDF]RQ\FK PHQWRUÐZ EL]QHVRZ\FK 1DFLVN SRğRőRQR UÐZQLHő QD WHPDW\N÷ SUDF G\SORPRZ\FK t PDMã RQH E\å RG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLHP GRijZLDGF]Hġ VWXGHQWÐZ ] LFK ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] ILUPDPL SDUWQHUVNLPL :VSÐğSUDFD SU]\V]ğRijFL 3LHUZV]\ URN DNDGHPLFNL GOD VWXGHQWÐZ *%6 UXV]D MXő QLHGğXJR 'OD ]HVSRğX Z\NğDGRZFÐZ ]U]HV]RQ\FK ZRNÐğ RSLHNXQD NLHUXQNX SURI GU KDE 0DUND äZLNOLFNLHJR R]QDF]D WR SLORWDőRZ\ URN SURMHNWX NWÐU\ PD UR]ZLQãå QLH W\ONR VWXGHQWÐZ DOH UÐZQLHő RWZRU]\å QRZH PRőOLZRijFL QD ZVSÐğSUDF÷ ] NUDNRZVNLP VHNWRUHP *%6 =GDQLHP SURI 0 äZLNOLFNLHJR &]HND QDV F]DV SHğHQ QRZ\FK GRijZLDGF]Hġ L LQVSLUXMãF\FK VSRWNDġ 0DP\ QDG]LHM÷ őH SU]\ ZVSDUFLX QDV]\FK NROHJÐZ L NROHőDQHN ] UÐőQ\FK LQVW\WXWÐZ 8F]HOQL E÷G]LHP\ UR]ZLMDOL NLHUXQHN *%6 PJU $QQD 0LU]\ġVND .DWHGUD =DU]ãG]DQLD 2UJDQL]DFMDPL 3XEOLF]Q\PL


UEK - partner w biznesie

3URMHNW ,QNXEDWRU ,QQRZDF\MQRijFL =-3 § XIZ\VMZ _ JQbVM[QM

6]DQRZQL 3DġVWZR

? \aU V]UMZbM KPKQMTQJaĬUa XWQVNWZUW_IČ W QVQKRI\a_IKP Q LbQIðIVQIKP bZMITQbW_IVaKP _ ,bQITM <ZIV[NMZ] ?QMLba Q 8ZWRMS\{_ =-3 _ WSZM[QM TQXQMK § XIĎLbQMZVQS JZ

K

RġFHP ZU]HijQLD RILFMDOQLH UR]SRF]÷ğR G]LDğDQLH e/DERUDWRULXP *U\ZDOL]DF\MQHr NWÐUHJR XUXFKRPLHQLH ] UDFML SDQGHPLL &RYLG ]RVWDğR SU]HVXQL÷WH ] ]HV]ğHJR URNX /DERUDWRULXP ]QDMGXMH VL÷ Z VDOL QU Z SDZLORQLH e*r

: VSRWNDQLX LQDXJXUDF\MQ\P Z]L÷OL XG]LDğ SDUWQHU]\ /DERUDWRULXP D Vã WR SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH ILUP\ *DPIL 6S ] R R '\UHNWRU &HQWUXP 7UDQVIHUX 7HFKQRORJLL &,7758 8- .LHURZQLN $,3 8- '\UHNWRU 0DğRSROVNLHJR &HQWUXP 'RVNRQDOHQLD 1DXF]\FLHOL RUD] SUDFRZQLF\ QDXNRZR G\GDNW\F]QL 8(. L 8- ]DLQWHUHVRZDQL WHPDWHP JU\ZDOL]DFML L PRőOLZRijFLã JDPLILNDFML LFK ]DM÷å

e/DERUDWRULXP *U\ZDOL]DF\MQHr V]HU]HM /DERUDWRULXP 1RZ\FK 7HFKQRORJLL Z (GXNDFML t E÷G]LH SRVLDGDğR JU\ RUD] PXOWLPHGLDOQH L LQWHUDNW\ZQH XU]ãG]HQLD D WDNőH RSURJUDPRZDQLH GR Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLD Z F]DVLH ]DM÷å SURZDG]RQ\FK ]H VWXGHQWDPL L XF]QLDPL

'RFHORZR SODQXMH VL÷ RUJDQL]DFM÷ V]NROHġ ]DUÐZQR SRGVWDZRZ\FK MDN L VSHFMDOLVW\F]Q\FK SRGF]DV NWÐU\FK ]DSURV]HQL VSHFMDOLijFL E÷Gã SRND]\ZDå PRőOLZRijFL MDNLH QLHVLH WHFKQRORJLD t QRZRF]HVQ\ VSU]÷W DSOLNDFMH L SURJUDP\ NWÐUH PRJã XDWUDNF\MQLå ]DM÷FLD Z V]NRğDFK L QD 8F]HOQL

/DERUDWRULXP SRVLDGD VSHFMDOQLH SU]\VWRVRZDQH SRPLHV]F]HQLH QD NDPSXVLH 8(. QD SRWU]HE\ SURZDG]RQ\FK V]NROHġ L ZDUV]WDWÐZ WHVWRZDQLD RUD] SRND]ÐZ XU]ãG]Hġ L VSU]÷WX RUD] RSURJUDPRZDQLD /DERUDWRULXP E÷G]LH UR]ZLMDå WDNőH WHFKQRORJL÷ ZLUWXDOQHM L UR]V]HU]RQHM U]HF]\ZLVWRijFL L LFK ]DVWRVRZDQLH Z HGXNDFML

3RGF]DV ]DM÷å Z /DERUDWRULXP E÷G]LH PRőQD SR]\VNDå VSHFMDOLVW\F]Qã ZLHG]÷ NWÐUD SU]\F]\QL VL÷ GR Z\SUDFRZDQLD QRZ\FK ]DVWRVRZDġ JDPLILNDF\MQ\FK RUD] ZLUWXDOQHM L UR]V]HU]RQHM U]HF]\ZLVWRijFL Z HGXNDFML

']LDğ 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ L 3URMHNWÐZ 3DZLORQ ' VDOD WHO VWRQD KWWSV EL]QHV XHN NUDNRZ SO H PDLO WUDQVIHUZLHG]\#XHN NUDNRZ SO

ĞãF]ãF WUDG\F\MQH JU\ L QDU]÷G]LD G\GDNW\F]QH ] QRZRF]HVQ\P RSURJUDPRZDQLHP L XU]ãG]HQLDPL RUD]

41


UEK - partner w biznesie

ZLUWXDOL]DFMã SURFHVÐZ E÷G]LHP\ ]PLHU]Då Z NLHUXQNX RSUDFRZDQLD QRZ\FK UR]ZLã]Dġ L ]DVWRVRZDġ W\FK ZVSÐğSUDFXMãF\FK ]H VREã HOHPHQWÐZ Z UÐőQ\FK EUDQőDFK L REV]DUDFK DNW\ZQRijFL F]ğRZLHND 0DMãF SU]\ W\P QD Z]JO÷G]LH FHO JğÐZQ\ t XVSUDZQLHQLH L SRSUDZ÷ MDNRijFL NV]WDğFHQLD 2G SDŏG]LHUQLND EU SU]\ ZVSDUFLX ILUP *DPIL 6S ] R R RUD] $ULER 6S ] R R ]RVWDQã SU]HSURZDG]RQH GZD GXőH SLORWDőRZH SURMHNW\ QDXNRZR EDGDZF]H GOD QDXF]\FLHOL V]NÐğ ijUHGQLFK L GOD SUDFRZQLNÐZ QDXNRZR G\GDNW\F]Q\FK 8(. L 8- )LUP\ *DPIL 6S ] R R RUD] $ULER 6S ] R R NWÐUH SRVLDGDMã Z VZRLFK RIHUWDFK UR]EXGRZDQH SODWIRUP\ JU\ZDOL]DF\MQH XGRVW÷SQLã MH 8F]HOQL GR FHOÐZ HGXNDF\MQ\FK 3LORWDőH ]RVWDQã SRSU]HG]RQH V]NROHQLDPL GOD SU]\V]ğ\FK Xő\WNRZQLNÐZ 3RG RNLHP L SU]\ ZVSDUFLX VSHFMDOLVWÐZ ] REX ILUP QDXF]\FLHOH L SUDFRZQLF\ QDXNRZR G\GDNW\F]QL E÷Gã RSUDFRZ\ZDå VZRMH ]DM÷FLD OXE LFK F]÷ijå QD Z\EUDQ\FK SODWIRUPDFK JU\ZDOL]DF\MQ\FK

5ÐZQRF]HijQLH SR SUHF\]\MQ\P VSDUDPHWU\]RZDQLX ]JU\ZDOL]RZDQ\FK ]DM÷å SU]HSURZDG]RQD ]RVWDQLH ZQLNOLZD DQDOL]D HIHNWÐZ 2G VHPHVWUX OHWQLHJR QDXF]\FLHOH L SUDFRZQLF\ QDXNRZR G\GDNW\F]QL NWÐU]\ ]JU\ZDOL]XMã VZRMH ]DM÷FLD OXE MDNLHij EORNL WHPDW\F]QH Z LFK UDPDFK E÷Gã ijOHG]Lå ]DDQJDőRZDQLH XF]QLÐZ VWXGHQWÐZ 2ELH SODWIRUP\ PDMã PRőOLZRijå SUHF\]\MQHJR SRPLDUX UÐőQ\FK DVSHNWÐZ ]DDQJDőRZDQLD RVÐE NWÐUH ELRUã XG]LDğ Z UR]JU\ZNDFK 0HFKDQL]P\ ] JLHU ]RVWDQã Z\NRU]\VWDQH GR WHJR E\ ]ZHU\ILNRZDå MDN JU\ZDOL]DFMD SRPDJD OXE XWUXGQLD SURZDG]HQLH ]DM÷å Z V]NROH QD XF]HOQL 1D NRQLHF VHPHVWUX OHWQLHJR U ]RVWDQã Z\FLãJQL÷WH ZQLRVNL D ]HEUDQH GDQH SR]ZROã SRWZLHUG]Lå OXE ]DQHJRZDå WH]÷ őH 42

q]JU\ZDOL]RZDQLH ]DM÷å Z V]NROH QD XF]HOQL SR]ZDOD QD ZL÷NV]H ]DDQJDőRZDQLH L V]\EV]H SU]\VZRMHQLH ZLHG]\ SU]H] PğRG]LHő RUD] X]\VNDQLH OHSV]\FK Z\QLNÐZ QLő Z NRQWHNijFLH ]DM÷å WUDG\F\MQ\FKr

MDNLH REHFQLH PD ]DVWRVRZDQLH ]DUÐZQR GR Xő\WNX LQG\ZLGXDOQHJR MDN L NRPHUF\MQHJR 3RND]DOL MDN ]PLHQLD WUDG\F\MQH P\ijOHQLH R ZLHOX G]LHG]LQDFK ő\FLD RUD] MDNLH PRőH ]DOHŏå QRZH QLHVSRW\NDQH ]DVWRVRZDQLD

:\QLNL W\FK SURMHNWÐZ E÷Gã UR]SRZV]HFKQLRQH Z IRUPLH DUW\NXğÐZ QDXNRZ\FK L OXE PRQRJUDILL Z NUDMX L ]D JUDQLFã E\ Z\ND]Då MDN JU\ZDOL]DFMD SRPDJD OXE XWUXGQLD HGXNDFM÷ QD UÐőQ\FK SR]LRPDFK

=DJDGQLHQLD GRW\F]ãFH ZLUWXDOQHM U]HF]\ZLVWRijFL U]HF]\ZLVWRijFL UR]V]HU]RQHM L U]HF]\ZLVWRijFL PLHV]DQHM E÷Gã PRFQR HNVSORURZDQH L UR]ZLMDQH Z e/DERUDWRULXP *U\ZDOL]DF\MQ\Pr QD 8(. .DőG\ ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\ E÷G]LH PÐJğ QLH W\ONR ]DSR]QDå VL÷ ] VDPã WHFKQRORJLã DOH WDNőH SU]HMijå V]NROHQLH L GRZLHG]LHå ZL÷FHM QD WHPDW PRőOLZRijFL MDNLH GDMH RQD Z NRQWHNijFLH HGXNDFML

3RQDGWR SUDJQLHP\ SRLQIRUPRZDå őH ] SRF]ãWNLHP SDŏG]LHUQLND RGE\ğR VL÷ VSRWNDQLH EUDQőRZH NWÐUH ]RUJDQL]RZDğ ']LDğ 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ L 3URMHNWÐZ 8(. ZVSÐOQLH ] &HQWUXP 7UDQVIHUX 7HFKQRORJLL &,7758 8- SQ :LUWXDOQH 3U]HVWU]HQLH p :\GDU]HQLH RGE\ğR VL÷ Z IRUPLH RQ OLQH QD SODWIRUPLH 06 7HDPV 'RW\F]\ğR RQR V]HURNR UR]XPLDQHJR ijURGRZLVND 95 RUD] $5 =DVWRVRZDQLD ZLUWXDOQHM U]HF]\ZLVWRijFL U]HF]\ZLVWRijFL UR]V]HU]RQHM L U]HF]\ZLVWRijFL PLHV]DQHM VWDOH VL÷ SRV]HU]DMã t RG JLHU SR ILOP\ F]\ PHG\F\Q÷ &RUD] F]÷ijFLHM PRőQD REVHUZRZDå eZNUDF]DQLHr WHM WHFKQRORJLL GR UÐőQHJR URG]DMX V]NROHġ V\PXODFML QS FKLUXUJLF]Q\FK Z RSLHFH ]GURZLD L OHF]QLFWZLH Z ILOPLH L WHOHZL]ML t JG]LH SR]ZDODMã ]DSHZQLå Z\MãWNRZH GR]QDQLD Z ZLUWXDOQ\FK SRGUÐőDFK t NLHG\ WR EH] Z\FKRG]HQLD ] GRPX PRőQD ]ZLHG]Då GRZROQH PLHMVFH QD .XOL =LHPVNLHM Z VSRUFLH t ]DUÐZQR GOD ]DZRGRZFÐZ MDN L DPDWRUÐZ t WHFKQRORJLD ZNUDF]D GR SURJUDPÐZ WUHQLQJRZ\FK Z NRġFX Z JUDFK JG]LH SR]ZDOD QS Z]PDFQLDå GR]QDQLD L ZFLHODå VL÷ Z UHDOLVW\F]QH UROH :\GDU]HQLH FLHV]\ğR VL÷ GXő\P ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHP 0RőQD E\ğR ZU÷F] ]DJğ÷ELå VL÷ Z ZLUWXDOQ\P ijURGRZLVNX (QJDJH95 NWÐUH MHVW ijZLHWQ\P SU]\NğDGHP K\EU\GRZHJR ijURGRZLVND GR WHOHNRQIHUHQFML 3DQGHPLD &RYLG ]GLJLWDOL]RZDğD QDV] VW\O ő\FLD 2EHFQLH Z ZLHOX SU]\SDGNDFK SUDFXMHP\ VSRW\NDP\ VL÷ VS÷G]DP\ ZROQ\ F]DV D QDZHW OHF]\P\ VL÷ ZLUWXDOQLH =DSURV]HQL HNVSHUFL RSUÐF] SU]\EOLőHQLD SUREOHPDW\NL GRW\F]ãFHM KLVWRULL L UR]ZRMX WHFKQRORJLL 95 L $5 QD SU]HVWU]HQL RVWDWQLFK ODW t ]DSUH]HQWRZDOL

5R]SRF]ãğ VL÷ QRZ\ URN DNDGHPLFNL ]DSHZQH SDQGHPLD &RYLG E÷G]LH MHV]F]H XWUXGQLDå QDP QRUPDOQH IXQNFMRQRZDQLH DOH PDP\ QDG]LHM÷ őH E÷G]LH Z NRġFX PRőOLZH Z ZL÷NV]\P QLő GRW\FKF]DV ]DNUHVLH RUJDQL]RZDQLH VSRWNDġ L UÐőQHJR URG]DMX Z\GDU]Hġ Z ZHUVML WUDG\F\MQHM QD NDPSXVLH 8(. 'RFHORZR ]DNğDGDP\ őH Z JUXGQLX EU ]RUJDQL]XMHP\ GXőã NRQIHUHQFM÷ SRijZL÷FRQã P LQ JU\ZDOL]DFML L WHFKQRORJLRP NWÐUH ZVSLHUDMã QLH W\ONR HGXNDFM÷ DOH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP PDMã QLHEDJDWHOQ\ ZSğ\Z QD IXQNFMRQRZDQLH L UR]ZÐM SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZ L RUJDQL]DFML 2 ZV]\VWNLP SRLQIRUPXMHP\ 3DġVWZD Z NROHMQ\P QXPHU]H .XULHUD 8(. ']LDğ 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ L 3URMHNWÐZ 8(. ]DSUDV]D ZV]\VWNLFK NWÐU]\ FKFã GRZLHG]LHå VL÷ ZL÷FHM QW ]DNğDGDQLD ZğDVQHM G]LDğDOQRijFL JRVSRGDUF]HM OXE VWDUW XSÐZ WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK V]HURNR SRM÷WHM NRPHUFMDOL]DFML EDGDġ QDXNRZ\FK L ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] EL]QHVHP :V]\VWNLFK 3DġVWZD NWÐU]\ FKFã WH WHPDW\ HNVSORURZDå L UR]ZLMDå WHő VDPRG]LHOQLH t VHUGHF]QLH ]DSUDV]DP\ GR ZVSÐğSUDF\

GU 0DUHN 0DNRZLHF $GLXQNW .DWHGUD =DFKRZDġ 2UJDQL]DF\MQ\FK 2SLHNXQ .RğD 1DXNRZHJR e,'($r .RRUG\QDWRU SURMHNWX $NDGHPLD .UHDW\ZQRijFL t SRP\Vğ SRWHQFMDğ SU]HGVL÷ELRUFD

PJU 0DğJRU]DWD 6PDJD 6]F]HSDġF]\N .RRUG\QDWRU 3URMHNWX e,QNXEDWRU ,QQRZDF\MQRijFL r 6WDUV]\ 6SHFMDOLVWD ']LDğ 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ L 3URMHNWÐZ 8(.


jednostki

:VSÐğSUDFD 8(. 3RPDJD b <W_IZba[\_MU 8ZbaRIKQ{ð ,bQMKQ _ 3ZISW_QM ?[X{ðXZIKI =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM b <W_IZba[\_MU 8ZbaRIKQ{ð ,bQMKQ [QĔOI ZWS] SQMLa _ 3I\MLZbM BIZbĊLbIVQI 5QĔLbaVIZWLW_MOW bW[\Ið bIQVQKRW_IVa XZWRMS\ e626 t 6SRğHF]QD 2GSRZLHG]LDOQRijå 6WXGHQWÐZr NWÐUHJR SRP\VğRGDZFDPL E\OL 3URI GU KDE -DQXV] 7HF]NH RUD] ÐZF]HijQLH PJU 0RQLND 6DG\ GR GQLD G]LVLHMV]HJR RUJDQL]XMãFD G]LDğDQLD SURMHNWX

C

HOHP SURMHNWX e626 t 6SRğHF]QD 2GSRZLHG]LDOQRijå 6WXGHQWÐZr VWDğR VL÷ ]DDQJDőRZDQLH VWXGHQWÐZ Z G]LDğDOQRijå SR]DXF]HOQLDQã SRND]DQLH őH ZDőQH MHVW WR MDN SRPDJDP\ LQQ\P L MDN G]L÷NL WHPX UR]ZLMDP\ VZRMã ZUDőOLZRijå L XPLHM÷WQRijFL =DğRőHQLHP RUJDQL]DWRUÐZ E\ğR X]P\VğRZLHQLH VWXGHQWRP SRWU]HE\ SRPRF\ GUXJLHPX F]ğRZLHNRZL RUD] XPRőOLZLHQLH LP ]DDQJDőRZDQLD VL÷ Z VSRğHF]QH DVSHNW\ ő\FLD ']L÷NL OLF]Q\P PLQL SURJUDPRP HGXNDF\MQ\P ]DM÷FLRP SURILORZDQ\P JURP L ]DEDZRP VWXGHQFL MXő RG ODW SRND]XMã G]LHFLRP őH ZDUWR E\å ZUDőOLZ\P QD SRWU]HE\ LQQ\FK UR]ZLMDå VLHELH L Gãő\å GR VSHğQLHQLD PDU]Hġ

= GUXJLHM VWURQ\ SURMHNW PD WDNőH Z\ZU]Hå WUZDğ\ SR]\W\ZQ\ ZSğ\Z QD G]LHFL ]H ijZLHWOLF ijURGRZLVNRZ\FK 73' &KFHP\ ]DFK÷FLå G]LHFL F]÷VWR ] GRPÐZ ELHGQ\FK OXE WUXGQ\FK GR QDXNL L SRGM÷FLD VWXGLÐZ Z SU]\V]ğRijFL 8PRőOLZLDP\ G]LHFLRP SR]QDQLH DWPRVIHU\

SDQXMãFHM QD XF]HOQLDFK Z\őV]\FK SRND]XMHP\ őH ő\FLH VWXGHQFNLH RSUÐF] F]DVX SRijZL÷FRQHJR QD QDXN÷ F]\ ]DEDZ÷ MHVW FLHNDZH SRXF]DMãFH UR]ZLMDMãFH KRU\]RQW\ GDMãFH ZLHOH PRőOLZRijFL L SHğQH SU]\JÐG 3RGHMPRZDQH G]LDğDQLD 3U]HG UR]SRF]÷FLHP SDQGHPLL &29,' VWXGHQFL 8(. RG URNX RGZLHG]DOL ijZLHWOLFH ijURGRZLVNRZH Z WUDNFLH URNX DNDGHPLFNLHJR SURZDG]ãF PLQL Z\NğDG\ ZDUV]WDW\ QDXNRZH DUW\VW\F]QH L VSRUWRZH JU\ L ]DEDZ\ D WDNőH SRPDJDMãF G]LHFLRP Z QDXFH 2SUÐF] WHJR FRURF]QLH RUJDQL]RZDQ\ E\ğ )LQDğ $NFML 626 QD WHUHQLH NDPSXVX 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR L RGE\ZDğ VL÷ RQ ]DZV]H Z VRERW÷ QDMEOLőV]ã QDMZL÷NV]HPX ijZL÷WX G]LHFL t 'QLX ']LHFND : WUDNFLH )LQDğX G]LHFL XF]HVWQLF]\ğ\ Z SURJUDPLH QDXNRZR VSRUWRZR UR]U\ZNRZ\P SU]\JRWRZDQ\P GOD QLFK SU]H] VWXGHQWÐZ RUD] SUDFRZQLNÐZ .DWHGU\

=DU]ãG]DQLD 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR 6]F]HJÐğRZ\ SURJUDP VSRWNDġ ] G]LHåPL ]RVWDğ ]DSURMHNWRZDQ\ ] P\ijOã R SRWU]HEDFK G]LHFL ] GRPÐZ WUXGQ\FK QLHPDMãF\FK PRőOLZRijFL SHğQHJR UR]ZRMX VZRLFK ]DLQWHUHVRZDġ RUD] XPLHM÷WQRijFL 3URPRZDQ\ MHVW Z QLP PRGHO QDXNL SRSU]H] ]DEDZ÷ ]DDQJDőRZDQLH Z ]DM÷FLD DUW\VW\F]QH ijSLHZ WDQLHF ]DM÷FLD SODVW\F]QH RUD] M÷]\NRZH 0DP\ QDG]LHM÷ őH Z URNX DNDGHPLFNLP E÷G]LHP\ PLHOL PRőOLZRijå SRZUÐFLå GR WHM ZVSDQLDğHM WUDG\FML L SRQRZQLH ]RUJDQL]RZDå G]LHFLRP ']LHġ ']LHFND QD 8(. 1RZH PRőOLZRijFL QRZL SDUWQHU]\ 0LğR QDP SRLQIRUPRZDå őH SDQGHPLD &29,' QLH SRNU]\őRZDğD FDğNLHP SODQÐZ RUJDQL]DWRUÐZ ']L÷NL QRZRSRZVWDğHPX SURMHNWRZL -0 5HNWRUD GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZD 0D]XUD SURI 8(. t 8(. 2GSRZLHG]LDOQ\ L ]DZDUWHPX Z QLP NRPSRQHQWRZL 43


jednostki

8(. 3RPDJD NWÐUHJR FHOHP MHVW SRPRF LQWHUHVDULXV]RP ]HZQ÷WU]Q\P 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH SRGM÷WH ]RVWDğ\ NROHMQH G]LDğDQLD PDMãFH ZHVSU]Hå 7RZDU]\VWZR 3U]\MDFLÐğ ']LHFL Z W\FK WUXGQ\FK F]DVDFK 1D SRF]ãWNX OLSFD ZVSÐğSUDFD 8F]HOQL ] ILUPã +LWDFKL 9DQWDUD SRV]HU]\ğD VZÐM ]DNUHV L RWR ILUPD VWDğD VL÷ SDUWQHUHP 8(. Z QLHVLHQLX SRPRF\ 73' OLSFD RGE\ğR VL÷ SLHUZV]H VSRWNDQLH Z VLHG]LELH 7RZDU]\VWZD 3U]\MDFLÐğ ']LHFL 2GG]LDğ Z .UDNRZLH SU]\ XO /HQDUWRZLF]D Z NWÐU\P XG]LDğ Z]L÷OL 5HNWRU 8(. 3URI 8(. GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU .RRUG\QDWRU .ROHJLXP 5HNWRUVNLHJR 3DQL .DWDU]\QD %DUDQ RUD] GU 0RQLND 6DG\ LQLFMDWRUND L RUJDQL]DWRUND SURMHNWX e626 t 6SRğHF]QD 2GSRZLHG]LDOQRijå 6WXGHQWÐZr )LUP÷ +LWDFKL 9DQWDUD UHSUH]HQWRZDOL 3DQL $QQD .U\F]ND 3DQL (G\WD .UÐO RUD] 3DQ ĞXNDV] %LDOLN ] G]LDğX &65 ILUP\ +LWDFKL 9DQWDUD = UDPLHQLD 73' SU]\M÷ğ\ QDV 3DQL ĞXFMD -DJLHOVND :LFHSUH]HV =DU]ãGX 73' RUD] 3DQL =RILD $NVDN 6WDUV]\ LQVSHNWRU 73' GV ijZLHWOLF L RG SRF]ãWNX WUZDQLD 3URMHNWX 626 t GREUD GXV]D ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] 8(. 3RGF]DV WHJR VSRWNDQLD RPÐZLRQH ]RVWDğ\ SRWU]HE\ 73' L PRőOLZRijFL ZVSÐğSUDF\ D +LWDFKL 9DQWDUD SU]HND]DğR QD U÷FH 73' ODSWRS\ WDN SRWU]HEQH Z GRELH QDXNL L SUDF\ ]GDOQHM

: ]ZLã]NX ] UR]SRF]\QDMãF\P VL÷ QD SRF]ãWNX ZU]HijQLD QRZ\P URNLHP V]NROQ\P L G]L÷NL ő\F]OLZRijFL ]QDMRP\FK 3DQD 5HNWRUD ] .VL÷JDUQL 3:1 Z .UDNRZLH XGDğR VL÷ SR]\VNDå ZVSDQLDğH NVLãőNL GOD G]LHFL L PğRG]LHő\ D WDNőH PDWHULDğ\ PXOWLPHGLDOQH GR QDXNL M÷]\ND DQJLHOVNLHJR -0 5HNWRU FKFãF XF]\QLå WHQ SUH]HQW GOD G]LHFL EDUG]LHM RVRELVW\P RSLVDğ NDőGã ] W\FK NVLãőHN VSHFMDOQã GHG\NDFMã RSLVXMãFã G]LHFLRP GODF]HJR GDQD NVLãőND PRőH E\å GOD QLFK LQWHUHVXMãFD .VLãőNL WH ZVSÐOQLH ] SOHFDNDPL XIXQGRZDQ\PL SU]H] SUDFRZQLNÐZ +LWDFKL 9DQWDUD WUDILğ\ GR QDMEDUG]LHM SRWU]HEXMãF\FK SRGRSLHF]Q\FK ijZLHWOLF ijURGRZLVNRZ\FK 7RZDU]\VWZD 3U]\MDFLÐğ ']LHFL -HVWHijP\ EDUG]R GXPQL őH MDNR GRijZLDGF]HQL eSRPDJDF]Hr VWDOLijP\ VL÷ ZDőQ\PL NRQVXOWDQWDPL ]DZDUWRijFL SOHFDNÐZ GOD G]LHFL )LUPD ]DLQVSLURZDQD FLHSğã L RZRFQã ZVSÐğSUDFã 8(. L 73' SRVWDQRZLğD SÐMijå NURN GDOHM L GRILQDQVRZDğD WHJRURF]QH NRORQLH SRGRSLHF]Q\FK 73' .ROHMQ\P NURNLHP ]DLQLFMRZDQ\P SU]H] 8QLZHUV\WHW E\ğR SU]HND]DQLH PHEOL QD U]HF] 'RPX :F]DVÐZ ']LHFL÷F\FK 73' e*ÐUDOr Z 5DMF]\ : VLHUSQLX SU]\ RND]ML UHPRQWX 'RPX 6WXGHQFNLHJR e0HUNXU\r 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH SU]HND]Dğ F]÷ijå Z\PLHQLDQ\FK PHEOL QLH]QLV]F]RQ\FK

L Z ]XSHğQRijFL QDGDMãF\FK VL÷ GR GDOV]HJR Xő\WNRZDQLD QD U]HF] 7RZDU]\VWZD 3U]\MDFLÐğ ']LHFL 2GG]LDğ Z .UDNRZLH 0HEOH WH SRVğXőã MHV]F]H ZLHOH ODW MDNR Z\SRVDőHQLH 'RPX :F]DVÐZ ']LHFL÷F\FK SU]\MPXMãFHJR URNURF]QLH VHWNL G]LHFL ] 73' ] FDğHM 3ROVNL 7R G]LDğDQLH QLH XGDğRE\ VL÷ EH] ZVSDUFLD 3DQD '\UHNWRUD 'HSDUWDPHQWX =DVREÐZ L 5R]ZRMX t 3DQD GUD .U]\V]WRID *ğXFD 2JURPQã ő\F]OLZRijFLã L FK÷FLã SRPRF\ Z\ND]DğD VL÷ 3DQL 2OJD .RğDW t .LHURZQLF]ND 'RPX 6WXGHQFNLHJR e0HUNXU\r NWÐUD EDUG]R VSUDZQH ]RUJDQL]RZDğD L SU]HSURZDG]LğD DNFM÷ SU]HND]DQLD PHEOL &DğRijå G]LDğDġ SRPRJğD VNRRUG\QRZDå GU 0RQLND 6DG\ NWÐUD E\ğD Z FLãJğ\P NRQWDNFLH ] 3DQLã '\UHNWRU 73' Z .UDNRZLH t 5HQDWã .ORU\Jã 3RGRSLHF]QL 73' QD 8(. SDŏG]LHUQLND Z 6WDUHM $XOL RGE\ğD VL÷ XURF]\VWD LQDXJXUDFMD 5RNX $NDGHPLFNLHJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX ']LHFL÷FHJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH JG]LH VZRMã SLHUZV]ã SU]\JRG÷ ] 8QLZHUV\WHWHP UR]SRF]÷ğR QDV]\FK QDMPğRGV]\FK 6WXGHQWÐZ ']L÷NL LQLFMDW\ZLH 3DQL GU .DWDU]\Q\ 6DQDN .RVPRZVNLHM L ZLHONLHPX VHUFX 3DQL 3URI GU KDE $QQ\ .DUZLġVNLHM t 3HğQRPRFQLN 5HNWRUD GV 8QLZHUV\WHWX ']LHFL÷FHJR 8(. SLãWND SRGRSLHF]Q\FK 73' E÷G]LH PLDğD PRőOLZRijå QLHRGSğDWQHJR XF]HVWQLFWZD Z VWXGLDFK Z UDPDFK 8QLZHUV\WHWX ']LHFL÷FHJR 8(. W F]HUZFX URNX Z 'QLX ']LHFND E÷G]LH PLDğD PLHMVFH GRNğDGQLH SL÷WQDVWD URF]QLFD SLHUZV]HJR )LQDğX ZVSÐğSUDF\ 8(. L 73' 0DP\ QDG]LHM÷ őH SDQGHPLD QLH SU]HV]NRG]L QDP Z IDQWDVW\F]Q\FK SODQDFK NWÐUH RSUDFRZDğ\ GU 0RQLND 6DG\ L GU .DWDU]\QD 6DQDN .RVPRZVND .RRUG\QDWRUND SURMHNWX 8(. 3RPDJD $OH W\FK SODQÐZ QLH PRőHP\ ]GUDG]Lå 7R QLHVSRG]LDQND GU 0RQLND 6DG\ $GLXQNW Z .DWHGU]H =DU]ãG]DQLD 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR .LHURZQLN =HVSRğX GV 5R]ZRMX 6SRğHF]QHJR L (NRORJLF]QHJR ,QLFMDWRUND L RUJDQL]DWRUND SURMHNWX e626 t 6SRğHF]QD 2GSRZLHG]LDOQRijå 6WXGHQWÐZr 8F]HVWQLF]ND SURMHNWX 8(. 3RPDJD

44


45


jednostki

BVW_] ZIbMU KbaTQ @ 3WVNMZMVKRI 8WT[SQKP 8ZWNM[WZ{_ BIZbĊLbIVQI"

1DXNL ]DU]ãG]DQLD t 1RZH +RU\]RQW\ _ZbM[QMġ 4QbJWVI : GQLDFK ZU]HijQLD URNX RGE\ğD VL÷ ; .RQIHUHQFMD 3ROVNLFK 3URIHVRUÐZ =DU]ãG]DQLD ]DW\WXğRZDQD 1DXNL ]DU]ãG]DQLD t 1RZH +RU\]RQW\ 1LMĊ WZOIVQbW_IVaKP WL LbQM[QĔKQ] TI\

SWVNMZMVKRQ RM[\ [bMZWSW ZWb]UQIVI _aUQIVI UaĬTQ Q SQMZ]VS{_ JILIġ KbWðW_aKP XWT[SQKP Q bIOZIVQKbVaKP VI]SW_K{_ b WJ[bIZ] WZOIVQbIKRQ Q bIZbĊLbIVQI

46


.RQIHUHQFMD ]RUJDQL]RZDQD ]RVWDğD SU]H] .DWHGU÷ =DU]ãG]DQLD 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH RUD] )XQGDFM÷ =DU]ãG]DQLD 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR SRG SDWURQDWHP .RPLWHWX 1DXN 2UJDQL]DFML L =DU]ãG]DQLD 3$1 3ROVN÷ UHSUH]HQWRZDOL SURIHVRURZLH ] RijURGNÐZ QDXNRZ\FK ] .UDNRZD ĞRG]L 3R]QDQLD 6]F]HFLQD RUD] :URFğDZLD :VSÐğRUJDQL]DWRUHP D ]DUD]HP JRVSRGDU]HP NRQIHUHQFML E\ğD $(6( %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO QDMVWDUV]D SRUWXJDOVND 6]NRğD %L]QHVX ijZL÷WXMãFD REHFQLH OHFLH LVWQLHQLD $(6( $VVRFLDÄDR GH (VWXGRV 6XSHULRUHV GH (PSUHVD WR SU\ZDWQD QLH]DOHőQD V]NRğD EL]QHVX W\SX QRQ SURILW NWÐUHM FHOHP MHVW GRVNRQDOHQLH NDGU\ PHQHGőHUVNLHM 8F]HOQLD ]RVWDğD ]DğRőRQD SU]H] JUXS÷ SRUWXJDOVNLFK EL]QHVPHQÐZ L SU]HGVL÷ELRUFÐZ Z FHOX GRVNRQDOHQLD SURIHVMRQDOQ\FK SUDNW\N ]DU]ãG]DQLD Z 3RUWXJDOLL 2G VZRMHJR SRZVWDQLD Z URNX XWU]\PXMH VLOQã SR]\FM÷ QLH W\ONR NUDMRZHJR OLGHUD Z NV]WDğFHQLX EL]QHVPHQÐZ :Sğ\Z MDNL $(6( Z\ZLHUD QD VZRLFK DEVROZHQWÐZ UR]VLDQ\FK QD NRQW\QHQWDFK VSUDZLD őH MHVW WR Z\MãWNRZD V]NRğD EL]QHVX V]NRğD GOD OLGHUÐZ NWÐU]\ Gãőã GR Z\ZDUFLD Jğ÷ERNLHJR SR]\W\ZQHJR L WUZDğHJR ZSğ\ZX QD OXG]L ILUP\ L VSRğHF]HġVWZR NWÐUHPX VğXőã $(6( %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO ]\VNDğD PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\ FKDUDNWHU L VWDğD VL÷ F]÷ijFLã RJÐOQRijZLDWRZHM VLHFL SRQDG V]NÐğ EL]QHVX G]L÷NL ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] ,(6( %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1DYDUUD ] +LV]SDQLL .OXF]RZã VLğã XF]HOQL $(6( MHVW VLOQD VLHå DEVROZHQWÐZ Z\őV]HM NDGU\ NLHURZQLF]HM t ZLHOX ] QLFK WR ZğDijFLFLHOH ILUP SUH]HVL L G\UHNWRU]\ ]DU]ãG]DMãF\ 6]NRğD RWU]\PXMH UÐZQLHő ZVSDUFLH ijZLDWD NRUSRUDF\MQHJR G]L÷NL ILUPRP VSRQVRUXMãF\P 6WRZDU]\V]HQLH ]H 6]NRğã %L]QHVX ,(6( L IJZLDWRZã 6LHFLã 6]NÐğ 6WRZDU]\V]RQ\FK L 3DUWQHUVNLFK

SU]\F]\QLD VL÷ ] NROHL GR WZRU]HQLD VWXGLÐZ SU]\SDGNÐZ L PDWHULDğÐZ EDGDZF]\FK SU]H] Z\G]LDğ ,(6( FR RVWDWHF]QLH Z]ERJDFD ZLHG]÷ L PDWHULDğ\ GR QDXNL 7D ZVSÐğSUDFD ]H ijZLDWHP EL]QHVX L QDXNL XPRőOLZLD $(6( G\QDPLF]Q\ UR]ZÐM 8]QDQLH MDNLP XF]HOQLD FLHV]\ VL÷ Z ijZLHFLH EL]QHVX Z\QLND ] F]WHUHFK SRGVWDZRZ\FK ]DVDG 3LHUZV]D ] QLFK GRW\F]\ NXOWXU\ XF]HQLD VL÷ DQJDőXMãFHM VSRğHF]QRijå $OXPQÐZ XF]HVWQLNÐZ QDXF]\FLHOL SUDFRZQLNÐZ ILUP\ V]NRğ\ L LQVW\WXFMH ] NWÐU\PL VL÷ NRQWDNWXMH 'UXJD t ZLHG]\ ]DNRU]HQLRQHM Z UHDOLDFK EL]QHVRZ\FK i SHUVSHNW\Z\ ]DU]ãG]DQLD RUD] SU]\ZÐG]WZD Z SRğãF]HQLX ] NU\W\F]Q\P U\JRU\VW\F]Q\P L KROLVW\F]Q\P SRGHMijFLHP GR ELHőãF\FK SUREOHPÐZ L Z\]ZDġ Z ijZLHFLH EL]QHVX D WDNőH Z VSRğHF]HġVWZLH .ROHMQD ]DVDGD WR GDOHNRVL÷őQD REHFQRijå QD ijZLHFLH Z]PRFQLRQD UÐőQRURGQRijFLã VSRğHF]QRijFL ERJDWã WUHijFLã G]LDğDġ L EOLVNRijFLã PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK V]NÐğ 5ÐZQLH ZDőQH Vã VLOQH HW\F]QH L KXPDQLVW\F]QH ZDUWRijFL NWÐU\P WRZDU]\V]\ Z\WUZDğH GãőHQLH GR LFK SUDNW\NRZDQLD L G]LHOHQLD VL÷ QLPL 8URF]\VWHJR RWZDUFLD NRQIHUHQFML GRNRQDğD SURI 0DULD GH )¾WLPD &DULRFD 3K' G]LHNDQ $(6( %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO RUD] t ]H VWURQ\ 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH t 3URUHNWRU GV 3URMHNWÐZ L :VSÐğSUDF\ .LHURZQLN .DWHGU\ =DU]ãG]DQLD 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR t GU KDE 3LRWU %XğD SURI 8(. 3URI 0DULD GH )¾WLPD &DULRFD

SU]\EOLő\ğD ]JURPDG]RQ\P XF]HVWQLNRP NRQIHUHQFML KLVWRUL÷ $(6( %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO SRGNUHijODMãF URO÷ ZVSÐğSUDF\ Z W\P GğXJRWUZDğH UHODFMH ] .UDNRZVNã 6]NRğã %L]QHVX 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH :VSÐğSUDFD PL÷G]\QDURGRZD MHVW ERZLHP MHGQ\P ] SULRU\WHWÐZ G]LDğDOQRijFL WHM XF]HOQL L ZDőQ\P QDU]÷G]LHP RVLãJDQLD GRVNRQDğRijFL Z G]LHG]LQLH EDGDġ L HGXNDFML 3URI &DULRFD RSRZLHG]LDğD WHő Z MDNL VSRVÐE SRUWXJDOVNLH XF]HOQLH UDG]Lğ\ VRELH SRGF]DV SDQGHPLL &29,' = NROHL SURI 3LRWU %XğD ZU÷F]\ğ Z LPLHQLX -HJR 0DJQLILFHQFML 5HNWRUD 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZD 0D]XUD SURI 8(. MXELOHXV]RZ\ DGUHV ] RND]ML OHFLD $(6( %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO RUD] SDPLãWNRZ\ PHGDO ] RND]ML MXELOHXV]X OHFLD 8(. 1DVW÷SQLH SRZLWDğ JRijFL SU]\E\ğ\FK ] 3ROVNL SRG]L÷NRZDğ JRVSRGDU]RP ]D PLğH SU]\M÷FLH ]ZUÐFLğ XZDJ÷ QD PRőOLZRijå RVRELVW\FK VSRWNDġ L ]DFK÷FLğ GR Rő\ZLRQ\FK G\VNXVML L Z\PLDQ\ SRJOãGÐZ 'ZXGQLRZH REUDG\ VNğDGDğ\ VL÷ ] SL÷FLX VHVML .DőGD ] QLFK QDZLã]\ZDğD GR ZLRGãF\FK WHPDWÐZ SRUXV]DQ\FK Z SU]\JRWRZDQ\FK QD NRQIHUHQFM÷ DUW\NXğDFK 'RPLQRZDğ\ DNWXDOQH SUREOHP\ t P LQ F]ZDUWD UHZROXFMD SU]HP\VğRZD L MHM VNXWNL RUD] SUDFD ]GDOQD Z\ZRğDQD SDQGHPLã &29,' 8VWDORQ\ SU]H] RUJDQL]DWRUÐZ VFKHPDW RUD] F]DV Z\VWãSLHġ SR]ZROLğ QD ]DEUDQLH JğRVX ZV]\VWNLP XF]HVWQLNRP L VSU]\MDğ RZRFQ\P

jednostki

R

RN NWÐU\ XSğ\Qãğ SRG ]QDNLHP JOREDOQHM SDQGHPLL &29,' E\ğ SLHUZV]\P RG URNX Z NWÐU\P NRQIHUHQFMD ] ZLDGRP\FK Z]JO÷GÐZ VL÷ QLH RGE\ğD : W\P URNX XF]HVWQLF\ MXELOHXV]RZHM ; NRQIHUHQFML NRU]\VWDOL ] JRijFLQQRijFL $(6( %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO Z VWROLF\ 3RUWXJDOLL XURNOLZHM /L]ERQLH

IRW :RMFLHFK 3RSF]\N

47


jednostki

Z\PLDQRP SRJOãGÐZ : SLHUZV]\P GQLX NRQIHUHQFML MHM PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\ FKDUDNWHU SRGNUHijODğ Xő\ZDQ\ SU]H] ZV]\VWNLFK M÷]\N DQJLHOVNL REUDG\ GUXJLHJR GQLD SURZDG]RQH E\ğ\ Z M÷]\NX SROVNLP 6HVMD , E\ğD VHVMã SURZDG]RQD SU]H] SURI GU KDE :RMFLHFKD &]DNRQD RWZLHUDMãFHJR REUDG\ ]Dij SLHUZV]ã SUHOHJHQWNã E\ğD SURI 0DULD GH )¾WLPD &DULRFD NWÐUD Z Z\VWãSLHQLX SW e7KH UROH RI %XVLQHVV 6FKRROV LQ WKH IXWXUH RI ZRUNr ]DSUH]HQWRZDğD SRNUÐWFH KLVWRUL÷ UHZROXFML SU]HP\VğRZ\FK RUD] ZVND]DğD QD JğÐZQH F]\QQLNL GDOV]HJR SRVW÷SX F\ZLOL]DF\MQHJR =DXZDő\ğD SU]\ W\P őH F]ZDUWD UHZROXFMD SU]HP\VğRZD SRZRGXMH ROEU]\PLã QLHSHZQRijå Z ]DNUHVLH Z\PDJDQ\FK SU]H] U\QHN NRPSHWHQFML SU]\V]ğRijFL 3URI &DULRFD SRGNUHijOLğD RJURPQã URO÷ V]NÐğ EL]QHVX Z NV]WDğWRZDQLX REHFQ\FK L SU]\V]ğ\FK OLGHUÐZ RUD] IXQGDPHQWÐZ L ZDUWRijFL QD NWÐU\FK SRZLQQL VL÷ RQL RSLHUDå t WDNLFK MDN RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijå ]DXIDQLH F]\ UHODFMH .ROHMQ\P SUHOHJHQWHP E\ğ SURI GU KDE LQő DUFK $OHNVDQGHU 1RZRUÐO ] 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH 3RGF]DV SUH]HQWDFML SW e'HYHORSPHQW PDQDJHPHQW K\EULGL]DWLRQ t D SURFHVV RU D PHWKRG"r ]DSUH]HQWRZDğ LVWRW÷ K\EU\G\]DFML ]DU]ãG]DQLD t ]HVWDZLDQLH OXE DGDSWRZDQLH QLHMHGQRURGQ\FK VWUXNWXU SU]HVWU]HQQ\FK VSRğHF]Q\FK OXE L RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK ZUD] ] ]DFLHUDQLHP JUDQLF SU]HVWU]HQQ\FK L LQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\FK RUD] ZVND]Dğ QD Z\PLDU\ VSRğHF]HġVWZD LQIRUPDF\MQHJR GR NWÐU\FK ]DOLF]\ğ GH]LQWHUPHGLDFM÷ GHVSDFMDOL]DFM÷ ]PQLHMV]DQLH VL÷ ]QDF]HQLD F]\QQLND SU]HVWU]HQQHJR RUD] GHFHQWUDOL]DFM÷ U]ãG]HQLD L ]DU]ãG]DQLD 0XOWLOHYHO *RYHUQDQFH t 0/* SDUWQHUVWZD ZLHORVHNWRURZH SDUW\F\SDFMD VSRğHF]QD FURZGVRXUFLQJ FURZGIXQGLQJ 3URIHVRU 1RZRUÐO RPDZLDMãF NRQFHSFM÷ K\EU\G\]DFML ]DU]ãG]DQLD MDNR PHWRG\ ]PLDQ WHU\WRULDOQ\FK SU]HGVWDZLğ KHOLV÷ MDNR PRGHO NV]WDğWRZDQLD LQVWUXPHQWÐZ ZGURőHQLRZ\FK Z ZDUXQNDFK K\EU\G\]DFML ]DU]ãG]DQLD = NROHL GU KDE :RMFLHFK 3RSF]\N SURIHVRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX ĞÐG]NLHJR Z Z\VWãSLHQLX SW e'HILQLWLRQ RI

48

D IDPLO\ HQWHUSULVH LQ WKH HFRQRP\ RI WKH VW FHQWXU\ DQG WKH W\SRORJ\ RI IDPLO\ HQWHUSULVHV UHVXOWLQJ WKHUHIURPr DQDOL]RZDğ Z\QLNL VZRLFK EDGDġ QDG ]DFKRZDQLDPL SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZ URG]LQQ\FK Z JRVSRGDUFH ;;, ZLHNX Z NWÐU\FK SRGMãğ SUÐE÷ RSUDFRZDQLD L XSRZV]HFKQLHQLD GHILQLFML SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZD URG]LQQHJR 3U]\M÷FLH WDNLHM GHILQLFML QD PLDU÷ ZDUXQNÐZ JRVSRGDUNL JOREDOL]DFML F]\ JRVSRGDUNL RSDUWHM QD ZLHG]\ LVWRWQLH SU]\F]\QL VL÷ GR UR]ZRMX VXE SDUDG\JPDWX ]DU]ãG]DQLD SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZHP URG]LQQ\P Z UDPDFK SDUDG\JPDWX QDXN R ]DU]ãG]DQLX L MDNRijFL RUD] SR]ZROL ]PLHQLå V]NRGOLZ\ VWHUHRW\S SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZD URG]LQQHJR RJUDQLF]RQHJR GR VHNWRUD 0IJ3 L ZVND]Då SRőãGDQH NLHUXQNL HZROXFML WHM QDMEDUG]LHM SRSXODUQHM IRUPXğ\ EL]QHVX &HOHP Z\VWãSLHQLD SURI GU KDE &]HVğDZD =DMãFD ] 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR ZH :URFğDZLX E\ğD DQDOL]D L RFHQD HODVW\F]Q\FK IRUP ]DWUXGQLHQLD Z ijZLHWOH UÐőQ\FK PRGHOL WHRUHW\F]Q\FK e)OH[LEOH IRUPV RI HPSOR\PHQW DQG ZRUNLQJ WLPH t PRGHUQ WUHQGVr 3UH]HQWDFMD WD UR]SRF]÷ğD ,, VHVM÷ NWÐUã SURZDG]Lğ GU KDE 3LRWU %XğD SURI 8(. -DNR JğÐZQH F]\QQLNL ZSğ\ZDMãFH QD SURFHV\ EL]QHVRZH ZH ZVSÐğF]HVQHM RUJDQL]DFML ZVND]DQH ]RVWDğ\ V]\ENL UR]ZÐM QRZRF]HVQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL L ,7 JOREDOL]DFMD L F\IU\]DFMD ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ RUD] ] GUXJLHM t Z]URVW JHQHUDFML < L = F]\OL QRZH ZDUWRijFL RUJDQL]DF\MQH QRZH NRQWUDNW\ SV\FKRORJLF]QH Z VWUXNWXUDFK ]DWUXGQLHQLD ZLHOX ILUP (ODVW\F]QRijå ]DWUXGQLHQLD PRőQD ]DWHP SRVWU]HJDå MDNR HIHNW RGG]LDğ\ZDQLD RWRF]HQLD RUD] DVSLUDFML L RF]HNLZDġ QRZ\FK SRNROHġ SUDFRZQLNÐZ 3URI =DMãF ]ZUÐFLğ UÐZQLHő XZDJ÷ QD EH]SLHF]HġVWZR SUDF\ ZDUXQNÐZ SUDF\ F]DV L RUJDQL]DFM÷ SUDF\ Z F]DVLH SDQGHPLL &29,' Z VNDOL JOREDOQHM L ORNDOQHM SUDFD RQ OLQH D RJUDQLF]HQLD SUDZQH L F]DVRZH 2PÐZLRQH ]RVWDğ\ PRGHOH ]DWUXGQLHQLD ]DUÐZQR Z SHUVSHNW\ZLH F\NOX ő\FLD RUJDQL]DFML L XZDUXQNRZDġ ijURGRZLVNRZ\FK WUDG\F\MQH VWDğH ]PLHQQH L ğãF]RQH MDN L Z SHUVSHNW\ZLH UROL L ]QDF]HQLD HODVW\F]QHM IRUP\ ]DWUXGQLHQLD QD ZVSÐğF]HVQ\P U\QNX SUDF\ NRPSOHPHQWDUQH VXEVW\WXF\MQH SUR]DWUXGQLHQLRZH RSDUWH QD XPRZLH VSRğHF]QHM 5ÐőQH PRGHOH HODVW\F]QHJR ]DWUXGQLHQLD Z ő\FLX

RUJDQL]DF\MQ\P ILUP JHQHUXMã ZLHOH Z\]ZDġ L SUREOHPÐZ Z ]DNUHVLH ==/ P LQ ]UÐőQLFRZDQH L HODVW\F]QH ]DU]ãG]DQLH UÐőQ\PL JUXSDPL Z UDPDFK ]UÐőQLFRZDQLD ZLHNRZHJR EXGRZDQLH HODVW\F]QHM KDUPRQLL L NRQVHQVXVX PL÷G]\ SRNROHQLDPL ; < = WZRU]HQLH HODVW\F]Q\FK RSHUDF\MQ\FK V\VWHPÐZ L QDU]÷G]L +5 RUD] ZVSDUFLH QDMZ\őV]HJR SR]LRPX ]DU]ãG]DQLD SU]H] PDQDJHUÐZ +5 Z LQWHJUDFML VWUDWHJLF]QHM Z UROL VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK SDUWQHUÐZ EL]QHVRZ\FK +5 1DVW÷SQLH SU]HGVWDZLFLHO JRVSRGDU]\ SURI 3HGUR /HÀR ] $(6( %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO QD SRGVWDZLH DUW\NXğX NWÐUHJR ZVSÐğDXWRUHP E\ğ SURI 0LJXHO 0LUD GD 6LOYD ] SW e,PSDFWV RI GLJLWDO WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RQ ILUPV FRPSHWLWLYH DGYDQWDJHV $ V\VWHPDWLF OLWHUDWXUH UHYLHZr RPÐZLğ ZSğ\Z WUDQVIRUPDFML F\IURZHM QD SU]HZDJL NRQNXUHQF\MQH SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZ 7UDQVIRUPDFMD F\IURZD ZSğ\ZD QD LFK NRQNXUHQF\MQRijå JğÐZQLH Z ]DNUHVLH LQQRZDFML HIHNW\ZQRijFL L UHGXNFML NRV]WÐZ D QD JOREDOQH ğDġFXFK\ ZDUWRijFL RGG]LDğXMH Z ]DNUHVLH VSHFMDOL]DFML ]DVL÷JX JHRJUDILF]QHJR ]DU]ãG]DQLD L PRGHUQL]DFML =JRGQLH ] OLWHUDWXUã SU]HGPLRWX WUDQVIRUPDFMD F\IURZD ZSğ\ZD QD NRQNXUHQF\MQRijå ILUP L RGJU\ZDMãF EDUG]LHM ]QDF]ãFã URO÷ QLő NODV\F]QH SU]HZDJL PD SR]\W\ZQ\ VSRVÐE RGG]LDğ\ZDQLD L MHVW ]D]Z\F]DM NRU]\VWQD GOD SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZ NWÐUH ZGUDőDMã WDNLH WUDQVIRUPDFMH 'LJLWDOL]DFMD SURFHVÐZ SU]HP\VğRZ\FK ğãF]\ F]WHU\ JğÐZQH Z\PLDU\ JOREDOQ\FK ğDġFXFKÐZ ZDUWRijFL SRSU]H] ]ZL÷NV]HQLH NRQFHQWUDFML ILUP\ QD EDUG]LHM VSHF\ILF]Q\FK G]LDğDQLDFK Z UDPDFK ğDġFXFKD ZDUWRijFL VSHFMDOL]DFMD L PRőOLZRijFLDFK HNVSDQVML PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM ]DNUHV JHRJUDILF]Q\ 5ÐZQROHJOH F\IURZD WUDQVIRUPDFMD SU]HP\VğX PRW\ZXMH ILUP\ GR UR]V]HU]HQLD G]LDğDOQRijFL QD SRSU]HG]DMãFH RJQLZD ğDġFXFKD ZDUWRijFL PRGHUQL]DFMD L PD ]QDF]ãF\ ZSğ\Z QD VWUDWHJL÷ *9& *OREDO 9DOXH &KDLQV ]H Z]JO÷GX QD SRMDZLHQLH VL÷ SODWIRUP F\IURZ\FK ]DNğÐFDMãF\FK ZF]HijQLHMV]H ZDUXQNL NRQNXUHQFML L SU]HNV]WDğFDMãF\FK MH Z QRZH VLHFLRZH UR]V]HU]RQH HNRV\VWHP\ EL]QHVRZH $XWRUDPL RVWDWQLHM SUHOHNFML SRGF]DV WHM VHVML E\OL UHSUH]HQWDQFL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR


,,, VHVMD NWÐUHM SURZDG]HQLH SU]\SDGğR Z XG]LDOH GU 3LRWURZL 6HGODNRZL UR]SRF]÷ğD VL÷ RG Z\VWãSLHQLD SU]HGVWDZLFLHOD XF]HOQL JRV]F]ãFHM SURI -RVÆ )RQVHFD 3LUHVpD ] $(6( %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO NWÐUHJR NDULHUD ]DZRGRZD PD SROVNL DNFHQW ERZLHP Z URNX RGE\ZDğ SUDNW\NL Z -DVWU]÷ELX =GURMX 3URIHVRU 3LUHV Z VZRMHM SUH]HQWDFML QD WHPDW F\IURZHJR SU]\ZÐG]WZD e'LJLWDO /HDGHUVKLS /HDGLQJ EHKLQG WKH VFUHHQr DQDOL]RZDğ NZHVWLH EDUG]R DNWXDOQH ]ZLã]DQH ] LVWRWã L UROã SU]\ZÐGF\ OLGHUD Z F]DVLH F]ZDUWHM UHZROXFML SU]HP\VğRZHM L SDQGHPLL &29,' F]\OL ]]D HNUDQÐZ NRPSXWHUÐZ 7HPDWHP DQDOL]\ E\ğD UÐZQLHő ]\VNXMãFD FRUD] ZL÷NV]ã SRSXODUQRijå NRQFHSFMD ZUDőOLZRijFL YXOQHUDELOLW\ Z SU]\ZÐG]WZLH 3RZ\őV]\ WHPDW E\ğ NRQW\QXRZDQ\ SRGF]DV NROHMQHM SUH]HQWDFML SW e&RPSHWHQFH SURILOH RI DQ HPSOR\HH LQ WKH HUD RI GLJLWDO WHFKQRORJ\ DQG ,QGXVWU\ r UHDOL]RZDQHM Z UDPDFK SURMHNWX 6SRğHF]QR JRVSRGDUF]H NRQVHNZHQFMH F]ZDUWHM UHZROXFML SU]HP\VğRZHM ILQDQVRZDQHJR Z UDPDFK SURJUDPX 01L6: SRG QD]Zã 5HJLRQDOQD ,QLFMDW\ZD 'RVNRQDğRijFL -HM DXWRUNã E\ğD GU 0DğJRU]DWD .RVDğD ] 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH *ğÐZQ\P FHOHP SUH]HQWDFML E\ğD DQDOL]D NOXF]RZ\FK NRPSHWHQFML NWÐUH

jednostki

Z .UDNRZLH t GU 0RQLND 6DG\ RUD] GU 3LRWU 6HGODN NWÐU]\ ZUD] ] GU $JQLHV]Nã ŐDN RSUDFRZDOL VNDO÷ RVRELVWHM VSRğHF]QHM RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijFL 6262 t 3HUVRQDO 6RFLDO 5HVSRQVLELOLW\ 6FDOH 3656 &HOHP SURZDG]RQ\FK L SUH]HQWRZDQ\FK EDGDġ E\ğR P LQ VSUDZG]HQLH F]\ VSRğHF]QD RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijå RVRELVWD MHVW NRQVWUXNWHP MHGQR F]\ ZLHORZ\PLDURZ\P RUD] VWZRU]HQLH VNDOL 6262 3HUVRQDO 6RFLDO 5HVSRQVLELOLW\ 6FDOH VWZRU]\ PRőOLZRijå P LQ RNUHijOHQLD LQWHQV\ZQRijFL VSRğHF]QHM RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijFL MHGQRVWNL 0RőH E\å Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQD QS Z F]DVLH UHNUXWDFML F]\ SRGF]DV RFHQ\ SUDFRZQLND XPRőOLZL UÐZQLHő SRPLDU UÐőQLF PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK :\QLNLHP GRW\FKF]DVRZ\FK ZLHORHWDSRZ\FK SUDF E\ğR RSUDFRZDQLH NZHVWLRQDULXV]D Z\PLDURZHM VNDOL RVRELVWHM VSRğHF]QHM RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijFL QD ED]LH RGSRZLHG]L UHVSRQGHQWÐZ

IRW 3LRWU 6HGODN

RGSRZLDGDMã QD Z\]ZDQLD Z\QLNDMãFH ] UR]ZRMX WHFKQRORJLL F\IURZ\FK =PLDQ\ WHFKQRORJLF]QH PDMã ZSğ\Z QD ZLHOH REV]DUÐZ ő\FLD VSRğHF]QHJR L JRVSRGDUF]HJR SU]\NğDGRZR EDQNRZRijå DGPLQLVWUDFMD F]\ HGXNDFMD 'HWHUPLQXMã RQH UÐZQLHő SRőãGDQH NRPSHWHQFMH QD U\QNX SUDF\ NWÐUH Z ]QDF]Q\P VWRSQLX SRZLQQ\ ]RVWDå X]XSHğQLRQH R NRPSHWHQFMH F\IURZH =DSRWU]HERZDQLH QD NRPSHWHQFMH F\IURZH E÷G]LH Z]UDVWDğR R F]\P ijZLDGF]ã P LQ UHODW\ZQLH EDUG]R Z\VRNLH Z\QDJURG]HQLD Z EUDQő\ ,7 RUD] NUÐWNL F]DV SRV]XNLZDQLD SUDF\ SU]H] SUDFRZQLNÐZ WHM EUDQő\ 3RQDGWR V]\ENLH WHPSR ]PLDQ WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK Z\PDJD RG SUDFRZQLNÐZ FLãJğHJR GRVWRVRZ\ZDQLD VL÷ X]XSHğQLDQLD ZLHG]\ XPLHM÷WQRijFL D QDZHW SU]HNZDOLILNRZ\ZDQLD VL÷ SUDFRZQLNÐZ DGHNZDWQLH GR SRMDZLDMãF\FK VL÷ Z\PDJDġ :ğDijFLZH NV]WDğWRZDQLH NRPSHWHQFML ZH ZV]\VWNLFK WU]HFK JğÐZQ\FK REV]DUDFK NRPSHWHQFML D ZL÷F VSRğHF]Q\FK ]DZRGRZ\FK L F\IURZ\FK SR]ZDOD VSURVWDå Z\]ZDQLRP MDNLH VWDZLD UR]ZÐM WHFKQRORJLL F\IURZ\FK VWDQRZLãF W\P VDP\P NOXF] GR VXNFHVX QD U\QNX SUDF\ 6HVMH SLHUZV]HJR GQLD ]DP\NDğ SURI $JRVWLQKR $EUXQKRVD ] $(6( %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO ] Z\VWãSLHQLHP SW e0DWHULDO FRQIOLFW 022&V DQG LQVWLWXWLRQDO ORJLFV LQ EXVLQHVV HGXFDWLRQr &KRå SRM÷FLH QLHNRPSDW\ELOQRijFL MHVW LPSOLFLWH REHFQH Z EDGDQLDFK QDG NRQIOLNWHP ORJLN LQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\FK QLHZLHOH EDGDġ ]DMPXMH VL÷ QLP ZSURVW 3UH]HQWDFMD RSLHUDğD VL÷ QD NRQFHSFML PDWHULDOQRijFL L WHRULL RELHNWÐZ F\IURZ\FK DE\ Z\MDijQLå

MDN PDWHULDOQRijå ZSğ\ZD QD PRGHOH RUJDQL]DF\MQH L SU]\F]\Q\ NRQIOLNWX :\EUDQ\ NRQWHNVW 0DVRZHJR 2WZDUWHJR .XUVX 2QOLQH 0DVVLYH 2SHQ 2QOLQH &RXUVH t 022&6 MHVW VSU]HF]Q\ ] NRQZHQFMRQDOQ\PL PRGHODPL RUJDQL]DF\MQ\PL Z V]NRğDFK EL]QHVX DOH QLH]DOHőQLH RG WHJR RND]XMH VL÷ SRW÷őQã VLğã 6NXSLHQLH VL÷ QD PDWHULDOQRijFL F\IURZHM SRPDJD UR]ZLQãå URO÷ PDWHULDOQRijFL Z ORJLFH LQVW\WXFMRQDOQHM 3RSU]H] ]HVWDZLHQLH L SRJRG]HQLH VXEVWDQFML IL]\F]QHJR PDWHULDğX L PHU\WRU\F]QHJR ]QDF]HQLD PDWHULL UR]G]LDğ WHQ Z]PDFQLD GHILQLFM÷ L WHRUHW\F]QH JUDQLFH SRM÷FLD 1LH]Z\NOH Rő\ZLRQã G\VNXVM÷ Z\ZRğDğ\ Z\VWãSLHQLD SRGF]DV ,, GQLD REUDG 6HVM÷ t SURZDG]RQã SU]H] GU +DOLQ÷ Ğ\V]F]DU] t UR]SRF]÷ğD GU KDE +DQQD :ğRGDUNLHZLF] .OLPHN SURIHVRU 3ROLWHFKQLNL 3R]QDġVNLHM NWÐUD SU]HGVWDZLğD Z\QLNL EDGDġ SURZDG]RQ\FK ] GU $JQLHV]Nã .UXJLHğNã GRW\F]ãFH DNWXDOQ\FK NZHVWLL ]ZLã]DQ\FK ] ZSURZDG]HQLHP SUDFRZQLND GR SUDF\ RQERDUGLQJ Z F]DVLH SUDF\ ]GDOQHM SUH]HQWDFMD SW e:SURZDG]HQLH SUDFRZQLND GR RUJDQL]DFML Z NRQWHNijFLH V\VWHPÐZ SUDF\ t SUDFD VWDFMRQDUQD D SUDFD ]GDOQDr &HOHP EDGDġ E\ğD LGHQW\ILNDFMD SUDNW\N RQERDUGLQJRZ\FK SRGHMPRZDQ\FK SU]H] SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZD Z RNUHVLH SDQGHPLL RUD] LFK SHUFHSFMD ] SHUVSHNW\Z\ SUDFRZQLND Z ]DOHőQRijFL RG ZLHNX VWDőX SUDF\ RUD] ]DMPRZDQHJR VWDQRZLVND UHNUXWRZDQHJR 'DQH X]\VNDQH SRGF]DV SU]HSURZDG]RQHJR Z URNX EDGDQLD SLORWDőRZHJR ZVND]Dğ\ QD ]UÐőQLFRZDQH SUHIHUHQFMH RGQRV]ãFH VL÷ GR G]LDğDġ RQERDUGLQJRZ\FK 49


jednostki IRW 3DWU\N 6WDZLDUVNL

Z ]DOHőQRijFL RG VWDőX SUDF\ Z SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZLH D WDNőH SğFL 'OD SUDFRZQLNÐZ R VWDőX SUDF\ RG ODW RUD] NRELHW LVWRWQH E\ğR QDGDQLH QLH]E÷GQ\FK GRVW÷SÐZ QS PLHMVFH SDUNLQJRZH NDUWD ZHMijFLRZD QDGDQLH DGUHVX PDLORZHJR NWÐUH MDN PRőQD RF]HNLZDå F]\QLã SRF]ãWNRZ\ RNUHV SUDF\ PQLHM XFLãőOLZ\P ,VWRWQD MHVW UÐZQLHő ]DOHőQRijå SRPL÷G]\ GRijZLDGF]HQLHP D ZSURZDG]HQLHP GR ]HVSRğX 'OD SUDFRZQLNÐZ R QLőV]\P VWDőX SUDF\ F]\QQLN WHQ SR]RVWDZDğ V]F]HJÐOQLH ZDőQ\ ,QWHUHVXMãFH SR]QDZF]R RND]DğR VL÷ UÐZQLHő SRWZLHUG]HQLH ]QDF]HQLD SURFHVX VRFMDOL]DFML RQERDUGLQJ ]HVSRğRZ\ ]DUÐZQR GOD SUDFRZQLNÐZ Z SU]HG]LDOH ZLHNRZ\P RG ODW MDN L RVÐE QLH E÷GãF\FK QD NLHURZQLF]\FK VWDQRZLVNDFK 2]QDF]D WR QLH W\ONR ZDJ÷ WHJR F]\QQLND MDNR HOHPHQWX NXOWXU\ RUJDQL]DF\MQHM SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZD DOH UÐZQLHő NRQLHF]QRijå XZ]JO÷GQLHQLD SU]H] SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZR HZHQWXDOQ\FK WUXGQRijFL Z SURFHVLH LQNRUSRUDFML L SRGM÷FLD VWRVRZQ\FK G]LDğDġ ]DSRELHJDZF]\FK .ROHMQH Z\VWãSLHQLH GU 5RPDQD /HZDQGRZVNLHJR ]H 6SRğHF]QHM $NDGHPLL 1DXN Z ĞRG]L PLDğR UÐZQLHő FKDUDNWHU HPSLU\F]Q\ L GRW\F]\ğR PRGHOX NRQWUROL RUJDQL]DF\MQHM Z V]SLWDODFK SXEOLF]Q\FK : WUDNFLH Z\VWãSLHQLD SU]HGVWDZLRQR PRGHO NRQWUROL RUJDQL]DF\MQHM IXQNFMRQXMãF\ Z SXEOLF]Q\FK V]SLWDODFK RSUDFRZDQ\ QD SRGVWDZLH ZLHOROHWQLFK EDGDġ MDNRijFLRZ\FK L ]ZHU\ILNRZDQ\ Z EDGDQLDFK LORijFLRZ\FK 0RGHO WHQ VXJHUXMH őH QD Z\QLNL V]SLWDOL SR]\W\ZQ\ ZSğ\Z PD GLDJQRVW\F]QH Z\NRU]\VWDQLH V\VWHPÐZ LQIRUPDF\MQ\FK F]\OL PRQLWRURZDQLH Z\]QDF]RQ\FK FHOÐZ L ]DGDġ 1DWRPLDVW QHJDW\ZQLH ZSğ\ZD LQWHUDNW\ZQH Z\NRU]\VWDQLH V\VWHPÐZ LQIRUPDF\MQ\FK F]\OL F]÷VWH L RVRELVWH DQJDőRZDQLH VL÷ QDMZ\őV]HJR NLHURZQLFWZD Z SRV]XNLZDQLH ZVSÐOQHM VWUDWHJLL GOD V]SLWDOD .OXF]RZ\P HOHPHQWHP ZVSLHUDMãF\P Z\QLNL V]SLWDOL MHVW LQQRZDF\MQRijå MHGQDNőH Z ZLHOX SU]\SDGNDFK LQQRZDF\MQH UR]ZLã]DQLD Vã RGG]LHORQH RG IRUPDOQ\FK VWUXNWXU L QDUUDFML 2]QDF]D WR őH V]SLWDOH RPLMDMã SHZQH IRUPDOQH RJUDQLF]HQLD Z FHOX XVSUDZQLHQLD FRG]LHQQ\FK SUDNW\N 1D LQQRZDF\MQRijå V]SLWDOL RSUÐF] VNXWHF]QRijFL V\VWHPX LQIRUPDF\MQHJR ZSğ\ZD

50

]DXIDQLH G\UHNWRUÐZ GR OHNDU]\ i SRVWU]HJDQD QLHSHZQRijå ijURGRZLVND :\VWãSLHQLH WR ]RVWDğR SU]\M÷WH ] GXő\P ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHP ]H VWURQ\ XF]HVWQLNÐZ NWÐU]\ Z F]DVLH SÐŏQLHMV]HM G\VNXVML ]DGDZDOL ZLHOH S\WDġ GRW\F]ãF\FK GRijZLDGF]Hġ L Z\]ZDġ Z ]DNUHVLH SU]HSURZDG]RQ\FK EDGDġ L LFK Z\QLNÐZ 3UH]HQWDFMD SW e:Sğ\Z SUDF\ ]GDOQHM QD ]PLDQ÷ Z]RUFÐZ ]DFKRZDġ OXG]L Z RUJDQL]DFMDFKr SU]\JRWRZDQD SU]H] GU KDE .U]\V]WRID 0DFKDF]N÷ SURIHVRUD 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH RUD] PJU 0DFLHMD 6WRS÷ GRNWRUDQWD 6]NRğ\ 'RNWRUVNLHM ] WHMőH XF]HOQL UÐZQLHő ZSLV\ZDğD VL÷ Z SUREOHPDW\N÷ Z\]ZDġ MDNLFK GRijZLDGF]DOLijP\ Z RVWDWQLP WUXGQ\P F]DVLH L NRġF]\ğD VHVM÷ ,9 3U]HGVWDZLRQR NRQVHNZHQFMH SUDF\ ]GDOQHM t GOD RUJDQL]DFML RUD] GOD SUDFRZQLND Z NRQWHNijFLH ]PLDQ\ ]DFKRZDġ 3RGF]DV SUDF\ ] GRPX SUDFRZQLN QLH PRőH SU]\JOãGDå VL÷ Z]RUFRP ]DFKRZDġ EL]QHVRZ\FK Z VZRMHM RUJDQL]DFML D RND]MRQDOQ\ NRQWDNW ] SU]HğRőRQ\P SU]HNğDGD VL÷ QD VSDGHN PRW\ZDFML GR Z\NRQ\ZDQLD RERZLã]NÐZ X SUDFRZQLNÐZ 3RGF]DV SUDF\ Z KRPH RIILFH Z]UDVWD VWUHV ]ZLã]DQ\ ] VDPRWQRijFLã U\]\NLHP ]ZROQLHQLD MDN L SUHVMã ]ZLã]DQã ] RF]HNLZDQLHP GXőR ZL÷NV]HM GRVW÷SQRijFL Z UDPDFK SUDF\ RQOLQH 2VRE\ SUDFXMãFH Z WU\ELH SUDF\ ]GDOQHM PDMã UÐZQLHő GXőH WUXGQRijFL ] SR]QDQLHP NXOWXU\ GDQHM RUJDQL]DFML ]Dij Z FRG]LHQQHM SUDF\ ]QDF]QLH PQLHM E÷G]LH Z]RUFÐZ ]DFKRZDġ MDNLH LGHQW\ILNXMã GDQã RUJDQL]DFM÷

2VWDWQLD 9 VHVMD NWÐUHM JRVSRG\QLã E\ğD GU 0RQLND 6DG\ WR SUH]HQWDFMD SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH GU KDE %HUQDUGD =L÷ELFNLHJR SURI 8(. RUD] GU KDE 7RPDV]D .DIOD SURI 8(. SW e6SHF\ILND IRUPXğRZDQLD VWUDWHJLL V]NRğ\ Z\őV]HM 6WXGLXP SRUÐZQDZF]H 8QLZHUV\WHWX :DUV]DZVNLHJR L 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLHr : RVWDWQLP F]DVLH ZijUÐG NLONX VFHQDULXV]\ UR]ZRMX V]NROQLFWZD Z\őV]HJR GRPLQXMãFD Z\GDMH VL÷ E\å K\EU\GD VFHQDULXV]D RWZDUWHJR XF]HQLD VL÷ L JOREDOQ\FK VLHFL &HOHP ]DSUH]HQWRZDQ\FK EDGDġ E\ğD SUÐED SRUÐZQDQLD SURFHVX RSUDFRZDQLD VWUDWHJLL V]NRğ\ Z\őV]HM RUD] ZVND]DQLD GREU\FK SUDNW\N Z W\P ]DNUHVLH SU]\ Z\NRU]\VWDQLX PHWRG\ EDGDZF]HM MDNã E\ğR HNVSORUDF\MQH VWXGLXP SU]\SDGNX 3\WDQLH R LVWQLHMãFH FHFK\ ZVSÐOQH VWUDWHJLL UR]ZRMX RSUDFRZ\ZDQHM SU]H] 8QLZHUV\WHW :DUV]DZVNL RUD] 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH RUD] LFK LGHQW\ILNDFMD E\ğR NOXF]RZ\P S\WDQLHP EDGDZF]\P 8]\VNDQLH SU]H] 8QLZHUV\WHW :DUV]DZVNL SLHUZV]HJR PLHMVFD Z NRQNXUVLH 0LQLVWHUVWZD 1DXNL L 6]NROQLFWZD :\őV]HJR e,QLFMDW\ZD GRVNRQDğRijFL t XF]HOQLD EDGDZF]Dr ,'8% E\ğR JğÐZQã SU]HVğDQNã Z\ERUX WHM XF]HOQL MDNR SU]HGPLRWX DQDOL]\ $XWRU]\ Z\VWãSLHQLD ]LGHQW\ILNRZDOL NOXF]RZH F]\QQLNL VXNFHVX XF]HOQL EDGDZF]HM RUD] SU]HSURZDG]LOL DQDOL]÷ 6:27 Z REV]DU]H ZLHG]\ 1DVW÷SQ\P NURNLHP E\ğD RSHUDFMRQDOL]DFMD VWUDWHJLL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH XZ]JO÷GQLDMãFD NOXF]RZ\FK SURJUDPÐZ E\ ILQDOQLH ]LGHQW\ILNRZDå


7HPDWHP Z\VWãSLHQLD 3DQL GU $JQLHV]NL 6PDOHF ] 8QLZHUV\WHWX 6]F]HFLġVNLHJR E\ğD r3DUW\F\SDFMD VSRğHF]QD Z QRZRF]HVQ\P ]DU]ãG]DQLX MHGQRVWNDPL VDPRU]ãGRZ\PL t Z\EUDQH DVSHNW\r 3UHOHJHQWND ZVND]DğD Z\EUDQH NRQFHSFMH ]DU]ãG]DQLD VWRVRZDQH Z DGPLQLVWUDFML VDPRU]ãGRZHM RUD] SRGNUHijOLğD UÐőQRURGQH IRUP\ SR]LRP\ DQJDőRZDQLD VSRğHF]QRijFL ORNDOQ\FK Z ő\FLH SXEOLF]QH VNXSLDMãF VL÷ JğÐZQLH QD NRQVXOWDFMDFK VSRğHF]Q\FK RUD] EXGőHFLH RE\ZDWHOVNLP =D]QDF]\ğD UÐZQLHő őH HIHNWHP ZVSÐOQ\FK G]LDğDġ ]DUÐZQR GOD VDPRU]ãGX MDN L RE\ZDWHOL SRZLQQR E\å Z\SUDFRZDQLH UR]ZLã]DQLD QDMEDUG]LHM RSW\PDOQHJR GOD ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK VWURQ 8G]LDğ RE\ZDWHOL Z GHF\]MDFK SXEOLF]Q\FK VWZDU]D ERZLHP P LQ ZDUXQNL GR Z]DMHPQHJR XF]HQLD EXGXMH SRF]XFLH ZVSÐOQRW\ ORNDOQHM ]ZL÷NV]D SRF]XFLH ZVSÐğRGSRZLHG]LDOQRijFL ]D SRGHMPRZDQH GHF\]MH SRV]HU]D KRU\]RQW\ L SR]ZDOD REHMU]Hå RPDZLDQH ]DJDGQLHQLH ] UÐőQ\FK VWURQ : RSDUFLX R DQDOL]\ SU]\SDGNÐZ L EDGDQLD ZğDVQH ]RVWDğ\ SU]HGVWDZLRQH UÐZQLHő SU]\NğDG\ EXGőHWÐZ RE\ZDWHOVNLFK PLDVW $XWRUNã RVWDWQLHM NRQIHUHQF\MQHM SUHOHNFML SW e3DUWQHUVWZR Z NRQFHSFML VSRğHF]QHJR ]DDQJDőRZDQLD SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZ t XM÷FLH UHODF\MQHr E\ğD GU $JQLHV]ND ŐDN ] 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH $QDOL]D OLWHUDWXU\ SU]HGPLRWX ] ]DNUHVX VSRğHF]QHJR ]DDQJDőRZDQLD EL]QHVX &RUSRUDWH &RPPXQLW\ ,QYROYHPHQW &&, Z\QLNL SXEOLNRZDQ\FK EDGDġ RUD] FRURF]Q\ Z]URVW GREU\FK SUDNW\N Z REV]DU]H e]DDQJDőRZDQLH L UR]ZÐM VSRğHF]QRijFL ORNDOQHMr ZJ )RUXP 2GSRZLHG]LDOQHJR %L]QHVX ZVND]XMã QD LVWRW÷ UHODFML SRPL÷G]\ SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZDPL D VSRğHF]QRijFLDPL ORNDOQ\PL %\ğ\ WR JğÐZQH SU]HVğDQNL NWÐUH ]DFK÷FLğ\ DXWRUN÷ GR SRGM÷FLD EDGDġ Z W\P REV]DU]H 3DUWQHUVWZD EL]QHVX ]H VSRğHF]QRijFLDPL Vã EDUG]LHM ]ğRőRQH QLő W\SRZH SDUWQHUVWZD PL÷G]\ SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZDPL DOH PRJã WZRU]\å ZDUXQNL GR OHSV]HJR UR]ZLã]\ZDQLD SUREOHPÐZ VSRğHF]Q\FK L ZVSÐOQHJR JHQHURZDQLD NDSLWDğX VSRğHF]QHJR 3R]LRP\ ZVSÐğSUDF\ PRőQD

DQDOL]RZDå SU]H] SU\]PDW NRQWLQXXP ZVSÐğSUDF\ RG ILODQWURSLMQHJR SR WUDQVIRUPDF\MQ\ 'R FHFK SR]LRPÐZ ZVSÐğSUDF\ ]DOLF]\å PRőQD P LQ VSRVÐE P\ijOHQLD R ZVSÐğSUDF\ VWUDWHJLF]QH GRVWRVRZDQLH ZDUWRijå ZVSÐğSUDF\ ]DU]ãG]DQLH UHODFMã F]\ G]LDğDQLD L GHILQLRZDQLH ZVSÐğSUDF\ 6SRG]LHZDQ\P Z\QLNLHP SU]\V]ğ\FK EDGDġ MHVW LGHQW\ILNDFMD UHODFML Z UDPDFK SDUWQHUVWZ VSUDZG]HQLH MDN MDNRijå UHODFML ZSğ\ZD QD SU]HELHJ ZVSÐğSUDF\ RUD] XPRőOLZLHQLH NV]WDğWRZDQLD SUDZLGğRZ\FK UHODFML ]H ijURGRZLVNLHP VSRğHF]Q\P ER MDN PDZLDğ +HQU\ )RUG eSRğãF]HQLH VLğ WR SRF]ãWHN SR]RVWDQLH UD]HP WR SRVW÷S D ZVSÐOQD SUDFD WR VXNFHVr =DPNQL÷FLD REUDG GRNRQDğ SURI GU KDE .D]LPLHU] *ÐUND NWÐU\ SRGNUHijOLğ őH SRGF]DV NRQIHUHQFML SRGM÷WR UR]PRZ\ R DNWXDOQ\FK SUREOHPDFK SRUXV]DQ\FK Z G\VF\SOLQLH ]DU]ãG]DQLD = NROHL G]LHNDQ $(6( %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO SURI 0DULD GH )¾WLPD &DULRFD 3K' SU]HND]DğD GOD -0 5HNWRUD 8(. GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZD 0D]XUD SURI 8(. MXELOHXV]RZã VWDWXHWN÷ ] RND]ML OHFLD LVWQLHQLD $(6( %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO QD U÷FH GU KDE 3LRWUD %Xğ\ ]Dij GU 3LRWU 6HGODN RGHEUDğ VWDWXHWN÷ SU]\]QDQã .UDNRZVNLHM 6]NROH %L]QHVX ]D GğXJROHWQLã ZVSÐğSUDF÷ SRPL÷G]\ XF]HOQLDPL :V]\VF\ XF]HVWQLF\ ; .RQIHUHQFML 3ROVNLFK 3URIHVRUÐZ =DU]ãG]DQLD 1DXNL ]DU]ãG]DQLD t 1RZH +RU\]RQW\ őHJQDOL VL÷ ] QDG]LHMã őH NRQIHUHQFMD Z /L]ERQLH QLH E\ğD RVWDWQLã RND]Mã GR VSRWNDQLD

L Z\PLDQ\ GRijZLDGF]Hġ QDXNRZ\FK PL÷G]\ ]QDF]ãF\PL RijURGNDPL QDXNRZ\PL ] G]LHG]LQ\ ]DU]ãG]DQLD i RUJDQL]DFML

jednostki

FHFK\ ZVSÐOQH VWUDWHJLL DQDOL]RZDQ\FK SU]\SDGNÐZ

7UDG\FMã NRQIHUHQFML RUJDQL]RZDQ\FK SU]H] .DWHGU÷ =DU]ãG]DQLD 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR MHVW GEDğRijå R ]DFKRZDQLH UÐZQRZDJL SRPL÷G]\ Z\VWãSLHQLDPL QDXNRZ\PL D SRWU]HEDPL NUDMR]QDZF]\PL XF]HVWQLNÐZ 5HDOL]DFM÷ W\FK RVWDWQLFK XPRőOLZLğ FLHNDZ\ SURJUDP SR]DNRQIHUHQF\MQ\ ]ZLã]DQ\ ]H ]ZLHG]DQLHP /L]ERQ\ L RNROLF RUD] SR]QDZDQLHP NXOWXU\ 3RUWXJDOLL P LQ SRGF]DV PLQL NRQFHUWX PX]\NL IDGR F]\OL PHODQFKROLMQ\FK SLHijQL Z\NRQ\ZDQ\FK SU]H] ZRNDOLVW÷ SU]\ DNRPSDQLDPHQFLH GZÐFK JLWDU )DGR QD]\ZDQH F]DVHP SRUWXJDOVNLP EOXHVHP Z URNX ]RVWDğR ZSLVDQH QD OLVW÷ QLHPDWHULDOQHJR G]LHG]LFWZD 81(6&2 MDNR VW\O SRSXODUQ\FK SLHijQL : LPLHQLX RUJDQL]DWRUÐZ VHUGHF]QH SRG]L÷NRZDQLD Sğ\Qã GR .RPLWHWX 1DXN 2UJDQL]DFML L =DU]ãG]DQLD 3$1 ]D NRQW\QXRZDQLH SDWURQDWX QDG .RQIHUHQFMã 3ROVNLFK 3URIHVRUÐZ =DU]ãG]DQLD RUD] GR )XQGDFML =DU]ãG]DQLD 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR *RUãFR G]L÷NXMHP\ UÐZQLHő ZV]\VWNLP JRijFLRP SUHOHJHQWRP RUD] G\VNXWDQWRP 'R ]REDF]HQLD ]D URN Z LQQ\P NUDMX GU KDE 3LRWU %XğD SURI 8(. GU $JQLHV]ND ŐDN .DWHGUD =DU]ãG]DQLD 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH

IRW :RMFLHFK 3RSF]\N

51


jednostki

3R URNX QDUHV]FLH WZDU]ã Z WZDU] KbaTQ XWL[]UW_IVQM ;\]La <ZQX 8IZQ[ [\]LMV\{_ 8ZWOZIU] -`MK]\Q^M 5*) : GQLDFK t ZU]HijQLD URNX RGE\ğ VL÷ Z\MD]G V]NROHQLRZ\ VWXGHQWÐZ L HG\FML 3URJUDPX ([HFXWLYH 0%$ GR 3DU\őD ;\]La <ZQX bW[\Ið bWZOIVQbW_IVa _M _[X{ðXZIKa b -5 6WZUIVLQM

*][QVM[[ ;KPWWT Q _bQĔðW _ VQU ]LbQIð ! W[{J

U

(. RUD] .6% UHSUH]HQWRZDOL SURI 3LRWU %XğD t 3URUHNWRU GV 3URMHNWÐZ L :VSÐğSUDF\ GU 3LRWU 6HGODN t '\UHNWRU 6]NRğ\ GU $JQLHV]ND ŐXU t '\UHNWRU 3URJUDPX ([HFXWLYH 0%$ 0RQLND %XOV]D t '\UHNWRU %LXUD 0%$ RUD] 0DUW\QD )DWHO t 0HQHGőHU 3URJUDPX ([HFXWLYH 0%$ (0 1RUPDQGLH %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO

(0 1RUPDQGLH MHVW MHGQã ] GZÐFK ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK V]NÐğ EL]QHVX RERN $(6( ] 3RUWXJDOLL NWÐUD DNW\ZQLH ZSLHUD .UDNRZVNã 6]NRğ÷ %L]QHVX 8(. Z UHDOL]DFML IODJRZHJR 3URJUDPX ([HFXWLYH 0%$ 1DVL IUDQFXVF\ SDUWQHU]\ ]DSHZQLOL VWXGHQWRP 0%$ DNW\ZQRijFL ]RUJDQL]RZDQH ]DUÐZQR QD WHUHQLH SDU\VNLHJR NDPSXVX MDN UÐZQLHő Z VLHG]LELH ILUP\ ]ORNDOL]RZDQHM Z FHQWUXP 3DU\őD 'R NUDNRZVNLHM JUXS\ GRğãF]\OL SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH ]DJUDQLF]QHM V]NRğ\ P LQ +HQGULN /RKVH t 'LUHFWRU RI ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $IIDLUV MHJR ]DVW÷SFD t /DXUHQFH %RLWHX[ RUD] 6ÆYHULQH *URXOW t ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RRSHUDWLRQ 'HYHORSPHQW 0DQDJHU &]HJR GRZLHG]LHOL VL÷ VWXGHQFL ([HFXWLYH 0%$ .UDNRZVNLHM 6]NRğ\ %L]QHVX 8(. Z 3DU\őX" 52

0DUNHWLQJ GÐEU OXNVXVRZ\FK :\MãWNRZ\ Z\NğDG QW PDUNHWLQJX GÐEU OXNVXVRZ\FK SU]\JRWRZDğ 6ÆEDVWLHQ *LUDUG t '\UHNWRU ILUP\ ,&21 ,&21 ']L÷NL SUH]HQWDFML WHJR WHPDWX Z RSDUFLX R OLF]QH SU]\NğDG\ ]H ijZLDWD IUDQFXVNLFK PDUHN OXNVXVRZ\FK VWXGHQFL SR]QDOL RGPLHQQ\ PRGHO EL]QHVRZ\ UÐőQLFH Z NUHRZDQLX HNVNOX]\ZQHM PDUNL IRUPXğRZDQLX MHM JğÐZQ\FK FHOÐZ RUD] EXGRZDQLX LNRQLF]QRijFL SURGXNWÐZ SU]H] ODWD =ZLHG]DQLH PLDVWD V]ODNLHP LNRQLF]Q\FK PDUHN $E\ SRSU]Hå ]GRE\Wã ZLHG]÷ SU]\NğDGDPL 6ÆEDVWLHQ *LUDUG ]DEUDğ XF]HVWQLNÐZ Z QDMEDUG]LHM LNRQLF]QH PLHMVFH QD PDSLH GÐEU OXNVXVRZ\FK t 3ODF 9HQGÑPH 7HQ RijPLRNãWQ\ DUFKLWHNWRQLF]Q\ SRPQLN FKZDğ\ /XGZLND ;,9 V\PEROL]XMH NROHMQH VWXOHFLD KLVWRULL )UDQFML DOH WDNőH Z]URVW MHM SR]\FML Z ijZLHFLH PDUHN OXNVXVRZ\FK 7R ZğDijQLH WXWDM 1DSROHRQ SRijOXELğ -Ð]HILQ÷ D Z MHGQHM ] NDPLHQLF Z URNX ]PDUğ )U\GHU\N &KRSLQ ']Lij PLHMVFH WR ]QDQH MHVW MDNR VLHG]LED HNVNOX]\ZQ\FK EXWLNÐZ &KDQHO &DUWLHU /RXLVD 9XLWWRQ &KDXPHW F]\ *XFFL 5ÐZQLH

SUHVWLőRZ\P RELHNWHP QD 3ODFX 9HQGÑPH MHVW QDMVğ\QQLHMV]\ Z 3DU\őX +RWHO 5LW] 7R ZğDijQLH Z QLP SU]H] SRQDG ODW PLHV]NDğD &RFR &KDQHO 6SDFHU SR SODFX RWZRU]\ğ VWXGHQWÐZ QD QRZH GRijZLDGF]HQLD 3RND]Dğ őH R LNRQLF]QRijFL PRőH ijZLDGF]\å QLH W\ONR EXGRZDQLH NRPXQLNDFML PDUHN OXNVXVRZ\FK DOH WDNőH LFK KLVWRU\F]QD ORNDOL]DFMD &KDXPHW t QDMVğ\QQLHMV]\ MXELOHU Z 3DU\őX 1D 3ODFX 9HQGÑPH VWXGHQFL ([HFXWLYH 0%$ RGE\OL UÐZQLHő EDUG]R LQVSLUXMãFH VSRWNDQLH 7R WXWDM ]QDMGXMH VL÷ QDMVğ\QQLHMV]D SDU\VND ILUPD MXELOHUVND t &KDXPHW ]ORNDOL]RZDQD Z ]DE\WNRZHM NDPLHQLF\ PLHV]F]ãFHM VLHG]LE÷ JğÐZQã VWXGLR SURMHNWRZH L ZDUV]WDW ELőXWHULL = XF]HVWQLNDPL 6WXG\ 7ULS 3DULV VSRWNDOL VL÷ 'RPLQLTXH %DWWLQR t '\UHNWRU &KDXPHW RUD] MHJR ]DVW÷SFD t )ORULQH /DPDUUH +LVWRULD &KDXPHW UR]SRF]\QD VL÷ Z URNX 1D SU]HVWU]HQL ODW WD Vğ\QQD ILUPD PRőH SRV]F]\FLå VL÷ QLHVDPRZLWã NOLHQWHOã t QLHEDQDOQD ELőXWHULD E\ğD WZRU]RQD P LQ GOD DU\VWRNUDFML 1DSROHRQD , L MHJR XNRFKDQHM


jednostki

-Ð]HILQ\ QDMZL÷NV]HM LQVSLUDFML 'RPX &KDXPHW NUÐOD /XGZLND )LOLSD NUÐORZHM :LNWRULL E\ GR G]Lij WUDILDå Z Z\VXEOLPRZDQ\ JXVW QDMEDUG]LHM Z\PDJDMãF\FK RGELRUFÐZ 1D F]\P RSLHUD VL÷ VXNFHV 'RPX &KDXPHW" 0LPR ]PLHQLDMãFHJR VL÷ RWRF]HQLD ZRMHQ ]DPLDQ\ XVWURMX t ILUPD ]DZV]H ]QDMGRZDğD VSRVÐE DE\ G]LDğDå L UR]ZLMDå VL÷ 7ZÐUF\ ELőXWHULL SRGãőDOL ]D GXFKHP HSRNL Z NWÐUHM SU]\V]ğR LP WZRU]\å F]HUSDOL ]H VW\OX UHQHVDQVRZHJR ]H V]WXNL MDSRġVNLHM $UW 'HFR : SÐŏQLHMV]\P RNUHVLH Z\URE\ MXELOHUVNLH &KDXPHW QDZLã]\ZDğ\ GR WDNLFK LNRQ PRG\ MDN &KULVWLDQ 'LRU L <YHV 6DLQW /DXUHQW .ROHMQ\P SU]HğRPRZ\P Z\GDU]HQLHP GOD ILUP\ &KDXPHW E\ğD MHM HNVSDQVMD QD U\QNL D]MDW\FNLH 2EHFQLH ]DMPXMH VL÷ Z\UREHP GURJRFHQQHM ELőXWHULL L QDMZ\őV]HM NODV\ ]HJDUNÐZ Z\SRVDőRQ\FK Z V]ZDMFDUVNLH PHFKDQL]P\ 'RP &KDXPHW QDVWDZLRQ\ MHVW QD Z\PDJDMãF\FK NOLHQWÐZ -HGQã ] SUDNW\N MXELOHUVNLFK MHVW SUH]HQWRZDQLH SURWRW\SX ]DPÐZLRQHM ELőXWHULL ]D SRPRFã PDNLHW\ Z\NRQDQHM ]H VUHEUD QLNORZHJR t ZV]\VWNR SR WR DE\ NOLHQW PÐJğ ]REDF]\å NV]WDğW L UR]PLDU ELőXWHULL SU]HG MHM Z\SURGXNRZDQLHP 3LRQLHU]\ UR]ZLã]Dġ 6$3 .ROHMQ\P SXQNWHP SURJUDPX E\ğ\ ZDUV]WDW\ EL]QHVRZH GRW\F]ãFH SLRQLHUVNLFK UR]ZLã]Dġ 6$3 SRSURZDG]RQH SU]H] 'LGLHUD 3HWLWMHDQD t 6$3 8QLYHUVLW\ $OOLDQFHV 0DQDJHU 0LPR GXőHM ZLHG]\ QD WHPDW VWRVRZDQLD JRWRZ\FK UR]ZLã]Dġ 6$3 W\P UD]HP VWXGHQFL PRJOL ]REDF]\å MDN VNRPSOLNRZDQ\ MHVW VDP SURFHV LFK WZRU]HQLD L QD LOX UÐőQ\FK SRODFK Xő\ZDQH Vã RQH Z ILUPLH )UDQFH 0DJKUHE 6$3 /DEV )UDQFH 6$6 t RG WZRU]HQLD ]DPÐZLHġ UHMHVWURZDQLD LFK Z NDWDORJDFK UHDOL]DFM÷ Dő SR PRQLWRURZDQLH SURFHVÐZ SURGXNF\MQ\FK

ILUP ] UDQNLQJX )RUEHV *OREDO NRU]\VWD ] UR]ZLã]Dġ 6$3 SRGREQLH MDN POQ Xő\WNRZQLNÐZ FKPXU\ ]H NUDMÐZ

SRG]LZLDå QDMFHQQLHMV]H ]DE\WNL PLDVWD /XZU 0X]HXP G 2UVD\ *UDQG 3DODLV NDWHGU÷ 1RWUH 'DPH L UR]ijZLHWORQã ZLHő÷ (LIIOD

2SUÐF] SU]HGVWDZLHQLD Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQ\FK UR]ZLã]Dġ 6$3 VWXGHQFL ([HFXWLYH 0%$ PLHOL WDNőH RND]M÷ SU]H] FKZLO÷ SRF]Xå VL÷ MDN SUDFRZQLN GXőHM IUDQFXVNLHM ILUP\ t RUJDQL]DWRU]\ SRGM÷OL GRGDWNRZ\ Z\VLğHN SU]\JRWRZDQLD ZLUWXDOQHJR VSDFHUX SR )UDQFH 0DJKUHE 6$3 /DEV )UDQFH 6$6 PLPR SDQGHPLF]Q\FK SU]HFLZQRijFL SUH]HQWXMãF QDP VZRMã VLHG]LE÷

:\MD]G SR]ZROLğ SRJğ÷ELå EH]SRijUHGQLH UHODFMH L EDUG]R LVWRWQ\ GOD VWXGLÐZ 0%$ QHWZRUNLQJ SRPL÷G]\ XF]HVWQLNDPL 3R URNX VS÷G]RQ\P QD ]DM÷FLDFK RQOLQH QD QRZR Z]EXG]Lğ Z VWXGHQWDFK SRWU]HE÷ Z\PLDQ\ GRijZLDGF]Hġ L LGHL SU]\JRWRZXMãF LFK GR LQWHQV\ZQHM SUDF\ Z QDGFKRG]ãF\P URNX DNDGHPLFNLP :]PRFQLğ UÐZQLHő ZVSÐğSUDF÷ ]H V]NRğã SDUWQHUVNã (0 1RUPDQGLH %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO =GRE\WD ZLHG]D L GRijZLDGF]HQLH QD SHZQR ]RVWDQã GREU]H Z\NRU]\VWDQH SU]H] VWXGHQWÐZ 3URJUDPX ([HFXWLYH 0%$

3RőHJQDOQ\ UHMV SR 6HNZDQLH :VSDQLDğ\ 3DU\ő SRG]LZLDQ\ ZLHF]RUHP ] SRNğDGX VWDWNX Sğ\QãFHJR SR 6HNZDQLH SR]RVWDQLH GOD XF]HVWQLNÐZ Z\MD]GX QLH]DWDUW\P ZVSRPQLHQLHP )UDQFXVF\ SDUWQHU]\ SRőHJQDOL QDV UHMVHP SRGF]DV NWÐUHJR PRJOLijP\

0DUW\QD )DWHO 0HQHGőHU 3URJUDPX ([HFXWLYH 0%$ 0RQLND %XOV]D '\UHNWRU %LXUD 0%$ .UDNRZVND 6]NRğD %L]QHVX 8(.

5R]ZLã]DQLD 6$3 GDMã SU]HZDJ÷ VWRVXMãF\P MH ILUPRP ]H Z]JO÷GX QD ZSURZDG]DQLH LQWHOLJHQWQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL OLGHUVNã REVğXJ÷ SURFHVÐZ EL]QHVRZ\FK L LQQRZDF\MQRijå /LF]E\ PÐZLã VDPH ]D VLHELH 53


jednostki

6WXGHQFL 8(. QD :\VWDZLH IJZLDWRZHM -@87 ,]JIQ :\VWDZD ijZLDWRZD ]D NDőG\P UD]HP Z]EXG]D RJURPQH HPRFMH SDŏG]LHUQLND SR UD] SLHUZV]\ Z KLVWRULL RWZDUWR HNVSR]\FM÷ QD %OLVNLP :VFKRG]LH Z 'XEDMX 0Q[\WZaKbVĊ QVQKRI\a_Ċ RM[\ Z{_VQMĵ ]LbQIð

_ -`XW ,]JIQ [\]LMV\{_ =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM

B

XG\QHN 3DZLORQX 3ROVNL MXő QD HWDSLH SU]\JRWRZDġ Z]EXG]Dğ RJURPQH ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH WUDILDMãF GR UDQNLQJÐZ QDMFLHNDZV]\FK SDZLORQÐZ QD WHJRURF]Q\P ([SR -HGQDN WR QLH LPSRQXMãFD DUFKLWHNWXUD L PRF DWUDNFML VWDğ\ VL÷ QDMZL÷NV]ã R]GREã EXG\QNX D MHJR REVğXJD t PğRG]L XWDOHQWRZDQL L DPELWQL VWXGHQFL SL÷FLX SROVNLFK XF]HOQL

VLHUSQLD EU JURQR WR SRV]HU]\ğR VL÷ R RVÐE ] 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH : XURF]\VWRijFL ]RUJDQL]RZDQHM Z 6DOL 6HQDFNLHM %XG\QNX *ğÐZQHJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX VWXGHQFL RGHEUDOL OLVW\ JUDWXODF\MQH L SRGSLVDOL XPRZ\

WUÐMVWURQQH RILFMDOQLH GRğãF]DMãF GR JUXS\ ELRUãFHM XG]LDğ Z SUDNW\NDFK Z 'XEDMX : FHUHPRQLL XF]HVWQLF]\OL P LQ 5HNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH t GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. RUD] GU KDE 3LRWU %XğD SURI 8(. t 3URUHNWRU GV 3URMHNWÐZ L :VSÐğSUDF\ $PEDVDGRU ([SR 'XEDL ] UDPLHQLD 8(. 3$,+ UHSUH]HQWRZDğD 0DUWD =LHOLġVND .RRUG\QDWRUND GV 3URJUDPÐZ 3URPRFML 5HJLRQDOQHM L ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] XF]HOQLDPL =HVSRğX (;32 'XEDL NWÐUD RVRELijFLH F]XZDğD QDG SURFHVHP UHNUXWDF\MQ\P ']LDğDQLD ]ZLã]DQH ] XF]HVWQLFWZHP NUDNRZVNLHM XF]HOQL Z SURMHNFLH NRRUG\QRZDğR $NDGHPLFNLH &HQWUXP .DULHU\

8(. NWÐUH QD VSRWNDQLX UHSUH]HQWRZDğD NLHURZQLN $&. t 0DMD 7LPOHU IJZLHFK 3R XURF]\VWRijFL RGE\ğR VL÷ VSRWNDQLH QD NWÐU\P ]HEUDQL JRijFLH G\VNXWRZDOL QD WHPDW PRőOLZRijFL SURPRFML SROVNLHJR V]NROQLFWZD Z\őV]HJR Z W\P RIHUW\ 8(. QD DUHQLH PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM SRGF]DV ([SR ZU]HijQLD GR 'XEDMX GRWDUğD SLHUZV]D ] GZÐFK G]LHVL÷FLRRVRERZD WXUD VWXGHQWÐZ 8(. NWÐU]\ RG UD]X ZğãF]\OL VL÷ Z G]LDğDQLD Z 3DZLORQLH 3ROVNL %÷Gã SU]HE\ZDå QD SUDNW\NDFK WU]\ PLHVLãFH SR W\P F]DVLH JUXGQLD ]PLHQL LFK GUXJD JUXSD NROHJÐZ ] NUDNRZVNLHM XF]HOQL :\EUDQ\P VWXGHQWRP UD] MHV]F]H VHUGHF]QLH JUDWXOXMHP\ =HVSÐğ $NDGHPLFNLHJR &HQWUXP .DULHU\

)LQDQVRZDQH ]H ijURGNÐZ 0LQLVWUD (GXNDFML L 1DXNL Z UDPDFK GRWDFML FHORZHM QD UHDOL]DFM÷ =DGDQLD ]OHFRQHJR SQ 2UJDQL]DFMD ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK SUDNW\N GOD VWXGHQWÐZ ] 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH Z ]ZLã]NX ] XG]LDğHP 3ROVNL Z :\VWDZLH IJZLDWRZHM ([SR 'XEDL

54


jednostki

*UDQW\ 5(9 § _[XIZKQM LTI VI]SW_K{_ bIRU]RĊKaKP [QĔ ZM_WT]KRĊ XZbMUa[ðW_Ċ

2]ĵ \ZbMKQ ZWS ZMITQb]RMUa VIR_QĔS[ba XZWRMS\ JILI_Kba VI =-3 § e6SRğHF]QR JRVSRGDUF]H NRQVHNZHQFMH F]ZDUWHM UHZROXFML SU]HP\VğRZHMr _ ZIUIKP XZWOZIU] 5QVQ[\ZI -L]SIKRQ Q 6I]SQ XV

:MOQWVITVI 1VQKRI\a_I ,W[SWVIðWĬKQ

N

D VZRLP NRQFLH PDP\ ZLHOH SXEOLNDFML Z W\P UÐZQLHő Z Z\VRNRSXQNWRZDQ\FK F]DVRSLVPDFK QDXNRZ\FK )LQDOQLH G]LDğDQLD Z UDPDFK SURMHNWX ]RVWDQã ]UHDOL]RZDQH GR NRġFD U 3U]HG QDPL P LQ Z\GDQLH PRQRJUDILL Z X]QDQ\FK Z\GDZQLFWZDFK PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK D QD ZU]HVLHġ U ]DSODQRZDOLijP\ F\NO NRQIHUHQFML QDXNRZ\FK SRGVXPRZXMãF\FK F]WHU\ ODWD EDGDġ QDG UHZROXFMã SU]HP\VğRZã .RQVHNZHQFMH UHZROXFML VWDQRZLã MHGQR ] QDMZDőQLHMV]\FK ZVSÐğF]HVQ\FK Z\]ZDġ GOD ijZLDWD QDXNL GODWHJR Z UDPDFK SURMHNWX ]RVWDğ VNRQVWUXRZDQ\ P LQ LQVWUXPHQW XPRőOLZLDMãF\ GRILQDQVRZDQLH LQLFMDW\Z EDGDZF]\FK ]DMPXMãF\FK VL÷ QLQLHMV]ã WHPDW\Nã : UDPDFK IXQGXV]X JUDQWRZHJR RGE\ğ\ VL÷ MXő GZLH HG\FMH NRQNXUVX : RVWDWQLHM ILQDQVRZDQLH RWU]\PDğR JUDQWÐZ D Z VXPLH Z REX HG\FMDFK ZVSDUWR Dő SURMHNWÐZ QD ğãF]Qã

NZRW÷ SÐğ PLOLRQD ]ğRW\FK %XGőHW WHQ ]DRZRFRZDğ ZLHORZ\PLDURZ\PL L LQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQ\PL EDGDQLDPL Z ]DNUHVLH DQDOL]\ XZVSÐOQLDQLD ZLHG]\ L NRPSHWHQFML F\IURZ\FK EH]SLHF]HġVWZD Z PRGHOX RWZDUWHJR GRVW÷SX GR GDQ\FK VW\OÐZ SU]\ZÐG]WZD H DGPLQLVWUDFML L H LQQRZDFML Z UR]ZRMX -67 D WDNőH EDGDġ QDG VHNWRUHP XEH]SLHF]Hġ

,QIRUPDFMH R ZV]\VWNLFK GRILQDQVRZDQ\FK SURMHNWDFK PRőQD ]QDOHŏå QD VWURQLH LQWHUQHWRZHM SURMHNWX KWWSV UHY XHN NUDNRZ SO Z ]DNğDGFH *UDQW\ QD EDGDQLD

,]DEHOD :LijQLHZVND 0DğRSROVND 6]NRğD $GPLQLVWUDFML 3XEOLF]QHM 8(.

55


jednostki

2WZLHUDP\ VL÷ QD SU]\E\ğ\FK ] FDğHJR ijZLDWD KbaTQ [ð{_ SQTSI W ]Z]KPWUQMVQ] :HOFRPH &HQWUH 8(. 6ILKPWLbĊKa ZWS ISILMUQKSQ \W KbI[ VW_aKP _ab_Iġ WZOIVQbIKaRVaKP BIZ{_VW LTI [\]LMV\{_ RIS Q XZIKW_VQS{_ ]KbMTVQ JĔLbQM \W _bUWĵWVa WSZM[ XZIKa _ VW_aKP \b_ PaJZaLW_aKP _IZ]VSIKP 0L÷G]\ LQQ\PL GODWHJR GOD NRPIRUWX RVÐE SU]\MHőGőDMãF\FK QD VWXGLD GR 8(. VSR]D NUDMX RWZDUWR QRZ\ SXQNW LQIRUPDF\MQ\

Z

URNX QD URN QD PDğRSROVNLFK XF]HOQLDFK V\VWHPDW\F]QLH Z]UDVWD RGVHWHN VWXGHQWÐZ ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK , MHijOL ZLHU]\å VWDW\VW\NRP .UDNÐZ MDNR VZRMã GHVW\QDFM÷ FR URNX Z\ELHUD NLOND W\VL÷F\ FXG]R]LHPFÐZ SRFKRG]ãF\FK ] SRQDG NUDMÐZ ijZLDWD 6ã WR RVRE\ NRU]\VWDMãFH ] UÐőQHJR URG]DMX Z\PLDQ L SURJUDPÐZ ZVSÐğSUDF\ PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM DOH L UHJXODUQL VWXGHQFL GHF\GXMãF\ VL÷ QD UHDOL]DFM÷ VZRMHJR FDğHJR SURFHVX NV]WDğFHQLD Z 3ROVFH

7HQGHQFMH WH ZLGRF]QH Vã L QD QDV]\P XQLZHUV\WHFLH VWãG LQLFMDW\ZD %LXUD 3URJUDPÐZ =DJUDQLF]Q\FK DE\ DSOLNRZDå

56

GR 1$:$ R ijURGNL QD XUXFKRPLHQLH QRZHM MHGQRVWNL QD XF]HOQL t :HOFRPH &HQWUH 8(. NWÐUD VWDQRZLå E÷G]LH SXQNW GRUDGF]R LQIRUPDF\MQ\ GOD ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK NDQG\GDWÐZ VWXGHQWÐZ SUDFRZQLNÐZ RUD] JRijFL XF]HOQL :HOFRPH &HQWUH UR]SRF]÷ğR VZRMã G]LDğDOQRijå ZU]HijQLD EU W\PF]DVRZR Z EXG\QNX %LXUD 3URJUDPÐZ =DJUDQLF]Q\FK L VNXSLD VL÷ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QD XG]LHODQLX DNWXDOQ\FK LQIRUPDFML QD WHPDW G]LDğDOQRijFL XF]HOQL Z W\P UÐZQLHő R RIHUFLH G\GDNW\F]QHM 8(. VNLHURZDQHM GR VWXGHQWÐZ ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK F]\ R NRRUG\QRZDQ\FK SU]H] %3= URF]Q\FK

SURJUDPDFK M÷]\NRZ\FK 3ROLVK 0RGXOH 3ROLVK 3DWK (QJOLVK 0RGXOH SU]\JRWRZXMãF\FK NDQG\GDWÐZ QD VWXGLD Z 3ROVFH -HGQRVWND RILFMDOQLH G]LDğD Z F]WHUHFK M÷]\NDFK SROVNLP DQJLHOVNLP URV\MVNLP RUD] XNUDLġVNLP = WHJR Z]JO÷GX DNW\ZQLH G]LDğD QD U]HF] UÐZQHJR GRVW÷SX GR LQIRUPDFML WğXPDF]ãF GRNXPHQW\ SU]\JRWRZXMãF PDWHULDğ\ LQIRUPDF\MQR SURPRF\MQH Z ZLHOX ZHUVMDFK M÷]\NRZ\FK F]\ DNWXDOL]XMãF LQIRUPDFMH QD DQJORM÷]\F]Q\FK VWURQDFK LQWHUQHWRZ\FK 8(. %3= L 8626ZHE


-DN NRPHQWXMH .LHURZQLN %LXUD 3URJUDPÐZ =DJUDQLF]Q\FK L MHGQRF]HijQLH NRRUG\QDWRU SURMHNWX PJU LQő $JQLHV]ND 1RZDN 8UXFKRPLHQLH WDNLHJR PLHMVFD GHG\NRZDQHJR EH]SRijUHGQLR

VSRğHF]QRijFL PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM E\ğR NRQLHF]QH ]H Z]JO÷GX QD FRUD] ZL÷NV]H SRWU]HE\ L RF]HNLZDQLD WHM JUXS\ 'R WHM SRU\ EUDNRZDğR PLHMVFD QD XF]HOQL NWÐUH Z ]DNUHVLH VZRMHM G]LDğDOQRijFL VNXSLDğRE\ VL÷ EH]SRijUHGQLR QD QLHVLHQLX SRPRF\ REFRNUDMRZFRP ZVSLHUDğRE\ LFK SURFHV DNOLPDW\]DFML L GRGDWNRZR ]DSHZQLğRE\ SR]EDZLRQH EDULHU M÷]\NRZ\FK NRPSOHNVRZH ZVSDUFLH LQIRUPDF\MQH ,QQH SURMHNW\ ]DNğDGDMã UHDOL]DFM÷ P LQ NRPSOHNVRZHJR SU]HZRGQLND GOD ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK VWXGHQWÐZ RUD] VSDFHUX ZLUWXDOQHJR NWÐU\ SU]\EOLő\ ZL]HUXQHN XF]HOQL NDQG\GDWRP ] QDMGDOV]\FK ]DNãWNÐZ ijZLDWD 3LHUZV]H HIHNW\ SRZ\őV]\FK VWDUDġ Vã MXő ZLGRF]QH QD VWURQLH LQWHUQHWRZHM :HOFRPH &HQWUH 8(. ZZZ XHN NUDNRZ SO HQ ZHOFRPH FHQWUH XHN :HOFRPH &HQWUH ZQLHVLH QRZã MDNRijå Z REVğXJ÷ FXG]R]LHPFÐZ QD XF]HOQL SR]ZROL QD Z\NRU]\VWDQLH MHM SRWHQFMDğX XPL÷G]\QDURGRZLHQLD L SR]\W\ZQLH ZSğ\QLH QD FDğRijFLRZ\ ZL]HUXQHN ZVSÐOQRW\ DNDGHPLFNLHM :DőQH MHVW

DE\ 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH RGELHUDQ\ E\ğ MDNR PLHMVFH QRZRF]HVQH L RWZDUWH QD REFRNUDMRZFÐZ 1RZL SUDFRZQLF\ MHGQRVWNL t 2OHK 9GRYLDN L 0LFKDğ .R]LRO SR]RVWDMã GR G\VSR]\FML ZV]\VWNLFK ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK =DS\WDQLD PDLORZH PRőQD QDGV\ğDå QD DGUHV\ YGRYLDNR#XHN NUDNRZ SO RUD] PNR]LRO#XHN NUDNRZ SO QDWRPLDVW NRQWDNW WHOHIRQLF]Q\ PRőOLZ\ MHVW SRG QXPHUHP WHOHIRQX

jednostki

5ÐZQLH ZDőQ\P ]DGDQLHP :HOFRPH &HQWUH MHVW XWU]\P\ZDQLH ELHőãFHJR NRQWDNWX ]H VWXGHQWDPL L NDQG\GDWDPL QD VWXGLD ] ]DJUDQLF\ $E\ ZHVSU]Hå SURFHV LFK LQWHJUDFML ] ORNDOQã VSRğHF]QRijFLã DNDGHPLFNã RUJDQL]RZDQH E÷Gã VSRWNDQLD LQIRUPDF\MQH GOD RVÐE QRZRSU]\M÷W\FK &RXQWU\ 0HHWLQJV RUD] VHVMH ]GM÷FLRZH L SÐŏQLHMV]H Z\VWDZ\ ]GM÷å PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK F]ğRQNÐZ ZVSÐOQRW\ 8(. 3ODQRZDQH Vã WDNőH LQQH OLF]QH LQLFMDW\Z\ NWÐUH SU]\EOLőã SU]\MH]GQ\P ORNDOQH ZDUXQNL VWXGHQFNLH -Xő Z VHPHVWU]H ]LPRZ\P URNX DNDGHPLFNLHJR RGE÷Gã VL÷ P LQ ZDUV]WDW\ ] ]DNUHVX NRPXQLNDFML PL÷G]\NXOWXURZHM NWÐU\FK JğÐZQ\P FHOHP E÷G]LH XZUDőOLZLHQLH ]DUÐZQR VWXGHQWÐZ MDN L SUDFRZQLNÐZ XF]HOQL QD WHPDW\ GRW\F]ãFH V]HURNR SRM÷WHM UÐőQRURGQRijFL L WROHUDQFML

1DOHő\ ZVSRPQLHå őH ]DLQLFMRZDQLH G]LDğDOQRijFL :HOFRPH &HQWUH 8(. E\ğR PRőOLZH G]L÷NL ZVSDUFLX ILQDQVRZHPX ] 1DURGRZHM $JHQFML :\PLDQ\ $NDGHPLFNLHM &DğNRZLWD NZRWD SU]H]QDF]RQD QD WHQ FHO WR ]ğ 1D ZQLRVHN SUDFRZQLNÐZ %LXUD 3URJUDPÐZ =DJUDQLF]Q\FK SURMHNW UHDOL]RZDQ\ E÷G]LH GR NRġFD PDMD URNX =DFK÷FDP\ GR NRQWDNWX RUD] GR ijOHG]HQLD ELHőãF\FK ]PLDQ Z PHGLDFK VSRğHF]QRijFLRZ\FK RUD] QD VWURQLH LQWHUQHWRZHM :HOFRPH &HQWUH %LXUR 3URJUDPÐZ =DJUDQLF]Q\FK

57


jednostki

3RGZÐMQ\ G\SORP § L_I I[a _ ZĔSI_QM 3DQGHPLD ] NWÐUã REHFQLH VL÷ ZV]\VF\ ]PDJDP\ ]PLHQLğD ZLHOH QDV]\FK SODQÐZ D ZijUÐG QLFK FK÷å ]ZLHG]DQLD ijZLDWD L SR]QDZDQLD QRZ\FK NXOWXU :MITQbIKRI \aKP UIZbMġ _aLIRM [QĔ

_ WJMKVaU KbI[QM JIZLbW ]\Z]LVQWVI I KbI[IUQ _ZĔKb VQMUWĵTQ_I

N

iH LQDF]HM MHVW Z\PLDQDPL VWXGHQFNLPL NWÐUH QLHZãWSOLZLH VWDQRZLã GOD ZLHOX MHGQã ] QDMEDUG]LHM ZDUWRijFLRZ\FK U]HF]\ MDNLH PRőQD ]URELå Z WUDNFLH VWXGLÐZ 1D V]F]÷ijFLH Z NDWDORJX W\FK NWÐUH Vã Z ]DVL÷JX VWXGHQWÐZ SR]RVWDğR MHV]F]H ZLHOH ZDUWRijFLRZ\FK RSFML -HGQã ] QLFK MHVW Z\MD]G QD SURJUDP SRGZÐMQHJR G\SORPX NWÐUHJR XF]HVWQLNLHP PLDğHP SU]\MHPQRijå E\å Z URNX DNDGHPLFNLP MDNR ÐZF]HVQ\ VWXGHQW SR]LRPX PDJLVWHUVNLHJR 8(.

6SRijUÐG NLONX XF]HOQL GRVW÷SQ\FK Z W\P SURJUDPLH ]GHF\GRZDğHP VL÷ Z\MHFKDå GR )UDQFML JG\ő MHGQ\P ] PRLFK SULRU\WHWÐZ E\ğD QDXND M÷]\ND IUDQFXVNLHJR :\EÐU QD NWÐU\ LVWRWQ\ ZSğ\Z PLDğD WHő SDQGHPLD RVWDWHF]QLH SDGğ QD ¦FROH GH PDQDJHPHQW GH 1RUPDQGLH 3U]HG VDP\P Z\MD]GHP SRMDZLğR VL÷ VSRUR NRPSOLNDFML L QLHZLDGRP\FK Z W\P WD F]\ VDPD Z\PLDQD IDNW\F]QLH VL÷ RGE÷G]LH 1LH E\ğR UÐZQLHő SHZQH F]\ ]DM÷FLD E÷Gã RGE\ZDå VL÷ ]GDOQLH F]\ PRőH IL]\F]QLH QD 58

NDPSXVLH 3RPLPR WHJR ]GHF\GRZDğHP VL÷ SRGMãå U\]\NR Z\MD]GX GR )UDQFML E÷GãF MHGQRF]HijQLH ijZLDGRP\P őH ] XZDJL QD RJUDQLF]HQLD Z SRGUÐő\ PRJ÷ SRMDZLå VL÷ Z 3ROVFH QDMZF]HijQLHM ]D URN -DN VL÷ SÐŏQLHM RND]DğR GR NUDMX IDNW\F]QLH ZUÐFLğHP GRSLHUR SR ]DNRġF]HQLX URNX DNDGHPLFNLHJR %\ğ WR MHGQDN EDUG]R GREU]H VS÷G]RQ\ F]DV D VDPD GHF\]MD R Z\MHŏG]LH MHGQã ] QDMOHSV]\FK MDNLH SRGMãğHP Z VZRLP ő\FLX %\FLH VWXGHQWHP ZH )UDQFML QLHVLH ]H VREã ZLHOH NRU]\ijFL :DUXQNL MDNLH RIHUXMã WDPWHMV]H XF]HOQLH Vã QD EDUG]R Z\VRNLP SR]LRPLH ]DUÐZQR SRG Z]JO÷GHP LQIUDVWUXNWXU\ MDN L VSRVREX SU]HND]\ZDQLD ZLHG]\ : SU]\SDGNX Z\MD]GÐZ QD SURJUDP 3RGZÐMQHJR '\SORPX ] SR]LRPX VWXGLÐZ PDJLVWHUVNLFK GR (0 1RUPDQGLH VWXGHQFL SU]\G]LHODQL Vã GR SURJUDPX *UDQGH ¦FROH NWÐU\ MHVW ijFLVğã F]RğÐZNã VWXGLÐZ ZH )UDQFML 8ZLHU]FLH PL őH ZDUXQNL SU]\M÷FLD Vã WDP EDUG]R U\JRU\VW\F]QH L UHJXODUQL VWXGHQFL SRijZL÷FLOL EDUG]R GXőR őHE\ VL÷

WDP GRVWDå =DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK RGV\ğDP GR VSUDZG]HQLD Z QD VWURQDFK LQWHUQHWRZ\FK NU\WHULÐZ QDERUX RUD] RSğDW ]D F]HVQH 1D V]F]÷ijFLH G]L÷NL RIHUFLH %LXUD 3URJUDPÐZ =DJUDQLF]Q\FK 8(. PLDğHP PRőOLZRijå XF]÷V]F]DQLD QD WHQ SURJUDP Z QLHFR XSURV]F]RQ\P WU\ELHr L ]XSHğQLH ]D GDUPR D QD ]DNRġF]HQLH V]DQV÷ QD RWU]\PDQLH WDNLHJR VDPHJR G\SORPX MDN UHJXODUQL VWXGHQFL &KRFLDő SRF]ãWNRZR ]DUÐZQR MD MDN L F]÷ijå PRLFK ]QDMRP\FK QLH PRJOLijP\ Z WR XZLHU]\å SRWZLHUG]DP t IDNW\F]QLH MHVW WR PRőOLZH :SUDZG]LH QDWğRN SUDF\ ]ZLã]DQ\ ] UHDOL]DFMã SURJUDPX SRF]ãWNRZR ZSUDZLDğ PQLH Z SU]HUDőHQLH MHGQDN ] ELHJLHP F]DVX XGDğR PL VL÷ SU]HVWDZLå QD IUDQFXVNLr WU\E QDXNL 0LPR Lő SURJUDP *UDQGH ¦FROH MHVW ]GHF\GRZDQLH EDUG]LHM REFLãőDMãF\ QLő QDV]H URG]LPH VWXGLD MDN L SR]RVWDğH SURJUDP\ RIHURZDQH SU]H] XF]HOQLH ZH )UDQFML QDXND QD (0 1RUPDQGLH MHVW EDUG]R SU]\VW÷SQD 3RPLPR ]QDF]QHM LORijFL SRijZL÷FRQHJR F]DVX QLH őDğXM÷ WHJR JG\ő G]L÷NL


2SUÐF] PRőOLZRijFL ]GRE\ZDQLD XQLNDWRZHM ZLHG]\ MDNLH RIHUXMH VWXGLRZDQLH QD ]DJUDQLF]QHM XF]HOQL GR NRU]\ijFL MDNLH QLHVLH ]D VREã Z\MD]G QDOHő\ UÐZQLHő V]DQVD QD GRJğ÷EQH SR]QDQLH NXOWXU\ GDQHJR NUDMX : SU]\SDGNX (0 1RUPDQGLH PRőQD ijPLDğR SRZLHG]LHå R PRőOLZRijFL SR]QDQLD ZLHOX NXOWXU JG\ő GXőD F]÷ijå VWXGHQWÐZ SRFKRG]L ] ]DJUDQLF\ D VDPD XF]HOQLD NğDG]LH EDUG]R GXő\ QDFLVN QD XPL÷G]\QDURGRZLHQLH 7\P VDP\P Z WUDNFLH PRLFK VWXGLÐZ PLDğHP Z VZRMHM JUXSLH SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL ZV]\VWNLFK NRQW\QHQWÐZ JG]LH NDőG\ ] QLFK RIHURZDğ LQQH QLHV]DEORQRZH VSRMU]HQLH QD GDQ\ WHPDW 5ÐZQLHő QDVWDZLHQLH VWXGHQWÐZ IUDQFXVNLFK E\ğR EDUG]R SU]\MD]QH L Z NDőGHM VSUDZLH E\OL RQL EDUG]R SRPRFQL ']L÷NL WHPX XGDğR PL VL÷ ]ZLHG]Lå ZUD] ] QLPL Z ]DVDG]LH FDğã )UDQFM÷ RUD] QDZLã]Då NRQWDNW\ NWÐUH PDP QDG]LHM÷ E÷Gã ]QDMRPRijFLDPL QD FDğH ő\FLH : RGUÐőQLHQLX RG Z\MD]GX QD Z\PLDQ\ NUÐWNRWHUPLQRZH WDNLH MDN (UDVPXV SURJUDP 3RGZÐMQHJR G\SORPX SR]ZDOD SRF]Xå VL÷ MDN UHJXODUQ\ VWXGHQW XF]HOQL ]DJUDQLF]QHM :LãőH VL÷ WR ZSUDZG]LH ] ZL÷NV]\PL Z\PDJDQLDPL IRUPDOQ\PL MDN L ZVSRPQLDQ\P QDNğDGHP SUDF\ MHGQDN NRU]\ijFL WDNLH MDN ]GRE\FLH SUDNW\F]QHM ZLHG]\ RUD] PRőOLZRijå RWU]\PDQLD G\SORPX XF]HOQL ]DJUDQLF]QHM VWDQRZLã RJURPQã ZDUWRijå GRGDQã %DUG]R GRFHQLDP UÐZQLHő VSRVREQRijå QDE\FLD SUDNW\F]QHM XPLHM÷WQRijFL SRVğXJLZDQLD VL÷ GZRPD M÷]\NDPL ] XZDJL QD WR őH PRMH VWXGLD RGE\ZDğ\ VL÷ SR DQJLHOVNX QDWRPLDVW Z V\WXDFMDFK ő\FLD FRG]LHQQHJR SRUR]XPLHZDğHP VL÷ SR IUDQFXVNX 6DP Z\MD]G SR]ZROLğ PL SRQDGWR QD UR]ZLQL÷FLH VLHELH QD ZLHOX LQQ\FK SğDV]F]\]QDFK MDN L QDE\FLD LQQHJR VSRMU]HQLD QD RWDF]DMãF\ QDV ijZLDW 3RQDGWR SRPLPR WUZDMãFHM SDQGHPLL XGDğR PL VL÷ ]ZLHG]Lå )UDQFM÷ Z]GğXő L ZV]HU] FR E\ğRE\ WUXGQH

jednostki

WHPX XGDğR PL VL÷ EDUG]R UR]ZLQãå D G\SORP XNRġF]HQLD W\FK VWXGLÐZ RWZLHUD ZLHOH SHUVSHNW\Z

GR Z\NRQDQLD QLH SU]HE\ZDMãF WDP IDNW\F]QLH QD GğXőV]\ RNUHV : NRQWHNijFLH WUZDMãFHM SDQGHPLL QDMZL÷NV]ã ]DOHWã E\ğR MHGQDN XQLNQL÷FLH ]DPNQL÷FLD Z GRPX G]L÷NL WHPX őH ]DM÷FLD QD QDV]HM XF]HOQL RGE\ZDğ\ VL÷ SUDNW\F]QLH FDğ\ F]DV VWDFMRQDUQLH = PRMHM SHUVSHNW\Z\ SURJUDP 3RGZÐMQHJR '\SORPX MHVW QLHZãWSOLZLH MHGQã ] QDMFLHNDZV]\FK RSFML Z RIHUFLH ELXUD SURJUDPÐZ =DJUDQLF]Q\FK 8(. 7\P VDP\P G]LZLå PRőH WDN VğDEH ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH QLP ]H VWURQ\ VWXGHQWÐZ %\å PRőH F]÷ijå RVÐE ]XSHğQLH QLHVğXV]QLH REDZLD VL÷ GğXJRijFL SURJUDPX NZHVWLL ILQDQVRZ\FK EãGŏ LORijFL IRUPDOQRijFL MDNLH QDOHő\ VSHğQLå = ZğDVQHM SHUVSHNW\Z\

PRJ÷ MHGQDN ] FDğã SHZQRijFLã VWZLHUG]Lå őH PRőH VL÷ WR RND]Då QDMOHSLHM Z\NRU]\VWDQ\P URNLHP Z ZDV]\P ő\FLX 5ÐZQLHő VDPH NRV]W\ Z\PLDQ\ QLH SRZLQQ\ VWDQRZLå SUREOHPX ] XZDJL QD SU]\]QDZDQH VW\SHQGLXP PRőOLZRijå RWU]\PDQLD GRGDWNX PLHV]NDQLRZHJR RUD] OLF]QH XğDWZLHQLD RIHURZDQH SU]H] U]ãG IUDQFXVNL GOD VWXGHQWÐZ *G\E\ NWRij ] :DV MHGQDN MHV]F]H ZDKDğ VL÷ QDG DSOLNRZDQLHP QD WHQ SURJUDP ]DFK÷FDP GR NRQWDNWX = FK÷FLã SRPRJ÷ Z UR]ZLDQLX ZãWSOLZRijFL MDN UÐZQLHő RSRZLHP ZL÷FHM R VDP\P VWXGLRZDQLX ZH )UDQFML .DURO )XQGDPHQW $EVROZHQW 8(. L 1RUPDQG\ %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO ZH )UDQFML

59


jednostki

7R FLãJOH SRF]ãWHN 3DŏG]LHUQLN WR F]DV V]F]HJÐOQ\ GOD FDğHM VSRğHF]QRijFL DNDGHPLFNLHM 1D XF]HOQLDFK SRPLPR MHVLHQQHM DXU\ MDN QLJG]LH LQG]LHM XQRVL VL÷ SRZLHZ QRZHJR SRF]ãWNX QRZHM HQHUJLL SODQÐZ L Z\]ZDġ :WS \MU] _ZIb b ZWbXWKbĔKQMU ZWS] ISILMUQKSQMOW

]\_WZbWVa bW[\Ið BM[X{ð L[ :Wb_WR] ;XWðMKbVMOW Q -SWTWOQKbVMOW

W

URNX SDŏG]LHUQLN 3LHUZV]H NURNL =HVSRğX GV 5R]ZRMX QLH QDSDZDğ QDV WDN 6SRğHF]QHJR L (NRORJLF]QHJR SRZLHONã HXIRULã L FK÷FLã GR ]ZROLğ\ QD Z\]QDF]HQLH ]DUÐZQR DNW\ZQRijFL SRQLHZDő GDOHNRVL÷]Q\FK SODQÐZ MDN L W\FK IXQNFMRQRZDOLijP\ Z V\WXDFML SDQGHNWÐUH NDőGHJR GQLD FKRå Z PDğ\P PLF]QHM NWÐUD QDNğDGDğD V]HUHJ RJUDVWRSQLX SU]\F]\QLDMã VL÷ GR EXGRQLF]Hġ QD G]LDğDOQRijå DNDGHPLFNã ZDQLD SU]\MD]QHJR PLHMVFD SUDF\ 6\WXDFMD Z NWÐUHM SU]\V]ğR IXQNFMRQDXNL F]\ VS÷G]DQLD F]DVX ] OXGŏPL QRZDå XF]HOQL SRZRGRZDğD őH WRZD] NWÐU\PL OXELP\ G\VNXWRZDå L SRU]\V]\ğR QDP SRF]XFLH RVDPRWQLHQLD URVWX SU]HE\ZDå =D]QDF]\å QDOHő\ EUDNX L W÷VNQRW\ ]D W\P FR WDN GREU]H UÐZQLHő őH SRGM÷WH LQLFMDW\Z\ PRJğ\ ZVSRPLQDP\ : W\FK QLHVSU]\MDMãF\FK PLHå PLHMVFH W\ONR G]L÷NL ZVSÐğSUDF\ RNROLF]QRijFLDFK SRGM÷WH ]RVWDğ\ G]LDL XSU]HMPRijFL ZLHOX RVÐE L MHGQRVWHN ğDQLD NWÐUH PLDğ\ QD QRZR REXG]Lå NWÐUH UÐZQLHő FKFã SRSU]H] VZRMã RSW\PL]P L ZLDU÷ őH E\å PRőH LQDF]HM SUDF÷ L ]DDQJDőRZDQLH XF]\QLå QLő GRW\FKF]DV DOH MHGQDN ZFLãő PRVZRMH RWRF]HQLH OHSV]\P őHP\ SRGHMPRZDå VL÷ UHDOL]DFML GREU\FK SUDNW\N Z ]DNUHVLH VSRğHF]QHM 3UÐEXMãF SRGVXPRZDå WR FR RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijFL = GUXJLHM VWURQ\ PLDğR QDMZL÷NV]H ]QDF]HQLH WHQ WUXGQ\ F]DV WR SUÐED SU]HG NWÐUã Z W\P SLHUZV]\P URNX G]LDğDġ VWDQ÷ğD XF]HOQLD 6\WXDFMD SDQGHPLF]- =HVSRğX GV 5R]ZRMX 6SRğHF]QHJR QD VSUDZLğD őH G]LDğDQLD Z\QLNDMãFH i (NRORJLF]QHJR Z\PLHQLå QDOHő\ ] WURVNL ]DUÐZQR R VSRğHF]QRijå DNDGHPLFNã MDN L QDV]H RWRF]HQLH VWDğ\ • SU]\M÷FLH SU]H] 8QLZHUV\WHW VL÷ V]F]HJÐOQLH LVWRWQH 'REUH SUDNW\NL (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH Z ]DNUHVLH VSRğHF]QHM RGSRZLHG]LDOVWUDWHJLL QD U]HF] UHDOL]DFML QRijFL E\ğ\ RGSRZLHG]Lã QD QDJOH &HOÐZ =UÐZQRZDőRQHJR SRMDZLDMãFH VL÷ SUREOHP\ NWÐU\FK QLH 5R]ZRMX 2UJDQL]DFML 1DURGÐZ E\OLijP\ Z VWDQLH SU]HZLG]LHå =MHGQRF]RQ\FK GRVW÷SQH SRG DGUHVHP KWWSV XHN NUDNRZ SO 8WZRU]HQLH Z WHM WUXGQHM V\WXDFML MHGXQLZHUV\WHW VSROHF]QD RGSRQRVWNL NWÐUD SRGM÷ğDE\ VL÷ SUDF\ QD ZLHG]LDOQRVF %URV]XU\ Z ZHUVML U]HF] Z]PDFQLDQLD VSRğHF]QHM RGSDSLHURZHM Z\GUXNRZDQH SRZLHG]LDOQRijFL XF]HOQL E\ğR EDUG]R Z QLHZLHONLHM LORijFL GOD FHOÐZ ZDőQ\P NURNLHP 7DNLH UR]ZLã]DQLH NRPXQLNDF\MQ\FK PRőHFLH SRND]DğR SHZQã GRMU]DğRijå XF]HOQL ]QDOHŏå 3DġVWZR Z 6HNUHWDULDFLH Z WHM WHPDW\FH MDN L JRWRZRijå GR SR8F]HOQL RUD] Z 5HNWRUDFLH GHMPRZDQLD G]LDğDġ VWUDWHJLF]Q\FK 'RNXPHQW WHQ ]RVWDğ

60

SU]\JRWRZDQ\ ]DUÐZQR Z M÷]\NX SROVNLP MDN L DQJLHOVNLP •

SU]\VWãSLHQLH GR LQLFMDW\Z\ 3ULQFLSOHV IRU 5HVSRQVLEOH 0DQDJHPHQW (GXFDWLRQ 350( ZUD] ] MHGQRF]HVQ\P UR]SRF]÷FLHP ZLHORZ\PLDURZ\FK SUDF QDG UDSRUWRZDQLHP Z ]DNUHVLH RGSRZLHG]LDOQHM HGXNDFML PHQDGőHUVNLHM

SRGM÷FLH DNW\ZQHM ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] *OREDO &RPSDFW 1HWZRUN 3RODQG RUD] 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV $VVRFLDWLRQ t 3RODQG (IHNWHP ZVSÐğSUDF\ MHVW DUW\NXğ 5ROD XQLZHUV\WHWX Z NUHRZDQLX RGSRZLHG]LDOQ\FK SRVWDZ GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. L GU 0RQLND 6DG\ (GXNDFMD NOLPDW\F]QD Z 3ROVFH 3RQDGWR 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH XF]HVWQLF]\ğ Z LQDXJXUDFML SUDF 2NUãJğHJR 6WRğX GOD (GXNDFML .OLPDW\F]QHM Z 3ROVFH

SRZRğDQLH ]HVSRğX SURMHNWRZHJR 6XVWDLQDELOLW\ 'D\V L UR]SRF]÷FLH G]LDğDġ PDMãF\FK QD FHOX ]DLQLFMRZDQLH F\NOLF]QHJR Z\GDU]HQLD

DNW\ZQã ZVSÐğSUDF÷ ] %LXUHP GV 2VÐE ] 1LHSHğQRVSUDZQRijFLDPL Z ]DNUHVLH UHDOL]DFML SURMHNWX 8(. GRVW÷SQ\ GOD ZV]\VWNLFK NWÐUHJR


SU]HSURZDG]HQLH ZDUV]WDWÐZ :LROHW\ *DğDW SW Od SR]QDQLD GR UDSRUWRZDQLD t ]DU]ãG]DQLH UÐőQRURGQRijFLã Z RUJDQL]DFML SRGF]DV .UDNRZVNLFK 'QL ,QWHJUDFML NWÐU\FK JğÐZQ\FK NRRUG\QDWRUHP MHVW %LXUR GV 2VÐE ] 1LHSHğQRVSUDZQRijFLDPL 8(. VWZRU]HQLH V\VWHPX SRPLDUX ZSğ\ZX ijURGRZLVNRZHJR XF]HOQL ZUD] ] SU]\VWãSLHQLHP GR UDSRUWRZDQLD Z W\P ]DNUHVLH VWZRU]HQLH UR]ZLã]Dġ SR]ZDODMãF\FK QD PLQLPDOL]DFM÷ Xő\ZDQLD EXWHOHN SODVWLNRZ\FK Z UHNWRUDFLH RUD] Z WUDNFLH Z\GDU]Hġ XF]HOQLDQ\FK Z UDPDFK SURJUDPX e5HNWRUDW EH] SODVWLNXr :VSÐğSUDFXMHP\ WDNőH Z\ERU]H JDGőHWÐZ XF]HOQLDQ\FK SU]\MD]Q\FK ijURGRZLVNX RUJDQL]DFM÷ ]ELÐUNL ő\ZQRijFL QD U]HF] %DQNX Ő\ZQRijFL Z .UDNRZLH

SURMHNWRZDQLX UR]ZLã]Dġ GOD SUDFRZQLNÐZ L VWXGHQWÐZ PDMãF\FK QD FHOX SURPRZDQLH ]GURZHJR L DNW\ZQHJR WU\EX ő\FLD VWDFMD URZHURZD L ]DGDV]RQ\ SDUNLQJ GOD URZHUÐZ •

VWZRU]HQLH SURHNRORJLF]Q\FK Z\W\F]Q\FK GOD DMHQWÐZ ORNDOL JDVWURQRPLF]Q\FK L DXWRPDWÐZ QD 8(. NWÐUH ]RVWDğ\ SU]HGVWDZLRQH SRGF]DV RILFMDOQHJR VSRWNDQLX ] DMHQWDPL

DNW\ZQ\ XG]LDğ ZH ZV]\VWNLFK SURMHNWDFK Z UDPDFK SURJUDPX 2GSRZLHG]LDOQ\ 8(. 6]WXND QD 8(. 8(. 3RPDJD L 5R]ZÐM 6SRğHF]Q\ L (NRORJLD

ZVSÐğWZRU]HQLH VWURQ\ ZZZ XF]HOQL GRW\F]ãFã VSRğHF]QHM RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijFL NWÐUD QLHEDZHP ]RVWDQLH RSXEOLNRZDQD

SRGHMPRZDQLH F\NOLF]Q\FK G]LDğDġ QD U]HF] ]ZL÷NV]HQLD XG]LDğX WHUHQÐZ ]LHORQ\FK L GREURVWDQX ]ZLHU]ãW QD NDPSXVLH ZVSÐğSUDFD SU]\ SURMHNWRZDQLX RJURGX SURIHVRUVNLHJR PRQWDő NDUPQLNÐZ GOD ZLHZLÐUHN L XPLHV]F]HQLH SRLGHğHN GOD SWDNÐZ

SU]\JRWRZDQLH SDF]HN ijZLãWHF]Q\FK ZH ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] 6HNFMã 6RFMDOQã NWÐUH ZVSÐOQLH GRVWDUF]RQR GR QDMEDUG]LHM SRWU]HEXMãF\FK HPHU\WÐZ ] QDV]HM XF]HOQL ]DFLHijQLHQLH ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] 7RZDU]\VWZHP 3U]\MDFLÐğ ']LHFL RGG]LDğ Z .UDNRZLH NWÐUHPX SU]HND]DOLijP\ PHEOH ] DNDGHPLND 0HUNXU\ RUD] NVLãőNL ]RUJDQL]RZDQH G]L÷NL XSU]HMPRijFL - 0 5HNWRUD 8(. L Z\GDZQLFWZD 3:1 ZVSÐğSUDF÷ ] 'HSDUWDPHQWHP =DVREÐZ L 5R]ZRMX SU]\

XPLHMVFRZLHQLH Z SRUWLHUQLDFK EXG\QNÐZ QD NDPSXVLH SRMHPQLNÐZ QD ]Xő\WH EDWHULH :H ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] 'HSDUWDPHQWHP =DVREÐZ L 5R]ZRMX SODQXMHP\ WDNőH XPLHMVFRZLHQLH QD NDPSXVLH SRMHPQLND UHF\NOLQJRZHJR ] 032 QD HOHNWURQLN÷

SU]HSURZDG]HQLH NDPSDQLL HGXNDF\MQ\FK NLHURZDQ\FK GR VSRğHF]QRijFL DNDGHPLFNLHM QD WHPDW ]GURZHJR RGő\ZLDQLD RGSRZLHG]LDOQHM PRG\ ]QDF]HQLD URijOLQ WURVNL R VZRMH ]GURZLH IL]\F]QH i SV\FKLF]QH RGSRZLHG]LDOQHJR VS÷G]DQLD ijZLãW LWS

SURZDG]HQLH EDGDġ GRW\F]ãF\FK ]GURZHM ő\ZQRijFL QD QDV]HM XF]HOQL =DSUDV]DP\ MHGQRF]HijQLH GR Z\SHğQLHQLD NUÐWNLHM DQNLHW\ KWWSV ELW O\ ]GURZ\XHN

UDSRUW VSRğHF]QHM RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijFL QDV]HM XF]HOQL NWÐU\ ]QDOD]ğ VL÷ Z NRQNXUVLH UDSRUWÐZ VSRğHF]Q\FK RUJDQL]RZDQ\P

SU]H] )RUXP 2GSRZLHG]LDOQHJR %L]QHVX 3RQDGWR ZNUÐWFH UDSRUW E÷G]LH GRVW÷SQ\ UÐZQLHő Z ZHUVML DQJLHOVNLHM •

UHSUH]HQWRZDQLH XF]HOQL Z OLF]Q\FK JUHPLDFK QD NRQIHUHQFMDFK L Z\GDU]HQLDFK ]ZLã]DQ\FK ]H VSRğHF]Qã RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijFLã

jednostki

JğÐZQ\P FHOHP MHVW ZVSDUFLH ]PLDQ RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK L LQIUDVWUXNWXUDOQ\FK D WDNőH SRGQRV]HQLH ijZLDGRPRijFL L NRPSHWHQFML NDGU\ XF]HOQL ] ]DNUHVX QLHSHğQRVSUDZQRijFL SRSU]H] UHDOL]DFM÷ G]LDğDġ PDMãF\FK QD FHOX ]ZL÷NV]HQLH GRVW÷SQRijFL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH GOD RVÐE ] QLHSHğQRVSUDZQRijFLDPL -HGQ\P ] SLHUZV]\FK HIHNWÐZ SURMHNWX MHVW XWZRU]HQLH &HQWUXP :VSDUFLD 3V\FKRORJLF]QHJR :L÷FHM LQIRUPDFML R SURMHNFLH KWWSV GRVWHSQ\ XHN NUDNRZ SO

2 SRGVXPRZDQLDFK G]LDğDġ PRőQD PÐZLå GğXJR MHGQDN QDMZDőQLHMV]H MHVW DE\ SU]\MPRZDå őH WR FLãJOH SRF]ãWHN L WH QDMZL÷NV]H L QDMZDőQLHMV]H G]LDğDQLD Vã MHV]F]H SU]HG QDPL 6SRğHF]QD RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijå XF]HOQL QLH PRőH E\å XWRőVDPLDQD ] G]LDğDQLHP W\ONR MHGQHM MHGQRVWNL NWÐUD SRZLQQD SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP SRND]\ZDå PRőOLZRijFL L LQVSLURZDå LQQ\FK GR SRGHMPRZDQLD VSRğHF]Q\FK LQLFMDW\Z 0LDQHP VSRğHF]QLH RGSRZLHG]LDOQHM PRőHP\ RNUHijOLå XF]HOQL÷ W\ONR ZWHG\ JG\ F]ğRQNRZLH MHM VSRğHF]QRijFL E÷Gã UR]XPLHOL SRWU]HE÷ RGSRZLHG]LDOQ\FK SRVWDZ -HVWHijP\ SU]HNRQDQH őH QD QDV]HM XF]HOQL UHDOL]RZDQ\ MHVW V]HUHJ GREU\FK SUDNW\N R NWÐU\FK QLH ]DZV]H PÐZL VL÷ JğRijQR NWÐUH MHGQDN SU]\QRV]ã ZLHOH GREUHJR &KFãF SRGMãå WUXG SU]\JRWRZDQLD GUXJLHJR UDSRUWX VSRğHF]QHM RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijFL QDV]HM XF]HOQL ]DFK÷FDP\ 3DġVWZD VHUGHF]QLH GR ]JğDV]DQLD QD ELHőãFR GREU\FK SUDNW\N UHDOL]RZDQ\FK SU]H] MHGQRVWNL NDWHGU\ F]\ WHő RVRE\ LQG\ZLGXODQLH NWÐUH ]RVWDQã RSXEOLNRZDQH Z NROHMQ\P UDSRUFLH VSRğHF]QHM RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijFL XF]HOQL -HVWHijP\ SU]HNRQDQH őH Z W\P WUXGQ\P F]DVLH ]UHDOL]RZDQ\FK ]RVWDğR ZLHOH VSRğHF]QLH RGSRZLHG]LDOQ\FK SUDNW\N QD QDV]HM XF]HOQL L ]DFK÷FDP\ E\ VL÷ Wã ZLHG]ã SRG]LHOLå SRSU]H] Z\SHğQLHQLH IRUPXODU]D KWWSV ELW O\ VSROHF]QDRGSRZLHG]LDOQRVF =DSUDV]DP\ UÐZQLHő GR ijOHG]HQLD G]LDğDOQRijFL =HVSRğX GV 5R]ZRMX 6SRğHF]QHJR L (NRORJLF]QHJR QD )DFHERRNX ZZZ IDFHERRN FRP 5R6L(8(. L ,QVWDJUDPLH ZZZ LQVWDJUDP FRP URVLHBXHN D WDNőH GR NRQWDNWX L ZVSÐğSUDF\ ER UD]HP PRőHP\ ZLHOH URVLH#XHN NUDNRZ SO

GU 0RQLND 6DG\ L PJU :LROHWD *DğDW =HVSÐğ GV 5R]ZRMX 6SRğHF]QHJR L (NRORJLF]QHJR

61


jednostki

&HOÐZ BZ{_VW_IĵWVMOW :Wb_WR] +MT{_ BZ{_VW_IĵWVMOW :Wb_WR] bW[\IðW XZbaRĔ\aKP _ ZIUIKP )OMVLa 7ZOIVQbIKRQ 6IZWL{_ BRMLVWKbWVaKP _ LVQ] _ZbMĬVQI Z XWLKbI[ XQMZ_[bMOW LVQI ;bKba\] BZ{_VW_IĵWVMOW :Wb_WR] _ 6W_aU 2WZS] 3RG]LHORQH Vã RQH QD ]DGDġ V]F]HJÐğRZ\FK NWÐUH Z VSRVÐE KROLVW\F]Q\ SUH]HQWXMã ZL]M÷ UR]ZRMX ijZLDWD

P

RQLHZDő REHFQ\ PRGHO UR]ZRMX MHVW QLH]UÐZQRZDőRQ\ FHOH WH Z\]QDF]DMã NLHUXQNL G]LDğDġ QD QDMEOLőV]H ODWD ]DSHZQLDMãFH HIHNW\ZQRijå JRVSRGDUF]ã LQWHJUDFM÷ VSRğHF]Qã D WDNőH RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijå ]D GREURE\W F]ğRZLHND L RFKURQ÷ ijURGRZLVND QDWXUDOQHJR

'RNXPHQW Z IRUPLH EURV]XU\ ]QDMGXMH VL÷ UÐZQLHő Z 5HNWRUDFLH i 6HNUHWDULDFLH 8F]HOQL &HO =DSHZQLå ZV]\VWNLP OXG]LRP Z NDőG\P ZLHNX ]GURZH ő\FLH RUD] SURPRZDå GREURE\W •

,QLFMDW\ZD WD LQWHJUXMH ijURGRZLVND DNDGHPLFNLH EL]QHVRZH L VSRğHF]QH 1DV] 8QLZHUV\WHW FKFãF ZVSÐğG]LDğDå QD U]HF] UHDOL]DFML &HOÐZ =UÐZQRZDőRQHJR 5R]ZRMX Z\]QDF]\ğ GOD VLHELH ]RERZLã]DQLD GR UHDOL]DFML Z QDMEOLőV]\FK ODWDFK :\EUDQH ]RVWDğ\ WH FHOH QD NWÐUH PDP\ UHDOQ\ ZSğ\Z L SRSU]H] VZRMH G]LDğDQLD PRőHP\ VL÷ SU]\F]\QLDå GR LFK UHDOL]DFML 6WDZLDMãF NROHMQH NURNL Z ]DNUHVLH RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijFL VSRğHF]QHM L ijURGRZLVNRZHM E÷G]LHP\ PRJOL SRGHMPRZDå NROHMQH Z\]ZDQLD 3RQLőHM ]DSUH]HQWRZDQH ]RVWDğ\ FHOH Z\]QDF]RQH SU]H] 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH D ] SHğQã WUHijFLã SXEOLNDFML PRőQD VL÷ ]DSR]QDå QD VWURQLH LQWHUQHWRZHM XF]HOQL ZZZ XHN NUDNRZ SO XQLZHUV\WHW VSROHF]QD RGSRZLHG]LDOQRVF 62

&HO =DSHZQLå ZV]\VWNLP HGXNDFM÷ Z\VRNLHM MDNRijFL RUD] SURPRZDå XF]HQLH VL÷ SU]H] FDğH ő\FLH •

'DOV]\ UR]ZÐM HGXNDFML SUDFRZQLNÐZ Z ]DNUHVLH V]NROHġ NRQIHUHQFML ZDUV]WDWÐZ VHPLQDULÐZ L NXUVÐZ

5R]ZÐM SUHIHUHQF\MQ\FK ZDUXQNÐZ GOD SUDFRZQLNÐZ Z ]DNUHVLH VWXGLÐZ SRG\SORPRZ\FK

8WU]\PDQLH GRILQDQVRZDQLD ]DM֌ L NDUW VSRUWRZ\FK

5R]ZÐM RIHUW\ NXUVÐZ M÷]\NRZ\FK GOD SUDFRZQLNÐZ

5R]EXGRZD L PRGHUQL]DFMD LQIUDVWUXNWXU\ VSRUWRZHM XF]HOQL

5R]ZÐM SURJUDPX NODV SDWURQDFNLFK

5R]ZÐM NLHUXQNÐZ VWXGLÐZ WZRU]RQ\FK ZH ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] ILUPDPL

=ZL÷NV]HQLH OLF]E\ ZL]\WDFML Z ILUPDFK Z UDPDFK ]DM÷å G\GDNW\F]Q\FK

5R]ZÐM RIHUW\ VWDő\ L SUDNW\N Z UDPDFK ZVSÐğSUDF\ XF]HOQL ] ILUPDPL L LQVW\WXFMDPL SXEOLF]Q\PL

=ZL÷NV]HQLH GRVW÷SQRijFL NRQVXOWDFML SV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK GOD SUDFRZQLNÐZ GRNWRUDQWÐZ L VWXGHQWÐZ

=ZL÷NV]HQLH RIHUW\ ]GURZ\FK SRVLğNÐZ D WDNőH GRVW÷SQRijFL SRVLğNÐZ ZHJHWDULDġVNLFK L ZHJDġVNLFK Z ORNDODFK JDVWURQRPLF]Q\FK RUD] DXWRPDWDFK QD WHUHQLH NDPSXVX

5R]ZLMDQLH HGXNDFML Z ]DNUHVLH SLHUZV]HM SRPRF\

6WZRU]HQLH NDPSDQLL HGXNDF\MQHM GRW\F]ãFHM ]GURZLD L GREUHJR RGő\ZDQLD


=ZL÷NV]HQLH ZDJL NRPSHWHQFML SU]\V]ğRijFL L NRPSHWHQFML SU]\GDWQ\FK QD U\QNX SUDF\ Z SURFHVLH NV]WDğFHQLD :VSLHUDQLH G]LDğDOQRijFL NÐğ QDXNRZ\FK L RUJDQL]DFML VWXGHQFNLFK Z ]DNUHVLH GRVW÷SX GR ]DVREÐZ XF]HOQLDQ\FK =ZL÷NV]HQLH ijZLDGRPRijFL VSRğHF]QRijFL 8(. Z ]DNUHVLH ]UÐZQRZDőRQHJR UR]ZRMX SRSU]H] UR]ZLMDQLH WUHijFL G\GDNW\F]Q\FK VHPLQDULD NRQIHUHQFMH LWS

6WZRU]HQLH ED]\ LQLFMDW\Z XF]HOQLDQ\FK QD U]HF] ]UÐZQRZDőRQHJR UR]ZRMX

&HO %XGRZDå VWDELOQã LQIUDVWUXNWXU÷ SURPRZDå ]UÐZQRZDőRQH XSU]HP\VğRZLHQLH RUD] ZVSLHUDå LQQRZDF\MQRijå •

3U]HSURZDG]HQLH DQDOL]\ XG]LDğX NRELHW QD VWDQRZLVNDFK NLHURZQLF]\FK RUD] XG]LDğX NRELHW Z REVDG]LH VWDQRZLVN QDXNRZ\FK 3LHO÷JQRZDQLH ]DğRőHġ .DUW\ 5ÐőQRURGQRijFL ]ZğDV]F]D Z ]DNUHVLH UÐZQRijFL SğFL

&HO 3URPRZDå VWDELOQ\ ]UÐZQRZDőRQ\ L LQNOX]\ZQ\ Z]URVW JRVSRGDUF]\ SHğQH L SURGXNW\ZQH ]DWUXGQLHQLH RUD] JRGQã SUDF÷ GOD ZV]\VWNLFK OXG]L •

,GHQW\ILNDFMD SRWU]HE SUDFRZQLNÐZ VWXGHQWÐZ L GRNWRUDQWÐZ ] QLHSHğQRVSUDZQRijFLDPL Z ]DNUHVLH PLHMVFD SUDF\ L QDXNL

3RSXODU\]DFMD ]DVDG NRGHNVX HW\F]QHJR

3RSXODU\]DFMD WUHijFL SRGSLVDQHM SU]H] 8(. 'HNODUDFML 6SRğHF]QHM 2GSRZLHG]LDOQRijFL 8F]HOQL

=ZL÷NV]HQLH ]DDQJDőRZDQLD 8F]HOQL Z ]LHORQH ]DPÐZLHQLD SXEOLF]QH RUD] ]DNXS SURGXNWÐZ IDLU WUDGH

&HO 3RGMãå SLOQH G]LDğDQLD Z FHOX SU]HFLZG]LDğDQLD ]PLDQRP NOLPDWX L LFK VNXWNRP •

=ZL÷NV]HQLH XG]LDğX WHUHQÐZ ]LHORQ\FK QD NDPSXVLH 8(.

:VSLHUDQLH L UR]ZÐM SUDF EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\FK

=ZL÷NV]DQLH G]LDğDġ HGXNDF\MQ\FK QD U]HF] ZLHG]\ L EXGRZDQLD ijZLDGRPRijFL GRW\F]ãFHM ]DPLDQ NOLPDW\F]Q\FK

:VSLHUDQLH LQQRZDF\MQRijFL L SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL ZijUÐG VSRğHF]QRijFL 8F]HOQL

0RQWDő ŏUÐGHğHN ZRG\ SLWQHM QD NDPSXVLH

5R]ZLMDQLH UR]ZLã]Dġ ] ]DNUHVX UHF\NOLQJX XSF\NOLQJX ]DP\NDQLD RELHJX L PLQLPDOL]DFML LORijFL RGSDGÐZ

=PQLHMV]HQLH HPLVML &2 RUD] ijODGX Z÷JORZHJR

=ZL÷NV]HQLH LQZHVW\FML Z LQIUDVWUXNWXU÷ EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZã Z W\P ODERUDWRULD

&HO 2VLãJQãå UÐZQRijå SğFL RUD] Z]PRFQLå SR]\FM÷ NRELHW L G]LHZF]ãW

&HO :]PRFQLå ijURGNL ZGUDőDQLD L Rő\ZLå JOREDOQH SDUWQHUVWZR QD U]HF] ]UÐZQRZDőRQHJR UR]ZRMX •

3URPRZDQLH L LQLFMRZDQLH ZVSÐğSUDF\ PL÷G]\VHNWRURZHM

5R]ZLMDQLH ZVSÐğSUDF\ NUDMRZHM i PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM Z ]DNUHVLH QDXNL WHFKQRORJLL L LQQRZDFML

*ğ÷ERNR ZLHU]\P\ őH ZVSÐOQ\ WUXG L Z\VLğHN VSRğHF]QRijFL DNDGHPLFNLHM GRSURZDG]L QDV GR UHDOL]DFML Z\]QDF]RQ\FK FHOÐZ 3R]ZROL WR ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ QD EXGRZDQLH ZL]HUXQNX XF]HOQL RGSRZLHG]LDOQHM D ] GUXJLHM VWURQ\ SRVWDZD WD E÷G]LH VWDQRZLå Z]ÐU Z SU]HVWU]HQL VSRğHF]QHM L JRVSRGDUF]HM

5R]ZLMDQLH SURMHNWX q5HNWRUDW EH] SODVWLNXr

&HO =DSHZQLå Z]RUFH ]UÐZQRZDőRQHM NRQVXPSFML L SURGXNFML •

6WZRU]HQLH ZVNDŏQLNÐZ ]Xő\FLD SDSLHUX őDUÐZHN L WRQHUÐZ Z UDPDFK MHGQRVWHN

=ZL÷NV]HQLH HIHNW\ZQRijFL ]Xő\FLD ZRG\ L HQHUJLL HOHNWU\F]QHM

=ZL÷NV]RQH LQZHVW\FMH Z RGQDZLDOQH ŏUÐGğD HQHUJLL

jednostki

GU 0RQLND 6DG\ L PJU :LROHWD *DğDW =HVSÐğ GV 5R]ZRMX 6SRğHF]QHJR L (NRORJLF]QHJR

63


jednostki

&HQWUXP :VSDUFLD

8[aKPWTWOQKbVMOW 6SRW\ND QDV ZLHOH V\WXDFML Z NWÐU\FK F]XMHP\ VL÷ QLHSHZQLH SU]\WğRF]HQL QDUDVWDMãF\PL WUXGQRijFLDPL OXE ]E\W ZLHORPD ]DGDQLDPL L F]÷VWR Z W\P ZV]\VWNLP t VDPRWQL ,a[SWUNWZ\

X[aKPQKbVa \W [\IV VI\]ZITVa RMLVIS OLa \Z_I bJa\ Lð]OW T]J ]TMOI L]ĵMU] VI[QTMVQ] UWĵM [\IČ [QĔ XWLðWĵMU XW_IĵVMOW SZaba[]

W

WDNLFK V\WXDFMDFK SRWU]HEQH MHVW SURIHVMRQDOQH L ő\F]OLZH ZVSDUFLH 1D WR ZğDijQLH PRőQD OLF]\å Z &HQWUXP :VSDUFLD 3V\FKRORJLF]QHJR NWÐUH ] QRZã Z]PRFQLRQã HQHUJLã ZNURF]\ğR Z QRZ\ URN DNDGHPLFNL &:3 IXQNFMRQXMH SU]\ %LXU]H GV 2VÐE ] 1LHSHğQRVSUDZQRijFLDPL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH %21 8(. CHOHP &:3 MHVW XG]LHODQLH EH]SğDWQHJR ZVSDUFLD SV\FKRORJLF]QHJR VWXGHQWRP ZV]\VWNLFK IRUP VWXGLÐZ GRNWRUDQWRP RUD] VğXFKDF]RP VWXGLÐZ SRG\SORPRZ\FK 8(.

6LHG]LED &:3 ]QDMGXMH VL÷ Z SDZLORQLH ' S QD NDPSXVLH 8(. SU]\ XO 5DNRZLFNLHM

SURPRFML ]GURZLD RUD] SV\FKRHGXNDFML 2IHURZDQD SRPRF PD FKDUDNWHU GRVWRVRZDQ\ GR LQG\ZLGXDOQ\FK SRWU]HE ]JğDV]DMãF\FK VL÷ RVÐE 0RőH E\å XG]LHODQD Z IRUPLH •

NRQVXOWDFML SV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK REHMPXMãF\FK F\NO GR VSRWNDġ

V]NROHġ GRW\F]ãF\FK ]GURZLD SV\FKLF]QHJR

ZDUV]WDWÐZ UR]ZRMX RVRELVWHJR

ZVSDUFLD SV\FKRHGXNDF\MQHJR

Z\NğDGRZFDPL 8(. FR ZDUXQNXMH QLHVSRW\NDQLH VL÷ ] QLPL QD ]DM÷FLDFK G\GDNW\F]Q\FK &:3 ]DSHZQLD ZDUXQNL EH]SLHF]HġVWZD GOD SRXIQHM UR]PRZ\ :V]\VWNLH SUREOHP\ ] MDNLPL ]JğDV]D VL÷ RVRED WUDNWRZDQH Vã MDNR ZDőQH L Z\PDJDMãFH SURIHVMRQDOQHM DQDOL]\ &:3 QLH SURZDG]L GğXJRWHUPLQRZHM SV\FKRWHUDSLL

NRQVXOWDFML GOD SUDFRZQLNÐZ Z VSUDZDFK GRW\F]ãF\FK VWXGHQWÐZ

2JÐOQD IRUPXğD ZVSDUFLD XG]LHODQHJR Z F]DVLH VSRWNDQLD ] SV\FKRORJLHP REHMPXMH

5RG]DMH L IRUP\ ZVSDUFLD &HQWUXP :VSDUFLD 3V\FKRORJLF]QHJR RIHUXMH NUÐWNRWHUPLQRZã SRPRF Z ]DNUHVLH SUREOHPÐZ HPRFMRQDOQ\FK L V\WXDFML SV\FKRORJLF]QLH WUXGQ\FK Z VWXGLRZDQLX L LQQ\FK VIHUDFK ő\FLD D WDNőH Z IRUPLH GRUDG]WZD Z SRV]XNLZDQLX RSLHNL SV\FKRWHUDSHXW\F]QHM 64

VWXGLÐZ PDJLVWHUVNLFK QD NLHUXQNX SV\FKRORJLD SRVLDGDMãF\ SURIHVMRQDOQH NZDOLILNDFMH L GRijZLDGF]HQLH Z SUDF\ ] PğRG]LHőã L GRURVğ\PL 3V\FKRORJRZLH &:3 QLH Vã

3RUDG SV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK XG]LHODMã SV\FKRORJRZLH SRWZLHUG]RQ\ G\SORP XNRġF]HQLD MHGQROLW\FK

PRőOLZRijå XZDőQHJR Z\VğXFKDQLD L ]UR]XPLHQLD GRijZLDGF]DQ\FK WUXGQRijFL


SRPRF Z HIHNW\ZQ\P Z\NRU]\VWDQLX SRVLDGDQ\FK ]DVREÐZ HPRFMRQDOQ\FK

SRPRF Z UDG]HQLX VRELH ] QDGPLHUQ\P QDSL÷FLHP HPRFMRQDOQ\P

SRPRF Z SRV]XNLZDQLX UR]ZLã]Dġ V\WXDFML SV\FKRORJLF]QLH WUXGQ\FK

.RQVXOWDFMD SV\FKRORJLF]QD F\NO GR VSRWNDġ PD QD FHOX •

]DSR]QDQLH VL÷ ] RF]HNLZDQLDPL RVRE\

SRV]HU]HQLH ijZLDGRPRijFL RVRE\ Z SU]HGPLRFLH SU]Hő\ZDQ\FK WUXGQRijFL

.RQVXOWDFMH GOD SUDFRZQLNÐZ Z VSUDZDFK GRW\F]ãF\FK VWXGHQWÐZ PDMã QD FHOX •

ZVSDUFLH Z V\WXDFMDFK WUXGQ\FK ]H VWXGHQWDPL

GRUDG]WZR Z ]DNUHVLH NRPXQLNRZDQLD VL÷ ]H VWXGHQWDPL

GRUDG]WZR Z ]DNUHVLH SUREOHPÐZ G\GDNW\F]Q\FK

LQIRUPRZDQLH R V]NROHQLDFK L ZDUV]WDWDFK SV\FKRHGXNDF\MQ\FK

=DVDGD SRXIQRijFL

XVWDOHQLH VDW\VIDNFMRQXMãF\FK ]PLDQ SRVWDZ ZREHF V\WXDFML WUXGQ\FK QDXN÷ QRZ\FK EDUG]LHM NRQVWUXNW\ZQ\FK ]DFKRZDġ

6]NROHQLD L ZDUV]WDW\ PDMã QD FHOX •

UR]ZÐM ZLHG]\ QD WHPDW IXQNFMRQRZDQLD F]ğRZLHND Z UÐőQ\FK VIHUDFK ő\FLD VSRğHF]QHJR

UR]ZÐM ijZLDGRPRijFL Z ]DNUHVLH VSHFMDOLVW\F]QHM SRPRF\ SV\FKRORJLF]QHM

NV]WDğWRZDQLH NRPSHWHQFML UDG]HQLD VRELH Z V\WXDFMDFK SV\FKRORJLF]QLH WUXGQ\FK

UR]ZÐM NRPSHWHQFML OHSV]HJR NRU]\VWDQLD ] SRVLDGDQ\FK ]DVREÐZ

LQQH G]LDğDQLD RGSRZLDGDMãFH SRWU]HERP XF]HVWQLNÐZ

:V]\VWNLH NRQVXOWDFMH ] SV\FKRORJLHP SURZDG]RQH Vã Z RSDUFLX R ]DVDG÷ SHğQHM SRXIQRijFL L REM÷WH Vã UHJXğã WDMHPQLF\ ]DZRGRZHM 2VRE\ NRU]\VWDMãFH ] &:3 PDMã ]DSHZQLRQã FDğNRZLWã G\VNUHFM÷ &HQWUXP :VSDUFLD 3V\FKRORJLF]QHJR G]LDğD ]JRGQLH ] ]DSLVDPL .RGHNVX (W\F]QR =DZRGRZHJR 3V\FKRORJD .(=3 NWÐU\ ]RVWDğ RSUDFRZD-

NOLHQWD OXE LQQ\FK RVÐE -HijOL MHVW WR PRőOLZH GHF\]M÷ Z WHM VSUDZLH QDOHő\ GRNğDGQLH RPÐZLå ] GRijZLDGF]RQ\P L EH]VWURQQ\P NROHJã 0DWHULDğ\ SRXIQH SRZLQQ\ E\å NRPLV\MQLH ]QLV]F]RQH MHőHOL ]DLVWQLHMã ZDUXQNL JURőãFH LFK XMDZQLHQLHP

jednostki

3XQNW .(=3 :QLNDQLH Z LQW\PQH RVRELVWH VSUDZ\ NOLHQWD GRSXV]F]DOQH MHVW MHG\QLH Z WDNLP ]DNUHVLH MDNL Z\QLND ] FHOÐZ SRPRF\ SV\FKRORJLF]QHM 2GVW÷SVWZR RG UHJXğ\ WDMHPQLF\ ]DZRGRZHM PRőH QDVWãSLå MHG\QLH ZÐZF]DV JG\ RVRED NRU]\VWDMãFD ]H ZVSDUFLD Z UDPDFK G]LDğDOQRijFL &:3 ]JğDV]D ]DPLDU\ VDPREÐMF]H L SRWU]HEQD MHVW V]\END LQWHUZHQFMD =JğRV]HQLD L UHMHVWUDFMD .RQVXOWDFMH GRVW÷SQH Vã Z UDPDFK G\őXUÐZ SV\FKRORJÐZ &:3 R NWÐU\FK LQIRUPDFMD MHVW XPLHV]F]DQD Z VLHG]LELH &:3 QD VWURQLH LQWHUQHWRZHM ZZZ ERQ XHN NUDNRZ SO L Z PHGLDFK VSRğHF]QRijFLRZ\FK IDQSDJH &:3 ZZZ IDFHERRN FRP &:38(.

:VSDUFLH SV\FKRHGXNDF\MQH PD QD FHOX •

UR]SR]QDQLH URG]DMX GRijZLDGF]DQ\FK WUXGQRijFL

GRVWRVRZDQLH ZDUXQNÐZ VWXGLRZDQLD GR W\SX WUXGQRijFL

]DSURSRQRZDQLH IRUP\ GDOV]HM SRPRF\

Q\ SU]H] 3ROVNLH 7RZDU]\VWZR 3V\FKRORJLF]QH 3XQNW .(=3 3V\FKRORJD RERZLã]XMH SU]HVWU]HJDQLH WDMHPQLF\ ]DZRGRZHM 8MDZQLHQLH ZLDGRPRijFL REM÷W\FK WDMHPQLFã ]DZRGRZã PRőH QDVWãSLå MHG\QLH ZWHG\ JG\ SRZDőQLH ]DJURőRQH MHVW EH]SLHF]HġVWZR

.RQVXOWDFMH ] SV\FKRORJLHP PRJã RGE\ZDå VL÷ ]GDOQLH OXE Z NRQWDNFLH EH]SRijUHGQLP VWDFMRQDUQLH Z VLHG]LELH &:3 =JğRV]HQLD QD NRQVXOWDFMH ] SV\FKRORJLHP SU]\MPRZDQH Vã Z IRUPLH PDLORZHM FZS#XHN NUDNRZ SO OXE VWDFMRQDUQHM Z VLHG]LELH &:3 =JğRV]HQLD SU]\MPXMH SV\FKRORJ OXE 65


jednostki

NRRUG\QDWRU &:3 1LH MHVW Z\PDJDQH VNLHURZDQH OHNDUVNLH 3V\FKRORJ SURZDG]L GRNXPHQWDFM÷ GRW\F]ãFã IRUP SURZDG]RQ\FK NRQVXOWDFML ,QIRUPDFMH Z\PDJDQH SU]\ GRNRQ\ZDQLX ]JğRV]Hġ REHMPXMã •

• • • •

VWDWXV VWXGHQW GRNWRUDQW VğXFKDF] VWXGLÐZ SRG\SORPRZ\FK SUDFRZQLN LPL÷ L QD]ZLVNR QXPHU WHOHIRQX DGUHV PDLORZ\ M÷]\N NRQVXOWDFML SROVNL DQJLHOVNL URV\MVNL

6]NROHQLD GRW\F]ãFH ]GURZLD SV\FKLF]QHJR L ZDUV]WDW\ UR]ZRMX RVRELVWHJR SURZDG]RQH Vã ZH ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] %21 8(. 7HPDW\ND V]NROHġ GRVWRVRZ\ZDQD MHVW GR DNWXDOQ\FK SRWU]HE L RF]HNLZDġ VWXGHQWÐZ GRNWRUDQWÐZ VğXFKDF]\ VWXGLÐZ SRG\SORPRZ\FK RUD] SUDFRZQLNÐZ 8(. 2IHUWD V]NROHġ L ZDUV]WDWÐZ GRVW÷SQD MHVW UÐZQLHő GOD RVÐE VSR]D 8(. 3URZDG]HQLH V]NROHġ SRZLHU]DQH MHVW V]NROHQLRZFRP L WUHQHURP R Z\VRNLFK NZDOLILNDFMDFK SRVLDGDMãF\FK HNVSHUFNLH GRijZLDGF]HQLH SUDNW\F]QH Z ]DNUHVLH IXQNFMRQRZDQLD F]ğRZLHND Z WUXGQ\FK V\WXDFMDFK HPRFMRQDOQ\FK L ő\FLRZ\FK ,QIRUPDFMD R V]NROHQLDFK L ZDUV]WDWDFK SU]HND]\ZDQD MHVW ] RGSRZLHGQLP Z\SU]HG]HQLHP 8UXFKRPLHQLH V]NROHġ OXE ZDUV]WDWÐZ ZDUXQNRZDQH MHVW ]JğRV]HQLHP VL÷ FR QDMPQLHM RVÐE ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK XG]LDğHP Z QLFK

3URMHNW ZVSÐğILQDQVRZDQ\ ]H ijURGNÐZ 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM Z UDPDFK (XURSHMVNLHJR • )XQGXV]X 6SRğHF]QHJR

3V\FKRORJRZLH &:3 8(. QLH Vã Z\NğDGRZFDPL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH

.RQVXOWDFMH Z UDPDFK &:3 8(. REHMPXMã NUÐWNRWHUPLQRZã SRPRF Z ]DNUHVLH SUREOHPÐZ HPRFMRQDOQ\FK L V\WXDFML SV\FKRORJLF]QLH WUXGQ\FK Z VWXGLRZDQLX L LQQ\FK VIHUDFK ő\FLD

3URJUDP 2SHUDF\MQ\ :LHG]D (GXNDFMD 5R]ZÐM e8(. GRVW÷SQ\ GOD ZV]\VWNLFKr 32:5 $ www.dostepny. uek.krakow.pl

66

&:3 8(. QLH SURZDG]L GğXJRWHUPLQRZHM SV\FKRWHUDSLL ]DEXU]Hġ SV\FKLF]Q\FK

3RPRF SV\FKRORJLF]QD Z UDPDFK &:3 8(. PRőH E\å Z ]DOHőQRijFL RG SRWU]HE XG]LHODQD Z M÷]\NDFK SROVNLP DQJLHOVNLP L URV\MVNLP

']LDğDQLD &:3 8(. REHMPXMã WDNőH GRUDG]WZR Z SRV]XNLZDQLX GğXJRWHUPLQRZHM RSLHNL SV\FKRWHUDSHXW\F]QHM Z SURPRZDQLX SRVWDZ ]GURZLD SV\FKLF]QHJR L Z ]DNUHVLH SV\FKRHGXNDFML

']LDğDQLD &:3 8(. Z ]DNUHVLH SV\FKRHGXNDFML REHMPXMã V]NROHQLD L ZDUV]WDW\ GRW\F]ãFH DNWXDOQ\FK SRWU]HE L SUREOHPÐZ SV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK Z VWXGLRZDQLX RUD] LQQ\FK VIHUDFK ő\FLD

:V]\VWNLH IRUP\ ZVSDUFLD Z UDPDFK &:3 8(. UHDOL]RZDQH Vã EH]SğDWQLH 3RPRF SV\FKRORJLF]QD Z UDPDFK &:3 8(. PRőH REHMPRZDå F\NO GR FLX NRQVXOWDFML

:\EUDQH VWDQGDUG\ IXQNFMRQRZDQLD &:3 .RQVXOWDFMH Z UDPDFK &:3 8(. Vã SURZDG]RQH SU]H] SV\FKRORJÐZ SRVLDGDMãF\FK SURIHVMRQDOQH NZDOLILNDFMH

:V]\VWNLH NRQVXOWDFMH Z UDPDFK &:3 8(. REM÷WH Vã UHJXğã WDMHPQLF\ ]DZRGRZHM L RGE\ZDMã VL÷ Z RSDUFLX R ]DVDG÷ SHğQHM SRXIQRijFL 2VRE\ NRU]\VWDMãFH ] &:3 8(. PDMã ]DSHZQLRQã FDğNRZLWã G\VNUHFM÷

:V]HONLH LQIRUPDFMH ]DZDUWH Z SURZDG]RQHM GRNXPHQWDFML Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQH Vã MHG\QLH Z FHODFK VWDW\VW\F]Q\FK ] ]DFKRZDQLHP DQRQLPRZRijFL 2UJDQL]DFMD V]NROHġ L ZDUV]WDWÐZ

GğXőHM QLő VWDQGDUGRZ\ F\NO VSRWNDġ Z\ğãF]QLH Z X]DVDGQLRQ\FK SU]\SDGNDFK R NWÐU\FK GHF\GXMH SV\FKRORJ XG]LHODMãF\ ZVSDUFLD

L GRijZLDGF]HQLH Z SUDF\ ] PğRG]LHőã L GRURVğ\PL

3RPRF SV\FKRORJLF]QD Z UDPDFK &:3 8(. PRőH WUZDå

.RQVXOWDFMH ] SV\FKRORJLHP &:3 8(. PRJã WUZDå MHGQRUD]RZR QLH GğXőHM QLő PLQXW

.RQVXOWDFMH ] SV\FKRORJLHP &:3 8(. PRJã VL÷ RGE\ZDå VL÷ VWDFMRQDUQLH Z VLHG]LELH &:3 OXE RQOLQH ]D SRijUHGQLFWZHP RGSRZLHGQLHM SODWIRUP\ LQWHUQHWRZHM

&:3 8(. G]LDğD ]JRGQLH ] ]DSLVDPL .RGHNVX (W\F]QR =DZRGRZHJR 3V\FKRORJD RUD] ZVND]DQLDPL .DUW\ 3UDZ .DőGHM -HGQRVWNL /XG]NLHM

']LDğDOQRijå &:3 8(. SURZDG]RQD MHVW ] XZ]JO÷GQLHQLHP Z\PRJÐZ QRUP DNDGHPLFNLFK Z\QLNDMãF\FK ] DNWXDOQ\FK SU]HSLVÐZ SUDZQ\FK RERZLã]XMãF\FK Z 8(. UHJXODPLQ\ VWDWXW\ UR]SRU]ãG]HQLD ]DU]ãG]HQLD LWS .RQVXOWDFMH ] SV\FKRORJLHP &:3 8(. UHDOL]RZDQH Vã Z RSDUFLX R ZVSÐğF]HVQã ZLHG]÷ SV\FKRORJLF]Qã L ZVSÐğF]HVQH VWDQGDUG\ XG]LHODQLD SRPRF\ ]H V]F]HJÐOQ\P XZ]JO÷GQLHQLHP LQG\ZLGXDOQHJR SRGHMijFLD Z UR]ZLã]\ZDQLX SUREOHPÐZ NDőGHM RVRE\ NRU]\VWDMãFHM ]H ZVSDUFLD ']LDğDQLD &:3 8(. XZ]JO÷GQLDMã UR]ZÐM ijZLDGRPRijFL L RGFKRG]HQLH RG XWDUW\FK SRJOãGÐZ ]ZLã]DQ\FK ] LVWQLHMãF\PL VFKHPDWDPL QW VSHFMDOLVW\F]QHM SRPRF\ SV\FKRORJLF]QHM $NWXDOQLH NRQVXOWDFMH SV\FKRORJLF]QH SURZDG]L PJU 8UV]XOD 6WDFK SV\FKRORJ L FHUW\ILNRZDQD SV\FKRWHUDSHXWND

GU KDE 0DğJRU]DWD $GDPVND &KXG]LġVND SURI 8(. (NVSHUW &HQWUXP :VSDUFLD 3V\FKRORJLF]QHJR .LHURZQLN .DWHGU\ 3V\FKRORJLL L '\GDNW\NL


jednostki

;XW\SIVQI 1,%(6 : SRğRZLH OLSFD RGE\ğD VL÷ FRURF]QD NRQIHUHQFMD 1,%(6 1HWZRUN RI ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %XVLQHVV DQG (FRQRPLFV 6FKRROV =VQ_MZ[a\M\ -SWVWUQKbVa _ 3ZISW_QM RM[\ KbaVVaU KbðWVSQMU [QMKQ WL _QMT] TI\ 1VQKRI\WZMU XZba[\ĊXQMVQI LW [QMKQ Jað :MS\WZ =-3 8ZWN LZ PIJ 2MZba 5QS]ðW_[SQ 8WUWZ[SQ

P

U]\M÷WH MHVW őH NDőGHJR URNX LQQD XF]HOQLD F]ğRQNRZVND JRijFL SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL ZV]\VWNLFK LQVW\WXFML 1,%(6 8(. E\ğ RUJDQL]DWRUHP VSRWNDQLD Z U 3DQGHPLD Z\PXVLğD MHGQDN LQQH UR]ZLã]DQLD L RG GZÐFK ODW VSRWNDQLD RUJDQL]RZDQH Vã Z SU]HVWU]HQL ZLUWXDOQHM 3RGF]DV RVWDWQLHM NRQIHUHQFML RQ OLQH GU $JQLHV]ND ŐXU .DWHGUD 3U]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL L ,QQRZDFML ]RVWDğD ]DSURV]RQD SU]H] RUJDQL]DWRUÐZ GR Z\JğRV]HQLD SUH]HQWDFML QDXNRZHM 7HQ URG]DM VSRWNDġ SR]ZROLğ QD LQWHQV\ZQLHMV]\ NRQWDNW L UR]ZÐM QRZ\FK IRUP ZVSÐğSUDF\ : ELHőãF\P URNX 8(. PLDğ GXő\ XG]LDğ Z SUDFDFK VLHFL PDUFD QDV]D 8F]HOQLD ]DLQLFMRZDğD QRZã IRUP÷ ZVSÐOQHM DNW\ZQRijFL 0LHOLijP\ RND]M÷ E\å JRVSRGDU]HP SLHUZV]HM VHVML QDXNRZHM 1,%(6 SW 7UDQVIRUPLQJ %XVLQHVV DQG (GXFDWLRQDO 2UJDQL]DWLRQV ZLWK %ORFNFKDLQ &DğRijFL SU]HZRGQLF]\ğ 3URI GU KDE 3DZHğ /XOD 3URUHNWRU GV 1DXNL 8(. D Z UROL PRGHUDWRUÐZ Z\VWãSLOL 3URI GU KDE *UDő\QD 3DOLZRGD 3÷NRV] .DWHGUD ,QIRUPDW\NL 3URI GU KDE

3LRWU 6RMD .DWHGUD ,QIRUPDW\NL RUD] 3URIHVRU 3DXOR 5XSLQR GD &XQKD 'HSDUWPHQW RI ,QIRUPDWLFV (QJLQHHULQJ ] 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &RLPEUD

OLVWRSDG WHJR URNX 2UJDQL]DWRUHP Z\GDU]HQLD E÷G]LH %LONHQW 8QLYHUVLW\ 7XUFMD 8(. NROHMQ\ UD] Z]Lãğ QD VLHELH RERZLã]NL ZVSÐğNRRUG\QDWRUD

'UXJD VHVMD QDXNRZD ]RVWDğD ]RUJDQL]RZDQD SU]H] &OHUPRQW %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO SU]\ ZVSDUFLX SUDFRZQLNÐZ 8(. 0RGHUDWRUHP VHVML ]DW\WXğRZDQHM 7UDQVIRUPLQJ (GXFDWLRQDO 3UDFWLFHV LQ %XVLQHVV (GXFDWLRQ E\ğ GU 0DUN /HFRXQWUH 'U 0RQLND 6DG\ .DWHGUD =DU]ãG]DQLD 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR UHSUH]HQWRZDğD QDV]ã 8F]HOQL÷ Z\JğDV]DMãF UHIHUDW SW 0LFURFUHGHQWLDOV t QHZ VHWWLQJ QHZ HGXFDWLRQDO IRUPDW DQG QHZ FKDOOHQJHV IRU EXVLQHVV HGXFDWLRQ 7U]HFLD VHVMD ]DSODQRZDQD MHVW QD

=D ZVSÐğRUJDQL]DFM÷ VHVML QDXNRZ\FK 1,%(6 RGSRZLDGDMã $QQD 'UDELQD NLHURZQLN 6HNFML 3URMHNWÐZ 0L÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK ':3% $JQLHV]ND 1DZURFND NLHURZQLN ']LDğX :VSÐğSUDF\ 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHM RUD] 0DFLHM 3\U]\ġVNL ']LDğ :VSÐğSUDF\ 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHM

$JQLHV]ND 1DZURFND ']LDğ :VSÐğSUDF\ 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHM $QQD 'UDELQD 6HNFLD 3URMHNWÐZ 0L÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK

67


jednostki

&KÐU 'RPLQDQWD 8(. _M _[XWUVQMVQIKP LaZaOMV\SQ" 5IðOWZbI\a 4IVOMZ 3Z{T 'RPLQDQWD WR ]HVSÐğ NWÐU\ SURZDG]÷ RG SDŏG]LHUQLND URNX 8ZbMLM UVĊ R]ĵ Kb\MZVI[\a [MbWV VQM[\M\a XMðMV VQMXM_VWĬKQ _ b_QĊbS]

b \aU KW LbQMRM [QĔ _WS{ð VI[

P

RZRGHP RF]\ZLijFLH QLH MHVW VWUDFK SU]HG SDQGHPLã &Dğ\ WHQ RNUHV PRMHM SUDF\ ] FKÐUHP WR UDGRijå SU]HSODWDQD QLHNLHG\ FKZLODPL VPXWNX WR QLHNLHG\ FL÷őNLH SUÐE\ SU]HSODWDQH Z]UXV]DMãF\PL Z\VW÷SDPL VXNFHV\ SU]HSODWDQH SRUDőNDPL ZLDUD Z SRZRG]HQLH SU]HSODWDQD F]DVHP FKZLODPL ]DğDPDQLD 7R PRőOLZRijå UR]ZRMX GOD ZLHOX VWXGHQWÐZ 7R t GR F]DVX RJğRV]HQLD SDQGHPLL t RUJDQL]DFMD EDUG]R VLOQLH VSDMDMãFD VWXGHQWÐZ ] 8F]HOQLã 3U]HGH PQã QLHVWHW\ NROHMQ\ QLHSHZQ\ VH]RQ -DNL E÷G]LH" 7R ]DOHő\ RG ZLHOX F]\QQLNÐZ QD NWÐUH RVRELijFLH PDP QLHZLHONL ZSğ\Z 7UXGQR MHVW RSLVDå PRMH ő\FLH ] e'RPLQDQWãrf

fRJUDQLF]DMãF VL÷ GR NLONX ZVSRPQLHġ ']L÷NL ZVSDUFLX ZğDG] L SUDFRZQLNÐZ 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH RUD] RJURPQHPX ]DDQJDőRZDQLX SRV]F]HJÐOQ\FK ]DU]ãGÐZ FKÐUX XGDğR VL÷ ]RUJDQL]RZDå ZLHOH QLH]DSRPQLDQ\FK WRXUQÆH L NRQFHUWÐZ '\U\JHQWHP FKÐUX MHVWHP RG SDŏG]LHUQLND URNX =DQLP WUDILğDP GR q'RPLQDQW\r XPLHM÷WQRijFL G\U\JHQFNLH ]GRE\ZDğDP P LQ Z SUDF\ ] FKÐUHP XQLZHUV\WHFNLP e(GXFDWXVr 68

8QLZHUV\WHWX 3HGDJRJLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH X ERNX SURI $GDPD .RU]HQLRZVNLHJR 3U]H] ODW SURZDG]LğDP UÐZQLHő 6P\F]NRZã 2UNLHVWU÷ .DPHUDOQã SU]\ WHM VDPHM XF]HOQL :VSÐğSUDFRZDğDP ] ZLHORPD SURIHVMRQDOQ\PL ]HVSRğDPL SRGSDWUXMãF X]QDQ\FK G\U\JHQWÐZ P LQ 2SHUD .UDNRZVND 2SHUD :URFğDZVND &DSHOOD &UDFRYLHQVLV *ÐUHFNL &KDPEHU &KRLU &ROOHJLXP =LHOHġVNL -HVWHP ZVSÐğ]DğRő\FLHOHP ]HVSRğX ZRNDOQHJR 2FWDYD HQVHPEOH 1DJUDğDP ZLHOH Sğ\W NWÐUH ]GRE\ğ\ V]HUHJ QDJUÐG P LQ SUHVWLőRZã QDJURG÷ /p253+¦( 'p25 GH Op$FDGÆPLH GX 'LVTXH /\ULTXH ]D Sğ\W\ 2SHUD 2PQLD ] G]LHğDPL 0LNRğDMD =LHOHġVNLHJR F]WHURNURWQLH WHő Sğ\W\ ] PRLP XG]LDğHP PLDğ\ QRPLQDFMH GR SUHVWLőRZHM QDJURG\ )U\GHU\N : FDğ\P PRLP DUW\VW\F]Q\P ő\FLX XGDğR PL VL÷ RGZLHG]Lå NUDMÐZ Z W\P -DSRQL÷ $XVWUDOL÷ L 86$ 0DP QDG]LHM÷ őH WR GRijZLDGF]HQLH SU]\F]\QLD VL÷ GR RVLãJDQLD ]H VWXGHQWDPL MDN QDMOHSV]\FK Z\QLNÐZ 1DV] FKÐU ERU\ND VL÷ VWDOH ] UÐőQ\PL SUREOHPDPL MDN NDőG\ ]HVSÐğ = SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD G\U\JHQWD VWZLHUG]DP őH QDMğDWZLHM E\ğRE\ PLHå VWDğ\ VNğDG = XZDJL QD IDNW őH

G]LDğDP\ MDNR RUJDQL]DFMD VWXGHQFND PXVLP\ NDőGHJR URNX Z\V\ğDå 3DUODPHQWRZL 6WXGHQFNLHPX XDNWXDOQLRQã OLF]E÷ F]ğRQNÐZ QD NWÐUHM RVÐE PXVL E\å VWXGHQWDPL QDV]HM XF]HOQL = SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD XF]HOQL QD SHZQR ZDUWRijFLRZH MHVW WR őH WDN GXőD OLF]ED VWXGHQWÐZ VWDOH PRőH UR]ZLMDå VL÷ ]DUÐZQR SRSU]H] ]DM÷FLD FKÐUDOQH MDN L G]LDğDOQRijå RUJDQL]DF\MQã .ROHMQH ]DU]ãG\ FKÐUX NWÐUH PRJã VNğDGDå VL÷ W\ONR ]H VWXGHQWÐZ QDV]HM $OPD 0DWHU ]GRE\ZDMã GRijZLDGF]HQLH L ZLHG]÷ QD WHPDW RUJDQL]DFML Z\MD]GÐZ NRQFHUWÐZ UHDOL]DFML ]DPÐZLHġ SXEOLF]Q\FK SLVDQLD DUW\NXğÐZ RIHUW LWG 3UDF\ MHVW ]DZV]H EDUG]R GXőR 2EHFQLH SUDZLH NDőG\ VWXGHQW SUÐEXMH ğãF]\å ]DM÷FLD QD XF]HOQL ] SUDFã t F]\ WR VWDğã F]\ FKRFLDő W\PF]DVRZã = WHJR SRZRGX GXő\P SUREOHPHP GOD PQLH MHVW RUJDQL]DFMD VNğDGX QD Z\GDU]HQLD XF]HOQLDQH NWÐUH ] UHJXğ\ RGE\ZDMã VL÷ Z JRG]LQDFK SRUDQQ\FK =GDU]D VL÷ MHGQDN őH L WDNLH WUXGQRijFL PRőQD SU]HNXå Z GREU\ HIHNW 3U]\NğDGRZR F]DVHP FKÐU E\ğ SURV]RQ\ R ijSLHZ QD SRJU]HEDFK ]DVğXőRQ\FK SUDFRZQLNÐZ XF]HOQL t QLJG\ QLH ]DSRPQ÷ MDN


%DUG]R FLHNDZ\P SURMHNWHP E\ğ NRQNXUV ILUP\ 'DQRQH 2UJDQL]DFMH VWXGHQFNLH ] FDğHM 3ROVNL PLDğ\ VWZRU]\å R VRELH NUÐWNL ILOP L NRQNXURZDå QD OLF]E÷ IDFHERRN RZ\FK SROXELHġ )LOP QD SRWU]HE÷ NRQNXUVX ]URELğD .DULQD .OLPNLHZLF] D ZUD] ] QLã R SURPRFM÷ ]DGEDğD $QLD %HUHij RELH FKÐU]\VWNL Z URNX ]PLHQLğ\ QD]ZLVNR ']L÷NL QLP R FKÐU]H XVğ\V]DğR ZLHOH RVÐE D QDV]D RUJDQL]DFMD ]GRE\ğD Z\UÐőQLHQLH MDNR MHG\QD ] QDV]HM XF]HOQL : QDJURG÷ SU]HGVWDZLFLHONL e'RPLQDQW\r SRMHFKDğ\ GR :DUV]DZ\ QD XURF]\VWH ZU÷F]HQLH QDJUÐG L SU]\ZLR]ğ\ UÐőQH SUH]HQW\ :G]L÷F]QRijå GOD DV\VWHQWÐZ L ]DU]ãGÐZ FKÐUX 2G VDPHJR SRF]ãWNX ZVSLHUDOL PQLH LQQL PX]\F\ 2F]\ZLijFLH PRőQD E\ğRE\ URELå SUÐE\ GOD NDőGHJR JğRVX RGG]LHOQLH DOH ] GRijZLDGF]HQLD ZLHP őH PXV]ã E\å XVWDORQH VWDğH SUÐE\ GZD UD]\ Z W\JRGQLX &]÷VWR VSRW\NDğDP VL÷ ] FKÐU]\VWDPL QD LQG\ZLGXDOQ\FK SUÐEDFK DOH V]\ENR GRV]ğDP GR ZQLRVNX őH MHVW QDV ]D GXőR L PRJ÷ VRELH SR]ZROLå QD WDNLH VSRWNDQLD W\ONR ] QLHNWÐU\PL Z ]DOHőQRijFL RG DNWXDOQ\FK SRWU]HE 3RGF]DV SLHUZV]\FK ZDUV]WDWÐZ SRPDJDğD PL NROHőDQND ] ]HVSRğX ZRNDOQHJR t $JQLHV]ND 'UDEHQW 5RELğD WR ]XSHğQLH QLHRGSğDWQLH .LHG\ij ijSLHZDğD Z e'RPLQDQFLHr 3RWHP SRPDJDOL PL VWXGHQFL $NDGHPLL 0X]\F]QHM Z .UDNRZLH t 0LFKDğ .RVRZLF] L 2OJD 3LZRZDU : URNX GRğãF]\ğ t ijSLHZDMãF\ ZÐZF]DV ] e2FWDYD HQVHPEOHr L ] &DSHOOã &UDFRYLHQVLV t ĞXNDV] 'XOHZLF] 3RPDJDğ PL Z UR]F]\W\ZDQLX QRZHJR UHSHUWXDUX DOH Z JğÐZQHM PLHU]H ]ZUDFDğ XZDJ÷ QD SUREOHP\ ZRNDOQH 3UDFD ] e'RPLQDQWãr ]ELHJğD VL÷ Z F]DVLH ] XURG]HQLHP PRLFK G]LHFL : RNUHVLH NDőGHM FLãő\ SUDFRZDğDP QLHPDO GR NRġFD GR PLHVLãFD FLãő\ D XUORS PDFLHU]\ġVNL ]D GUXJLP UD]HP XGDğR PL VL÷ QDZHW VNUÐFLå GR

W\JRGQL 1LH FKFLDğDP QD GğXőHM ]RVWDZLDå PRMHJR FKÐUX %DUG]R MHVWHP ZG]L÷F]QD ]D WURVN÷ R FKÐU Z W\P WUXGQLHMV]\P F]DVLH SUH]HVRP e'RPLQDQW\r V]F]HJÐOQLH $QL %HUHij *DEU\VL /LV $QL .RV]HZVNLHM -XVW\QLH .U]\őDQRZVNLHM 'DQLHORZL 0DUV]DğNRZL .DVL 3\UGRğ L 3DZğRZL /L]DNRZL RUD] 0DUNRZL 2SDVFH L 0DUFLQRZL :UÐEORZL NWÐU]\ ]DVW÷SRZDOL PQLH SRGF]DV SUÐE L Z\VW÷SÐZ 1LHVWHW\ RG PDUFD URNX QDV]D SUDFD MHVW FDğ\ F]DV EDUG]R RNURMRQD D WUXGQRijFL ]H VNğDGHP EDUG]R GXőH 2G MHVLHQL URNX QLH PDP\ DV\VWHQWD :\EÐU UHSHUWXDUX 3U]\]QDP őH MHVWHP RVREã GRijå DPELWQã L QLH ERM÷ VL÷ QRZ\FK Z\]ZDġ /XEL÷ SU]\JRWRZ\ZDå XWZRU\ e] JÐUQHM SÐğNLr :\GDMH PL VL÷ őH FKÐU]\ijFL OXELã PRMH SURSR]\FMH UHSHUWXDURZH &]÷VWR ]UHV]Wã NRQVXOWXM÷ VL÷ ] QLPL F]\ GDQ\ XWZÐU LP VL÷ SRGRED =Z\NOH PXV]÷ GRVWRVRZDå UHSHUWXDU GR Z\PRJÐZ NRQNXUVÐZ L QDV]\FK ]DSODQRZDQ\FK Z\GDU]Hġ 6WURMH FKÐUDOQH 3LHUZV]H PRMH Z\VW÷S\ ] 'RPLQDQWã RGE\ZDğ\ VL÷ MHV]F]H Z VWDU\FK VWURMDFK NWÐUH ]DVWDğDP %\ğ\ WR ERUGRZH WRJL ] NDSWXUHP ]DSLQDQH QD F]DUQH JX]LNL ] Z\V]\ZDQ\P NOXF]HP ZLROLQRZ\P SR SUDZHM VWURQLH 1LHVWHW\ E\ğ\ MXő

]QLV]F]RQH L GODWHJR PDU]\OLijP\ R QRZ\FK VWURMDFK 5RN SÐŏQLHM Z SDŏG]LHUQLNX URNX G]L÷NL ]DDQJDőRZDQLX $JDW\ =QLV]F]Rğ SUH]HV RG SDŏG]LHUQLND GR F]HUZFD URNX i ZVSDUFLX ZğDG] XF]HOQL XV]\OLijP\ QRZH VWURMH : SRUR]XPLHQLX ] NUDZFRZã Z\P\ijOLğDP GğXJLH VXNQLH ] ZV]\W\P SDVHP L EROHUNDPL 6UHEUQ\ NRORU Z\P\ijOLğD $JDWD X]QDMãF őH E÷G]LH EDUG]R HOHJDQFNL 'R VWURMX P÷VNLHJR QDOHőDğD F]DUQD NRV]XOD F]DUQH JDUQLWXURZH VSRGQLH RUD] VUHEUQ\ NUDZDW 6WURMH QDV]H EXG]Lğ\ F]÷VWR ]D]GURijå ZijUÐG LQQ\FK NUDNRZVNLFK FKÐUÐZ L F]÷VWR SDVRZDğ\ GR QDV]\FK VUHEUQ\FK G\SORPÐZ

jednostki

SL÷NQLH ]DijSLHZDğ PDğ\ VNğDG SRGF]DV Z\MD]GRZHJR SRJU]HEX SURI - 7U]FLHQLHFNLHJR 6]F]HJÐOQLH Z]UXV]DMãF\ E\ğ IUDJPHQW 5HTXLHP % &KDMGHFNLHJR PX]\ND GR ILOPX &]DV +RQRUX

3R -XELOHXV]X OHFLD 'RPLQDQW\ SRVWDQRZLOLijP\ ]PLHQLå QDV] ZL]HUXQHN 1DV]H VUHEUQH VXNLHQNL ]DF]÷ğ\ VL÷ MXő SVXå ']L÷NL ]DDQJDőRZDQLX ÐZF]HVQHM :LFHSUH]HV $QL .RV]HZVNLHM L SRSDUFLX ZğDG] 8QLZHUV\WHWX SRZVWDğ\ QRZH VWURMH 3R NLONXNURWQHM ZL]\FLH Z KXUWRZQLL PDWHULDğÐZ RUD] X NUDZFRZHM SRZVWDğ SURMHNW F]DUQ\FK SUDNW\F]Q\FK VXNLHQHN ] HODVW\F]QHJR PDWHULDğX &DğRijå VWURMX GDPVNLHJR X]XSHğQLDMã EROHUND ] ERUGRZHJR DNVDPLWX NWÐUH VWDQRZLã QDZLã]DQLH GR EDUZ QDV]HM XF]HOQL 3DQRZLH Vã SURV]HQL R ]RUJDQL]RZDQLH VRELH ELDğHM NRV]XOL L F]DUQHJR JDUQLWXUX (OHPHQWHP VSDMDMãF\P VWUÐM P÷VNL ] GDPVNLP MHVW ERUGRZD PXV]ND

69


jednostki

3R]D VWURMDPL NRQFHUWRZ\PL PDP\ REHFQLH UÐZQLHő VWURMH OXŏQLHMV]H 6ã WR EOX]\ L NRV]XONL : URNX G]L÷NL VWDUDQLRP ]DU]ãGX FKÐUX ]DNXSLOLijP\ UÐZQLHő JDGőHW\ GRPLQDQWRZH QRWHV\ GğXJRSLV\ RğÐZNL VP\F]H WRUHENL LWS 1DJUDQLH Sğ\W\ NRO÷GRZHM 3R GZÐFK WU]HFK ODWDFK ZVSÐOQHJR ijSLHZDQLD SRVWDQRZLOLijP\ QDJUDå Sğ\W÷ 'OD ZLHOX E\ğR WR GXőH SU]Hő\FLH 'OD PQLH RVRELijFLH E\ğR WR QLHVDPRZLWH GRijZLDGF]HQLH = XZDJL QD IDNW Lő QDMZL÷NV]H VXNFHV\ e'RPLQDQWDr RGQRWRZ\ZDğD ZÐZF]DV Z NRQNXUVDFK NRO÷GRZ\FK ]GHF\GRZDOLijP\ VL÷ QDJUDå Sğ\W÷ ] NRO÷GDPL L SDVWRUDğNDPL : PRMHM RFHQLH Z\V]ğD EDUG]R ğDGQD L SR ODWDFK EDUG]R PLğR VL÷ MHM VğXFKD SRGF]DV IJZLãW %RőHJR 1DURG]HQLD 1D Z\EÐU QDMOHSV]\FK QDJUDQ\FK IUDJPHQWÐZ SRijZL÷FLğDP ZLHOH GQL L QRF\ 1LH ZV]\VF\ ZLHG]ã DOH SRGF]DV PRQWDőX ZNUDGğ VL÷ MHGHQ EğãG 3RZLHG]LDğ PL R W\P 0LFKDğ 6]HSW\ġVNL NWÐU\ ZVSLHUDğ QDV RG URNX 1LHVWHW\ RND]DğR VL÷ WR

] QDJU\ZDMãF\FK GRVWDğ SR NLOND Sğ\W SR]RVWDğH UR]HV]ğ\ VL÷ EDUG]R V]\ENR 0DU]÷ R Z\GDQLX QRZHM Sğ\W\ 1LHVWHW\ RG NLONX ODW RGF]XZDP EUDN ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD W\P WHPDWHP 6DPD QLH MHVWHP Z VWDQLH ]DMãå VL÷ ZV]\VWNLP V]F]HJÐOQLH EH] ijURGNÐZ ILQDQVRZ\FK 3R]RVWDMã QDJUDQLD qOLYHr ] SUÐE L NRQFHUWÐZ 3RJU]HE ijS =ELJQLHZD &LXUDE\ L NRQFHUW\ ] 5HTXLHP G PROO : $ 0R]DUWD OLSFD URNX ]DVNRF]\ğD QDV ZLDGRPRijå R ijPLHUFL GğXJROHWQLHJR G\U\JHQWD 8URF]\VWRijFL SRJU]HERZH ]DSODQRZDQR GRSLHUR QD OLSFD 1LHVWHW\ WDN VL÷ ]ğRő\ğR őH Z W\P F]DVLH PLDğDP RGE\å WRXUQÆH QDG 0RU]HP %DğW\FNLP &KÐU PXVLDğ Z\VWãSLå QLH PRJğR E\å LQDF]HM 1D V]F]÷ijFLH XGDğR PL VL÷ SRSURVLå R ]DVW÷SVWZR SDQD %RJXVğDZD *U]\END ] NWÐU\P ijS =ELJQLHZ &LXUDED ]QDğ VL÷ GREU]H 3U]\JRWRZDOLijP\

e'RPLQDQWDr SU]H] ODW ']L÷NL SDQX %RJXVğDZRZL *U]\ENRZL RUJDQLijFLH Z %D]\OLFH 0DULDFNLHM XGDğR VL÷ QDP ]RUJDQL]RZDå NRQFHUW Z WHM SL÷NQHM ijZLãW\QL 'R WHJR Z\GDU]HQLD ]DSURVLğDP RUNLHVWU÷ 3260 ,, VWRSQLD LP ) &KRSLQD SRG ÐZF]HVQ\P NLHURZQLFWZHP SDQD 0DUFHOHJR .RODVNL L ]QDNRPLW\FK PğRG\FK VROLVWÐZ 6\OZL÷ 2OV]\ġVNã ĞXNDV]D 'XOHZLF]D 6]F]HSDQD .RVLRUD L 'DZLGD %LZR =DijSLHZDOLijP\ 5HTXLHP G PROO .9 : $ 0R]DUWD 8WZÐU WHQ XGDğR QDP VL÷ Z\NRQDå MHV]F]H NLOND UD]\ ] e.UDNRZVNã 0ğRGã )LOKDUPRQLãr SRG G\UHNFMã SDQD 7RPDV]D &KPLHOD Z QRZRKXFNLFK NRijFLRğDFK .RQFHUW Z %D]\OLFH 0DULDFNLHM ]DUHMHVWURZDğ ]ZLã]DQ\ ] e'RPLQDQWãr :RMFLHFK 0LV]DV]HN NWÐUHPX MHVWHP EDUG]R ZG]L÷F]QD ]D WDN PLğã SDPLãWN÷ : W\P URNX REFKRG]LOLijP\ URF]QLF÷ ijPLHUFL IJS = &LXUDE\ = WHM RND]ML SRPLPR RJURPQ\FK WUXGQRijFL ]ZLã]DQ\FK ] RJğRV]RQã SDQGHPLã ]DijSLHZDOLijP\ RQOLQH -HJR q6WR ODWr RUD] GZD XWZRU\ SRGF]DV NRQFHUWX ] RND]ML XVWDQRZLHQLD 6DQNWXDULXP IJZ -Ð]HID q2 -Ð]HILH XNRFKDQ\r RUD] q'DM PL PÐM %RJXr :VSÐğSUDFD ] RUNLHVWUDPL 'RPLQDQWRZLF]H EDUG]R FHQLã VRELH NRQFHUW\ ] RUNLHVWUã :VSÐğSUDFRZDOLijP\ ZLHORNURWQLH ] RUNLHVWUã =360 LP 0 .DUğRZLF]D t e.UDNRZVNã 0ğRGã )LOKDUPRQLãr ] RUNLHVWUã 3260 LP ) &KRSLQD Z .UDNRZLH ] RUNLHVWUã &DSHOOL &UDFRYLHQVLV ] RUNLHVWUã NRğD QDXNRZHJR $NDGHPLL 0X]\F]QHM Z .UDNRZLH t e2UFKHVWUD 7HPSRUDQHDr ZLHORNURWQLH ] RUNLHVWUã 6WRZDU]\V]HQLD e3DVVLRQDUWr RUD] ] RUNLHVWUã NWÐUã SURZDG]LğDP SU]H] ODW t 6P\F]NRZã 2UNLHVWUã .DPHUDOQã 8QLZHUV\WHWX 3HGDJRJLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH

GRSLHUR SR Z\WğRF]HQLX ZV]\VWNLFK Sğ\W 6DPD QLH ]ZUÐFLğDP XZDJL QD WR JG\ő Z Z\EUDQ\FK IUDJPHQWDFK QLH E\ğR WDNLHJR Eğ÷GX -HijOL MHV]F]H NWRij QLH ]DXZDő\ğ WR ]DSUDV]DP GR SRVğXFKDQLD NRO÷G\ /XODMőH -H]XQLX 3R PRQWDőX GUXJD ]ZURWND ]DF]\QD VL÷ VğRZDPL e/XODMőH ]QXőRQH SğDF]HP SRZLHF]NLr ]DPLDVW e=DPNQLMőHrf .DőG\ 70

] e'RPLQDQWãr NLOND XWZRUÐZ QD PV]÷ őDğREQã P LQ MHJR NRPSR]\FM÷ 'DM PL PÐM %RJX VHQ VSRNRMQ\ 3RQLHZDő QLH PRJğDP RVRELijFLH XF]HVWQLF]\å Z XURF]\VWRijFLDFK SRJU]HERZ\FK SRVWDQRZLğDP ]RUJDQL]RZDå NRQFHUW XSDPL÷WQLDMãF\ ijS =ELJQLHZD &LXUDE÷ %\ğ RQ ]QDQã SRVWDFLã Z ijURGRZLVNX NUDNRZVNLP D G\U\JHQWHP &KÐUX

-XELOHXV]RZH NRQFHUW\ ] RND]ML OHFLD L OHFLD 'RPLQDQW\ L EUDN Z\GDU]Hġ MXELOHXV]RZ\FK ] RND]ML OHFLD :UD] ] NROHMQ\PL ]DU]ãGDPL XGDğR QDP VL÷ ]RUJDQL]RZDå GZD NRQFHUW\ MXELOHXV]RZH NWÐUH SRğãF]RQH E\ğ\


-XELOHXV] OHFLD e'RPLQDQW\r RGE\ğ VL÷ Z PDMX URNX 8GDğR VL÷ ]JURPDG]Lå ZLHOX E\ğ\FK FKÐU]\VWÐZ L ]QDNRPLW\FK JRijFL : SURJUDPLH E\ğD PX]\ND ILOPRZD Z\NRQDQD ]H ZVSRPQLDQã MXő ZF]HijQLHM e.UDNRZVNã 0ğRGã )LOKDUPRQLãr RUD] SLRVHQNL ] WRZDU]\V]HQLHP 0DFLHMD 0LHF]QLNRZVNLHJR L -DNXED ŐPLMRZVNLHJR ]QDQHJR MDNR EHDWER[HU e=*$6r ']L÷NL ZVSDUFLX ZğDG] 8(. ]RUJDQL]RZDOLijP\ NRQFHUW L EDQNLHW Z KDOL ZLGRZLVNRZR VSRUWRZHM -HVWHP EDUG]R ZG]L÷F]QD ]DU]ãGRZL V]F]HJÐOQLH $QL .RV]HZVNLHM L 3DZğRZL /L]DNRZL RUD] ZLHOX FKÐU]\VWRP ]D RJURPQã SRPRF L ]D WR őH Z\GDU]HQLH WR RND]DğR VL÷ EDUG]R XGDQH 0X]\FH WRZDU]\V]\ğR SL÷NQH RijZLHWOHQLH L QDJğRijQLHQLH :VSRPQLHQLD SR]RVWDQã QD GğXJR : ]ZLã]NX ] RJğRV]RQã SDQGHPLã QLH RGE\ğ VL÷ NRQFHUW ] RND]ML OHFLD FKÐUX 3ODQRZDOLijP\ Z\NRQDå &DUPLQ÷ %XUDQ÷ &DUOD 2UIID ] RUNLHVWUã V\PIRQLF]Qã 3U]\JRWRZDQLD E\ğ\ MXő ]DDZDQVRZDQH DOH QLHVWHW\ FDğD SUDFD SRV]ğD QD PDUQH 3U]H] SHZLHQ F]DV ğXG]LOLijP\ VL÷ őH VNRUR QLH PRJOLijP\ ]RUJDQL]RZDå NRQFHUWX ZLRVQã WR XGD VL÷ MHVLHQLã

jednostki

]H VSRWNDQLHP ] E\ğ\PL FKÐU]\VWDPL 1D SLHUZV]\P E\ğ REHFQ\ ijS =ELJQLHZ &LXUDED SRGREQLH QD VSRWNDQLDFK ijZLãWHF]Q\FK ']L÷NL ZVSDUFLX ZğDG] QDV]HM XF]HOQL SR REX NRQFHUWDFK PLDğ PLHMVFH EDQNLHW SRGF]DV NWÐUHJR PRJOLijP\ VL÷ VSRWNDå Z V]HUV]\P JURQLH 3LHUZV]\ EDQNLHW ]RUJDQL]RZDOLijP\ Z UHVWDXUDFML =EURMRZQLD 3RğãF]RQ\ E\ğ RQ ] Z\VWDZã SDPLãWHN L WURIHÐZ .DőG\ PÐJğ ]REDF]\å KLVWRU\F]QH MXő GRPLQDQWRZH NURQLNL RUD] SUH]HQWDFM÷ Z\GDU]Hġ ] NLONX SRSU]HG]DMãF\FK ODW .RQFHUW ] RND]ML OHFLD FKÐUX ]DSODQRZDOLijP\ Z NRijFLHOH 22 .DUPHOLWÐZ %RV\FK =DijSLHZDOLijP\ *ORUL÷ ' GXU 59 $ 9LYDOGLHJR 'RGDWNRZR Z FHOX QDGDQLD Z\GDU]HQLX SRGQLRVğHJR FKDUDNWHUX Z\NRQDOLijP\ $OOHOXMD ] RUDWRULXP e0HVMDV]r * ) +DHQGOD :V]\VF\ E\OL ]DVNRF]HQL őH FKÐU ]DijSLHZDğ WDNL ğDGQ\ NRQFHUW 0\ijO÷ őH WR ]DVğXJD XGDQHJR QDERUX GR FKÐUX : W\P URNX DNDGHPLFNLP GR e'RPLQDQW\r SU]\V]ğR EDUG]R ZLHOH QRZ\FK L ]DDQJDőRZDQ\FK RVÐE

6SRWNDQLD RSğDWNRZH &R URNX SU]HG IJZL÷WDPL %RőHJR 1DURG]HQLD RUJDQL]XMHP\ qVSRWNDQLD RSğDWNRZHr =Z\NOH QD W÷ RND]M÷ FKÐU]\ijFL VDPL SU]\JRWRZXMã FLDVWD FLDVWHF]ND VDğDWNL SLHURJL EDUV]F]\N 3RGF]DV W\FK PLğ\FK VSRWNDġ G]LHOLP\ VL÷ RSğDWNLHP VNğDGDP\ VRELH ő\F]HQLD ijSLHZDP\ NRO÷G\ ]DSDODP\ ]LPQH RJQLH -HVW WR Z\MãWNRZR eURG]LQQHr Z\GDU]HQLH 0RőQD ZWHG\ XVğ\V]Hå ZLHOH FLHSğ\FK VğÐZ ő\F]Hġ 2UJDQL]RZDOLijP\ MH Z SL÷NQ\FK VDODFK QDV]HM XF]HOQL D UD] XGDğR QDP VL÷ ]RUJDQL]RZDå WDNLH VSRWNDQLH Z ÐZF]HVQ\FK VDODFK 8(. SU]\ 5\QNX *ğÐZQ\P ] ZLGRNLHP QD 6XNLHQQLFH 3RGF]DV SLHUZV]\FK GZÐFK PRLFK VSRWNDġ RSğDWNRZ\FK REHFQ\ E\ğ ijS =ELJQLHZ &LXUDED ]DVğXőRQ\ GOD FKÐUX SDQ +HQU\N 0DMHZVNL L NLONXQDVWX ZF]HijQLHMV]\FK FKÐU]\VWÐZ %DUG]R VL÷ FLHV]÷ őH ZFLãő LVWQLHMH JUXSD RVÐE NWÐU\P ]DOHő\ QD W\P DE\ WUDG\FMD ijSLHZX FKÐUDOQHJR QD 8QLZHUV\WHFLH (NRQRPLF]Q\P Z .UDNRZLH QLH ]QLNQ÷ğD 7R G]L÷NL QLP SRZVWDMã UÐőQH LQLFMDW\Z\ 'OD ZLHOX RVÐE e'RPLQDQWDr E\ğD PLHMVFHP VSRWNDQLD ő\FLRZHM PLğRijFL Z\MãWNRZ\FK GR]QDġ DUW\VW\F]Q\FK FLHNDZ\FK SRGUÐő\ PRőOLZRijFLã Z\MD]GX Z WUXGQ\FK F]DVDFK ]D JUDQLF÷

-HU]PDQRZLFH 6]ODFKWRZD WU]\NURWQLH :LijQLRZD 'RPDQLHZLFH 1LHG]LFD :LHGHġ 3RGF]DV Z\MD]GÐZ ZDUV]WDWRZ\FK ]Z\NOH ijSLHZDP\ SUDNW\F]QLH EH] SU]HUZ\ : FLãJX GQLD MHVW WR QDV] UHSHUWXDU NRQFHUWRZR NRQNXUVRZ\ D QRFDPL PRőQD XVğ\V]Hå SROVNLH L ]DJUDQLF]QH SU]HERMH PX]\NL UR]U\ZNRZHM UÐZQLHő QD JğRV\ 1LHNLHG\ ] WRZDU]\V]HQLHP Dő JLWDU 3RGF]DV QLHNWÐU\FK Z\MD]GÐZ XGDZDğR VL÷ ]URELå RJQLVNR XSLHF NLHğEDVNL :LHOH E\ğR FLHSğ\FK PLğ\FK PRPHQWÐZ =Z\NOH XijPLHFK QLH VFKRG]Lğ ] QDV]\FK WZDU]\ &]÷VWR ]DU]ãG RUJDQL]RZDğ ]DEDZ\ LQWHJUDF\MQH WDQHF]QH 'OD PQLH WDNLH ZDUV]WDW\ WR EDUG]R GXőR SUDF\ $PELWQH SODQ\ e'RPLQDQW\r Z\PDJDMã ZLHOX SUÐE L UR]PDLW\FK åZLF]Hġ 1D SHZQR QLH QDU]HNDP QD QXG÷ 1D V]F]÷ijFLH SUDFD WD VSUDZLD PL GXőR VDW\VIDNFML ]ZğDV]F]D NLHG\ Vğ\FKDå HIHNW\ 1DJURG\ GOD &KÐUX 'RPLQDQWD RWU]\PDQH QD NRQNXUVDFK FKÐUDOQ\FK w 3ROVFH ] PRLP XG]LDğHP •

=ğRWD 6WUXQD L ,, PLHMVFH Z NDWHJRULL FKÐUÐZ PğRG]LHőRZ\FK L DNDGHPLFNLFK Z ;,, 0DğRSROVNLP .RQNXUVLH &KÐUÐZ Z 1LHSRğRPLFDFK Z URNX

,,, PLHMVFH SRGF]DV ;,,, ĞÐG]NLHJR )HVWLZDOX &KÐUDOQHJR e&DQWLR /RG]LHQVLVr Z URNX

2ER]\ åZLF]HQLRZH :LHORNURWQLH RUJDQL]RZDOLijP\ ] e'RPLQDQWãr ZDUV]WDW\ Z\MD]GRZH 2GE\ZDğ\ VL÷ RQH Z UÐőQ\FK PLHMVFRZRijFLDFK %\ğ\ WR P LQ :LVğD 6NDğD GZXNURWQLH ĞD]\

, QDJURGD LP SURI %URQLVğDZ\ :LHWU]Q\ SRGF]DV ;; 71


jednostki

2JÐOQRSROVNLHJR .RQNXUVX .RO÷G L 3DVWRUDğHN Z 0\ijOHQLFDFK Z URNX •

,, QDJURGD Z NDWHJRULL FKÐUÐZ PLHV]DQ\FK ,, QDJURGD Z NDWHJRULL FKÐUÐZ NDPHUDOQ\FK RUD] QDJURGD GOD QDMOHSV]HM G\U\JHQWNL SRGF]DV ;;, 2JÐOQRSROVNLHJR .RQNXUVX .RO÷G L 3DVWRUDğHN Z 0\ijOHQLFDFK Z URNX

,,, PLHMVFH Z ;,9 0DğRSROVNLP .RQNXUVLH &KÐUÐZ e2 =ğRWã 6WUXQ÷r Z 1LHSRğRPLFDFK Z URNX

,, PLHMVFH Z ,,, .UDNRZVNLP 0L÷G]\QDURGRZ\P )HVWLZDOX &KÐUDOQ\P e&UDFRYLD &DQWDQVr Z URNX

Z NDWHJRULL FKÐUÐZ PLHV]DQ\FK Z URNX •

,, PLHMVFH SRGF]DV 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR .RQNXUVX &KÐUDOQHJR e$G *ORULDP 'HLr Z 3LġF]RZLH Z URNX •

=ğRW\ '\SORP Z NDWHJRULL eFKÐU\ PLHV]DQHr RUD] QDJURGD :RMHZRG\ :LHONRSROVNLHJR SXFKDU SRGF]DV 9, 2JÐOQRSROVNLHJR .RQNXUVX e$UV /LWXUJLFDr Z *QLHŏQLH Z URNX =ğRW\ '\SORP Z 9 0L÷G]\QDURGRZ\P .RQNXUVLH 3LHijQL $GZHQWRZ\FK L %RőRQDURG]HQLRZ\FK Z .UDNRZLH Z URNX

=ğRWD 6WUXQD Z 2JÐOQRSROVNLP .RQNXUVLH &KÐUDOQ\P Z 1LHSRğRPLFDFK e2 =ğRWã 6WUXQ÷r Z URNX

,,, PLHMVFH H[ ÃTXR ] &KÐUHP .DPHUDOQ\P ] $NDGHPLL 0X]\F]QHM Z .DWRZLFDFK Z 9, 0L÷G]\QDURGRZ\P .RQNXUVLH &KÐUDOQ\P e9UDWLVODYLD 6DFUDr Z URNX

*UDQG 3UL[ SRGF]DV ;;9, 7\VNLFK :LHF]RUÐZ .RO÷GRZ\FK Z URNX

72

, PLHMVFH Z 9,,, HG\FML 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR .RQNXUVX e&UDFRYLD &DQWDQVr

,, PLHMVFH Z NDWHJRULL FKÐUÐZ PLHV]DQ\FK .UDNÐZ Z\VW÷S SRGF]DV ,; 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR .RQNXUVX &KÐUDOQHJR e&UDFRYLD &DQWDQVr Z URNX *UDQG 3UL[ SRGF]DV 5\EQLFNLHM -HVLHQL &KÐUDOQHM Z URNX L QDJURGD GOD QDMOHSV]HJR G\U\JHQWD IHVWLZDOX =ğRW\ '\SORP Z 2JÐOQRSROVNLP .RQNXUVLH .RO÷G L 3DVWRUDğHN Z &KHğPQLH =ğRW\ '\SORP Z 2JÐOQRSROVNLP .RQNXUVLH .RO÷G L 3DVWRUDğHN Z 5]HV]RZLH

1DJURG\ GOD &KÐUX 'RPLQDQWD RWU]\PDQH QD NRQNXUVDFK FKÐUDOQ\FK SR]D 3ROVNã ] PRLP XG]LDğHP

• •

6UHEUQ\ '\SORP SRGF]DV 2JÐOQRSROVNLHJR 7XUQLHMX &KÐUDOQHJR e/HJQLFD &DQWDWr &KÐU e'RPLQDQWDr RWU]\PDğ 6UHEUQ\ '\SORP Z URNX

=ğRW\ '\SORP SRGF]DV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO )HVWLYDO RI $GYHQW DQG &KULVWPDV 0XVLF ZLWK 3HWU (EHQpV 3UL]H Z 3UDG]H Z URNX 6UHEUQ\ '\SORP SRGF]DV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &KRUDO &RPSHWLWLRQ q&LW\ RI 5LPLQLr Z URNX

6UHEUQ\ '\SORP Z NDWHJRULL eFKÐU\ PLHV]DQHr =ğRW\ '\SORP Z NDWHJRULL eFKÐU\ NDPHUDOQHr SRGF]DV .DXQDV &DQWDW Z .RZQLH QD /LWZLH

,, PLHMVFH RUD] QDJURGD VSHFMDOQD ]D XWZÐU Z M÷]\NX WXUHFNLP SRGF]DV ,9 WK $QWDO\D ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &KRLU )HVWLYDO Z 7XUFML Z URNX

=ğRW\ '\SORP L 6UHEUQD .DWHGUDOD ]D Z\NRQDQLH ZVSÐğF]HVQHJR XWZRUX SRGF]DV e&UR 3DWULDr Z 6SOLFLH &KRUZDFMD

*UDQG 3UL[ QD )HVWLZDOX &KÐUÐZ ']LHFL÷F\FK L 0ğRG\FK e5DLQERZr Z 6DQNW 3HWHUVEXUJX 5RVMD Z NWÐU\P XF]HVWQLF]\ğR FKÐUÐZ Z URNX

6UHEUQ\ '\SORP Z NDWHJRULL RERZLã]NRZ\FK XWZRUÐZ ZVSÐğF]HVQ\FK RUD] =ğRW\ '\SORP Z NDWHJRULL PX]\ND VDNUDOQD SRGF]DV ;,; 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR .RQNXUVX &KÐUDOQHJR e&UR 3DWULDr Z 6SOLFLH &KRUZDFMD Z URNX =ğRW\ '\SORP Z NDWHJRULL ePX]\ND ZVSÐğF]HVQDr SRGF]DV 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR .RQNXUVX &KÐUDOQHJR e6LDXOLDL &DQWDWr Z 6]DZODFK /LWZD 3RQDGWR e'RPLQDQWDr ]RVWDğD Z\W\SRZDQD MDNR MHGHQ ] QDMOHSV]\FK F]WHUHFK FKÐUÐZ GR NRQNXUVX R QDJURG÷ *UDQG


.ZDOLILNDFMD GR 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR .RQNXUVX &KÐUDOQHJR LP SURI *HRUJL 'LPLWURYD e,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0D\ &KRLU &RPSHWLWLRQr Z :DUQLH %XğJDULD QDOHőãFHJR GR $VVRFLDWLRQ *UDQG 3UL[ (XURSHHQ GX FKDQW FKRUDO

+RQRUDU\ 'LSORPD RI ([FHOOHQFH LQ &DWHJRU\ 6HFXODU RUD] +RQRUDU\ 'LSORPD RI ([FHOOHQFH LQ &DWHJRU\ 6DFUHG Z q0DOWD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &KRLU )HVWLYDO r

.ZDOLILNDFMD RUD] PLHMVFH SRGF]DV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RUN &RPSHWLWLRQ ,UODQGLD

GZD 6UHEUQH '\SORP\ SRGF]DV 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR .RQNXUVX Z 5LPLQL Z URNX IRUPXğD RQOLQH

6UHEUQ\ 0HGDO Z NDWHJRULL FKÐUÐZ GRURVğ\FK Z 0L÷G]\QDURGRZ\P .RQNXUVLH 0XVLFD 2UELV 3UDJXH Z URNX IRUPXğD RQOLQH

:\MD]G\ ]DJUDQLF]QH : ODWDFK t e'RPLQDQWDr RGE\ğD Z\MD]GÐZ ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK 3DġVWZD GR NWÐU\FK SRMHFKDğD WR 6ğRZDFMD &]HFK\ :ğRFK\ GZXNURWQLH Z /LWZD 6ğRZDFMD 7XUFMD %RijQLD L +HUFHJRZLQD &KRUZDFMD 5RVMD &KRUZDFMD /LWZD 0DFHGRQLD %XğJDULD 0DOWD ,UODQGLD &]DUQRJÐUD $XVWULD :\EÐU IHVWLZDOL Z ZL÷NV]RijFL SRG\NWRZDQ\ E\ğ WHUPLQHP QLHZLHOH MHVW GDW NWÐUH RGSRZLDGDMã ZL÷NV]RijFL VWXGHQWÐZ L QDV]HM RUJDQL]DFML SUDF\ RUD] NRV]WDPL MDNLH FKÐU PXVLDğ SRQLHijå = NDőG\P ] W\FK Z\MD]GÐZ PDP ZLHOH ZVSRPQLHġ 1R PRőH SR]D MHGQ\P GR %RijQL L +HUFHJRZLQ\ QD NWÐU\P RVRELijFLH QLH E\ğDP ] XZDJL QD NUÐWNL XUORS PDFLHU]\ġVNL =DVWãSLğ PQLH ZWHG\ 0DUHN 2SDVND :VSRPLQDMãF Z\MD]G\ ]DJUDQLF]QH ZDUWR ]DXZDő\å őH MHVW WR Z\MãWNRZR GğXJL F]DV NLHG\ WR MHVWHijP\ QD VLHELH eVND]DQLr -Xő VDPD MD]GD DXWREXVHP WR GOD ZLHOX FKÐU]\VWÐZ QLH ODGD SU]\JRGD 3RGF]DV W\FK F]÷VWR ZLHOX JRG]LQ MD]G\ ijSLHZDQH Vã UÐőQH SLRVHQNL SU]\ijSLHZNL F]DVHP SRZWDU]DMãFH VL÷ ZLHORNURWQLH UR]JU\ZDQH Vã SDUWLH NDUFLDQH V]DFK\ JU\

LQWHJUDF\MQH RJOãGDP\ ZVSÐOQLH ILOP\ =Z\NOH SRGF]DV SRGUÐő\ MHVW ZLHOH RND]ML GR ZVSÐOQ\FK őDUWÐZ L PLğHJR VS÷G]HQLD F]DVX 2F]\ZLijFLH QLH ]DZV]H E\ğR WDN VLHODQNRZR L QLHNLHG\ PXVLDğDP WHő QD SURijE÷ SDQÐZ NLHURZFÐZ E\å PQLHM PLğD GOD FKÐU]\VWÐZ ] UÐőQ\FK SRZRGÐZ VSÐŏQLDQLH VL÷ GR DXWREXVX SR Z\]QDF]RQ\P F]DVLH SRVWRMX FKRG]HQLH SR DXWREXVLH Z WUDNFLH MD]G\ OHőHQLH QD SRGğRG]H ijPLHFHQLH SLFLH QDSRMÐZ PRF]RS÷GQ\FK LWS &K\ED QDMZL÷FHM WDNLFK QLHSU]\MHPQ\FK V\WXDFML ] SDQDPL NLHURZFDPL PLDğDP SRGF]DV Z\MãWNRZR GğXJLHM SRGUÐő\ GR SRğXGQLRZHM 7XUFML 6WãG SUDZGRSRGREQLH RG WDPWHJR F]DVX ZLHOX FKÐU]\VWÐZ PÐZL GR PQLH ePDPRr -D UÐZQLHő QD]\ZDP LFK VZRLPL G]LHåPL PLPR IDNWX őH UÐőQLFD ZLHNX Z\SDGD QLHNLHG\ QD PRMã NRU]\ijå 1DMFLHNDZV]H ZVSRPQLHQLD ] Z\MD]GÐZ ]RVWDğ\ QDSLVDQH QD SRWU]HE\ NVLãőNL SW q0RMH ő\FLH ] 'RPLQDQWãr NWÐUD PLDğD VL÷ XND]Då MXő NLOND ODW WHPX 'R WHM SRU\ QLH XGDğR VL÷ Z\GDå WHM NVLãőNL &]HNDP RG ODW ] QLHFLHUSOLZRijFLã L MXő WHUD] ]DSUDV]DP GR OHNWXU\ ZVSRPQLHġ NWÐUH ZNUÐWFH RSXEOLNXMHP\ QD VWURQLH 'RPLQDQW\ RUD] E\å PRőH QD ğDPDFK .XULHUD 8(.

jednostki

3UL[ L Z W\P NRQNXUVLH RWU]\PDğD 6UHEUQ\ 0HGDO

0DğJRU]DWD /DQJHU .UÐO '\U\JHQWND &KÐUX 'RPLQDQWD

73


studenci

IJZLDWRZ\ 7\G]LHġ 3U]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL .ROHMQD (G\FMD IJZLDWRZHJR 7\JRGQLD 3U]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL E÷G]LH ]RUJDQL]RZDQD ] UR]PDFKHP ? \aU ZWS] VI bWZOIVQbW_IVQM

\MOW _aLIZbMVQI 3WðW 6I]SW_M 8ZbML[QĔJQWZKbWĬKQ Q 1VVW_IKRQ 3681 W\ZbaUIðW LW\IKRĔ b 5QVQ[\MZ[\_I -L]SIKRQ Q 6I]SQ

IJ

ZLDWRZ\ 7\G]LHġ 3U]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL IJ73 WR PL÷G]\QDURGRZD LQLFMDW\ZD PDMãFD QD FHOX SURPRFM÷ ijZLDGRPHJR UR]ZRMX RUD] SRGHMPRZDQLH ]DFKRZDġ SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]\FK .DőGHJR URNX W\VLãFH RVÐE QD FDğ\P ijZLHFLH VSRW\NDMã VL÷ ] SU]HGVL÷ELRUFDPL SU]HGVWDZLFLHODPL LQVW\WXFML ZVSLHUDMãF\FK SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]Rijå RUD] QDXNRZFDPL NWÐU]\ G]LHOã VL÷ VZRLP GRijZLDGF]HQLHP RUD] ZLHG]ã IJ73 WR UÐZQLHő RND]MD GR QDZLã]DQLD GğXJRIDORZ\FK UHODFML EL]QHVRZ\FK 3RGF]DV FDğHJR W\JRGQLD LQWHQV\ZQ\FK Z\GDU]Hġ QDVL SDUWQHU]\ RUJDQL]XMã EH]SğDWQH V]NROHQLD ZDUV]WDW\ GHEDW\ RUD] NRQNXUV\ GDMãFH V]DQV÷ QD ]GRE\FLH ZLHG]\ ] ]DNUHVX EXGRZDQLD EL]QHVX PDUNHWLQJX QHWZRUNLQJX RUD] ZLHOH LQQ\FK IJ73 Z\ZRG]L VL÷ ] LQLFMDW\Z\ E\ğHJR SUHPLHUD :LHONLHM %U\WDQLL *RUGRQD %URZQD RUJDQL]DFML e0DNH <RXU 0DUNr RUD] SUH]HVD )XQGDFML .DXIIPDQD &DUO 6FKUDPP 3LHUZV]D HG\FMD PLDğD PLHMVFH Z URNX L RG UD]X VWDğD VL÷ QDMZDőQLHMV]\P Z\GDU]HQLHP

74

ZVSLHUDMãF\P SRVWDZ\ SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]H ZijUÐG PğRG\FK OXG]L : W\P URNX WR MXő MHJR (G\FMD -DN Z]Lãå XG]LDğ Z W\P Z\GDU]HQLX" IJ73 RGE÷G]LH VL÷ MXő QLHEDZHP ER Z OLVWRSDG]LH =DSLV\ RUD] V]F]HJÐğ\ Z\GDU]HQLD E÷Gã ZNUÐWFH GRVW÷SQH QD VWURQLH LQWHUQHWRZHM ZZZ NQSL XHN NUDNRZ

SO QD )DFHERRNX e.RğR 1DXNRZH 3U]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL L ,QQRZDFML SU]\ 8(.r RUD] QD ,QVWDJUDPLH eNQSLBXHNr 6HUGHF]QLH ]DSUDV]DP\ ZV]\VWNLFK GR Z]L÷FLD XG]LDğX Z WHJRURF]QHM (G\FML

.LQJD 0DGHM 3UH]HV .RğD 1DXNRZHJR 3U]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijåL L ,QQRZDFML =DFKDULDV] :RV]F]HN E\ğ\ 3UH]HV


studenci

=GDOQLH WHő PRőH E\å IDMQLH

K

RğR 1DXNRZH =DU]ãG]DQLD =DVREDPL /XG]NLPL 3HUVRQDOQL G]LDğD SU÷őQLH MXő RG ODW SU]\ .DWHGU]H =DU]ãG]DQLD =DVREDPL 3UDF\ 8(. SRG RSLHNã GU KDE -DFND .RSFLD SURI 8(. 2G ODW RUJDQL]RZDQ\ MHVW )HVWLZDO +5 NWÐUHJR FHOHP MHVW V]HU]HQLH ZLHG]\ QD WHPDW V]HURNR SRM÷WHJR +XPDQ 5HVRXUFHV ZijUÐG ZV]\VWNLFK ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK SRSU]H] V]NROHQLD ZDUV]WDW\ L ZHELQDULD SURZDG]RQH SU]H] Z\NğDGRZFÐZ QDV]HM $OPD 0DWHU RUD] SUDNW\NÐZ ] FDğHM 3ROVNL 2VWDWQL URN DNDGHPLFNL E\ğ GOD ZV]\VWNLFK Z\]ZDQLHP 1RZ\ ]DU]ãG .RğD 1DXNRZHJR Z VNğDG]LH 'RPLQLND 3Dij t F]ğRQHN ]DU]ãGX GV SURMHNWÐZ 1DWDOLD 6WHIDġF]\N t F]ğRQHN ]DU]ãGX GV VRFLDO PHGLD RUD] *DEULHOD 2FLHF]HN t SUH]HV NRğD ]DVWDQDZLDğ\ VL÷ MDN NUHDW\ZQLH SRGHMijå GR SRZLHU]RQ\FK VRELH ]DGDġ : MDNL VSRVÐE ]LQWHJURZDå F]ğRQNÐZ NRğD RUD] ZGURő\å QRZH RVRE\ PLPR G]LHOãFHM LFK RGOHJğRijFL" &]\ UHNUXWDFMD RQOLQH PRőH E\å UÐZQLH VNXWHF]QD FR VWDFMRQDUQD" ']LDğDQLD MDNLH XGDğR VL÷ SU]HGVL÷Z]Lãå .RğX SRWZLHUG]DMã őH ]GDOQLH WHő PRőH E\å IDMQLH 3U]HSURZDG]RQD QD SRF]ãWNX SLHUZV]HJR VHPHVWUX UHNUXWDFMD SR]ZROLğD SRZL÷NV]\å VNğDG .RğD R QRZ\FK ZDUWRijFLRZ\FK VWXGHQWÐZ t QLH W\ONR 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR DOH UÐZQLHő $NDGHPLL *ÐUQLF]R +XWQLF]HM RUD] 8QLZHUV\WHWX -DJLHOORġVNLHJR 3RSU]H] F\NOH VSRWNDġ QD NWÐU\FK RPDZLDQH ]RVWDğ\ SUDZD UR]ZRMX ZHGğXJ -RKQD & 0D[ZHOOD VWXGHQFL PLHOL RND]M÷ ]DSR]QDå VL÷ ] PHWRGDPL NWÐUH PRJã E\å SRPRFQH Z LFK VDPRUR]ZRMX L SRNDőã

MDN LVWRWQH Vã FK÷FL RUD] GREUH SRGHMijFLH GR ]PLDQ L G]LDğDQLD : F]DVLH WHJR URNX PLDğ\ UÐZQLHő PLHMVFH ZDUV]WDW\ ] GHEDW RNVIRUG]NLFK =RVWDğ\ RQH SRSURZDG]RQH SU]H] MHGQHJR ] F]ğRQNÐZ ]HVSRğX NWÐU\ RUJDQL]XMH $NDGHPLFNLH 0LVWU]RVWZD 3ROVNL 'HEDW 2NVIRUG]NLFK 3R]ZROLğR WR F]ğRQNRP .RğD RSDQRZDå OHSLHM V]WXN÷ GHEDW FR QDVW÷SQLH Z\NRU]\VWDOL QD SU]HSURZDG]RQHM Z .ROH GHEDFLH -HM WHPDWHP E\ğ\ PRW\ZDWRU\ PDWHULDOQH MDNR QDMVNXWHF]QLHMV]D IRUPD PRW\ZRZDQLD 'RGDWNRZR Z F]DVLH URNX PLDğR WDNőH PLHMVFH V]NROHQLH ] OLGHUVWZD RUD] EDGDQLD QDXNRZH SU]HSURZDG]DQH SU]H] VWXGHQWÐZ ,FK WHPDW\ND RSLHUDğD VL÷ JğÐZQLH QD PRW\ZDFML ]DM÷FLDFK SUDF\ ]GDOQHM D WDNőH SURIHVMRQDOL]PRZL RJğRV]Hġ R SUDF÷ -XELOHXV]RZD HG\FMD 7HJRURF]QD HG\FMD IHVWLZDOX E\ğD Z\MãWNRZD ]H Z]JO÷GX QD GZLH U]HF]\ 3R SLHUZV]H E\ğ WR MXELOHXV] t HG\FMD 3R GUXJLH t Z FDğRijFL ]RVWDğ ]RUJDQL]RZDQ\ L SU]HSURZDG]RQ\ RQOLQH (NLSD RUJDQL]DF\MQD ]JURPDG]LğD SUHOHJHQWÐZ NWÐU]\ ]DSHğQLOL GQL )HVWLZDOX ZLHORPD FLHNDZ\PL L ] SHZQRijFLã ]DVNDNXMãF\PL Z\VWãSLHQLDPL 8F]HVWQLF\ ]JğDV]DMãF VL÷ SRSU]H] IRUPXODU] PRJOL Z]Lãå XG]LDğ Z ZHELQDULDFK SRijZL÷FRQ\FK XEH]SLHF]HQLRP VSRğHF]Q\P &9 L UR]PRZLH NZDOLILNDF\MQHM D QDZHW ZSğ\ZRP MDNLH PD PHG\WDFMD Z EUDQő\ +5 'Xő\P ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHP FLHV]\ğR VL÷ ZHELQDULXP 3DQL $QJHOLNL =LHOLġVNLHM G\SORPRZDQHM WUHQHUNL ZL]HUXQNX RVRELVWHM VW\OLVWNL L FRDFKD QD NWÐU\P PÐZLğD RQD R SURIHVMRQDOQ\P ZL]HUXQNX L DXWRSUH]HQWDFML 3DQ

0LFKDğ $GDPF]\N GRijZLDGF]RQ\ WUHQHU L 3UH]HV =DU]ãGX )XQGDFML .UDNÐZ 0LDVWHP 6WDUWXSÐZ ZVND]Dğ VZRLP VğXFKDF]RP SUDNW\F]QH SU]\NğDG\ PRJãFH SRPÐF VNXWHF]QLH SU]HZRG]Lå ]HVSRğHP -HV]F]H LQQ\P WHPDWHP ]ZLã]DQ\P ] DXWRPRW\ZDFMã ]DM÷ğD VL÷ SDQL 0RQLND *DZLQHFND FHUW\ILNRZDQD 5HLVV 0RWLYDWLRQ 3URILOH 0DVWHU 2VWDWQLHJR GQLD IHVWLZDOX RUJDQL]DWRU]\ ]DVNRF]\OL XF]HVWQLNÐZ .RQNXUVHP :LHG]\ R ==/ .DőG\ NWR EUDğ XG]LDğ Z Z\VWãSLHQLDFK PÐJğ VSUDZG]Lå ]GRE\Wã QD QLFK ZLHG]÷ L Z\JUDå FLHNDZH QDJURG\ NWÐU\PL E\ğ\ NVLãőNL 5DGND .RWDUVNLHJR L ]HVWDZ JDGJHWÐZ 8(. 7HJRURF]Q\ )HVWLZDO +5 Z OLF]EDFK NRQNXUV QLHVSRG]LDQND QDJURG\ VSHFMDOQH GOD XF]HVWQLNÐZ GQL V]NROHġ ZDUV]WDWÐZ L ZHELQDULÐZ SUHOHJHQWÐZ Z\VWãSLHġ RVRERZD HNLSD RUJDQL]DF\MQD ] .RğD 1DXNRZHJR 3HUVRQDOQL SRQDG XF]HVWQLNÐZ ] XQLZHUV\WHWÐZ ] FDğHM 3ROVNL Z W\P ] .UDNRZD .DWRZLF :URFğDZLD 3R]QDQLD /XEOLQD L ĞRG]L MDN UÐZQLHő RVÐE ] SR]D VSRğHF]QRijFL DNDGHPLFNLHM 7HUD] PRőHP\ MHG\QLH SRG]L÷NRZDå RUJDQL]DWRURP ]D GQL ZUDőHġ L F]HNDå QD HG\FM÷ )HVWLZDOX +5 ] NROHMQ\PL FLHNDZ\PL V]NROHQLDPL DOH QLH W\ONR ER .RğR 1DXNRZH ==/ 3HUVRQDOQL G]LDğD SU]HFLHő FDğ\ URN -HijOL FKFHV] QD SHZQR ]QDMG]LHP\ GOD &LHELH PLHMVFH %\å PRőH URN SR]ZROL QD VSRWNDQLD WZDU]ã Z WZDU] QD VDOL Z\NğDGRZHM D MHijOL QLH t MDN ZLGDå RQOLQH WHő PRőQD GXőR ]G]LDğDå *DEULHOD 2FLHF]HN 3UH]HV .RğD ==/ 3HUVRQDOQL

75


studenci

5DSRUW bM bUQMVQIRĊKMOW [QĔ Ĭ_QI\I 3DQGHPLD &29,' SU]H] ZLHOX XZDőDQD MHVW ]D QDMZDőQLHMV]H Z\GDU]HQLH ;;, Z 8ZbaKbaVQI [QĔ WVI LW QV\MV[a SIKRQ bRI_Q[S bUQMVQIRĊKaKP

W\IKbIRĊKĊ VI[ ZbMKba_Q[\WĬČ

W

sSÐğF]HijQLH REVHUZXMHP\ NWÐUH V]F]HJÐOQLH GRNXF]OLZLH GRW\NDMã NXPXODFMH ]DFKRG]ãF\FK QDV Z RNUHVLH OHWQLP SURFHVÐZ WDNLFK MDN NU\]\V ]GURZRWQ\ NU\]\V =MDZLVNR SRZRGRZDQ\FK SU]H] GHPRNUDFML SRVW÷SXMãFH UR]ZDUVWZLHF]ğRZLHND SU]HPLDQ NOLPDW\F]Q\FK QLH VSRğHF]QH F]\ NU\]\V NOLPDW\F]Q\ SRVW÷SXMH RG G]LHVL÷FLROHFL L MHVW 3R]D SRVW÷SXMãF\P NU\]\VHP ]GURQD W\OH SRZV]HFKQH őH MDNDNROZRWQ\P WR ZğDijQLH NU\]\V NOLPDW\F]Q\ ZLHN SUÐED ]DSU]HF]HQLD WHPX GRW\ND QDV REHFQLH QDMEDUG]LHM REMDSURFHVRZL VWDZLDQD MHVW G]LVLDM QD ZLDMãF VL÷ SRG SRVWDFLã FRUD] WR LQWHQUÐZQL ] WHRULDPL SğDVNR]LHPFÐZ V\ZQLHMV]\FK ]MDZLVN DWPRVIHU\F]Q\FK 3RQDGWR ZHGğXJ EDGDġ QDXNRZ\FK

76

] NDőGHJR ]DNãWND ijZLDWD REVHUZXMHP\ REHFQLH Z\őV]\ QLő QRUPD GOD SRSU]HGQLFK VWXOHFL Z]URVW JOREDOQHM WHPSHUDWXU\ Z ]GHF\GRZDQHM ZL÷NV]RijFL SRZRGRZDQ\ SU]H] OXG]Nã DNW\ZQRijå =DSRF]ãWNRZDQ\ SU]H] F]ğRZLHND SURFHV JOREDOQHJR RFLHSOHQLD UR]SRF]ãğ VDPRQDS÷G]DMãFã VL÷ VSLUDO÷ W]Q Z\őV]H WHPSHUDWXU\ SRZRGXMã WRSQLHQLH ZL÷NV]HM LORijFL ORGRZFÐZ FR ] NROHL XZDOQLD ZL÷NV]ã


%LRUãF WR ZV]\VWNR SRG XZDJ÷ PRőQD VWZLHUG]Lå őH ő\MHP\ Z SU]\V]ğRijFL NWÐUD QD SRF]ãWNX ;;, Z NUHRZDQD E\ğD MDNR MHGHQ ] QDMF]DUQLHMV]\FK VFHQDULXV]\ L ZV]\VWNR ZVND]XMH QD WR őH ZUD] ] XSğ\ZHP F]DVX SU]\V]ğRijå WD VWDQLH VL÷ GOD QDV MHV]F]H WUXGQLHMV]D :LHOX OXG]L OHNFHZDő\ ]DFKRG]ãFH SU]HPLDQ\ NOLPDW\F]QH XWRőVDPLDMãF MH ] UÐőQLFã SDUX VWRSQL MDNLH Z\VWãSLå PRJã Z WUDNFLH GQLD -HVW WR P\OQH VSRVWU]HőHQLH NWÐUH SU]\SLVXMH SU]\URVW WHPSHUDWXU\ PLHU]RQHM ORNDOQLH ]ZDQH WHő SRJRGã ] SU]\URVWHP JOREDOQ\P Z\VW÷SXMãF\P SRG SRVWDFLã ]PLDQ NOLPDW\F]Q\FK 1D SLHUZV]\ U]XW RND ]PLDQD Z SRJRG]LH QS SRPL÷G]\ & L & Z\GDMã VL÷ OHGZR ]DXZDőDOQD MHGQDN JOREDOQ\ SU]\URVW WHPSHUDWXU\ SRZ\őHM & VWDZLD QDV SU]HG FDğ\P V]HUHJLHP QDVW÷SVWZ NOLPDW\F]Q\FK ]PLHQLDMãF\FK QDV] GRW\FKF]DVRZ\ WU\E ő\FLD 0L÷G]\U]ãGRZ\ =HVSÐğ GV =PLDQ .OLPDWX ,3&& ,QWHUJRYHUQPHQWDO 3DQHO RQ &OLPDWH &KDQJH VWDUD VL÷ SURPRZDå LGHH XWU]\PDQLD JOREDOQHJR Z]URVWX WHPSHUDWXU\ QD SR]LRPLH & Z]JO÷GHP HSRNL SUH LQGXVWULDOQHM 1LHVWHW\ ZV]\VWNR ZVND]XMH QD WR őH MHVW MXő QD WR ]D SÐŏQR L Z]URVW JOREDOQHM WHPSHUDWXU\ R & MHVW MXő QLHXQLNQLRQ\ ,3&& VWDUDMãF VL÷ ]DSRELHF SU]\URVWRZL WHPSHUDWXU\ R & QDV]NLFRZDğR GZD ]DOHFDQH VFHQDULXV]H ZDONL ] JOREDOQ\P RFLHSOHQLHP 3LHUZV]\ ] QLFK ]DNğDGD UHGXNFM÷ HPLVML JD]ÐZ FLHSODUQLDQ\FK R SRğRZ÷ GR U ] SHUVSHNW\Zã FDğNRZLWHM ]HUR HPLV\MQRijFL GR U = NROHL QDVW÷SQ\ VFHQDULXV] ]DNğDGD FDğNRZLWã UHGXNFM÷ JD]ÐZ FLHSODUQLDQ\FK Z VNDOL JOREDOQHM GR U 6DPL DXWRU]\ ]DNğDGDMã MHGQDN őH SRZVWU]\PDQLH JOREDOQHJR SU]\URVWX

WHPSHUDWXU QD SR]LRPLH & SR]RVWDQLH Z LFK ]DğRőHQLX QDMEDUG]LHM RSW\PLVW\F]Q\P VFHQDULXV]HP 1DMZDőQLHMV]H ] JOREDOQHM SHUVSHNW\Z\ SR]RVWDMH QLHGRSXV]F]HQLH GR SU]HNURF]HQLD SXQNWX EH] SRZURWX DQJ 7LSSLQJ 3RLQW NWÐU\ ]DSRF]ãWNXMH ğDġFXFK ]GDU]Hġ RGPLHQLDMãF\ REHFQã L SU]\V]ğã U]HF]\ZLVWRijå NOLPDW\F]Qã QD ]DZV]H 3U]HNURF]HQLH SXQNWX EH] SRZURWX QLH E÷G]LH R]QDF]DğR W\ONR Z]URVWX WHPSHUDWXU\ OHF] UÐZQLHő SU]\F]\QL VL÷ GR VHULL ]GDU]Hġ WDNLFK MDN P LQ SRZRG]LH NWÐUH Z ELHőãF\P URNX QDZLHG]Lğ\ 8QL÷ (XURSHMVNã 6WDQ\ =MHGQRF]RQH &KLQ\ F]\ ,QGLH 7\P VPXWQLHMV]\ SR]RVWDMH IDNW őH QDMZL÷NV]ã FHQ÷ ]D ]PLHQLDMãF\ VL÷ NOLPDW SğDFã OXG]LH NWÐU]\ Z QDMPQLHMV]\P VWRSQLX SU]\F]\QLOL VL÷ GR JOREDOQHM HPLVML JD]ÐZ FLHSODUQLDQ\FK W]Q JğÐZQLH ] NUDMÐZ DIU\NDġVNLFK %OLVNLHJR :VFKRGX F]\ 3ÐğZ\VSX ,QG\MVNLHJR :V]\VWNR WR RF]\ZLijFLH VNXWNXMH QDUDVWDMãFã IDOã PLJUDF\MQã NWÐUD F\NOLF]QLH UR]ELMD VL÷ R JUDQLFH 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM Z RVWDWQLHM RGVğRQLH V]F]HJÐOQLH PRFQR GRW\NDMãF JUDQLF 3ROVNL 3RPLPR SDQXMãFHJR SRZV]HFKQLH SU]HijZLDGF]HQLD R LQG\ZLGXDOQHM RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijFL ]D ]PLDQ\ NOLPDW\F]QH Z U]HF]\ZLVWRijFL WR JğÐZQLH NLHURZDQH SU]H] QLHOLF]Q\FK QLHSRFKDPRZDQH VLğ\ U\QNRZH RGSRZLHG]LDOQH Vã ]D REHFQ\ VWDQ U]HF]\ 1LH]DOHőQLH RG WHJR MDN GXő\ Z\VLğHN MHGQRVWNRZR E÷G]LHP\ SRGHMPRZDå SLMãF ] SDSLHURZ\FK UXUHN NDZ÷ Z VWDUEXFNVLH F]\ WHő MHőGőãF HOHNWU\F]Q\PL VDPRFKRGDPL PDUNL 7HVOD QLH ]PLHQLP\ IDNWX őH QD NRQLHF VWR QDMZL÷NV]\FK NRUSRUDFML RGSRZLHG]LDOQ\FK SR]RVWDQLH ]D SURF JOREDOQHM HPLVML JD]ÐZ FLHSODUQLDQ\FK 6NDO÷ SUREOHPX ] MDNLPL PXVLP\ VL÷ PLHU]\å GREU]H REUD]XMH IDNW

őH Z\OLF]HQLH XND]XMãFH őH GHNDUERQL]DFMD V]HijFLX QDMZL÷NV]\FK VWDWNÐZ Z\FLHF]NRZ\FK ijZLDWD E\ğDE\ UÐZQRZDUWRijFLã ]HURZHM HPLV\MQRijFL ZV]\VWNLFK VDPRFKRGÐZ MHőGőãF\FK REHFQLH SR GURJDFK 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM

studenci

LORijå XNU\W\FK Z SRNU\ZLH ORGRZFRZHM JD]ÐZ FLHSODUQLDQ\FK 3RQDGWR Z]UDVWDMãFD JOREDOQD ijUHGQLD WHPSHUDWXU SU]\F]\QLD VL÷ GR ]ZL÷NV]DMãFHM VL÷ VLğ\ L LQWHQV\ZQRijFL QLHSU]HZLG\ZDOQ\FK ]MDZLVN DWPRVIHU\F]Q\FK WDNLFK MDN SRZRG]LH VXV]H KXUDJDQ\ L SRőDU\ SRğãF]RQH ] UR]SU]HVWU]HQLDQLHP VL÷ FKRUÐE 6]F]HJÐOQLH GRWNOLZH Z QDV]\P PDğRSROVNLP UHMRQLH VWDMã VL÷ Z\VW÷SXMãFH ] FRUD] ZL÷NV]ã F]÷VWRWOLZRijFLã SRZRG]LH Eğ\VNDZLF]QH NWÐUH PRFQR SXVWRV]ã SRğXGQLH UHJLRQX ZUD] ] ZRMHZÐG]NLP PLDVWHP .UDNRZHP

'ODWHJR WHő MDNR RGSRZLHGŏ QD ]PLHQLDMãFã VL÷ U]HF]\ZLVWRijå SRZVWDMH FRUD] ZL÷FHM LQLFMDW\Z WDNLFK MDN ijZLHőR G]LDğDMãFH SU]\ QDV]\P XQLZHUV\WHFLH .RğR 1DXNRZH :\]ZDġ =LHORQHJR ĞDGX NWÐUH VWDUD VL÷ Z\ZLHUDå UHDOQ\ ZSğ\Z SRSU]H] DNW\ZQH G]LDğDQLD ]DUÐZQR QD SROX DNDGHPLFNLP MDN L ORNDOQ\P Z FHOX ]PQLHMV]HQLD UR]PLDUÐZ QDGFLãJDMãFHM JOREDOQHM SU]HPLDQ\ HNRORJLF]QHM .RġF]ãF =LHPLD t QLH]DOHőQLH RG WHJR MDNLH PLHMVFH Z VWUXNWXU]H VSRğHF]QHM ]DMPXMHP\ t SR]RVWDMH QDGDO QDV]\P ZVSÐOQ\P L MHG\Q\P GRPHP D Z\]ZDQLD MDNLH NğDGã SU]HG VREã (ORQ 0XVN F]\ -HII %H]RV PDMãFH QD FHOX WHUUDIRUPDFM÷ 0DUVD QDZHW Z PDğ\P SURFHQFLH QLH SU]\ZUÐFã ZDUXQNÐZ L PRőOLZRijFL MDNLH VWZDU]D WHQ ijZLDW 6]\PRQ 3ROHZND .RğR 1DXNRZH :\]ZDġ =LHORQHJR ĞDGX

77


studenci

.RğR 1DXNRZH 5R]ZRMX 2VRELVWHJR § [\I_QIUa VI T]LbQ .RğR 1DXNRZH 5R]ZRMX 2VRELVWHJR Z VNUÐFLH .152 G]LDğD MXő RG ODW ? \aU KbI[QM XW_[\IðW _ VQU _QMTM Z{ĵVaKP QVQKRI\a_ S\{ZM

]UWĵTQ_QIða UðWLaU T]LbQWU ZWb_{R _ Z{ĵVaKP LbQMLbQVIKP

W

URNX DNDGHPLFNL .RğR 1DXNRZH 5R]ZRMX 2VRELVWHJR E÷G]LH REFKRG]Lå URF]QLF÷ SRZVWDQLD 1D SU]HVWU]HQL ODW Z .152 Z\GDU]\ğR VL÷ VSRUR t QRZH SURMHNW\ Z\MD]G\ LQWHJUDF\MQR V]NROHQLRZH .,:,6 Z\UÐőQLHQLD D SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QRZH RVRE\ NWÐUH G]LHOLğ\ VL÷ ] QDPL VZRLPL GRijZLDGF]HQLDPL XPLHM÷WQRijFLDPL L ZLHG]ã 5ÐZQLHő Z W\P URNX SODQXMHP\ SU÷őQLH G]LDğDå 1D SU]HğRPLH ZU]HijQLD L SDŏG]LHUQLND SU]HSURZDG]LOLijP\ SURFHV UHNUXWDFML NWÐU\ VSRWNDğ VL÷ ] GXő\P ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHP &]WHU\ SURMHNW\ ] XELHJğHJR URNX GRF]HNDğ\ VL÷ VZRMHM NRQW\QXDFML D SRQDGWR SRGM÷OLijP\ GHF\]M÷ R SRZRğDQLX GZÐFK QRZ\FK %DGDQLD .152 3URMHNW %DGDQLD .152 G]LDğD RG URNX L VWDOH VL÷ UR]ZLMD DE\ MDN QDMOHSLHM V]NROLå VWXGHQWÐZ L ZSURZDG]Då LFK GR ijZLDWD QDXNL 1DV]\P JğÐZQ\P FHOHP MHVW XSRZV]HFKQLDQLH QDXNL L EDGDġ QDXNRZ\FK ZijUÐG VWXGHQWÐZ D WDNőH ]QDOH]LHQLH RGSRZLHG]L QD QXUWXMãFH QDV S\WDQLD

78

&]ğRQNRZLH SURMHNWX G]LDğDMã Z UDPDFK GZÐFK ijFLHőHN =JRGQLH ] KDUPRQRJUDPHP V]NROHġ QD ijFLHőFH , V]F]HJÐğRZR RPDZLDP\ FDğ\ SURFHV EDGDZF]\ t ]DUÐZQR F]÷ijå PHWRGRORJLF]Qã MDN L DQDOLW\F]Qã IJFLHőND ,, VNXSLD VL÷ QD SURZDG]HQLX ZVSÐOQ\FK EDGDġ L HNVSHU\PHQWÐZ RUD] MHV]F]H Jğ÷EV]\P SR]QDQLX SURFHVX EDGDZF]HJR 3URMHNW %DGDQLD .152 RUJDQL]XMH UÐZQLHő Z\GDU]HQLD RWZDUWH t NRQIHUHQFMH QDXNRZH %DGDZF]D .RQIHUHQFMD 1DXNRZD (03,5,$ 1DXNRZH 3RZLWDQLH 3RőHJQDQLH :DNDFML RUD] ZVSÐğWZRU]\ &5& t &UDFRZ 5HVHDUFK &RQIHUHQFH IRU 6RFLDO 6WXGLHV 6WXGHQWV VSRWNDQLD ] HNVSHUWDPL 5HVHDUFK &RUQHU GHEDW\ RNVIRUG]NLH D WDNőH V]NROHQLD GOD RVÐE VSR]D .152 =DFK÷FDP\ GR ijOHG]HQLD IDQSDJH SURMHNWX JG]LH LQIRUPXMHP\ R QDGFKRG]ãF\FK Z\GDU]HQLDFK /LJD 5R]ZRMX /LJD 5R]ZRMX WR QRZRF]HVQ\ SRUWDO HGXNDF\MQ\ NWÐU\ RSLHUD VL÷ QD IRUPDFLH JU\ZDOL]DFML D WDNőH VSRVÐE QD ]GRE\ZDQLH QRZ\FK

XPLHM÷WQRijFL Z QRZ\P QLHSRZWDU]DOQ\P VW\OX -HVW WR SURMHNW FKDU\WDW\ZQ\ GODWHJR ZV]\VWNLH ]HEUDQH SLHQLãG]H ]D XF]HVWQLFWZR Z /LJDFK SU]HND]XMHP\ QD FHOH GREURF]\QQH /LJ÷ PRőH SURZDG]Lå NDőGD FK÷WQD RVRED t QD GRZROQ\ WHPDW NWÐU\P VL÷ SDVMRQXMH OXE QD WHPDW NWÐUHJR SRVLDGD GXőã ZLHG]÷ /LJL SURZDG]RQH Vã SU]H] ZRORQWDULXV]\ Z FLHNDZ\ L LQQRZDF\MQ\ VSRVÐE .DőG\ NXUV WUZD W\JRGQLH SRGF]DV NWÐU\FK XF]HVWQLF\ RG SRQLHG]LDğNX GR SLãWNX Z\SHğQLDMã ]DGDQLD GRVW÷SQH QD VWURQLH LQWHUQHWRZHM /LJL 5R]ZRMX SU]\JRWRZDQH ZF]HijQLHM SU]H] SURZDG]ãF\FK 3RGF]DV WUZDQLD NXUVX XF]HVWQLF\ PLHU]ã VL÷ ] ]DGDQLDPL G]LHQQ\PL NDőGH ]D PD[ SNW ]DGDQLDPL W\JRGQLRZ\PL F]DV QD UR]ZLã]DQLH W\G]LHġ NDőGH ]D SNW MHGQ\P ]DGDQLHP HSLFNLP ]D SNW RUD] ]DGDQLDPL q&]DV QD SRZWÐUN÷ r SRMDZLDMãF\PL VL÷ FR QLHG]LHOH NWÐUH GDMã PRőOLZRijå ]GRE\FLD GRGDWNRZ\FK SNW


studenci

6WHS 7R 'HY 3URMHNW 6WHS7R'HY RUELWXMH ZRNÐğ V]HURNR SRM÷WHM WHPDW\NL LQIRUPDW\NL 0D QD FHOX SU]\EOLőHQLH ijZLDWD ,7 ]DUÐZQR VWXGHQWRP ] NLHUXQNÐZ WHFKQLF]Q\FK MDN L QLHWHFKQLF]Q\FK SRSU]H] RUJDQL]DFM÷ Z\GDU]Hġ Z UÐőQ\FK FLHNDZ\FK IRUPDFK t ZLHF]RUNÐZ SURJUDPLVW\F]Q\FK NRQIHUHQFML F]\ PLQL KDFNDWKRQDFK 2SUÐF] WZRU]HQLD RND]ML GR ]GRE\ZDQLD XPLHM÷WQRijFL WZDUG\FK FKFHP\ ]ZUÐFLå XZDJ÷ UÐZQLHő QD XPLHM÷WQRijFL PL÷NNLH t Z NRġFX EUDQőD ,7 WR WHő OXG]LH &]ğRQNLQLH L F]ğRQNRZLH SURMHNWX ]DMPXMã VL÷ RUJDQL]DFMã Z\őHM Z\PLHQLRQ\FK Z\GDU]Hġ RUD] WZRU]ã VWURQ÷ LQWHUQHWRZã : W\P URNX E÷G]LH WR VWURQD GOD .RğD 1DXNRZHJR 5R]ZRMX 2VRELVWHJR QDWRPLDVW Z SU]\V]ğRijFL FKFHP\ VWZRU]\å VWURQ\ GOD RUJDQL]DFML FKDU\WDW\ZQ\FK :VSDUFLD PHU\WRU\F]QHJR QDV]\FK Z\GDU]Hġ E÷G]LHP\ V]XNDå ZijUÐG HNVSHUWÐZ L ILUP ] EUDQő\ ,7 RIHUXMãF LP Z ]DPLDQ SURPRFM÷ ZijUÐG VWXGHQWÐZ QDV]HM $OPD 0DWHU 6]NROHQLD -÷]\NRZH = UR]SRF]÷FLHP ZDNDFML ]HVSÐğ SURMHNWRZ\ 6]NROHġ -÷]\NRZ\FK SU]\JRWRZ\ZDğ VL÷ GR RUJDQL]DFML HG\FML MDNLHM MHV]F]H QLH E\ğR 3RVWDUDğ VL÷ DE\ UR]SRF]ãå LQQRZDF\MQã HG\FM÷ NXUVÐZ M÷]\NRZ\FK Z SU]HFLãJX GZÐFK W\JRGQL 7DN t WR ]DOHGZLH GZD W\JRGQLH SRGF]DV NWÐU\FK OHNWRU]\ Dő WU]\ UD]\ Z W\JRGQLX SU]HSURZDG]DMã LQWHQV\ZQH ]DM÷FLD M÷]\NRZH WUZDMãFH SR PLQ :ijUÐG OHNWRUÐZ NWÐU]\ SRGM÷OL WR Z\]ZDQLH E\OL VWXGHQFL FKRå QLH W\ONR XF]ãF\ M÷]\ND KLV]SDġVNLHJR ZğRVNLHJR QLHPLHFNLHJR RUD] SROVNLHJR M÷]\ND PLJRZHJR 2JURPQLH JUDWXOXMHP\ ]D SRGM÷FLH Z\]ZDQLD 3LHUZV]H ]DM÷FLD UR]SRF]÷ğ\ VL÷ ZU]HijQLD /HNWRU]\ VSRW\NDOL VL÷ ] XF]HVWQLNDPL ]GDOQLH NRU]\VWDMãF ] SODWIRUP\ =RRP $ MDNLH Vã QDV]H NROHMQH SODQ\" %DUG]R DPELWQH -HVWHijP\ Z

WUDNFLH SU]\JRWRZDQLD QRZHM IRUPXğ\ SURMHNWX 6]NROHQLD -÷]\NRZH NWÐUD ]DVNRF]\ ZV]\VWNLFK D E÷G]LH ZGUDőDQD MXő Z W\P URNX DNDGHPLFNLP 6]WXND Z G]LDğDQLD FK

6]WXND Z G]LDğDQLD FK WR QRZ\ SURMHNW Z .ROH 1DXNRZ\P 5R]ZRMX 2VRELVWHJR 3RZVWDğ ] SRWU]HE\ SRğãF]HQLD GZÐFK ijZLDWÐZ t ijZLDWD ZDőQ\FK WHPDWÐZ VSRğHF]Q\FK L UHODFML PL÷G]\OXG]NLFK RUD] ijZLDWD V]WXNL WHDWUDOQHM ILOPRZHM L DXGLRZL]XDOQHM 1DV] SURMHNW WR SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP WZRU]HQLH SU]HVWU]HQL GR PÐZLHQLD R W\P FR ZDőQH 1DU]÷G]LD NWÐUH GDMã ILOP L WHDWU SRVğXőã V]XNDQLX ijZLHő\FK IRUP GRFLHUDQLD GR VSRğHF]QRijFL DNDGHPLFNLHM 6]WXND Z G]LDğDQLD FK E÷G]LH DNW\ZQD Z VRFLDO PHGLDFK DOH WHő Z SU]HVWU]HQL SXEOLF]QHM R LOH SR]ZROã QD WR ZDUXQNL SDQGHPLF]QH 3ODQXMHP\ WZRU]\å HWLXG\ L XGRVW÷SQLDå MH Z LQWHUQHFLH RUD] RUJDQL]RZDå Z\GDU]HQLD NWÐUH E÷Gã RWZDUWH GOD JRijFL &KFHP\ QDZLã]\ZDå ZVSÐğSUDF÷ WDNőH ] LQQ\PL VWXGHQFNLP SURMHNWDPL L G]LHOLå VL÷ ] OXGŏPL W\P FR VSUDZLD őH G]LDğDP\ F]\OL SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP SDVMã SRğãF]RQã ] GXőã GR]ã ZUDőOLZRijFL 7UHQHU]\ .152 3URMHNW 7UHQHU]\ .152 VNXSLD VL÷ QD SU]HSURZDG]DQLX PHU\WRU\F]Q\FK V]NROHġ GRSDVRZDQ\FK GR SRWU]HE QDV]\FK RGELRUFÐZ

8F]HVWQLF\ SURZDG]ã V]NROHQLD ]DUÐZQR GOD F]ğRQNÐZ QDV]HJR .RğD L REHFQ\FK Z QLP 3URMHNWÐZ MDN L GOD RVÐE VSR]D QDV]HM RUJDQL]DFML 7HPDW\ND V]NROHġ VNXSLD VL÷ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QD UR]ZRMX NRPSHWHQFML PL÷NNLFK QS ]DU]ãG]DQLH F]DVHP DXWRSUH]HQWDFMD UDG]HQLH VRELH ]H VWUHVHP 'RğãF]DMãF GR SURMHNWX SU]\V]OL 7UHQHU]\ QLH PXV]ã SRVLDGDå VSHFMDOLVW\F]QHM ZLHG]\ ] WHJR ]DNUHVX t PDMã PRőOLZRijå QDXF]HQLD VL÷ ZV]\VWNLHJR RG SRGVWDZ L Z\SUÐERZDQLD QRZR QDE\WHM ZLHG]\ SRGF]DV SUDNW\F]Q\FK åZLF]Hġ RUD] SU]HSURZDG]DMãF VZRMH SLHUZV]H D SRWHP NROHMQH V]NROHQLD : W\P SURMHNFLH MHJR F]ğRQNRZLH PDMã V]DQV÷ UR]ZLQãå SHZQRijå VLHELH L SRSUDZLå Z\VWãSLHQLD SU]HG V]HUV]\P JURQHP Z NRPIRUWRZHM L SU]\MDFLHOVNLHM DWPRVIHU]H 8F]ã VL÷ SU]\JRWRZDQLD RUJDQL]DFML L SURZDG]HQLD PHU\WRU\F]Q\FK L HIHNW\ZQ\FK V]NROHġ :V]\VWNR SR WR őHE\ SÐŏQLHM PÐF W÷ ZLHG]÷ Z\NRU]\VW\ZDå Z SUDNW\FH XF]ãF LQQ\FK =DFK÷FDP\ GR ijOHG]HQLD QDV]\FK G]LDğDġ QD QDV]HM VWURQLH LQWHUQHWRZHM t KWWSV VLWHV JRRJOH FRP NQUR XHN NUDNRZ SO NQUR t RUD] QD SURILODFK Z PHGLDFK VSRğHF]QRijFLRZ\FK $OHNVDQGUD *U]HE\N RUD] -XOLD 3URVWDN ZH ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] .RRUG\QDWRUDPL .RğR 1DXNRZH 5R]ZRMX 2VRELVWHJR

79


studenci

:MSWZLW_a IJZLHŐ$. : GQLDFK RG VLHUSQLD GR ZU]HijQLD URNX RGE\ğ VL÷ IJZLHŐ$. § KWZWKbVa WJ{b ILIX\IKaRVa LTI [\]LMV\{_ bIKbaVIRĊKaKP [_WRĊ

XZbaOWLĔ b =VQ_MZ[a\M\MU -SWVWUQKbVaU _ 3ZISW_QM WZOIVQbW_IVa XZbMb 8IZTIUMV\ ;\]LMVKSQ

W

SLHUZV]\P GQLX IJZLHŐ$.ÐZ SU]\ZLWDOL -HJR 0DJQLILFHQFMD 5HNWRU GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. RUD] 3URUHNWRU GV .V]WDğFHQLD L 6WXGHQWÐZ t GU KDE .DUROLQD .OHFKD 7\OHF SURI 8(. D WDNőH QRZR Z\EUDQ\ SU]HZRGQLF]ãF\ 3DUODPHQWX 6WXGHQFNLHJR 8(. t 3DQ 7RPDV] 0DXUHN 1DVW÷SQLH QRZL VWXGHQFL SR]QDOL QDV]ã 8F]HOQL÷ L NDPSXV RUD] RGE\OL VSRWNDQLH SUH]HQWXMãFH ILUP÷ (< RUD] PRőOLZRijFL UR]ZRMX Z\QLNDMãFH ]H ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] QLã D WDNőH SU]HV]OL V]NROHQLH ] SRGVWDZ EXGRZDQLD PDUNL RVRELVWHM QD VHUZLVLH /LQNHG,Q SU]HSURZDG]RQH SU]H] SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZR $R1 3ÐŏQLHM XGDOL VL÷ QD .UDNRZVNL 5\QHN JG]LH RGE\ğD VL÷ JUD PLHMVND SU]\JRWRZDQD SU]H] RUJDQL]DWRUÐZ Z\GDU]HQLD 3RPLPR QLHVSU]\MDMãFHM SRJRG\ XGDğR VL÷ SU]HSURZDG]Lå ZV]\VWNLH ]DSODQRZDQH QD WHQ G]LHġ DWUDNFMH ,QWHQV\ZQLH Z\SHğQLRQ\ G]LHġ SR]ZROLğ SU]\V]ğ\P VWXGHQWRP SR]QDå PXU\ 8F]HOQL :ğDG]H DOH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP SR]QDå PLDVWR Z NWÐU\P VS÷G]ã VZRMH QDMEOLőV]H ODWD .ROHMQH GQL XF]HVWQLF\ VS÷G]DOL Z PDORZQLF]HM JÐUVNLHM PLHMVFRZRijFL t 0XU]DVLFKOH JG]LH PRJOL SRG]LZLDå SL÷NQH ZLGRNL RUD] PLHOL PQÐVWZR RND]ML GR ]DGDZDQLD S\WDġ RGQRijQLH QDV]HM $OPD 0DWHU QD NWÐUH ] FK÷FLã 80

RGSRZLDGDOL RGSRZLHG]LDOQL ]D SURMHNW VDPRU]ãGRZF\ RUD] ]DSURV]HQL V\PSDW\F\ 3DUODPHQWX 2GE\ğ\ VL÷ WDNőH V]NROHQLD ]H VWUXNWXU 6DPRU]ãGX IXQNFMRQXMãF\FK QD QDV]HM 8F]HOQL 3RPRJğ\ RQH SU]\EOLő\å REV]DU G]LDğDġ L LQLFMDW\Z SDUODPHQWDU]\VWÐZ D WDNőH E\ğ\ ijZLHWQã RND]Mã GR SU]HND]DQLD IJZLHŐ$.RP ZLHG]\ QD WHPDW RUJDQL]RZDQ\FK SU]H] 3DUODPHQW Z\GDU]Hġ NWÐU\FK QLH PRőQD SU]HJDSLå 1D Z\MHŏG]LH V]NROHQLRZR LQWHJUDF\MQ\P QLH PRJğR RE\å VL÷ EH] LQWHJUDFML SRGF]DV NWÐU\FK XF]HVWQLF\ RER]X PRJOL SR]QDå VZRLFK UÐZLHijQLNÐZ ] UÐőQ\FK NLHUXQNÐZ SURZDG]RQ\FK QD QDV]HM 8F]HOQL D WDNőH F]HUSDå

] GRijZLDGF]Hġ VWXGHQWÐZ Z\őV]\FK ODW 2ER]RZLF]H PLHOL WDNőH RND]M÷ VNRU]\VWDå ] XURNÐZ SL÷NQHM SRJRG\ SRGF]DV ZL]\W\ Z EDVHQDFK WHUPDOQ\FK Z PLHMVFRZRijFL 6]DIODU\ 2EÐ] DGDSWDF\MQ\ WR RND]MD GR ]DZDUFLD SU]\MDŏQL NWÐUH SU]HWUZDMã NROHMQH GğXJLH ODWD 8F]HVWQLFWZR Z IJZLHŐ$.X SR]ZDOD WDNőH ZHMijå SHZQLH QDV]\P QDMPğRGV]\P NROHJRP L NROHőDQNRP Z PXU\ ]XSHğQLH QRZHJR GOD QLFK PLHMVFD t QDV]HM 8F]HOQL : WHJRURF]QHM HG\FML RER]X EUDğD XG]LDğ UHNRUGRZD Z SRUÐZQDQLX GR SRSU]HGQLFK ODW OLF]ED RNRğR RVÐE %HDWD .XSLHF $JQLHV]ND 5XWNRZVND


81


studenci

1RZH .RğD 1DXNRZH ? VILKPWLbĊKaU ZWS] ISILMUQKSQU [_WRĊ LbQIðITVWĬČ ZWbXWKbaVIRĊ VW_W XW_[\IðM .RğR 1DXNRZH 3UDZD $GPLQLVWUDF\MQHJR e$GPLQLVWUDUHr oraz .RğR 1DXN 3HQDOQ\FK e6FLHQWLD 1RELOLWDWr

Z

DğRőHQLH W\FK NÐğ QDXNRZ\FK MHVW RZRFHP PRELOL]DFML JUXS\ VWXGHQWÐZ FK÷WQ\FK GR SRJğ÷ELDQLD ZLHG]\ L UR]ZRMX QDXNRZHJR Z ]DNUHVLH SUDZD DGPLQLVWUDF\MQHJR RUD] QDXN SHQDOQ\FK

GR Z\PLDQ\ VWXGHQFNLFK GRijZLDGF]Hġ .RğR SRZVWDğR DE\ VWXGHQFL QDV]HM 8F]HOQL PRJOL ]DSR]QDå VL÷ QLH W\ONR ] ]DJDGQLHQLDPL SUDZD NDUQHJR PDWHULDOQHJR F]\ SURFHVRZHJR DOH WDNőH ] V]HURNR UR]XPLDQ\PL QDXNDPL SHQDOQ\PL NWÐU\FK REHFQLH QLH REHMPXMã SODQ\ VWXGLÐZ QD QDV]HM $OPD 0DWHU

.13$ e$GPLQLVWUDUHr : UDPDFK G]LDğDOQRijFL .RğD 1DXNRZHJR F]ğRQNRZLH SUDJQã VNXSLå VL÷ QD SRJğ÷ELDQLX L SRSXODU\]RZDQLX ZLHG]\ ] ]DNUHVX SUDZD DGPLQLVWUDF\MQHJR RUD] SRVW÷SRZDQLD DGPLQLVWUDF\MQHJR V]HU]HQLX NXOWXU\ SUDZQHM RUD] ZVSLHUDQLX LQG\ZLGXDOQHJR UR]ZRMX VWXGHQWÐZ D SRQDGWR QD SU]\JRWRZ\ZDQLX F]ğRQNÐZ .RğD GR SUDF\ QDXNRZHM L ]DZRGRZHM *ğÐZQ\P FHOHP MHVW REDOHQLH SU]HNRQDQLD ZL÷NV]RijFL VWXGHQWÐZ R W\P őH G]LHG]LQD SUDZD DGPLQLVWUDF\MQHJR MHVW PDğR LQWHUHVXMãFD : W\P URNX G]LDğDOQRijå E÷G]LH REHMPRZDå RUJDQL]RZDQLH NRQIHUHQFML F]\ GHEDW RUD] VSRWNDġ ] RVREDPL ]DMPXMãF\PL VL÷ ]DZRGRZR Wã G]LHG]LQã SUDZD 1D &]ğRQNÐZ =DğRő\FLHOL .RğD VNğDGDMã VL÷ SDVMRQDFL SUDZD DGPLQLVWUDF\MQHJR NWÐU]\ ZLHU]ã őH G]LDğDOQRijå QDXNRZD QLH SROHJD MHG\QLH QD VDPRG]LHOQ\P ]Jğ÷ELDQLX GDQHM SUREOHPDW\NL DOH WHő QD LQVSLURZDQLX GR WHJR LQQ\FK RVÐE 82

2SLHNXQHP QDXNRZ\P .RğD MHVW GU KDE 0DJGDOHQD 0DğHFND Ğ\V]F]HN SURI 8(. :V]\VWNLFK ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK G]LDğDOQRijFLã Z .13$ e$GPLQLVWUDUHr ]DFK÷FDP\ GR NRQWDNWX PDLORZHJR SRG DGUHVHP NQSDXHN#JPDLO FRP .13 e6FLHQWLD 1RELOLWDWr =DğRőHQLHP G]LDğDOQRijFL .RğD 1DXN 3HQDOQ\FK MHVW SRJğ÷ELDQLH L SRSXODU\]RZDQLH ZLHG]\ Z V]F]HJÐOQRijFL ] ]DNUHVX SUDZD NDUQHJR PDWHULDOQHJR SUDZD NDUQHJR SURFHVRZHJR SUDZD NDUQHJR PL÷G]\QDURGRZHJR ILOR]RILL SUDZD NDUQHJR NU\PLQDOLVW\NL NU\PLQRORJLL ZLNW\PRORJLL RUD] QDXN R SROLW\FH NU\PLQDOQHM L QDXN SHQLWHQFMDUQ\FK D WDNőH ZVSLHUDQLH F]ğRQNÐZ NRğD Z LFK LQG\ZLGXDOQ\P UR]ZRMX QDXNRZ\P RUD] VWZRU]HQLH SROD

: QDGFKRG]ãF\P URNX DNDGHPLFNLP F]ğRQNRZLH SODQXMã RUJDQL]DFM÷ VSRWNDġ ] LQWHUHVXMãF\PL RVRERZRijFLDPL ]ZLã]DQ\PL ] WHPDW\Nã .RğD NRQIHUHQFML ZDUV]WDWÐZ V]NROHġ D WDNőH GHEDW QDXNRZ\FK 'RğãF]HQLH GR .31 e6FLHQWLD 1RELOLWDWr WR LGHDOQD RND]MD GR RGNU\FLD SDVML GR SUDZD NDUQHJR L REXG]HQLD Z VRELH ZHZQ÷WU]QHJR NDUQLVW\ 2SLHNXQHP QDXNRZ\P .RğD MHVW GU (ZD 3OHEDQHN :V]\VWNLFK ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK ZVSÐğSUDFã OXE G]LDğDOQRijFLã Z .13 e6FLHQWLD 1RELOLWDWr ]DFK÷FDP\ GR NRQWDNWX PDLORZHJR SRG DGUHVHP NQSVFLHQWLDQRELOLWDWXHN# JPDLO FRP $OHNVDQGUD 1RZLFND $JQLHV]ND 5XWNRZVND


WISE

6WXGHQFL XWL WXQMSĊ \]\WZ{_ :\G]LDğRZD ,QG\ZLGXDOQD IJFLHőND (GXNDF\MQD :,6( *$3 RSDUWD QD NV]WDğFHQLX PHWRGã WXWRULQJX G]LDğD RG URNX DNDGHPLFNLHJR 7NMZW_IVa _ RMR ZIUIKP QVLa_QL]ITVa

XTIV S[b\IðKMVQI UI VI KMT] bQV\MV[aNQSW_IVa _QMTW_aUQIZW_a Q bQV\MOZW_IVa ZWb_{R [\]LMV\{_

M

DP\ SU]\MHPQRijå ]DSUH]HQWRZDå 3DġVWZX GUXJã F]÷ijå HVHMÐZ VWXGHQWÐZ NWÐU]\ Z\EUDOL VWXGLRZDQLH Z UDPDFK :,6( *$3 :UD] ] XNRġF]HQLHP , VWRSQLD

VWXGLÐZ NRġF]\ VL÷ WHő QDV]D ZVSÐğSUDFD Z UDPDFK :\G]LDğRZHM ,QG\ZLGXDOQHM IJFLHőNL (GXNDF\MQHM 3U]H] WU]\ RVWDWQLH VHPHVWU\ VSRW\NDOLijP\ VL÷ FR GZD W\JRGQLH QLHVWHW\ W\ONR Z ZLUWXDOQHM U]HF]\ZLVWRijFL

G\VNXWXMãF QLHU]DGNR ]DZ]L÷FLH QD WHPDW\ SRUXV]DQH Z SUDFDFK 2E\ OHNWXUD HVHMÐZ E\ğD GOD ZV]\VWNLFK WDN LQVSLUXMãFD MDN GOD QDV 83


WISE

0DUJLQDOL]DFMD SUDZ L ZROQRijFL W[{J VITMĵĊKaKP LW 4/*<

T

UHijå WHJR Z\SUDFRZDQLD FKFLDğE\P UR]SRF]ãå RG Z\MDijQLDQLD SRGVWDZRZ\FK SRM÷å MDNLPL Vã ZROQRijFL L SUDZD RVRELVWH D WDNőH ]QDF]HQLD VNUÐWX /*%7 (VHM ]RVWDğ SRG]LHORQ\ QD F]÷ijFL t Z SLHUZV]HM Z\MDijQL÷ Z\őHM Z\PLHQLRQH SRM÷FLD Z GUXJLHM SU]HGVWDZL÷ DUJXPHQW\ ijZLDGF]ãFH R PDUJLQDOL]DFML SUDZ L ZROQRijFL RVÐE /*%7 D Z WU]HFLHM RVWDWQLHM F]÷ijFL SUDF\ ]DZU÷ SRGVXPRZDQLH ZUD] ] PRMã RSLQLã

6ğRZR ZROQRijå PRőQD LQWHUSUHWRZDå QD ZLHOH VSRVREÐZ : WHRORJLL FKU]HijFLMDġVNLHM ZROQRijå SRVWU]HJDQR MDNR VWDQ EH] JU]HFKX D Z VWDURő\WQHM *UHFML ZROQRijå E\ğD XWRőVDPLDQD ] SUDZHP GR XF]HVWQLFWZD Z SROLW\F]Q\P ő\FLX SROLV :HGğXJ 6ğRZQLND -÷]\ND 3ROVNLHJR :ROQRijå WR ePRőOLZRijå SRGHMPRZDQLD GHF\]ML ]JRGQLH ] ZğDVQã ZROãr , WR QDMSURVWV]H XM÷FLH Z G]LVLHMV]\P ijZLHFLH MHVW QDMEDUG]LHM DNWXDOQH :ROQRijå ERZLHP WR V\WXDFMD EUDNX SU]\PXVX ]HZQ÷WU]QHJR :ROQRijå L SUDZR ğãF]ã VL÷ MHGQDN ] JRGQRijFLã D LFK NV]WDğW RNUHijOD $UW .RQVW\WXFML 5]HF]SRVSROLWHM 3ROVNLHM ] U e3U]\URG]RQD L QLH]E\ZDOQD JRGQRijå F]ğRZLHND VWDQRZL ŏUÐGğR ZROQRijFL L SUDZ F]ğRZLHND L RE\ZDWHOD -HVW RQD QLHQDUXV]DOQD D MHM 84

SRV]DQRZDQLH L RFKURQD MHVW RERZLã]NLHP ZğDG] SXEOLF]Q\FKr 6NUÐW /*%7 SRZVWDğ Z ODWDFK Z 86$ ZUD] ] UHZROXFMã VHNVXDOQã DOH GR SRZV]HFKQHJR VWRVRZDQLD ZV]HGğ GRSLHUR Z ODWDFK 6ğXő\ RQ GR RNUHijOHQLD RVÐE PDMãF\FK LQQã QLő KHWHURVHNVXDOQã RULHQWDFM÷ 2VRE\ R RULHQWDFML LQQHM QLő KHWHURVHNVXDOQD RG ]DZV]H QDOHőDğ\ GR PQLHMV]RijFL Z VSRğHF]HġVWZDFK 2EHFQLH LFK SURFHQWRZ\ XG]LDğ Z VSRğHF]HġVWZDFK HXURSHMVNLFK V]DFXMH VL÷ PL÷G]\ 7DN GXőD UR]ELHőQRijå VSRZRGRZDQD MHVW EUDNLHP MHGQR]QDF]Q\FK EDGDġ 1LHPQLHM MHGQDN QDZHW QDMPQLHMV]D JUXSD VSRğHF]QD ]DVğXJXMH QD V]DFXQHN L SRV]DQRZDQLH SUDZ &]\ Z 3ROVFH RVRE\ /*%7 VğXV]QLH ERMD VL÷ őH LFK SUDZD Vã PDUJLQDOL]RZDQH D QDZHW ğDPDQH VSUÐEXM÷ RGSRZLHG]LHå Z W\P HVHMX 5ÐZQH SUDZD RVÐE KRPRVHNVXDOQ\FK LQWHUVHNVXDOQ\FK F]\ WUDQVVHNVXDOQ\FK Vã ]DSLVDQH PL÷G]\ LQQ\PL Z DUW\NXOH Z UR]G]LDOH e5ÐZQRijår .DUW\ 3UDZ 3RGVWDZRZ\FK 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM ]ELRU]H ZDUWRijFL NWÐUH QLH SRGOHJDMã őDGQ\P QHJRFMDFMRP D WDNőH Z $UW .RQVW\WXFML 53 e1LNW QLH PRőH E\å G\VNU\PLQRZDQ\ Z ő\FLX SROLW\F]Q\P VSRğHF]Q\P

JRVSRGDUF]\P ] MDNLHMNROZLHN SU]\F]\Q\r =JRGQLH ] SRGSLVDQLHP .DUW\ 3UDZ 3RGVWDZRZ\FK SU]H] 3ROVN÷ L LQQH NUDMH F]ğRQNRZVNLH D WDNőH 3ROVNã XVWDZã ]DVDGQLF]ã ZDUXQNL GR ő\FLD W\FK RVÐE SRZLQQ\ E\å WDNLH VDPH QLH]DOHőQLH RG PLHMVFD ]DPLHV]NDQLD 1LHVWHW\ WDNLH QLH Vã :HGğXJ QDMQRZV]HJR UDQNLQJX ,/*$ 3ROVND ]DMPXMH RVWDWQLH PLHMVFH Z (XURSLH SRG Z]JO÷GHP UÐZQRXSUDZQLHQLD RVÐE /*%7 1D PRőOLZ\FK SXQNWÐZ 5]HF]SRVSROLWD 3ROVND X]\VNDğD &R FLHNDZH QDMZ\őV]ã QRW÷ X]\VNDğD NROHMQ\ UD] ] U]÷GX 0DOWD QDMEDUG]LHM NDWROLFNLH SDġVWZR Z (XURSLH 3ROVNLH SUDZR G\VNU\PLQXMH RVRE\ /*%7 Z REV]DU]H URG]LQ\ :UD] ]H 6ğRZDFMã /LWZã ĞRWZã 5XPXQLã L %XğJDULã QDOHő\ GR NUDMÐZ NWÐUH QLH QRUPXMã SUDZQLH V\WXDFML SDU WHM VDPHM SğFL : ijZLHWOH SROVNLHJR SUDZD ]ZLã]NL KRPRVHNVXDOQH QLH Vã URG]LQQã : NRQVHNZHQFML ZSğ\ZD WR QD EUDN ZLHOX XSUDZQLHġ NWÐUH SU]\VğXJXMã PDğőHġVWZRP KHWHURVHNVXDOQ\P ] UDFML $UW .RQVW\WXFML 2VRE\ SR]RVWDMãFH Z ]ZLã]NX QLH KHWHURVHNVXDOQ\P QLH Vã XZ]JO÷GQLRQH SU]H] SUDZR Z G]LHG]LF]HQLX XVWDZRZ\P %UDN SUDZD GR ]DFKRZNX WR NROHMQ\ SUREOHP SDUWQHUÐZ ő\MãF\FK Z ]ZLã]NDFK QLH


: NZHVWLL HGXNDFML V\WXDFMD MHVW MHV]F]H JRUV]D %UDN ZğDijFLZHM HGXNDFML VSUDZLD őH G]LHFL RG QDMPğRGV]\FK ODW SRVWU]HJDMã RVRE\ QLHKHWHURVHNVXDOQH MDNR LQQH JRUV]H RG UHV]W\ VSRğHF]HġVWZD 1DUUDFMD SURZDG]RQã SU]H] SDUWL÷ U]ãG]ãFã QDMOHSLHM RGGDMã VğRZD E\ğHJR V]WDERZFD SUH]\GHQWD $QGU]HMD 'XG\ %URġP\ URG]LQ\ SU]HG WHJR URG]DMX ]HSVXFLHP GHSUDZDFMã DEVROXWQLH QLHPRUDOQ\P SRVW÷SRZDQLHP %URġP\ QDV SU]HG LGHRORJLã /*%7 L VNRġF]P\ VğXFKDå W\FK LGLRW\]PÐZ R MDNLij SUDZDFK F]ğRZLHND F]\ MDNLHMij UÐZQRijFL &L OXG]LH QLH Vã UÐZQL OXG]LRP QRUPDOQ\P L VNRġF]P\ ZUHV]FLH Wã G\VNXVM÷1 1LH OHSLHM R RVREDFK /*%7 Z\SRZLDGDğ VL÷ XU]÷GXMãF\ SUH]\GHQW W]Z VWUDőQLN NRQVW\WXFML ]DZV]H JRWRZ\ GR SRGSLVDQLD XVWDZ $QGU]HM 'XGD 1D VSRWNDQLX Z EU]HJDFK ÐZF]HijQLH VWDUDMãF\ VL÷ R UHHOHNFM÷ SUH]\GHQW PÐZLğ 3UÐEXMH VL÷ QDP SURV]÷ SDġVWZD ZPÐZLå őH WR Vã OXG]LH D WR MHVW SR SURVWX LGHRORJLD 1DUUDFMD U]ãGX L MHJR VWRVXQHN GR RVÐE /*%7 ]QDMGXMH RG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLH Z V\WXDFML W\FK OXG]L Z 3ROVFH .LHG\ Z\őHM F\WRZDQ\ 3U]HP\VğDZ &]DUQHN Vğ\QãF\ ] Z\SRZLHG]L KRPRIRELF]Q\FK L PL]RJLQLF]Q\FK ]RVWDMH PLQLVWUHP HGXNDFML L QDXNL SRPLPR ]QDF]Q\FK SURWHVWÐZ ijURGRZLVN DNDGHPLF]Q\FK PRőQD VL÷ VSRG]LHZDå MHG\QLH QDMJRUV]HJR W\SX LQGRNWU\QDFML MDNLHM E\å PRőH 3ROVND QLH GRijZLDGF]\ğD RG ODW

;; ZLHNX F]\ QLHNWÐU\FK RNUHVÐZ NRPXQLVW\F]Q\FK 3 1D URVQãFã SRODU\]DFM÷ VSRğHF]HġVWZD XWU]\P\ZDQã RG U FKRå PRőQD WX SRGDZDå UÐőQH GDW\ U U ]ZUDFDMã UÐZQLHő XZDJ÷ NRPHQWDWRU]\ ]DJUDQLF]QL ZU]HijQLD U *HRUJHWWH 0RVEDFKHU DPEDVDGRUND 86$ Z 3ROVFH RSXEOLNRZDğD QD VZRLP WZLWWHURZ\P SURILOX OLVW SRGSLVDQ\ SU]H] DPEDVDGRUÐZ 2WZDUFLH Z\UDőDMã Z QLP VZRMH SRSDUFLH QD U]HF] UÐZQRXSUDZQLHQLD PQLHMV]RijFL L SRGQLHVLHQLD VSRğHF]QHM ijZLDGRPRijFL QD WHPDW RVÐE /*%7 .ROHMQ\P SU]\NğDGHP PDUJLQDOL]DFML SUDZ RVÐE /*%7 Vã e6WUHI\ ZROQH RG /*%7r NWÐU\FK SRP\Vğ ]DğRőHQLD Z\V]HGğ RG UDGQ\FK ]H IJZLGQLND MDNR RGSRZLHGŏ QD 'HNODUDFM÷ /*%7 SRGSLVDQã SU]H] SUH]\GHQWD :DUV]DZ\ 5DIDğD 7U]DVNRZVNLHJR : ]DğRőHQLX MHVW WR REV]DU eREM÷W\ MHGQã ] XFKZDğ DQW\ /*%7 P LQ OREERZDQã SU]H] 2UGR ,XULV 6DPRU]ãGRZã .DUWã SUDZ URG]LQ\ F]\ 5H]ROXFML SU]HFLZNR LGHRORJLL /*%7r 8VWDODQLH WDNLFK VWUHI L XFKZDğ\ MHVW QLH]JRGQH ] NRQVW\WXFMã GRNğDGQLHM ] $UW R ]DND]LH G\VNU\PLQDFML D WDNőH ] V]HUHJLHP LQQ\FK SUDZ PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK :\őHM MXő ZVSRPQLDQ\P $UW XVW .DUW\ 3UDZ 3RGVWDZRZ\FK 8( DOH L $UW .RQZHQFML R RFKURQLH SUDZ F]ğRZLHND L SRGVWDZRZ\FK ZROQRijFL F]\ $UW 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHJR 3DNWX 3UDZ 2E\ZDWHOVNLFK L 3ROLW\F]Q\FK =DND] G\VNU\PLQDFML ]QDMGXMH VL÷ WDNőH Z SU]HSLVDFK NRGHNVX SUDF\ -HGQDN SRPLPR WHJR Z PDMX URNX ZRMHZRGD /XEXVNL SU]\]QDğ PHGDOH VDPRU]ãGRZFRP Z\őHM ZVSRPQLDQ\FK VWUHI ]D VSU]HFLZLDQLH VL÷ eLGHRORJLL /*%7r : U SUÐERZDQR RWZDUFLH ]DND]\ZDå L XWUXGQLDå RUJDQL]DFM÷ PDUV]ÐZ UÐZQRijFL 3UH]\GHQW /XEOLQD .U]\V]WRI ŐXN WğXPDF]ãF VL÷ Z]JO÷GDPL EH]SLHF]HġVWZD SUÐERZDğ MH RGZRğDå -HGQDN WR QLH SLHUZV]\ SU]\SDGHN SUÐE\

XWUXGQLHQLD RUJDQL]DFML PDUV]ÐZ UÐZQRijFL SU]H] ijURGRZLVND SUDZLFRZR ijZLDWRSRJOãGRZH : U ÐZF]HVQ\ SUH]\GHQW :DUV]DZ\ /HFK .DF]\ġVNL UÐZQLHő WğXPDF]ãF VL÷ Z]JO÷GDPL EH]SLHF]HġVWZD SUÐERZDğ ]DND]Då 3DUDG UÐZQRijFL FR MHGQDN Z SUDNW\FH PX VL÷ QLH XGDğR 'R ZLHFÐZ GRV]ğR FKRå LFK XF]HVWQLF\ ]RVWDOL REU]XFHQL MDMNDPL SU]H] NRQWUPDQLIHVWDQWÐZ ] 0ğRG]LHő\ :V]HFKSROVNLHM 'RGDWNRZR URN SÐŏQLHM 7U\EXQDğ .RQVW\WXF\MQ\ RU]HNğ őH SU]HSLV QD NWÐU\ SRZRğDğ VL÷ /HFK .DF]\ġVNL MHVW QLH]JRGQ\ ] .RQVW\WXFMã D (73& RU]HNğ őH ZğDG]H VWROLF\ QDUXV]\ğ\ (.3&

WISE

KHWHURVHNVXDOQ\FK : UD]LH ijPLHUFL SDUWQHUD QLH PDMã SUDZD GR SRFKÐZNX ]ZğRN &]÷VW\P ]MDZLVNLHP MHVW WDNőH V\WXDFMD RGPRZ\ XG]LHOHQLD LQIRUPDFML R VWDQLH ]GURZLD SDUWQHUD WHM VDPHM SğFL NLHG\ WHQ MHVW QLHSU]\WRPQ\ :DUWR ]D]QDF]\å őH Z WDNLHM V\WXDFML ]DVWRVRZDQLH PD XVWDZD R SUDZDFK SDFMHQWD L 5]HF]QLNX 3UDZ 3DFMHQWD JG]LH ]QDMGXMH VL÷ GHILQLFMD RVRE\ EOLVNLHM NWÐUã PRőH E\å SDUWQHU WHM VDPHM SğFL SR]RVWDMãF\ ZH ZVSÐOQ\P SRő\FLX -HGQDN SRPLPR WHJR F]÷VWR PRőQD VSRWNDå VL÷ ] SUREOHPDPL

2G U )XQGDFMD .DL *RGHN ]ELHUDğD L REHFQLH MXő ]HEUDğD SRQDG W\V SRGSLVÐZ SRG NRQWURZHUV\MQ\P L QLHNRQVW\WXF\MQ\P SRP\VğHP XVWDZRZHJR ]DND]X PDUV]ÐZ UÐZQRijFL 3RGSLV\ E\ğ\ ]ELHUDQH SRG ZLHORPD NRijFLRğDPL L ]D ]JRGã GXFKRZQ\FK FKRå QLH ZV]\VWNLFK : SHW\FML MDN QDSLVDQR ZDOF]\ VL÷ ] eSURSDJRZDQLHP GHZLDFMLr R F]\P SÐŏQLHM 6DP SURMHNW MHVW ğXG]ãFR SRGREQ\ GR WHJR ] 5RVML JG]LH LVWQLHMH MXő ]DND] RUJDQL]DFML WDNLFK PDUV]ÐZ 'RGDWNRZR MDN ZVSRPQLDQR ZF]HijQLHM SURMHNW MHVW QLHNRQVW\WXF\MQ\ ĞDPLH P LQ ZROQRijå GR ]JURPDG]Hġ Z\UDőHQLD RSLQLL HNVSUHVML VWRZDU]\V]HQLD VL÷ F]\ QDND] UÐZQHJR WUDNWRZDQLD VL÷ -HőHOL ]RVWDQLH GRSXV]F]RQ\ SU]H] PDUV]DğND 6HMPX SRG REUDG\ L]ED QLőV]D SDUODPHQWX ]QÐZ VWUDFL F]DV L SLHQLãG]H NWÐUH PRőQD E\ğRE\ Z\NRU]\VWDå QD ZDON÷ ] SDQGHPLã Z W\P WUXGQ\P F]DVLH U Z 2SRF]QLH SRMDZLD VL÷ Z\VWDZD e6WRS GHZLDFMLr VWZRU]RQD QD ő\F]HQLH SRVğD 3L6 5REHUWD 7HOXVD L ]D ]JRGD EXUPLVWU]D WHJR PLDVWD 3RGF]DV RJOãGDQLD SODNDWÐZ PRőQD E\ğR GRZLHG]LHå VL÷ FDğNRZLW\FK E]GXU WDNLFK MDN e+RPRVHNVXDOL]P SRZDőQLH V]NRG]L ő\FLX L ]GURZLXr e+RPRVHNVXDOLijFL RGSRZLDGDMã ]D SU]\SDGNÐZ PROHVWRZDQLD G]LHFL FKRå VWDQRZLã ]DOHGZLH

KWWSV RNR SUHVV F]DUQHN R OJEW VWXGLR SROVND GRVW÷S

KWWSV RNR SUHVV F]DUQHN R OJEW VWXGLR SROVND GRVW÷S

.VLãG] $OIUHG :LHU]ELFNL 1HZVZHHN KWWSV SO ZLNLSHGLD RUJ ZLNL 6WUHIDBZROQDBRGBLGHRORJLLB/*%7

85


WISE

VSRğHF]HġVWZDr5 -DN SRZV]HFKQLH ZLDGRPR RG U KRPRVHNVXDOL]P QLH ZLGQLHMH MXő QD 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHM .ODV\ILNDFML &KRUÐE L 3UREOHPÐZ =GURZRWQ\FK :+2 6DP SRF]ãWHN GHPHG\NDOL]DFML ]DF]ãğ VL÷ MXő ]QDF]QLH ZF]HijQLHM Z ODWDFK NLHG\ WR $PHU\NDġVNLH 7RZDU]\VWZR 3V\FKLDWU\F]QH Z\NUHijOLğR ] ]HVWDZLHQLD ]DEXU]Hġ '60 KRPRVHNVXDOL]P : NZHVWLL PROHVWRZDġ QLJG\ QLH SRZLã]DQR KRPRVHNVXDOL]PX ] SHGRILOLã Z VSRVÐE U]HWHOQ\ SRSDUW\ EDGDQLDPL 3U]\SXV]F]DP MHG\QLH őH IUD]\ ] SODNDWÐZ PLDğ\ RGZRğ\ZDå VL÷ GR EDGDġ 3DXOD &DPHURQD NWÐU\ MHGQDN RG GHNDG NU\W\NRZDQ\ MHVW ]D QLHZLDU\JRGQH L QLHHW\F]QH UHIHURZDQLH VZRLFK Z\QLNÐZ EDGDġ 'RGDWNRZR Z U ]RVWDğ Z\NOXF]RQ\ ] $PHU\NDġVNLHJR 7RZDU]\VWZD 3V\FKRORJLF]QHJR -HGQDN SRPLPR WR Z U JRijFLğ Z 3ROVNLP 6HMPLH JG]LH Z\JğRVLğ JRUV]ãFã SU]HPRZ÷ QD WHPDW KRPRVHNVXDOLVWÐZ 6 ,QIRUPDFMH ]DZDUWH ]DUÐZQR Z SURMHNFLH ZVSÐğDXWRUVWZD .DL *RGHN MDN UÐZQLHő QD SODNDWDFK Z 2SRF]QLH QLH ]QDMGXMã ]DWHP QDMPQLHMV]HJR SRSDUFLD Z IDNWDFK QDXNRZ\FK : OXW\P URNX QD XOLFDFK 3ROVNLFK PLDVW PRőQD E\ğR ]DXZDő\å IXUJRQHWNL MHőGőãFH ] KRPRIRELF]Q\PL EDQHUDPL ,QLFMDWRUHP DNFML E\ğD IXQGDFMD 352 SUDZR GR ő\FLD ]DğRőRQD SU]H] 0DULXV]D ']LHUőDZVNLHJR E\ğHJR ZVSÐğSUDFRZQLND -DQXV]D .RUZLQ 0LNHJR +DVğD NWÐUH ZLGQLDğ\ QD IXUJRQHWFH E\ğ\ SRGREQH GR W\FK ] 2SRF]QD 0L÷G]\ LQQ\PL E\ğ\ WR e7DF\ FKFã HGXNRZDå WZRMH G]LHFL 3RZVWU]\PDM LFK r e SURF ]DFKRURZDġ QD $,'6 GRW\F]\ SHGHUDVWÐZr e SURF G]LHFL Z\FKRZ\ZDQ\FK SU]H] OHVELMNL L SURF Z\FKRZ\ZDQ\FK SU]H] SHGHUDVWÐZ MHVW PROHVWRZDQ\FKr )XUJRQHWND

JğRVLğD UÐZQLHő KDVğD MDNRE\ OHNFMH HGXNDFML VHNVXDOQHM PLDğ\ SROHJDå QD QDXFH PDVWXUEDFML ']L÷NL DNW\ZQRijFL RUJDQL]DFML e7ROHUDGRr GR F]DVX RJğRV]HQLD Z\URNX VãGX Z VSUDZLH PRőOLZRijFL QDUXV]HQLD $UW ]QLHVğDZLHQLH ] XOLF Z FDğ\P NUDMX L ]H VWURQ\ LQWHUQHWRZHM IXQGDFML PXVLDğ\ ]QLNQãå KRPRIRELF]QH EDQHU\ L KDVğD -HGQDN QLH WH R HGXNDFML VHNVXDOQHM NWÐUH Vã HZLGHQWQã PDQLSXODFMã 6ãG X]QDğ őH QLH ğDPLã SUDZD SRZRğDğ VL÷ QD DUW GRW\F]ãF\ Z\UDőDQLD ZğDVQ\FK SRJOãGÐZ L DUW R Z\FKRZ\ZDQLX G]LHFL ] JRGQLH ] SU]HNRQDQLDPL 6SUDZD VWDMH VL÷ MHV]F]H JğRijQLHMV]D NLHG\ Z OLSFX ]RVWDMH ]DWU]\PDQD 0DUJRW SRG ]DU]XWHP eZ\VW÷SNX R FKDUDNWHU]H FKXOLJDġVNLPr 'RV]ğR ZWHG\ GR XV]NRG]HQLD ZF]HijQLHM ZVSRPQLDQHM IXUJRQHWNL L GR Z\U]XFHQLD QD ]LHPL÷ MHM NLHURZF\ SU]H] Z\őHM ZVSRPQLDQã DNW\ZLVWN÷ &R GR SRSHğQLHQLD F]\QX ]DEURQLRQHJR SU]H] DNW\ZLVWN÷ QLH PD ZãWSOLZRijFL 3UREOHPHP MHGQDN MHVW VSRVÐE MHM ]DWU]\PDQLD L RU]HF]HQLH R DUHV]FLH W\PF]DVRZ\P $UHV]W W\PF]DVRZ\P MHVW ijURGNLHP NWÐU\ PD VğXő\å GRijå ijFLijOH RNUHijORQ\P Z SUDZLH FHORP 6WRVXMH VL÷ JR ZWHG\ JG\ ]DFKRG]L SRGHMU]HQLH őH RVNDUőRQ\ E÷G]LH PDWDF]\å ZSğ\ZDå QD ]H]QDQLD ijZLDGNÐZ őH XFLHNQLH SU]HG Z\PLDUHP VSUDZLHGOLZRijFL DOER JG\ LVWQLHMH SRZDőQH U\]\NR őH SRSHğQL LQQH SRZDőQH SU]HVW÷SVWZR 0RőQD WHő SR QLHJR VL÷JQãå JG\ RVNDUőHQLH GRW\F]\ QDSUDZG÷ SRZDőQHJR SU]HVW÷SVWZD ŐDGQD ] W\FK SU]HVğDQHN WX QLH ]DFKRG]L7 3RGVXPRZXMãF ]DWU]\PDQLH 0DUJRW E\ğR FDğNRZLFLH ]E÷GQH L E\ğR VZRMHJR URG]DMX SRND]HP VLğ\ ZğDG]\ :DUWR UÐZQLHő ]D]QDF]\å őH 3ROVND MHVW NUDMHP ijZLHFNLP ]DSHZQLDMãF\P ZROQRijå Z\UDőDQLD SRJOãGÐZ $UW L 3ROVNLH

SUDZR QDWRPLDVW QLH ]DEUDQLD QD ]DZLHUDQLH PDğőHġVWZ QLH KHWHURVHNVXDOQ\FK MHG\QLH QLH SU]HZLGXMH WDNLHM PRőOLZRijFL 6DP $UW F]÷VWR Z\PLHQLDQ\ SU]H] SU]HFLZQLNÐZ ]ZLã]NÐZ MHGQRSğFLRZ\FK QLH VWDQRZL SU]HV]NRG\ GR ]DLQV\QXRZDQLD VWDWXVÐZ ]ZLã]NÐZ RVÐE WHM VDPHM SğFL -DN WZLHUG]ã SROVF\ NRQVW\WXFMRQDOLijFL PLQ 3URI (ZD Ğ÷WRZVND *G\E\ijP\ PLHOL GR F]\QLHQLD ] PDğőHġVWZHP E÷GãF\P ]ZLã]NLHP GZÐFK RVÐE MHGQHM SğFL WR W\ONR Z\QLND őH WDNLH PDğőHġVWZR QLH E\ğRE\ REM÷WH DUW , W\OH 8 :DUWR UÐZQLHő Z W\P PLHMVFX SU]\ZRğDå RU]HF]QLFWZR (73&= NWÐU\ Z VSUDZLH 2OLDUL SU]HFLZNR :ğRFKRP RU]HNğ őH odmowa UHMHVWUDFML SU]H] ZğRVNLH ZğDG]H MHGQRSğFLRZHJR ]ZLã]NX SDUWQHUVNLHJR SU]\S DXW ]DZDUWHJR ]D JUDQLFã VNDUőãF\FK RUD] SU]\]QDQLD LP RFKURQ\ SUDZQHM VWDQRZLğD QDUXV]HQLH DUW (XURSHMVNLHM .RQZHQFML 3UDZ &]ğRZLHND 9 : PRMHM RSLQLL 3ROVND QLHVWHW\ QDOHő\ GR JUXS\ NUDMÐZ WDNLFK MDN 5RVMD ,UDQ $UDELD 6DXG\MVND F]\ %LDğRUXij JG]LH OXG]L LQQ\FK ] RGPLHQQ\PL SRJOãGDPL QDVWDZLD VL÷ SU]HFLZNR VRELH D MHG\QD VğXV]QD QDUUDFMD WR WD Sğ\QãFD ] RER]X U]ãG]ãFHJR 6ã WR UÐZQLHő NUDMH Z NWÐU\FK GHPRNUDFMD QLH VWRL QD QDMZ\őV]\P SR]LRPLH 0DP QDG]LHM÷ őH Z QDMEOLőV]\FK Z\ERUDFK SDUODPHQWDUQ\FK D QDVW÷SQLH SUH]\GHQFNLFK QDVWãSL ]PLDQD NXUVX L QDV] NUDM GRğãF]\ GR LQQHM JUXS\ QDURGÐZ WDNLFK MDN 1LHPF\ 1RUZHJLD :LHOND %U\WDQLD F]\ +LV]SDQLD JG]LH V]DQXMH VL÷ UÐőQRURGQRijå L QLH SRUÐZQXMH VL÷ KRPRVHNVXDOL]PX GR IDV]\]PX F]\ NRPXQL]PX D /*%7 L UXFKÐZ OHZLFRZ\FK ER EROV]HZLFNLHM LGHRORJLL11

$UNDGLXV] *DZHğ

: SURJUDPLH e*Rijå :\GDU]Hġr Z GQLX .DMD *RGHN WZLHUG]LğD QDWRPLDVW őH MHVW WR MXő PL÷G]\ 3RSDUğD WR UÐZQLHő EDGDQLDPL MDN SU]\SXV]F]DP 3DXOD &DPHURQD R NWÐU\P ZL÷FHM Z GDOV]HM F]÷ijFL WHNVWX =GDQLHP 3DXOD &DPHURQD KRPRVHNVXDOLijFL QLH Vã Z VWDQLH RGF]XZDå PLğRijFL GR GUXJLHM RVRE\ Z WDNL VSRVÐE MDN KHWHURVHNVXDOQL 1HZVZHHN KWWSV RNR SUHVV KLVWRU\F]QH RU]HF]HQLH VDGX NRQVW\WXFMD QLH ]DEUDQLD PDO]HQVWZ MHGQRSOFLRZ\FK GRVW÷S ] GQLD

KWWSV RUGRLXULV SO URG]LQD L PDO]HQVWZR HXURSHMVNL WU\EXQDO SUDZ F]ORZLHND ]DGD ZORFK\ ]LQVW\WXFMRQDOL]RZDO\"IEFOLG ,Z$5 6 MUX/;TQ76 '+' -'MY\M$= %8TLB\[O $( M[9IEM[5'1GN%G(DI 7V GRVW÷S ] GQLD

.DMD *RGHN Z SURJUDPLH e'HEDWD 'QLDr Z GQLX 7HUHVD :DUJRFND Z SURJUDPLH e'HEDWD 7\JRGQLDr Z GQLX

86


WISE

+a_QTQbIKRI \W VQMSWġKbĊKa [QĔ KQĊO XW\ZbMJ S\{ZaKP VQM XW\ZbMJ]RMUa t 0DUN 7ZDLQ

R

HZROXFMD SU]HP\VğRZD VNDőRQ\PL ijFLHNDPL 3RSU]H] Z\E\ğD SU]HğRPRZ\P Z\GDFLHNL WRNV\Q ] WDQNRZFÐZ RJURPQD U]HQLHP GOD OXG]NRijFL 1D LORijå PRUVNLFK VWZRU]Hġ XPLHUD SU]HğRPLH ;9,,, L ;,; ZLHNX Z ]DWUXWHM ZRG]LH PLDğ\ PLHMVFH NRORVDOQH ]PLDQ\ Z VIHU]H WHFKQRORJLL JRVSRGDUNL 3URGXNFMD QD PDVRZã VNDO÷ L SU÷őL NXOWXU\ 6WZRU]\ğR WR RJURPQH QLH G]LDğDMãF\ SU]HP\Vğ SRW÷JXMH PRőOLZRijFL GR UR]ZRMX /XG]LH SRZSURZDG]DQLH GXőHM LORijFL GZXU]XFLOL SUDF÷ Z SROX QD U]HF] SURWOHQNX Z÷JOD GR DWPRVIHU\ &R GXNFML PDQXIDNWXURZHM L U]HPLHijO] NROHL GRSURZDG]D GR FRURF]QHQLF]HM =DF]÷ğ\ SRZVWDZDå IDEU\NL JR Z]URVWX WHPSHUDWXU\ QD =LHPL RUD] QRZH ]DZRG\ L PLHMVFD SUDF\ 7DN ]ZDQH JOREDOQH RFLHSOHQLH : WHRULL OXG]LRP PLDğR ő\å VL÷ OHRGSRZLDGD ]D SRGQRV]HQLH VL÷ SLHM 1LHVWHW\ LP GğXőHM VL÷ QDG W\P SR]LRPX ZÐG L ZL÷NV]H ]DJURőHQLH ]DVWDQRZLP\ PRőHP\ GRMijå GR SRőDURZH 7R UÐZQLHő RGELMD VL÷ ZQLRVNX őH UHZROXFMD SU]HP\VğRZD QD HNRV\VWHPLH .LHG\ij F]ğRZLHN SRZROL Z\V\VD ] QDV ő\FLH 3RVW÷S ő\ğ ] QDWXUã Z ]JRG]LH 6]DQRZDğ PLDğ E\å VSHğQLHQLHP PDU]Hġ UR]Mã L UHVSHNWRZDğ 0DP ZUDőHQLH őH ZLã]DQLHP ZLHOX SUREOHPÐZ $OH G]Lij VWDğD VL÷ GOD QLHJR SU]HV]NRF]\ W\P VDP\P QLH Z\ZRğDğ SRGã QD GURG]H GR SRVW÷SX NWÐUã WU]HE NWÐUH WDN QD SUDZG÷ QLNRPX QDOHő\ XVXQãå 'OD F]ğRZLHND QLH Vã SRWU]HEQH" ő\MãFHJR SL÷å ZLHNÐZ WHPX QDV]D G]LVLHMV]D WHFKQRORJLD E\ğDE\ QLH : SLHUZV]HM NROHMQRijFL FKFLDğDE\P GR Z\REUDőHQLD WDN VDPR MDN IDNW VL÷ VNXSLå QD HNRV\VWHPLH L RFKURőH PDğ\PL NURF]NDPL VDPL GRQLH ijURGRZLVND 3ODQHWD NDőGHJR SURZDG]DP\ GR GHVWUXNFML QDV]HM GQLD MHVW SU]H] QDV HNVSORDWRZDQD SODQHW\ 7RQ\ QLHSU]HWZRU]RQ\FK ']L÷NL EDGDQLRP SURZDG]RQ\P QD ijPLHFL OHőãF\FK QD FRUD] ZL÷NLVWRWDFK ő\Z\FK QDXF]\OLijP\ VL÷ V]\FK Z\V\SLVNDFK ]DELHUDMã QDP NRQWURORZDå ijZLDW ]ZLHU]ãW L URijOLQ SU]HVWU]Hġ NDZDğHN SR NDZDğNX : MHGQHM FKZLOL PRJOLE\ijP\ G]L÷NL 7÷JLH JğRZ\ WHJR ijZLDWD SRZLQQ\ WHPX GRSURZDG]Lå GR PDVRZHJR ]DVWDQRZLå VL÷ QDG Z\P\ijOHQLHP Z\PLHUDQLD QLHNWÐU\FK JDWXQNÐZ UR]ZLã]DQLD SRPDJDMãFHJR SRUD-HGQDN QLH W\ONR HNVSHU\PHQWDPL G]Lå VRELH ] Wã V\WXDFMã 7R E\ğE\ PRőHP\ GR WHJR GRSURZDG]Lå F\ZLOL]DF\MQ\ SU]HğRP QD PLDU÷ =DQLHF]\V]F]DP\ PRU]D L RFHDQ\ ;;, ZLHNX

&KRURE\ F\ZLOL]DF\MQH Vã NROHMQã QHJDW\ZQã U]HF]ã MDNã SU]\QLÐVğ ]H VREã SRVW÷S 'R LFK JURQD PRőHP\ ]DOLF]\å QS RW\ğRijå GHSUHVM÷ F]\ FXNU]\F÷ 0DMã RQH FKDUDNWHU JOREDOQ\ L UR]UDVWDMã VL÷ ] NDőG\P URNLHP MDN FKZDVW\ 2E\ZDWHO ;;, ZLHNX ő\MH V]\ENR ŏOH VL÷ RGő\ZLD L QLH RGPDZLD VRELH Xő\ZHN 'R WHJR ZV]\VWNLHJR GRFKRG]L VNDőHQLH ijURGRZLVND KDğDV L SURPLHQLRZDQLH : SRğãF]HQLX WH ZV]\VWNLH F]\QQLNL Vã VLğã GHVWUXNF\MQã GOD QDV]\FK RUJDQL]PÐZ %LHJQLHP\ QLF]\P V]F]XU\ Z ODELU\QFLH ELRUãF XG]LDğ Z Z\ijFLJX R OHSV]H ő\FLH 3UREOHP Z W\P őH QD NRġFX QLH ZLGDå PHW\ 1LH ZLHP\ GRNãG ELHJQLHP\ L NLHG\ WR VL÷ VNRġF]\ 'ãőãF GR OHSV]HJR ő\FLD SHğQHJR GRVWDWNX L VSRUHM VXP\ SLHQL÷G]\ MHVWHijP\ Z VWDQLH SRijZL÷FLå QDZHW VZRMH ]GURZLH Ő\MHP\ V]\ENR L XPLHUDP\ PğRGR :HGğXJ PQLH GR FKRUÐE F\ZLOL]DF\MQ\FK SRZLQQLijP\ ]DOLF]\å UÐZQLHő X]DOHőQLHQLH RG VRFLDO PHGLÐZ : G]LVLHMV]\FK F]DVDFK NDőG\ PD WHOHIRQ DOER NRPSXWHU ] NRQWHP QD SU]\QDMPQLHM MHGQ\P SRUWDOX W\SX VRFLDO )DFHERRN ,QVWDJUDP 7ZLWWHU 7LN7RN NUHXMã QDV]ã G]LVLHMV]ã U]HF]\ZLVWRijå = QLFK GRZLDGXMHP\ VL÷ R WUHQGDFK QRZLQNDFK L SORWNDFK -DGãF 87


WISE

Z DXWREXVLH PRőQD ]DREVHUZRZDå őH SUDNW\F]QLH NDőGD RVRED PD Z GğRQL VPDUWSKRQH 1LNW ]H VREã QLH UR]PDZLD NDőG\ W\ONR SLV]H L NRPHQWXMH &]\ ZL÷F VDPRWQRijå UÐZQLHő VWDğD VL÷ FKRUREã F\ZLOL]DF\MQã" *ZLD]G\ SURPXMã QRZH WUHQG\ D V]DU]\ ijPLHUWHOQLF\ URELã ZV]\VWNR E\ VL÷ GR QLFK XSRGREQLå QDZHW NRV]WHP ]GURZLD .ROHMQD FKRURED F\ZLOL]DF\MQD t RSHUDFMH SODVW\F]QH NWÐUH ŏOH SU]HSURZDG]RQH F]÷VWR SRZRGXMã WUZDğH NDOHFWZR 2VWDWQLR SU]HF]\WDğDP DUW\NXğ Z NWÐU\P SDQL NRVPHWRORJ SUDFXMãFD Z MHGQHM ] SUHVWLőRZ\FK NOLQLN PHG\F\Q\ HVWHW\F]QHM SRZLHG]LDğD őH FRUD] ZL÷FHM PğRG\FK G]LHZF]\QD NRU]\VWD ] MHM XVğXJ &]÷VWR Vã SU]\SURZDG]DQH SU]H] URG]LFÐZ NWÐU]\ RFKRF]R SğDFã ]D ZL]\W\ : GRGDWNX SU]HG VDP\P ]DELHJLHP SRND]XMã ]GM÷FLH XOXELRQHM FHOHEU\WNL PÐZLãF &KFLDğDE\P WDN Z\JOãGDår &]\ WDNL SRVW÷S MHVW QDP SRWU]HEQ\" &RUD] F]÷ijFLHM RGQRV]÷ ZUDőHQLH őH VWDOLijP\ VL÷ QLHZROQLNDPL WHFKQRORJLL : ;;, ZLHNX FRUD] EDUG]LHM ]DFLHUD VL÷ UÐőQLFD PLHG]\ OXGŏPL L PDV]\QDPL ,QZHVWXMHP\ Z UR]ZÐM QRZ\FK HOHNWURQLF]Q\FK VSU]÷WÐZ E\ RGFLãőDğ\ QDV QD NDőG\P NURNX Z Z\NRQ\ZDQLX QDZHW QDMSURVWV]\FK F]\QQRijFL &R E\ VL÷ PRJğR VWDå JG\E\ijP\ QDJOH ]RVWDOL RGFL÷FL" *G\E\ FDğD WHFKQRORJLD Z MHGQHM VHNXQG]LH SU]HVWDğD G]LDğDå" 2ND]XMH VL÷ őH QLH WU]HED VRELH WHJR Z\REUDőDå 0RőQD MHG\QLH FRIQãå VL÷ Z F]DVLH GR URNX 0LDğR ZÐZF]DV PLHMVFH ]MDZLVNR QD]\ZDQH UR]Eğ\VNLHP &DUULQJWRQD %\ğD WR EXU]D HOHNWURPDJQHW\F]QD NWÐUD VSRZRGRZDğD DZDUL÷ VLHFL WHOHJUDILF]Q\FK /XG]LH Z MHGQHM FKZLOL ]RVWDOL RGFL÷FL RG ijZLDWD 1LH E\ğD WR MHGQDN WUDJHGLD JG\ő Z WDPW\FK ODWDFK GRSLHUR ZFKRG]LOL Z WDN V]HURNR UR]XPLDQ\ SRVW÷S 2EHFQLH MHGQDN V\WXDFMD MHVW ]QDF]ãFR LQQD ']Lij PRJğRE\ WR GRSURZDG]Lå GR FKDRVX L DQDUFKLL 1DZHW NLONXGQLRZD SU]HUZD Z GRVWDZDFK SUãGX ğãF]QRijFL NRPÐUNRZHM L GRVW÷SLH GR LQWHUQHWX E\ğDE\ NDWDVWURIDOQD Z VNXWNDFK 3RSUDZD V\WXDFML QLH E\ğDE\ WDND SURVWD

88

6SDORQ\FK WUDQVIRUPDWRUÐZ QLH GD VL÷ QDSUDZLå WU]HED MH Z\PLHQLå 3U]\ SRVLDGDQLX RGSRZLHGQLFK QDU]÷G]L L VXURZFÐZ F]DV SURGXNFML WUZDğE\ RNRğR PLHVL÷F\ IJZLDW QD RNRğR URN ]RVWDğE\ EH] SUãGX -DN PLHOLE\ijP\ ő\å EH] F]HJRij RG F]HJR MHVWHijP\ Z VWX SURFHQWDFK X]DOHőQLHQL" 6NRUR MXő PRZD R WHFKQRORJLL WR PRLP ]GDQLHP SRZRGXMH RQD EDULHU\ MDNLH WZRU]ã VL÷ PL÷G]\ SRNROHQLDPL 0ğRG]L OXG]LH NWÐU]\ SU]HVLãNQL÷FL Vã XPLHM÷WQRijFLDPL L ZLHG]ã Z SRVğXJLZDQLX VL÷ HOHNWURQLNã QLH PRJã GRJDGDå VL÷ ] SRNROHQLHP VZRLFK URG]LFÐZ F]\ G]LDGNÐZ NWÐU]\ GRUDVWDMãF QLH PLHOL WHJR W\SX XU]ãG]Hġ 3U]HSDijå PL÷G]\SRNROHQLRZD QLV]F]\ ZL÷]L L RGELHUD PRőOLZRijå VZRERGQHJR NRPXQLNRZDQLD VL÷ 3RVW÷S PRőH WHő E\å PRWRUHP QDS÷GRZ\P GR Z\U]ãG]DQLD LQQ\P V]NRG\ 1LHNWÐUH SDġVWZD Z VZRLFK DVSLUDFMDFK Gãőã GR E\FLD SRQDG LQQ\PL %\ WR RVLãJQãå Z\NRU]\VWXMã GR WHJR EURġ QDG NWÐUã VDPL QLH Vã Z VWDQLH ]DSDQRZDå 3URZDG]HQLH EDGDġ Z G]LHG]LQLH IL]\NL QDXNRZHM E\ğR ]ZLDVWXQHP QLHV]F]÷ijFLD MDNLH PLDğR VSRWNDå OXG]NRijå : URNX GRV]ğR GR ]U]XFHQLD ERPE\ DWRPRZHM QD -DSRQL÷ 'RSURZDG]LğR WR GR ijPLHUFL W\VL÷F\ RVÐE : GRGDWNX ZLHOX OXG]L ]DSDGğR QD FKRURE\ VSRZRGRZDQH GXőã GDZNã SURPLHQLRZDQLD WDNLH MDN QRZRWZRU\ NUZL JX]\ QRZRWZRURZH ]DZDğ\ VHUFD F]\ XSRijOHG]HQLH XP\VğRZH 3RQDG ODW SÐŏQLHM PLDğ PLHMVFH NROHMQ\ Z\SDGHN SU]\ Xő\FLX SRGREQ\FK VXEVWDQFML : QRF\ ] QD NZLHWQLD URNX GRV]ğR GR DZDULL UHDNWRUD Z HOHNWURZQL MãGURZHM Z &]DUQRE\OX 1DVWãSLğ Z\EXFK ZRGRUX RUD] UR]SU]HVWU]HQLHQLH VL÷ VXEVWDQFML SURPLHQLRWZÐUF]\FK &KPXUD ] UDGLRDNW\ZQ\PL S\ğDPL XQLRVğD VL÷ QDG FDğã (XURSã (NVSOR]M÷ XZDőD VL÷ ]D QDMZL÷NV]ã Z KLVWRULL HQHUJHW\NL MãGURZHM 0DVD OXG]L ]RVWDğD GRWNQL÷WD FKRUREã SRSURPLHQQã Z VNXWHN NWÐUHM RGQRWRZDQR ZLHOH ]JRQÐZ 0QLH RVRELijFLH SU]HUDőDMã JğRV\ R SRZVWDZDQLX FRUD] ZL÷NV]HM LORijFL HOHNWURZQLL JG\ő

ERM÷ VL÷ őH NWÐU\NROZLHN ] NUDMÐZ PÐJğE\ SRG]LHOLå ORV PLDVWD 3U\SHå 5R]ZÐM F\ZLOL]DF\MQ\ SRG]LHOLğ OXG]L QD ERJDW\FK L ELHGQ\FK -HGQL PXV]ã SUDFRZDå QD GUXJLFK : ZLHOX NUDMDFK ZFLãő SUDNW\NXMH VL÷ Z\]\VN G]LHFL L QLNW QLH ]ZUDFD XZDJL QD ZDUXQNL Z MDNLFK SUDFXMã : G]LVLHMV]\FK F]DVDFK LVWQLHMã REV]DU\ Z NWÐU\FK QLH PD GRVW÷SX GR HGXNDFML L RSLHNL PHG\F]QHM -HVW WR PRőQD E\ SRZLHG]LHå QLHSUDZGRSRGREQH ]MDZLVNR JG\ő Z HU]H VDPRORWÐZ L QDMZ\őV]\ EXG\QNÐZ ijZLDWD Vã QD ijZLHFLH PLHMVFD JG]LH SR JDUQXV]HN ZRG\ SLWQHM WU]HED SU]HMijå QLH]OLF]RQH NLORPHWU\ 1DMERJDWVL OXG]LH ijZLDWD SRZLQQL ]DMãå VL÷ VWZRU]HQLHP JRGQ\FK ZDUXQNÐZ ő\FLD GOD ZV]\VWNLFK RE\ZDWHOL &R SUDZGD RJURPQH IDEU\NL ]DSHZQLDMã QRZH PLHMVFD SUDF\ MHGQDN Z PRLP PQLHPDQLX Vã RQH PDFKLQã GR SUDNW\NRZDQLD QLHZROQLFWZD ;;, ZLHNX -DNR OXG]LH QLH GRURijOLijP\ GR VNDOL SUREOHPÐZ MDNLH JHQHUXMHP\ &\ZLOL]DFMD QLHVLH ]D VREã SRVW÷S NWÐU\ WDN QDSUDZG÷ QLH MHVW QDP Z őDGHQ VSRVÐE SRWU]HEQ\ 3LHUZVL RVDGQLF\ QLH SRWU]HERZDOL VDPRORWÐZ HOHNWURZQL DWRPRZ\FK F]\ WHOHIRQÐZ GR V]F]÷ijFLD Ő\OL Z ]JRG]LH ] QDWXUã L SODQHWã NWÐUD GRVWDUF]DğD LP ZV]\VWNLFK QLH]E÷GQ\FK HOHPHQWÐZ 0\ MDNR OXG]LH PXVLP\ ]GDZDå VRELH VSUDZ÷ őH NLHG\ij =LHPLD QLH Z\WU]\PD WHJR ZV]\VWNLHJR L ]DSğDFLP\ ]D WHQ FDğ\ QLHSRWU]HEQ\ SRVW÷S NWÐU\P Mã REFLãőDP\ ,JUDP\ ] RJQLHP LQJHUXMãF Z JHQ\ L SUÐEXMãF VWZRU]\å F]ğRZLHND LGHDOQHJR ']L÷NL NV]WDğWRZDQLX NRGÐZ JHQHW\F]Q\FK OXG]L PRőHP\ Z SU]\V]ğRijFL PLHå PRőOLZRijå SRZRğ\ZDå GR ő\FLD VWZRU]HQLD NWÐUH Z QDV]\P PQLHPDQLX Vã SU]\GDWQH HOLPLQXMãF W\P VDP\P SR]RVWDğH 0DQLSXOXMãF '1$ L SURFHVHP NORQRZDQLD PRőHP\ NLHG\ij GRVL÷JQãå JUDQLF\ QLF]\P ERKDWHURZLH SRZLHijFL IDQWDVW\F]Q\FK &]\ ZWHG\ ODWDMãFH SRFLãJL OXE V]WXF]QD LQWHOLJHQFMD XUDWXMH QDV RG ]DJğDG\"

1DWDOLD 1DMPDQ


WISE

-HGHQ NRQW\QHQW t GZLH (XURS\ +ba TI\ XW bISWġKbMVQ] BQUVMR ?WRVa XWLbQIð VI ?[KP{L Q BIKP{L RM[\ RM[bKbM _ WO{TM IS\]ITVa'

Ő

HE\ RGSRZLHG]LHå QD WR S\WDQLH PXVLP\ ZF]HijQLHM ]DGDå NLOND LQQ\FK &]\P E\ğD =LPQD :RMQD" -DN ZSğ\Q÷ğD KLVWRUL÷ ijZLDWD" -DN SRG]LHOLğD (XURS÷" : MDNL VSRVÐE SUÐERZDQR SRğãF]\å NRQW\QHQW RG NRġFD =LPQHM :RMQ\" -DN SRUDG]Lğ\ F]\ UDG]ã VRELH W\P SRG]LDğHP U]ãG\ (XURS\" -HijOL SR]QDP\ QD QLH RGSRZLHG]L SR]QDP\ WHő RGSRZLHGŏ QD S\WDQLH SRVWDZLRQH Z W\WXOH

=LPQD :RMQD t WDN SU]\M÷ğR VL÷ QD]\ZDå HSRN÷ U\ZDOL]DFML 6WDQÐZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK $PHU\NL L =ZLã]NX 6RFMDOLVW\F]Q\FK 5HSXEOLN 5DG]LHFNLFK R GRPLQDFM÷ QD DUHQLH PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM SR GUXJLHM :RMQLH IJZLDWRZHM 'OD ZLHOX ÐZF]HijQLH ő\MãF\FK OXG]L E\ğ WR VWDQ FLãJğHJR DWRPRZHJR WHUURUX t Z V]F]HJÐOQRijFL QD P\ijO QDVXZD VL÷ .U\]\V .XEDġVNL ] URNX NLHG\ WR UDG]LHFNLH UDNLHW\ ] JğRZLFDPL DWRPRZ\PL ]RVWDğ\ UR]PLHV]F]RQH QD .XELH WXő SU]\ DPHU\NDġVNLP Z\EU]HőX FR QLH]Z\NOH QDSL÷ğR UHODFMH SRPL÷G]\ GZRPD PRFDUVWZDPL IJZLDGHFWZHP VWUDFKX Z MDNLP ő\OL OXG]LH WDPW\FK F]DVÐZ PRőH E\å 'RRPVGD\ &ORFN t V\PEROLF]Q\ ]HJDU NWÐU\ eRGPLHU]Dr F]DV GR ]DJğDG\ OXG]NRijFL 8VWDZLRQ\ Z QD JRG]LQ÷ SU]\ F]\P SÐğQRF R]QDF]D NRQLHF ijZLDWD SRND]\ZDğ QDMZF]HijQLHMV]ã JRG]LQ÷ Z t SR UR]SDG]LH =655 L ]DNRġF]HQLX =LPQHM :RMQ\

$OH DWRP WR QLH MHG\Q\ V\PERO WHJR HWDSX Z G]LHMDFK OXG]NRijFL :\GDMH PL VL÷ őH ]D ZDőQLHMV]\ PRőQD X]QDå őHOD]Qã NXUW\Q÷ RGG]LHODMãFã GZD ijZLDW\ t NDSLWDOLVW\F]Q\ =DFKÐG L NRPXQLVW\F]Q\ :VFKÐG t ] JUDQLFã ELHJQãFã SU]H] SRG]LHORQH 1LHPF\ %DULHUD WD RGJUDG]DğD QLH W\ONR SDġVWZD 'OD W\VL÷F\ OXG]L ] FDğHJR EORNX ZVFKRGQLHJR D Z V]F]HJÐOQRijFL W\FK ] 15' VWDQRZLğD RVWDWQLã SU]HV]NRG÷ QD GURG]H GR OHSV]HJR ő\FLD t SHğQHJR GREURE\WX L ZROQRijFL : 1LHPF]HFK QD WDNã XFLHF]N÷ SU]\M÷ğR VL÷ PÐZLå 5HSXEOLNIOXFKW -DN SLV]H - / *DGGLV Z VZRMHM NVLãőFH e=LPQD ZRMQD +LVWRULD SRG]LHORQHJR ijZLDWDr Z SHZQ\P PRPHQFLH 1LHPFÐZ SUÐEXMãF\FK SU]HGU]Hå VL÷ GR 5)1 E\ğR WDN GXőR őH 1LNLWD &KUXV]F]RZ ]GHF\GRZDğ VL÷ QD SRGM÷FLH GHVSHUDFNLHM GHF\]ML L Z\GDğ UR]ND] EXGRZ\ ELHJQãFHJR SU]H] ijURGHN %HUOLQD PXUX QLH GR VIRUVRZDQLD 0XU EHUOLġVNL t REHFQLH ]UXMQRZDQ\ t MHVW VZRLVW\P SRPQLNLHP őHOD]QHM NXUW\Q\ DOH WDNőH WDPW\FK F]DVÐZ L Z\GDU]Hġ *UDQLFD GZÐFK ijZLDWÐZ E\ğD RF]\ZLijFLH V]WXF]QD 1LNW QLH S\WDğ QDURGÐZ (XURS\ IJURGNRZHM R ]GDQLH NLHG\ QD NRQIHUHQFMDFK Z -DğFLH 3RF]GDPLH L 7HKHUDQLH 6WDOLQ ] &KXUFKLOOHP L 5RRVHYHOWHP XVWDODOL SROLW\F]Qã PDS÷ SRZRMHQQHJR VWDUHJR NRQW\QHQWX 1LH G]LZL ZL÷F őH QDURG\ WH SUÐERZDğ\ ZLHORNURWQLH Z\GRVWDå VL÷ ]H

VWUHI\ ZSğ\ZÐZ =ZLã]NX 5DG]LHFNLHJR .DőG\ NWR ZLH FRij QD WHPDW KLVWRULL SDPL÷WD 3RZVWDQLH QD :÷JU]HFK Z SUDVNã ZLRVQ÷ Z Z\GDU]HQLD ] PDUFD L F]HUZFD Z 3ROVFH F]\ SURWHVW\ Z 15' Z :V]\VWNLH SUÐE\ E\ğ\ QLHVWHW\ WğXPLRQH SU]\ Xő\FLX SU]HPRF\ DOH SRijZL÷FHQLD WH QLH E\ğ\ GDUHPQH 6WZRU]\ğ\ RQH SRGZDOLQ\ SRG Z\GDU]HQLD NWÐUH ]PLHQLğ\ XNğDG VLğ Z (XURSLH DOH WHő QD FDğ\P ijZLHFLH L ZSğ\Q÷ğ\ QD ő\FLH PLOLRQÐZ OXG]L 0RZD WX R eMHVLHQL OXGÐZr F]\OL SURFHVLH UR]SDGX EORNX VRFMDOLVW\F]QHJR SU]\ MHGQRF]HVQHM GHPRNUDW\]DFML SDġVWZ NWÐU\FK GRW\F]\ğ\ WH KLVWRU\F]QH Z\GDU]HQLD 3U]\MPXMH VL÷ őH MHVLHġ OXGÐZ ]DSRF]ãWNRZDğ\ REUDG\ 2NUãJğHJR 6WRğX ] SU]HğRPX ]LP\ L ZLRVQ\ URNX 1HJRFMDFMH Z UDPDFK 7UÐMNãWQHJR 6WRğX QD :÷JU]HFK ]DNRġF]\ğ\ VL÷ MHVLHQLã WHJR VDPHJR URNX WDNőH MHVLHQLã SURWHVWXMãF\ %XğJDU]\ Z\PXVLOL QD ZğDG]DFK SRGM÷FLH URNRZDġ ] RSR]\FMã SRGREQLH MDN Z &]HFKRVğRZDFML JG]LH PLDğD PLHMVFH WDN ]ZDQD $NVDPLWQD 5HZROXFMD 3U]HPLDQ\ WH GRWNQ÷ğ\ WDNőH 15' JG]LH UR]SRF]÷WR UR]ELÐUN÷ PXUX %HUOLġVNLHJR L 5XPXQLL JG]LH SR NLONX GQLDFK SRZVWDQLD REDORQR G\NWDWRUD NUDMX 1LFRODH &HDXVHVFX -HVLHġ OXGÐZ SU]\ijSLHV]\ğD UR]SDG =ZLã]NX 5DG]LHFNLHJR L XSDGHN őHOD]QHM NXUW\Q\ =DF]ãğ VL÷ SURFHV 89


WISE

LQWHJURZDQLD SDġVWZ QRZHM (XURS\1 ] UHV]Wã GHPRNUDW\F]QHJR ijZLDWD 15' ZHV]ğR Z VNğDG 5)1 MHVLHQLã URNX L FKRå QLH VWDQRZLğR MXő RVREQHJR SDġVWZD WR PRőQD SRZLHG]LHå őH E\ğ WR SLHUZV]\ NUDM SRVWNRPXQLVW\F]Q\ NWÐU\ GRğãF]\ğ GR :VSÐOQRW\ (XURSHMVNLHM L 1$72 5]ãG\ 3ROVNL &]HFKRVğRZDFML L :÷JLHU FKFãF Z]PRFQLå VZRMã SR]\FM÷ QD DUHQLH PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM L SU]\ijSLHV]\å SURFHV\ DNFHV\MQH GR RUJDQL]DFML JRVSRGDUF]\FK L PLOLWDUQ\FK ijZLDWD ]DFKRGQLHJR ]GHF\GRZDğ\ VL÷ QD XWZRU]HQLH 7UÐMNãWD :\V]HKUDG]NLHJR L &()7$ :LHOX E\ğR SU]HNRQDQ\FK őH NUDMH (XURS\ IJURGNRZHM Vã QD SURVWHM GURG]H GR LQWHJUDFML JRVSRGDUF]HM Z 5DPDFK :VSÐOQRW\ (XURSHMVNLHM RUD] 2(&' L GRğãF]HQLD GR 6RMXV]X 3ÐğQRFQRDWODQW\FNLHJR -HGQDN UÐőQLFH t QLH W\ONR HNRQRPLF]QH t SRPL÷G]\ SDġVWZDPL VWDUHM L QRZHM (XURS\ E\ğ\ ROEU]\PLH D Z\UÐZQDQLH LFK VWDQRZLğR MHGQR ] JğÐZQ\FK Z\]ZDġ SU]HG MDNLPL VWDğ\ U]ãG\ HXURSHMVNLH QD SU]HğRPLH PLOOHQLÐZ :\]ZDġ W\FK E\ğR ] UHV]Wã ZLHOH RG]\VNDQLH SHğQHM VXZHUHQQRijFL L XVXQL÷FLH őRğQLHU]\ UDG]LHFNLFK ] ED] E\ğHJR 8NğDGX :DUV]DZVNLHJR ZSURZDG]HQLH SOXUDOL]PX SROLW\F]QHJR L ZROQ\FK PHGLÐZ SU]HNV]WDğFHQLH JRVSRGDUNL Z RSDUWã QD ZğDVQRijFL SU\ZDWQHM SU\ZDW\]DFMD RJURPQ\FK SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZ SDġVWZRZ\FK L ZUHV]FLH ]DSDQRZDQLH QDG VSRğHF]Q\PL VNXWNDPL W\FK RJURPQ\FK SU]HPLDQ 3R]RVWDğRijFL SRSU]HGQLFK V\VWHPÐZ E\ğ\ REHFQH QD NDőG\P SR]LRPLH ő\FLD VSRğHF]QHJR 0LPR Lő ZV]\VWNLH SDġVWZD VRFMDOLVW\F]QH Z (XURSLH UR]SRF]÷ğ\ RNUHV SU]HPLDQ QD SU]HğRPLH ODW RVLHPG]LHVLãW\FK L G]LHZL÷åG]LHVLãW\FK WR XZDUXQNRZDQLD UHJLRQDOQH WDNLH MDN NZHVWLH JHRSROLW\F]QH L QDURGRZRijFLRZR HWQLF]QH RUD] UÐőQH REOLF]D UHDOQHJR VRFMDOL]PX SRVNXWNRZDğ\ LQQ\PL GRijZLDGF]HQLDPL SDġVWZ QD GURG]H GR LQWHJUDFML ] SLHUZV]\P ijZLDWHP

%RGLR :RMQLFNL L =Dğ÷VNL3 SRG]LHOLOL SDġVWZD (XURS\ IJURGNRZHM QD WU]\ JUXS\ SU]\MPXMãF NU\WHULXP V]\ENRijFL ] MDNã NUDMH WH GRğãF]\ğ\ GR 1$72 2(&' L 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM 3LHUZV]ã JUXS÷ GR NWÐUHM ]DOLF]\OL 3ROVN÷ &]HFK\ 6ğRZDFM÷ 6ğRZHQL÷ L :÷JU\ QD]ZDOL SDġVWZDPL XGDQHM WUDQVIRUPDFML : GUXJLHM ]ZDQHM SDġVWZDPL RSÐŏQLRQHM WUDQVIRUPDFML ]QDOD]ğ\ VL÷ %XğJDULD 5XPXQLD L &KRUZDFMD *UXSD SDġVWZ ]DKDPRZDQHM WUDQVIRUPDFML WR SR]RVWDğH SDġVWZD SRZVWDğH SR UR]SDG]LH -XJRVğDZLL RUD] $OEDQLD 3RG]LDğ WHQ SRZVWDğ FR SUDZGD Z URNX DOH ijZLHWQLH RGGDMH VWDQ U]HF]\ NWÐU\ XWU]\PXMH VL÷ GR G]Lij : 6ğRZHQLL L SDġVWZDFK *UXS\ :\V]HKUDG]NLHM GHPRNUDFMD PLDğD ZLHOX ]ZROHQQLNÐZ VDPH SURFHV\ GHPRNUDW\]DFML SRVW÷SRZDğ\ UHODW\ZQLH V]\ENR L VSUDZQLH FKRå QLH QDOHő\ SRVWU]HJDå W\FK GHPRNUDFML Z WHQ VDP VSRVÐE FR GHPRNUDFML ]DFKRGQLFK XJUXSRZDġ Z SROVNLP SDUODPHQFLH Z F]\ SRSXODUQRijå UXFKÐZ QDFMRQDOLVW\F]Q\FK QD 6ğRZDFML 3DġVWZD WH GRğãF]\ğ\ ZL÷F V]\ENR GR 1$72 NWÐUH VWDZLDğR VWDELOQRijå U]ãGÐZ L GHPRNUDFMH ]D ZDUXQNL GRğãF]HQLD GR WHM RUJDQL]DFML &KRUZDFL %XğJDU]\ L 5XPXQL SRWU]HERZDOL ZL÷FHM F]DVX QD eSU]\]Z\F]DMHQLHr VL÷ GR GHPRNUDFML DOH UÐZQLHő XGDğR LP VL÷ ZHMijå Z V]HUHJL 3DNWX 3ÐğQRFQRDWODQW\FNLHJR 6SRijUÐG SDġVWZ EDğNDġVNLFK SR]D 6ğRZHQLã L &KRUZDFMã Z 1$72 IXQNFMRQXMH W\ONR &]DUQRJÐUD RG 0RőQD ZL÷F VWZLHUG]Lå őH QLH OLF]ãF NLONX SDġVWZ EDğNDġVNLFK SROLW\F]QLH L VSRğHF]QLH ZVFKRGQLD ijFLDQD 8( ]EOLő\ğD VL÷ GR 8QLL D WUDQVIRUPDFMD SROLW\F]QD E\ğD XGDQD 1DGUDELDQLH UÐőQLF JRVSRGDUF]\FK SRPL÷G]\ QRZ\PL L VWDU\PL GHPRNUDFMDPL HXURSHMVNLPL E\ğR WUXGQLHMV]\P ]DGDQLHP QLő ]PLDQ\ Z V\VWHPDFK SROLW\F]Q\FK :HGğXJ GDQ\FK 21= Z URNX 3.% SHU FDSLWD GOD SRVWVRFMDOLVW\F]Q\FK GHPRNUDFML HXURSHMVNLFK Z\QRVLğR ]DOHőQLH RG NUDMX RG

86' Z SU]\SDGNX $OEDQLL GR 86' Z SU]\SDGNX 6ğRZHQLL 'OD SRUÐZQDQLD IJUHGQLH 3.% GOD SDġVWZ ÐZF]HVQHM :VSÐOQRW\ (XURSHMVNLHM Z\QRVLğR ZWHG\ 86' 1LH WU]HED Z\NV]WDğFHQLD HNRQRPLF]QHJR őHE\ ]DXZDő\å Z\UDŏQã UÐőQLF÷ Z SR]LRPLH UR]ZRMX JRVSRGDUF]HJR :\QLNDğD RQD ] ZLHOX F]\QQLNÐZ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QLHZ\GROQRijFL JRVSRGDUNL FHQWUDOQLH VWHURZDQHM GXő\FK QLHUHQWRZQ\FK L QLHSU]HP\ijODQ\FK LQZHVW\FML Z SU]HP\Vğ QLHNRU]\VWQ\FK XNğDGÐZ JRVSRGDUF]\FK ] =655 DOH SDUDGRNVDOQLH SRF]ãWNRZR QHJDW\ZQH VNXWNL SU]\QLRVğD SU\ZDW\]DFMD ZğDVQRijFL SDġVWZRZHM L SU]HVWDZLHQLH VL÷ QD JRVSRGDUN÷ ZROQRU\QNRZã : NDőG\P NUDMX WH VNXWNL Z\JOãGDğ\ LQDF]HM DOH ZV]÷G]LH Z]UÐVğ ]QDF]QLH SR]LRP EH]URERFLD L VNUDMQHJR XEÐVWZD D JRVSRGDUND Z\KDPRZDğD ']L÷NL Z]DMHPQHM ZVSÐğSUDF\ L SRPRF\ ]H VWURQ\ 8( L LQQ\FK RUJDQL]DFML PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK ZL÷NV]RijFL RPDZLDQ\FK SDġVWZ XGDğR VL÷ Z\Mijå ] UHFHVML L ]ZL÷NV]\å VZRMH 3.% NLONXNURWQLH =PLDQ\ MDNLH ]DV]ğ\ Z SR]LRPLH ő\FLD PLHV]NDġFÐZ QRZ\FK F]ğRQNÐZ 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM Vã t Z SHğQ\P ]QDF]HQLX WHJR VğRZD t ROEU]\PLH 0LPR WR QDGDO NDőGH SDġVWZR E\ğHJR EORNX VRFMDOLVW\F]QHJR RGVWDMH JRVSRGDUF]R RG SR]LRPX XQLL =JRGQLH ] GDQ\PL 21= ] URNX IJUHGQLH 3.% SHU FDSLWD GOD 8( Z\QRVLğR 86' 3R]LRP WHJR ZVNDŏQLND GOD UHODW\ZQLH ]DPRőQHM 6ğRZHQLL WR W\ONR 86' 1DMJRU]HM UDG]L VRELH %XğJDULD NWÐUHM 3.% SHU FDSLWD NV]WDğWRZDğR VL÷ QD SR]LRPLH 86' 0LPR őH HNRQRPLF]QH SR]RVWDğRijFL =LPQHM :RMQ\ QDGDO Vã ZLGRF]QH Z (XURSLH L SR]RVWDQã WDNLH SU]H] ZLHOH ODW WR DQDOLW\F\ VXJHUXMã őH Z NRġFX UÐőQLFH Z UR]ZRMX ]RVWDQã QDGURELRQH :WHG\ GRSLHUR PRőQD E÷G]LH PÐZLå R EUDNX SRG]LDğX QD ERJDW\ =DFKÐG L ELHGQ\ :VFKÐG (XURS\ 1DMZL÷NV]\ ] ]LPQRZRMHQQ\FK U\ZDOL 6WDQÐZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK t =655 t SR

1RZD (XURSD t RNUHijOHQLH VWZRU]RQH SU]H] DPHU\NDġVNLFK SROLW\NÐZ Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR SRVWVRFMDOLVW\F]Q\FK SDġVWZ (XURS\ RND]XMãF\FK SRSDUFLH GOD G]LDğDġ 86$ QD EOLVNLP ZVFKRG]LH %OLŏQLDF]\P WHUPLQHP MHVW VWDUD (XURSD t RNUHijOHQLH QD SDġVWZD (XURS\ ]DFKRGQLHM NWÐUH QLH SRSLHUDğ\ G]LDğDġ 6WDQÐZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK Z WDPW\P UHJLRQLH IJURGNRZR (XURSHMVNLH 3RUR]XPLHQLH R :ROQ\P +DQGOX NUDMH *UXS\ :\V]HKUDG]NLHM Z\V]ğ\ ] QLHJR Z U ZUD] ] GRğãF]HQLHP GR 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM DOH RUJDQL]DFMD QDGDO LVWQLHMH L LQWHJUXMH SDġVWZD NDQG\GXMãFH GR 8( 0RGHOH WUDQVIRUPDFML SDġVWZ SRVWNRPXQLVW\F]Q\FK 7DGHXV] %RGLR -DFHN :RMQLFNL 3LRWU =Dğ÷VNL 6SRğHF]HġVWZR L 3ROLW\ND QU SDWU] QS 5DSRUW 6*+ (XURSD IJURGNRZRZVFKRGQLD ZREHF JOREDOQ\FK WUHQGÐZ JRVSRGDUND VSRğHF]HġVWZR L EL]QHVr

90


.LONX SDġVWZRP HXURSHMVNLP VL÷ WR MHGQDN XGDğR 0RZD WX R UHSXEOLNDFK QDGEDğW\FNLFK /LWZD (VWRQLD ĞRWZD NWÐUH RELHUDMãF NLHUXQHN QD =DFKÐG SRV]ğ\ GURJã UHIRUP JRVSRGDUF]\FK L XVWURMRZ\FK WZRU]ãF GHPRNUDW\F]QH SDġVWZD SUDZD 3DġVWZD WH GRV\å V]\ENR ER Z URNX GRğãF]\ğ\ GR 8( RUD] 1$72 L ZV]\VWNLH SU]\M÷ğ\ (XUR MDNR ZDOXW÷ GR URNX *RVSRGDUF]R UHSXEOLNL QDGEDğW\FNLH Vã QD SRGREQ\P SR]LRPLH FR LQQH SDġVWZD QRZHM (XURS\ D LFK U]ãG\ FLãJOH Gãőã GR ]DWDUFLD UÐőQLF Z SR]LRPLH ő\FLD PL÷G]\ ]DFKRGHP D ZVFKRGHP (XURS\

6ã WHő SDġVWZD NWÐU\FK SUÐE\ RGFL÷FLD VL÷ RG ZSğ\ZÐZ URV\MVNLFK L ]EOLőHQLD VL÷ GR (XURS\ ]RVWDğ\ t PLHMP\ QDG]LHM÷ W\PF]DVRZR t Z\KDPRZDQH -DNR SU]\NğDG\ SRVğXőã *UX]MD L 8NUDLQD *UX]LQL RG F]DVÐZ 5HZROXFML 5Ðő5 SUÐEXMã ]EOLő\å VL÷ GR ]DFKRGX 1LHVWHW\ SDġVWZR WH ERU\NDğR L QDGDO ERU\ND ] ZLHORPD SUREOHPDPL ZHZQ÷WU]Q\PL L ]HZQ÷WU]Q\PL 6ã WR FKRFLDőE\ ]EXQWRZDQH SURZLQFMH $EFKD]ML L 3RğXGQLRZHM 2VHWLL ZVSLHUDQH SU]H] 5RVM÷ VğDED JRVSRGDUND Z\QLV]F]RQD SU]H] G]LDğDQLD ]EURMQH GXő\ SR]LRP NRUXSFML F]\ F]÷VWH QDGXő\FLD ZğDG]\ ZijUÐG XU]÷GQLNÐZ SDġVWZRZ\FK 0LPR őH RG NLONX ODW MHVW WR SDġVWZR VWRZDU]\V]RQH ] 8QLã (XURSHMVNã WR SU]H] WH ZğDijQLH SUREOHP\ REHFQLH QLH MHVW PRőOLZH őHE\ *UX]MD ZHV]ğD Z GDOV]\ HWDS ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] 8( 2G MDNLHJRij F]DVX PRőHP\ WHő ]QDOHŏå Z JD]HWDFK LQIRUPDFMH R GLDORJX JUX]LġVNR URV\MVNLP L R SUÐEDFK QDZLã]DQLD QRZ\FK Z]DMHPQ\FK UHODFML -HGQRF]HijQLH ZHGğXJ VHNUHWDU]D JHQHUDOQHJR 1$72 - 6WROWHQEHUJD ZLHOROHWQLH VWDUDQLD *UX]ML R GRğãF]HQLH GR RUJDQL]DFML PRJã ZNUÐWFH GRMijå GR VNXWNX QDZHW PLPR VSU]HFLZÐZ URV\MVNLFK 0RőOLZH őH NURN WHQ SRFLãJQLH ]D VREã UR]ZÐM JRVSRGDUF]\ *UX]ML FR ]EOLő\ WH SDġVWZR GR UHV]W\ (XURS\ 3ÐNL FR SU]HG 7ELOLVL MHV]F]H GXőR SUDF\ 8NUDLQD WR SRGREQLH MDN *UX]MD NUDM UR]GDUW\ NRQIOLNWHP =DFKRGQLã L FHQWUDOQã F]÷ijå NUDMX ]DPLHV]NXMã Z ZL÷NV]RijFL OXG]LH QDVWDZLHQL QD LQWHJUDFM÷ ]H VWUXNWXUDPL 8( D ZVFKRGQLã FL NWÐU]\ F]XMã EOLőV]H SRZLã]DQLD ] 5RVMã .LHUXQHN SROLW\NL ]DJUDQLF]QHM 8NUDLQ\ RG GR NRġFD U]ãGÐZ SURURV\MVNLHJR SUH]\GHQWD -DQXNRZ\F]D E\ğ QDVWDZLRQ\ QD ijFLVğH SRZLã]DQLD ] )HGHUDFMã 5RV\MVNã L UHV]Wã :13 NRV]WHP ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] 8QLã (XURSHMVNã :\GDU]HQLD RNUHijODQH PLDQHP (XURPDMGDQX ]DSRF]ãWNRZDğ\ RNUHV QRZHJR VSRMU]HQLD QD SROLW\N÷ ]DJUDQLF]Qã FR VSRWNDğR VL÷ ]H ]PLDQã SROLW\NL URV\MVNLHM Z]JO÷GHP 8NUDLQ\ : 5RVMD DQHNWRZDğD $XWRQRPLF]Qã 5HSXEOLN÷ .U\PVNã 5RVMDQLH Z GDOV]\P FLãJX ZVSLHUDMã WHő VHSDUDW\VWÐZ ] 'RQEDVX 8NUDLQD

SRGREQLH MDN *UX]MD MHVW SDġVWZHP VWRZDU]\V]RQ\P ] 8( DOH REHFQD V\WXDFMD JRVSRGDUF]D QS ijUHGQLHM ZDUWRijFL 3.% SHU FDSLWD GOD 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM ZJ :)%6 L SROLW\F]QD QS U]ãG Z .LMRZLH QLH NRQWUROXMH FDğRijFL WHU\WRULXP NUDMX SUREOHP\ ] NRUXSFMã XQLHPRőOLZLD GDOV]\ UR]ZÐM ZVSÐğSUDF\

WISE

VZRLP UR]ğDPLH XVWãSLğ PLHMVFD QRZ\P SDġVWZRP :L÷NV]Rijå ] QLFK RG SRF]ãWNX VZRMHJR LVWQLHQLD SRVWDZLğR QD ijFLVğã ZVSÐğSUDF÷ JRVSRGDUF]ã SROLW\F]Qã L PLOLWDUQã ] 5RVMã QD SU]\NğDG Z UDPDFK :VSÐOQRW\ 1LHSRGOHJğ\FK 3DġVWZ D LFK U]ãG\ E\ğ\ ]ğRőRQH JğÐZQLH ] NRPXQLVWÐZ VSUDZXMãF\FK ZğDG]÷ SU]HG UR]SDGHP =ZLã]NX 5DG]LHFNLHJR 'OD F]HJR WDN WR Z\JOãGDğR" 3R SLHUZV]H ZLHOX RE\ZDWHOL =655 QLH FKFLDğR MHJR XSDGNX D SRWHP ZROHOL Z]PDFQLDå LVWQLHMãFH MXő SRZLã]DQLD ] SDġVWZDPL SRVWVRZLHFNLPL QLő SRijZL÷FDå F]DV L ]DVRE\ QD LQWHJUDFM÷ ] (XURSã ]DFKRGQLã L ijURGNRZã 3R GUXJLH SRVWNRPXQLVW\F]QL ZğRGDU]H W\FK SDġVWZ QLH FKFLHOL GHPRNUDW\]DFML L JZDğWRZQ\FK ]PLDQ JRVSRGDUF]\FK SRQLHZDő PRJğD SURZDG]Lå GR ]DPLHV]DQLD D VFHQLH SROLW\F]QHM L XWUDW\ SU]H] QLFK ZğDG]\ 7U]HFL DUJXPHQW ]D XWU]\P\ZDQLHP WDNLHM ZVSÐğSUDF\ GRVWDUF]DğD VDPD 5RVMD 5RELğD WR Z\NRU]\VWXMãF VZÐM SRWHQFMDğ JRVSRGDUF]\ PLOLWDUQ\ L VZRMH SRğRőHQLH JHRJUDILF]QH PDQLSXOXMãF FHQDPL VXURZFÐZ L SRGV\FDMãF NRQIOLNW\ ZHZQ÷WU]QH Z SDġVWZDFK E\ğHJR =655 : ODWDFK G]LHZL÷åG]LHVLãW\FK RGFL÷FLH RG URV\MVNLHJR U\QNX R]QDF]DğR E\ GOD QLFK QDJğã ]DSDijå JRVSRGDUF]ã : GDOV]\P FLãJX ] UHV]Wã 5RVMD ZVSLHUD PQLHM OXE EDUG]LHM MDZQLH SVHXGR SDġVWZD QD .DXND]LH L Z 0RğGDZLL L Z\ZLHUD ZSğ\Z QD VZRLFK VãVLDGÐZ FKRFLDőE\ FHQDPL GRVWDZ JD]X F]\ URS\ -HVW WR SHZLHQ URG]DM Eğ÷GQHJR NRğD ] NWÐUHJR FL÷őNR VL÷ Z\ğDPDå

&L÷őNR MHVW MHGQR]QDF]QLH RGSRZLHG]LHå QD S\WDQLH F]\ REHFQLH SRG]LDğ QD :VFKÐG L =DFKÐG QDGDO MHVW DNWXDOQ\ 6\WXDFMD Z (XURSLH ]PLHQLğD VL÷ GLDPHWUDOQLH RG ]DNRġF]HQLD =LPQHM :RMQ\ :\ND]DğHP őH Z\]ZDQLD UR]ZRMRZH MDNLH QRZH PLOOHQLXP VWDZLDğR SU]HG SDġVWZDPL (XURS\ IJURGNRZHM L NUDMÐZ QDGEDğW\FNLFK QLH SU]HURVğR DQL U]ãGÐZ DQL VSRğHF]HġVWZ 1RZHM (XURS\ 3RVW÷S MDNL GRNRQDğ VL÷ Z W\FK NUDMDFK MHVW ZLGRF]Q\ JRğ\P RNLHP 1DGDO MHGQDN ZLGDå UÐőQLFH Z SR]LRPDFK ZVNDŏQLNÐZ JRVSRGDUF]\FK D WDNőH RJÐOQLH SRM÷W\P GREURE\FLH SRPL÷G]\ SDġVWZDPL SRVWNRPXQLVW\F]Q\PL L UHV]Wã 8( 0\ijO÷ őH VSRğHF]HġVWZD SDġVWZ E\ğHJR EORNX VRFMDOLVW\F]QHJR Vã MXő QD ]EOLőRQ\P SR]LRPLH GRMU]DğRijFL L ijZLDGRPRijFL RE\ZDWHOVNLHM FR SR]RVWDğH NUDMH F]ğRQNRZVNLH 8( &]ğRQNRVWZR SDġVWZ SRVWNRPXQLVW\F]Q\FK Z 1$72 UÐZQLHő ijZLDGF]\ R LFK VWDELOQRijFL SROLW\F]QHM L Z\VRNLP SR]LRPLH UR]ZRMX 'UXJã VWURQ÷ PHGDOX VWDQRZLã SDġVWZD E\ğHJR =655 NWÐUH SR]RVWDMã Z ]DVL÷JX ZSğ\ZÐZ )HGHUDFML 5RV\MVNLHM : SRUÐZQDQLX GR SDġVWZ (XURS\ IJURGNRZHM QDOHőãF\FK GR 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM L 1$72 NUDMH WH QLH Vã VWDELOQH SROLW\F]QLH DQL JRVSRGDUF]R .U\W\F\ ZVSÐğSUDF\ 8( ] W\PL SDġVWZDPL SRGNUHijODMã őH LFK JRVSRGDUNL QLH SU]HWUZDğ\E\ SUHVML NRQNXUHQF\MQHJR L RWZDUWHJR U\QNX HXURSHMVNLHJR 0DMãF QD XZDG]H ZV]\VWNLH DUJXPHQW\ GRFKRG]÷ GR ZQLRVNX őH R LOH SRG]LDğ QD :VFKÐG L =DFKÐG MHVW QDGDO PRFQR ZLGRF]Q\ WR JUDQLFH ]DFKRGX UR]V]HU]\ğ\ VL÷ R (VWRQL÷ ĞRWZ÷ /LWZ÷ 3ROVN÷ &]HFK\ 6ğRZDFM÷ :÷JU\ 6ğRZHQL÷ &KRUZDFM÷ %XğJDUL÷ L 5XPXQL÷ 0LHMP\ QDG]LHM÷ őH E÷Gã VL÷ RQH UR]V]HU]Då ZFLãő GDOHM L GDOHM 0LNRğDM .ZLHFLHġ

3URWHVW\ L Z\VWãSLHQLD SXEOLF]QH Z *UX]ML Z\ZRğDQH SU]H] VIDğV]RZDQLH Z\ERUÐZ SDUODPHQWDUQ\FK ] URNX GRSURZDG]Lğ\ GR REM÷FLD XU]÷GX SUH]\GHQWD SU]H] 0LFKHLOD 6DDNDV]ZLOHJR &,$ :RUOG )DFWERRN KWWSV ZZZ FLD JRY OLEUDU\ SXEOLFDWLRQV WKH ZRUOG IDFWERRN

91


WISE

*RVSRGDURZDQLH RJUDQLF]RQ\PL ]DVREDPL QD ZVSÐOQ\P WHUHQLH § XZbaSðIL J]LW_a PaLZWMTMS\ZW_VQ XZbMb -\QWXQĔ Q ;]LIV I [a\]IKRI -OQX\]

O

G ]DUDQLD G]LHMÐZ ZRGD SR]RVWDMH QDMZDőQLHMV]\P VNğDGQLNLHP UR]ZLMDMãF\FK VL÷ QD SU]HVWU]HQL ZLHNÐZ F\ZLOL]DFML -HGQ\P ] QDMZL÷NV]\FK SU]HMDZÐZ ő\FLRGDMQRijFL ZRG\ MHVW 1LO 5]HND WD ELMH ZLHOH UHNRUGÐZ P LQ SU]HFLQD RVLHP NUDMÐZ SU]HSğ\ZD SU]H] ZV]\VWNLH DIU\NDġVNLH VWUHI\ NOLPDW\F]QH L MHVW MHGQ\P ] GZÐFK QDMZL÷NV]\FK FLHNÐZ ZRGQ\FK ijZLDWD 'RGDWNRZR GRU]HF]H QLOX ]DMPXMH F]DUQHJR OãGX L ]DPLHV]NLZDQH MHVW SU]H] RNRğR POQ OXG]L e5]HND IDUDRQÐZr ELHU]H VZÐM SRF]ãWHN Z 5ZDQG]LH 8JDQG]LH L .HQL L SR SU]HE\FLX W\V NLORPHWUÐZ SU]H] QDMZL÷NV]ã GHOW÷ ijZLDWD ğãF]\ VL÷ ] 0RU]HP IJUÐG]LHPQ\P +HURGRW DQW\F]Q\ RMFLHF KLVWRULL SLVDğ e(JLSW MHVW GDUHP 1LOXr 7R ZğDijQLH QDG EU]HJLHP ő\FLRGDMQHM U]HNL Z\URVğD MHGQD ] QDMZVSDQLDOV]\FK F\ZLOL]DFML =URG]RQ\ ] MHM ZÐG VWDURő\WQ\ (JLSW GDğ IXQGDPHQW\ SRG UR]ZÐM OXG]NRijFL D QDG EU]HJLHP 1LOX SRZVWDZDğ\ QDMZL÷NV]H NRQVWUXNFMH LQő\QLHU\MQH Z KLVWRULL t WDNLH MDN SLUDPLG\ V\VWHP\ QDZDGQLDMãFH )DMXP F]\ ELEOLRWHND DOHNVDQGU\MVND

92

']LVLDM U]HND WD MHVW ijZLDGNLHP NROHMQHJR ZLHONLHJR SURMHNWX LQő\QLHU\MQHJR NWÐU\ ]DPLDVW MHGQRF]\å OXG\ VWDMH VL÷ ]DU]HZLHP NRQIOLNWX =GDMãF VRELH VSUDZLH ] ZLHONLHM PRF\ GU]HPLãFHM Z ZRG]LH U]ãG (WLRSLL SU]HGVWDZLğ Z URNX ZDUW\ POG GRODUÐZ SODQ EXGRZ\ ZLHONLHM WDP\ RGURG]HQLD HQJ *UDQG 5HQDLVVDQFH 'DP 7DPD WD PD GDå LPSXOV GR SRNRQ\ZDQLD Z\]ZDġ MDNLH VWDZLDQH Vã SU]HG (WLRSLã Z ;;, Z :VSÐğF]HVQD $ELV\QLD ]DPLHV]NLZDQD MHVW SU]H] POQ OXG]L L SRVLDGD MHGHQ ] QDMZL÷NV]\FK SU]\URVWÐZ QDWXUDOQ\FK QD ijZLHFLH NWÐU\ Z\QRVL SURFHQW URF]QLH 'RGDWNRZR NUDM WHQ SRPLPR Z]JO÷GQHM MDN QD WDPWHQ UHJLRQ VWDELOQRijFL ZHZQ÷WU]QHM QDGDO ]PDJD VL÷ ] GXő\P ]DSÐŏQLHQLHP Z]JO÷GHP UHV]W\ ijZLDWD 7DPD PD E\å RGSRZLHG]Lã QD SUREOHP\ ]ZLã]DQH ] HQHUJHW\Nã L SRVW÷SXMãF\P QLHGRERUHP ZRG\ :LHOND WDPD RGURG]HQLD PD E\å QDMZL÷NV]\P WHJR W\SX RELHNWHP Z $IU\FH L VLÐGP\P QD ijZLHFLH 3R VSL÷WU]HQLX ZRG\ SRMHPQRijå UH]HUZXDUX SODQRZDQD MHVW QD POG P SU]\ GğXJRijFL NP : HOHNWURZQL PDMã SUDFRZDå GZLH WXUELQ\ R ğãF]QHM PRF\ 0: :HGğXJ

SU]HZLG\ZDġ HOHNWURZQLD PD SURGXNRZDå URF]QLH *ZK FR PD RGSRZLDGDå ]Xő\FLD HQHUJLL Z NUDMX %OLVNRijå SRğRőHQLH WDNLFK NUDMÐZ MDN 6XGDQ 6XGDQ 3RğXGQLRZ\ F]\ .HQLD VSUDZLD őH Z SU]\V]ğRijFL HQHUJLD WD PRőH ]RVWDå Xő\WD MDNR F]\QQLN X]DOHőQLDMãF\ SROLW\F]QLH ELHGQLHMV]\FK VãVLDGÐZ :DUW\ ]D]QDF]HQLD MHVW IDNW őH $GGLV $EDED X]\VNDğ ZVSDUFLH 6XGDQX 6XGDQX 3RğXGQLRZHJR L .HQLL SRQLHZDő NUDMH WH PDMã QDG]LHMH QD F]HUSDQLH NRU]\ijFL HNRQRPLF]Q\FK ] WDQLHM HQHUJLL RGQDZLDOQHM = ZLHONLP QLHSRNRMHP UHDOL]DFML SURMHNWX SU]\JOãGD VL÷ (JLSW E÷GãF\ NUDMHP NWÐU\ QDMEDUG]LHM SROHJD QD ZRGDFK 1LOX 5RF]QD VXPD RSDGÐZ eNUDMX IDUDRQÐZr QLH SU]HNUDF]D NLONXG]LHVL÷FLX PLOLPHWUÐZ GODWHJR SUDZLH FDğRijå ]DVREÐZ ZRGQ\FK ] SRPLQL÷FLHP Z\F]HUS\ZDOQ\FK ]DVREÐZ ZÐG JUXQWRZ\FK VNXSLD VLã QD ZRG]LH QDSğ\ZDMãFHM ] JÐUQHJR 1LOX :V]\VWNLH ZVSÐğF]HVQH NU\]\V\ MDNLH GRW\NDMã (JLSW ]ZLã]DQH Vã EH]SRijUHGQLR OXE SRijUHGQLR ] ZRGã 3UDZLH FDğD POQ SRSXODFMD NUDMX VNXSLD VL÷ Z ELHJX L GHOFLH 1LOX FR RGSRZLDGD ]D QLHFDğH SRZLHU]FKQL NUDMX


1DUDVWDMãFH Z VSRğHF]HġVWZLH JQLHZ L FKDRV QDMEDUG]LHM XZLGRF]QLğ\ VL÷ Z URNX NLHG\ WR VXV]D L ]ZLã]DQH ] QLã SRGZ\őNL FHQ ő\ZQRijFL SU]\F]\QLğ\ VL÷ GR Z\VWãSLHġ DQW\U]ãGRZ\FK :\VWãSLHQLD WH Z V]HUV]\P NRQWHNijFLH ZSLVXMã VL÷ Z DUDEVNã ZLRVQ÷ OXGÐZ 1LH EH] SRZRGX WR ZğDijQLH Z PDUFX URNX SRGF]DV JG\ (JLSW SğRQãğ Z RJQLX OXGRZHM UHZROXFML (WLRSLD ]GHF\GRZDğD VL÷ QD ]DSUH]HQWRZDQLH ijZLDWX SURMHNWX ZLHONLHM WDP\ RGURG]HQLD 3RPLPR QDSL÷WHM V\WXDFML Z VDP\P (JLSFLH SURMHNW EXGRZ\ WDP\ Z]EXG]Lğ RJURPQH NRQWURZHUVMH (WLRSVND WDPD VWDQRZL RJURPQH ]DJURőHQLH GOD (JLSWX PLHU]ãFHJR VL÷ ] GHILF\WHP ZRG\ VL÷JDMãF\P RN POG NLOROLWUÐZ .DLU REDZLD VL÷ őH WDPD PRőH VWDå VL÷ QDU]÷G]LHP HWLRSVNLP GR RGG]LDğ\ZDQLD SROLW\F]QHJR QD NUDMH ]QDMGXMãFH VL÷ Z GROQ\P ELHJX U]HNL 1LO Eğ÷NLWQ\ E÷GãF\ QDMGğXőV]\P L QDMEDUG]LHM ]DVREQ\P Z ZRG÷ GRSğ\ZHP RGSRZLDGD Dő ]D QLHNWÐUH ŏUÐGğD SRGDMã QDZHW GR ZRG\ VğRGNLHM .DőGH ZVWU]\PDQLH GRSğ\ZX ZRG\ ] Eğ÷NLWQHJR 1LOX PRőH VNXWNRZDå RJURPQã NDWDVWURIã Z 6XGDQLH D Z V]F]HJÐOQRijFL Z (JLSFLH 3U]HZLGXMH VL÷ őH Z SU]\SDGNX (JLSWX XWUDWD POG NLOROLWUÐZ ZRG\ VğRGNLHM PRőH VNXWNRZDå Z\VXV]HQLHP W\V

DNUÐZ ]LHPL L XWUDWã ijURGNÐZ GR SU]Hő\FLD GOD POQ OXG]L =D U]ãGÐZ 0XKDPPDGD 0XUVLHJR SRZVWDğ SODQ LQZD]ML (JLSWX QD (WLRSL÷ 6DP SROLW\N Z\ZRG]Lğ VL÷ ] LVODPVNLHJR EUDFWZD PX]XğPDġVNLHJR L E\ğ ]ZROHQQLNLHP ]GHF\GRZDQHJR G]LDğDQLD : F]HUZFX URNX 0XUVL Z\SRZLHG]LDğ VL÷ őH e(JLSW E÷G]LH EURQLğ NDőGHM NURSOL 1LOX VZã NUZLãr 'HNODUDFMD WD RGELğD VL÷ V]HURNLP HFKHP Z UHJLRQLH 6WDQRZLVNR WR VSRWNDğR VL÷ ]H V]F]HJÐOQLH GXő\P VSU]HFLZHP 6XGDQX NWÐU\ QLF]\P 3ROVND ]DZLHV]RQ\ MHVW PL÷G]\ GZRPD ]ZDOF]DMãF\PL VL÷ VLğDPL 3R WHM Z\SRZLHG]L 6XGDQ SU]HV]HGğ QD VWURQ÷ (WLRSVNã D QDG UHJLRQHP ]DZLVğD JURŏED UHJLRQDOQHM ]LPQHM ZRMQ\ : URNX PLDğ PLHMVFH ]DPDFK ZRMVNRZ\ Z Z\QLNX NWÐUHJR $EGDOD DO )DWWDK DV 6LVL ]RVWDğ SUH]\GHQWHP :WHG\ WHő UR]SRF]÷ğ\ VL÷ QHJRFMDFMH PL÷G]\ .DLUHP &KDUWXP D $GGLV $EHEã PDMãFH QD FHOX ]DőHJQDQLH NU\]\VX *ğÐZQ\P WHPDWHP GHEDW\ VWDğ VL÷ F]DV Z MDNLP ]ELRUQLN SRZLQLHQ E\å QDSHğQLRQ\ 1D VSHFMDOQH ]OHFHQLH (JLSWX XND]Dğ VL÷ UDSRUW NWÐU\ SRGNUHijODğ őH MHijOL WDPD E÷G]LH QDSHğQLDQD Z WU]\ OHWQLP RNUHVLH WR (JLSW XWUDFL POG NLOROLWUÐZ ZRG\ 6FHQDULXV] WHQ Z SUDNW\FH R]QDF]DğE\ őH 1LO Z HJLSVNLHM F]÷ijFL PÐJğE\ VWDå VL÷ VWUXP\NLHP NWÐUHJR GDğRE\ VL÷ SU]HMijå VXFKã VWRSã %\ ]PLQLPDOL]RZDå VWUDW\ VWURQD HJLSVND QDOHJDğD E\ SURFHV QDSHğQLDQLD UH]HUZXDUX WUZDğ SL÷WQDijFLH ODW ŐãGDQLH WR ] NROHL E\ğR QLH GR ]DDNFHSWRZDQLD GOD VWURQ\ (WLRSVNLHM (WLRSLD FKFH MDN QDMV]\EFLHM RWZRU]\å WDP÷ E\ F]HUSDå ] QLHM NRU]\ijFL 1HJRFMDFMH ]RVWDğ\ ]HUZDQH SU]H] VWURQ÷ (JLSVNã Z JUXGQLX URNX =HUZDQLH QHJRFMDFML R]QDF]D őH (WLRSLD QLH PXVL VWRVRZDå VL÷ GR

RJUDQLF]Hġ ]ZLã]DQ\FK ] QDSHğQLDQLHP ]ELRUQLND 2G WDPWHJR F]DVX LVWQLHMH GXőH ]DJURőHQLH Z\EXFKHP NRQIOLNWX Z UHMRQLH

WISE

7\ONR SU]\OHJDMãFH GR 1LOX ]LHPLH Vã Z VWDQLH Z\GDå SORQ\ FR Z NUDMX Z NWÐU\P OXGQRijFL XWU]\PXMH VL÷ ] XSUDZ\ ]LHP L SRğRZÐZ U\E MHVW F]÷VWã SU]\F]\Qã NU\]\VÐZ 'RGDWNRZR V]DFXQNL QD SU]\V]ğRijå QLH Vã GOD (JLSWX RSW\PLVW\F]QH 3U]HZLGXMH VL÷ őH GR URNX SRSXODFMD ]ZL÷NV]\ VL÷ GR POQ OXG]L D SU]\ ]PQLHMV]DMãF\FK VL÷ ]DVREDFK NUDMX WUHQG WHQ PRőH E\å NDWDVWURILF]Q\ 2EHFQLH ZLGDå R]QDNL EUDNX ]UÐZQRZDőRQHJR UR]ZRMX

: W\P Z\SDGNX KLVWRULD ]DWRF]\ğD NRğR SRND]XMãF MDN ZDőQã GOD UHJLRQX MHVW NZHVWLD XUHJXORZDQLD JRVSRGDUNL ]DVREDPL ZRGQ\PL 1LOX -Xő UD] Z KLVWRULL (JLSWX GRV]ğR GR NRQIOLNWX NWÐU\ VSRZRGRZDQ\ E\ğ EXGRZã WDP\ : URNX ZLHOND WDPD DVXDġVND E\ğD V]WDQGDURZ\P SURMHNWHP URG]ãFHJR VL÷ HJLSVNLHJR QDFMRQDOL]PX 3RWU]HEXMãF\ IXQGXV]\ QD EXGRZ÷ WDP\ *DPDO $EGHO 1DVHU SRVWDQRZLğ ZWHG\ ]QDFMRQDOL]RZDå NDQDğ VXHVNL 1DFMRQDOL]DFMD WD UR]SRF]÷ğD NU\]\V VXHVNL NWÐUHJR ]ZLHġF]HQLHP E\ğD LQWHUZHQFMD ZRMVNRZD )UDQFML =MHGQRF]RQHJR .UÐOHVWZD L ,]UDHOD Z URNX : WDPW\P F]DVLH ORV VSU]\MDğ (JLSWRZL G]L÷NL PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM DPHU\NDġVNR UDG]LHFNLHM PHGLDFML NU\]\V ]DNRġF]\ğ VL÷ QD NRU]\ijå (JLSWX 1LHVWHW\ (JLSW ]DPLDVW G]LHOLå VL÷ GRijZLDGF]HQLDPL VZHM ZğDVQHM KLVWRULL SUÐEXMH MDN QDMZL÷FHM XJUDå QD NU\]\VLH VSRZRGRZDQ\P EXGRZã NROHMQHM MHV]F]H ZL÷NV]HM WDP\ %DUG]R ZDőQH GOD NUDMX IDUDRQÐZ MHVW SU]H]Z\FL÷őHQLH X]DOHőQLHQLD RG ő\FLRGDMQHM U]HNL 1DZHW MHijOL XGD VL÷ SRNRMRZR UR]ZLã]Då NZHVWL÷ :LHONLHM 7DP\ 2GURG]HQLD SR]RVWDMH U\]\NR őH LQQH NUDMH UÐZQLHő E÷Gã FKFLDğ\ Z\NRU]\VWDå ZLHONã PRF GU]HPLãFã Z SUãGDFK 1LOX 'ODWHJR NRQIOLNW WHQ ]DPLDVW SRG]LDğX SRZLQLHQ VWDå VL÷ LPSXOVHP GR Jğ÷EV]HM ZVSÐğSUDF\ UHJLRQDOQHM SRQLHZDő NU\]\V ] MDNLP PLHU]ã VL÷ NUDMH 1LOX Z\NUDF]D GDOHNR SR]D QDURGRZH HJRL]P\

6]\PRQ 3ROHZND

%LEOLRJUDILD $ :RVVHQX 6 'HVVX q7KH *UDQG (WKLRSLDQ 5HQDLVVDQFH 'DP RQ WKH %OXH 1LOHr 6SULQJHU *HRJUDSK\ % 0XWDKL q(J\SW (WKLRSLD URZ 7KH WURXEOH RYHU D JLDQW 1LOH GDPr %%& 1HZV 1DLUREL KWWSV ZZZ EEF FRP QHZV ZRUOG DIULFD 7 +DJRV q(WKLRSLD *(5' ,QFUHDVHV *HQHUDWLRQ &DSDFLW\r 7KH (WKLRSLDQ +HUDOG KWWSV DOODIULFD FRP VWRULHV KWPO q (WKLRSLD WR VWDUW ILOOLQJ *(5' LQ -XO\ GHVSLWH ODFN RI DJUHHPHQW ZLWK (J\SW 6XGDQr $KUDP 2QOLQH KWWS HQJOLVK DKUDP RUJ HJ 1HZV&RQWHQW (J\SW 3ROLWLFV (WKLRSLD WR VWDUW ILOOLQJ *(5' LQ -XO\ GHVSLWH ODF DVS[ &DVSLDQ5HSRUW q5HQDLVVDQFH 'DP FULVLVr <RX7XEH KWWSV ZZZ \RXWXEH FRP ZDWFK"Y *B ; WEMTMJ W V 757 :RUOG q$IULFD V ZDWHU ZDU )LJKWLQJ IRU VXUYLYDOr <RX7XEH KWWSV ZZZ \RXWXEH FRP ZDWFK"Y 9%BYQB44=T$

93


kurierek

5D]HP WLSZa_IUa Ĭ_QI\ SDŏG]LHUQLND Z 6WDUHM $XOL %XG\QNX *ğÐZQHJR 8(. WLJaðI [QĔ

QVI]O]ZIKRI ZWS] ISILMUQKSQMOW LTI VIRUðWL[baKP [\]LMV\{_ =-3

T

HJRURF]QD HG\FMD 8QLZHUV\WHWX NWÐU\ VZRMã G]LDğDOQRijå SURZDG]L RG URNX ]JURPDG]LğD Dő QRZ\FK VWXGHQWÐZ Z ZLHNX ODW

: WUDNFLH XURF]\VWRijFL VSRWNDOL VL÷ RQL ] GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZHP 0D]XUHP SURI 8(. -0 5HNWRUHP 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH SURI GU KDE $QQã .DUZLġVNã 3HğQRPRFQLNLHP 5HNWRUD GV 8QLZHUV\WHWX ']LHFL÷FHJR 8(. RUD] GU KDE .U]\V]WRIHP 0DFKDF]Nã SURI 94

8(. '\UHNWRUHP 'HSDUWDPHQWX 0DUNL L .RPXQLNDFML 8(. :\GDU]HQLH XijZLHWQLğ Z\NğDG LQDXJXUDF\MQ\ SW 'ODF]HJR Z\REUDŏQLD" Z\JğRV]RQ\ SU]H] 6ğDZRPLUD 5RNLW÷ DNWRUD 7HDWUX LP -XOLXV]D 6ğRZDFNLHJR Z .UDNRZLH 3RGF]DV VSRWNDQLD QDVWãSLğR UR]GDQLH LQGHNVÐZ RUD] X]\VNDQLH Z QLFK SLHUZV]\FK ZSLVÐZ 1D QDMPğRGV]\FK VWXGHQWÐZ Z PXUDFK 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH F]HND V]HUHJ

Z\NğDGÐZ L ZDUV]WDWÐZ UR]EXG]DMãF\FK G]LHFL÷Fã FLHNDZRijå GOD RWDF]DMãFHJR ijZLDWD .RRUG\QDWRUHP 8QLZHUV\WHWX ']LHFL÷FHJR Z .UDNRZLH MHVW PJU 0DUWD 7XUPLġVND %LDğ\ ] 'HSDUWDPHQWX 0DUNL L .RPXQLNDFML 8(. =DFK÷FDP\ GR ]DSR]QDQLD VL÷ ] SRQLőV]ã IRWRUHODFMã ] Z\GDU]HQLD 8QLZHUV\WHW ']LHFL÷F\ 8(.


95

kurierek



wywiad numeru

6ğÐZ NLOND W _Xða_QM VIZ\ VI XZIKĔ SILZ 5OZ 5IðOWZbI\I *ISITIZb _QMTWTM\VQ 3QMZW_VQS ,bQIð] ;XZI_ 8ZIKW_VQKbaKP WL !! Z ,aZMS\WZ ,bQIð] BI[WJ{_ 4]LbSQKP BI[\ĔXKI ,aZMS\WZI 3IVKMTIZQQ :MS\WZI b )SILMUQĊ -SWVWUQKbVĊ _ 3ZISW_QM =VQ_MZ[a\M\MU -SWVWUQKbVaU _ 3ZISW_QM b_QĊbIVI WL ! Z 7LbVIKbWVI *ZĊbW_aU 3ZbaĵMU BI[ð]OQ !! ;ZMJZVaU 3ZbaĵMU BI[ð]OQ *ZĊbW_aU 5MLITMU bI BI[ð]OQ LTI 7JZWVa 3ZIR] BðW\aU 5MLITMU bI ,ð]OWTM\VQĊ ;ð]ĵJĔ 8Za_I\VQM UIUI \Z{RSQ LbQMKQ UQðWĬVQKbSI LWJZMR S[QĊĵSQ SQVI WOZWLVQK\_I \ZW[STQ_I WXQMS]VSI X[I ;]VQ

.DUROLQD .UDZF]\N 3DQL '\UHNWRU FRIQLMP\ VL÷ Z F]DVLH GR QLHRGOHJğHJR PDUFD URNX 8F]HOQLD MDN W\VLãFH LQVW\WXFML RSXVWRV]DğD ] GQLD QD G]LHġ &]\ SDPL÷WD 3DQL ]H VZRMHM SUDF\ LQQH UÐZQLH QLHW\SRZH V\WXDFMH" &R MH Z\ZRğDğR" 0DğJRU]DWD %DNDODU] 7DND V\WXDFMD MDN Z PDUFX XELHJğHJR URNX PLDğD PLHMVFH MHGHQ UD] Z PRMHM NDULHU]H ]DZRGRZHM =Z\NOH WR SUDFRZQLF\ SU]\E\ZDOL Z WUXGQ\FK FKZLODFK QD 8F]HOQL÷ V]XNDMãF Z QLHM RSDUFLD L SRFLHV]HQLD 0DP QD P\ijOL VWDQ ZRMHQQ\ t FKRå E\ğDP ZWHG\ PğRG\P SUDFRZQLNLHP WR SDPL÷WDP WDPWã DWPRVIHU÷ L WR őH E\OLijP\ ZWHG\ UD]HP 3DPL÷WDP PRPHQW JG\ %XG\QHN *ğÐZQ\ QD FKZLO÷ eRSXVWRV]Dğr ] SRZRGX IDğV]\ZHJR t MDN VL÷ RND]DğR t DODUPX R SRGğRőHQLX ğDGXQNX Z\EXFKRZHJR 3UDZLH RSXVWRV]Dğ ER MHGQDN MHGQDN QLHNWÐU]\ SUDFRZQLF\

SR]RVWDOL QD VZRLFK VWDQRZLVNDFK %\ğR WURFK÷ VWUDFKX L SDQLNL DOH ZV]\VWNR GREU]H VL÷ VNRġF]\ğR .. 2VWDWQLH ODWD REILWRZDğ\ Z ]PLDQ\ SUDZQH GRW\F]ãFH IXQNFMRQRZDQLD XF]HOQL Z\őV]\FK QS SU]\M÷FLH .RQVW\WXFML GOD QDXNL NWÐUD ZijUÐG ZLHOX REV]DUÐZ UHJXOXMH WDNőH VSUDZ\ SUDFRZQLF]H -DNLH V\WXDFMH QD SU]HVWU]HQL FDğHJR RNUHVX ]DWUXGQLHQLD SU]\VSRU]\ğ\ 3DQL L SRGOHJğ\P SUDFRZQLNRP QDMZL÷FHM SUDF\ L F]\P E\ğ\ SRG\NWRZDQH" 0% .RQVW\WXFMD GOD QDXNL Z URNX E\ğD U]HF]\ZLijFLH SU]HğRPRZã ]PLDQã GRW\F]ãFã V]NROQLFWZD Z\őV]HJR Z 3ROVFH DOH ]PLDQ XVWDZ R V]NROQLFWZLH Z\őV]\P E\ğR NLOND RUD] NLONDQDijFLH QRZHOL]DFML W\FKőH XVWDZ .DőGRUD]RZR 0LQLVWHUVWZR RUJDQL]RZDğR V]NROHQLD Z NWÐU\FK VWDUDğ\ijP\

VL÷ EUDå XG]LDğ &LãJğH eQDGãőDQLHr SU]HSLVDPL ]DUÐZQR XVWDZ MDN L .RGHNVX SUDF\ MHVW ZSLVDQH Z G]LDğDQLH QDV]HM MHGQRVWNL 1DWRPLDVW ZSURZDG]HQLH WDNLFK XVWDZ MDN XVWDZD R GHQRPLQDFML ]ğRWHJR XVWDZD R ]UHNRPSHQVRZDQLX RNUHVRZHJR QLHSRGZ\őV]DQLD SğDF Z VIHU]H EXGőHWRZHM RUD] XWUDW\ QLHNWÐU\FK Z]URVWÐZ OXE GRGDWNÐZ GR HPHU\WXU L UHQW W]Z IJZLDGHFWZD UHNRPSHQVDF\MQH XVWDZD OXVWUDF\MQD t Z\PDJDğR EDUG]R ]QDF]QHJR QDNğDGX SUDF\ ]H VWURQ\ SUDFRZQLNÐZ ']LDğX = ZL÷NV]\FK DNFML SURPRF\MQ\FK L LQIRUPDF\MQ\FK SDPL÷WDP SU]\VWãSLHQLH 8F]HOQL GR 3UDFRZQLF]\FK 3URJUDPÐZ (PHU\WDOQ\FK W]Z ,,, ILODUD HPHU\WDOQHJR ]D NWÐUHM SU]HSURZDG]HQLH RGSRZLHG]LDOQ\ E\ğ ']LDğ 6SUDZ 3UDFRZQLF]\FK 97


wywiad numeru

=QDF]QHJR Z\VLğNX Z\PDJDğR WHő ZGUDőDQLH SLHUZV]HJR NDGURZHJR V\VWHPX NRPSXWHURZHJR .. 3U]H] ODW 3DQL SUDF\ Z XF]HOQL ]PLHQLğ\ VL÷ QLH W\ONR QD]ZD F]\ VNDOD G]LDğDQLD V]NRğ\ Z\őV]HM &R UÐőQL $NDGHPL÷ (NRQRPLF]Qã ] U Z NWÐUHM UR]SRF]\QDğD 3DQL 3UDF÷ RG 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH $' " 0% 3RZLHP NUÐWNR 8F]HOQLD SHğQL GOD SUDFRZQLNÐZ L LFK URG]LQ QLH]PLHQQLH URO÷ eő\ZLFLHONLr RUD] RUJDQL]DFML GDMãFHM SRF]XFLH EH]SLHF]HġVWZD 7DN SRVWU]HJDğDP 8QLZHUV\WHW SU]H] WH ZV]\VWNLH ODWD NLHG\ WR ] SU]\MHPQRijFLã SU]\FKRG]LğDP FRG]LHQQLH GR SUDF\ L RE\ WD UROD E\ğD UHDOL]RZDQD QDGDO ] SRZRG]HQLHP 3R]D W\P 8F]HOQLD RG SRF]ãWNÐZ PRMHJR ]DWUXGQLHQLD ]ZL÷NV]\ğD OLF]E÷ SUDFRZQLNÐZ EH] PDğD GZXNURWQLH 2EHFQD OLF]ED VDP\FK QDXF]\FLHOL DNDGHPLFNLFK WR SUDZLH RJÐğ ]DWUXGQLRQ\FK QD SU]HğRPLH ODW L W\FK ;; Z =ZL÷NV]\ğD VL÷ OLF]ED QRZ\FK RELHNWÐZ R %XG\QHN %LEOLRWHNL 3DZLORQ 6SRUWRZR '\GDNW\F]Q\ 3DZLORQ\ ) L * )RUXP QLH PÐZLãF R PRGHUQL]DFML SR]RVWDğ\FK RELHNWÐZ 0XV]÷ SRZLHG]LHå WHő R eZLHONLP VNRNXr LQIRUPDW\F]Q\P 8F]HOQL =DF]\QDğDP RG PDV]\Q\ GR SLVDQLD L SURZDG]HQLD SDSLHURZ\FK NDUWRWHN ijOHG]HQLX SDSLHURZ\FK DNWÐZ SUDZQ\FK NRPXQLNDFML Z\ğãF]QLH WHOHIRQLF]QHM L WUDG\F\MQHM SRSU]H] VHNUHWDULDW\ MHGQRVWHN RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK D ]DNRġF]\ğDP QD REVğXG]H V\VWHPÐZ NRPSXWHURZ\FK NRU]\VWDQLX ] ,QWHUQHWX SRF]W\ HOHNWURQLF]QHM VSRWNDġ ]GDOQ\FK ZVSÐğG]LHOHQLD GRNXPHQWÐZ LWS .. 3UDFD Z NDGUDFK WR SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP NRQWDNW ] OXGŏPL WRZDU]\V]HQLH LP Z W\FK UDGRVQ\FK FKZLODFK ] ő\FLD ]DZRGRZHJR t MDN DZDQV X]\VNDQLH VWRSQLD F]\ W\WXğX t DOH WDNőH Z W\FK VPXWQ\FK MDN FKRURED F]\ UHZROXF\MQ\FK t MDN SU]HMijFLH QD HPHU\WXU÷ -DNL QDMWUXGQLHMV]\ PRPHQW ]H VZRMHM SUDF\ ]DZRGRZHM ]DSDGğ 3DQL Z SDPL÷å" 0% 0RőQD SRZLHG]LHå őH .DGU\ Vã VHUFHP NDőGHM LQVW\WXFML 7R WXWDM

98

SUDFRZQLN QDZLã]XMH IRUPDOQã ZVSÐğSUDF÷ ] 8F]HOQLã 2G WHJR SLHUZV]HJR VSRWNDQLD ]DOHő\ MDN E÷G]LH Mã SRVWU]HJDğ =DZV]H SRGFKRG]Lğ\ijP\ GR QRZR ]DWUXGQLDQ\FK SUDFRZQLNÐZ ] GXőã HPSDWLã ER SU]HFLHő ZL÷NV]Rijå ]ZLã]\ZDğD VL÷ ] 8F]HOQLã QD GğXJLH ODWD 0RPHQW\ UDGRVQH WDNLH MDN SU]HGğXőDQLH XPRZ\ RWU]\PDQLH QDJURG\ ]GRE\ZDQLH DZDQVX t WR QLH]Z\NğH Z\GDU]HQLD Z ő\FLX ]DZRGRZ\P SUDFRZQLND SRGF]DV NWÐU\FK PRJğ\ijP\ PX WRZDU]\V]\å L G]LHOLå ] QLP W÷ UDGRijå =HVSÐğ ']LDğX 6SUDZ 3UDFRZQLF]\FK =DVREÐZ /XG]NLFK QLH W\ONR WRZDU]\V]\ğ SUDFRZQLNRP Z ő\FLX ]DZRGRZ\P DOH WHő L SU\ZDWQ\P 3UDFRZQLN G]LHOL VL÷ ] QDPL VZRMã UDGRijFLã ]JğDV]DMãF ]PLDQ÷ QD]ZLVND Z ]ZLã]NX ]H ]PLDQã VWDQX F\ZLOQHJR F]\ QDURG]LQDPL G]LHFND DOH WDő G]LHOLP\ ] QLP MHJR VPXWNL L WUXGQH FKZLOH QS ]ZLã]DQH ] RGHMijFLHP NRJRij EOLVNLHJR

1DMWUXGQLHMV]\PL PRPHQWDPL Z PRLP ő\FLX ]DZRGRZ\P E\ğ\ WH ]ZLã]DQH ] XG]LDğHP Z NRPLVMDFK DQW\PREELQJRZ\FK ZU÷F]DQLHP SUDFRZQLNRP NDU G\VF\SOLQDUQ\FK Z\SRZLHG]Hġ XPÐZ R SUDF÷ 'XőH HPRFMH Z\ZRğ\ZDğR WDNőH SU]\JRWRZ\ZDQLH LQIRUPDFML R ijPLHUFL ]DUÐZQR F]\QQ\FK MDN L HPHU\WRZDQ\FK SUDFRZQLNÐZ 6ã WHő PRPHQW\ WUXGQH QS FKRURED SUDFRZQLND E\ZD őH ZVSÐğSUDFRZQLF\ VDPL RSRZLDGDMã R VZRLFK NğRSRWDFK ]GURZRWQ\FK =DZV]H VWDUDP\ VL÷ Z\VğXFKDå SRFLHV]\å RUD] GRGDå RWXFK\ D JG\ GDQD RVRED ZUDFD SR GğXJRWUZDğ\P OHF]HQLX MHVW WR UÐZQLHő GOD QDV PRPHQW UDGRijFL 3DPL÷WDP ]GDU]HQLH NWÐUH eRGHEUDğR PL PRZ÷r ']LHġ SR ijPLHUFL SUDFRZQLND ]DG]ZRQLğ WHOHIRQ L XVğ\V]DğDP őH SR GUXJLHM VWURQLH VğXFKDZNL SU]HGVWDZLğ VL÷ WHQőH SUDFRZQLN &K\ED ]EODGğDP DOH QD


.. -DNã RVRERZRijå ] JURQD 3UDFRZQLNÐZ $( D SÐŏQLHM 8(. ZVSRPLQD 3DQL ] XijPLHFKHP L GODF]HJR" 0% /DWD WHPX PğRG\ DGLXQNW SR RGHEUDQLX VZRMHM SLHUZV]HM SHQVML SU]\V]HGğ ]DS\WDå F]\ ]RVWDğR PX SRWUãFRQH W]Z eE\NRZHr 0RőH NROHG]\ ]URELOL PX NDZDğ ,OX SUDFRZQLNÐZ W\OH RVRERZRijFL /DWD SUDNW\NL SR]ZROLğ\ QD LQG\ZLGXDOQH SRGHMijFLH GR NDőGHJR SUDFRZQLND ER LFK SR SURVWX ]QDğDP 'R QLHGDZQD WZDU] NDőGHJR SUDFRZQLND NRMDU]\ğDP ] QD]ZLVNLHP : RVWDWQLFK ODWDFK GXőD OLF]ED QRZ\FK SUDFRZQLNÐZ XWUXGQLğD L WR SU]\SRU]ãGNRZDQLH 1LHPQLHM MHGQDN ]DZV]H VWDUDğDP VL÷ GRVWRVRZDå GR RF]HNLZDġ ]DWUXGQLRQ\FK L MH VSHğQLDå QD LOH SR]ZDODğ\ RNROLF]QRijFL 3UDFRZQLN RWU]\PDğ ]DZV]H W\OH LQIRUPDFML L Z\MDijQLHġ LOH W\ONR SRWU]HERZDğ .. 3RZV]HFKQLH ]QDQH Vã eV]RUVWNLHr UHODFMH PLHG]\ SHUVRQHOHP SLHO÷JQLDUVNLP L OHNDUVNLP &]\ Z QDV]HM XF]HOQL ZLGRF]QH E\ğ\ OXE Vã DQWDJRQL]P\ PLHG]\ QDXF]\FLHODPL DNDGHPLFNLPL D SUDFRZQLNDPL QLHE÷GãF\PL QDXF]\FLHODPL DNDGHPLFNLPL" 0% 7\P QLH QDOHő\ VL÷ SU]HMPRZDå SRQLHZDő MDN VL÷JDP SDPL÷FLã WR MDNLij QLHVQDVNL VL÷ SRMDZLDğ\ V]F]HJÐOQLH SU]\ SRG]LDOH SLHQL÷G]\ QS QD SRGZ\őNL DOH ]GURZ\ UR]VãGHN EUDğ JÐU÷ -DN SRND]XMH KLVWRULD 8F]HOQL t ]DZV]H VSRğHF]QRijå DNDGHPLFND VNğDGDğD VL÷ ] QDXF]\FLHOL DNDGHPLFNLFK QLHE÷GãF\FK QDXF]\FLHODPL DNDGHPLFNLPL L VWXGHQWÐZ 7H JUXS\ QLH PRJğ\E\ IXQNFMRQRZDå EH] VLHELH FKRå NWRij NLHG\ij QLHIRUWXQQLH SRZLHG]LDğ NLHG\ Z XF]HOQL VWXGLRZDğR RNRğR W\V VWXGHQWÐZ őH JG\E\ LFK QLH E\ğR WR E\ VL÷ FDğNLHP QLHŏOH SUDFRZDğR &]XOLijP\ VL÷ MDN Z ZLHONLHM URG]LQLH D XPRFQLHQLHP W\FK UHODFML E\ğ\ ZVSÐOQH Z\MD]G\ DXWRNDURZH QD QDUW\ GR JRUãF\FK ŏUÐGHğ Z\FLHF]NL NUDMRZH L ]DJUDQLF]QH SLNQLNL XF]HOQLDQH ZVSÐOQH NRO÷GRZDQLH LWS

']LDğ 6SUDZ 3UDFRZQLF]\FK ] ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHP RJOãGD ]GM÷FLD FDğHJR ]HVSRğX QD QDUWDFK F]\ Z ijZLãWHF]Q\FK VWURMDFK 7D IRWRJUDILF]QD GRNXPHQWDFMD RGGDMH Z\MãWNRZã DWPRVIHU÷ VWZRU]RQã Z ]HVSROH -DNL PD 3DQL VSRVÐE QD ]MHGQ\ZDQLH V\PSDWLL ZVSÐğSUDFRZQLNÐZ" 0% 'DQH PL E\ğR SUDFRZDå ] =HVSRğHP SUDFRZQLNÐZ NWÐU\ E\ğ QLHSRZWDU]DOQ\ L Z\MãWNRZ\ 7R MD PLDğDP V]F]÷ijFLH ER NLHURZDå WDNã NDGUã WR SU]\MHPQRijå 3DQLH E\ğ\ L Vã eGR WDġFD L GR UÐőDġFDr : ]DOHőQRijFL RG RNROLF]QRijFL ]DZV]H PRJğ\ijP\ QD VLHELH OLF]\å Z FKZLODFK QDW÷őRQHM SUDF\ Z P\ijO SRZLHG]HQLD eZV]\VWNLH U÷FH QD SRNğDGr DQDOL]RZDğ\ijP\ MDN UR]ZLã]Då GDQ\ SUREOHP F]\ ]DGDQLH D SRWHP SU]\VW÷SRZDğ\ijP\ GR G]LDğDQLD 6]F]HJÐOQLH ZDőQD GOD SUDF\ Z =HVSROH MHVW LQWHJUDFMD L GEDğRijå R GREUã DWPRVIHU÷ NLHG\ PRőHP\ SRUR]PDZLDå QLH W\ONR R VSUDZDFK ]DZRGRZ\FK DOH WHő SU\ZDWQ\FK =DZV]H E\ğ\ijP\ GOD VLHELH ZVSDUFLHP Z FKZLODFK WUXGQ\FK DOH WHő FLHV]\ğ\ijP\ VL÷ UDGRVQ\PL Z\GDU]HQLDPL Z QDV]\FK URG]LQDFK =DZV]H ]GURZLH SUDFRZQLND F]\ F]ğRQND URG]LQ\ E\ğR SULRU\WHWHP 2G MDNLHJRij F]DVX ]DF]÷ğ\ijP\ SURZDG]Lå NURQLN÷ Z\GDU]Hġ LQWHJUDF\MQ\FK 3DPLãWNRZH ]GM÷FLD E\ğ\ GOD QDV SU]\ZRğDQLHP SU]HPLğ\FK ZVSRPQLHġ ] PLQLRQ\FK GQL

L ZVSDQLDğ\FK NROHőDQHN NWÐUH MDN MD FLHV]ã VL÷ ]DVğXőRQã HPHU\WXUã D QLHNWÐUH MXő 3RNRMHP :LHF]Q\P &]DV PRMHM SUDF\ Z 8F]HOQL V]F]HJÐOQLH QD VWDQRZLVNX G\UHNWRUD GV SUDFRZQLF]\FK QDXF]\ğ PQLH ZLHOH SRNRU\ 6WDUDğDP VL÷ QLH QDGXő\ZDå SHğQLRQHM IXQNFML DE\ SRQDG ZV]\VWNR SR]RVWDå Z SHğQL F]ğRZLHNLHP

wywiad numeru

SHZQR ]DPLONğDP D PÐM UR]PÐZFD ]RULHQWRZDğ VL÷ L SRijSLHV]\ğ ] Z\MDijQLHQLHP eDOH MD MHVWHP V\QHP ]PDUğHJR R WDNLP VDP\P LPLHQLXr

.. -HVW 3DQL ]QDQD L OXELDQD ]D VZRMã HQHUJLF]Qã QDWXU÷ : MDNL VSRVÐE WHUD] ]DJRVSRGDURZXMH 3DQL VZÐM F]DV L MDNLH PDU]HQLD F]HNDMã QD UHDOL]DFM÷" 0% ZU]HijQLD URNX RWZDUğDP QRZã NDUW÷ VZRMHJR ő\FLD E\FLH QD HPHU\WXU]H EH] ğãF]HQLD MHM ] SUDFã ]DZRGRZã 2GNU\ğDP őH LVWQLHMH ijZLDW EH] SUDF\ ]DZRGRZHM EH] SRUDQQHJR EXG]LND PLHVL÷F]QHM NDUW\ DXWREXVRZHM L ]XS\ JRWRZDQHM ZLHF]RUHP .DőG\ ] QDV RGNğDGD FRij QD F]DV SR SU]HMijFLX QD HPHU\WXU÷ WDNőH L PQLH QD]ELHUDğR VL÷ QLHPDğR WDNLFK ]DGDġ L SU]\MHPQRijFL =DF]\QDP MHGQDN RG QDMFL÷őV]HJR NDOLEUX WM SUDF UHPRQWRZ\FK Z PLHV]NDQLX ER WHUD] MXő QLH PD QD FR RGNğDGDå .. 3DQL '\UHNWRU G]L÷NXM÷ ]D UR]PRZ÷ L fGR ]REDF]HQLD QD VWRNX 5R]PDZLDğD Karolina Krawczyk =GM÷FLD DUFKLZXP 6HNFML .DGU

.. :LHOH RVÐE RGZLHG]DMãF\FK SRNÐM Z EXG\QNX JğÐZQ\P GDZQ\ 99


absolwenci

:LUWXDOQD \]Za[\aSI :WbUW_I b .DPLOHP 5RWQLFNLP _[X{ð_ðIĬKQKQMTMU ZUa ,ZWXTIJ[

100

2OJD %RMDUVND 0ÐZLã őH SRGUÐőH NV]WDğFã 2GZLHG]Lğ 3DQ GR WHM SRU\ EOLVNR UÐőQ\FK NUDMÐZ &]\ IDNW\F]QLH WH SRGUÐőH RWZDUğ\ 3DQD QD ijZLDW ]PLHQLğ\ VSRVÐE SDWU]HQLD OXE SXQNW ZLG]HQLD"

MHijOL FKRG]L R SRGUÐőH RJÐğHP WR RSUÐF] VDP\FK Z]JO÷GÐZ WXU\VW\F]Q\FK PRLP JğÐZQ\P PRW\ZHP MHVW SR]QDZDQLH ijZLDWD L UR]ZÐM VDPHJR VLHELH 3R]QDZDQLH QRZ\FK NXOWXU L OXG]L

7R őH PLDğ 3DQ PRőOLZRijå SR]QDQLD ijZLDWD ] QLHFR LQQHJR QLő W\ONR SROVNL SXQNW ZLG]HQLD ]DSHZQH WHő ZSğ\ZD QD SURZDG]HQLH EL]QHVX Z VSRVÐE EDUG]LHM RWZDUW\ L LQQRZDF\MQ\

.DPLO 5RWQLFNL 1D SHZQR EDUG]LHM V]F]HJÐğRZR PÐJğE\P RSRZLHG]LHå NWÐU\ NRQNUHWQLH NUDM F]HJR PQLH QDXF]\ğ 1DWRPLDVW

2% 5R]XPLHP őH PD WR UÐZQLHő ZSğ\Z QD 3DQD SUDF÷ ]DZRGRZã"

.5 $NXUDW MHijOL FKRG]L R ]DU]ãG]DQLH ILUPã WR NZHVWLH NXOWXURZH L ijZLDWRSRJOãGRZH QLH PDMã EH]SRijUHGQLHJR ZSğ\ZX 5R]ZLMDMã


2% &]\OL MHGQDN PDMã SR]\W\ZQ\ ZSğ\Z $ ]QDMRPRijå M÷]\NÐZ" 3HZQLH WHő VL÷ SU]\GDMH" .5 1D SHZQR VL÷ SU]\GDMH -÷]\N DQJLHOVNL MHVW Z\MãWNRZR XQLZHUVDOQ\ PRőQD VL÷ QLP SRUR]XPLHå Z ZLHOX PLHMVFDFK QD ijZLHFLH &R GOD PQLH ZDőQH QLH MHVW SRWU]HEQD ]QDMRPRijå OLWHUDFNLHJR DQJLHOVNLHJR L SRVLDGDQLH SHUIHNF\MQHJR DNFHQWX őHE\ VL÷ GRJDGDå 0\ijO÷ őH M÷]\NL EDUG]R SRPDJDMã L ZDUWR VL÷ LFK XF]\å 2% 'Rijå GğXJR V]XNDğ 3DQ VZRMHM GURJL ]DZRGRZHM 3UDFRZDğ SDQ Z NLOX UÐőQ\FK ILUPDFK SURZDG]Lğ VZÐM ZğDVQ\ EL]QHV &]\ WR FR UREL 3DQ REHFQLH GDMH 3DQX VDW\VIDNFM÷" &]\ ZğDijQLH W\P FKFH VL÷ 3DQ ]DMPRZDå" .5 :\GDMH PL VL÷ őH WR MHVW WR 7R QD F]\P VL÷ ]QDP L F]\P VL÷ Z JUXQFLH U]HF]\ ]DZV]H ]DMPRZDğHP F]\OL VSU]HGDő L WXU\VW\ND 1D UD]LH QD U\QNX SROVNLP DOH RG F]HJRij WU]HED E\ğR ]DF]ãå -HGQ\P ] LVWRWQLHMV]\FK FHOÐZ EL]QHVRZ\FK NWÐUH VRELH Z\]QDF]\OLijP\ MHVW ]QDOH]LHQLH NOLHQWÐZ QD NLONX U\QNDFK ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK ZL÷F RWZLHUDP\ VL÷ QD WXU\VW\N÷ ijZLDWRZã 3RGVXPRZXMãF t WDN WR MHVW WR PLHMVFH Z NWÐU\P FKFLDğHP VL÷ ]QDOHŏå FKRFLDő QLH ZLHG]LDğHP WHJR SÐNL JR QLH SR]QDğHP

SURGXNW 7R GXőH XğDWZLHQLH GOD ZğDijFLFLHOL L ]DU]ãGÐZ DOH UÐZQLHő GOD WXU\VWÐZ NWÐU]\ G]L÷NL QDV]\P QDU]÷G]LRP Vã Z VWDQLH ğDWZLHM L SU]\MHPQLHM ]QDOHŏå L ]DNXSLå ELOHW ZVW÷SX GR DWUDNFML WXU\VW\F]QHM 2% 1LHZãWSOLZLH Z GRELH SDQGHPLL XGDğR VL÷ 3DġVWZD ILUPLH RGQLHijå GXő\ VXNFHV &Dğ\ F]DV VL÷ UR]ZLMDFLH 3URV]÷ SU]\EOLő\å F]\WHOQLNRP e.XULHUD 8(.r F]\P GRNğDGQLH ]DMPXMH VL÷ 'URSODEV L MDNLHJR URG]DMX G]LDğDOQRijå SURZDG]LFLH .5 'RVWDUF]DP\ Z PRGHOX 6DD6 F]\OL 6RIWZDUH DV D 6HUYLFH QDU]÷G]LH GR LQWHUQHWRZHJR ELOHWRZDQLD DWUDNFML WXU\VW\F]Q\FK 1DV]\PL NOLHQWDPL Vã QD SU]\NğDG 7DWU]DġVNL 3DUN 1DURGRZ\ 3DUN :RGQ\ Z .UDNRZLH &KRFKRğRZVNLH 7HUP\ D WDNőH PLDVWR .DWRZLFH L PLDVWR %\GJRV]F] -HijOL NWRij FKFH NXSLå RQOLQH ELOHW\ GR PX]HXP DTXDSDUNX SDUNX UR]U\ZNL SDUNX QDURGRZHJR WR ]UREL WR SUDZGRSRGREQLH ZğDijQLH SU]H] QDV] V\VWHP 1D]ZD ILUP\ MHVW FL÷őND GR Z\PÐZLHQLD ZL÷F QLH SR]\FMRQXMHP\ VL÷ SU]\ MHM Xő\FLX 1DV] V\VWHP ELOHWRZDQLD MHVW EUDQGRZDQ\ QD]ZDPL NRQNUHWQ\FK DWUDNFML

2% 3DQGHPLD WUZD FDğ\ F]DV WUZD D PLPR ZV]\VWNR VHNWRU WXU\VW\F]Q\ QLH ]DPDUğ )LUPLH 'URSODEV XGDğR VL÷ SR]\VNDå SRQDG PLOLRQ\ ]ğ GRILQDQVRZDQLD 7R ]DSHZQH LPSXOV GR GDOV]HJR UR]ZRMX E\å PRőH ZGUDőDQLD LQQRZDFML -DNLH Vã SRP\Vğ\ QD GDOV]\ UR]ZÐM ILUP\"

absolwenci

PQLH MDNR RVRE÷ DOH QLHNRQLHF]QLH PÐM EL]QHV =PLHQLDMã QDWRPLDVW PÐM SXQNW ZLG]HQLD D SU]H] WR PDMã ZSğ\Z QD ]DU]ãG]DQLH OXGŏPL

.5 3RP\VğÐZ QD GDOV]\ UR]ZÐM MHVW GXőR 3DQGHPLD EDUG]R PRFQR ZSğ\Q÷ğD QD QDV] EL]QHV = MHGQHM VWURQ\ ]DPNQ÷ğD SUDZLH ZV]\VWNLFK QDV]\FK NOLHQWÐZ QLH E\OL RQL Z VWDQLH VSU]HGDZDå ELOHWÐZ QD DWUDNFMH $OH SRPLPR WR OLF]ED NOLHQWÐZ QDV]HM ILUP\ Z F]DVLH ]DPNQL÷FLD Z]URVğD SRQDG GZXNURWQLH 2ND]DğR VL÷ őH ZV]\VWNR SU]HQRVL VL÷ GR LQWHUQHWX 1DV] SURGXNW MHVW ZL÷F ZDUWRijFLRZ\ GOD NOLHQWÐZ QDZHW NLHG\ Vã Z IDWDOQHM V\WXDFML -HőHOL FKRG]L R UR]ZÐM SURGXNWX E÷G]LHP\ Gãő\OL GR WHJR őHE\ QDU]÷G]LD RQOLQRZH Z MHV]F]H ğDWZLHMV]\ VSRVÐE GRFLHUDğ\ GR NOLHQWÐZ NRġFRZ\FK F]\OL E÷G]LHP\ LQWHJURZDå G]LDğDQLD WHFKQLF]QH

2% : MDNL VSRVÐE WD SUDFD 3DQD UR]ZLMD L MDN VL÷ 3DQ Z QLHM RGQDMGXMH" .5 2GQDMGXM÷ VL÷ Z QLHM EDUG]R GREU]H JğÐZQLH GODWHJR őH QLH SRZLHODP\ F]HJRij MXő LVWQLHMãFHJR W\ONR Z\P\ijODP\ t L WR QLH VDPL MDNR SUDFRZQLF\ t DOH Z\P\ijODP\ UD]HP ] QDV]\PL NOLHQWDPL ]DU]ãG]DMãF\PL DWUDNFMDPL WXU\VW\F]Q\PL QRZH UR]ZLã]DQLD 1DU]÷G]LH NWÐUH SR]ZDOD Z MDNLij VSRVÐE F\IU\]RZDå DWUDNFMH WXU\VW\F]QH 3RPDJDP\ UR]ZLMDå VL÷ QDV]\P NOLHQWRP 'RVWDUF]DP\ ZDUWRijFLRZ\ L SURVW\ Z REVğXG]H D ZL÷F SU]\MD]Q\ GOD NOLHQWÐZ NRġFRZ\FK 101


absolwenci

NWÐUH XğDWZLã ZGURőHQLH RIHUW QDV]\P NOLHQWRP t VSU]HGDZFRP XVğXJ WXU\VW\F]Q\FK t QD QRZH SRUWDOH PHGLD VSRğHF]QRijFLRZH L Z LQQH PLHMVFD Z LQWHUQHFLH JG]LH MHV]F]H LFK QLH PD 2% &]\OL SU]\V]ğRijå MHVW Z LQWHUQHFLH L WR MHVW NLHUXQHN Z NWÐU\P WXU\VW\ND SRZLQQD VL÷ Z W\P PRPHQFLH UR]ZLMDå" .5 7DN 3U]H] SDQGHPL÷ ]GDU]Dğ\ VL÷ QDZHW WDNLH UR]ZLã]DQLD MDN ]ZLHG]DQLH PX]HÐZ RQOLQH 0\ WHő QLH VSRW\NDP\ VL÷ WHUD] IL]\F]QLH D SU]H] QDU]÷G]LH LQWHUQHWRZH .OLHQFL NXSXMãF ELOHW\ RQOLQH ] Z\SU]HG]HQLHP QLH PXV]ã VWDå Z NROHMNDFK 7R QLHVDPRZLWH XğDWZLHQLH 3URV]÷ VRELH Z\REUD]Lå MDN F]÷VWR Z FRG]LHQQ\P ő\FLX VWRL VL÷ Z NROHMNDFK Z VNOHSDFK QD VWDFMDFK EHQ]\QRZ\FK QD EUDPNDFK DXWRVWUDGRZ\FK ZUHV]FLH Z DWUDNFMDFK WXU\VW\F]Q\FK -DN ]DF]\QDOLijP\ WZRU]\å QDV]ã ILUP÷ F]\WDOLijP\ őH DE\ Z VH]RQLH GRVWDå VL÷ GR DTXDSDUNX WU]HED E\ğR F]HNDå QDZHW SÐğ GQLD Z NROHMFH 6\VWHP RQOLQHRZ\ SR]ZDOD REVğXő\å ZV]\VWNLFK W\FK NOLHQWÐZ Z NLOND PLQXW 5R]ZLã]XMHP\ ZL÷F SUREOHP RELHNWX SU]\QDMPQLHM MHőHOL FKRG]L

R NRV]W\ L V]\ENRijå REVğXJL = GUXJLHM VWURQ\ ]QDF]ãFR ]ZL÷NV]DP\ ]DGRZROHQLH NOLHQWÐZ NRġFRZ\FK G]L÷NL XPRőOLZLHQLX LP V]\ENLHM REVğXJL V]\ENLHJR ]DNXSX ELOHWÐZ L Z NRQVHNZHQFML V]\ENLHJR ZHMijFLD GR DWUDNFML 0DMã RQL ZWHG\ OHSV]H GRijZLDGF]HQLD ] SRE\WX 2% : W\P PRPHQFLH 'URSODEV REVğXJXMH RNRğR U\QNX WXU\VW\F]QHJR U\QNX SU]Hő\å L GRijZLDGF]Hġ -DNLH PDFLH SRP\Vğ\ QD E\FLH NRQNXUHQF\MQ\PL QD GDOV]ã HNVSDQVM÷" .5 : W\P PRPHQFLH MHVWHijP\ OLGHUHP QD U\QNX &KFHP\ ]ZL÷NV]\å QDV] XG]LDğ MHV]F]H EDUG]LHM 2NRğR DWUDNFML WXU\VW\F]Q\FK Z 3ROVFH Z RJÐOH QLH PD V\VWHPX VSU]HGDő\ RQOLQH 0\ REVğXJXMHP\ VSRUã F]÷ijå ] W\FK SR]RVWDğ\FK ZLHOX GXő\FK eJUDF]\r QD U\QNX -DN PÐZLğHP MXő ZF]HijQLHM NRU]\ijFL Z\QLNDMãF\FK ] SU]HMijFLD QD VSU]HGDő RQOLQH MHVW EDUG]R GXőR : W\P XSDWUXMHP\ QDV] UR]ZÐM L V]DQV÷ QD SU]\V]ğRijå 2% =PLHQLP\ QLHFR WHPDW 6WXGLRZDğ 3DQ Z $NDGHPLL *ÐUQLF]R +XWQLF]HM 8QLZHUV\WHFLH -DJLHOORġVNLP ZUHV]FLH

8QLZHUV\WHFLH (NRQRPLF]Q\P Z .UDNRZLH 3URV]÷ SRZLHG]LHå MDN WR MHVW ] Wã ZLHG]ã ]H VWXGLÐZ &]\ SU]\GDMH VL÷ Z SUDF\ ]DZRGRZHM L SRPDJD Z UR]ZLMDQLX ZğDVQHJR EL]QHVX" .5 1DZHW JG\E\ SRZLHG]LHå őH QD VWXGLDFK ]GRE\ZD VL÷ W\ONR ZLHG]÷ WHRUHW\F]Qã FKRFLDő MD VL÷ ] W\P QLH ]JDG]DP ER UÐZQLH ZDőQD SRGF]DV VWXGLÐZ MHVW SUDNW\ND WR L WDN GXőR GDMã 7R ]QDF]\ WHRULD L SUDNW\ND Z SRğãF]HQLX GDMã QDP GXőH PRőOLZRijFL 6WXGLXMãF VSRUR VL÷ QDXF]\ğHP L XZDőDP őH VWXGLD Vã QLH]Z\NOH ZDőQH L QLH ZDUWR SRPLMDå WHJR HWDSX ő\FLD 5ÐZQRF]HijQLH ]DFK÷FDP GR WHJR őHE\ MDN QDMV]\EFLHM ]DF]ãå SUDF÷ 6DPH VWXGLD QLH GDG]ã GREUHJR HIHNWX EH] GRijZLDGF]HQLD D VDPR GRijZLDGF]HQLH QLHSRGEXGRZDQH ZLHG]ã QLH Z\VWDUF]\ 'REU]H ZL÷F ]DF]ãå SUDF÷ MXő SRGF]DV VWXGLÐZ =GDM÷ VRELH RF]\ZLijFLH VSUDZ÷ őH Vã UÐőQH SRGHMijFLD L UÐőQH V\WXDFMH ő\FLRZH -HGQDN PRLP ]GDQLHP EDUG]R LVWRWQH MHVW őHE\ MDN QDMV]\EFLHM ]DF]ãå SUDF÷ Z W\P REV]DU]H Z NWÐU\P FKFHP\ VL÷ XF]\å L UR]ZLMDå D Z SU]\V]ğRijFL SUDFRZDå :DőQH őHE\ MDN QDMNUÐFHM E\ğD WR SUDFD GRU\ZF]D NWÐUD VSUDZG]D VL÷ W\ONR QD SRF]ãWNX NDULHU\ ER GRVWDUF]D QLH]E÷GQ\FK ILQDQVÐZ 3UDFD SR]ZROL V]\EFLHM ]ZHU\ILNRZDå F]\ IDNW\F]QLH WR FR DNWXDOQLH URELP\ WR ZğDijFLZD GURJD .DőGD ILUPD V]XND WDNLFK SUDFRZQLNÐZ QDV]D UÐZQLHő 'RILQDQVRZDQLH PD QDP SR]ZROLå RWZRU]\å RNRğR QRZ\FK VWDQRZLVN SUDF\ =DFK÷FDP ZL÷F GR ]GRE\ZDQLD WHJR GRijZLDGF]HQLD WDNőH Z 'URSODEV 5R]PDZLDğD Olga Bojarska Kamil Rotnicki SLHUZV]ã G]LDğDOQRijå JRVSRGDUF]ã ]DğRő\ğ Z SDŏG]LHUQLNX 3UDFRZDğ P LQ MDNR DJHQW XEH]SLHF]HQLRZ\ VSU]HGDZFD DJHQW QLHUXFKRPRijFL 2EHFQLH ZUD] ] 0DUWã L 3LRWUHP 3\]QDUVNLPL ZVSÐğWZRU]\ 'URSODEV 6WXGLRZDğ Z $*+ =DU]ãG]DQLH L ,Qő\QLHULD 3URGXNFML 8- 3UDZR 8(. (NRQRPLD 3U\ZDWQLH IDQ SLğNL QRőQHM L SRGUÐőQLN RGZLHG]Lğ EOLVNR NUDMÐZ

102



Odkrywaj świat z Uniwersytetem Dziecięcym Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie! zapraszamy dzieci w wieku 6-12 lat ȁƊ ƧǞƵDzƊɩƵ ɩɯDzǾƊƮɯ Ǟ ɩƊȲȺɹɈƊɈɯ

ȲȌɹƦɐƮɹƊǿɯ ƮɹǞƵƧǞNJƧƠ ƧǞƵDzƊɩȌȻƨ ƮǶƊ‫ٶ‬ȌɈƊƧɹƊǯƠƧƵǐȌ ȻɩǞƊɈƊ

ƮƦƊǿɯ Ȍ ȲȌɹɩȍǯ ȯȌɈƵȁƧǯƊǾɐ ǞȁɈƵǶƵDzɈɐƊǶȁƵǐȌ ƮɹǞƵƧǞ

ȲȌɹɩǞǯƊǿɯ ȻɩǞƊƮȌǿȌȻƨ

ƵDzȌȁȌǿǞƧɹȁȌٌȺȯȌǾƵƧɹȁƠ Ǟ‫ٶ‬ȌƦɯɩƊɈƵǶȺDzƠ ɩȻȲȍƮ ƮɹǞƵƧǞ

ȺɈɩƊȲɹƊǿɯ ǿȌɼǶǞɩȌȻƨ ɩƊȲɈȌȻƧǞȌɩƵǐȌ ȺȯNJƮɹƊȁǞƊ ɩȌǶȁƵǐȌ ƧɹƊȺɐ

ǞȁȺȯǞȲɐǯƵǿɯ ȯȲɹɯȺɹǾɯƧǘ ǶǞƮƵȲȍɩ

www.ud.uek.krakow.pl


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.