Kurier UEK nr 3 (82), jesień 2019

Page 1

CZASOPISMO UNIWERSYTETU EKONOMICZNEGO W KRAKOWIE

LAT

,661 1U MHVLHñ

vivat academia, vivant professores


;XQ[ \ZMฤฌKQ 6รฏRZR 5HNWRUD

3

4XRG ERQXP IHOL[ IDXVWXP IRUWXQDWXPTXH VLW '\OHPDW\ JRฤ FLQQRฤ FL ฤผ Z\NรฏDG

5

ODW 8(. ODW &KรถUX 'RPLQDQWD

0LQLVWHU -DURVรฏDZ *RZLQ RUD] UHNWRU]\ GHEDWRZDOL QD 8(N X 3RGZรถMQ\ MXELOHXV] Zb.DWHGU]H 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK :LHG]D ฤผ *RVSRGDUND ฤผ 6SRรฏHF]HรฑVWZR 3URMHNW ,163,5( ฤผ MDN ZVSLHUDร SU]HGVLร ELRUFรถZ VSRรฏHF]Q\FK SRSU]H] PHQWRULQJ" -XELOHXV]RZ\ =MD]G 0DWHPDW\NรถZ 3ROVNLFK Zb6WXOHFLH 3ROVNLHJR 7RZDU]\VWZD 0DWHPDW\F]QHJR ,,, 6HPLQDULXP =DU]ร G]DQLH SURMHNWDPL 6WXGHQFL QDV]HM XF]HOQL ODXUHDWDPL NRQNXUVX 7DUJL .RPXQLNDFMD U\QNRZD F]\OL MDN SURPXMร VLร ZVSรถรฏF]HVQH ฤ UP\" &HUW\ฤ NDW\ $NDGHPLL 6DQWDQGHU 8QLYHUVLWDGHV UR]GDQH :RUNVKRS RQ 0DFURHFRQRPLF 5HVHDUFK ODW PLQร รฏR 3ROVNR :รฏRVNR 8NUDLรฑVNR 6HUEVNLH 6\PSR]MXP 1DXNRZH ,QWHQV\ZQ\ .XUV -ร ]\ND 3ROVNLHJR

17 22 25 28 32 36 38

3URMHNW ,QNXEDWRU ,QQRZDF\MQRฤ FL

0RGD ZbVW\OX HNR &DQ VXFFHVV LQ EXVLQHVV EH 7DXJKW"

,'($ OQH .RรฏR 1DXNRZH ']LHZLร WD HG\FMD $NDGHPLL 7DOHQWรถZ ZJ %*ยฟ %13 3$5,%$6 6WDฤ Zb6WDรฏ\P 3U]HGVWDZLFLHOVWZLH 53 SU]\ 2(&' Zb3HU\ฤ X (61 8(. ฤผ Uรถฤ QLFH NWรถUH รฏร F]ร

52 56 58

0MU ZbVW VSRF] PJU -HU]\ .UXVHQVWHUQ SV 7RP

62

5R]PRZ\ ]b3XV]NLHP ฤผ 2bSURIHVRUDFK &]\P SUDFD Uรถฤ QL VLร RG ]DEDZ\"

66 68


;bIVW_VQ 8Iฤก[\_W +ba\MTVQKa ยถ3]ZQMZI =-3ยช 6QMKP ฤตaRM )SILMUQI VQMKP ฤตaRฤ XZWNM[WZW_QM ยง \M [รฐW_I XQMฤฌVQ /I]LMIU][ 1OQ\]Z Jฤ Lฤ KM \MUI\MU XZbM_WLVQU RM[QMVVMOW _aLIVQI VI[bMOW ]KbMTVQIVMOW KbI[WXQ[UI _aJZbUQIรฐa [bKbMO{TVQM UWKVW XWLKbI[ QVI]O]ZIKRQ ! ZWS] Q[\VQMVQI 6I[bMR )TUI 5I\MZ /WZฤ KW 8Iฤก[\_I bIKPฤ KIU LW TMS\]Za VQM \aTSW IZ\aS]รฐ{_ _[XWUQVIRฤ KaKP \ฤ _IฤตVฤ ]ZWKba[\Wฤฌฤ ITM \ISฤตM \aKP LW\aKbฤ KaKP UQVQWVaKP _aLIZbMฤก R]JQTM][ba I VI_M\ยก MSWTWOQKbVMR UWLa XZWUW_IVMR XZbMb [XWรฐMKbVWฤฌฤ =-3 ฤดaKbฤ 8Iฤก[\_] ฤตMJa ZWbXWKbaVIRฤ Ka [Qฤ _รฐIฤฌVQM ZWS ISILMUQKSQ ! WJย \W_Iรฐ _ _IฤตVM _aLIZbMVQI XZbaVQ{[รฐ TQKbVM []SKM[a I \ISฤตM KQMSI_M _aRIbLa Q VW_M XWUa[รฐa 5IU VILbQMRฤ ฤตM _[\ฤ XQUa _ VQMOW b bIXIรฐMU WZIb WX\aUQbUMU

SURI 8(. GU KDE LQฤ $1'5=(- &+2&+ยฐฤ 5HNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH

$GUHV UHGDNFML

5HGDNWRU QDF]HOQ\ 3DZHรฏ .R]DNLHZLF]

8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Zb.UDNRZLH

5HGDNFMD 2OJD %RMDUVND (ZHOLQD =DVDG]LHรฑ

Lb]PLDQ UHGDNF\MQ\FK QDGV\รฏDQ\FK DUW\NXรฏรถZ

XO 5DNRZLFND

6NรฏDG LbรฏDPDQLH 3DZHรฏ :รถMFLN

RUD] ]PLDQ\ LFK W\WXรฏรถZ

.UDNรถZ

=GMร FLD MHฤ OL QLH SRGSLVDQR LQDF]HM 3LRWU 0DOHF

EXG\QHN ฤท.VLร ฤ รถZNDฤต SRN .

:\GDZFD 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Zb.UDNRZLH

WHO

'UXN =DNรฏDG 3ROLJUDฤ F]Q\ 8(.

H PDLO JD]HWD#XHN NUDNRZ SO

1DNรฏDG HJ]HPSODU]\

5HGDNFMD ]DVWU]HJD VRELH SUDZR GR VNUDFDQLD

ISSN 1689-7757

3



Quod bonum, felix, faustum fortunatumque sit ;bIVW_Va 8IVQM 8ZMUQMZbM -S[KMTMVKRW 3[Qฤ ฤตM )ZKaJQ[S]XQM ?a[WSQ ;MVIKQM +bรฐWVSW_QM :ILa =KbMTVQ ;bIVW_VQ 8ZWNM[WZW_QM ,bQMSIVQ 3WTMOQ{_ Q ,aZMS\WZba 1V[\a\]\{_ +bKQOWLVQ /WฤฌKQM ;bIVW_VQ 8ZIKW_VQKa -UMZaKQ Q :MVKQฤฌKQ ,ZWLba ,WS\WZIVKQ Q ;\]LMVKQ =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM

Z

DZV]H ]bZLHONLP Z]UXV]HQLHP ZFKRG]ร QD PรถZQLFร E\ MDNR 5HNWRU UR]SRF]ร ร NROHMQ\ URN DNDGHPLFNL ']Lฤ MHVW WR SU]Hฤ \FLH V]F]HJรถOQH ฤผ LQDXJXUXMHP\ ERZLHP MXELOHXV]RZ\ URN LVWQLHQLD QDV]HM $OPD 0DWHU -HM SRF]ร WNL VLร JDMร URNX NLHG\ WR SRZRรฏDQR GR ฤ \FLD :\ฤ V]H 6WXGLXP +DQGORZH Zb.UDNRZLH ฤผ MHGQร ]bSLHUZV]\FK WHJR W\SX V]Nรถรฏ ZbQLHSRGOHJรฏHM 3ROVFH VWDQRZLร Fร IXQGDPHQW QDV]HJR G]LVLHMV]HJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX 1D

SU]HVWU]HQL ODW XF]HOQLD UR]ZLMDรฏD VLร EDUG]R G\QDPLF]QLH 7Xฤ SU]HG ZRMQร ฤผ Zb URNX ]RVWDรฏD SU]HPLDQRZDQD QD $NDGHPLร +DQGORZร QDVWร SQLH :\ฤ V]ร 6]NRรฏร (NRQRPLF]Qร Lb$NDGHPLร (NRQRPLF]Qร E\ ZbURNX VWDร VLร G]LVLHMV]\P 8QLZHUV\WHWHP (NRQRPLF]Q\P Zb.UDNRZLH 7ZรถUFD LbSLHUZV]\ UHNWRU :\ฤ V]HJR 6WXGLXP +DQGORZHJR $UQROG %ROODQG Z\EUDรฏ QD MHJR GHZL]ร VรฏRZD Rerum

cognoscere causas et valorem โ 3R]QDZDร SU]\F]\Q\ LbZDUWRฤ FL U]HF]\ 0DNV\PD WD MHVW G]Lฤ V]F]HJรถOQLH DNWXDOQD 3R VHWNDFK ODW QLH]Z\NOH RJUDQLF]RQHJR ZUร F] OLPLWRZDQHJR GRVWร SX GR ZLHG]\ NLHG\ WR NVLร JL RUD] XQLZHUV\WHW\ ]QDMGRZDรฏ\ VLร Zb]DVLร JX JDUVWNL Z\EUDQ\FK GRV]OLฤ P\ GR V\WXDFML RGZURWQHM ฤผ G]Lร NL VLHFLRP LQIRUPDW\F]Q\P ZLHG]D MHVW G]Lฤ GRVWร SQD QLHPDO EH] ฤ DGQ\FK OLPLWรถZ SUDNW\F]QLH ZbNDฤ G\P ]DNร WNX QDV]HJR JOREX $bMHGQDN 5


6


GRĂZLDGF]HQLH GQLD FRG]LHQQHJR SRND]XMH QDP ĝH PDïR NWR SRWUDğ VLÚ ZbW\P JÈV]F]X LQIRUPDFML RGQDOHěÊ LbVSUDZQLH SRUXV]DÊ 'ODWHJR WDN PRFQR Z\EU]PLHZDMÈ SU]\WRF]RQH SU]HG FKZLOÈ VïRZD =DGDQLHP SU]HG MDNLP VWRL QDV]D 8F]HOQLD MHVW LFK RGF]\WDQLH QLHMDNR ķQD QRZRĵ -DNR 8QLZHUV\WHW QRZRF]HVQ\ LbRWZDUW\ QD SUREOHP\ ZVSöïF]HVQRĂFL SRZLQQLĂP\ VNXSLÊ VLÚ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QD XNV]WDïWRZDQLX ZĂUöG QDV]\FK 6WXGHQWöZ XPLHMÚWQRĂFL RGQDMG\ZDQLD LbRGF]\W\ZDQLD DbZLÚF MDN SRZLHG]LDïE\ WR QDV] 2MFLHF =DïRĝ\FLHO ļ SR]QDQLD U]HF]\ ZDĝQ\FK SRĝ\WHF]Q\FK LbZDUWRĂFLRZ\FK 3RGF]DV WDN ZDĝQHM XURF]\VWRĂFL QLH PöJïE\P RF]\ZLĂFLH SRPLQÈÊ VWXGHQWöZ ,bURNX NWöU]\ MXĝ QLHEDZHP UR]SRF]QÈ QDXNÚ Zb8QLZHUV\WHFLH (NRQRPLF]Q\P Zb.UDNRZLH 6HUGHF]QLH JUDWXOXMÚ 3DñVWZX SRP\ĂOQHJR SU]HMĂFLD SURFHVX UHNUXWDFML 0RĝHFLH ZLÚF 3DñVWZR ĂPLDïR XZDĝDÊ VLÚ ]D Z\EUDQ\FK QDMOHSV]\FK LbZ\MÈWNRZ\FK %H] ZÈWSLHQLD GRïÈF]DFLH GR JURQD RVöE DVSLUXMÈF\FK GR PLDQD HOLW\ LQWHOHNWXDOQHM QDV]HJR NUDMX 0DP QDG]LHMÚ ĝH F]DV VSÚG]RQ\ ZbPXUDFK QDV]HJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX SU]\QLHVLH :DP QLH W\ONR QLH]EÚGQÈ ZLHG]Ú LbGRĂZLDGF]HQLH DOH UöZQLHĝ WUZDMÈFH GïXJLH ODWD SU]\MDěQLH Db]DDQJDĝRZDQLH ZbFRG]LHQQÈ G]LDïDOQRĂÊ :DV]HM $OPD 0DWHU SR]ZROL :DP RGNU\Ê LbUR]ZLQÈÊ XĂSLRQH Zb:DV WDOHQW\ 1D :DV]\FK EDUNDFK EÚG]LH VSRF]\ZDÊ RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĂÊ ]D GREUÈ SU]\V]ïRĂÊ QLH W\ONR JRVSRGDUF]È VSRïHF]QÈ LbSROLW\F]QÈ QDV]HM 2MF]\]Q\ /LF]Ú ĝH GRïRĝ\FLH ZV]HONLFK VWDUDñ E\ QLH ]DZLHĂÊ SRNïDGDQHJR Zb:DV ]DXIDQLD -HVWHĂFLH QDV]È QDG]LHMÈ 6]DQRZQL 3DñVWZR ZUD] ]bG]LVLHMV]\P MXELOHXV]HP UR]SRF]\QDP\ UöZQLHĝ QRZÈ HSRNÚ ZbG]LHMDFK QDV]HM $OPD 0DWHU URN LVWQLHQLD 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH MHVW ERZLHP URNLHP ZHMĂFLD Zbĝ\FLH SRVWDQRZLHñ QDMZDĝQLHMV]\FK GRNXPHQWöZ 8F]HOQL WDNLFK MDN 6WDWXW F]\ 5HJXODPLQ 2UJDQL]DF\MQ\ GRVWRVRZDQ\FK GR Z\PRJöZ 8VWDZ\ 3UDZR RbV]NROQLFWZLH Z\ĝV]\P LbQDXFH =DF]\QDP\ IXQNFMRQRZDQLH ZbQRZHM VWUXNWXU]H RUJDQL]DF\MQHM %ÚG]LH WR QLHZÈWSOLZLH F]DV SHïHQ Z\]ZDñ -HVWHP MHGQDN SU]HNRQDQ\

ĝH URN XELHJï\ Z\SHïQLRQ\ Z\WÚĝRQÈ SUDFÈ NRQVXOWDFMDPL LbVSRWNDQLDPL SR]ZROLï QDP Z\SUDFRZDÊ UR]ZLÈ]DQLD VWDELOQH LbRSW\PDOQH ZbSHUVSHNW\ZLH G]LDïDOQRĂFL QDV]HM 8F]HOQL 2G ZF]RUDM ZbVWUXNWXUDFK 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH IXQNFMRQXMÈ WU]\ .ROHJLD .ROHJLXP (NRQRPLL )LQDQVöZ Lb3UDZD .ROHJLXP 1DXN Rb=DU]ÈG]DQLX Lb-DNRĂFL RUD] .ROHJLXP *RVSRGDUNL Lb$GPLQLVWUDFML 3XEOLF]QHM ZbUDPDFK NWöU\FK XWZRU]RQR G]LHZLÚÊ ,QVW\WXWöZ 1RZ\ 6WDWXW SU]HZLGXMH UöZQLHĝ NDWHGU\ ELEOLRWHNL SUDFRZQLH LbODERUDWRULD MHGQRVWNL PLÚG]\NROHJLDOQH LbSR]DNROHJLDOQH 6]NRïÚ 'RNWRUVNÈ DbWDNĝH LQQH MHGQRVWNL RJöOQRXF]HOQLDQH RUD] MHGQRVWNL DGPLQLVWUDFML 3RZRïDQL ]RVWDOL SURUHNWRU]\ G]LHNDQL NROHJLöZ G\UHNWRU]\ LQVW\WXWöZ RUD] F]ïRQNRZLH UDG G\VF\SOLQ 6]DQRZQL 3DñVWZR V]NRFNL QDXNRZLHF Z\QDOD]FD LbQDXF]\FLHO $OH[DQGHU *UDKDP %HOO SRZLHG]LDï NLHG\Ă ĝH .LHG\ MHGQH GU]ZL VLÚ ]DP\NDMÈ GUXJLH VLÚ RWZLHUDMÈ DOH F]ÚVWR SDWU]\P\ WDN GïXJR Lb]bWDNLP ĝDOHP QD ]DPNQLÚWH GU]ZL ĝH QLH ZLG]LP\ W\FK NWöUH VLÚ GOD QDV RWZRU]\ï\ 0DP V]F]HUÈ QDG]LHMÚ ĝH XGDïR QDP VLÚ ZïDĂQLH RWZRU]\Ê GU]ZL GR GREUHM SU]\V]ïRĂFL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH LbĝH ZHMG]LHP\ ZbQLÈ SHZQ\P NURNLHP *ïÚERNR ZLHU]Ú ĝH ZSURZDG]RQH ]PLDQ\ ZbSRïÈF]HQLX ]b3DñVWZD ]DDQJDĝRZDQLHP SR]ZROÈ QD ]QDF]ÈFH SRGQLHVLHQLH MDNRĂFL NV]WDïFHQLD RUD] SURZDG]RQ\FK ZbPXUDFK 8QLZHUV\WHWX EDGDñ QDXNRZ\FK -HVWHP SU]HNRQDQ\ ĝH ZVSöïSUDFXMÈF LbG]LHOÈF VLÚ VZRLPL SRP\VïDPL VSUDZLP\ E\ WHQ QRZR RWZDUW\ UR]G]LDï RND]Dï VLÚ MHGQ\P ]bOHSV]\FK ZbKLVWRULL QDV]HM 8F]HOQL 6]DQRZQL 3DñVWZR ĂZLDW ZVSöïF]HVQ\ SHïHQ Z\]ZDñ LbQLHSRNRMöZ ]DOHZDQ\ SU]H] LQIRUPDFMH LbEÚGÈF\ ZbQLHXVWDQQ\P UXFKX Z\PXV]D QD QDV QLHMDNR GRVWRVRZDQLH VLÚ GR REHFQ\FK ZDUXQNöZ 1LH ZROQR QDP SU]\ W\P ]DSRPQLHÊ ĝH QDXNL VSRïHF]QH RGJU\ZDMÈ ZbQLP ROEU]\PLÈ LbFLÈJOH URVQÈFÈ UROÚ =QDMRPRĂÊ ]DVDG IXQNFMRQRZDQLD

JRVSRGDUNL LbğQDQVöZ EDQNRZRĂFL LbJLHïG\ XPLHMÚWQRĂÊ ]DïRĝHQLD LbSURZDG]HQLD ZïDVQHM G]LDïDOQRĂFL JRVSRGDUF]HM ]QDMRPRĂÊ UR]PDLW\FK SU]HSLVöZ LbUHJXODFML XPLHMÚWQRĂÊ VHOHNFML RUD] V]\ENLHJR RGQDMG\ZDQLD LQIRUPDFML ļ WR ]DJDGQLHQLD EH] ]QDMRPRĂFL NWöU\FK WUXGQR SRUXV]DÊ VLÚ ZH ZVSöïF]HVQ\P ĂZLHFLH 1LH VSRVöE WHĝ IXQNFMRQRZDÊ ZbQLP EH] PLQLPDOQHM FKRFLDĝE\ ]QDMRPRĂFL SUDZD FRUD] F]ÚĂFLHM WDNĝH WHJR PLÚG]\QDURGRZHJR PHFKDQL]PöZ U]ÈG]ÈF\FK JRVSRGDUNÈ ZUHV]FLH ļ EH] XPLHMÚWQRĂFL PÈGUHJR ]DU]ÈG]DQLD ]DVREDPL OXE OXGěPL F]\ Z\VRNLHM MDNRĂFL XVïXJ LbSURGXNWöZ 'REUH SR]QDQLH Lb]UR]XPLHQLH Z\PLHQLRQ\FK SUREOHPöZ JZDUDQWXMÈ ZïDĂQLH VWXGLD QD XQLZHUV\WHWDFK HNRQRPLF]Q\FK =bZLHONÈ UDGRĂFLÈ REVHUZXMÚ ĝH 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Zb.UDNRZLH RG ODW FLHV]\ VLÚ QLHVïDEQÈFÈ SRSXODUQRĂFLÈ ZĂUöG NDQG\GDWöZ QD VWXGLD :bUR]SRF]\QDMÈF\P VLÚ ZïDĂQLH URNX DNDGHPLFNLP SU]\MÚW\FK ]RVWDïR QD VWXGLD G]LHQQH LbQLHVWDFMRQDUQH ïÈF]QLH SRQDG b RVöE &LHV]Ú VLÚ ĝH PRĝHP\ W\P PïRG\P OXG]LRP ]DSHZQLÊ GREU\ VWDUW LbXF]\QLÊ LFK DWUDNF\MQ\PL QD U\QNX SUDF\ 6]DQRZQL 3DñVWZR ,QDXJXUDFMD MXELOHXV]RZHJR URNX DNDGHPLFNLHJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH MHVW WDNĝH GRVNRQDïÈ RND]MÈ GR UHĠHNVML LbSRGVXPRZDñ 3R]ZöOFLH ZLÚF 3DñVWZR ĝH SRG]LÚNXMÚ ZbW\P PLHMVFX ]D 3DñVWZD ]DDQJDĝRZDQLH QD SROX QDXNRZ\P LbRUJDQL]DF\MQ\P NWöUH SU]HMDZLD VLÚ FKRFLDĝE\ ZbOLF]Q\FK NRQIHUHQFMDFK QDXNRZ\FK WDNĝH W\FK RbUDQG]H PLÚG]\QDURGRZHM VXNFHVDFK SUDFRZQLNöZ ZbNROHMQ\FK SURFHVDFK DZDQVRZ\FK VWDUDQLDFK RbX]\VNDQLH DNUHG\WDFML LbSUDZ GR QDGDZDQLD SUHVWLĝRZ\FK FHUW\ğNDWöZ DbWDNĝH WZRU]HQLX LbUR]ZLMDQLX NROHMQ\FK IRUP ZVSöïSUDF\ ]bSUDNW\NÈ JRVSRGDUF]È LbEL]QHVHP 1LH VSRVöE Z\PLHQLÊ ZV]\VWNLFK RVLÈJQLÚÊ ZbW\P ]DNUHVLH /LF]QH DNUHG\WDFMH WDNLH MDN PLÚG]\ LQQ\PL ,$&%( RUD] $$3%6 F]\ SR]\VNDQLH DNUHG\WDFML ($3$$ GOD NLHUXQNX *RVSRGDUND LbDGPLQLVWUDFMD SXEOLF]QD RUD] PLÚG]\QDURGRZHM NZDOLğNDFML EL]QHVRZHM $&&$ QD NLHUXQNDFK )LQDQVH Lb5DFKXQNRZRĂÊ 5\QNL )LQDQVRZH RUD] $XG\W 7


8


)LQDQVRZ\ WR W\ONR QLHNWรถUH SU]\NรฏDG\ HIHNWรถZ RJURPQ\FK G]LDรฏDรฑ SUDFRZQLNรถZ QDV]HM 8F]HOQL :bRVWDWQLP F]DVLH UR]SRF]ร OLฤ P\ UรถZQLHฤ UHDOL]DFMร ZLHOX QLH]Z\NOH FLHNDZ\FK SURMHNWรถZ EDGDZF]\FK :ฤ UรถG QLFK ]QDMGXMร VLร SURMHNW ฤท6SRรฏHF]QR JRVSRGDUF]H NRQVHNZHQFMH F]ZDUWHM UHZROXFML SU]HP\VรฏRZHMฤต UHDOL]RZDQ\ ZbUDPDFK SURJUDPX ฤท5HJLRQDOQD ,QLFMDW\ZD 'RVNRQDรฏRฤ FLฤต F]\ SURMHNW ฤท5HIRUPD V\VWHPX SRPRF\ PDWHULDOQHM GOD VWXGHQWรถZฤต UHDOL]RZDQ\ ZbUDPDFK SURJUDPX *2632675$7(* %DUG]R G]Lร NXMร ZV]\VWNLP 3DรฑVWZX UรถZQLHฤ W\P NWรถU\FK QLH E\รฏHP G]Lฤ ZbVWDQLH Z\PLHQLร ]D WUXG ZรฏRฤ RQ\ ZbSR]\VNDQLH ฤ URGNรถZ RUD] UHDOL]DFMร WDN ZDฤ QHJR REV]DUX G]LDรฏDOQRฤ FL 8F]HOQL MDNLP MHVW G]LDรฏDOQRฤ ร QDXNRZD LbEDGDZF]D 5HJXODUQLH ]ZLร NV]D VLร UรถZQLHฤ PRELOQRฤ ร PLร G]\QDURGRZD QDV]\FK 3UDFRZQLNรถZ Lb6WXGHQWรถZ :bPLQLRQ\P URNX DNDGHPLFNLP SRQDG V]Hฤ FLXVHW SUDFRZQLNรถZ QDXNRZR G\GDNW\F]Q\FK RUD] DGPLQLVWUDFML XF]HVWQLF]\รฏR ZbZ\MD]GDFK ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK DbSRQDG GZXVWX VWXGHQWรถZ EUDรฏR XG]LDรฏ ZbPLร G]\QDURGRZ\FK SURJUDPDFK LbVW\SHQGLDFK XPRฤ OLZLDMร F\FK LP SRGMร FLH VWXGLรถZ ]D JUDQLFร &]ร ฤ ร ]bQLFK X]\VNDรฏD ZbWHQ VSRVรถE SRGZรถMQ\ G\SORP 1LH EH] ]QDF]HQLD MHVW UรถZQLHฤ NZHVWLD Z]URVWX ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD QDV]ร 8F]HOQLร SU]H] REFRNUDMRZFรถZ :bPLQLRQ\P URNX ZbUDPDFK Uรถฤ Q\FK SURJUDPรถZ LbSURMHNWรถZ SU]\MHFKDรฏR GR QDV QD VWXGLD SRQDG RVรถE QLHPDOฤ H ]bFDรฏHJR ฤ ZLDWD =bZLHONร UDGRฤ FLร LQIRUPXMร 3DรฑVWZD WDNฤ H Lฤ 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Zb.UDNRZLH GHF\]Mร .ROHJLXP 5HNWRUรถZ 6]Nรถรฏ :\ฤ V]\FK .UDNRZD MXฤ SR UD] GUXJL ]RVWDรฏ *รฏรถZQ\P 2UJDQL]DWRUHP W\P UD]HP MXELOHXV]RZHM ฤผ ;; HG\FML )HVWLZDOX 1DXNL Lb6]WXNL Zb.UDNRZLH NWรถU\ RGEร G]LH VLร ZbPDMX URNX :\GDU]HQLD IHVWLZDORZH ]ELHJQร VLร ZLร F ZbF]DVLH ]bMXELOHXV]RZ\PL REFKRGDPL ยฅZLร WD QDV]HJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX 1DV]D 8F]HOQLD ฤ FLฤ OH ZVSรถรฏSUDFXMH ]bRWRF]HQLHP VSRรฏHF]QR JRVSRGDUF]\P 6XNFHV\ LbRVLร JQLร FLD 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH QLH E\รฏ\E\ ZLร F PRฤ OLZH EH] SRPRF\ ZรฏDG] U]ร GRZ\FK VDPRU]ร GX WHU\WRULDOQHJR RUD] ZรฏDG] 0LDVWD .UDNRZD ']Lร NXMร ZLร F REHFQ\P WX LFK SU]HGVWDZLFLHORP ]D

QLHRFHQLRQร ZVSรถรฏSUDFร LbZ\UDฤ DP QDG]LHMร Lฤ Eร G]LH RQD SU]HELHJDรฏD ZbNROHMQ\FK ODWDFK UรถZQLH RZRFQLH 'URG]\ 6WXGHQFL VNRUR SRGVXPRZXMHP\ VXNFHV\ Lb]DDQJDฤ RZDQLH QDV]HM 6SRรฏHF]QRฤ FL $NDGHPLFNLHM QLH VSRVรถE QLH ZVSRPQLHร Rb:DV ']Lร NXMร ]D :DV] QLHXVWDQQ\ JรฏรถG ZLHG]\ LbFKร ร VDPRUR]ZRMX SU]HMDZLDMร FH VLร QLH W\ONR ZbFRG]LHQQHM QDXFH Lbฤ PXGQ\P ]GDZDQLX NROHMQ\FK HJ]DPLQรถZ DOH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP ZbRJURPQHM OLF]ELH UHDOL]RZDQ\FK SU]H] :DV SURMHNWรถZ LbSU]HGVLร Z]Lร ร ']Lร NXMร ]D :DV]H ]DDQJDฤ RZDQLH ZbNRQNXUV\ LbSURMHNW\ QDXNRZH G]LDรฏDOQRฤ ร Zb3DUODPHQFLH 6WXGHQFNLP 1LH]DOHฤ Q\P =U]HV]HQLX 6WXGHQWรถZ NRรฏDFK QDXNRZ\FK VHNFMDFK VSRUWRZ\FK XF]HOQLDQ\P FKรถU]H '20,1$17$ -HVWHP GXPQ\ ]b:DV]\FK VXNFHVรถZ Lb]DSHZQLDP ฤ H JRUร FR NLELFXMร ZV]\VWNLP :DV]\P DNW\ZQRฤ FLRP 6]DQRZQL 3UDFRZQLF\ 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH ]QDQ\ ]DSHZQH ZV]\VWNLP 6WHYH -REV ]DXZDฤ \รฏ NLHG\ฤ 3UDFD Z\SHรฏQL FL GXฤ ร F]ร ฤ ร ฤ \FLD -HG\Q\P VSRVREHP QD SUDZG]LZร VDW\VIDNFMร ]bSUDF\ MHVW URELHQLH WHJR ZbF]HJR ZLHONRฤ ร VLร ZLHU]\ $bMHG\Q\P VSRVREHP QD URELHQLH U]HF]\ ZLHONLFK GOD FLHELH MHVW PLรฏRฤ ร GR WHJR FR VLร UREL :bW\P PLHMVFX FKFLDรฏE\P SRGNUHฤ OLร Lฤ MHVWHP 3DรฑVWZX Jรฏร ERNR ZG]Lร F]Q\ ]D 3DรฑVWZD FLร ฤ Nร SUDFร FRG]LHQQ\ WUXG SRGHMPRZDQ\ ]DUรถZQR QD SROX G\GDNW\F]Q\P LbQDXNRZ\P MDN L Z G]LHG]LQDFK ]ZLร ]DQ\FK ]bDGPLQLVWUDFMร RUD] VSUDZQ\P IXQNFMRQRZDQLHP QDV]HM 8F]HOQL ']Lร NXMร ฤ H ZLHU]\FLH 3DรฑVWZR ZbVHQV WHJR FR URELFLH LbVWDUDFLH VLร URELร WR MDN QDMOHSLHM 6]F]HJรถOQLH G]Lร NXMร W\P ]b3DรฑVWZD NWรถU]\ ZbRVWDWQLP URNX PR]ROQLH SUDFRZDOL QDG SU]\JRWRZDQLHP 8F]HOQL GR ]PLDQ NWรถUH ]GHF\GRZDOLฤ P\ VLร ZVSรถOQLH ZSURZDG]Lร &KFLDรฏE\P ZbW\P PLHMVFX V]F]HJรถOQLH VHUGHF]QLH SRG]Lร NRZDร RVRERP NWรถUH ZbPLQLRQ\P URNX DNDGHPLFNLP ]DNRรฑF]\รฏ\ VZRMร DNW\ZQRฤ ร ]DZRGRZร ZbQDV]\P 8QLZHUV\WHFLH SU]HFKRG]ร F QD HPHU\WXU\ OXE UHQW\ :bLPLHQLX ZรฏDVQ\P :รฏDG] 5HNWRUVNLFK

6WXGHQWรถZ Lb$EVROZHQWรถZ RUD] FDรฏHM 6SRรฏHF]QRฤ FL $NDGHPLFNLHM 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH ]D ZV]\VWNR 3DรฑVWZX VHUGHF]QLH G]Lร NXMร ยฟ\F]ร WHฤ ZV]\VWNLP 3DรฑVWZX GรฏXJLFK LbSHรฏQ\FK UDGRฤ FL ODW ฤ \FLD Zb]GURZLX LbSRF]XFLX VDW\VIDNFML ]bGREU]H Z\NRQDQHM SUDF\ 3R]ZรถOFLH 3DรฑVWZR ฤ H ZVSRPQร WHUD] W\FK NWรถU]\ ZbXELHJรฏ\P URNX DNDGHPLFNLP RSXฤ FLOL QDV]H JURQR MXฤ QD ]DZV]H %\OL WR โ ข SURI GU KDE =Rฤ D &LFKRรฑ โ ข SURI GU KDE 6WDQLVรฏDZ :\G\PXV โ ข SURI 8(. GU KDE 0LFKDรฏ 0DMRU โ ข GU -RDQQD .DF]RU โ ข GU .U]\V]WRI 7RU โ ข PJU 0DULD 5RVWZRURZVND โ ข PJU -DGZLJD 7UXV]NRZVND โ ข LQฤ =ELJQLHZ =LHPLDQLQ โ ข 3DQ $QGU]HM 'XGHN โ ข 3DQL :DQGD *DORQ โ ข 3DQL $QQD .DZXOD โ ข 3DQL 6WDQLVรฏDZD .LHรฏNRZLF] โ ข 3DQL 'DQXWD /DQJHU โ ข 3DQL =Rฤ D ย DFKZD โ ข 3DQL 0DULD 6DWRรฏD โ ข 3DQL 6WDQLVรฏDZD 6LXGDN %DUG]R SURV]ร ZV]\VWNLFK 3DรฑVWZD RbSRZVWDQLH LbXF]F]HQLH PLQXWร FLV]\ ZV]\VWNLFK W\FK NWรถU]\ QD ]DZV]H RSXฤ FLOL QDV]ร 6SRรฏHF]QRฤ ร 6]DQRZQL 3DรฑVWZR Z\ELWQ\ QDXNRZLHF $OEHUW (LQVWHLQ SRZLHG]LDรฏ NLHG\ฤ ฤ H ,VWRWD NV]WDรฏFHQLD ZbV]NROH Z\ฤ V]HM QLH SROHJD ฤฎ QD ZSDMDQLX ZLHG]\ IDNWRJUDฤ F]QHM OHF] QD ร ZLF]HQLX XP\VรฏX ZbGRFKRG]HQLX GR WHJR F]HJR QLH GD VLร ]QDOHฤ ร ZbSRGUร F]QLNDFK ยฟ\F]ร ]DWHP QDP ZV]\VWNLP DE\ UR]SRF]\QDMร F\ VLร Z\Mร WNRZ\ ER 1RZ\ 5RN $NDGHPLFNL SU]\QLรถVรฏ ZLHOH UDGRฤ FL QRZ\FK SRP\VรฏรถZ VXNFHVรถZ QLH W\ONR W\FK QD SROX QDXNRZ\P RUD] FLHNDZ\FK Z\]ZDรฑ Quod bonum, felix, faustum fortunatumque sit. 6]DQRZQL 3DรฑVWZR URN DNDGHPLFNL QD 8QLZHUV\WHFLH (NRQRPLF]Q\P Zb.UDNRZLH XZDฤ DP ]D RWZDUW\ 9


,WJZW[รฐI_ 3W\

Dylematy JRฤณFLQQRฤณFL ยง _aSรฐIL

S

]DQRZQ\ 3DQLH 5HNWRU]H 3DQLH 5HNWRU 3DQRZLH 5HNWRU]\ :\VRNLH 5DG\ 6]DQRZQL *Rฤ FLH 6]DQRZQL 3DรฑVWZR &KFร SRG]Lร NRZDร 3DQX 5HNWRURZL ]D ]DSURV]HQLH GR Z\JรฏRV]HQLD WHJR Z\NรฏDGX $OH SRG]Lร NRZDQLH WR FKRร V]F]HUH QLH MHVW W\ONR NXUWXD]\MQ\P JHVWHP DOH WHฤ SRGVWร SHP G]Lร NL QLHPX PRJร ZVSRPQLHร Rb]DSURV]HQLX =DSURV]HQLH F]\QL ]H PQLH JRฤ FLD $bVNRUR WDN WR GRฤ ZLDGF]DP JRฤ FLQQRฤ FL :FKRG]ร ]DWHP ZbSHZQร JUร SRPLร G]\

10

JRVSRGDU]HP LbJRฤ FLHP LbW\P VDP\P ]QDMGXMร VLร ZbVDP\P RNX F\NORQX WHJR ZV]\VWNLHJR RbF]\P ]DPLHU]DP WX PรถZLร *Rฤ FLQQRฤ ร E\ZD U\]\NRZQD &R VLร VWDQLH NLHG\ JRฤ ร ]รฏDPLH SUDZD GRPX NLHG\ QLH SRGSRU]ร GNXMH VLร GREU\P RE\F]DMRP" =bNRJRฤ FKFLDQHJR VWDQLH VLร QLHFKFLDQ\ 3URV]RQ\ VWDQLH VLร QLHSURV]RQ\ &]ร VWR P\ฤ OLP\ MHGQDN ฤ H W\ONR JRVSRGDU] U\]\NXMH 3RG W\P Z]JOร GHP JRฤ FLQQRฤ ร MHGQDN MHVW EDUG]R V\PHWU\F]QD U\]\NR JRฤ FLD MHVW UรถZQLH GXฤ H *Rฤ ร PRฤ H QLH

]RVWDร SU]\Mร W\ DOER ]RVWDร SU]\Mร W\ DbQDVWร SQLH Z\SURV]RQ\ Bezdomny filozof =DSUDV]DQLH ฤ OR]RID PRฤ H E\ร V]F]HJรถOQLH U\]\NRZQH $UFKHW\S ฤ OR]RID RSLVDQ\ Zb3ODWRรฑVNLHM 8F]FLH WR QLH V\W\ ZLHG]\ Pร GU]HF OHF] EH]GRPQ\ PLรฏRฤ QLN Pร GURฤ FL NWรถU\ ]Gร ฤ D NX SUDZG]LH DOH Eรฏร G]L V]XND ]QDMGXMH LbWUDFL WR FR ]QDOD]รฏ ยฅSL SRG PRVWHP LbRG]LHZD VLร ZbรฏDFKPDQ\ 1LHDWUDNF\MQ\ ZLGRN $OH ฤ OR]RI PXVL


XF]FLZLH SU]\]QDÊ ĝH W\ONR WR PD GR ]DSURSRQRZDQLD 1LH PD ]H VREÈ RGSRZLHG]L QLH PD RF]\ZLVW\FK ZQLRVNöZ LbGREU\FK UDG =DPLDVW WHJR ]PLHQLD SHZQRĂÊ ZbZÈWSOLZRĂÊ DbGR RGSRZLHG]L GRSLVXMH ]QDNL ]DS\WDQLD ZbPLHMVFD EH]SLHF]Q\FK NURSHN )LOR]RIRZDQLH WR UDSRUWRZDQLH ]bEïÈG]HQLD LbZÚGUöZHN ,bGR EïÈG]HQLD FKFÚ 3DñVWZD ]DSURVLÊ *RV]F]HQLH ]DSURV]RQ\FK &]ÚVWR ïÈF]\P\ JRĂFLQQRĂÊ ]bWRZDU]\VNÈ ĝ\F]OLZRĂFLÈ 6LÚJQLMP\ GR QDMEOLĝV]\FK GRĂZLDGF]Hñ =QDMRPL ]DSUDV]DMÈ JRĂFL VSRW\NDMÈ VLÚ ZbJURQLH SU]\MDFLöï ELHVLDGXMÈ ĝDUWXMÈ EXGXMÈ ZbUR]PRZDFK ZVSöOQ\ ĂZLDW 7DN UR]XPLDQD JRĂFLQQRĂÊ MDNR WRZDU]\VNL RE\F]DM QLH SR]ZDOD QDP MHGQDN ]UR]XPLHÊ QDMJïÚEV]HJR VHQVX Lb]DUD]HP GUDPDW\F]QRĂFL VDPHM JRĂFLQQRĂFL *RĂFLQQRĂÊ MDNR ĝ\F]OLZH SU]\MPRZDQLH SU]\MDFLöï MHVW ERZLHP RWZDUWRĂFLÈ QD WR FR ]QDQH 3RGHMPXMÈF\ ]DSURV]RQ\FK JRĂFL JRVSRGDU] QLHZLHOH U\]\NXMH =QD LFK Z\EUDï LFK ]DSURV]HQLH SLHF]ÚWXMH ZF]HĂQLHMV]È ]Dĝ\ïRĂÊ :bWDN SUDNW\NRZDQHM JRĂFLQQRĂFL RWZLHUDP\ VLÚ QD WR FR XSU]HGQLR RVZRMRQH &]\OL ļ ZbJUXQFLH U]HF]\ ļ QLH PXVLP\ VLÚ RWZLHUDÊ 7DND JRĂFLQQRĂÊ MHVW FHOHEUDFMÈ ZF]HĂQLHMV]HM SU]\MDěQL LbEOLVNRĂFL ,b]DUD]HP SU]\SRPQLHQLHP ZF]HĂQLHMV]HJR RWZDUFLD *RV]F]HQLH ]DSURV]RQ\FK MHG\QLH RGV\ïD GR SU]HV]ïRĂFL NLHG\ Z\GDU]Dï\ VLÚ RWZDUFLD QD ,QQ\FK =DSUDV]DQLH ]QDMRP\FK QLH MHVW ZLHONLP U\]\NLHP 2F]\ZLĂFLH ]DZV]H PRĝH SU]\GDU]\Ê VLÚ WRZDU]\VND QLH]UÚF]QRĂÊ NWRĂ SRZLH ]D GXĝR NWRĂ SRZLH FRĂ QLH ZbSRUÚ $OH ZïDG]D MDNÈ MHVW ]DSUDV]DQLH XSU]HG]D LbQHXWUDOL]XMH WR U\]\NR *RV]F]HQLH ]DSURV]RQ\FK MHVW EH]SLHF]QH LbVïXĝ\ ĂZLÚWRZDQLX EH]SLHF]HñVWZD VSRWNDQLH ZbJURQLH SU]\MDFLöï 6WDUH RSRZLHijFL :DĝQH WHNVW\ QDV]HM NXOWXU\ SRND]XMÈ LQQ\ Z\PLDU JRĂFLQQRĂFL 7R JRWRZRĂÊ GR SU]\MÚFLD QLH]QDMRP\FK NWöU]\ VÈ ZbGURG]H Lbļ SR]EDZLHQL GRPX ļ SRWU]HEXMÈ SRPRF\ 5R]ELWHN 2G\V GRFLHUD GR Z\VS\ )HDNöZ 1LH PD ZbQLP QLF ]bERKDWHUD VSRG 7URL 8WUDFLï ĠRWÚ ]GRE\WH VNDUE\ SU]\MDFLöï 5R]SÚWDQD SU]H] ERJöZ EXU]D UR]WU]DVNDïD QDZHW VNOHFRQÈ QD Z\VSLH QLPI\ .DOLSVR

WUDWZÚ 2G\V GRVWDMH VLÚ QD Z\VSÚ ZSïDZ DbJRVSRGDU]H SU]\MPXMÈ JR QLH S\WDMÈF DQL RbLPLÚ DQL Rb]DPLDU\ 'RSLHUR NLHG\ XJRV]F]È UR]ELWND SUöEXMÈ GRZLHG]LHÊ VLÚ VNÈG SRFKRG]L -HJR V\Q 7HOHPDFK V]XNDMÈF RMFD Z\UXV]D GR SDQXMÈFHJR Zb3\ORV 1HVWRUD LbU]ÈG]ÈFHJR /DNHGDMPRQHP 0HQHODRVD .UöORZLH SRGHMPXMÈ JR LbMHJR WRZDU]\V]\ LbGRSLHUR XJRĂFLZV]\ S\WDMÈ RbLPLÚ Lb]DPLDU\ :bRD]LH SRG GÚEDPL 0DPUH $EUDKDP SRGHMPXMH WU]HFK QLH]QDQ\FK ZÚGURZFöZ .DĝH LFK XJRĂFLÊ QDNDUPLÊ RWRF]\Ê WURVNÈ 2bQLF QLH S\WD :bHSRVDFK +RPHUD LbZb%LEOLL ZbWUDG\FML VWDURĝ\WQHM *UHFML LbVWDURĝ\WQHJR ,]UDHOD MHVW ZLHOH LQQ\FK SU]\NïDGöZ WDN UR]XPLDQHM JRĂFLQQRĂFL RWZDUWRĂFL QD ,QQHJR QLH]DOHĝQHM RG WHJR VNÈG LbSR FR SU]\E\ZD (GPRQG -DEÒV ZVSöïF]HVQ\ IUDQFXVNL SRHWD RbHJLSVNLFK Lbĝ\GRZVNLFK NRU]HQLDFK RSRZLDGD RbW\P MDN ]DJXELï VLÚ QD SXVW\QL SöïZ\VSX 6\QDM 3U]HG ĂPLHUFLÈ UDWXMH JR %HGXLQ NWöU\ ]DELHUD Z\FLHñF]RQHJR ZÚGURZFD GR RD]\ NDUPL SRL SR]ZDOD Z\SRF]ÈÊ GDMH VFKURQLHQLH 3RWHP UR]VWDMÈ VLÚ .LHG\ VSRW\NDMÈ VLÚ SU]\SDGNLHP MDNLĂ F]DV SöěQLHM ZbSREOLVNLP PLHĂFLH JRVSRGDU] XGDMH ĝH QLH UR]SR]QDMH SRHW\ $OH ]DJDGQLÚW\ ]DSUDV]D JR QD KHUEDWÚ -DEÒV MHVW SRF]ÈWNRZR GRWNQLÚW\ W\P QLHUR]SR]QDQLHP XZDĝD WR ]D QLHXSU]HMPH $OH SRWHP XĂZLDGDPLD VRELH ĝH GRĂZLDGF]\ï ZïDĂQLH JRĂFLQQRĂFL GRVNRQDïHM MHJR GDZQ\ JRVSRGDU] VSHïQLï VZöM RERZLÈ]HN XUDWRZDï ,QQHJR ZbSRWU]HELH 8GDMH ĝH JR QLH ]QD ER FKFH XQLNQÈÊ NUÚSXMÈFHJR RND]\ZDQLD ZG]LÚF]QRĂFL JRĂFLQQRĂÊ MHVW GOD QLHJR EH]LQWHUHVRZQÈ RGSRZLHG]LÈ QD ZH]ZDQLH 2EFHJR DbQLH SRF]ÈWNLHP EXGRZDQLD SHïQHM ]DOHĝQRĂFL UHODFML Ksenos *UHFNLH VïRZR NVHQRV XbQDV QLHVWHW\ QDMF]ÚĂFLHM SRMDZLDMÈFH VLÚ ZbWUXGQ\P GR UR]HUZDQLD ]ZLÈ]NX ]H VWUDFKHP ļ NVHQRIRELD ļ ZbVWDURĝ\WQHM JUHFH PLHQL VLÚ RG ]QDF]Hñ Ksenos WR JRĂÊ SU]\E\V] FXG]R]LHPLHF VRMXV]QLN DOH WHĝ ZUöJ LbQLHSU]\MDFLHO Ksenos WR WDNĝH QLH]UR]XPLDï\ QLHVï\FKDQ\ G]LZQ\ &R FLHNDZH LbZDĝQH VïRZR WR R]QDF]D UöZQLHĝ JRVSRGDU]D NVHQRV ]DWHP WR ]DUD]HP JRV]F]RQ\ LbJRV]F]ÈF\ :bWDNLP ERJDFWZLH VHQVöZ ïDWZR Rb]DJXELHQLH $OH WHĝ ZLGDÊ FDïÈ ]ïRĝRQRĂÊ WHJR F]\P MHVW

JRĂFLQQRĂÊ QD SRJUDQLF]X EOLVNRĂFL LbZURJRĂFL F]\PĂ SRPLÚG]\ NVHQRVDPL JRĂFLHP LbJRVSRGDU]HP :bïDFLQLH RGSRZLDGDMÈFH NVHQRVRZL VïRZD VÈ MXĝ UR]V]F]HSLRQH QD GZD KRVSHV WR JRĂÊ KRVWLV WR ZUöJ +RVSLWDOLWDV WR JRĂFLQQRĂÊ KRVWLOLWDV WR ZURJRĂÊ :\UDVWDMÈF ]bMHGQHJR SQLD RGGDOLï\ VLÚ RG VLHELH )UDQFXVNL ğOR]RI -DFTXHV 'HUULGD ]OHSLD MH QD SRZUöW XVLïXMÈF SRND]DÊ SDUDGRNVDOQ\ LbSHïHQ QDSLÚÊ ĂZLDW JRĂFLQQRĂFL 7ZRU]\ QHRORJL]P KRVWLSLWDOLWÓ NWöU\ ZbSROV]F]\ěQLH ]RVWDï NRQJHQLDOQLH RGGDQ\ SU]H] ZURJRĂFLQQRĂÊ Kant 'R ğOR]RğL QRZRĝ\WQHM SRMÚFLH JRĂFLQQRĂFL ZSURZDG]D ,PPDQXHO .DQW 3LV]H ĝH JRĂFLQQRĂÊ QLH MHVW IRUPÈ QDV]HM ĝ\F]OLZRĂFL OHF] RERZLÈ]NLHP PRUDOQ\P MDNL PDP\ Z]JOÚGHP GUXJLHJR F]ïRZLHND =LHPLD MHVW NXOLVWD QLH PRĝHP\ UR]SU]HVWU]HQLDÊ VLÚ ZbQLHVNRñF]RQRĂÊ -HVWHĂP\ VND]DQL QD VÈVLDGRZDQLH .DĝG\ PD SUDZR RF]HNLZDÊ JRĂFLQ\ LbSU]\MÚFLD =LHPLD MHVW QDV]\P GRPHP LbNDĝG\ F]ïRZLHN PD SUDZR SU]HE\ZDÊ ZbZ\EUDQ\P SU]H] VLHELH MHM PLHMVFX -HGQDN .DQW ZLG]L ZbWDN V]HURNR UR]XPLDQ\P SUDZLH JRĂFLQQRĂFL SHZQH QLHEH]SLHF]HñVWZR -HJR REDZ\ QLH GRW\F]È JRĂFL NWöU]\ PRJÈ SU]\E\Ê GR NUDMöZ =DFKRGX PLPR QLHFKÚFL ]DPLHV]NXMÈF\FK WX OXG]L OHF] UDF]HM ]DERUF]RĂFL OXG]L =DFKRGX NWöUD XMDZQLïD VLÚ ZbNRORQL]DFML LbSRGERMDFK :V]\VF\ QDMHěGěF\ PRJOLE\ VLÚ RGZRïDÊ GR ]DVDG\ .DQWD RF]HNXMÈF ĝH LFK FKÚÊ RVLHGOHQLD VLÚ QD REFHM ]LHPL ]RVWDQLH ZbSHïQL XV]DQRZDQD SU]H] WDPWHMV]H OXG\ 8b.DQWD PDNV\PD SUDZD PRUDOQHJR PXVL PLHÊ FKDUDNWHU XQLZHUVDOQ\ -HGQD ]bIRUPXï LPSHUDW\ZX NDWHJRU\F]QHJR EU]PL ķ3RVWÚSXM ZHGOH WDNLFK UHJXï FR GR NWöU\FK FKFLDïE\Ă E\ VWDï\ VLÚ SUDZHP SRZV]HFKQ\P ĵ 1D SU]\NïDG ]ïRG]LHM ZSUDZG]LH FKÚWQLH NUDGQLH DOH REXU]D JR P\ĂO ĝH PöJïE\ VDP ]RVWDÊ RNUDG]LRQ\ 6DP ]DWHP QLH GRSXV]F]D E\ SUDZR GR NUDG]LHĝ\ PRJïRE\ VWDÊ VLÚ SUDZHP SRZV]HFKQ\P .DQW PD ZLÚF SUREOHP JG\E\ ERZLHP QDND]Dï JRV]F]HQLH NDĝGHJR SUDZR JRĂFLQQRĂFL PRJïRE\ ïDWZR VWDÊ VLÚ XVSUDZLHGOLZLHQLHP GOD NRORQL]DFML DbWÚ .DQW XZDĝD ]D QLHJRĂFLQQÈ LbQLHVSUDZLHGOLZÈ 'ODWHJR .DQW GRGDMH ]DVWU]HĝHQLH ĝH JRĂFLQQRĂÊ QLH X]DVDGQLD RVLHGODQLD 11


VLÚ -HGQRF]HĂQLH GRGDMH ĝH QLNRJR QLH ZROQR Z\GDOLÊ ]bNUDMX GR NWöUHJR SU]\E\ï MHĂOL ZbNUDMX ]bNWöUHJR SU]\E\ï JUR]L PX ]JXED 3UREOHP Z\GDMH VLÚ UR]ZLÈ]DQ\ -HGQDN ïDWZR PRĝQD Z\REUD]LÊ VRELH SU]\SDGHN XFKRGěF\ NWöU\ ]bMHGQHM VWURQ\ QLH PRĝH ZUöFLÊ GR VZHJR NUDMX ļ WDP F]HND JR ]JXED ļ ]bGUXJLHM QLH PRĝH VLÚ RVLHGOLÊ ZbQRZ\P PLHMVFX JG\ĝ WR SU]HNUDF]D MHJR SUDZD JRĂFLD 8QLNDMÈF XVSUDZLHGOLZLDQLD NRORQL]DFML .DQW ZLNïD VLÚ ZbQLHïDWZH GR UR]ZLÈ]DQLD SDUDGRNV\ 8FKRGěFD MHVW ERZLHP SRPLÚG]\ RVLHGOHQLHP DbGHSRUWDFMÈ -HJR PLHMVFH MHVW QLHRNUHĂORQH VDP SR]RVWDMH Zb]DZLHV]HQLX 3UDZQH IRUP\ GRW\F]ÈFH XFKRGěFöZ SRWZLHUG]DMÈ WHQ SU]HMĂFLRZ\ LbQLHRF]\ZLVW\ VWDWXV 0\ĂOHQLH .DQWD XMDZQLD WR ]DVDGQLF]H QDSLÚFLH JRĂFLQQRĂFL Arendt 1D WHQ SUREOHP ZLG]LDQ\ ]bLQQHM VWURQ\ ZVND]XMH +DQQDK $UHQGW NLHG\ SLV]H ĝH VïDERĂFLÈ SUDZ F]ïRZLHND V]ODFKHWQ\FK ]b]DïRĝHQLD MHVW LFK ]HVSROHQLH ]bSUDZDPL RE\ZDWHOD 3RQLHZDĝ SRMHG\QF]\ F]ïRZLHN MHVW VïDE\ QD VWUDĝ\ SUDZ F]ïRZLHND VWRL SDñVWZR 7D LQWXLFMD RĂZLHFHQLRZ\FK WZöUFöZ SUDZ F]ïRZLHND XMDZQLD MHGQDN SHZQÈ VïDERĂÊ JG\ĝ ZV]HONLH PHFKDQL]P\ RFKURQ\ W\FK SUDZ GRW\F]È F]ïRZLHND RbLOH MHVW RE\ZDWHOHP 3RG]LDï OXG]L QD RE\ZDWHOL LbQLHRE\ZDWHOL ZbW\P XFKRGěFöZ LPLJUDQWöZ UH]\GHQWöZ HNVSDWöZ LWG MHVW MHGQDN SUREOHPDW\F]Q\ =DFKRGQLH SDñVWZD QDURGRZH VÈ EH]UDGQH ZREHF WHJR SUREOHPX 6È ERZLHP XIXQGRZDQH QD WUXGQHM GR UR]HUZDQLD WULDG]LH SDñVWZR QDUöG WHU\WRULXP 2E\ZDWHOHP MHVW WHQ NWR SU]\QDOHĝ\ GR QDURGX DbSU]\QDOHĝQRĂÊ GR QDURGX SRZLÈ]DQD MHVW ]bSRFKRG]HQLHP LbQDURG]LQDPL QD GDQ\P WHU\WRULXP DWZR ]DXZDĝ\Ê ĝH QS XFKRGěFD ļ EÚGÈF SU]HFLHĝ F]ïRZLHNLHP ļ RE\ZDWHOHP ZbWDNLP XMÚFLX QLH MHVW ,bQLH FKRG]L WX RbGREUÈ OXE ]ïÈ ZROÚ SROLW\NöZ ]UHV]WÈ UR]ZDĝDQLD RbGREUHM ZROL SROLW\NöZ Z\NUDF]DMÈ FK\ED SR]D UDP\ G\VNXUVX ğOR]RğF]QHJR 7D EH]UDGQRĂÊ Z\QLND ]bVDP\FK ]DïRĝHñ SDñVWZD QDURGRZHJR 2E\ZDWHOHP MHVW VLÚ QD PRF\ XURG]HQLD QD GDQ\P WHU\WRULXP 3DñVWZR PRĝH FR SUDZGD QDGDÊ RE\ZDWHOVWZR NRPXĂ XURG]RQHPX JG]LH LQG]LHM DOH ļ SRPLMDMÈF QDZHW ]ïRĝRQRĂÊ SURFHGXU QDWXUDOL]DFML ļ SRWZLHUG]D 12

WR W\ONR SU]HMĂFLRZRĂÊ LbW\PF]DVRZRĂÊ ,QQHJR NWöU\ SRMDZLD VLÚ QD REF\P VRELH WHU\WRULXP 8FKRGěFD MHVW Zb]DZLHV]HQLX SRPLÚG]\ GZLHPD PRĝOLZRĂFLDPL GHSRUWDFMÈ GR NUDMX SRFKRG]HQLD DbQDWXUDOL]DFMÈ ZbNUDMX GR NWöUHJR SU]\E\ï 'RSLHUR ZWHG\ VWDQLH VLÚ ]bQLHRE\ZDWHOD RE\ZDWHOHP DbZLÚF U]HF]\ZLVW\P SRGPLRWHP SUDZ F]ïRZLHND *RVSRGDU] $QWURSRORJLF]Q\P Lb]DUD]HP HW\F]Q\P FHQWUXP WHJR QDSLÚFLD MHVW UHODFMD JRVSRGDU]D LbJRĂFLD *RVSRGDU] QD SURJX VZHJR GRPX GHF\GXMH F]\ SU]\MÈÊ QLHSURV]RQHJR JRĂFLD %\FLH JRVSRGDU]HP PRĝQD UR]XPLHÊ QD GZD VSRVRE\ RED ěUöGïRZR REHFQH ZbVïRZDFK NWöUH ZbMÚ]\NDFK HXURSHMVNLFK RNUHĂODMÈ JRVSRGDU]D =bMHGQHM VWURQ\ JRVSRGDURZDQLH WR SDQRZDQLH QDG GRPRVWZHP LbSU]\OHJï\PL GR QLHJR ]LHPLDPL :bMÚ]\NDFK ZVFKRGQLRVïRZLDñVNLFK WHQ SLHUZLDVWHN ZïDG]\ QDMZ\UDěQLHM ZLGDÊ ZbVïRZDFK RGQRV]RQ\FK ZSURVW GR SDQRZDQLD %RJD KRVSRG\Q JRVSRGLQ $OH WHĝ VïRZR KRVSRGDU VWDïR VLÚ W\WXïHP ZïDGFöZ =bGUXJLHM MHGQDN QDMJïÚEV]\P VHQVHP VïRZD JRVSRGDU] MHVW ķGDU]HQLH JRĂFLQÈĵ DbZLÚF SU]\MPRZDQLH JRĂFL *RVSRGDU] WR NWRĂ JRV]F]ÈF\ DbQLH SDQXMÈF\ %\Ê PRĝH ]DOHĝQRĂÊ PLÚG]\ W\PL VHQVDPL LG]LH JïÚELHM JRVSRGDU] RbW\OH SDQXMH RbLOH JRĂFL 7R QLH SDQRZDQLH GDMH PX SUDZR GR JRV]F]HQLD OHF] JRV]F]HQLH GDMH SUDZR GR SDQRZDQLD =DPLHV]NLZDQLH 'RFKRG]LP\ WX GR S\WDQLD RbVHQV ]DPLHV]NLZDQLD *RVSRGDU] ]DPLHV]NXMH ZbGRPX QDWRPLDVW JRĂÊ V]XND GRPX Lb]DPLHV]NLZDQLD 5R]XPLHQLH JRVSRGDU]D MDNR SDQD EÚG]LH GRPLQRZDïR MHĂOL EÚG]LHP\ UR]XPLHÊ GRP SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP MDNR VFKURQLHQLH SDQ GRPX PD FKURQLÊ GRPRZQLNöZ -HGQDN VHQV GRPX MHVW JïÚEV]\ (PPDQXHO /ÓYLQDV S\WD F]HJR RF]HNXMH RG GRPX ]DPLHV]NXMÈF\ MDNL MHVW VHQV ]DPLHV]NLZDQLD ,bRGSRZLDGD RF]HNXMHP\ RG QDV]HJR GRPX JRĂFLQQRĂFL &KFHP\ ZbGRPX F]XÊ VLÚ VREÈ LbXbVLHELH &KFHP\ E\ GRP QDV SU]\MÈï E\ĂP\ ZbQLP ]QDOHěOL PLHMVFH GOD ZïDVQHJR ĝ\FLD $bZLÚF RF]HNXMHP\ ĝH ]RVWDQLHP\ SU]H] GRPRVWZR SU]\MÚFL MDN JRĂFLH QDG]LHMD

GRPRZQLNöZ LbJRĂFL MHVW GRNïDGQLH WDND VDPD 2GSRZLHG]LÈ QD WÚ QDG]LHMÚ MHVW JRĂFLQQRĂÊ GRPX $b]DWHP ZbVDP\P VHUFX GRPX MHVW QLH ]DPNQLÚFLH DOH RWZDUFLH RWZDUFLH QD ,QQHJR 7R ,QQ\ QDGDMH VHQV GRPRZL EH] JRĂFLQQRĂFL QLH GD VLÚ GRPX ]UR]XPLHÊ 'RP MDNR WZLHUG]D LbVFKURQ ]DSRPLQD RbVZRLFK IXQGDPHQWDFK QD VDP\P SRF]ÈWNX GRP XG]LHOLï JRĂFLQ\ W\P NWöU]\ JR ]DPLHV]NXMÈ *RĂFLQQRĂÊ QLH MHVW GR GRPX GRGDQD QLH MHVW OXNVXVHP LbQDGGDWNLHP ]DPLHV]NLZDQLD DOH VDP\P VHGQHP ]DPLHV]NLZDQLD %\Ê PRĝH ]DWHP JRĂÊ LbJRVSRGDU] QLH UöĝQLÈ VLÚ WDN EDUG]R RG VLHELH" *RVSRGDU] WR QLH W\ONR GDU]ÈF\ JRĂFLQÈ WR WDNĝH WHQ NWöU\ ]RVWDï XJRV]F]RQ\ NWöUHPX GRP GDURZDï JRĂFLQÚ .LHG\Ă SU]\MÈï JR GRP ]LHPLD OXG]LH VÈVLHG]L RNROLFD :ïDĂQLH G]LÚNL ,QQ\P NWöU]\ JR QLH RGU]XFLOL PRĝH F]XÊ VLÚ XbVLHELH PRĝH JRVSRGDU]\Ê Ethos (W\ND E\ïD GOD *UHNöZ QDP\VïHP QDG HWKRVHP (WKRV WR ZbVWDURĝ\WQHM JUHFH RE\F]DM DOH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP PLHMVFH ]DPLHV]NLZDQLD 0LHMVFH JG]LH F]ïRZLHN MHVW XbVLHELH LbPRĝH E\Ê VREÈ *UHFNLH V\VWHP\ HW\F]QH ļ MDN SODWRQL]P F]\ DU\VWRWHOL]P DOH WHĝ HSLNXUHL]P F\QL]P VWRLF\]Pļ WR QDP\Vï ZRNöï S\WDQLD FR MHVW FHOHP F]ïRZLHND" -DN F]ïRZLHN SRZLQLHQ G]LDïDÊ E\ E\Ê VREÈ E\ ]QDOHěÊ VZRMH PLHMVFH" *G]LH LbZbMDNL VSRVöE MHVWHP XbVLHELH" *G]LH MHVW PöM HWKRV LbQD F]\P SROHJD" ,bW\P VHQVLH HW\ND MHVW QDP\VïHP QDG ]DPLHV]NLZDQLHP $bMHĂOL ]DPLHV]NLZDQLH MHVW SRZLÈ]DQH ]bJRĂFLQQRĂFLÈ MHĂOL JRĂFLQQRĂÊ ļ PLHMVFD OXG]L VÈVLHG]WZD LWG ļ MHVW SRGVWDZÈ ]DPLHV]NLZDQLD WR QDP\Vï QDG HWKRVHP DbZLÚF HW\ND MHVW QDP\VïHP QDG JRĂFLQQRĂFLÈ (W\ND MDNR JRijFLQQRijå :\GDMH VLÚ ĝH P\ĂOÈF RbJRĂFLQQRĂFL GRFKRG]LP\ GR IXQGDPHQWDOQHJR QDSLÚFLD HW\F]QHJR 'ODWHJR 'HUULGD SLV]H ZSURVW ĝH JRĂFLQQRĂÊ MHVW HW\NÈ 1LH SLV]H RQ RbHW\FH JRĂFLQQRĂFL JG\ĝ WR R]QDF]DïRE\ ĝH PRĝOLZH VÈ MDNLHĂ LQQH HW\NL DbJRĂFLQQRĂÊ MHVW MHG\QLH MDNLPĂ UHJLRQHP JG]LH SRMDZLDMÈ VLÚ ]DJDGQLHQLD LbS\WDQLD HW\F]QH WDN MDN QDXF]DQLH SUDFD G]LDïDOQRĂÊ JRVSRGDUF]D PHG\F\QD LWG 'OD 'HUULG\ JRĂFLQQRĂÊ F]\OL


SU]\MPRZDQLH ,QQ\FK MHVW VDP\P VHGQHP HW\F]QRĂFL (W\ND MHVW JRĂFLQQRĂFLÈ JRĂFLQQRĂÊ MHVW HW\NÈ 'HUULGD FKFH SRZLHG]LHÊ ĝH ZbNDĝGHM V\WXDFML HW\F]QHM RVWDWHF]QLH GRFLHUDP\ GR VDPHJR VHUFD JRĂFLQQRĂFL 2GSRZLHGě HW\F]QD QD ZH]ZDQLH ,QQHJR RGSRZLHGě QD MHJR SRWU]HE\ SUDJQLHQLD SRPRF SRWU]HEXMÈFHPX WR ZbJUXQFLH U]HF]\ ]DZV]H RWZDUFLH QD ,QQHJR SU]\MÚFLH ,QQHJR NWöUH VDPR ZbVRELH ]DZV]H MHVW JRĂFLQQRĂFLÈ 'UDPDW\F]QRijå HW\NL 7R ZV]\VWNR PD GOD P\ĂOHQLD RbHW\FH ]DVDGQLF]H ]QDF]HQLH 0RJÈ 3DñVWZR F]XÊ VLÚ ]DZLHG]HQL ĝH RELHFXMÈF ZÈWSOLZRĂFL LbS\WDQLD ]ïDPDïHP WH RELHWQLFH LbGRWDUïHP V]\ENR GR RGSRZLHG]L $OH SU]HFLHĝ HW\ND MDNR JRĂFLQQRĂÊ LbP\ĂOHQLH HW\F]QH MDNR QDP\Vï QDG JRĂFLQQRĂFLÈ WR QLH ïDWZH RGSRZLHG]L QD ZV]\VWNLH S\WDQLD 3U]\MPXMÈF JRĂFLQQRĂÊ MDNR QDMJïÚEV]H LPLÚ HW\NL ]JDG]DP\ VLÚ QD PURF]QÈ SDUDGRNVDOQRĂÊ WDNLHJR SXQNWX Z\MĂFLD 7R QDSLÚFLH SRPLÚG]\ JRĂFLHP LbJRVSRGDU]HP WR SUDZR GR RVLHGODQLD VLÚ SRGV]\WH QLHEH]SLHF]HñVWZHP ]JRG\ QD NRORQLDOL]P WR ZUHV]FLH U\]\NR ĝH ,QQ\ RNDĝH VLÚ MHGQDN ZURJLHP LbZ\ZUöFL PöM ĂZLDW GR JöU\ QRJDPL 7R WDNĝH U\]\NR MDN SLV]H 'HUULGD ĝH JRĂFLQQRĂÊ RSDUWD QD PDNV\PDOQHM RWZDUWRĂFL RVWDWHF]QLH QLH MHVW W\P F]HJR JRĂÊ RF]HNXMH E\Ê PRĝH ]DPLDVW SHïQHJR RWZDUFLD Lb]URELHQLD PLHMVFD SU]H] JRVSRGDU]D JRĂÊ SRWU]HEXMH SRF]XFLD EH]SLHF]HñVWZD DbZLÚF UöZQLHĝ LbSDQRZDQLD NWöUH XNU\ZD VLÚ ZbVïRZLH JRVSRGDU] 0\ĂOHQLH RbJRĂFLQQRĂFL QLH MHVW ïDWZH 7R ZÚGURZDQLH SR EH]GURĝDFK LbOLF]Q\FK QLHR]QDNRZDQ\FK VNU]\ĝRZDQLDFK 0\ĂOHQLH RbJRĂFLQQRĂFL WR FKRG]HQLH SR ĂODGDFK (URVD ğOR]RID ]b3ODWRñVNLHM 8F]W\ F]\OL QDUDĝHQLH VLÚ QD EïÈG]HQLH LbEH]GRPQRĂÊ (W\ND MDNR JRĂFLQQRĂÊ QLH MHVW EDOVDPHP QD QDV]H ZÈWSOLZRĂFL -HVW UDF]HM FLÈJï\P ]DSURV]HQLHP GR P\ĂOHQLD ZUÚF] SU]\PXVHP XVWDZLF]QHJR P\ĂOHQLD ZRNöï W\FK QLH]QRĂQ\FK DSRULL 6È RQH QLH]QRĂQH ZbSRGZöMQ\P ]QDF]HQLX 3R SLHUZV]H WUXGQR MH ]QLHĂÊ ZbVHQVLH SU]H]Z\FLÚĝHQLD QLH LVWQLHMH GURJD SR]D WH DSRULH LVWQLHMÈ W\ONR NRQNUHWQH LbNDĝGRUD]RZR SRQDZLDQH RGSRZLHG]L QD NRQNUHWQH S\WDQLD NRQNUHWQHJR ,QQHJR 3R GUXJLH WH DSRULH VÈ QLH]QRĂQH ER QLHïDWZR MH QD FR G]LHñ ]QRVLÊ WDN MDN

WUXGQR ]QRVLÊ FLÈJï\ QLHSRNöM $bVNRUR QLH PRĝQD W\FK DSRULL ]QLHĂÊ WR PRĝH WU]HED VLÚ ]bQLPL ]DSU]\MDěQLÊ MDN SLVDï &H]DU\ :RG]LñVNL" &R ]QDF]\ ZbW\P NRQWHNĂFLH ]DSU]\MDěQLÊ VLÚ" 7R FK\ED ]JRGD QD WR QLHZ\JRGQH LbXZLHUDMÈFH VÈVLDGRZDQLH 7R ]JRGD QD WR ĝH HW\ND MHVW QDV]\P FLÈJï\P PRUDOQ\P LbLQWHOHNWXDOQ\P Z\VLïNLHP DbQLH SURVWÈ LbSR]EDZLRQÈ QDSLÚÊ LQVWUXNFMÈ ĝ\FLD 1LH]QRĂQÈ RNROLF]QRĂFLÈ JRĂFLQQRĂFL MHVW QLHSHZQRĂÊ LbSRZLÈ]DQH ]bQLÈ U\]\NR Ksenos SR JUHFNX WR WDNĝH QLH]UR]XPLDï\ LbQLHVï\FKDQ\ ,QQ\ QLHSRNRL VZRMÈ LQQRĂFLÈ :\WUÈFD QDV ]bSRF]XFLD EH]SLHF]HñVWZD QLH GODWHJR ĝH UREL FRĂ QLHEH]SLHF]QHJR LbMHVW UHDOQ\P ]DJURĝHQLHP OHF] GODWHJR ĝH MHVW ,QQ\ 1LH UR]XPLHP\ ,QQHJR QLH UR]XPLHP\ MHJR MÚ]\ND &R MHV]F]H XMDZQLD GUDPDW\F]QRĂÊ HW\NL MDNR JRĂFLQQRĂFL" 7R ĝH MHVW U\]\NLHP ĝH UHDOL]XMÈF MHGQH ZDUWRĂFL QDUXV]DP\ LQQH ĝH E\Ê PRĝH QLH PD Z\MĂFLD SR]D WHQ GUDPDW\F]Q\ Z\EöU QLH GD VLÚ ZV]\VWNLHJR RFDOLÊ 7DND NRQNOX]MD E\Ê PRĝH QLH MHVW ZHVRïD $OH SU]HVWU]HJD SU]HG ïDWZRĂFLÈ XSURV]F]Hñ 8SURV]F]HQLD ZbHW\FH ïXG]È LOX]MÈ EH]VWUDWQRĂFL &]ÚVWR P\ĂOLP\ ĝH PÈGURĂÊ HW\NL SROHJD QD W\P ĝH SR]ZDOD QDP SU]HMĂÊ SU]H] ĝ\FLH QLF]HJR QLH QLV]F]ÈF ĝH ]bNDĝGHM V\WXDFML MHVW GREUH Z\MĂFLH (W\ND MDNR JRĂFLQQRĂÊ Z\UDVWDMÈFD ]bQLHXVXZDOQ\FK DSRULL EXU]\ WH ]DEH]SLHF]HQLD E\ZD WDN ĝH DE\ FRĂ RFDOLÊ WU]HED FRĂ ]QLV]F]\Ê OXE QDGZHUÚĝ\Ê ,bOHSLHM E\ HW\ND QLH GRVWDUF]DïD WX JïDGNLFK XVSUDZLHGOLZLHñ 5R]PRZD *RĂFLQQRĂÊ MHVW UR]PRZÈ UR]JU\ZD VLÚ SRPLÚG]\ S\WDQLHP JRĂFLD DbRGSRZLHG]LÈ JRVSRGDU]D 3U]\Z\NOLĂP\ GR RGSRZLHG]L ZïDĂQLH RGSRZLHG]L RF]HNXMHP\ RG P\ĂOHQLD 3\WDQLD QLHSRNRMÈ VZRLP VWDQHP ]DZLHV]HQLD ]QDN ]DS\WDQLD QLHMDNR GRPDJD VLÚ E\ JR SU]HNV]WDïFLÊ ZbNURSNÚ =D]Z\F]DM V]XNDP\ RGSRZLHG]L JG\ĝ S\WDQLH SR]RVWDZLD ZbQDV QLH]QRĂQÈ QLHSHZQRĂÊ %\Ê PRĝH MHGQDN OHSLHM MHVW ]DQLP ]DGRZROLP\ VLÚ MDNÈĂ RGSRZLHG]LÈ E\ QDV]H P\ĂOHQLH ]DZLVïR ZbWHM QLHSHZQRĂFL S\WDQLD *G\ĝ FK\ED ZïDĂQLH W\ONR ZbWHQ VSRVöE PRĝQD XVï\V]HÊ REHFQH XběUöGHï NDĝGHM HW\F]QHM V\WXDFML S\WDQLH ,QQHJR -HĂOL HW\ND MHVW JRĂFLQQRĂFLÈ WR PRĝH

SROHJD QLH QD GDZDQLX RGSRZLHG]L DOH MDN VDPD JRĂFLQQRĂÊ ZVïXFKDQLX VLÚ ZbS\WDQLH" 2bFR S\WD PQLH ,QQ\ NWöU\ VWRL QD SURJX" =DSURV]HQLH XSU]HG]D WR S\WDQLH =DQLP ,QQ\ ]DS\WD ]RVWDMH ]DSURV]RQ\ *RVSRGDU] RGSRZLDGD ]DSURV]HQLHP QD QLH]DGDQH S\WDQLH ,QQ\ ļ Ksenos ļ MHVW QLHVï\FKDQ\ ER QLH ]RVWDï Z\VïXFKDQ\ $OH SU]HFLHĝ QLH ]DSUDV]DP\ 2EF\FK 6NRUR ]RVWDï ]DSURV]RQ\ QLH MHVW 2EF\P W\ONR =QDMRP\P 2WZDUFLH NWöUHJR GRĂZLDGF]DP\ ZbJRV]F]HQLX ]DSURV]RQ\FK RWZLHUD VLÚ W\ONR QD WR FR ]UR]XPLDïH LbEH]SLHF]QH 2JUDQLF]DMÈF VLÚ GR JRV]F]HQLD ]DSURV]RQ\FK QLH U\]\NXMHP\ LbQLH GRW\NDP\ QDMJïÚEV]HJR VHQVX JRĂFLQQRĂFL 1LH VïXFKDP\ S\WDñ LbQLH S\WDP\ W\ONR Z\PLHQLDP\ VLÚ RGSRZLHG]LDPL 7H QDV QLH ]DVNDNXMÈ ER SRZWDU]DP\ MH RG ODW *RĂFLQQRĂÊ ]DSURV]RQ\FK MHVW SLÚNQÈ FHOHEUÈ WHJR FR ]QDQH 'ODWHJR WDN MÈ OXELP\ ,QQ\ MHVW QLH]UR]XPLDï\ LbQLHVï\FKDQ\ MHVW S\WDQLHP &]DVHP WR S\WDQLH Z\SRZLHG]LDQH MHVW ZbREF\P MÚ]\NX 1LH UR]XPLHP\ JR QLH GODWHJR ĝH QLH ]QDP\ VïöZ LbJUDPDW\NL DOH SRQLHZDĝ QLH UR]XPLHP\ OXE QLH FKFHP\ ]UR]XPLHÊ VWRMÈFHJR ]D S\WDQLHP GUDPDWX 2bFR S\WD PQLH ,QQ\ NWöU\ VWRL QD SURJX" %\Ê PRĝH QLH FKFH ZHGU]HÊ VLÚ GR QDV]HJR GRPX %\Ê PRĝH FKFH W\ONR VÈVLDGRZDÊ 6ÈVLDGRZDQLH QLH ]DZV]H MHVW NRPIRUWRZH $OH VÈVLDGRZDQLH WHĝ MHVW V]NRïÈ JRĂFLQQRĂFL %\Ê PRĝH ,QQ\ PD GOD QDV ]XSHïQLH LQQH S\WDQLD QLĝ WH NWöUH PX SU]\SLVXMHP\ %\Ê PRĝH QDMOHSV]È GURJÈ E\ MH SR]QDÊ MHVW SU]H]Z\FLÚĝ\Ê SU]HPRĝQÈ FKÚÊ FLÈJïHJR ]QDMGRZDQLD RGSRZLHG]L LbZVïXFKDQLH VLÚ ZbS\WDQLH %\Ê PRĝH QDMZLÚNV]È V]NRïÈ JRĂFLQQRĂFL MHVW XZDĝQH LbZROQH RG RGSRZLHG]L RF]HNLZDQLH QD S\WDQLH

1LQLHMV]\ WHNVW Z\NïDGX QLH ]DZLHUD V]F]HJöïRZ\FK RGQRĂQLNöZ ELEOLRJUDğF]Q\FK -HGQDN RVRERP NWöUH PLDï\E\ RFKRWÚ VLÚJQÈÊ GR WHNVWöZ ěUöGïRZ\FK ]DSHZQH SU]\GD VLÚ LQIRUPDFMD R SRFKRG]HQLX SU]\ZRïDQ\FK LGHL L NRQFHSFML 3RJOÈG\ 3ODWRQD SRFKRG]È ] GLDORJX ķ8F]WDĵ ,PPDQXHOD .DQWD ] NVLÈĝNL ķ'R ZLHF]QHJR SRNRMXĵ +DQQDK $UHQGW ] ķ.RU]HQL WRWDOLWDU\]PXĵ (PPDQXHOD /ÓYLQDVD ] ķ&DïRĂFL L QLHVNRñF]RQRĂFLĵ D -DFTXHVijD 'HUULG\ ] ķ:URJRĂFLQQRĂFLĵ L ķ*RĂFLQQRĂFL QLHVNRñF]RQHMĵ 3ROVNL WHUPLQ ZURJRĂFLQQRĂÊ MHVW G]LHïHP $QDVWD]ML 'ZXOLW D R ]DSU]\MDěQLDQLX VLÚ ] DSRULDPL &H]DU\ :RG]LñVNL SLVDï Z HVHMX ķ2G\V JRĂÊĵ 2SRZLHĂÊ R ]DJXELHQLX QD SXVW\QL (GPRQG -DEÒV ]DSLVDï Z ķ.VLÚG]H *RĂFLQQRĂFLĵ

13


95 lat UEK TI\ +P{Z] ,WUQVIV\I VIVAT ACADEMIA VQMKP ฤตaRM ISILMUQI VIVANT PROFESSORES

VQMKP ฤตaRฤ XZWNM[WZW_QM ยง \MOW ฤตaKba [WJQM KIรฐI VI[bI [XWรฐMKbVWฤฌฤ _ S\{ZMR ]KbaUa [Qฤ ZWb_QRIUa VI[bM \ITMV\a Q LTI S\{ZMR XZIK]RMUa

P

14

LHฤ รฑ *DXGHDPXV LJLWXU 5DGXMP\ VLร ZLร F PRฤ QD XVรฏ\V]Hร SRGF]DV ZLHOX XURF]\VWRฤ FL QD ZV]\VWNLFK XF]HOQLDFK : REHFQ\P NV]WDรฏFLH PD RQD SRQDG ODW 1LHNWรถU]\ EDGDF]H Mร ]\ND GRVWU]HJDMร ]ZLร ]HN WHNVWX *DXGHDPXV LJLWXU ] ZLHUV]HP 6FULEHUH SURSRVXL SRFKRG]ร F\P ] U NWรถUHJR GZD ZHUV\ Vร QLHPDO LGHQW\F]QH ] GZRPD RVWDWQLPL ] *DXGHDPXV LJLWXU

%Uฤ GHU ODฤ W XQV OXVWLJ VHLQ %UDFLD ZHVHOP\ VLร 'R W\FK VรฏรถZ VNRPSRQRZDQR ]QDQร QDP REHFQLH PHORGLร ']LVLHMV]ร ZHUVMร SLHฤ QL Z Mร ]\NX รฏDFLรฑVNLP ]DZG]Lร F]DP\ Zร GURZQHPX SRHFLH VWXGHQWRZL XQLZHUV\WHWX Z +DOOH &KULVWLDQRZL :LOKHOPRZL .LQGOHEHQRZL NWรถU\ Z U ]HWNQร รฏ VLร ] RGELWNร PDQXVNU\SWX K\PQX SRNXWQHJR ] ;,,, Z

0DQXVNU\SW ฤ UHGQLRZLHF]QHJR XWZRUX 6FULEHUH SURSRVXL SU]HFKRZ\ZDQ\ Z %LEOLRWKHTXH 1DWLRQDOH Z 3DU\ฤ X SU]HWรฏXPDF]\O QD Mร ]\N QLHPLHFNL QD SRF]ร WNX ;9,,, Z -RKDQQ &KULVWLDQ *ฤ QWKHU L FDรฏRฤ FL QDGDรฏ W\WXรฏ

-Hฤ OL SU]HDQDOL]XMHP\ FDรฏ\ WHNVW *DXGHDPXV LJLWXU ]DXZDฤ \P\ ฤ H SLHUZV]H ]ZURWNL WUDNWXMร R NUรถWNRฤ FL L PDUQRฤ FL ฤ \FLD DOH MXฤ NROHMQH Vร URG]DMHP Z]QRV]RQ\FK WRDVWรถZ UR]SRF]\QDMร F\FK VLร RG VรฏรถZ ฤดQLHFK ฤ \MH ฤต


*DXGHDPXV LJLWXU LXYHQHV GXP VXPXV 3RVW LXFXQGDP LXYHQWXWHP SRVW PROHVWDP VHQHFWXWHP QRV KDEHELW KXPXV

5DGXMP\ VLร ZLร F GRSรถNLฤ P\ PรฏRG]L 3R SU]\MHPQHM PรฏRGRฤ FL SR XFLร ฤ OLZHM VWDURฤ FL SRVLร G]LH QDV ]LHPLD

9LWD QRVWUD EUHYLV HVW EUHYL ILQLHWXU YHQLW PRUV YHORFLWHU UDSLW QRV DWURFLWHU QHPLQL SDUFH WXU

ยฟ\FLH QDV]H NUรถWNR WUZD V]\ENR VLร VNRรฑF]\ ฤ PLHUร QDGFKRG]L V]\ENR L SRU\ZD QDV RNUXWQLH QLNRPX WR QLH Eร G]LH RV]F]ร G]RQH

9LYDW DFDGHPLD YLYDQW SURIHVVRUHV YLYDW PHPEUXP TXRGOLEHW YLYDQW PHPEUD TXDHOLEHW VHPSHU VLQW LQ IORUH

1LHFK ฤ \MH DNDGHPLD QLHFK ฤ \Mร SURIHVRURZLH QLHFK ฤ \MH NDฤ G\ QLHFK ฤ \Mร ZV]\VF\ ] RVREQD QLHFKDM NZLWQร ]DZV]H

9LYDW HW UHV SXEOLFD HW TXL LOODP UHJLW YLYDW QRVWUD FLYLWDV PDHFHQDWXP FDULWDV TXDH QRV KLF SURWร Jร

1LHFK ฤ \MH L SDรฑVWZR L WHQ NWR QLP U]ร G]L QLHFK ฤ \MH QDV]H PLDVWR PHFHQDVรถZ รฏDVNDZRฤ ร NWรถUD QDV WX FKURQL

9LYDQW RPQHV YLUJLQHV IDFLOHV IRUPRVDH YLYDQW HW PXOLHUHV WHQHUDH DPDELOHV ERQDH ODERULRVDH

1LHFKDM ฤ \Mร ZV]\VWNLH G]LHZF]\Q\ SU]\VWร SQH SLร NQH QLHFKDM ฤ \Mร L Pร ฤ DWNL GHOLNDWQH PLรฏH GREUH SUDFRZLWH

2EHFQLH SRGF]DV XURF]\VWRฤ FL ฤ SLHZD VLร ]ZURWNร SLHUZV]ร LbWU]HFLร ]bSRZ\ฤ V]\FK .Dฤ GHJR URNX QDV] XF]HOQLDQ\ FKรถU Z\NRQXMH SLHฤ รฑ *DXGHDPXV LJLWXU NLOND OXE QDZHW NLONDQDฤ FLH UD]\ ยฅSLHZDP\ Mร SRGF]DV XURF]\VWHM LQDXJXUDFML SRGF]DV ฤ ZLร WD QDV]HJR XQLZHUV\WHWX QDGDQLD GRNWRUDWรถZ KRQRULV FDXVD XURF]\VW\FK SURPRFML DEVROZHQWรถZ F]\ Uรถฤ Q\FK MXELOHXV]\

XPLHMร WQRฤ FL Mร ]\NRZ\FK GED RbSURPRFMร Zb3ROVFH LbSR]D MHM JUDQLFDPL -HVW FKรถUHP UR]SR]QDZDOQ\P QLH W\ONR ZbQDV]HM 2MF]\ฤ QLH DOH UรถZQLHฤ Zb(XURSLH LbSR]D QLร 'R WHM SRU\ FKรถU NRQFHUWRZDรฏ ZbWDNLFK NUDMDFK MDN P LQ &]HFK\ 6รฏRZDFMD /LWZD 5RVMD .D]DFKVWDQ 0DFHGRQLD :LHOND %U\WDQLD ,UODQGLD 1LHPF\ )UDQFMD :รฏRFK\ +LV]SDQLD 0DOWD 7XUFMD %XรฏJDULD

%Rฤ QLD Lb+HUFHJRZLQD &KRUZDDFMD &]DUQRJรถUD 6รฏRZHQLD :bXELHJรฏ\P URNX DNDGHPLFNLP FKรถU RGE\รฏ WU]\ SRGUรถฤ H ]DJUDQLF]QH QD 8NUDLQร GR ,UODQGLL RUD] GR :รฏRFK 8F]HVWQLF]\รฏ ZbF]WHUHFK NRQNXUVDFK FKรถUDOQ\FK QD NWรถU\FK RWU]\PDรฏ QDVWร SXMร FH QDJURG\ โ ข ,bQDJURGD ZbNDWHJRULL FKรถUรถZ PLHV]DQ\FK LbVWDWXHWND =รฏRWHJR $QLRรฏD Zb0Lร G]\QDURGRZ\P .RQNXUVLH 3LHฤ QL $GZHQWRZHM Lb%Rฤ RQDURG]HQLRZHM Zb.UDNRZLH โ ข ,bQDJURGD ZbNDWHJRULL FKรถUรถZ PLHV]DQ\FK SRGF]DV ;;9,,, 2JรถOQRSROVNLHJR .RQNXUVX .ROร G Lb3DVWRUDรฏHN Zb0\ฤ OHQLFDFK โ ข .ZDOLฤ NDFMD GR SUHVWLฤ RZHJR )OHLVFKPDQQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 7URSK\ &RPSHWLWLRQ Zb&RUN Zฤ UรถG QDMOHSV]\FK FKรถUรถZ Lb]DMร FLH PLHMVFD โ ข ,,, QDJURGD ZbNDWHJRULL $b FKรถUรถZ PLHV]DQ\FK SRGF]DV ฤท WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO .UDNRZ &KRLU )HVWLYDO &UDFRYLD &DQWDQVฤต 3RQDGWR FKรถU GDรฏ NLONDQDฤ FLH Uรถฤ QRURGQ\FK NRQFHUWรถZ EUDรฏ XG]LDรฏ ZbGXฤ \FK SURMHNWDFK WDNLFK MDN ฤทยฅSLHZDM ]bQDPL .ROร GRZDQLH ]bNUDNRZVNLPL FKรถUDPLฤต Zb&HQWUXP .RQJUHVRZ\P Zb,&( .RQFHUW\ *DORZH ZbKRรฏG]LH ยฟRรฏQLHU]RP :\NOร W\P ]bRUNLHVWUร V\PIRQLF]Qร Zb)LOKDUPRQLL .UDNRZVNLHM ZVSรถOQH Z\NRQDQLH QD 5\QNX *รฏรถZQ\P Zb.UDNRZLH SLRVHQNL ฤท=DF]QLM RG %DFKDฤต = :RGHFNLHJR &KรถU UรถZQLHฤ VDP ]RUJDQL]RZDรฏ NRQFHUW\ FKDU\WDW\ZQH :LHORNURWQLH

:bQDGFKRG]ร F\P URNX DNDGHPLFNLP ZbNZLHWQLX URNX PLQLH ODW RG SLHUZV]HM SUรถE\ &KรถUX ฤด'RPLQDQWDฤต 8(. NWรถUD RGE\รฏD VLร Zb'6 ฤด)Dฤ Nฤต &]\P E\รฏE\ XQLZHUV\WHW EH] ฤด'RPLQDQW\ฤต" 1D SHZQR PรถJรฏE\ VLร EH] QLHM RE\ร DOH F]\ ZDUWR ฤ HE\ REFKRG]Lรฏ VLร EH] QLHM" ฤด'RPLQDQWDฤต SRPDJD XF]HOQL GEDร RbWUDG\FMร RbV\PEROH Xฤ ZLHWQLD ZLHOH XURF]\VWRฤ FL SR]ZDOD VWXGHQWRP UR]ZLMDร VLร ZRNDOQLH LbRUJDQL]DF\MQLH GDMH PRฤ OLZRฤ ร SR]QDZDQLD ฤ ZLDWD SRGF]DV OLF]Q\FK SRGUรถฤ \ GDMH WHฤ PRฤ OLZRฤ ร SUDNW\NRZDQLD 15


VSRWNDP\ VLร ZV]\VF\ SRGF]DV XURF]\VWRฤ FL MXELOHXV]RZ\FK DE\ ZVSรถOQLH ]Dฤ SLHZDร LbFLHV]\ร VLร ]bWHJR F]HJR XGDรฏR VLร GR WHM SRU\ GRNRQDร :Lร NV]Rฤ ร XF]HOQL SRVLDGD VZรถM FKรถU DOH QDV] MHVW Z\Mร WNRZ\ &KDUDNWHU\]RZDรฏ VLร ]DZV]H Z\VRNLP SR]LRPHP Uรถฤ QRURGQ\P UHSHUWXDUHP FLHNDZ\PL Z\MD]GDPL NRQFHUWDPL RUD] HOHJDQFNLPL VWURMDPL

'RPLQDQWD ]DSHZQLDรฏD RSUDZร PX]\F]Qร Z\GDU]Hรฑ XF]HOQLDQ\FK :bF]HUZFX FKรถU PLDรฏ ]DV]F]\W Z\NRQDร Zb5]\PLH 0V]ร ) GXU NV - 0 . 3RQLDWRZVNLHJR SRGF]DV NRQFHUWX ]bRND]ML URF]QLF\ QDZLร ]DQLD VWRVXQNรถZ G\SORPDW\F]Q\FK ]H 6WROLFร $SRVWROVNร RUD] Zb7DUQRZLH 0V]ร ']Lร NF]\QQร 3 0X]\NL QD NRQFHUFLH SOHQHURZ\P ]bRND]ML URF]QLF\ VSURZDG]HQLD SURFKรถZ JHQHUDรฏD -รถ]HID %HPD GR 7DUQRZD &LHNDZ\P NRQFHUWHP GOD 'RPLQDQW\ E\รฏR Z\NRQDQLH ZbPDMX Zb%D]\OLFH DUFKLNDWHGUDOQHM Zbย RG]L

16

1LHV]SRUรถZ /XGฤ PLHUVNLFK - . 3DZOXฤ NLHZLF]D SRG G\UHNFMร SURI 6W .UDZF]\รฑVNLHJR 'RFKรถG ] WHJR NRQFHUWX E\รฏ SU]H]QDF]RQ\ QD RGEXGRZร NDWHGU\ 1RWUH 'DPH Zb3DU\ฤ X :bQDMEOLฤ V]\P F]DVLH XNDฤ H VLร NVLร ฤ ND ฤด0RMH ฤ \FLH ]b'RPLQDQWร ฤต =bSHZQRฤ FLร NDฤ G\ Eร G]LH PรถJรฏ SU]HF]\WDร OLF]QH ZVSRPQLHQLD E\รฏ\FK FKรถU]\VWรถZ GRZLHG]LHร VLร F]\P GOD QLFK E\รฏ WHQ FKรถU LbF]\ ZDUWR VSUรถERZDร SU]Hฤ \ร WDNร SU]\JRGร SRGF]DV VZRMHJR SRE\WX QD VWXGLDFK 0DP\ QDG]LHMร ฤ H SRG NRQLHF PDMD URNX

=DFKร FDP\ GR MDN QDMZF]Hฤ QLHMV]HJR GRรฏร F]HQLD GR QDV DE\ RG SRF]ร WNX VSUรถERZDร VZRLFK VLรฏ SRGF]DV OLF]Q\FK Z\GDU]Hรฑ 3UรถE\ RERZLร ]NRZH RGE\ZDMร VLร ZH ZWRUNL LbF]ZDUWNL ZbJRG]LQDFK :V]\VWNLFK NWรถU\P GREU]H SรถMG]LH SRGF]DV SU]HVรฏXFKDรฑ ]DSUDV]DP\ QD REรถ] V]NROHQLRZ\ NWรถU\ RGEร G]LH VLร ZbGQLDFK ZbMHGQHM ]bHXURSHMVNLFK VWROLF -Xฤ ZbOLVWRSDG]LH QDMOHSVL QRZL F]รฏRQNRZLH Eร Gร PLHOL V]DQVร QD Z\VWร S SRGF]DV PLร G]\QDURGRZHJR NRQNXUVX Lb]GRE\FLH G]Lร NL WHPX FHQQ\FK SXQNWรถZ GR VW\SHQGLXP 1D SHZQR ]bQDPL QLH ]DEUDNQLH FLHNDZ\FK Z\VWร SรถZ LbGXฤ \FK SURMHNWรถZ

=DSUDV]DP\


wydarzenia

0LQLVWHU -DURVฤ DZ *RZLQ RUD] UHNWRU]\

LMJI\W_ITQ VI =-3 ] _ZbMฤฌVQI JZ WLJaรฐI [Qฤ VI =-3 ] ยง b QVQKRI\a_a XZWN =-3 LZ PIJ ;\IVQ[รฐI_I 5Ib]ZI ,bQMSIVI ?aLbQIรฐ] /W[XWLIZSQ Q )LUQVQ[\ZIKRQ 8]JTQKbVMR ยง SWVNMZMVKRI XWฤฌ_Qฤ KWVI XZWJTMUI\aKM LW[\W[W_IVQI ]KbMTVQ MSWVWUQKbVaKP LW bUQIV _ [a[\MUQM VI]SQ Q [bSWTVQK\_I _ 8WT[KM *ฤ RV Z G\VNXVML ]DEUDOL P LQ 0LQLVWHU 1DXNL L 6]NROQLFWZD :\ล V]HJR GU -DURVฤ DZ *RZLQ UHNWRU]\ XF]HOQL HNRQRPLF]Q\FK RUD] SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH ฤณURGRZLVND QDXNRZHJR

W

UD] ]bSRF]ร WNLHP QRZHJR URNX DNDGHPLFNLHJR GRELHJD NRรฑFD SURMHNW ยฅFLHฤ NL GRVWRVRZDQLD XF]HOQL HNRQRPLF]Q\FK GR ]PLDQ ZbV\VWHPLH QDXNL LbV]NROQLFWZD Z\ฤ szego ฤ QDQVRZDQ\ ZbUDPDFK SURJUDPX 0LQLVWUD 1DXNL Lb6]NROQLFWZD :\ฤ V]HJR SQ ',$/2* =bWHJR

Z]JOร GX ZU]Hฤ QLD U QD 8QLZHUV\WHFLH (NRQRPLF]Q\P Zb.UDNRZLH SU]HGVWDZLRQR QDMZDฤ QLHMV]H ZQLRVNL Sรฏ\Qร FH ]bSUDF UHDOL]RZDQ\FK SU]H] QDV]ร XF]HOQLร ZbSDUWQHUVWZLH ]H 6]NRรฏร *รฏรถZQร +DQGORZร Zb:DUV]DZLH 8QLZHUV\WHWHP (NRQRPLF]Q\P Zb.DWRZLFDFK 8QLZHUV\WHWHP (NRQRPLF]Q\P

Zb3R]QDQLX RUD] 8QLZHUV\WHWHP (NRQRPLF]Q\P ZH :URFรฏDZLX

8F]HVWQLF\ NRQIHUHQFML Z\VรฏXFKDOL Z\VWร SLHQLD 0LQLVWUD

.RQIHUHQFMร RWZRU]\รฏ XURF]\ฤ FLH 5HNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH SURI 8(. GU KDE LQฤ $QGU]HM &KRFKรถรฏ ]ZUDFDMร F XZDJร MDN ZDฤ QH Z\]ZDQLD VWRMร REHFQLH SU]HG XF]HOQLDPL HNRQRPLF]Q\PL 17


wydarzenia :\VWÈSLHQLH GUD -DURVïDZD *RZLQD 0LQLVWUD 1DXNL L 6]NROQLFWZD :\ĝV]HJR

.RQIHUHQFMD VSRWNDïD VLÚ ] GXĝ\P ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHP ĂURGRZLVND DNDGHPLFNLHJR

18

Zb3ROVFH LbG]LÚNXMÈF ]D OLF]QH SU]\E\FLH WDN ]QDPLHQLW\FK JRĂFL 3RGNUHĂOLï UöZQLHĝ ĝH Z\SUDFRZDQH ZbSURMHNFLH UR]ZLÈ]DQLD VWDQRZLÈ V]HURNL NDWDORJ ]bNWöUHJR XF]HOQLH HNRQRPLF]QH PRJÈ Z\ELHUDÊ WH QDMOHSLHM GRVWRVRZDQH GR LFK SRWU]HE 1DVWÚSQLH SURI 8(. GU KDE 6WDQLVïDZ 0D]XU SRP\VïRGDZFD RUD] NLHURZQLN ZVSRPQLDQHJR SURMHNWX SU]HGVWDZLï ]DïRĝHQLD SURMHNWX LbSU]HELHJ SUDF NWöUH SR]ZROLï\ QD ZGURĝHQLH GREU\FK SUDNW\N ZbSLÚFLX QDMZDĝQLHMV]\FK REV]DUDFK IXQNFMRQRZDQLD XF]HOQL F]\OL GRVNRQDïRĂFL QDXNRZHM G]LDïDOQRĂFL G\GDNW\F]QHM ZVSöïSUDF\ ]bRWRF]HQLHP VSRïHF]QR JRVSRGDUF]\P V\VWHPLH ğQDQVRZDQLD QDXNL RUD] XVWURMX V]Nöï Z\ĝV]\FK 3U]HG SU]\VWÈSLHQLHP GR G\VNXVML SDQHORZ\FK VZRMH Z\VWÈSLHQLH Z\JïRVLï 0LQLVWHU 1DXNL Lb6]NROQLFWZD :\ĝV]HJR GU -DURVïDZ *RZLQ NWöU\ REMÈï SDWURQDWHP WR Z\GDU]HQLH 0LQLVWHU RGQLöVï VLÚ GR SU]HVïDQHN SU]\MÚFLD .RQVW\WXFML GOD 1DXNL ZVND]XMÈF P LQ QD NRQLHF]QRĂÊ RGHMĂFLD RG PDVRZHJR NV]WDïFHQLD VWXGHQWöZ NWöUH SU]HïRĝ\ïR VLÚ QD RVïDELHQLH G]LDïDOQRĂFL QDXNRZR EDGDZF]HM QD XF]HOQLDFK HNRQRPLF]Q\FK =D]QDF]\ï ĝH ZVSöOQD

(XURSHDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ IRU 3XEOLF $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ $FFUHGLWDWLRQ

UHDOL]DFMD SURMHNWX SU]H] SXEOLF]QH XF]HOQLH HNRQRPLF]QH SU]\F]\QLïD VLÚ GR HIHNW\ZQLHMV]HJR Z\NRU]\VWDQLD XVWDZRZ\FK UR]ZLÈ]Dñ VSU]\MDMÈF\FK UR]ZRMRZL -HGQRF]HĂQLH 0LQLVWHUVWZR ]DPLHU]D SU]H] NROHMQH ODWD PRQLWRURZDÊ UH]XOWDW\ SU]\MÚFLD .RQVW\WXFML GOD 1DXNL LbZbUD]LH NRQLHF]QRĂFL ZSURZDG]DÊ RGSRZLHGQLH PRG\ğNDFMH 0LQLVWHU SRGNUHĂOLï UöZQLHĝ SRWU]HEÚ LQWHUQDFMRQDOL]DFML JUDWXOXMÈF SU]\ W\P X]\VNDQLD SU]H] NLHUXQHN *RVSRGDUND Lb$GPLQLVWUDFMD 3XEOLF]QD SLHUZV]HM Zb3ROVFH SUHVWLĝRZHM PLÚG]\QDURGRZHM DNUHG\WDFML

3RGF]DV G\VNXVML SDQHORZHM SW 3U]\V]ïRĂÊ XF]HOQL HNRQRPLF]Q\FK Zb3ROVFH SRSURZDG]RQHM SU]H] SURI 8(. GUD KDE 6WDQLVïDZD 0D]XUD JïRV ]DEUDOL UHNWRU]\ XF]HOQL HNRQRPLF]Q\FK SURI 8(. GU KDE LQĝ $QGU]HM &KRFKöï 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Zb.UDNRZLH SURI GU KDE $QGU]HM .DOHWD 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ ZH :URFïDZLX SURI 6*+ GU KDE 0DUHN 5RFNL 6]NRïD *ïöZQD +DQGORZD SURI 8( GU KDE 5REHUW 7RPDQHN 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Zb.DWRZLFDFK RUD] SURI GU KDE 0DFLHM ¿XNRZVNL 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Zb3R]QDQLX 3RGF]DV UR]PRZ\ SDQHOLĂFL RGSRZLDGDOL P LQ QD S\WDQLD GRW\F]ÈFH VSHF\ğNL XF]HOQL HNRQRPLF]Q\FK LFK QDMZDĝQLHMV]\FK PRFQ\FK VWURQ LbVïDERĂFL F]\ GRVWRVRZ\ZDQLD VLÚ GR ]PLDQ ]DFKRG]ÈF\FK ZbRWRF]HQLX VSRïHF]QR HNRQRPLF]Q\P .ROHMQ\ SXQNW SURJUDPX VWDQRZLï\ VHVMH UöZQROHJïH GHG\NRZDQH ZGURĝHQLRP ZbSRV]F]HJöOQ\FK REV]DUDFK IXQNFMRQRZDQLD XF]HOQL %\ï\ RQH SURZDG]RQH SU]H] RVRE\ ]DDQJDĝRZDQH ZbLFK LPSOHPHQWDFMÚ


wydarzenia QD PDFLHU]\VW\FK XF]HOQLDFK SURI 8(. GUD KDE 0DUFLQD =DZLFNLHJR EDGDQLD QDXNRZH LbZVSöïSUDFD ]bRWRF]HQLHP GU $JQLHV]NÚ %HP LbGU 0DJGDOHQÚ -HORQHN G\GDNW\ND RUD] SURI 8( $UWXUD :DODVLND LbSURI 6*+ 3LRWUD :DFKRZLDND ğQDQVH RUD] XVWUöM =H Z]JOÚGX QD LQWHUDNW\ZQ\ FKDUDNWHU VHVML GR GLDORJX PRJOL ZïÈF]\Ê VLÚ ZV]\VF\ XF]HVWQLF\ NRQIHUHQFML DbSR LFK ]DNRñF]HQLX PRGHUDWRU]\ SU]HGVWDZLOL SRGF]DV VHVML SRGVXPRZXMÈFHM QDMZDĝQLHMV]H ZQLRVNL Sï\QÈFH ]bG\VNXVML :bUDPDFK RVWDWQLHM VHVML SDQHORZHM ]DW\WXïRZDQHM 5ROD XF]HOQL HNRQRPLF]Q\FK ZbVW\PXORZDQLX UR]ZRMX 3ROVNL GU 0LFKDï 0RĝGĝHñ ]DGDï V]HUHJ WUXGQ\FK S\WDñ Z\ELWQ\P SU]HGVWDZLFLHORP SROVNLHM HNRQRPLL SURI GU KDE %RJXVïDZRZL )LHGRURZL 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ ZH :URFïDZLX SURI GU KDE -XOLXV]RZL

*DUGDZVNLHPX 6]NRïD *ïöZQD +DQGORZD RUD] SURI GU KDE -HU]HPX +DXVQHURZL 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Zb.UDNRZLH 'RW\F]\ï\ RQH LGHL ]bNWöU\PL VLÚ XWRĝVDPLDMÈ GRURENX SROVNLFK QDXN HNRQRPLF]Q\FK LbGRPLQXMÈF\FK ZbQLP SRGHMĂÊ RUD] Z\]ZDñ VWRMÈF\FK SU]HG G\VF\SOLQÈ ZbQDMEOLĝV]\FK GHNDGDFK 1LH SRPLQLÚWR WDNĝH RFHQ\ HZROXFML HNRV\VWHPX ZVSDUFLD UHDOL]DFML EDGDñ QDXNRZ\FK LbMHM ZSï\ZX QD HNRQRPLÚ 3RGF]DV NRQIHUHQFML ]DSUH]HQWRZDQR LbXGRVWÚSQLRQR MHM XF]HVWQLNRP PRQRJUDğÚ QDXNRZÈ SU]\JRWRZDQÈ SU]H] HNVSHUWöZ ]DDQJDĝRZDQ\FK ZbUHDOL]DFMÚ SURMHNWX 3XEOLNDFMD ]DW\WXïRZDQD .LHUXQNL UHIRUPRZDQLD XF]HOQL HNRQRPLF]Q\FK Zb3ROVFH .RQVW\WXFMD GOD QDXNL LbZ\QLNDMÈFH ]bQLHM ]PLDQ\ ļ RSUDFRZDQD SRG UHGDNFMÈ QDXNRZÈ GU 0DJGDOHQ\ -HORQHN ļ RPDZLD WDNLH NZHVWLH MDN

UHIRUP\ V\VWHPöZ QDXNL LbV]NROQLFWZD Z\ĝV]HJR ZbXMÚFLX PLÚG]\QDURGRZ\P SURZDG]HQLH EDGDñ LbNV]WDïFHQLH QD SXEOLF]Q\FK XF]HOQLDFK HNRQRPLF]Q\FK ZbĂZLHWOH WUHQGöZ PLÚG]\QDURGRZ\FK WU]HFLD PLVMD XQLZHUV\WHWX NRQVHNZHQFMH UHIRUP\ GOD VWDELOQRĂFL ğQDQVRZHM RUD] RUJDQL]DF\MQHM XF]HOQL =DSUDV]DP\ ZV]\VWNLFK ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK GR ]DSR]QDQLD VLÚ ]bWÈ SR]\FMÈ ļ MHVW RQD GRVWÚSQD EH]SïDWQLH SRG DGUHVHP ZZZ VFLH]NLHNRQRPLL SO GR SREUDQLD

']LHNDQ :\G]LDïX *$3 SURI 8(. GU KDE 6WDQLVïDZ 0D]XU SRSURZDG]Lï SDQHO ] XG]LDïHP 5HNWRUöZ SROVNLFK XF]HOQL HNRQRPLF]Q\FK

:LÚFHM LQIRUPDFML QD WHPDW SURMHNWX PDWHULDï\ ZbZHUVML HOHNWURQLF]QHM RUD] UHODFMÚ ]bNRQIHUHQFML PRĝQD ]QDOHěÊ QD VWURQLH LQWHUQHWRZHM ZZZ VFLH]NLHNRQRPLL SO PJU Marek Oramus 0DïRSROVND 6]NRïD $GPLQLVWUDFML 3XEOLF]QHM 8(.

19


wydarzenia

3RGZร MQ\ MXELOHXV] _ 3I\MLZbM 6I]S 8WTQ\aKbVaKP ? LVQIKP KbMZ_KI JZ _ UITW_VQKbaU +PWKPWรฐW_aU ,_WZbM _ 2MZbUIVW_QKIKP WLJaรฐI [Qฤ 5Qฤ LbaVIZWLW_I 3WVNMZMVKRI 6I]SW_I X\ e'\OHPDW\ UR]ZRMX V\VWHPร Z SROLW\F]Q\FK (XURS\ L $]ML 3ROLW\ND t *RVSRGDUND t 6SRฤ HF]HฤกVWZR t (GXNDFMDr

K

RQIHUHQFMD ]RUJDQL]RZDQD ]RVWDรฏD Zb]ZLร ]NX ]bMXELOHXV]HP OHFLD .DWHGU\ 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK RUD] OHFLD SUDF\ QDXNRZR G\GDNW\F]QHM MHM NLHURZQLND ฤผ SURI GU KDE -HU]HJR .RUQDVLD :VSรถรฏRUJDQL]DWRUHP WHJR Z\GDU]HQLD E\รฏR 6WRZDU]\V]HQLH 6WXGHQWรถZ Lb$EVROZHQWรถZ

20

:\G]LDรฏRZHM ,QG\ZLGXDOQHM ยฅFLHฤ NL (GXNDF\MQHM ฤท:,6(ฤต 3DWURQDW QDG .RQIHUHQFMร REMร รฏ -HJR 0DJQLILFHQFMD SURI 8(. GU KDE LQฤ $QGU]HM &KRFKรถรฏ ฤผ 5HNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH DbZbVNรฏDG .RPLWHWX +RQRURZHJR ZHV]OL P LQ SURI GU KDE -DFHN 0DMFKURZVNL ฤผ 3UH]\GHQW 0LDVWD .UDNRZD SURI

GU KDE .U]\V]WRI )LUOHM ฤผ ']LHNDQ :\G]LDรฏX (NRQRPLL Lb6WRVXQNรถZ 0Lร G]\QDURGRZ\FK 8(. SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] :DOODV ฤผ 3U]HZRGQLF]ร F\ .RPLWHWX 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK 3$1 RUD] SURI GU KDE $UNDGLXV] ยฟXNRZVNL ฤผ 3UH]HV 3ROVNLHJR 7RZDU]\VWZD 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK 3UDFDPL .RPLWHWX 2UJDQL]DF\MQHJR .RQIHUHQFML


.RQIHUHQFMD RGE\รฏD VLร GRNรฏDGQLH Zb URF]QLFร Vรฏ\QQ\FK SROVNLFK ฤทZ\ERUรถZ F]HUZFRZ\FKฤต ZLHรฑF]ร F\FK SLHUZV]ร ID]ร SU]HPLDQ SROLW\F]Q\FK Eร Gร F\FK VNXWNLHP SRUR]XPLHรฑ RNUร JรฏRVWRรฏRZ\FK FR ZbV]HUV]\P JOREDOQ\P NRQWHNฤ FLH R]QDF]DรฏR RGHMฤ FLH RG ]LPQRZRMHQQHM GZXELHJXQRZRฤ FL ZbNLHUXQNX ]XSHรฏQLH QRZHM U]HF]\ZLVWRฤ FL SROLW\F]QHM LbJRVSRGDUF]HM :b]ZLร ]NX ]bW\P JรฏรถZQ\P FHOHP QDXNRZ\P .RQIHUHQFML E\รฏR SU]HSURZDG]HQLH SRJรฏร ELRQHM SROLWRORJLF]QHM DQDOL]\ RVWDWQLFK WU]HFK GHNDG DbWDNฤ H UHIOHNVML QDG DNWXDOQ\PL WHQGHQFMDPL UR]ZRMX V\VWHPรถZ SROLW\F]Q\FK Zb(XURSLH Lb$]ML ]H V]F]HJรถOQ\P XZ]JOร GQLHQLHP SU]HQLNDQLD VLร ]DJDGQLHรฑ SROLW\F]Q\FK JRVSRGDUF]\FK LbVSRรฏHF]Q\FK 2UJDQL]DWRU]\ .RQIHUHQFML ]D MHM FHO QDXNRZ\ SU]\Mร OL UรถZQLHฤ ZVND]DQLH UROL Lb]DGDรฑ ZLHG]\ RbV\VWHPDFK SROLW\F]Q\FK (XURS\ Lb$]ML GOD HGXNDFML XQLZHUV\WHFNLHM L NV]WDรฏFHQLD GOD SRWU]HE JRVSRGDUNL 8F]HVWQLNรถZ LbJRฤ FL NRQIHUHQFML SRZLWDรฏ SURI GU KDE -HU]\ .RUQDฤ ฤผ .LHURZQLN .DWHGU\ 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK 8(. Lb3U]HZRGQLF]ร F\ 5DG\ 1DXNRZHM .RQIHUHQFML XURF]\VWHJR ]Dฤ RWZDUFLD NRQIHUHQFML GRNRQDรฏ 3URUHNWRU GV 2UJDQL]DFML Lb5R]ZRMX ฤผ SURI GU KDE -DQXV] &]HNDM 2EUDG\ NRQIHUHQFML REILWRZDรฏ\ ZbQLH]PLHUQLH FLHNDZH Z\VWร SLHQLD GRW\F]ร FH Uรถฤ Q\FK DVSHNWรถZ UR]ZRMX V\VWHPรถZ SROLW\F]Q\FK (XURS\ Lb$]ML ฤผ ]DUรถZQR ZbXMร FLX SROLW\F]Q\P JRVSRGDUF]\P MDN LbVSRรฏHF]Q\P 3R ]DNRรฑF]HQLX F]ร ฤ FL SOHQDUQHM RGE\รฏR VLร V]Hฤ ร SDQHOL WHPDW\F]Q\FK SRฤ ZLร FRQ\FK WDNLP ]DJDGQLHQLRP MDN HGXNDFMD SROLWRORJLF]QD SUREOHP\ IXQNFMRQRZDQLD HXURSHMVNLFK V\VWHPรถZ SROLW\F]Q\FK HXURD]MDW\FNLH V\VWHP\ SROLW\F]QH NU\]\V GHPRNUDFML HNRQRPLD LbSROLW\ND RUD] REOLF]D ZVSรถรฏF]HVQHJR SRSXOL]PX SROLW\F]QHJR 3RGF]DV NRQIHUHQFML SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH QDMZLร NV]\FK SROVNLFK Rฤ URGNรถZ

QDXNRZ\FK Z\JรฏRVLOL SRQDG UHIHUDWรถZ QDXNRZ\FK :ฤ UรถG XF]HVWQLNรถZ W\FK PRฤ QD Z\PLHQLร FKRร E\ SURI GU KDE $QGU]HMD $QWRV]HZVNLHJR 8QLZHUV\WHW :URFรฏDZVNL SURI GU KDE (Zร %XMZLG .XUHN 8QLZHUV\WHW -DJLHOORรฑVNL SURI GU KDE =ELJQLHZD %ORND 8QLZHUV\WHW LP $GDPD 0LFNLHZLF]D SURI GU KDE -HU]HJR -DVNLHUQLร 8QLZHUV\WHW -DQD .RFKDQRZVNLHJR Zb.LHOFDFK RUD] SURI 6*+ GU KDE .U]\V]WRID .R]รฏRZVNLHJR 6]NRรฏD *รฏรถZQD +DQGORZD Zb:DUV]DZLH :bNRQIHUHQFML Z]Lร รฏD XG]LDรฏ WDNฤ H JUXSD EDGDF]\ ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK 3URIHVRU /LXERY 6KLVKHOLQD ]b,QVW\WXWX (XURS\ 5RV\MVNLHM $NDGHPLL 1DXN Z\JรฏRVLรฏD UHIHUDW ZbVHVML SOHQDUQHM 3URIHVRU 6KLVKHOLQD SRG]Lร NRZDรฏD SURIHVRURZL .RUQDVLRZL ]D EOLVNR ODW ZVSรถรฏSUDF\ LbZVSรถOQH SURMHNW\ QDXNRZH NWรถUH ]DRZRFRZDรฏ\ P LQ SXEOLNDFMDPL LQGHNVRZDQ\PL QD OLฤ FLH 6FRSXV .ROHMQ\P ]bJRฤ FL ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK E\รฏ SURI .DUHO 0XOOHU ]b.DWHGU\ 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb3UDG]H :bVZ\P UHIHUDFLH ZVND]\ZDรฏ QD NRQLHF]QRฤ ร XWU]\P\ZDQLD LbUR]ZRMX SROLWRORJLL ZbWDNLFK REV]DUDFK MDN VDPRU]ร GQRฤ ร SURFHV\ LQWHJUDFML HXURSHMVNLHM Z\]ZDQLD WRฤ VDPRฤ FLRZH ฤ ZLDGRPRฤ ร SROLW\F]QD =ZUรถFLรฏ WHฤ XZDJร ฤ H SRWU]HED XQLZHUV\WHFNLHM G\GDNW\NL SROLWRORJLF]QHM MHVW W\P LVWRWQLHMV]D ZREHF NU\]\VX GHPRNUDFML OLEHUDOQHM Zbฤ ZLHFLH LbZ]URVWX SRSXOL]PX :bNRQIHUHQFML Z]Lร รฏD WDNฤ H XG]LDรฏ SURI 7DWLDQD 7VHQLXV]NLQD ]b.U\PVNLHJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX )HGHUDOQHJR NWรถUD Z\JรฏRVLรฏD UHIHUDW QD WHPDW SUREOHPDW\NL WRฤ VDPRฤ FL ZbSU]HVWU]HQL HXUD]MDW\FNLHM :bSDQHOX SRฤ ZLร FRQ\P ]DJDGQLHQLRP GHPRNUDFML Z]Lร รฏ XG]LDรฏ SURIHVRU $QGULHM %DUDQRZ ]bRGOHJรฏHJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX 3DรฑVWZRZHJR Zb.XEDQLX NWรถU\ VNXSLรฏ VLร QD NU\]\VLH V\VWHPX SROLW\F]QHJR NUDMรถZ (XURS\ 3RรฏXGQLRZHM 3R XURF]\VWHM NRODFML RGE\รฏ\ VLร REFKRG\ -XELOHXV]X OHFLD SUDF\ QDXNRZR G\GDNW\F]QHM SURI GU KDE -HU]HJR .RUQDVLD :bXURF]\VWRฤ FLDFK W\FK Z]Lร รฏ

XG]LDรฏ -0 5HNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH ฤผ SURI 8(. GU KDE LQฤ $QGU]HM &KRFKรถรฏ RUD] .ZHVWRU 8(. ฤผ PJU -รถ]HI $QGU]HM /DVNRZVNL /DXGDFMร GOD -XELODWD Z\JรฏRVLรฏ SURI 8(. GU KDE 5REHUW -DNLPRZLF] DbXURF]\VWHJR ZUร F]HQLD .VLร JL -XELOHXV]RZHM 3ROLW\ND LbJRVSRGDUND 7HRULD LbSUDNW\ND :\GDZQLFWZR 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH .UDNรถZ GRNRQDรฏD MHM UHGDNWRU QDXNRZD ฤผ SURI 8(. GU KDE -RDQQD ']ZRรฑF]\N

wydarzenia

NLHURZDรฏ GU ย XNDV] 'DQHO ]b.DWHGU\ 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK 8(.

'OD XF]HVWQLNรถZ NRQIHUHQFML SU]\JRWRZDQR WDNฤ H GRGDWNRZH DWUDNFMH ฤผ SR NRODFML Z\VรฏXFKDOL PRQRGUDPX ฤท0RQRORJ RSRUWXQLVW\ฤต ZbZ\NRQDQLX *U]HJRU]D 1DZURFNLHJR ]Dฤ ]bGUXJLP GQLX NRQIHUHQFML Z]Lร OL XG]LDรฏ ZbZ\FLHF]FH GR 2MFRZVNLHJR 3DUNX 1DURGRZHJR .RQIHUHQFMD QLH PRJรฏDE\ VLร RGE\ร EH] ZVSDUFLD QDV]\FK SDUWQHUรถZ LbVSRQVRUรถZ 2UJDQL]DWRU]\ VNรฏDGDMร VHUGHF]QH SRG]Lร NRZDQLD QDVWร SXMร F\P RVRERP LbSRGPLRWRP 7DGHXV] :U]Hฤ QLDN +XWD 6]NรฏD *RVSRGDUF]HJR :5=(ยฅ1,$. */$66:25.6 -DFHN 5\V]DZD &(17580 320,$52:2 86ย 8*2:( /HV]HN 5XFKZD ',9(56,7< 6S ]bR R $GDP /LFKRURELHF 6$0621 6S ]bR R :DOGHPDU 6]\PF]\N =DNรฏDG 7UDQVSRUWRZR 6SU]ร WRZR %XGRZODQ\ 6=<0%8' 6รฏDZRPLU %DUDQ 6ย $:32/ 6S ]bR R .U]\V]WRI 0URZFD 72:$5=<67:2 :,('=< 32:6=(&+1(- RUD] *UDฤ \QD &LHSรฏ\ *XPXรฏD %$1. 63ย ย '=,(/&=< Zb%U]Hฤ QLF\ :bSU]\JRWRZDQLH LbSU]HSURZDG]HQLH NRQIHUHQFML ]DDQJDฤ RZDQL E\OL WDNฤ H VWXGHQFL 8(. UHSUH]HQWXMร F\ 6WRZDU]\V]HQLH 6WXGHQWรถZ Lb$EVROZHQWรถZ :\G]LDรฏRZHM ,QG\ZLGXDOQHM ยฅFLHฤ NL (GXNDF\MQHM ฤท:,6(ฤต RUD] .RรฏR 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK ฤฒ+RPR 3ROLWLFXVฤณ ,P UรถZQLHฤ QDOHฤ ร VLร V]F]HJรถOQH SRG]Lร NRZDQLD

GU ฤ XNDV] 'DQHO GU 5DIDO /LVLDNLHZLF] .DWHGUD 1DXN 3ROLW\F]Q\FK

21


wydarzenia

:LHG]D t *RVSRGDUND t 6SRฤ HF]HฤกVWZR : GQLDFK PDMD URNX Z QDV]HM 8F]HOQL RGE\ฤ D VLรท MXล NROHMQD @1 5Qฤ LbaVIZWLW_I 3WVNMZMVKRI 6I]SW_I ?aLbQIรฐ] BIZbฤ LbIVQI =-3

WJZIL]Rฤ KI RIS KW ZWS] XWL PI[รฐMU XZbM_WLVQU ยถ?QMLbI ยง /W[XWLIZSI ยง ;XWรฐMKbMฤก[\_Wยช

T

HPDW\ND NRQIHUHQFML E\รฏD VNXSLRQD QD QDMLVWRWQLHMV]\FK SUREOHPDFK ZVSรถรฏF]HVQHJR ฤ \FLD JRVSRGDUF]HJR LbVSRรฏHF]QHJR ]H V]F]HJรถOQ\P XZ]JOร GQLHQLHP NRQFHSFML PHWRG LbQDU]ร G]L ]DU]ร G]DQLD :bWUDNFLH NRQIHUHQFML SU]HGVWDZLRQR Z\QLNL NRQIURQWDFML WHRUHW\F]Q\FK DVSHNWรถZ ZVSรถรฏF]HVQ\FK WUHQGรถZ ]DU]ร G]DQLD ]bHIHNWDPL LFK ZGURฤ Hรฑ ZbUรถฤ QRURGQ\FK URG]DMDFK RUJDQL]DFML 3RQDGWR NRQIHUHQFMD ]bXZDJL QD VZรถM PLร G]\QDURGRZ\ LbSUDJPDW\F]Q\ FKDUDNWHU ]DSHZQLรฏD PRฤ OLZRฤ ร VNRQIURQWRZDQLD GRฤ ZLDGF]Hรฑ SROVNLFK ]bGRฤ ZLDGF]HQLDPL SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL LQQ\FK NUDMรถZ

22

ZbREV]DU]H QDXNL RUD] SUDNW\NL JRVSRGDUF]HM :bGQLDFK PDMD URNX 8F]HOQLD QDV]D SR UD] NROHMQ\ JRฤ FLรฏD XF]HVWQLNรถZ MXฤ ;, 0Lร G]\QDURGRZHM .RQIHUHQFML 1DXNRZHM :\G]LDรฏX =DU]ร G]DQLD 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH REUDGXMร FHM MDN FR URNX SRG KDVรฏHP SU]HZRGQLP ฤท:LHG]D ฤผ *RVSRGDUND ฤผ 6SRรฏHF]HรฑVWZRฤต :VSรถรฏF]HVQD JRVSRGDUND FKDUDNWHU\]XMH VLร ]QDF]ร Fร ]PLDQร SULRU\WHWรถZ LbVSRVREรถZ IXQNFMRQRZDQLD ยฝUรถGHรฏ HZROXRZDQLD Lb]PLDQ\ ]DFKRZDรฑ ZVSรถรฏF]HVQ\FK SDรฑVWZ VSRรฏHF]HรฑVWZ JRVSRGDUHN

RUD] SRGPLRWรถZ ZbQLFK IXQNFMRQXMร F\FK QDOHฤ \ VLร GRV]XNLZDร ZbFRUD] PQLHM SU]HMU]\VW\P DOH G\QDPLF]QLH VLร ]PLHQLDMร F\P RWRF]HQLX NWรถUH ]bMHGQHM VWURQ\ VWZDU]D QRZH V]DQVH GOD LFK IXQNFMRQRZDQLD LbUR]ZRMX ]bGUXJLHM ]Dฤ VWURQ\ VWDZLD SU]HG QLPL QRZH Z\PDJDQLD RUD] Z\]ZDQLD 2bHIHNWDFK LbSU]\V]รฏ\FK PRฤ OLZRฤ FLDFK UR]ZRMRZ\FK SDรฑVWZ SRGPLRWรถZ JRVSRGDUF]\FK LbLQVW\WXFML GHF\GXMร V]\ENRฤ ร RUD] WUDIQRฤ ร LGHQW\ฤ NDFML ]PLDQ ]DFKRG]ร F\FK ZbRWRF]HQLX ZรฏDฤ FLZD DQDOL]D LbRFHQD RUD] HODVW\F]QRฤ ร LbJRWRZRฤ ร GR UHRULHQWRZDQLD NLHUXQNรถZ G]LDรฏDQLD ZbVWURQร RGSRZLHGQLHJR


-HGQ\P ]bSULRU\WHWรถZ RUJDQL]DWRUรถZ NRQIHUHQFML MHVW UรถZQLHฤ VWDรฏ\ UR]ZรถM ZVSรถรฏSUDF\ QDXNRZHM NUDNRZVNLHJR ฤ URGRZLVND EDGDF]\ ]DMPXMร F\FK VLร ]DJDGQLHQLDPL ]DU]ร G]DQLD ]bZLRGร F\PL Rฤ URGNDPL QDXNRZ\PL Zb3ROVFH (XURSLH LbยฅZLHFLH 8PRฤ OLZLD WR KROLVW\F]QH VSRMU]HQLH QD SR]\W\ZQH LbQHJDW\ZQH VNXWNL MDNLH ZVSรถรฏF]HVQH SURFHV\ JRVSRGDUF]H Z\ZLHUDMร QD IXQNFMRQRZDQLH SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZ LbJRVSRGDUHN MDN UรถZQLHฤ QD XPLHMร WQRฤ ร Z\NRU]\VWDQLD LQVWUXPHQWรถZ ]DU]ร G]DQLD ZbFHOX ]ZLร NV]HQLD LFK ]GROQRฤ FL NRQNXURZDQLD QD U\QNX JOREDOQ\P 3RQDGWR NRQIHUHQFMD ]bXZDJL QD VZรถM PLร G]\QDURGRZ\ LbSUDJPDW\F]Q\ FKDUDNWHU ]DSHZQLรฏD PRฤ OLZRฤ ร VNRQIURQWRZDQLD GRฤ ZLDGF]Hรฑ SROVNLFK ]bGRฤ ZLDGF]HQLDPL SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL LQQ\FK NUDMรถZ ZbREV]DU]H QDXNL RUD] SUDNW\NL JRVSRGDUF]HM *รฏรถZQ\PL REV]DUDPL WHPDW\F]Q\PL NRQIHUHQFML E\รฏ\ โ ข 7HRUHW\F]QH LbDSOLNDF\MQH SUREOHP\ ]DU]ร G]DQLD โ ข =DU]ร G]DQLH SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZHP QD U\QNX JOREDOQ\P โ ข =DU]ร G]DQLH LQIRUPDFMDPL ZLHG]ร LbNDSLWDรฏHP LQWHOHNWXDOQ\P โ ข 6\VWHP\ LQIRUPDW\F]QH Zb]DU]ร G]DQLX

โ ข โ ข โ ข โ ข โ ข โ ข

,QQRZDF\MQRฤ ร LbSU]HGVLร ELRUF]Rฤ ร 0HWRG\ LbQDU]ร G]LD LORฤ FLRZH Zb]DU]ร G]DQLX =DU]ร G]DQLH ฤ QDQVDPL 5DFKXQNRZRฤ ร Zb]DU]ร G]DQLX RUJDQL]DFMDPL 0DUNHWLQJRZH DVSHNW\ ]DU]ร G]DQLD SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZHP =DU]ร G]DQLH ZbVHNWRU]H WXU\VW\F]Q\P LbUHNUHDF\MQ\P

:bSLHUZV]\P GQLX NRQIHUHQFML XF]HVWQLNรถZ SRZLWDรฏ MHM JRVSRGDU] ']LHNDQ :\G]LDรฏX =DU]ร G]DQLD 8(. SURI 8(. GU KDE %RJXV] 0LNXรฏD 2WZDUFLD NRQIHUHQFML GRNRQDรฏ 3URUHNWRU GV 1DXNL 8(. ฤผ SURI GU KDE $OHNV\ 3RF]WRZVNL :bW\P URNX ZbUDPDFK NRQIHUHQFML PLDรฏR PLHMVFH UรถZQLHฤ &]WHURVWURQQH 6\PSR]MXP 1DXNRZH SW ฤท&RQWHPSRUDU\ 7UHQGV DQG 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQV RI (FRQRPLHV DQG (QWHUSULVHVฤต RGE\ZDMร FH VLร ZbUDPDFK VWDรฏHM XPRZ\ RbZVSรถรฏSUDF\ 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH ]b8QLZHUV\WHWHP Zb0HV\QLH :รฏRFK\ 1DURGRZ\P 8QLZHUV\WHWHP +DQGORZR (NRQRPLF]Q\P Zb.LMRZLH 8NUDLQD RUD] 8QLZHUV\WHWHP Zb.UDJXMHYFX 6HUELD 'ODWHJR WHฤ ZbF]DVLH RWZDUFLD NRQIHUHQFML VรฏRZD SRZLWDQLD GR MHM XF]HVWQLNรถZ VNLHURZDรฏ WDNฤ H SURI 8(. GU KDE $QGU]HM -DNL ฤผ NLHURZQLN .DWHGU\ (NRQRPLNL Lb2UJDQL]DFML

3U]HGVLร ELRUVWZ NWรถUD RG WX ODW MHVW NRRUG\QDWRUHP LbUHDOL]DWRUHP ZVSRPQLDQHM SRZ\ฤ HM XPRZ\ RbZVSรถรฏSUDF\ SRPLร G]\ F]WHUHPD Z\PLHQLRQ\PL XQLZHUV\WHWDPL

wydarzenia

]RUJDQL]RZDQLD LVWQLHMร F\FK LbQRZ\FK VWUXNWXU Z]JOร GHP U\QNX LbV\WXDFML NU\]\VRZ\FK SRVWU]HJDQLD VSRรฏHF]QRฤ FL NOLHQWรถZ LbNRQNXUHQWรถZ MDNR QLHRGรฏร F]Q\FK HOHPHQWรถZ VZRMHM G]LDรฏDOQRฤ FL Z\WZRU]HQLD ]GROQRฤ FL GR SRNRQ\ZDQLD RSRUX RWRF]HQLD LbNUHRZDQLD ZรฏDVQHJR SRWHQFMDรฏX VWUDWHJLF]QHJR 'ODWHJR WHฤ MDN FR URNX WHPDW\ND NRQIHUHQFML E\รฏD VNXSLRQD QD QDMLVWRWQLHMV]\FK SUREOHPDFK ZVSรถรฏF]HVQHJR ฤ \FLD JRVSRGDUF]HJR LbVSRรฏHF]QHJR ]H V]F]HJรถOQ\P XZ]JOร GQLHQLHP NRQFHSFML PHWRG LbQDU]ร G]L ]DU]ร G]DQLD :bWUDNFLH NRQIHUHQFML SU]HGVWDZLRQR Z\QLNL NRQIURQWDFML WHRUHW\F]Q\FK DVSHNWรถZ ZVSรถรฏF]HVQ\FK WUHQGรถZ ]DU]ร G]DQLD ]bHIHNWDPL LFK ZGURฤ Hรฑ ZbUรถฤ QRURGQ\FK URG]DMDFK RUJDQL]DFML &HOHP XF]HVWQLNรถZ E\รฏR WDNฤ H ]PLHU]HQLH VLร ]bZ\]ZDQLDPL Z\QLNDMร F\PL ]bREHFQHM U]HF]\ZLVWRฤ FL JRVSRGDUF]HM ]DUรถZQR Zb]DNUHVLH SU]HZLG\ZDQLD ]DJURฤ Hรฑ NRPSOHNVRZHM GLDJQR]\ V\WXDFML MDN UรถZQLHฤ ]GHฤ QLRZDQLD RSW\PDOQ\FK UR]ZLร ]Dรฑ ZbVIHU]H ]DU]ร G]DQLD IRUPXรฏRZDQLD LbLPSOHPHQWDFML VWUDWHJLL RUD] DQDOL]\ X]\VNDQ\FK HIHNWรถZ

3R Rฤ FMDOQ\P RWZDUFLX NRQIHUHQFML RGE\รฏD VLร WรฏXPDF]RQD V\PXOWDQLF]QLH VHVMD SOHQDUQD RUD] VHVMH SDQHORZH LbSRVWHURZH +RQRURZ\ SDWURQDW QDG NRQIHUHQFMร REMร OL -HJR 0DJQLฤ FHQFMD 5HNWRU 8(. ฤผ SURI 8(. GU KDE LQฤ $QGU]HM &KRFKรถรฏ :RMHZRGD 0DรฏRSROVNL 3LRWU mZLN 0DUV]DรฏHN :RMHZรถG]WZD 0DรฏRSROVNLHJR :LWROG .R]รฏRZVNL RUD] 3UH]\GHQW 0LDVWD .UDNRZD SURI GU KDE -DFHN 0DMFKURZVNL :bNRQIHUHQFML Z]Lร รฏR XG]LDรฏ V]HURNLH JURQR XF]HVWQLNรถZ UHSUH]HQWXMร F\FK ZV]\VWNLH ZLRGร FH NUDMRZH Rฤ URGNL QDXNRZH SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK Rฤ URGNรถZ QDXNRZ\FK ]b&]HFK (JLSWX 1LHPLHF 3DNLVWDQX 5RVML 6HUELL 6รฏRZDFML 6รฏRZHQLL 6WDQรถZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK 8NUDLQ\ RUD] :รฏRFK MDN UรถZQLHฤ OLF]QL SUDFRZQLF\ 8(. 2EUDG\ NRQIHUHQF\MQH SRG]LHORQR QD QDVWร SXMร FH VHVMH WHPDW\F]QH REUDG SOHQDUQ\FK LbREUDG SDQHORZ\FK *OREDO DQG 5HJLRQDO &KDOOHQJHV RI WKH &RQWHPSRUDU\ (FRQRP\ ฤผ VHVMD REUDG SOHQDUQ\FK Lb VHVMH REUDG SDQHORZ\FK NWรถU\P SU]HZRGQLF]\OL

23


wydarzenia

24

SURI /XW] 6FKPLQNH )XOGD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI $SSOLHG 6FLHQFH SURI 3LRWU :รถMWRZLF] 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Zb.UDNRZLH RUD] SURI (OHQD 7NDFKHQNR 6W 3HWHUVEXUJ 6WDWH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI (FRQRPLFV &KDOOHQJHV IRU WKH &RQWHPSRUDU\ Management ฤผ VHVMD REUDG SDQHORZ\FK NWรถUHM SU]HZRGQLF]\รฏ SURI -DQ 0LQLVWU 9ยง% 7HFKQLFDO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 2VWUDYD (FRQRPLF DQG 6RFLDO &KDOOHQJHV RI WKH &RQWHPSRUDU\ (FRQRP\ ฤผ VHVMD REUDG SDQHORZ\FK NWรถUHM SU]HZRGQLF]\รฏD SURI /LOL\D 0LNKH\NLQD 3OHNKDQRY 5XVVLDQ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI (FRQRPLFV &RQWHPSRUDU\ 7UHQGV DQG 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI (FRQRPLHV DQG (QWHUSULVHV (FRQRPLF 6RFLDO DQG /HJDO $VSHFWV ฤผ VHVMH REUDG SDQHORZ\FK ZbUDPDFK &]WHURVWURQQHJR 6\PSR]MXP 1DXNRZHJR NWรถU\P SU]HZRGQLF]\OL SURI 0DULD 7RPPDVLQL 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0HVVLQD SURI $QDWROLL 0D]DUDNL .\LY 1DWLRQDO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7UDGH DQG (FRQRPLFV SURI 9ODGDQ ,YDQRYLร 8QLYHUVLW\ RI .UDJXMHYDF 'HYHORSPHQW DQG (IIHFWLYHQHVV RI (FRQRPLHV DQG 2UJDQL]DWLRQV

ฤผ VHVMH REUDG VWXGHQFNLFK SRG SU]HZRGQLFWZHP SURI 0DรฏJRU]DW\ 7\UDรฑVNLHM SURI $JQLHV]NL ยฟELNRZVNLHM LbSURI 3DZรฏD :RรฏRV]\QD ]b8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH 6HOHFWHG 3UREOHPV RI (FRQRPLFV DQG 0DQDJHPHQW ฤผ VHVMD SRVWHURZD NWรถUD ]RVWDรฏD ]RUJDQL]RZDQD SRG SU]HZRGQLFWZHP GU =Rฤ L *UรถGHN 6]RVWDN ]b8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH )RUPXรฏD WHJRURF]QHM NRQIHUHQFML ]DZLHUDรฏD ]DWHP VHVMH REUDG VWXGHQFNLFK RUD] VHVMร SRVWHURZร :bLFK UDPDFK SUH]HQWRZDQH E\รฏ\ Z\QLNL EDGDรฑ SU]\JRWRZ\ZDQ\FK SU]H] VWXGHQWรถZ Nรถรฏ QDXNRZ\FK UHSUH]HQWXMร F\FK )XOGD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI $SSOLHG 6FLHQFH 1LHPF\ 8QLZHUV\WHW %DQNRZRฤ FL 8NUDLQD 3DรฑVWZRZร :\ฤ V]ร 6]NRรฏร 7HFKQLF]QR (NRQRPLF]Qร Zb-DURVรฏDZLX RUD] 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Zb.UDNRZLH .RQIHUHQFMD RGE\รฏD VLร G]Lร NL ]DDQJDฤ RZDQLX V]HURNLHJR NUร JX RVรถE 0HU\WRU\F]Q\ QDG]รถU QDG NRQFHSFMร LbSURJUDPHP NRQIHUHQFML VSUDZRZDรฏ ']LHNDQ :\G]LDรฏX =DU]ร G]DQLD 8(. ฤผ SURI %RJXV] 0LNXรฏD SU]\ ZVSรถรฏXG]LDOH SURI $QGU]HMD -DNL

]b.DWHGU\ (NRQRPLNL Lb2UJDQL]DFML 3U]HGVLร ELRUVWZ 8(. .RPLWHWHP RUJDQL]DF\MQ\P NRQIHUHQFML NLHURZDรฏ GU 7RPDV] 5RMHN ]b.DWHGU\ (NRQRPLNL Lb2UJDQL]DFML 3U]HGVLร ELRUVWZ 8(. ]Dฤ ZbMHJR VNรฏDG ZFKRG]LOL PJU .DWDU]\QD %LHรฑ .LHURZQLN ']LHNDQDWX := PJU $JQLHV]ND *XFZD = FD NLHURZQLND ']LHNDQDWX := GU 0DUHN ']LXUD LbGU =Rฤ D *UรถGHN 6]RVWDN .DWHGUD (NRQRPLNL Lb2UJDQL]DFML 3U]HGVLร ELRUVWZ PJU 3DZHรฏ .RQNRO .DWHGUD 6\VWHPรถZ 2EOLF]HQLRZ\FK GU $QQD 3LHWUXV]ND 2UW\O .DWHGUD =DFKRZDรฑ 2UJDQL]DF\MQ\FK PJU 5REHUW 6]\GรฏR .DWHGUD =DU]ร G]DQLD =DVREDPL 3UDF\ RUD] PJU .DWDU]\QD :รถMFLN .DWHGUD 6\VWHPรถZ 2EOLF]HQLRZ\FK 2EVรฏXJร ฤ QDQVRZร NRQIHUHQFML ]DEH]SLHF]\รฏD )XQGDFMD 8(. :VSDUFLD U]HF]RZHJR Lbฤ QDQVRZHJR XG]LHOLรฏ\ ZรฏDG]H UHNWRUVNLH 8(. 0LQLVWHUVWZR 1DXNL Lb6]NROQLFWZD :\ฤ V]HJR *PLQD 0LHMVND .UDNรถZ RUD] 7$8521 3ROVND (QHUJLD 6 $ 5H]XOWDWHP WHJRURF]QHM NRQIHUHQFML Eร Gร SXEOLNDFMH NVLร ฤ NRZH NWรถUH XNDฤ ร VLร GR NRรฑFD ELHฤ ร FHJR URNX

SURI 8(. GU KDE Andrzej Jaki GU Tomasz Rojek .DWHGUD (NRQRPLNL Lb2UJDQL]DFML 3U]HGVLร ELRUVWZ 8(.


wydarzenia

Projekt INSPIRE ยง RIS _[XQMZIฤ XZbML[Qฤ JQWZK{_ [XWรฐMKbVaKP XWXZbMb UMV\WZQVO' ? LVQIKP ! TQXKI ! ZWS] VI =VQ_MZ[a\MKQM -SWVWUQKbVaU _ 3ZISW_QM WLJaรฐa [Qฤ ZDUV]WDW\ PHQWRULQJRZH XZW_ILbWVM XZbMb M]ZWXMR[SQKP XIZ\VMZ{_ LTI QVLWVMbaR[SQKP XZIKW_VQS{_ ISILMUQKSQKP Z UDPDFK SURMHNWX e,163,5( t ,QWURGXFLQJ 6RFLDO (QWUHSUHQHXUVKLS LQ ,QGRQHVLDQ +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQr

G

รฏรถZQ\P FHOHP SURMHNWX MHVW WUDQVIHU ZLHG]\ LbZ\PLDQD GRฤ ZLDGF]Hรฑ Zb]DNUHVLH SU]HGVLร ELRUF]Rฤ FL VSRรฏHF]QHM EXGRZDQLD PRGHOL EL]QHVRZ\FK SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZ VSRรฏHF]Q\FK V]NROHQLD SU]\V]รฏ\FK SU]HGVLร ELRUFรถZ RUD] ZVSLHUDQLD LFK SRSU]H] PHQWRULQJ ']LDรฏDQLD WH Vร NRQLHF]QH DE\

Z]PRFQLร EXGRZDQLH NRPSHWHQFML LbXPLHMร WQRฤ FL NDGU\ DNDGHPLFNLHM RUD] VWXGHQWรถZ SRWHQFMDOQ\FK SU]HGVLร ELRUFรถZ VSRรฏHF]Q\FK ZbLQGRQH]\MVNLFK LQVW\WXFMDFK V]NROQLFWZD Z\ฤ V]HJR RUD] ZbVHNWRU]H SU\ZDWQ\P SRSU]H] UHDOL]DFMร V]NROHรฑ LbZDUV]WDWรถZ DbWDNฤ H RSUDFRZDQLH RGSRZLHGQLFK PDWHULDรฏรถZ HGXNDF\MQ\FK

,QGRQH]MD MDNR F]ZDUW\ QDMEDUG]LHM ]DOXGQLRQ\ NUDM QD ฤ ZLHFLH ]PDJD VLร ]bOLF]Q\PL SUREOHPDPL VSRรฏHF]Q\PL RUD] QDUDVWDMร F\PL Z\]ZDQLDPL QDWXU\ HNRORJLF]QHM '\VSURSRUFMH VSRรฏHF]QH Z\NOXF]HQLH DQDOIDEHW\]P SU]HOXGQLHQLH ZbGXฤ \FK PLDVWDFK XWUXGQLRQ\ GRVWร S GR HGXNDFML LbRSLHNL ]GURZRWQHM ZbUHMRQDFK VรฏDER ]DOXGQLRQ\FK 25


wydarzenia

ฤผ WR W\ONR F]ร ฤ ร SUREOHPรถZ ]bMDNLPL ]PDJD VLร WR SLร NQH Z\VSLDUVNLH SDรฑVWZR 'R WHJR GRFKRG]ร Rฤ FMDOQLH SRWZLHUG]RQH SU]H] ZรฏDG]H %DOL Z\]ZDQLD ]ZLร ]DQH ]bNDWDVWURIร HNRORJLF]Qร :bVWUHฤ H SU]\EU]Hฤ QHM ]DOHJDMร WRQ\ ฤ PLHFL ]DJUDฤ DMร FH EH]SLHF]HรฑVWZX PLHV]NDรฑFรถZ WXU\VWรถZ RUD] ]ZLHU]ร W PRUVNLFK %LRUร F SRG XZDJร SRZ\ฤ V]H Z\]ZDQLD MDNLP PXVL VSURVWDร VSRรฏHF]HรฑVWZR LQGRQH]\MVNLH LVWQLHMร SRWHQFMDOQLH NRU]\VWQH ZDUXQNL GOD SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZ VSRรฏHF]Q\FK ZbW\P UHMRQLH (IHNW\ZQ\ UR]ZรถM SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZ VSRรฏHF]Q\FK Z\PDJD GRGDWNRZHJR ZVSDUFLD Zb]DNUHVLH SURIHVMRQDOQHJR GRVNRQDOHQLD SU]HGVLร ELRUF]Rฤ FL VSRรฏHF]QHM FR MHVW SU]HGPLRWHP PLร G]\QDURGRZHJR SURMHNWX ฤ QDQVRZDQHJR ]H ฤ URGNรถZ 8(

SU]HGVLร ELRUF\ VSRรฏHF]QHJR OHF] WDNฤ H VDP\P PHQWRURP :bF]ร ฤ FL GUXJLHM XF]HVWQLF\ PLHOL PRฤ OLZRฤ ร ]DSODQRZDQLD SURFHVX PHQWRULQJX RUD] ZGURฤ HQLD SRWHQFMDOQ\FK G]LDรฏDรฑ 3RGF]DV W\FK ZDUV]WDWรถZ XF]HVWQLF\ RSUDFRZDOL NRQFHSFMH PHQWRULQJRZH GOD Z\EUDQHJR SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZD VSRรฏHF]QHJR SU]\ Z\NRU]\VWDQLX Uรถฤ Q\FK QDU]ร G]L VW\PXOXMร F\FK UR]ZรถM SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZ VSRรฏHF]Q\FK 7U]HFLD F]ร ฤ ร ZDUV]WDWรถZ GRW\F]\รฏD SU]HSURZDG]HQLD HZDOXDFML SURFHVX PRQLWRULQJRZHJR ]DUรถZQR ]bSHUVSHNW\Z\ PHQWRUD MDN LbSRGRSLHF]QHJR *รฏรถZQ\ QDFLVN SRรฏRฤ RQ\ E\รฏ QD VW\PXORZDQLH LQQRZDF\MQ\FK UR]ZLร ]Dรฑ PDMร F\FK ]DVWRVRZDQLH ZbSU]HGVLร ELRUF]Rฤ FL VSRรฏHF]QHM RUD] PRฤ OLZRฤ FL VNDORZDQLD EL]QHVX VSRรฏHF]QHJR

3U]HSURZDG]RQH ZDUV]WDW\ PHQWRULQJRZH PLDรฏ\ QD FHOX ]DSR]QDQLH XF]HVWQLNรถZ SURMHNWX ]bUรถฤ Q\PL QDU]ร G]LDPL PHQWRULQJX FR SR]ZROLรฏR QD Z]PRFQLHQLH UR]XPLHQLD UHODFML PHQWRUVNLFK LbSURFHVX PHQWRULQJX :bSLHUZV]\P GQLX ZDUV]WDWรถZ SR ZSURZDG]HQLX GHฤ QLFML PHQWRULQJX LbMHJR JรฏรถZQ\FK FHFK XF]HVWQLF\ ]RVWDOL SRG]LHOHQL QD F]WHU\ JUXS\ DE\ PรถF Z\PLHQLร LQG\ZLGXDOQH GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLD ]ZLร ]DQH ]bPHQWRULQJLHP 5H]XOWDWHP WHJR ร ZLF]HQLD E\รฏR RSUDFRZDQLH ZVSรถOQHM OLVW\ SRWHQFMDOQ\FK NRU]\ฤ FL MDNLH PHQWRULQJ PRฤ H SU]\QLHฤ ร QLH W\ONR SRGRSLHF]Q\P

6]F]HJรถOQ\P DWXWHP RUJDQL]RZDQ\FK ZDUV]WDWรถZ PHQWRULQJRZ\FK E\รฏR Z\VWร SLHQLH SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL GZรถFK SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZ VSRรฏHF]Q\FK FR SU]\F]\QLรฏR VLร GR Rฤ \ZLRQHM G\VNXVML QD WHPDW Z\]ZDรฑ SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZ VSRรฏHF]Q\FK Zb3ROVFH LbZb,QGRQH]ML :bSLHUZV]\P GQLX ZDUV]WDWรถZ JRฤ FLHP E\รฏ -DFHN 0LVLQD ]H 6Sร ฤ G]LHOQL 6RFMDOQHM e5ร ZQRฤณรฅr ]bVLHG]LEร Zb.UDNRZLH NWรถU\ SU]HGVWDZLรฏ QLH W\ONR PLVMร RUD] DNWXDOQ\ SURฤ O G]LDรฏDOQRฤ FL WHJR EL]QHVX VSRรฏHF]QHJR OHF] WDNฤ H GDOV]H SODQ\ UR]ZRMX 6SรถรฏG]LHOQLD WD ]RVWDรฏD ]DรฏRฤ RQD ZbOXW\P U

Lb]DWUXGQLD REHFQLH SUDFRZQLNรถZ ZbW\P RVรถE ]bQLHSHรฏQRVSUDZQRฤ FLร 3RGF]DV SUH]HQWDFML XF]HVWQLF\ ZDUV]WDWรถZ PRJOL VLร SRQDGWR ]DSR]QDร ]bLQQRZDF\MQ\P PRGHOHP EL]QHVRZ\P VSรถรฏG]LHOQL RSDUW\P QD ZVSรถรฏSUDF\ ]bUรถฤ Q\PL LQWHUHVDULXV]DPL QS 3DSLHVNLP 8QLZHUV\WHWHP -DQD 3DZรฏD ,, VLHG]LED VSรถรฏG]LHOQL 5HJLRQDOQ\P &HQWUXP 3ROLW\NL 6SRรฏHF]QHM 8U]ร GHP 3UDF\ )%,6 =/63 2=566 8QLZHUV\WHWHP (NRQRPLF]Q\P Zb.UDNRZLH 8QLZHUV\WHWHP -DJLHOORรฑVNLP &HQWUXP 3RPRF\ 6SRรฏHF]QHM RUD] *UXSร $WHULPD :Dฤ Qร F]ร ฤ FLร SUH]HQWDFML E\รฏ\ WDNฤ H RWU]\PDQH SU]H] VSรถรฏG]LHOQLร QDJURG\ LbZ\Uรถฤ QLHQLD WDNLH MDN ,, PLHMVFH Zb2JรถOQRSROVNLP .RQNXUVLH *RVSRGDUNL 6SRรฏHF]QHM Lb6ROLGDUQHM ZbNDWHJRULL VSรถรฏG]LHOQLD VRFMDOQD RUD] ,bPLHMVFH ZbNRQNXUVLH ฤท0DรฏRSROVNL /LGHU 3U]HGVLร ELRUF]Rฤ FL 6SRรฏHF]QHM ฤต &HFKร Z\Uรถฤ QLDMร Fร WHQ EL]QHV VSRรฏHF]Q\ MHVW ]DWUXGQLDQLH RVรถE ]bQLHSHรฏQRVSUDZQRฤ FLร XP\VรฏRZร 6SรถรฏG]LHOQLD RIHUXMH VWDฤ H LbSUDNW\NL RUD] ZDUV]WDW\ WHUDSHXW\F]QH GOD VZRLFK SUDFRZQLNรถZ FR MHVW LVWRWร PRGHOX EL]QHVRZHJR RSDUWHJR QD FRDFKLQJX -DN Z\QLND ]bRVRELVWHJR GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLD SUHOHJHQWD PRGHO WHQ VWDQRZL GREU\ LbVNXWHF]Q\ VSRVรถE SUDF\ LbZVSรถรฏSUDF\ ]bRVREDPL ]bQLHSHรฏQRVSUDZQRฤ FLร :bGUXJLP GQLX ZDUV]WDW\ PHQWRULQJRZH ]RVWDรฏ\ Z]ERJDFRQH Z\VWร SLHQLHP SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL SU]HGVLรทELRUVWZD VSRฤ HF]QHJR e)RRG /LIHr NWรถUH UHSUH]HQWRZDOL .DUROD *DFDO Lbย XNDV] =DMร F )RRG /LIH WR SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZR VSRรฏHF]QH G]LDรฏDMร FH Zb.UDNRZLH ]DUรถZQR VWDFMRQDUQLH MDN LbPRELOQLH :VSรถรฏZรฏDฤ FLFLHOH SU]HGVWDZLOL SURILO SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZD KLVWRULร UR]SRF]ร FLD G]LDรฏDOQRฤ FL ELHฤ ร FH G]LDรฏDQLD LbSODQ\ QD SU]\V]รฏRฤ ร 0LVMร WHM ILUP\ MHVW DNW\ZL]DFMD RVรถE QLHSHรฏQRVSUDZQ\FK QD U\QNX SUDF\ 2EHFQLH ILUPD ]DWUXGQLD SLร ร RVรถE ]bUรถฤ Q\PL VWRSQLDPL QLHSHรฏQRVSUDZQRฤ FL &HOHP G]LDรฏDOQRฤ FL WHJR SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZD MHVW UรถZQLHฤ SURZDG]HQLH V]NROHรฑ GOD EL]QHVX Zb]DNUHVLH

26


HOHPHQWHP SURPXMร F\P LFK EL]QHV VSRรฏHF]Q\ Vร QDJURG\ LbZ\Uรถฤ QLHQLD JG\ฤ WR RQH SRWZLHUG]DMร Z\Mร WNRZH ]DDQJDฤ RZDQLH ILUP\ ZbDNW\ZL]DFMร RVรถE ]bQLHSHรฏQRVSUDZQRฤ FLร 3U]\NรฏDGRZR SRGF]DV ,,, .UDMRZHJR )RUXP *RVSRGDUNL 6SRรฏHF]QHM Lb6ROLGDUQHM Zb U SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZR VSRรฏHF]QH )RRG /LIH ]GRE\รฏR ,, QDJURGร ZbNDWHJRULL 'HELXW URNX 0DMร F QD XZDG]H SODQ\ QD SU]\V]รฏRฤ ร ZVSรถรฏZรฏDฤ FLFLHOH SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZD VSRรฏHF]QHJR ]DPLHU]DMร XUXFKRPLร VSHFMDOLVW\F]QH V]NROHQLD GOD SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL WU]HFLHJR VHNWRUD Z\NรฏDG\ Zb]DNUHVLH SU]HGVLร ELRUF]Rฤ FL VSRรฏHF]QHM ZL]\W\ VWXG\MQH GOD ILUP LbSRGPLRWรถZ ]bWU]HFLHJR VHNWRUD RUD] LQG\ZLGXDOQH GRUDG]WZR GOD ILUP LbLQQ\FK SRGPLRWรถZ :DUV]WDW\ PHQWRULQJRZH E\รฏ\ RUJDQL]RZDQH ZbUDPDFK SURMHNWX ,163,5( ฤผ ,QWURGXFLQJ 6RFLDO (QWUHSUHQHXUVKLS LQ ,QGRQHVLDQ +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ NWรถU\ MHVW ฤ QDQVRZDQ\ ]H ฤ URGNรถZ 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM ZbUDPDFK SURJUDPX (UDVPXV .H\ $FWLRQ &DSDFLW\ %XLOGLQJ LQ +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ QU XPRZ\

(33 $7 (33.$ &%+( -3 /LGHUHP SURMHNWX MHVW )+ -RDQQHXP ]b*UD] Zb$XVWULL DbHXURSHMVNLPL F]รฏRQNDPL NRQVRUFMXP Vร 8QLYHUVLGDG GH $OLFDQWH ]b+LV]SDQLL RUD] 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Zb.UDNRZLH :bSURMHNFLH ELRUร XG]LDรฏ WDNฤ H F]WHU\ XQLZHUV\WHW\ LQGRQH]\MVNLH WDNLH MDN 8QLYHUVLWDV 6XPDWHUD 8WDUD RUD] 8QLYHUVLWDV $QGDODV ]b6XPDWU\ 8QLYHUVLWDV 8GD\DQD ]b%DOL RUD] 8QLYHUVLWDV .DWROLN 3DUDK\DQJDQ ]b-DZ\ 3DUWQHUHP VSRรฏHF]Q\P SURMHNWX MHVW %DOL 7DQJL SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZR VSRรฏHF]QH SURGXNXMร FH NRVPHW\NL QDWXUDOQH RUD] SURZDG]ร FH 63$ NWรถUH G]LDรฏD ]bPLVMร QD U]HF] RFKURQ\ ฤ URGRZLVND RUD] ZDUWRฤ FL NXOWXURZ\FK GXFKRZ\FK LbVSRรฏHF]Q\FK Z]PDFQLDMร F\FK ฤ ZLDGRPRฤ ร NRQVXPHQWรถZ LbSRF]XFLH ฤ H F]รฏRZLHN PXVL GEDร Rbฤ URGRZLVNR RUD] VXURZFH QDWXUDOQH

wydarzenia

DGDSWDFML VWDQRZLVND ]DZRGRZHJR GOD GDQHJR URG]DMX QLHSHรฏQRVSUDZQRฤ FL Lb]PLDQ\ SRVWU]HJDQLD RVรถE QLHSHรฏQRVSUDZQ\FK ZbPLHMVFX SUDF\ ZbRF]DFK SUDFRGDZFรถZ LbZVSรถรฏSUDFRZQLNรถZ 3U]HGVWDZLFLHOH SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZD SRG]LHOLOL VLร UรถZQLHฤ VZRLP GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLHP ZbDNW\ZL]DFML SUDFRZQLNรถZ ]bQLHSHรฏQRVSUDZQRฤ FLร SRGNUHฤ ODMร F ฤ H GOD NDฤ GHJR SUDFRZQLND SU]\JRWRZ\ZDQ\ MHVW LQG\ZLGXDOQ\ SODQ UHLQWHJUDFML VSRรฏHF]QHM Lb]DZRGRZHM =DWUXGQLRQH RVRE\ ]bQLHSHรฏQRVSUDZQRฤ FLร SUDFXMร VWDFMRQDUQLH RUD] ZbFLร ฤ DUรถZFH VSRฤ \ZF]HM ZbW]Z IRRG WUXFNX 3UDFD SROHJD QD SU]\JRWRZ\ZDQLX ฤ ZLHฤ \FK Lb]GURZ\FK SRVLรฏNรถZ ]bSURGXNWรถZ ]DNXSLRQ\FK RG ORNDOQ\FK UROQLNรถZ SRQLHZDฤ VWDQRZL WR SRGVWDZร GREUHM NXFKQL ']Lร NL UHDOL]DFML SURMHNWX ZH ZVSรถรฏSUDF\ ]b0DรฏRSROVNLP &HQWUXP :VSDUFLD (NRQRPLL 6SRรฏHF]QHM .UDNRZVNLP 2EV]DUHP 0HWURSROLWDOQ\P DbWDNฤ H ZVSรถรฏSUDF\ ]b)5'/ 0,67L$ RUD] LQQ\PL SDUWQHUDPL SURMHNWX SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZR WR UHDOL]XMH G]LDรฏDQLD DNW\ZL]XMร FH RVRE\ QLHSHรฏQRVSUDZQH QD U\QNX SUDF\ -DN SRGNUHฤ OLOL SUHOHJHQFL ZDฤ Q\P

:Lร FHM LQIRUPDFML RbSURMHNFLH QD VWURQLH KWWS ZZZ LQVSLUH QHWZRUN HX RUD] QD )DFHERRNX KWWSV ELW O\ 1\W*%[ GU $JQLHV]ND 3DFXW GU Monika Sady GU 0DULD 8UEDQLHF GU $JQLHV]ND ล XU

27


wydarzenia

-XELOHXV]RZ\ =MD]G 0DWHPDW\Nร Z 3ROVNLFK Z 6WXOHFLH 3ROVNLHJR 7RZDU]\VWZD 0DWHPDW\F]QHJR ยง SWVOZM[ UI\MUI\aKbVa _[X{รฐWZOIVQbW_IVa XZbMb =VQ_MZ[a\M\ -SWVWUQKbVa _ 3ZISW_QM 3R , :RMQLH ฤฒZLDWRZHM JG\ 3ROVND ZUร FLฤ D QD PDSรท (XURS\ SR ODWDFK QLHREHFQRฤณFL VSRฤ HF]HฤกVWZR SROVNLH VWDฤ R SU]HG Z\]ZDQLHP EXGRZ\ VZRMHJR SDฤกVWZD RG SRGVWDZ 7LJ]LW_a

_aUIOIรฐ XZbMUa[รฐ I SZIR XW\ZbMJW_Iรฐ _aS[b\IรฐKWVaKP WJa_I\MTQ S\{Zba [_WRฤ _QMLbฤ Q ]UQMRฤ \VWฤฌKQIUQ Jฤ Lฤ [รฐ]ฤตaฤ \MU] XZWKM[W_Q

W

WHG\ WR SRZVWDรฏR ZLHOH SURฤ ORZDQ\FK V]Nรถรฏ LbXF]HOQL Z\ฤ V]\FK :b.UDNRZLH SU]\ V]NROH KDQGORZHM V]NROH ฤ UHGQLHM UR]SRF]ร WR SURZDG]HQLH NXUVรถZ GOD MHM DEVROZHQWรถZ QDVWร SQLH Zb URNX XWZRU]RQR ,QVW\WXW 7RZDUR]QDZF]\ E\ ZUHV]FLH PDMD URNX XWZRU]\ร :\ฤ V]H 6WXGLXP +DQGORZH :6+ ฤผ WU]HFLร Z\ฤ V]ร V]NRรฏร RbSURฤ OX HNRQRPLF]Q\P Zb3ROVFH -DN ZLHP\ QD SU]HVWU]HQL ODW :6+ HZROXRZDรฏR VWDMร F VLร Zb URNX 8QLZHUV\WHWHP (NRQRPLF]Q\P Zb.UDNRZLH :bW\P URNX ฤ ZLร WXMHP\ ]DWHP MXELOHXV]RZ\ URN DNDGHPLFNL

7R MHGQDN QLH MHG\Q\ MXELOHXV] ZbW\P URNX 3RODF\ NRU]\VWDMร F ]bRG]\VNDQHM ZROQRฤ FL VWRZDU]\V]DQLD VLร ZbSLHUZV]\FK ODWDFK SR ,b:RMQLH ยฅZLDWRZHM ]DรฏRฤ \OL ZLHOH WRZDU]\VWZ QDXNRZ\FK -HGQ\P ]bQLFK E\รฏR 7RZDU]\VWZR 0DWHPDW\F]QH Zb.UDNRZLH =RVWDรฏR RQR ]DรฏRฤ RQH NZLHWQLD URNX ZbEXG\QNX &ROOHJLXP 1RZRGZRUVNLHJR SU]\ XO ยฅZ $QQ\ ZbVDOL 6HPLQDULXP ฤ OR]Rฤ F]QHJR SU]H] PDWHPDW\NรถZ NUDNRZVNLFK ฤผ QDXNRZFรถZ NWรถU]\ DOER MXฤ E\OL ]QDQL ]H VZRLFK RVLร JQLร ร QDXNRZ\FK DOER VWDOL VLร ]bQLFK ]QDQL ZbQDVWร SQ\FK 28

ODWDFK 7R RQL ZWHG\ UR]VรฏDZLOL PDWHPDW\Nร SROVNร Zbฤ ZLHFLH :bJURQLH W\P E\OL P LQ 6WDQLVรฏDZ =DUHPED UรถZQDQLD Uรถฤ QLF]NRZH .D]LPLHU] ยฟRUDZVNL JHRPHWULD Uรถฤ QLF]NRZD 6WHIDQ %DQDFK DQDOL]D IXQNFMRQDOQD DXWRU Vรฏ\QQHJR WZLHUG]HQLD %DQDFKD RbSXQNFLH VWDรฏ\P /HRQ &KZLVWHN ORJLND 2WWRQ 1LNRG\P WHRULD PLDU\ F]\ $QWRQL +RERUVNL JHRPHWULD SLHUZV]\ UHNWRU $*+ 1LHVSHรฏQD URN Sรถฤ QLHM SR SU]\Mร FLX GR 7RZDU]\VWZD F]รฏRQNรถZ VSR]D .UDNRZD ]PLHQLRQR MHJR QD]Zร QD 3ROVNLH 7RZDU]\VWZR 0DWHPDW\F]QH 370 370 ฤ ZLร WXMH ZLร F ZbW\P URNX OHFLH G]LDรฏDOQRฤ FL =bWHM RND]ML ]bLQLFMDW\Z\ =DU]ร GX 2GG]LDรฏX .UDNRZVNLHJR 370 LbZH ZVSรถรฏSUDF\ ]b=DU]ร GHP *รฏรถZQ\P 370 6HQDW 5]HF]\SRVSROLWHM 3ROVNLHM RJรฏRVLรฏ URN 5RNLHP 0DWHPDW\NL =bWHM RND]ML ZbELHฤ ร F\P URNX RGE\รฏR VLร ZLHOH Z\GDU]Hรฑ QDXNRZ\FK SRSXODU\]DF\MQ\FK DbWDNฤ H RNROLF]QRฤ FLRZ\FK NRQNXUVรถZ :Lร FHM LQIRUPDFML QD WHQ WHPDW PRฤ QD ]QDOHฤ ร QD VWURQLH ZZZ MUP SO .XOPLQDF\MQ\P Z\GDU]HQLHP -XELOHXV]RZHJR 5RNX 0DWHPDW\NL E\รฏ -XELOHXV]RZ\ =MD]G 0DWHPDW\NรถZ 3ROVNLFK Zb6WXOHFLH 3ROVNLHJR

7RZDU]\VWZD 0DWHPDW\F]QHJR VWURQD ZZZ ODW370 PDWLQI XM HGX SO .RQJUHV WHQ RGE\รฏ VLร Zb.UDNRZLH ZbGQLDFK ZU]Hฤ QLD URNX Lb]JURPDG]Lรฏ EOLVNR SROVNLFK PDWHPDW\NรถZ ]bNUDMX Lb]H ฤ ZLDWD :bF]DVLH LQDXJXUDFML ZUร F]RQR VWDWXHWNL WHJRURF]Q\P ODXUHDWRP 1DJUรถG 370 :\NรฏDG\ SOHQDUQH Z\JรฏRVLรฏR ฤ ZLDWRZHM VรฏDZ\ PDWHPDW\NรถZ NWรถU]\ ZbSU]HV]รฏRฤ FL E\OL ]DSURV]RQ\PL PรถZFDPL QD (XURSHDQ &RQJUHVV RI 0DWKHPDWLFV (&0 OXE QD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQJUHVV RI 0DWKHPDWLFV ,&0 OXE WHฤ Vร SROVNLPL ]GRE\ZFDPL JUDQWรถZ (XURSHDQ 5HVHDUFK &RXQFLO (5& :b.RPLWHFLH +RQRURZ\P =MD]GX ]DVLDGDรฏ -HJR 0DJQLฤ FHQFMD 5HNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH SURI 8(. GU KDE $QGU]HM &KRFKรถรฏ :bF]DVLH LQDXJXUDFML -XELOHXV]RZHJR =MD]GX QDV]D 8F]HOQLD UHSUH]HQWRZDQD E\รฏD PLร G]\ LQQ\PL SU]H] 3URUHNWRUD GV 1DXNL SURI GU KDE $OHNVHJR 3RF]WRZVNLHJR *รฏรถZQ\PL RUJDQL]DWRUDPL =MD]GX E\รฏR 3ROVNLH 7RZDU]\VWZR 0DWHPDW\F]QH Lb8QLZHUV\WHW -DJLHOORรฑVNL :VSรถรฏRUJDQL]DWRUDPL ]RVWDรฏR V]HUHJ LQVW\WXFML QDXNRZ\FK ]bFDรฏHM 3ROVNL


UHIHUDWöZ DbSR]RVWDï\PL SUHOHJHQWDPL E\OL ZbNROHMQRĂFL SUH]HQWDFML GU 0DUWD .RUQDIHO SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] 6WDQLV] GU %HDWD &LDïRZLF] SURI 8(. GU KDE $JQLHV]ND /LSLHWD :bVHVML WHM XF]HVWQLF]\ïD P LQ SDQL SURIHVRU %DUEDUD 0DODZVND ĝRQD ¥S 3URIHVRUD 0DODZVNLHJR

%RJDW\ SURJUDP =MD]GX ]DZLHUDï SURSR]\FMH QDXNRZH bUöZQROHJï\FK VHVML QDXNRZ\FK SRSXODU\]DF\MQH Z\GDU]HQLD ]DSODQRZDQH GOD XF]QLöZ LbVWXGHQWöZ VHVMH GOD QDXF]\FLHOL SDQHOH G\VNXV\MQH LbVHVMD VSHFMDOQD Rb]DGDQLDFK ROLPSLMVNLFK DbWDNĝH XQLNDWRZH Z\GDU]HQLD NXOWXUDOQH ļ MDN FKRÊE\ • SRND] VSHFMDOQ\ ğOPX Rb6WHIDQLH %DQDFKX SW ķ%DQDFK 0LÚG]\ GXFKHP DbPDWHULÈĵ ZbUHĝ : b6DQLHZVNLHJR ]bXG]LDïHP F]ïRQNöZ URG]LQ\ PDWHPDW\ND • SU]HGVWDZLHQLH PXOWLPHGLDOQH ķ2SHUD PDWHPDW\F]QD F]\OL SDUDGRNVDOQ\ UR]NïDG VIHU\ĵ DXWRUVWZD 5RPDQD .RïDNRZVNLHJR Z\VWDZLRQH SR UD] GUXJL ZbKLVWRULL • NRQFHUW IRUWHSLDQRZ\ 3HUD (QĠù ļ V]ZHG]NLHJR PX]\ND LbPDWHPDW\ND NWöU\ Zb U E\ï RVWDWQLP ODXUHDWHP QDJURG\ RIHURZDQHM ZbW]Z .VLÚG]H 6]NRFNLHM ]HV]\W ]DïRĝRQ\ SU]H] JUXSÚ PDWHPDW\NöZ V]NRï\ OZRZVNLHM VNXSLRQ\FK ZRNöï 6WHIDQD %DQDFKD ļ ]DZLHUDï OLVWÚ RWZDUW\FK SUREOHPöZ QDXNRZ\FK 3HU (QĠù ]GRE\ï ĝ\ZÈ JÚĂ

:bUDPDFK VHVML 0() Z\JïRV]RQR UHIHUDW\ QDXNRZH ZbQDVWÚSXMÈF\FK VHVMDFK WHPDW\F]Q\FK • $QDOL]D GHF\]ML ļ % .DPLñVNL 0 /HZDQGRZVNL 6*+

• (NRQRPLD HPSLU\F]QD ļ - 2VLHZDOVNL 8(.

• (NRQRPLD PDWHPDW\F]QD ļ .DPLñVNL 0 /HZDQGRZVNL 6*+

• 0HWRG\ VWRFKDVW\F]QH ZbğQDQVDFK ļ 0 .RUQDIHO $ /LSLHWD 8(.

• 0RGHORZDQLH GHPRJUDğF]QH ļ 0 6WRQDZVNL 8(.

• 3UREOHP\ PRGHORZDQLD VWDW\VW\F]QHJR ZbHNRQRPLL HPSLU\F]QHM ļ - 2VLHZDOVNL $ 3DMRU 8(.

• 5\QNL ğQDQVRZH LbWRZDURZH ļ % 3DZHïHN - 2VLHZDOVNL 8(.

• 7HRULD JLHU ZbSV\FKRORJLL LbHNRQRPLL ļ $ -DĂNLHZLF] . 6]DMRZVNL (PWr) • 7HRULD Z]URVWX JRVSRGDUF]HJR ļ 0 .RUQDIHO 8(.

• :\EUDQLH ]DJDGQLHQLD PDWHPDW\NL ğQDQVRZHM ļ $ 5\JLHO 8(. 6WHWWQHU ,0 3$1

6HVMD VSHFMDOQD ķ0DWHPDW\ND Zb(NRQRPLL Lb)LQDQVDFKĵ FLHV]\ïD VLÚ ZLHONLP ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHP XF]HVWQLNöZ =MD]GX =RVWDïD WDNĝH EDUG]R Z\VRNR RFHQLRQD ZbNDWHJRULDFK QDXNRZ\FK

wydarzenia

RUD] ZV]\VWNLH XQLZHUV\WHW\ NUDNRZVNLH ZbW\P 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Zb.UDNRZLH :bRUJDQL]DFMÚ =MD]GX ]DDQJDĝRZDQL E\OL SUDFRZQLF\ .DWHGU\ 0DWHPDW\NL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH GU 0DUWD .RUQDIHO GU 6HEDVWLDQ %DUDQ PJU *U]HJRU] 6]XOLN

1D NRQLHF ZDUWR ZVSRPQLHÊ ĝH VHVMD VSHFMDOQD 0() ]RVWDïD ]RUJDQL]RZDQD SU]\ GXĝ\P XG]LDOH SUDFRZQLNöZ 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH SURI GU KDE -DFND 2VLHZDOVNLHJR SURI 8(. GU KDE $QQÚ 3DMRU SURI 8(. GU KDE %DUEDUÚ 3DZHïHN GU 0DUWÚ .RUQDIHO RUD] GU $JQLHV]NÚ 5\JLHO ZH ZVSöïSUDF\ ]H 6]NRïÈ *ïöZQÈ +DQGORZÈ 8QLZHUV\WHWHP :DUV]DZVNLP ,QVW\WXWHP 0DWHPDW\F]Q\P 3$1 RUD] 3ROLWHFKQLNÈ :URFïDZVNÈ .RRUG\QDWRUDPL QDXNRZ\PL VHVML VSHFMDOQHM E\OL SURI GU KDE -DFHN 2VLHZDOVNL 8(. RUD] GU KDE $JQLHV]ND :LV]QLHZVND 0DW\V]NLHO 8: -XELOHXV]RZ\ =MD]G 0DWHPDW\NöZ 3ROVNLFK E\ï ZLHONLP ĂZLÚWHP FDïHJR SROVNLHJR ĂURGRZLVND PDWHPDW\F]QHJR :\MÈWNRZRĂÊ SURJUDPX WHJR NRQJUHVX ]DSLV]H JR QD GïXJR ZbSDPLÚFL XF]HVWQLNöZ ]DĂ ]GRE\WH GRĂZLDGF]HQLD LbG\VNXVMH EÚGÈ VWDQRZLï\ LQVSLUDFMH GR GDOV]\FK G]LDïDñ QDXNRZ\FK

GU Marta Kornafel .DWHGUD 0DWHPDW\NL

]DSURV]RQ\ JRĂÊ L SOHQDU\ VSHDNHU SURI &DUORV +HUYHV %HORVR

6SRĂUöG ZVSRPQLDQ\FK VHVML QDXNRZ\FK QDMZLÚNV]È RND]DïD VLÚ VHVMD VSHFMDOQD ķ0DWHPDW\ND Zb(NRQRPLL Lb)LQDQVDFKĵ 0() 6HVMD WD VWDïD VLÚ IRUXP SUH]HQWDFML Z\QLNöZ QDXNRZ\FK LbG\VNXVML ZbJURQLH PDWHPDW\NöZ SUDFXMÈF\FK QDG ]DJDGQLHQLDPL HNRQRPLF]Q\PL LbHNRQRPLVWöZ Z\NRU]\VWXMÈF\FK ]DDZDQVRZDQH QDU]ÚG]LD PDWHPDW\F]QH 6HVMÚ QDXNRZÈ 0() ]DLQDXJXURZDïD VHVMD SOHQDUQD LP 3URIHVRUD $QGU]HMD 0DODZVNLHJR ķ(NRQRPLD PDWHPDW\F]QDĵ 3LHUZV]\ Z\NïDG SOHQDUQ\ SW ķ5HVXOWV RQ SUHIHUHQFH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQĵ Z\JïRVLï ]DSURV]RQ\ JRĂÊ SURIHVRU &DUORV +HUYÓV %HORVR ]b8QLZHUV\WHWX Zb9LJR +LV]SDQLD :bFDïHM VHVML SRĂZLÚFRQHM HNRQRPLL PDWHPDW\F]QHM ]DSUH]HQWRZDQR ïÈF]QLH SLÚÊ 29


wydarzenia

III seminarium BIZbĊLbIVQM XZWRMS\IUQ

3URI 6*+ GU KDE 3DZHï :\UR]ÚEVNL

? LVQ] ! S_QM\VQI ! Z WLJaðW [QĔ \ZbMKQM [MUQVIZQ]U =DU]ãG]DQLH SURMHNWDPL bWZOIVQbW_IVM XZbMb 3I\MLZĔ 8ZWKM[] BIZbĊLbIVQI &HOHP VHPLQDULXP MHVW LQWHJUDFMD ijURGRZLVND QDXNRZHJR SUDNW\NÐZ RUD] VWXGHQWÐZ ZRNÐğ ZVSÐğF]HVQ\FK SUREOHPÐZ ]DU]ãG]DQLD SURMHNWDPL ? \aU _aLIVQ]

3]ZQMZI =-3 XZMbMV\]RMUa [bMZ[bM WU{_QMVQM VIR_IĵVQMR[baKP \MUI\{_ XWZ][bIVaKP XWLKbI[ [MUQVIZQ]U

P

U]HP\VïDZ $GDPRZVNL '\UHNWRU %XVLQHVV 8QLW Zb&RPDUFK 6 $ ZbVZRMHM SUH]HQWDFML QD WHPDW LQWHUHVDULXV]\ ]ZUöFLï XZDJÚ QD NRQLHF]QRĂÊ ]DVWRVRZDQLD LQG\ZLGXDOQHJR SRGHMĂFLD GR SRV]F]HJöOQ\FK SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL SR VWURQLH NOLHQWD

30

1D SU]\NïDG]LH ZïDVQ\FK GRĂZLDGF]Hñ RPöZLï SUDNW\F]QH DVSHNW\ DQDOL]\ LQWHUHVDULXV]\ SRVWÚSRZDQLD ZbSU]\SDGNX NRQĠLNWX LQWHUHVöZ SRV]XNLZDQLD UR]ZLÈ]Dñ ]DGRZDODMÈF\FK ZV]\VWNLH VWURQ\ :VND]Dï WDNĝH QD SRGVWDZRZH SUREOHP\ ]ZLÈ]DQH ]bLQWHUHVDULXV]DPL

3LRWU 6NU]\SF]\ñVNL '\UHNWRU Zb(OVHQ 6 $ SU]\EOLĝ\ï ĂZLDW 98&$ WM WDNL NWöU\ FKDUDNWHU\]XMH VLÚ ]PLHQQRĂFLÈ QLHSHZQRĂFLÈ ]ïRĝRQRĂFLÈ RUD] QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĂFLÈ 3RND]Dï ĝH UHDOL]DFMD SURMHNWöZ ZbWDNLFK ZDUXQNDFK Z\PDJD HODVW\F]QHJR SRGHMĂFLD


-DNXE /HVLรฑVNL '\UHNWRU =DU]ร G]DMร F\ Zb7KRULDQD /WG SU]HGVWDZLรฏ SUREOHPDW\Nร ]DU]ร G]DQLD ]DNUHVHP ZbGXฤ \FK SU]HGVLร Z]Lร FLDFK 3UREOHP WHQ GRW\F]\ QLH W\ONR HWDSX GHฤ QLRZDQLD SURMHNWX DOH ZbGXฤ HM PLHU]H GRW\ND ]DU]ร G]DQLD ]PLDQร RUD] ]PLHQQ\FK RF]HNLZDรฑ NOLHQWD -HGQ\P ]bPRฤ OLZ\FK UR]ZLร ]Dรฑ MHVW ]DVWRVRZDQLH SODQRZDQLD ฤ FLฤ OH ]ZLร ]DQH ]bRF]HNLZDQ\P SURGXNWHP FR RJUDQLF]D PRฤ OLZRฤ ร W]Z SHรฏ]DQLD ]DNUHVX SURMHNWX 3URI 8(: GU KDE *U]HJRU] %Hรฏ] GU ย XNDV] :DZU]\QHN RUD] GU 0DUHN :ร VRZLF] ]b8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR ZH :URFรฏDZLX RPรถZLOL Z\QLNL EDGDรฑ QD WHPDW VLHFL VSRรฏHF]Q\FK Zb]DU]ร G]DQLX SURMHNWDPL LQQRZDF\MQ\PL :bEDGDQLDFK Z]Lร รฏR XG]LDรฏ SRQDG UHVSRQGHQWรถZ ]b SURMHNWรถZ %DGDQLH SR]ZROLรฏR ]LGHQW\ฤ NRZDร Uรถฤ QH NRQฤ JXUDFMH VLHFL NWรถUH WZRU]\รฏ\ VLร ZbEDGDQ\FK SURMHNWDFK :\QLNL EDGDรฑ ZVND]XMร QD URVQร F\ ZSรฏ\Z F]\QQLNรถZ PLร NNLFK QD HIHNW\ZQRฤ ร SURMHNWรถZ 7ZRU]HQLH NOLPDWX XF]HQLD VLร LbSRV]XNLZDQLD LQQRZDFML V]\ENLH XF]HQLH VLร F]\ VNXWHF]QH ]HVSRรฏ\ Eร Gร ZbSU]\V]รฏRฤ FL GHF\GRZDรฏ\ RbSU]HZDG]H RUD] VXNFHVLH 3URI 3ยฅ GU KDE LQฤ 6HZHU\Q 6SDรฏHN RGQLรถVรฏ VLร GR WHRUHW\F]Q\FK LbHPSLU\F]Q\FK DVSHNWรถZ ]ZLQQHJR ]DU]ร G]DQLD SURMHNWDPL

:VND]\ZDรฏ ฤ H ]DOHฤ QLH RG V\WXDFML LbVSHF\ฤ NL SURMHNWX ]DVWRVRZDQLH PHWRG ]ZLQQ\FK PRฤ H E\ร Z\ERUHP OXE NRQLHF]QRฤ FLร 2G RGSRZLHGQLHJR GRERUX PHWRG LbQDU]ร G]L ]DOHฤ \ ERZLHP VXNFHV SURMHNWX 3U]HP\VรฏDZ 6]DUOHM :LFHG\UHNWRU ,7 Zb0RUHOH QHW QD ED]LH ZรฏDVQ\FK GRฤ ZLDGF]Hรฑ RUD] EDGDรฑ SRND]Dรฏ MDN GREU]H ]DU]ร G]Dร SURMHNWHP =ZUรถFLรฏ V]F]HJรถOQร XZDJร QD SUREOHP U]HWHOQ\FK LbNRPSOHWQ\FK LQIRUPDFML 3RGNUHฤ OLรฏ WDNฤ H ]QDF]HQLH WDNLFK F]\QQLNรถZ MDN F]DV RF]HNLZDQLD Uรถฤ Q\FK LQWHUHVDULXV]\ SRVWDZ\ ]HVSRรฏX SU]\Mร WH SULRU\WHW\ RUD] RERZLร ]XMร F\ SURFHV SRGHMPRZDQLD GHF\]ML (ZD =DZDG]ND '\UHNWRU ,30$ 3ROVND RPรถZLรฏD UROร VWRZDU]\V]Hรฑ ZVSLHUDMร F\FK PHQHGฤ HUรถZ SURMHNWรถZ ZbSRGQRV]HQLX HIHNW\ZQRฤ FL ]DU]ร G]DQLD =ZUรถFLรฏD V]F]HJรถOQร XZDJร QD SURFHV SRWZLHUG]DQLD NRPSHWHQFML SURMHNWRZ\FK NWรถU\ ]RVWDรฏ RSLVDQ\ Zb:\W\F]Q\FK NRPSHWHQFML LQG\ZLGXDOQ\FK RSUDFRZDQ\FK SU]H] ,30$ 'U (PLO %XNรฏDKD ]H 6]NRรฏ\ *รฏรถZQHM +DQGORZHM SRฤ ZLร FLรฏ VZRMร SUH]HQWDFMร FRQWUROOLQJRZL SURMHNWรถZ 3U]HGVWDZLรฏ LQWHUHVXMร FH Z\QLNL EDGDรฑ SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZ RGSRZLHG]LDOQ\FK ]D SRGHMPRZDQLH GHF\]ML ]ZLร ]DQ\FK ]bUHDOL]DFMร SURMHNWรถZ Zb3ROVFH :\QLNL EDGDรฑ SR]ZROLรฏ\ QD ZVND]DQLH NLHUXQNรถZ RSW\PDOL]DFML V\VWHPรถZ FRQWUROOLQJX SURMHNWรถZ ZbIRUPLH ]ELRUX GREU\FK SUDNW\N FRQWUROOLQJRZ\FK :\QLNL EDGDรฑ

]RVWDรฏ\ RSXEOLNRZDQH ZbIRUPLH PRQRJUDฤ L

wydarzenia

NWรถUH PRฤ H E\ร RVLร JQLร WH PLร G]\ LQQ\PL G]Lร NL ]DVWRVRZDQLX ]ZLQQHJR SRGHMฤ FLD GR ]DU]ร G]DQLD FDรฏ\P SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZHP

3URI 6*+ 3DZHรฏ :\UR]ร EVNL ]H 6]NRรฏ\ *รฏรถZQHM +DQGORZHM SU]HDQDOL]RZDรฏ UROร ELXU ]DU]ร G]DQLD SURMHNWDPL 302 ZbUR]ZRMX RUJDQL]DFML SURMHNWRZ\FK 6]HURNR RPรถZLรฏ SU]\F]\Q\ SRZVWDZDQLD 302 DbWDNฤ H Uรถฤ QH SRGHMฤ FLD GR LFK NRQVWUXRZDQLD ZbSU]HGVLร ELRUVWZDFK QD FDรฏ\P ฤ ZLHFLH 3RGNUHฤ OLรฏ ฤ H 302 QLH MHVW UR]ZLร ]DQLHP NDฤ GHJR SUREOHPX ]DU]ร G]DQLD SURMHNWDPL LbSRZLQQR E\ร ZGUDฤ DQH ZbVSRVรถE ฤ ZLDGRP\ LbFHORZ\ 8PLHMร WQRฤ FL ]DU]ร G]DQLD SURMHNWDPL ZH ZVSรถรฏF]HVQHM JRVSRGDUFH VWDMร VLร FRUD] EDUG]LHM SRWU]HEQH 0HQHGฤ HURZLH SURMHNWรถZ Vร ]DWUXGQLDQL MXฤ QLH W\ONR GR UHDOL]DFML GXฤ \FK SU]HGVLร Z]Lร ร &RUD] ZLร FHM SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZ LbXU]ร GรถZ DGPLQLVWUDFML SXEOLF]QHM VWRVXMH SRGHMฤ FLH SURMHNWRZH GR ]DU]ร G]DQLD ZV]HONLPL ]PLDQDPL RG UHVWUXNWXU\]DFML LbLQZHVW\FML SR NDPSDQLH PDUNHWLQJRZH 6WDQGDUGHP VWDMH VLร ]DU]ร G]DQLH SURMHNWDPL ZbVWDUW XSDFK 'ODWHJR WDNฤ H EDGDQLD QDXNRZH PXV]ร Lฤ ร ZbNLHUXQNX Z\MDฤ QLDQLD SUREOHPรถZ QDSRW\NDQ\FK Zb]DU]ร G]DQLX SURMHNWDPL RUD] WZRU]HQLD QRZ\FK NRQFHSFML XZ]JOร GQLDMร F\FK SRWU]HE\ EL]QHVX LbDGPLQLVWUDFML SXEOLF]QHM 6HPLQDULXP RUD] SURZDG]RQH ZbMHJR WUDNFLH G\VNXVMH SU]\F]\QLรฏ\ VLร GR UR]ZRMX ZLHG]\ ]b]DNUHVX ]DU]ร G]DQLD SURMHNWDPL

=GMร FLH RG OHZHM GU (PLO %XNรฏDKD

GU KDE 6ฤ DZRPLU :DZDN .DWHGUD 3URFHVX =DU]ร G]DQLD

3RQLฤ HM GU ย XNDV] :DZU]\QHN L GU 0DUHN :ร VRZLF]

31


wydarzenia

;\]LMVKQ VI[bMR ]KbMTVQ TI]ZMI\IUQ SWVS]Z[]

โ Targi 4.0โ

-HVLHQLรฃ XELHJฤ HJR URNX 3ROVND ,]ED 3U]HP\Vฤ X 7DUJRZHJR RJฤ RVLฤ D RJร OQRSROVNL NRQNXUV GOD VWXGHQWร Z SRG KDVฤ HP e7DUJL r +MTMU

\MR QVQKRI\a_a JaรฐW XZWXIOW_IVQM QLMQ _[X{รฐKbM[VaKP \IZO{_ _ ฤฌZWLW_Q[S] ISILMUQKSQU RIS Z{_VQMฤต bIKPฤ KMVQM [\]LMV\{_ Q VI]SW_K{_ LW _[X{TVMOW ฤฌ_Qฤ \W_IVQI *OREDO ([KLELWLRQV 'D\ Z UDPDFK NDPSDQLL 8), ฤฒZLDWRZHJR 6WRZDU]\V]HQLD 3U]HP\Vฤ X 7DUJRZHJR

P

UDFH NRQNXUVRZH VWXGHQFL PRJOL ]JรฏDV]Dร ZbWU]HFK NDWHJRULDFK VSRW SURPRF\MQ\ UDGLRZ\ OXE WHOHZL]\MQ\ SUH]HQWDFMD PXOWLPHGLDOQD HVHM =bNROHL ]DNUHV WHPDW\F]Q\ NRQNXUVX ]RVWDรฏ XMร W\ QDVWร SXMร FR ZL]MD WDUJรถZ

32

QLH W\ONR PDUNHWLQJ ฤผ WDUJL MDNR GURJD UR]ZRMX EL]QHVX WDUJL GDMร ZLร FHM ฤผ NRU]\ฤ FL ]bXG]LDรฏX ZbWDUJDFK HYHQW ZbZLHOX Z\PLDUDFK ฤผ FHFKD ZVSรถรฏF]HVQ\FK WDUJรถZ QRZH PHGLD ZbVรฏXฤ ELH WDUJรถZ QHXURPDUNHWLQJ QD WDUJDFK

QDMQRZV]H WHFKQRORJLH Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQH SRGF]DV WDUJรถZ SURPRFMD LGHL WDUJรถZ HNVSR]\FMD VWRLVNR WDUJRZH SU]\V]รฏRฤ FL *OREDO ([KLELWLRQV 'D\ ฤผ NRQFHSFMD SURPRFML ฤ ZLร WD SU]HP\VรฏX Z\VWDZLHQQLF]HJR QD URN


5HSUH]HQWDQFL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH Z\VรฏDOL GR 3R]QDQLD NLOND SUDF ]bNWรถU\FK WU]\ QDJURG]RQR /DXUHDWDPL NRQNXUVX ]RVWDOL โ ข ZbNDWHJRULL ฤทVSRW SURPRF\MQ\ฤต ,,, PLHMVFH ]DMร รฏ\ -RDQQD 'RERV] :\G]LDรฏ 7RZDUR]QDZVWZD Lb=DU]ร G]DQLD 3URGXNWHP RUD] ,]DEHOD 6NU]\QLDU] :\G]LDรฏ =DU]ร G]DQLD โ ข ZbNDWHJRULL ฤทHVHMฤต ,, PLHMVFH ]DMร รฏ\ $UOHWD %LHQLHN RUD] *DEULHOD *RODQRZVND :\G]LDรฏ 7RZDUR]QDZVWZD Lb=DU]ร G]DQLD 3URGXNWHP โ ข ZbNDWHJRULL ฤทSUH]HQWDFMD PXOWLPHGLDOQDฤต ,, PLHMVFH ]DMร OL 0DUOHQD .DSXVWD RUD] 3DZHรฏ 3รฏD]D :\G]LDรฏ 7RZDUR]QDZVWZD Lb=DU]ร G]DQLD 3URGXNWHP

SU]\JRWRZDQLD LbUHDOL]DFML SRMHG\QF]HM SUH]HQWDFML WDUJRZHM SRZLQLHQ WUZDร FR QDMPQLHM NLOND PLHVLร F\ Z\PDJD WHฤ SRGMร FLD ZLHOX VNRRUG\QRZDQ\FK G]LDรฏDรฑ ฤผ ZbZ\PLDU]H P LQ ]DUH]HUZRZDQLD SRZLHU]FKQL Z\VWDZLHQQLF]HM ]DSURMHNWRZDQLD LbZ\NRQDQLD HNVSR]\FML GRERUX LbSU]HV]NROHQLD SHUVRQHOX VWRLVND RFHQ\ HIHNWรถZ Z\NRQDQLD RNUHฤ ORQ\FK G]LDรฏDรฑ SR ]DNRรฑF]HQLX WDUJรถZ 3RQDGWR RG F]DVX GR F]DVX ZbOLWHUDWXU]H EUDQฤ RZHM WRF]ร VLร G\VNXVMH QDG ]DVDGQRฤ FLร XF]HVWQLF]HQLD ZbWDUJDFK ZbUHDOLDFK SRZV]HFKQHJR SUH]HQWRZDQLD RIHUW ZbLQWHUQHFLH LbรฏDWZHJR NRPXQLNRZDQLD VLร GURJร HOHNWURQLF]Qร -DN MHGQDN SRND]XMH SUDNW\ND QLF QLH ]DVWร SL ZbUHODFMDFK EL]QHVRZ\FK EH]SRฤ UHGQLHJR NRQWDNWX

:Dฤ QH MHVW ]DWHP SU]HND]\ZDQLH PรฏRG\P OXG]LRP ZLHG]\ ]b]DNUHVX PDUNHWLQJX WDUJRZHJR ฤผ RVRERP NWรถUH ]D FKZLOร ZHMGร QD U\QHN SUDF\ LbE\ร PRฤ H Eร Gร XF]HVWQLF]\ร ZbWDUJDFK OXE SRGHMPRZDร GHF\]MH RbZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQLX Z\GDU]Hรฑ Z\VWDZLHQQLF]\FK ,bWX QDOHฤ \ ZVSRPQLHร ฤ H HGXNDFMD WDUJRZD MHVW UHDOL]RZDQD ZbQDV]\P NUDMX QLHVWHW\ ZbEDUG]R RJUDQLF]RQ\P Z\PLDU]H =DOHGZLH ZbNLONX XF]HOQLDFK SRGF]DV ]DMร ร G\GDNW\F]Q\FK RPDZLD VLร ]DJDGQLHQLH DNW\ZQRฤ FL Z\VWDZLHQQLF]HM :\QLND WR ZbJรฏรถZQHM PLHU]H ]bWHJR ฤ H QLHZLHOX QDXNRZFรถZ SRฤ ZLร FD VZRMH ]DDQJDฤ RZDQLH EDGDZF]H PDUNHWLQJRZL WDUJRZHPX

wydarzenia

LbPRฤ OLZRฤ FL ]DSUH]HQWRZDQLD SURGXNWX ฤทQD ฤ \ZRฤต 8ZDJD WD GRW\F]\ ZbV]F]HJรถOQRฤ FL U\QNX % % EXVLQHVV WR EXVLQHVV

1DOHฤ \ PLHร QDG]LHMร ฤ H GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLD Z\QLNDMร FH ]bXG]LDรฏX ZbNRQNXUVLH VNรฏRQLร QDV]\FK VWXGHQWรถZ DbNLHG\ฤ SUDFRZQLNรถZ Uรถฤ Q\FK ฤ UP GR XF]HVWQLF]HQLD ZbWDUJDFK $bE\ร PRฤ H JUXSD SDVMRQDWรถZ Z\VWDZLHQQLFWZD ZbQDV]\P ฤ URGRZLVNX DNDGHPLFNLP ZNUรถWFH VLร SRZLร NV]\ JG\ฤ 3ROVND ,]ED 3U]HP\VรฏX 7DUJRZHJR ]DSRZLHG]LDรฏD NROHMQH HG\FMH NRQNXUVX GU KDE 0DUFLQ *รทEDURZVNL .DWHGUD =DU]ร G]DQLD 3URFHVRZHJR

:\Uรถฤ QLHQL VWXGHQFL RWU]\PDOL QDJURG\ U]HF]RZH VSU]ร W HOHNWURQLF]Q\ ,FK ZUร F]HQLH RGE\รฏR VLร Zb:DUV]DZLH F]HUZFD SRGF]DV XURF]\VWHM JDOL FHOHEUXMร FHM ยฅZLDWRZ\ ']LHรฑ 7DUJรถZ :bJDOL XF]HVWQLF]\รฏR NLONXG]LHVLร FLX UHSUH]HQWDQWรถZ ฤ ZLDWD EL]QHVX LbQDXNL 3U]\ RND]ML VXNFHVX QDV]\FK VWXGHQWรถZ ZDUWR ZVSRPQLHร WDNฤ H RbSRWU]HELH SURPRZDQLD LGHL WDUJรถZ 2Wรถฤ SRWHQFMDรฏ PDUNHWLQJRZ\ ZVSรถรฏF]HVQ\FK Z\GDU]Hรฑ Z\VWDZLHQQLF]\FK MHVW QLHGRFHQLDQ\ SU]H] ZLHOX SROVNLFK SU]HGVLร ELRUFรถZ NWรถU]\ ฤผ QLH SRWUDฤ ร F NRU]\VWDร ]bWDUJรถZ ฤผ WZLHUG]ร ฤ H Vร RQH QLHVNXWHF]QH 3URFHV 33


wydarzenia

.RPXQLNDFMD U\QNRZD KbaTQ RIS XZWU]Rฤ [Qฤ _[X{รฐKbM[VM ย ZUa' .ROHMQ\ F\NO Z\Nฤ DGร Z ] SU]HGPLRWX 3RGVWDZ\ .RPXQLNDFML 5\QNRZHM XZW_ILbWVaKP XZbMb LZ 5IOLITMVฤ ,WรฐPI[b WZIb ฤ _QKbMฤก XZW_ILbWVaKP XZbMb LZ 3I\IZbaVฤ ;IVIS 3W[UW_[Sฤ _ [MUM[\ZbM TM\VQU ! ]DNRฤกF]RQR MXล SR UD] F]ZDUW\ MObIUQVMU _ XW[\IKQ bWZOIVQbW_IVMR ,aLIS\aKbVW

6I]SW_MR 3WVNMZMVKRQ 8TISI\W_MR

W

bW\P QLHFRG]LHQQ\P Z\GDU]HQLX PDUNHWLQJRZ\P Z]Lร OL XG]LDรฏ QLH W\ONR ]GDMร F\ HJ]DPLQ VWXGHQFL NLHUXQNX 0L.5 DOH WDNฤ H VWXGHQFL 8(. ]DLQWHUHVRZDQL WHPDWHP NRQIHUHQFML RUD] SUDFRZQLF\ QDXNRZR G\GDNW\F]QL QDV]HJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX Lb]DSURV]HQL JRฤ FLH Zฤ UรถG NWรถU\FK E\OL VWXGHQFL :\G]LDรฏX =DU]ร G]DQLD 8QLZHUV\WHWX

34

-DJLHOORรฑVNLHJR Zb.UDNRZLH NWรถU]\ UรถZQLHฤ Z\VWDZLDOL VZRMH SODNDW\ +RQRURZ\P SDWURQDWHP REMร รฏD QDV]ร .RQIHUHQFMร 3URUHNWRU GV .RPXQLNDFML Lb:VSรถรฏSUDF\ 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH SURI GU KDE -DQLQD )LOHN :bGQLX F]HUZFD bU RG JRG]LQ\ Zb6DOL RUD] Zb+ROX 3DZLORQX

VSRUWRZR G\GDNW\F]QHJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH UR]SRF]ร รฏD VLร ,9 '\GDNW\F]QR 1DXNRZD .RQIHUHQFMD 3ODNDWRZD NWรถUHM QDF]HOQ\P FHOHP E\รฏR ]DSR]QDQLH VLร ]bQDMQRZV]\PL Z\EUDQ\PL NLHUXQNDPL UR]ZRMX NRPXQLNDFML U\QNRZHM RUD] V]F]HJรถORZD DQDOL]D G]LDรฏDรฑ NRPXQLNDFML U\QNRZHM Zb3ROVFH


7UHฤ ร PHU\WRU\F]Qร SRP\Vรฏ LbNUHDW\ZQRฤ ร SU]HVWDZLRQ\FK SODNDWรถZ RFHQLRQR ZbGURG]H JรฏRVRZDQLD ZbNWรถU\P Z]Lร OL XG]LDรฏ VWXGHQFL MDN UรถZQLHฤ NDGUD G\GDNW\F]QR QDXNRZD SU]\]QDMร F RGG]LHOQLH QDJURG\ GOD QDMOHSV]\FK SUDF :bF]DVLH .RQIHUHQFML Z\JรฏRV]RQR WDNฤ H GZD LQWHUHVXMร FH Z\NรฏDG\ ]ZLร ]DQH ]bPDUNHWLQJLHP LbNRPXQLNDFMร U\QNRZร 3LHUZV]\ Z\JรฏRVLOL 0DULXV] =DF]\N $UW 'LUHFWRU Lb$UNDGLXV] 0RJLรฏD 6WUDWHJ\ 3ODQQHU 6FKXO] %UDQG )ULHQGO\ PรถZLร F\ RbW\P &]\ PDUNL WZRU]ร NRQVXPHQWรถZ F]\ NRQVXPHQFL NUHXMร G]Lฤ PDUNL" 'UXJL Z\NรฏDG Z\JรฏRVLรฏ\ 3DQLH 0RQLND .XQNRZVND Lb0RQLND *DUG]LรฑVND

wydarzenia

:bUDPDFK .RQIHUHQFML ]DSUH]HQWRZDQR SODNDW\ VDPRG]LHOQLH RSUDFRZDQH LbZ\P\ฤ ORQH SU]H] VWXGHQWรถZ RSDUWH RbZF]Hฤ QLHM SU]\JRWRZDQH QD ร ZLF]HQLDFK UHIHUDW\ QDXNRZH SODNDW\ ]RVWDรฏ\ Z\GUXNRZDQH G]Lร NL SRPRF\ %LXUD 3URPRFML 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR RUD] ']LDรฏRZL 3ROLJUDILL 8(. LbPRฤ QD MH E\รฏR RJOร GDร SU]H] FDรฏ\ F]DV WUZDQLD .RQIHUHQFML

6SRWOLJKW 5HVHDUFK Rb%DGDQLDFK RQOLQH ฤผ MDN V]\EFLHM RGSRZLDGDร QD SRWU]HE\ .OLHQWD .Dฤ G\ VWXGHQW 0L.5 RWU]\PDรฏ SR]\W\ZQร RFHQร ]bHJ]DPLQX ]bSU]HGPLRWX 3RGVWDZ\ .RPXQLNDFML 5\QNRZHM NWรถUHM JรฏรถZQ\P HOHPHQWHP RSUรถF] RFHQ\ ]bร ZLF]Hรฑ LbWHVWX HJ]DPLQDF\MQHJR E\รฏD RFHQD SUH]HQWRZDQHJR QD .RQIHUHQFML SODNDWX :\รฏRQLRQR UรถZQLHฤ ]Z\FLร ]FรถZ VSRฤ UรถG VWXGHQWรถZ 8QLZHUV\WHWX -DJLHOORรฑVNLHJR =Z\FLร ]FRP

ZUร F]RQR V\PEROLF]QH QDJURG\ SXFKDU\ DbZV]\VF\ XF]HVWQLF\ RWU]\PDOL FHUW\ILNDW\ SRWZLHUG]DMร FH XG]LDรฏ ZbSURMHNFLH 0DP QDG]LHMร Lฤ QDV]D .RQIHUHQFMD 3ODNDWRZD MDNR IRUPD HJ]DPLQX VSRGREDรฏD VLร VWXGHQWRP WHJRURF]QHM HG\FML QDV]HJR NLHUXQNX PJU 0DJGDOHQD 'Rฤ KDV] SURZDG]ร F\ Z\NรฏDG ] SU]HGPLRWX 3RGVWDZ\ .RPXQLNDFML 5\QNRZHM SRP\VรฏRGDZFD SURMHNWX

35


wydarzenia

+MZ\aย SI\a Akademii Santander Universitades ZWbLIVM F]HUZFD 0DFLHM 5HOXJD ยง +bรฐWVMS BIZbฤ L] ;IV\IVLMZ *IVS 8WT[SI ; ) /รฐ{_Va -SWVWUQ[\I *IVS] RUD] SURI GU KDE $OHNV\ 3RF]WRZVNL ยง 8ZWZMS\WZ L[ 6I]SQ =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM XURF]\ฤณFLH ]DNRฤกF]\OL WUZDMรฃFรฃ EOLVNR PLHVLรฃF $NDGHPLรท 6DQWDQGHU 8QLYHUVLGDGHV

A

ZVSรถรฏSUDF\ ]b6DQWDQGHU %DQN 3ROVND NDGHPLD 6DQVWDQGHU :bVSRWNDQLDFK Z]LHรฏR XG]LDรฏ SRQDG 8QLYHUVLWDGHV WR FHUW\ฤ NRVWX VWXGHQWรถZ NWรถU]\ ]b]DDQJDฤ RZDZDQ\ F\NO ZDUV]WDWรถZ RUD] QLHP XF]HVWQLF]\OL ZbZ\GDU]HQLX Z\NรฏDGรถZ SRGF]DV NWรถU\FK SRUXV]DQH E\รฏ\ ]DJDGQLHQLD ]ZLร ]DQH 7HPDW\ND Z\NรฏDGรถZ WHJRURF]QHM ]bV]HURNR UR]XPLDQร EDQNRZRฤ $NDGHPL REHMPRZDรฏD ZbV]F]HJรถFLร :bW\P URNX QD SU]HรฏRPLH PDMD รฏQRฤ FL ]DU]ร G]QLH ]DVREDPL OXG]LbF]HUZFD SR UD] NROHMQ\ VWXGHQFL NLPL ZbEDQNX ZVSรถรฏSUDFร EDQNรถZ QDV]HJR 8QLZHU\VWHWX PLHOL RND]Mร ]b)LQ7HFK PHWRG\ ฤ QDQVRZDQLD XF]HVWQLF]\ร ZbW\P Z\GDU]HQLX SURMHNWรถZ LQZHVW\F\MQ\FK RUD] $NDGHPLD ]RVWDรฏD ]RUJDQL]RZDQD U\]\NR PDNUR LbPLNURHNRQRPLF]QH SU]H] .DWHGUร %DQNRZRฤ FL RUD] ZbG]LDรฏDOQRฤ FL EDQNRZLHM =DMร FLD .RรฏR 1DXNRZH %DQNRZRฤ FL SU]\

36

SURZDG]LOL SUDFRZQLF\ 6DQWDQGHU %DQN 3ROVND NWรถU\FK ZLHOROHWQLH GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLH SR]ZROLรฏR ZbรฏDWZ\ LbSU]\VWร SQ\ VSRVรถE SU]HGVWDZLร SRV]F]HJรถOQH ]DJDGQLHQLD RUD] RGSRZLHG]LHร QD QXUWXMร FH XF]HVWQLNรถZ S\WDQLD &]ร ฤ ร ZDUV]WDWRZD $NDGHPLL GRW\F]\รฏD U\]\ND NUHG\WRZHJR PHWRG RFHQ\ ]GROQRฤ FL NUHG\WRZHM NRQVXPHQWรถZ RUD] VSRVREรถZ ]DU]ร G]DQLD U\]\NLHP NUHG\WRZ\P ZbEDQNX


6]F]HJรถOQ\P ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHP FLHV]\รฏ VLร Z\NรฏDG ZbMร ]\NX DQJLHOVNLP SURZDG]RQ\ SU]H] 3KLOLSD +XPSKUH\VฤณDb &UHGLW &RPPLWWHH &KDLUPDQ 3UHOHJHQW ZUD] ]H VZRLPL ZVSรถรฏSUDFRZQLNDPL SDQLร %HDWร *DZU\MRรฏHN RUD] 0LFKDรฏHP .OLPF]DNLHP SU]HGVWDZLOL SHUVSHNW\Zร G]LDรฏDOQRฤ FL EDQNRZHM ZbREV]DU]H ฤ QDQVRZDQLD SURMHNWรถZ LQZHVW\F\MQ\FK ZbHQHUJLร RGQDZLDOQร RUD] EXGRZQLFWZR HNRORJLF]QH $QDOL]D FDVH VWXG\ RSDUWD QD U]HF]\ZLVW\FK GDQ\FK SR]ZROLรฏD XF]HVWQLNRP ]UR]XPLHร ZSรฏ\Z EDQNRZRฤ FL QD Uรถฤ QH DVSHNW\ ฤ \FLD WDNLH MDN SRUXV]RQD QD Z\NรฏDG]LH ฤ ZLDGRPRฤ ร HNRORJLF]QD VSRรฏHF]HรฑVWZD

1D RVWDWQLP SRGVXPRZXMร F\P VSRWNDQLX ]bF\NOX $NDGHPLL 6DQWDQGHU 8QLYHUVLWDGHV VWXGHQFL PLHOL RND]Mร SRV]HU]\ร VZRMร ZLHG]ร QD WHPDW U\]\ND ZbG]LDรฏDOQRฤ FL EDQNRZHM :\NรฏDG SRSRUZDG]Lรฏ 0DFLHM 5HOXJD ฤผ F]รฏRQHN ]DU]ร GX 6DQWDQGHU %DQN 3ROVND 6 $ RUD] JรฏรถZQ\ HNRQRPLVWD EDQNX 6]DQVH Lb]DJURฤ HQLD GOD EDQNX Z\QLNDMร FH ]bV\WXDFML PDNURHNRQRPLF]QHM SU]HGVWDZLRQH SU]H] HNVSHUWD Xฤ ZLDGRPLรฏ\ VWXGHQWRP SRZLร ]DQLD LQVW\WXFML V\VWHPX ฤ QDQVRZHJR LbZDJร XWU]\P\ZDQLD RGSRZLHGQLFK VWDQGDUGรถZ SU]H] ZV]\VWNLFK SUDFRZQLNรถZ EDQNX 8F]HVWQLF\ NWรถU]\ V\VWHPDW\F]QLH EUDOL XG]LDรฏ ZbRUJDQL]RZDQ\FK ]DMร FLDFK ZbF]DVLH RVWDWQLHJR Z\NรฏDGX RWU]\PDOL FHUW\ฤ NDW\ SRWZLHUG]DMร FH XNRรฑF]HQLH $NDGHPLL 6DQWDQGHU 8QLYHUVLWDGHV =DUรถZQR SUHOHJHQFL MDN LbRUJDQL]DWRU]\ $NDGHPLL E\OL SRG GXฤ \P ZUDฤ HQLHP Z\VRNLHM IUHNZHQFML RUD] DNW\ZQRฤ FL VWXGHQWรถZ SRGF]DV ]DMร ร 1DWRPLDVW XF]HVWQLF\ MDNR QDMZLร NV]ร ]DOHWร ZVND]\ZDOL Z\VRNร ZDUWRฤ ร PHU\WRU\F]Qร SURZDG]RQ\FK Z\NรฏDGรถZ RUD] ZDUV]WDWรถZ :LHOX VWXGHQWรถZ Z\UD]LรฏR FKร ร SRQRZQHJR Z]Lร FLD

XG]LDรฏX ZbNROHMQ\FK HG\FMDFK $NDGHPLL ฤท6DQWDQGHU 8QLYHUVLGDGHV ZVSLHUD HGXNDFMร ER NUHXMH RQD Z]URVW LbSRVWร S ZbSU]\V]รฏRฤ FL &Kร WQLH DQJDฤ XMHP\ VLร ZbSURMHNW\ WDNLH MDN $NDGHPLD 6DQWDQGHU 8QLYHUVLGDGHV NWรถUH Vร GOD VWXGHQWรถZ PRฤ OLZRฤ FLร SRV]HU]HQLD ZLHG]\ LbSRรฏร F]HQLD WHRULL ]bGRฤ ZLDGF]HQLHP SUDNW\NรถZ -HVWHฤ P\ SU]HNRQDQL ฤ H ZLHG]D ]GRE\WD ZbWUDNFLH $NDGHPLL XรฏDWZL VWDUW QD U\QNX SUDF\ฤต ฤผ SRZLHG]LDรฏ :RMFLHFK /Hฤ QLHZVNL G\UHNWRU 6DQWDQGHU 8QLYHUVLGDGHV Zb3ROVFH

wydarzenia

8F]HVWQLF\ PLHOL V]DQVร GRZLHG]LHร VLร MDN QD SROLW\Nร NUHG\WRZร EDQNX ZSรฏ\ZD 5HNRPHQGDFMD 6 OXE MDN ]PLHQLร VLร NRV]W\ NUHG\WX SR ]DVWRVRZDQLX VWDรฏHM OXE ]PLHQQHM VWRS\ SURFHQWRZHM 3U]HGVWDZLHQLH U]HF]\ZLVWHJR SURFHVX RFHQ\ ]GROQRฤ FL NUHG\WRZHM SRWHQFMDOQHJR NUHG\WRELRUF\ LbZHMฤ FLH ZbUROร VSHFMDOLVW\ GR VSUDZ NUHG\WรถZ SR]ZROLรฏR VWXGHQWRP QDE\ร SUDNW\F]Qร ZLHG]ร ]b]DNUHVX MHGQHJR ]bLVWRWQ\FK REV]DUรถZ EDQNRZRฤ FL NUHG\WรถZ KLSRWHF]Q\FK

:Lร FHM LQIRUPDFML GRW\F]ร F\FK WHJRURF]QHM $NDGHPLL PRฤ QD ]QDOHฤ ร QD VWRUQLH 6DQWDQGHU 8QLYHUVLWDGHV KWWSV EDQN VDQWDQGHU SO VDQWDQGHUXQLYHUVLGDGHV SO DNWXDOQRVFL ]DNRQF]\OLVP\ DNDGHPLH VDQWDQGHU XQLYHUVLGDGHV QD XQLZHUV\WHFLH HNRQRPLF]Q\P Z NUDNRZLH KWPO .RรฏR 1DXNRZH %DQNRZRฤ FL ]DFKร FD ZV]\VWNLFK ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK GR Z]Lร FLD XG]LDรฏX ZbNROHMQ\FK Z\GDU]HQLDFK RUJDQL]RZDQ\FK ZH ZVSรถรฏSUDF\ ]b6DQWDQGHU %DQN 3ROVND Magdalena Hajduk .RรฏR 1DXNRZH %DQNRZRฤ FL

37


wydarzenia

,Z]OI MLaKRI UQฤ LbaVIZWLW_MR SWVNMZMVKRQ VI]SW_MR e:RUNVKRS RQ 0DFURHFRQRPLF 5HVHDUFKr ? LVQIKP Q KbMZ_KI ! Z _ =VQ_MZ[a\MKQM -SWVWUQKbVaU _ 3ZISW_QM WLJaรฐI [Qฤ LZ]OI MLaKRI SWVNMZMVKRQ VI]SW_MR e:RUNVKRS RQ 0DFURHFRQRPLF 5HVHDUFKr

W

bPXUDFK QDV]HM XF]HOQL JRฤ FLOLฤ P\ SRQDG HNRQRPLVWรถZ UHSUH]HQWXMร F\FK X]QDQH Rฤ URGNL QDXNRZH ]b+LV]SDQLL 1LHPLHF 5HSXEOLNL 3RรฏXGQLRZHM $IU\NL 5XPXQLL 7DMZDQX 8NUDLQ\ Lb3ROVNL :DUV]WDWRZ\ FKDUDNWHU NRQIHUHQFML SR]ZROLรฏ QD SRJรฏร ELRQH G\VNXVMH GRW\F]ร FH SURZDG]RQ\FK

38

EDGDรฑ RUD] VZRERGQร Z\PLDQร RSLQLL QD WHPDW RELHFXMร F\FK NLHUXQNรถZ GDOV]\FK SUDF Zb]DNUHVLH Z\MDฤ QLDQLD ]MDZLVN LbSURFHVรถZ PDNURHNRQRPLF]Q\FK 7HJRURF]QD NRQIHUHQFMD ฤท:RUNVKRS RQ 0DFURHFRQRPLF 5HVHDUFKฤต VWDQRZLรฏD NRQW\QXDFMร Z\GDU]HQLD

]DLQLFMRZDQHJR Zb U SU]H] .DWHGUร 0DNURHNRQRPLL RUD] .DWHGUร (NRQRPHWULL Lb%DGDรฑ 2SHUDF\MQ\FK 8(. 3RGVWDZRZ\P FHOHP WHM LQLFMDW\Z\ MHVW VWZRU]HQLH SU]HVWU]HQL VรฏXฤ ร FHM UR]SRZV]HFKQLDQLX LbZ\PLDQLH LGHL GRW\F]ร F\FK HPSLU\F]QHM LbWHRUHW\F]QHM PDNURHNRQRPLL ZbPLร G]\QDURGRZ\P ฤ URGRZLVNX DbWDNฤ H


2ILFMDOQHJR RWZDUFLD NRQIHUHQFML GRNRQDïD 3URUHNWRU GV .RPXQLNDFML Lb:VSöïSUDF\ 8(. 3URI GU KDE -DQLQD )LOHN =DSURV]HQLH GR Z\JïRV]HQLD Z\NïDGX LQDXJXUXMÈFHJR SU]\MÈï 3URI =HQR (QGHUV ]b8QLZHUV\WHWX Zb+HLGHOEHUJX X]QDQ\ VSHFMDOLVWD Zb]DNUHVLH PRGHORZDQLD PDNURHNRQRPLF]QHJR :bZ\VWÈSLHQLX SW ķ([SHFWDWLRQV LQ 0DFURHFRQRPLFVĵ ]DSUH]HQWRZDï RQ NU\W\F]QÈ RFHQÚ HZROXFML PRGHOL RF]HNLZDñ ZbWHRULL HNRQRPLL RUD] ZVSöïF]HVQHJR ZFLÈĝ QLHGRVWDWHF]QHJR Z\NRU]\VWDQLD RF]HNLZDñ ZbDQDOL]DFK SU]\F]\Q ZDKDñ JRVSRGDUF]\FK %D]XMÈF QD VZRLFK ELHĝÈF\FK EDGDQLDFK GRW\F]ÈF\FK ķIDOĵ RSW\PL]PX LbSHV\PL]PX SURI (QGHUV ZVND]Dï QD WUXGQRĂFL ZbXVWDOHQLX ZVSöï]DOHĝQRĂFL PLÚG]\ ZVNDěQLNDPL HNRQRPLF]Q\PL DbRSLQLDPL LbSU]HNRQDQLDPL SRGPLRWöZ FR GR SU]\V]ïHJR VWDQX JRVSRGDUNL 1D SU]\NïDG]LH RF]HNLZDñ PLHU]RQ\FK QD SR]LRPLH SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZ SU]HGVWDZLï RQ PHWRG\ VïXĝÈFH SHïQLHMV]HPX Z\NRU]\VWDQLX W\FK GDQ\FK ZbZ\MDĂQLDQLX SU]HELHJX F\NOX NRQLXQNWXUDOQHJR

:bWUDNFLH GZöFK GQL ZDUV]WDWöZ Z\JïRV]RQR SöïJRG]LQQ\FK UHIHUDWöZ :V]\VWNLH ]bQLFK ED]RZDï\ QD RU\JLQDOQ\FK DXWRUVNLFK EDGDQLDFK &KRÊ SU]HZDĝDMÈFD F]ÚĂÊ UHIHUDWöZ PLDïD FKDUDNWHU HPSLU\F]Q\ QLH ]DEUDNïR UöZQLHĝ SUDF Z\NRU]\VWXMÈF\FK PRGHOH WHRUHW\F]QH :ĂUöG ]DSUH]HQWRZDQ\FK WHPDWöZ ]QDOD]ï\ VLÚ ZSï\Z ]PLDQ WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK RUD] QLHSHZQRĂFL QD Z]URVW JRVSRGDUF]\ UROD SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZ SDñVWZRZ\FK ZbVWUXNWXU]H JRVSRGDUHN SDñVWZ (XURS\ ¥URGNRZHM SU]HVXQLÚFLD ZbRF]HNLZDQLDFK LQĠDF\MQ\FK ]QDF]HQLH OX]RZDQLD LORĂFLRZHJR GOD U\QNX ZDOXWRZHJR F]\ HIHNW\ SROLW\NL PDNURRVWURĝQRĂFLRZHM ZbVIHU]H GREURE\WX VSRïHF]QHJR 'XĝH ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH XF]HVWQLNöZ Z]EXG]Lï\ SUDFH Z\NRU]\VWXMÈFH QRZDWRUVNLH SRGHMĂFLD PHWRGRORJLF]QH REHMPXMÈFH P LQ VSRVRE\ V]DFRZDQLD ]DVREX NDSLWDïX ZbJRVSRGDUFH SURJQR]RZDQLH FHQ VXURZFöZ SRPLDU HIHNWöZ SROLW\NL SLHQLÚĝQHM RUD] LGHQW\ğNDFMÚ V]RNöZ PDNURHNRQRPLF]Q\FK :DĝQÈ F]ÚĂÊ NRQIHUHQFML VWDQRZLïD VHVMD SODNDWRZD ZbF]DVLH NWöUHM ]DSUH]HQWRZDQR SUDF EÚGÈF\FK F]ÚVWR HIHNWHP SRF]ÈWNRZ\FK EDGDñ QDG DNWXDOQ\PL ZDĝQ\PL SUREOHPDPL EDGDZF]\PL 3ODNDW\ GRW\F]\ï\ QLHUöZQRĂFL VSRïHF]Q\FK ]PLDQ ZbKDQGOX PLÚG]\QDURGRZ\P MDN UöZQLHĝ HIHNW\ZQRĂFL U\QNX ZDOXWRZHJR 8F]HVWQLF\ DQDOL]RZDOL WDNĝH SRGDWQRĂÊ JRVSRGDUHN QD NU\]\V\ HNRQRPLF]QH VNXWNL WUHQGöZ GHPRJUDğF]Q\FK RUD] ]PLDQ

WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK &]ÚĂÊ ]bSU]HGVWDZLRQ\FK EDGDñ ED]RZDïD QD SRZVWDMÈF\FK SUDFDFK GRNWRUVNLFK DbSUH]HQWXMÈF\ PRJOL OLF]\Ê QD ZQLNOLZH XZDJL SR]RVWDï\FK XF]HVWQLNöZ NRQIHUHQFML RUD] VXJHVWLH GRW\F]ÈFH W\FK REV]DUöZ LFK SUDF NWöUH Z\PDJDMÈ SRSUDZ\ OXE UR]ZLQLÚFLD

wydarzenia

SRPLÚG]\ EDUG]LHM GRĂZLDGF]RQ\PL LbSRF]ÈWNXMÈF\PL HNRQRPLVWDPL .RPLWHWRZL RUJDQL]DF\MQHPX NRQIHUHQFML SU]HZRGQLF]\OL NLHURZQLF\ REX NDWHGU 3URI 8(. GU KDE 0DUHN $ 'ÈEURZVNL Lb3URI GU KDE -DFHN 2VLHZDOVNL 3U]\FK\OQH RSLQLH QD WHPDW SLHUZV]HM HG\FML NRQIHUHQFML VSUDZLï\ ĝH LbZbW\P URNX SU]\FLÈJQÚïD RQD ZLHOH ]JïRV]Hñ UHIHUDWöZ QD EDUG]R Z\VRNLP SR]LRPLH PHU\WRU\F]Q\P

5RERF]\ SURğO NRQIHUHQFML XïDWZLDï VSRQWDQLF]QH QDZLÈ]\ZDQLH QRZ\FK NRQWDNWöZ RUD] Z\PLDQÚ RSLQLL QD WHPDW VLOQ\FK LbVïDE\FK VWURQ SURZDG]RQ\FK EDGDñ 6WZDU]Dï WDNĝH ZDUXQNL GR ]DGDZDQLD ]DVNDNXMÈF\FK LbQLHïDWZ\FK OHF] ]DZV]H ĝ\F]OLZ\FK S\WDñ /LF]QH LbRĝ\ZLRQH G\VNXVMH NRQW\QXRZDQR QLHU]DGNR ZbSU]HUZDFK PLÚG]\ NROHMQ\PL VHVMDPL DbWDNĝH QD JïÚERNRĂFL SRQDG PHWUöZ SRG SRZLHU]FKQLÈ ]LHPL SRGF]DV Z\FLHF]NL GR .RSDOQL 6ROL Zb:LHOLF]FH .RQIHUHQFMD ķ:RUNVKRS RQ 0DFURHFRQRPLF 5HVHDUFK ĵ RGE\ïD VLÚ SRG KRQRURZ\P SDWURQDWHP -0 5HNWRUD 8(. SURI 8(. GU KDE $QGU]HMD &KRFKöïD .RQIHUHQFMD X]\VNDïD GRğQDQVRZDQLH 0LQLVWHUVWZD 1DXNL Lb6]NROQLFWZD :\ĝV]HJR RUD] 0LDVWD .UDNRZD :LÚFHM LQIRUPDFML LbV]F]HJöïRZ\ SURJUDP NRQIHUHQFML GRVWÚSQH VÈ QD VWURQLH PDFUR XHN NUDNRZ SO -Xĝ G]LĂ ]DSUDV]DP\ GR XG]LDïX ZbSU]\V]ïRURF]Q\FK :DUV]WDWDFK GU Jakub Janus 6HNUHWDU] ķ:RUNVKRS RQ 0DFURHFRQRPLF 5HVHDUFKĵ .DWHGUD 0DNURHNRQRPLL 8(.

39


wydarzenia

60 lat UQVฤ รฐW ? \aU ZWS] UQRI TI\ WL XW_WรฐIVQI _ VI[bMR =KbMTVQ ;\]LQ]U 8MLIOWOQKbVMOW S\{ZM NWZUITVQM Q UMZa\WZaKbVQM b_Qฤ bIVM RM[\ b .DWHGUรฃ 3V\FKRORJLL L '\GDNW\NL 8(.

J

uELOHXV] OHFLD 6WXGLXP 3HGDJRJLF]QHJR 8(. ZSLVXMH VLร EH]SRฤ UHGQLR ZbVWXOHFLH UR]SRF]ร FLD NV]WDรฏFHQLD SHGDJRJรถZ ZbZ\ฤ V]\FK XF]HOQLDFK SHGDJRJLF]Q\FK -XELOHXV] MHVW RND]Mร GR UHIOHNVML QDG XSรฏ\ZDMร F\P F]DVHP LbZVSRPQLHรฑ RbRVREDFK NWรถUH SR]RVWDZLรฏ\ WUZDรฏ\

40

ฤ ODG QD NDUWDFK KLVWRULL 6WXGLXP 'R RVรถE W\FK RERN SURI GU KDE .D]LPLHU]D 6RZ\ SLHUZV]HJR NLHURZQLND 6WXGLXP QLHZร WSOLZLH QDOHฤ \ GU 0DULD :ร JU]HFND NWรถUD IXQNFMร Wร SHรฏQLรฏD Dฤ SU]H] ODW -HM 3RVWDร ]\VNDรฏD RJURPQ\ ]DVรถE X]QDQLD LbV]DFXQNX NROHMQ\FK URF]QLNรถZ $EVROZHQWรถZ

Z\VRNR RFHQLDMร F\FK MDNRฤ ร LbSU]\GDWQRฤ ร QDE\ZDQ\FK XPLHMร WQRฤ FL SRWZLHUG]RQ\ WDNฤ H LFK Z\VRNLPL RFHQDPL MDNLH X]\VNLZDOL LbX]\VNXMร ZbV]NRรฏDFK ZbNWรถU\FK ]QDOHฤ OL ]DWUXGQLHQLH 7R Z\Mร WNRZH ฤ ZLร WR SRGNUHฤ OD QLHEDJDWHOQ\ GRUREHN 6WXGLXP


wydarzenia SU]\QRV]ร F ]DV]F]\W ]DUรถZQR W\P NWรถU]\ ZbQLP SUDFRZDOL OXE SUDFXMร REHFQLH MDN LbW\P NWรถU]\ MH XNRรฑF]\OL -DN SRND]XMH KLVWRULD 6WXGLXP Z\NV]WDรฏFLรฏR QLH W\ONR QDXF]\FLHOL GOD SRWU]HE V]NROQLFWZD HNRQRPLF]QHJR Zb3ROVFH QLHNWรถU]\ ]bQLFK SUDFXMร WDNฤ H Zb86$ DOH WDNฤ H $EVROZHQWรถZ NWรถU]\ Sรถฤ QLHM Z\EUDOL LQQH GURJL ฤ \FLD ]DZRGRZHJR -HGQL ]bQLFK ]RVWDOL SUDFRZQLNDPL QDXNRZ\PL XF]HOQL Z\ฤ V]\FK LQQL V]NROHQLRZFDPL ZbILUPDFK OXE OXGฤ PL EL]QHVX

6WXGLXP RIHUXMH VZRLP 6รฏXFKDF]RP ]GRE\FLH ZLHG]\ WHRUHW\F]QHM LbSUDNW\F]QHM SRWU]HEQHM ZbSUDF\ G\GDNW\F]QHM Z\FKRZDZF]HM LbV]NROHQLRZHM 5รถฤ QRURGQRฤ ร WHPDW\F]QD SURZDG]RQ\FK ]DMร ร ]DSHZQLD ]GRE\FLH ZLHOX XPLHMร WQRฤ FL ]DZRGRZ\FK PLร G]\ LQQ\PL WZรถUF]HJR UR]ZLร ]\ZDQLD SUREOHPรถZ HPLVML JรฏRVX DVHUW\ZQHM DXWRSUH]HQWDFML NRPXQLNDFML LQWHUSHUVRQDOQHM HIHNW\ZQHJR SRVรฏXJLZDQLD VLร PXOWLPHGLDPL RUD] SURMHNWRZDQLD NXUVรถZ NV]WDรฏFHQLD ]GDOQHJR 6SRฤ UรถG SU]HGPLRWรถZ

QDOHฤ ร F\FK GR ERJDWHM ฤทSDOHW\ฤต 6WXGLXP ZDUWR Z\PLHQLร ]DMร FLD ]bฤ OR]Rฤ L LbHW\NL RUD] SUDZD 6WDUDP\ VLร SRND]Dร QDV]\P 6รฏXFKDF]RP V]HUV]ร SHUVSHNW\Zร ]MDZLVN RbNWรถU\FK Vรฏ\V]ร QD ]DMร FLDFK ]H VZ\FK SRGVWDZRZ\FK SU]HGPLRWรถZ ]ZLร ]DQ\FK ]bHNRQRPLร OXE ]DU]ร G]DQLHP DbMHGQRF]Hฤ QLH Z\NRU]\VWDร ]GRE\WH WDP SU]H] QLFK NRPSHWHQFMH ZbLFK SU]\JRWRZDQLX SHGDJRJLF]Q\P GU -RDQQD .U]\ล DN .LHURZQLN 6WXGLXP 3HGDJRJLF]QHJR 8(.

41


wydarzenia

+WV\MUXWZIZa <ZMVL[ IVL <ZIV[NWZUI\QWV[ WN -KWVWUQM[ IVL -V\MZXZQ[M[ 3ROVNR :ğRVNR 8NUDLġVNR 6HUEVNLH 6\PSR]MXP 1DXNRZH ? LVQIKP ! UIRI ! ZWS] _ U]ZIKP =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM WLJaðW [QĔ 8WT[SW ?ðW[SW =SZIQġ[SW ;MZJ[SQM ;aUXWbR]U 6I]SW_M V\ &RQWHPSRUDU\ 7UHQGV DQG 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQV RI (FRQRPLHV DQG (QWHUSULVHV S\{ZMOW WZOIVQbI\WZMU _ \aU ZWS] JaðI VI[bI =KbMTVQI

S

VZRLFK EDGDñ LbGRFLHNDñ QDXNRZ\FK \PSR]MXP WR PD FKDUDNWHU ZSLVXMÈF\FK VLÚ ZbWHPDW\NÚ VHVML ]DF\NOLF]Q\ LbMHVW RUJDQL]RZDQH ZbUDPDFK SRUR]XPLHQLD XF]HOQL SUH]HQWRZDOL SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0HVVLQD 3URI 3DWUL]LD $FFRUGLQR DNDGHPLFNLFK 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH 8QLYHUVLW\ 7LQGDUD $EEDWH 5DIIDHOOD &RSSROLQR (OYLUD 7L]LDQD /D 5RFFD 'DQLHOD 5XSR RI 0HVVLQD :ïRFK\ .\LY 1DWLRQDO 6W 3HWHUVEXUJ 6WDWH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7UDGH DQG (FRQRPLFV 8NUDLQD RUD] 8QLYHUVLW\ RI .UDJXMHYDF (FRQRPLFV 3URI (OHQD 7NDFKHQNR 6HUELD &RURF]QH V\PSR]MD VÈ RUJDQL- $OLQD 2VLSHQNR 9ODGLPLU .RNK 2OJD 6DPRYDURYD RUD] 8QLZHUV\WHWX ]RZDQH SU]H] NROHMQH ]bZ\PLHQLRQ\FK XF]HOQL ZbRSDUFLX RbXPRZÚ F]WHURVWURQ- (NRQRPLF]QHJR ZH :URFïDZLX 3URI QÈ NWöUHM NRRUG\QDWRUHP LbUHDOL]DWRUHP $QQD .RZDOVND 3\]DOVND 'DOV]H ]bUDPLHQLD 8(. MHVW .DWHGUD (NRQRPLNL REUDG\ 6\PSR]MXP RGE\ZDï\ VLÚ ZbUDPDFK VHVML SDQHORZ\FK Lb2UJDQL]DFML 3U]HGVLÚELRUVWZ =DZDUWD Zb URNX XPRZD SU]HZLGXMH UHD3LHUZV]D ]bVHVML SDQHORZ\FK OL]DFMÚ ZVSöOQ\FK EDGDñ QDXNRZ\FK 6\PSR]MXP SRĂZLÚFRQD E\ïD SUREOHZ\PLDQÚ RVLÈJQLÚÊ ZbREV]DU]H QDXNL PDW\FH QRZ\FK Z\]ZDñ HNRQRPLF]SXEOLNDFMÚ HIHNWöZ SURZDG]RQ\FK Q\FK VSRïHF]Q\FK LbSUDZQ\FK NWöUH EDGDñ RUD] Z\PLDQÚ SUDFRZQLNöZ QDXNRZ\FK 'R URNX E\ïD WR XPR- ]ZLÈ]DQH VÈ ]bHUÈ LQWHUQDFMRQDOL]DFML LbJOREDOL]DFML RUD] UR]ZRMHP VIHU\ ZD WUöMVWURQQD NWöUD QDVWÚSQLH ]RVWDïD 1RZHM *RVSRGDUNL :bUDPDFK VHVML UR]V]HU]RQD RbF]ZDUWHJR SDUWQHUD MDNLP VWDï VLÚ 8QLZHUV\WHW Zb.UDJXMHYFX SRG SU]HZRGQLFWZHP SURI 0DULL 7RPPDVLQL 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0HVVLQD ]DSUH]HQWRZDQR QDVWÚSXMÈFH UHIHUDW\ 7HJRURF]QH 6\PSR]MXP ]RVWDïR • SURI *DQQD 'XJLQHWV SURI SRZLÈ]DQH ]bREUDGDPL RUJDQL]R$QDWROLL 0D]DUDNL ļ .\LY ZDQHM FRURF]QLH 0LÚG]\QDURGRZHM 1DWLRQDO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7UDGH DQG .RQIHUHQFML 1DXNRZHM :\G]LDïX (FRQRPLFV =DU]ÈG]DQLD QW .QRZOHGJH ļ ,QGXVWU\ DQG WKH 'HYHORSPHQW (FRQRP\ ļ 6RFLHW\ :\UD]HP WHJR RI 8NUDLQH V 3ULRULWLHV E\ïR ZVSöOQH RWZDUFLH .RQIHUHQFML SURI 0DULD *UD]LD 5HFXSHUR ļ Lb6\PSR]MXP RUD] ZVSöOQD VHVMD SOH8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0HVVLQD QDUQD UR]SRF]\QDMÈFD REUDG\ 6HVML +RPR 2HFRQRPLFXV DQG +RPR ]DW\WXïRZDQHM *OREDO DQG 5HJLRQDO 0LPHWLFXV &RPSDUHG ZLWK 0DUNHW &KDOOHQJHV RI WKH &RQWHPSRUDU\ *OREDOL]DWLRQ (FRQRP\ SU]HZRGQLF]\ï 3URI /XW] • SURI 9ODGDQ ,YDQRYLÊ ļ 8QLYHUVLW\ 6FKPLQNH ]b)XOGD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI RI .UDJXMHYDF $SSOLHG 6FLHQFH :bWUDNFLH VHVML Z\QLNL

42

1HZ (FRQRP\ LQ &RPSDUDWLYH 3HUVSHFWLYH 1HZ 9HUVXV 2OG (XURSD SURI )UDQFHVFR 0DUWLQHV ļ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0HVVLQD 7KH 5ROH RI $GPLQLVWUDWLYH /DZ LQ WKH (FRQRPLF *OREDOL]DWLRQ (UD SURI 0DU\ (OOHQ 7RIĠH ļ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0HVVLQD 8QLYHUVLW\ ,QWHUQDWLRQDOL]DWLRQ Db%ULJKW /LJKW LQ Db'DUN (FRQRP\ – How to Use Cross-Cultural 0DUNHWLQJ WR ([SDQG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6WXGHQW 3RSXODWLRQ LQ WKH ,WDOLDQ 8QLYHUVLW\ 6\VWHP

2EUDGRP NROHMQHM VHVML SDQHORZHM SU]HZRGQLF]\ï SURI $QDWROLL 0D]DUDNL .\LY 1DWLRQDO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7UDGH DQG (FRQRPLFV 7HPDW\ND SUH]HQWRZDQ\FK UHIHUDWöZ NRQFHQWURZDïD VLÚ ZRNöï SUREOHPDW\NL XZDUXQNRZDñ RUD] HIHNWöZ UR]ZRMX LbWUDQVIRUPDFML JRVSRGDUHN DbZ\QLNL VZRLFK EDGDñ ZbW\P ]DNUHVLH ]DSUH]HQWRZDOL • SURI 0LODQ .RVWLÊ ļ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI .UDJXMHYDF &RQWULEXWLRQ RI &RPSHWLWLRQ 3ROLF\ WR (FRQRPLF 'HYHORSPHQW ļ ([DPSOH RI )RUPHU 7UDQVLWLRQ (FRQRPLHV • GU LQĝ .RQUDG .ROHJRZLF] ļ &UDFRZ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI (FRQRPLFV 7KH '\QDPLF $VVHVVPHQW RI WKH )LQDQFLDO 'LVWUHVV ,QVROYHQF\ 7KUHDW RI (QWHUSULVHV LQ 3RODQG VLQFH


โ ข

SURI 0DULD 7RPPDVLQL ฤผ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0HVVLQD :DVWH $b6RXUFH RI 8WLOLW\ RU 'LVXWLOLW\" SURI $QWRQLQD $VWRQH ฤผ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0HVVLQD 7KH 3URWHFWLRQ RI 3HUVRQDO 'DWD *GSU ,QWHUQHW RI 7KLQJV %ORFNFKDLQ

2VWDWQLHM VHVML REUDG 6\PSR]MXP SU]HZRGQLF]\รฏ 3URI 9ODGDQ ,YDQRYLร 8QLYHUVLW\ RI .UDJXMHYDF .RQFHQWURZDรฏD VLร RQD QD ]DJDGQLHQLDFK NV]WDรฏWRZDQLD HIHNW\ZQRฤ FL SRGPLRWรถZ U\QNRZ\FK RUD] SUH]HQWDFML VHUEVNLFK LbZรฏRVNLFK GRฤ ZLDGF]Hรฑ Zb]DNUHVLH IXQNFMRQRZDQLD V\VWHPX HGXNDFML RUD] HXURSHMVNLHJR V\VWHPX REURWX SUDZDPL HPLVML =QDOD]รฏR WR VZRMH RG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLH ZbQDVWร SXMร F\FK Z\VWร SLHQLDFK โ ข GU 6\OZLD .UXN ฤผ &UDFRZ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI (FRQRPLFV 7KH (Iฤ FLHQF\ RI ,QYHVWHG &DSLWDO LQ WKH :,* &RQVWUXFWLRQ 6HFWRU LQ 3RODQG โ ข SURI 5REHUWR &DUDWR]]ROR ฤผ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0HVVLQD 7HFKQRORJ\ DQG 1HZ (QWHUSULVHV WKH $FWLYLW\ RI 2QOLQH 3ODWIRUPV LQ )LQDQFLDO 0DUNHW โ ข SURI 9HULFD %DELร SURI 0DUNR 6ODYNRYLร GU 0DULMDQD 6LPLร ฤผ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI .UDJXMHYDF 6WXGHQWV 3HUFHSWLRQ RQ WKH ,QVWLWXWLRQDO )UDPHZRUN RI +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ (YLGHQFH IURP 6HUELD โ ข SURI *LRYDQQD &HQWRUULQR SURI 9DOHULD 1DFLWL ฤผ 8QLYHUVL\ RI 0HVVLQD 6XVWDLQDEOH 9ROXQWDU\ 'LVFORVXUH DQG (XURSHDQ (PLVVLRQ 7UDGLQJ 6\VWHP (YLGHQFHV IURP ,WDOLDQ &RPSDQLHV

,QWHV\ZQ\ .XUV 2ฤ baSI 8WT[SQMOW

wydarzenia

โ ข

? \MZUQVQM WL LW _ZbMฤฌVQI JZ _ 5]ZIKP =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM WLJaรฐ [Qฤ SWTMRVa R]ฤต ,QWHQV\ZQ\ .XUV -รท]\ND 3ROVNLHJR XZbMbVIKbWVa LTI W[{J b bIOZIVQKa XTIV]Rฤ KaKP XWLRฤ KQM [\]LQ{_ _ Rฤ baS] XWT[SQU _ VI[bMR ]KbMTVQ

W

EUHZ RELHJRZ\P RSLQLRP VWXGLD QLH ]DZV]H Vร QDMรฏDWZLHMV]\P LbQDMSU]\MHPQLHMV]\P RNUHVHP Zbฤ \FLX 6]F]HJรถOQLH WUXGQH LbVWUHVXMร FH Vร ]Dฤ VWXGLD SR]D JUDQLFDPL ZรฏDVQHM RMF]\]Q\ LbSURZDG]RQH ZbREF\P GOD QDV Mร ]\NX 1LH ]QLHFKร FLรฏR WR MHGQDN G]LHZLร FLX RVรถE SRFKRG]HQLD XNUDLรฑVNLHJR NWรถUH Z]Lร รฏ\ XG]LDรฏ ZH ZU]Hฤ QLRZ\P ,QWHQV\ZQ\P .XUVLH -ร ]\ND 3ROVNLHJR &]HNDรฏR LFK ZLHOH JRG]LQ VSร G]RQ\FK QD QDXFH QDV]HJR Mร ]\ND X]QDZDQHJR ZV]DN ]D MHGHQ

]bQDMWUXGQLHMV]\FK DbWDNฤ H PDWHPDW\NL :bSU]HUZDFK RG ]Jรฏร ELDQLD WDMQLNรถZ JUDPDW\NL QDVL VรฏXFKDF]H PLHOL WHฤ PRฤ OLZRฤ ร SR]QDQLD XURNรถZ .UDNRZD Lb0DรฏRSROVNL :bFLร JX ]DOHGZLH WU]HFK W\JRGQL Z]Lร OL XG]LDรฏ ZbNLONX Z\FLHF]NDFK SR NUDNRZVNLFK PX]HDFK RUD] VDP\P PLHฤ FLH DbWDNฤ H RGZLHG]LOL MHGQร ]bQDMEDUG]LHM ]QDQ\FK PLHMVFRZRฤ FL UHJLRQX ฤผ =DNRSDQH :V]\VF\ VรฏXFKDF]H QLH]Z\NOH ]DDQJDฤ RZDOL VLร ZbSURMHNW ฤผ XNRรฑF]\OL NXUV ]bZ\QLNLHP SR]\W\ZQ\P LbSRGMร OL VWXGLD QD 8(. *UDWXOXMHP\ Lbฤ \F]\P\ GDOV]\FK VXNFHVรถZ

7HJRURF]QH 6\PSR]MXP VWDรฏR VLร NROHMQร RND]Mร ]DUรถZQR GR SUH]HQWDFML Z\QLNรถZ EDGDรฑ MDN LbGR Z\PLDQ\ P\ฤ OL RUD] GRฤ ZLDGF]Hรฑ SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL SDUWQHUVNLFK 8F]HOQL 0DWHULDOQ\P MHJR HIHNWHP Eร G]LH PRQRJUDฤ D QDXNRZD NWรถUD XNDฤ H VLร GR NRรฑFD ELHฤ ร FHJR URNX *RVSRGDU]HP NROHMQHJR 6\PSR]MXP Zb URNX Eร G]LH 8QLZHUV\WHW Zb.UDJXMHYFX SURI 8(. GU KDE Andrzej Jaki GU Tomasz Rojek .DWHGUD (NRQRPLNL Lb2UJDQL]DFML 3U]HGVLร ELRUVWZ 8(.

43


UEK - partner w biznesie

Projekt Inkubator ,QQRZDF\MQRฤณFL =-3 ยง XIZ\VMZ _ JQbVM[QM 6]DQRZQL 3DฤกVWZR

6I XZbMรฐWUQM KbMZ_KI Q TQXKI bW[\Iรฐ ZWb[\ZbaOVQฤ \a SWVS]Z[ _ ZIUIKP XZIK XZbML_LZWฤตMVQW_aKP VI LbQIรฐIVQI b_Qฤ bIVM b ZMITQbIKRฤ XZWKM[] SWUMZKRITQbIKRQ

W ']LDรฏ 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ L 3URMHNWรถZ 0Lร G]\QDURGRZ\FK %XG\QHN JรฏรถZQ\ , SLร WUR SRN VWRQD ZZZ EL]QHV XHN NUDNRZ SO WHO H PDLO WUDQVIHUZLHG]\#XHN NUDNRZ SO

44

bFHOX UR]ZLQLร FLD LbZGURฤ HQLD NRQNUHWQHM LQQRZDFML RSUDFRZDQHM SU]H] ]HVSRรฏ\ EDGDZF]H ]b8(. ฤผ PRฤ QD E\รฏR SR]\VNDร GRฤ QDQVRZDQLH P LQ QD Z\NRQDQLH SURWRW\SX SU]HSURZDG]HQLH EDGDรฑ W\SX SURRI RI FRQFHSW ZHU\ฤ NDFMร HNVSHU\PHQWDOQร FHFK ZGUDฤ DQHM LQQRZDFML SU]HSURZDG]HQLH LQQ\FK EDGDรฑ ]ZLร NV]DMร F\FK SRWHQFMDรฏ NRPHUF\MQ\ LQQRZDFML LbXPRฤ OLZLDMร F\FK RUD] RSW\PDOL]XMร F\FK SURFHV MHM ZGURฤ HQLD OXE WHฤ ]ZLร NV]DMร F\FK SR]LRP JRWRZRฤ FL GR ZGURฤ HQLD PRฤ OLZRฤ ร SUDNW\F]QHJR ]DVWRVRZDQLD F]\ WHฤ ]DNXS XVรฏXJ HNVSHUFNLFK ZbW\P Uรถฤ QHJR URG]DMX DQDOL] LbZ\FHQ :bUDPDFK SU]HSURZDG]RQHJR SU]H] ']LDรฏ 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ Lb3URMHNWรถZ 0Lร G]\QDURGRZ\FK QDERUX ]RVWDรฏR ]JรฏRV]RQ\FK SU]H] ]HVSRรฏ\ EDGDZF]H QDV]HM 8F]HOQL ,QQRZDFML

โ ข

ฤท.UHDW\ZQH PRGXรฏRZH RSDNRZDQLH QD ]GURZH SU]HNร VNLฤต ฤผ ZQLRVHN E\รฏ ]รฏRฤ RQ\ SU]H] GZXRVRERZ\ ]HVSรถรฏ WZรถUFรถZ GU KDE

โ ข

LQฤ $JQLHV]Nร &KROHZร :รถMFLN ]b.DWHGU\ 2SDNRZDOQLFWZD LbPJU LQฤ 0DJGDOHQร -RGรฏRZVNร .UHDW\ZQH RSDNRZDQLH QD ]GURZH SU]HNร VNL WR LQQRZDF\MQ\ SRP\Vรฏ QD XPLHV]F]HQLH ZbMHGQ\P RSDNRZDQLX ]bZ\G]LHORQ\PL SU]HVWU]HQLDPL SURGXNWรถZ WDNLFK MDN VXV]RQH ZDU]\ZD OXE RZRFH ']Lร NL VHSDUDFML SRV]F]HJรถOQ\FK HOHPHQWรถZ RSDNRZDQLD LVWQLHMH PRฤ OLZRฤ ร ZSURZDG]HQLD VPDNRZHJR PL[X VรฏRQHJR ]bGRGDWNLHP VROL KLPDODMVNLHM ]H VรฏRGNLP VรฏRG]RQHJR VWHZLร .Dฤ GD ]bSRUFML PRฤ H E\ร ]bLQQ\P ZDULDQWHP VPDNRZ\P FR ]GHF\GRZDQLH Z\Uรถฤ QLD WHQ SURGXNW ZbNRQWHNฤ FLH LQQ\FK SURGXFHQWรถZ RSDNRZDรฑ ฤท$SOLNDFMD PRQLWRUXMร FD SR]LRP XFLร ฤ OLZRฤ FL ]DSDFKRZ\FKฤต ฤผ ZQLRVHN E\รฏ ]รฏRฤ RQ\ SU]H] ]HVSรถรฏ ZbNWรถUHJR VNรฏDG ZHV]OL GU LQฤ 0DJGDOHQD :RMQDURZVND ]b.DWHGU\ 7HFKQRORJLL Lb(NRORJLL :\UREรถZ GU LQฤ -HU]\ 6]DNLHO LbGU LQฤ 3DZHรฏ 7XUHN ]b.DWHGU\

โ ข

7RZDUR]QDZVWZD 3U]HP\VรฏRZHJR RUD] GU 0DULXV] 6RรฏW\VLN ]b.DWHGU\ 3URFHVX =DU]ร G]DQLD 2SUDFRZDQD LQQRZDFMD PD XPRฤ OLZLร SHรฏQH PRQLWRURZDQLH Z\VWร SXMร F\FK XFLร ฤ OLZRฤ FL ]DSDFKRZ\FK LbSU]\F]\QLร VLร GR GRVNRQDOHQLD PHWRGRORJLL SRPLDUX RGRUรถZ MDN UรถZQLHฤ ]LQWHJURZDQLD LVWQLHMร F\FK PHWRG ZbW\P ]DNUHVLH ฤท,1'(6352 ฤผ LQGHNV VSรถMQRฤ FL UR]ZRMXฤต ฤผ ZQLRVHN ]RVWDรฏ ]รฏRฤ RQ\ SU]H] GU 8UEDQD 3DXOLHJR ]b.DWHGU\ =DU]ร G]DQLD .DSLWDรฏHP /XG]NLP 6HUZLV ,1'(6352 PD XPRฤ OLZLร GLDJQR]ร SR]LRPX UR]ZRMX PDรฏ\FK Lbฤ UHGQLFK SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZ 0ยฅ3 RUD] LGHQW\ฤ NRZDร REV]DU\ ZbNWรถU\FK NRQLHF]QH MHVW ZSURZDG]HQLH PRG\ฤ NDFML E\ ]ZLร NV]\ร HIHNW\ZQRฤ ร EL]QHVRZร SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZD ']Lร NL Z\JHQHURZDQHPX UDSRUWRZL ZรฏDฤ FLFLHO PHQHGฤ HU ]DU]ร G]DMร F\ SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZHP X]\VNXMH GRVWร S GR V]F]HJรถรฏRZ\FK LQIRUPDFML XPRฤ OLZLDMร F\FK


โ ข

โ ข

ฤ UP 3R ]LGHQW\ฤ NRZDQLX SURฤ OL RVRERZ\FK VWXGHQWรถZ VรฏXFKDF]\ NXUVรถZ SUDFRZQLNรถZ ฤ UP ]RVWDQLH RSUDFRZDQ\ VSHUVRQDOL]RZDQ\ PRGHO RSDUW\ RbPHFKDQL]P\ JU\ZDOL]DF\MQH NWรถU\ SU]\ ZVSDUFLX LQQRZDF\MQ\FK QDU]ร G]L LQIRUPDW\F]Q\FK WHFKQRORJLL F\IURZHM ZVNDฤ H MDN RUJDQL]RZDร LQWHUHVXMร FH LbฤทZFLร JDMร FHฤต XF]HVWQLNรถZ ]DMร FLD V]NROHQLD 8GDรฏR VLร ]LGHQW\ฤ NRZDร ZbW\P PRPHQFLH MXฤ NLOND REV]DUรถZ ZbUDPDFK NWรถU\FK RSUDFRZDQD LQQRZDFMD PRฤ H PLHร ]DVWRVRZDQLH :bSU]HGPLRWRZ\P SURMHNFLH Eร G]LH ]DVWRVRZDQD ZbNRQWHNฤ FLH QDXF]\FLHOL LbZ\NรฏDGRZFรถZ DNDGHPLFNLFK RUD] PHQHGฤ HUรถZ GR RGSRZLHGQLHJR NV]WDรฏWRZDQLD SRVWDZ Lb]DFKRZDรฑ PรฏRG]LHฤ \ LbSUDFRZQLNรถZ 2bRVWDWHF]Q\P ]DNZDOLฤ NRZDQLX ]JรฏRV]RQ\FK LQQRZDFML GR XG]LHOHQLD ZVSDUFLD ZbUDPDFK SUDF SU]HGZGURฤ HQLRZ\FK GHF\GRZDรฏD VSHFMDOQLH SRZRรฏDQD GR WHJR FHOX 5DGD ,QZHVW\F\MQD ZbVNรฏDG NWรถUHM ZHV]OL SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH 8- Lb8(. RUD] EL]QHVX 'HF\]Mร 5DG\ ,QZHVW\F\MQHM REUDGXMร FHM NRรฑFHP F]HUZFD SU]\]QDQR GRฤ QDQVRZDQLH UHDOL]DFML SUDF SU]HGZGURฤ HQLRZ\FK ]H ฤ URGNรถZ SURMHNWX ฤท,QNXEDWRU ,QQRZDF\MQRฤ FL ฤต GOD F]WHUHFK ZQLRVNรถZ ]JรฏRV]RQ\FK SU]H] SUDFRZQLNรถZ 8(. โ ข โ ข โ ข

โ ข

ฤท.UHDW\ZQH PRGXรฏRZH RSDNRZDQLH QD ]GURZH SU]HNร VNLฤต ฤท$SOLNDFMD PRQLWRUXMร FD SR]LRP XFLร ฤ OLZRฤ FL ]DSDFKRZ\FKฤต ฤท0RGHO SURMHNWRZDQLD UR]ZLร ]Dรฑ JU\ZDOL]DF\MQ\FK QDNLHURZDQ\FK QD XVSUDZQLDQLH SURFHVรถZ EL]QHVRZ\FK RUD] HGXNDF\MQ\FKฤต RUD] ฤท,1'(6352 ฤผ LQGHNV VSรถMQRฤ FL UR]ZRMXฤต

:VND]Dร QDOHฤ \ ฤ H NDฤ G\ ]H ]รฏRฤ RQ\FK ZQLRVNรถZ E\รฏ PHU\WRU\F]QLH EDUG]R GREU]H SU]\JRWRZDQ\ LbX]DVDGQLRQ\ SRND]XMร F MHGQRF]Hฤ QLH ฤ H QDVL SUDFRZQLF\ G\VSRQXMร GXฤ \P SRWHQFMDรฏHP EDGDZF]\P LbLQQRZDF\MQ\PL SRP\VรฏDPL NWรถUH PRJร E\ร Z\NRU]\VWDQH QLH W\ONR ZbFHOX LFK

Z\SURPRZDQLD LbVNRPHUFMDOL]RZDQLD DOH WDNฤ H SRGQLHVLHQLD UDQJL 8(. MDNR XF]HOQL GEDMร FHM RbZV]HFKVWURQQ\ UR]ZรถM NDGU\ QDXNRZHM LbEDGDZF]HM RUD] ZVSLHUDMร FHM SUDFRZQLNรถZ ZbG]LDรฏDQLDFK NRPHUFMDOL]DF\MQ\FK -Xฤ QLHEDZHP UR]SRF]QLHP\ FLHNDZH V]NROHQLD LbXPRฤ OLZLP\ ZV]\VWNLP ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\P Z\MD]G\ GR ฤ UP SDUWQHUVNLFK 8(. DbRbZV]HONLFK LQLFMDW\ZDFK Eร G]LHP\ 3DรฑVWZD LQIRUPRZDร QD ELHฤ ร FR QD รฏDPDFK QDV]HM VWURQ\ LQWHUQHWRZHM KWWSV EL]QHV XHN NUDNRZ SO RUD] Zbnewsletterze DbWDNฤ H ZbIRUPLH PDLOLQJRZHM GRVWDUF]DQHM QD 3DรฑVWZD VNU]\QNL SRF]WRZH

UEK - partner w biznesie

โ ข

SODQRZDQLH G]LDรฏDรฑ UR]ZRMRZ\FK VZRMHM ฤ UP\ โ Wirtualny asystent wspomaJDQLD SURFHVX ]DU]ร G]DQLD ZbRUJDQL]DFMLฤต ฤผ ZQLRVHN ]RVWDรฏ ]JรฏRV]RQ\ SU]H] ]HVSรถรฏ EDGDF]\ GU 0DULXV]D 6RรฏW\VLND SURI 8(. GU KDE 3DZรฏD &DEDรฏร ]b.DWHGU\ 3URFHVX =DU]ร G]DQLD RUD] SURI 8(. GU KDE %HUQDUGD =Lร ELFNLHJR ]b.DWHGU\ 0HWRG 2UJDQL]DFML Lb=DU]ร G]DQLD $SOLNDFMD MHVW RGSRZLHG]Lร QD ]DSRWU]HERZDQLH Zb]DNUHVLH QDU]ร G]LD LQIRUPDW\F]QHJR ZVSRPDJDMร FHJR SURFHV\ ]DU]ร GF]H ZbV]F]HJรถOQRฤ FL SU]\SLVDQLD NRQNUHWQ\FK PHWRG ]DU]ร G]DQLD GR NODV SUREOHPRZ\FK Z\QLNDMร F\FK ]H VSHF\ฤ NL G]LDรฏDOQRฤ FL RUJDQL]DFML W\SรถZ RUJDQL]DFML ฤท$XWRPDW\]DFMD SURFHVรถZ LGHQW\ฤ NDFML SXQNWรถZ ZbSU]HVWU]HQL ฤท;<=ฤต ฤผ RSUDFRZDQLH LQQRZDF\MQHM PHWRG\ XPRฤ OLZLDMร FHM SRPLDU\ RELHNWรถZ U]HF]\ZLVW\FK QD SRGVWDZLH ]DUHMHVWURZDQHJR REUD]X ZLGHR RUD] MHJR SUDNW\F]QHJR Z\NRU]\VWDQLD ZbMHGQRVWNDFK VDPRU]ร GX WHU\WRULDOQHJRฤต ฤผ ZQLRVHN E\รฏ ]รฏRฤ RQ\ SU]H] GU LQฤ $UWXUD +RรฏXMD RUD] GU 3LRWUD /LW\รฑVNLHJR ]b.DWHGU\ *RVSRGDUNL 5HJLRQDOQHM ,QQRZDFMD PD XPRฤ OLZLร SRPLDU\ RELHNWรถZ U]HF]\ZLVW\FK Z\VWร SXMร F\FK ZbRWDF]DMร FHM QDV SU]HVWU]HQL QD SRGVWDZLH ]DUHMHVWURZDQHJR REUD]X ZLGHR Z\NRU]\VWXMร F DSOLNDFMH RSHQ VRXUFH ZbSURFHVLH WUDQVSR]\FML Lb]DSLVX UHDOQHJR REUD]X GR SR]LRPX F\IURZHJR ฤท0RGHO SURMHNWRZDQLD UR]ZLร ]Dรฑ JU\ZDOL]DF\MQ\FK QDNLHURZDQ\FK QD XVSUDZQLDQLH SURFHVรถZ EL]QHVRZ\FK RUD] HGXNDF\MQ\FKฤต ฤผ ZQLRVHN ]RVWDรฏ ]รฏRฤ RQ\ SU]H] GU 0DUND 0DNRZFD RUD] PJU $OHNVDQGUร :LWRV]HN ]b.DWHGU\ =DFKRZDรฑ 2UJDQL]DF\MQ\FK ,QQRZDF\MQ\ DXWRUVNL PRGHO MHVW REHFQLH QD HWDSLH Z\SUDFRZ\ZDQLD Lb]RVWDQLH ฤ QDOQLH UR]ZLQLร W\ LbXSXEOLF]QLRQ\ SR SU]HSURZDG]HQLX EDGDรฑ QD VWXGHQWDFK RUD] SUDFRZQLNDFK SROVNLFK

&KFLHOLE\ฤ P\ SU]\SRPQLHร ฤ H ']LDรฏ 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ Lb3URMHNWรถZ 0Lร G]\QDURGRZ\FK ZVSLHUD SUDFRZQLNรถZ 8QLZHUV\WHWX Zb]DNUHVLH WUDQVIHUX ZLHG]\ ZVSรถรฏSUDF\ ]bEL]QHVHP SURMHNWรถZ EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZ\FK SURMHNWรถZ PLร G]\QDURGRZ\FK RUD] ฤ QDQVRZDQ\FK ]H ฤ URGNรถZ 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM 3ULRU\WHWRZ\P REV]DUHP G]LDรฏDOQRฤ FL ']LDรฏX MHVW UR]ZLQLร FLH ZVSรถรฏSUDF\ PLร G]\QDURGRZHM ZbNRQWHNฤ FLH SR]\VNLZDQLD ฤ URGNรถZ QD G]LDรฏDOQRฤ ร QDXNRZร QDXNRZR EDGDZF]ร RUD] ZVSรถรฏSUDFร ]bEL]QHVHP ']LDรฏ EDUG]R DNW\ZQLH G]LDรฏD WDNฤ H ZbNRQWHNฤ FLH SURPRZDQLD RIHUW\ XVรฏXJ VSHFMDOLVW\F]Q\FK 8(. ฤผ VNLHURZDQHM JรฏรถZQLH GR VHNWRUD 0ยฅ3 RUD] LQVW\WXFML RWRF]HQLD EL]QHVX :bW\P PRPHQFLH ZVSLHUD LbNRRUG\QXMH UHDOL]DFMร GXฤ \FK SURMHNWรถZ NUDMRZ\FK Lb PLร G]\QDURGRZ\FK :bUD]LH FKร FL X]\VNDQLD MDNLFKNROZLHN LQIRUPDFML QW SURMHNWรถZ Eร Gฤ WHฤ VNRQVXOWRZDQLD VZRLFK Zร WSOLZRฤ FL ฤผ VHUGHF]QLH ]DSUDV]DP\ ZV]\VWNLFK ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK

GU Marek Makowiec $GLXQNW .DWHGUD =DFKRZDรฑ 2UJDQL]DF\MQ\FK :\G]LDรฏRZ\ .RRUG\QDWRU GV 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ PJU 0Dฤ JRU]DWD 6PDJD 6]F]HSDฤกF]\N 6SHFMDOLVWD ']LDรฏ 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ Lb3URMHNWรถZ 0Lร G]\QDURGRZ\FK 8(.

45


jednostki

Moda _ [\aT] MSW ;XZ{J]RKQM WL\_WZbaÄŒ [_WRÄŠ [\IVLIZLW_ÄŠ \ZI[Ä” VI \MZMV 3IUX][] =-3 *aÄŒ UWĵM \]ĵ XZbML _MRĬKQMU _QLbQKQM JZIUÄ” WL ]TQKa :ISW_QKSQMR S\{ZÄ”La VIRðI\_QMR LW\ZbMÄŒ LW *]LaVS] /ð{_VMOW -HijOL WDN ] SHZQRijFLã PLMDFLH WDNÅ‘H Z\HNVSRQRZDQH EDQHU\ LQIRUPDF\MQH QDV]HM 8F]HOQL &]\ NLHG\NROZLHN ]DVWDQDZLDOLijFLH VL÷ QDG W\P FR G]LHMH VL÷ ] W\PL QLHDNWXDOQ\PL" 6SLHV]\P\ ] RGSRZLHG]Lã

46


3RP\Vรฏ QD SU]HNV]WDรฏFHQLH PDWHULDรฏรถZ SURPRF\MQ\FK SRMDZLรฏ VLร Zb URNX LbUR]SRF]ร รฏ RG ]HEUDQLD QLHDNWXDOQ\FK EDQHUรถZ ZbFHOX SU]HND]DQLD LFK ฤ UPLH ]HZQร WU]QHM GR XSF\NOLQJX ']Lร NL ]ELรถUFH SU]HSURZDG]RQHM QD XF]HOQL ZbPDMX LbF]HUZFX U XGDรฏR VLร SR]\VNDร PDWHULDรฏ UHNODPRZ\ SRWU]HEQ\ GR XV]\FLD IXQNFMRQDOQ\FK WRUHE :bSU]\SDGNX NDฤ GHM LQLFMDW\Z\ WZRU]RQ\ MHVW W\ONR MHGHQ WHPDW\F]Q\ ZLHONRIRUPDWRZ\ QRฤ QLN GODWHJR SRZVWDรฏH ]bQLHJR HJ]HPSODU]H PDMร RU\JLQDOQ\ LbQLHSRZWDU]DOQ\ Z]รถU DbG]Lร NL ]DFKRZDQLX ZรฏDฤ FLZRฤ FL EDQHUรถZ Vร Z\WU]\PDรฏH LbQLHSU]HPDNDOQH

:VSรถรฏF]Hฤ QLH ZLHOH PรถZL VLร RbHNRORJLF]Q\P VW\OX ฤ \FLD NWรถU\ SU]\F]\QLD VLร GR RFKURQ\ ฤ URGRZLVND QDWXUDOQHJR 7R P LQ ]DQLHFKDQLH SODVWLNRZ\FK WRUHE QD ]DNXS\ QD U]HF] W\FK PDWHULDรฏRZ\FK VHJUHJDFMD RGSDGรถZ F]\ FRUD] SRSXODUQLHMV]D Z\PLDQD GรถEU ZbFHOX ]PQLHMV]HQLD LORฤ FL W\FK NWรถUH QDE\ZDP\ QD U\QNX SLHUZRWQ\P

6WZRU]RQH WRUE\ ]DSUH]HQWRZDQH ]RVWDรฏ\ SR UD] SLHUZV]\ ZbF]HUZFX URNX QD SRND]LH HW\F]QHM PRG\ NWรถU\ E\รฏ ]ZLHรฑF]HQLHP SLHUZV]HM HG\FML SURMHNWX 8(. :HDU)DLU SRZVWDรฏHM ZH ZVSรถรฏSUDF\ 6HNFML 3URPRFML 8(. ]bG]LDรฏDMร Fร QD NUDNRZVNLP U\QNX PDUNร .2.2ZRUOG PRGRZร

3RMร FLH UHF\NOLQJX MHVW MXฤ ZV]\VWNLP GREU]H ]QDQH -HVW MHGQDN MHV]F]H MHGHQ WHUPLQ RGQRV]ร F\ VLร GR ฤ \FLD ZbVW\OX HNR ฤผ XSF\NOLQJ -HVW WR SURFHV SU]HWZDU]DQLD ZWรถUQHJR NWรถUHJR JรฏรถZQร LGHร MHVW Z\SURGXNRZDQLH ฤผ ]HbXฤ \W\FK XSU]HGQLR PDWHULDรฏรถZ ฤผ SHรฏQRZDUWRฤ FLRZHJR SURGXNWX RbLQQ\P SU]H]QDF]HQLX QLฤ SLHUZRWQH :รฏDฤ QLH WD VWUDWHJLD SU]\ฤ ZLHFD LQLFMDW\ZLH NWรถUร QD 8QLZHUV\WHFLH (NRQRPLF]Q\P Zb.UDNRZLH ]DSRF]ร WNRZDรฏD 6HNFMD 3URPRFML -Hฤ OL EOLVND MHVW &L NRQFHSFMD ]HUR ZDVWH ]bSHZQRฤ FLร GRFHQLV] IDNW ฤ H Z\NRU]\VWDQ\P PDWHULDรฏRP UHNODPRZ\P WDNLP MDN EDQHU\ PRฤ QD QDGDร GUXJLH ฤ \FLH SU]HUDELDMร F MH QDฤฎ PRGQH LbIXQNFMRQDOQH WRUE\ 1DGDQLH Z\NRU]\VWDQ\P SU]HGPLRWRP GUXJLHJR ฤ \FLD SR]ZDOD QD RJUDQLF]HQLH LORฤ FL RGSDGรถZ RUD] NV]WDรฏWXMH GREUH QDZ\NL ฤ ZLDGRPHM NRQVXPSFML 'ODWHJR ]DOHฤ \ QDP QD SURPRZDQLX RGSRZLHGQLFK Z]RUFรถZ G]Lร NL NWรถU\P Xฤ \WH SURGXNW\ PRฤ HP\ ]DJRVSRGDURZDร SRQRZQLH DOH MXฤ ZbLQQ\P FKDUDNWHU]H

SRGF]DV GZรถFK HG\FML GDMH OLF]Eร VWZRU]RQ\FK HJ]HPSODU]\ 3URPRZDQLH HW\F]QHM PRG\ RUD] XSF\NOLQJ PDWHULDรฏรถZ SURPRF\MQ\FK WR QLH MHG\QH NDPSDQLH &65 RZH ZbNWรถUH GR WHM SRU\ ]DDQJDฤ RZDรฏD VLร 6HNFMD 3URPRFML 8(. :bOLVWRSDG]LH QD 8F]HOQL PLDรฏD PLHMVFH DNFMD NWรถUHM LGHร E\รฏR SURSDJRZDQLH UHF\NOLQJX RG]LHฤ \ 1DV] 8QLZHUV\WHW SU]\รฏร F]\รฏ VLร GR NLONXHWDSRZHM DNFMLb-HDQV IRU DbEHWWHU ZRUOG ]RUJDQL]RZDQHM SR UD] GUXJL SU]H] NUDNRZVNร PDUNร .2.2ZRUOG

jednostki

W

bGRELH VSRรฏHF]HรฑVWZD LQIRUPDF\MQHJR F]\QQLNLHP SURZDG]ร F\P GR VXNFHVX MHVW QLHZร WSOLZLH VNXWHF]QRฤ ร SU]HND]X ZLDGRPRฤ FL -HGQ\P ]H VSRVREรถZ UR]SRZV]HFKQLDQLD NRPXQLNDWรถZ RbQDMZDฤ QLHMV]\FK Z\GDU]HQLDFK LbLQLFMDW\ZDFK QD 8QLZHUV\WHFLH Vร WZRU]RQH WX PDWHULDรฏ\ SURPRF\MQH :ฤ UรถG QLFK ]QDMGXMร VLร P LQ ZLHONRIRUPDWRZH EDQHU\ UHNODPRZH NWรถU\FK ]DGDQLHP MHVW SU]\FLร JQLร FLH XZDJL RGELRUFรถZ &]\ Sรถฤ QLHM PDWHULDรฏ\ WH WUDฤ DMร GR NRV]\ ]DSHรฏQLDMร F NROHMQH Z\V\SLVND" 1LF EDUG]LHM P\OQHJRฤฎ

3U]HSURZDG]LOLฤ P\ ]ELรถUNร MHDQVรถZ NWรถUH ]H Z]JOร GX QD QLHPRGQ\ IDVRQ QLHWUDฤ RQ\ UR]PLDU OXE XV]NRG]HQLD ]QDOD]รฏ\ VLร QD GQLH V]DI ZรฏDฤ FLFLHOL =HEUDQH VSRGQLH SU]HND]DOLฤ P\ ฤ UPLH .2.2ZRUOG DbLFK SURMHNWDQFL VWZRU]\OL ]bQLFK ]XSHรฏQLH QRZH SURGXNW\ P LQ SOHFDNL WRUE\ QHUNL NXUWNL PDVNRWNL LbLQQH NWรถUH QDVWร SQLH Z\VWDZLRQR QD DXNFML FKDU\WDW\ZQHM 'RFKรถG ]bQLHM SU]H]QDF]RQ\ ]RVWDรฏ QD ZVSDUFLH HGXNDFML QDVWRODWHN QD &DER 9HUGH :H ZU]Hฤ QLX GRรฏร F]\OLฤ P\ UรถZQLHฤ GR ,,, RJรถOQRSROVNLHM ]ELรถUNL Xฤ \ZDQ\FK RNXODUรถZ ฤผ 2NXODU\ GOD $IU\NL 3RPLPR WUZDMร FHJR RNUHVX ZDNDF\MQHJR GRWDUOLฤ P\ ]bLQIRUPDFMร RbLQLFMDW\ZLH GR VSRรฏHF]QRฤ FL DNDGHPLFNLHM Lb]HEUDOLฤ P\ EOLVNR VWR SDU RNXODUรถZ NWรถUH ]RVWDรฏ\ SU]HND]DQH F]รฏRQNRP ZVSRPQLDQHM PLVML 2VRE\ NWรถUH ZVSDUรฏ\ DNFMร RWU]\PDรฏ\ RG QDV XF]HOQLDQH JDGฤ HW\ ZbW\P QDMQRZV]H HJ]HPSODU]H QDV]\FK XSF\NOLQJRZ\FK SURGXNWรถZ

:bUROL PRGHOHN Z\VWร SLรฏ\ VWXGHQWNL QDV]HM $OPD 0DWHU SUH]HQWXMร F NROHNFMร XEUDรฑ SU]\JRWRZDQ\FK SU]H] .2.2ZRUOG RUD] WRUHE XF]HOQLDQ\FK XV]\W\FK ]bQDV]\FK EDQHUรถZ :\GDU]HQLH RGE\รฏR VLร QD WHUHQLH .DPSXVX 8(. SU]HG SDZLORQHP & SU]\FLร JDMร F XZDJร FDรฏHM VSRรฏHF]QRฤ FL DNDGHPLFNLHM WbOLSFX WHJR URNX RGE\รฏD VLร NRQW\QXDFMD SURMHNWX 8(. :HDU)DLU 7\P UD]HP ]ELรถUND QLHSRWU]HEQ\FK EDQHUรถZ SR]ZROLรฏD QD XV]\FLH Dฤ HNRORJLF]Q\FK WRUHE FR รฏร F]QLH

-HVWHฤ FLH FLHNDZL ZbMDNL VSRVรถE PRฤ QD VWDร VLร SRVLDGDF]HP QLHSRZWDU]DOQHM EDQHURZHM WRUE\" :\VWDUF]\ ฤ OHG]Lร QD ELHฤ ร FR IDFHERRNRZ\ IDQSDJH 8(. X JG]LH F]ร ฤ ร ]bQLFK Eร G]LH GR ]GRE\FLD ZbNRQNXUVDFK =bSHZQRฤ FLร WRZDU]\V]\ร Eร Gร WDNฤ H XQLZHUV\WHFNLP Z\GDU]HQLRP WDNLP MDN ']LHรฑ 2WZDUW\ 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH 7\G]LHรฑ (NRORJLL .UDNRZVNLH 'QL ,QWHJUDFML F]\ FRURF]Q\ )HVWLZDO 1DXNL Lb6]WXNL %ร Gฤ FLH F]XMQL PJU -RDQQD 3DZOLN

47


48

jednostki


49

jednostki


jednostki

&DQ VXFFHVV LQ EXVLQHVV EH WDXJKW " 0IZ^IZL *][QVM[[ ;KPWWT [MMU[ \W SVW_ \PM IV[_MZ $OO DURXQG WKH ZRUOG VFKRROV ITQSM W]Z +ZIKW_ =VQ^MZ[Q\a WN -KWVWUQK[ DWWHPSW WR WHDFK QRW RQO\ HFRQRPLF PDUNHWLQJ DQG PDQDJHPHQW WKHRULHV EXW DOVR HQWUHSUHQHXUVKLS DQG SUDFWLFDO PDQDJHULDO VNLOOV

-^MV \PW]OP [SQTT[ \PI\ KWV[\Q\]\M I []KKM[[N]T J][QVM[[UIV IZM XMZKMQ^ML I[ ZI\PMZ QVPMZQ\ML WZ [MTN LM^MTWXML \PIV \PI]OP\ I\ ]VQ^MZ[Q\QM[ 5*) XZWOZIUUM[ ILLZM[[ML \W ]VQ^MZ[Q\a OZIL]I\M[ IZM OIQVQVO QV XWX]TIZQ\a

A

OVR &UDFRZ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI (FRQRPLFV GHYHORSHG Db0DVWHU RI %XVLQHVV $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ VFKRRO RI LWV RZQ UHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH JURZLQJ GHPDQG RI WKH 3ROLVK PDUNHW 7KH ODUJHU WKH FRPSDQ\ WKH PRUH SURIHVVLRQDO DQG VNLOOIXOO PDQDJHUV LW QHHGV DQG WKH PRUH FRPSDQ\Vij IXWXUH GHSHQG RQ WKHLU GHFLVLRQV 7KHUHIRUH PDQ\ XQLYHUVLWLHV HVWDEOLVKHG VSHFLDO 0DVWHUV RI %XVLQHVV $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ SURJUDPHV WR SURYLGH PDQDJHUHV ZLWK DGGLWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH WR VXFFHVVIXOO\ FRPSHWH LQ DbJOREDO HFRQRP\ %XW FDQ DbVFKRRO WHDFK EXVLQHVV LI LW LV QRW LWVHOI DbVXFFHVVIXO HQWHUSULVH" 0DQ\ VFKRROV VWUXJJOH WR LPSOHPHQW PRUH DQG PRUH HQWUHSUHQHXULDO VNLOOV LQWR WKHLU WHDFKLQJ SURJUDPPHV ILQGLQJ LW GLIILFXOW WR FRPELQH WUDGLWLRQDO XQLYHUVLW\ SDWK ZLWK WKH G\QDPLFV RI EXVLQHVV PDQDJHPHQW 7KH KLVWRU\ RI 50

IDPRXV +DUYDUG %XVLHQHVV 6FKRRO EHJDQ ZLWK HYHQ KDUGHU VWUXJJOH DV +DUYDUG V PLVVLRQ ZDV WR WHDFK VWXGHQWV KRZ WR OHDG Db YDOXDEOH OLIH DQG DFFRUGLQJ WR DbSRSXODU RSLQLRQ LQ WKH VHFRQG KDOI RI WKH QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ LW ZDV LPSRVVLEOH WR OHDG VXFK DbOLIH WKURXJK GRLQJ EXVLQHVV +RZHYHU WKHVH LQLWLDO GLIILFXOWLHV KDYH FRQWULEXWHG WR WKH DELOLW\ RI +%6 WR FRQWLQXRXVO\ DGDSW WR FKDQJHV LQ WKH HQYLURQPHQW WR VHHN QHZ VROXWLRQV DQG WR HOLPLQDWH QRQ EUHDNWKURXJK VROXWLRQV ZKLFK LV WKH EDVLV IRU EXVLQHVV VXFFHVV 7KH PRVW IDPRXV EXVLQHVV VFKRRO LQ WKH ZRUOG ZRUNV OLNH DbFRPSDQ\ WKDW PD[LPL]HV SURILWV ,W HDUQV PLOOLRQ Db\HDU VHOOLQJ EXVLQHVV FDVH VWXGLHV ZULWHV 'XII 0F'RQDOG LQ 7KH *ROGHQ 3DVVSRUW +DUYDUG %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO WKH /LPLWV RI &DSLWDOLVP DQG WKH 0RUDO )DLOXUH RI WKH 0%$ (OLWH 7KH PRVW WHOOLQJ IDFWRUV RI DQ 0%$ VFKRRO V ZRUWK DUH UHSXWDWLRQ DQG

VWDUWLQJ VDODU\ DIWHU JUDGXDWLRQ $OWKRXJK VDODULHV PD\ GHSHQG RQ DbFRXQWU\ DV GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DPRQJ WKHP 3RODQG DUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ UHODWLYHO\ ORZHU HDUQLQJV HYHQ DPRQJ WRS PDQDJHUV GXH WR JOREDOL]DWLRQ WKH\ EHFRPH PRUH DQG PRUH FRPSDUDEOH EHWZHHQ FRXQWULHV $QG +DUYDUG %XVLHQHVV 6FKRRO SURYHV WR EH DbOHDGHU LQ WKLV PDWWHU LQ +%6 UDQNHG VHFRQG LQ DbĴ*OREDO 0%$ 5DQNLQJVĵ ZLWK ZHLJKWHG DYHUDJH VDODU\ DIWHU JUDGXDWLRQ $OVR LW UDQNHG WKLV \HDU %XVLQHVV LQVLGHUijV WRS 0%$ DQG GXH WR RYHUDOO SHUIRUPDQFH +%6 LV EHLQJ UHIHUUHG WR DV WKH PRVW SRZHUIXO EXVLQHVV GHJUHH LQ WKH ZRUOG +%6 HDUQHG WKDW QDPH E\ DSSO\LQJ WHDFKLQJ PHWKRGV UHODWHG WR UHDO EXVLQHVV HQYLURQPHQW UDWKHU WKDQ WKHRUHWLFDO FRQFHSWV +%6 ZDV OXFN\ WR KDYH DV LWV WHDFKHUV DQG GHDQV SHRSOH ZKR KDG FRQQHFWLRQV ZLWK EXVLQHVV SUDFWLFH ZKR KDG SUHYLRXVO\ RIWHQ KHOG


1RZDGD\V DYHUDJH +%6 JUDGXDWH FDQ SULGH WKHPVHOYHV RQ KDYLQJ ĴFRPSOHWHGĵ RYHU FDVH VWXGLHV EDVHG RQ UHDO OLIH H[SHULHQFH 7KH UHVXOW RI WKLV DSSURDFK LV WKDW +DUYDUG %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO KDV EHFRPH DbNLQG RI HQWHUSULVH IRFXVHG RQ FUHDWLQJ DQG VHOOLQJ FDVH VWXGLHV $OUHDG\ LQ DbWKLUG RI WKH XQLYHUVLW\ HPSOR\HHV ZHUH EXV\ ZLWK WKLV MRE 6HHPLQJO\ WKDW ZDV JRRG DIWHU DOO +%6 FODLPV WKDW LW GRHV QRW WHDFK VWXGHQWV ZKDW WR WKLQN EXW WKDW LW HQFRXUDJHV WKHP WR WKLQN FUHDWLYHO\ ,Q RUGHU WR EXLOG VHOI FRQILGHQFH DQG

GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ VNLOOV LQ WKH FRXUVH SDUWLFLSDQWV WKH +%6 WHDFKHUV LQYROYH WKHP LQ UHDO OLIH EXVLQHVV VFHQDULRV 6PDOO JURXSV HQDEOH G\QDPLF OHFWXUHV DQG HQJDJLQJ GLVFXVVLRQV /HDUQLQJ RSSRUWXQLWLHV EH\RQG WKH FODVVURRP DUH RI SDUDPRXQW LPSRUWDQFH 7KH SURJUDPV DUH GHVLJQHG DURXQG Db OLYLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ PRGHO WKDW HQFRXUDJHV LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK WKH +%6

WKDW PDQDJHPHQW LV UDWLRQDO DQG REMHFWLYH DOWKRXJK HYHU\RQH GRHV UHDOL]H WKDW PDQDJHULDO GHFLVLRQV DUH SROLWLFDO $QRWKHU REMHFWLRQ UDLVHG LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH FDVH VWXG\ PHWKRG LV WKDW LW GRHV QRW WHDFK WKLQNLQJ EXW RQO\ FRS\LQJ VROXWLRQV WKDW ZHUH HIIHFWLYH LQ WKH SDVW <HW +%6 DXWKRULWLHV VWURQJO\ GLVDJUHH ZLWK WKDW VWDWHPHQW DV FDVH VWXGLHV PD\ SUHSDUH IRU DbYDULHW\ RI SRWHQWLDO VLWXDWLRQV GLPLQLVKLQJ WKH PDUJLQ RI XQFHUWDLQW\ IRU PDQDJHUV

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bFUHDWLYH ZD\

7KH KLVWRU\ RI EXVLQHVV VKRZV WKDW WRGD\ V OHDGHUV ZLOO PDNH PLVWDNHV VRRQHU RU ODWHU DQG ILQG WKHPVHOYHV LQ GLVJUDFH &RS\LQJ VXFFHVV LQ EXVLQHVV LV PHUHO\ LPSRVVLEOH HYHQ LI WKH SDWK VHHPV REYLRXV DQG WKH FRS\LQJ SHUVRQ LV YHU\ GHWHUPLQHG WR IROORZ WKH IRRWVWHSV RI VXFFHVVIXO SUHFXUVRU 7KH ULVH DQG IDOO RI 7KHUDQRVij &(2 (OL]DEHWK +ROPHV LV DbVDG FRQILUPDWLRQ RI WKLV WUXWK <HW KHU FDVH PLJKW KDYH KDG DbGLIIHUHQW RXWFRPH KDG VKH SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ +%6 SURJUDPPH

+RZHYHU +%6 DSSURDFK KDV DOVR PD\ FULWLFV ZKR KDYH DUJXHG WKDW +%6 LQ IDFW LQGRFWULQDWHV VWXGHQWV E\ SURPRWLQJ WKH YLHZ

GU -RODQWD 0DURġ .DWHGUD =DU]ÈG]DQLD 0LÚG]\QDURGRZHJR GU Kinga Szmigiel .DWHGUD 3ROLW\NL (NRQRPLF]QHM Lb3URJUDPRZDQLD 5R]ZRMX

jednostki

H[HFXWLYH SRVLWLRQV DQG ZKR XQGHUVWRRG WKH SUDFWLFDOLWLHV RI GRLQJ EXVLQHVV $V DbUHVXOW +DUYDUG 6FKRRO RI %XVLQHVV LV NQRZQ LQ WKH EXVLQHVV VFKRRO HQYLURQPHQW IRU WKHLU FDVH VWXG\ WHDFKLQJ ,W LV WKH XQLYHUVLW\ijV EDVLF WHDFKLQJ PHWKRG ZKRVH GHYHORSPHQW DEVRUEV PRVW RI WKH ILQDQFLDO UHVRXUFHV RI WKH LQVWLWXWLRQ ,W LV DOVR DbZD\ WR GLVVHPLQDWH XQLYHUVLW\ HPSOR\HHVij YLHZV RQ EXVLQHVV DQG DbJRRG VRXUFH RI LQFRPH LQ WKH VFKRRO VROG PLOOLRQ FDVH VWXGLHV WR FOLHQWV IRU PLOOLRQ GROODUV ļ +%6ij JOREDO PDUNHW VKDUH IRU WKLV SURGXFW DPRXQWV WR

51


studenci

โ IDEAโ lne 3WรฐW 6I]SW_M :WSZWKbVQM WL Z XZWRMS\a XZbaOW\W_a_IVM XZbMb VI[bM 3WรฐW 6I]SW_M [ฤ WKMVQIVM JIZLbW _a[WSW SIฤตLWZIbW_W \Mฤต JMb ฤตILVaKP XZWJTMU{_ ]LIRM [Qฤ bZMITQbW_Iฤ _ XMรฐVQ _[ba[\SQM bISรฐILIVM _[SIฤ VQSQ : FLรฃJX MXล F]WHUHFK ODW t ZH ZV]\VWNLFK ]DSODQRZDQ\FK G]LDฤ DQLDFK Z]Lรทฤ R XG]LDฤ EOLVNR VWXGHQWร Z L SUDFRZQLNร Z QDXNRZ\FK I \ISฤตM XZbML[\I_QKQMTQ TQKbVaKP ย ZU WZIb QV[\a\]KRQ

A

SU]HND]\ZDQLD ZLHG]\ ฤผ PรฏRNWXDOQLH RG F]HUZFD EU

G]LHฤ \ ]bPQLHMV]\FK PLHMVFR.RรฏR 1DXNRZH ฤท,'($ฤต IXQNZRฤ FL Zb0DรฏRSROVFHฤต FMRQXMร FH SU]\ .DWHGU]H =DFKRZDรฑ 2UJDQL]DF\MQ\FK ฤท*5<:$/,=$&-$ ZbHGXNDFML Zb8QLZHUV\WHFLH (NRQRPLF]Q\P LbEL]QHVLHฤต ฤผ Z\NRU]\VWDQLH Zb.UDNRZLH UHDOL]XMH GZD FLHNDZH PHFKDQL]PรถZ JLHU GR PRG\ฤ SURMHNW\ NRZDQLD ]DFKRZDรฑ OXG]L ฤท=61 Zb7DUQRZLH MDNR NUHDWRU 1D ZZ SURMHNW\ XGDรฏR VLร SR]\PรฏRG\FK SU]HGVLร ELRUFรถZ VNDร JUDQW\ ZbUDPDFK RWZDUWHฤผ Z\UรถZQ\ZDQLH GRVWร SX JR NRQNXUVX RIHUW QD UHDOL]DFMร GR VSHFMDOLVW\F]Q\FK IRUP 52

]DGDรฑ SXEOLF]Q\FK :RMHZรถG]WZD 0DรฏRSROVNLHJR ZbREV]DU]H HGXNDFML Zb U SQ ฤท1DXNRZH LQVSLUDFMH ฤผ FLHNDZH LbNUHDW\ZQHฤต MXฤ SR UD] F]ZDUW\ ]bU]ร GX 2UJDQL]RZDQH URNURF]QLH ZbJUXGQLX GXฤ H NRQIHUHQFMH QDXNRZH SU]\FLร JQร รฏ\ GR 8F]HOQL WDNLFK SDUWQHUรถZ MDN P LQ *RRJOH 9DOHR )DNUR *UXSD $]RW\ :Lฤ QLRZVNL RUD] NLONDQDฤ FLH PQLHMV]\FK


:VND]Dร QDOHฤ \ ฤ H ZbSRV]F]HJรถOQ\FK SURMHNWDFK QD NWรถUH SR]\VNDOLฤ P\ JUDQW\ EUDOL XG]LDรฏ QLH W\ONR SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH QDV]HM 8F]HOQL :bVSHFMDOLVW\F]Q\FK V]NROHQLDFK EL]QHVRZ\FK GRUDG]WZLH XNLHUXQNRZDQ\P QD SRPRF Zb]DNรฏDGDQLX ZรฏDVQHM G]LDรฏDOQRฤ FL JRVSRGDUF]HM OXE ฤ UP\ NRQIHUHQFMDFK LbGUXNX DUW\NXรฏรถZ GR PRQRJUDฤ L QDXNRZ\FK Z]Lร OL XG]LDรฏ SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH ZLRGร F\FK Rฤ URGNรถZ QDXNRZ\FK ]bFDรฏHM 3ROVNL P LQ ]b:DUV]DZ\ :URFรฏDZLD *GDรฑVND 3R]QDQLD .DWRZLF 5]HV]RZD %LDรฏHJRVWRNX LbLQQ\FK ']LDรฏDQLD ZbQDMQRZV]\P SURMHNFLH ฤท=61 Zb7DUQRZLH MDNR NUHDWRU PรฏRG\FK SU]HGVLร ELRUFรถZ ฤผ Z\UรถZQ\ZDQLH GRVWร SX GR VSHFMDOLVW\F]Q\FK IRUP SU]HND]\ZDQLD ZLHG]\ ฤผ PรฏRG]LHฤ \ ]bPQLHMV]\FK PLHMVFRZRฤ FL Zb0DรฏRSROVFHฤต VNLHURZDQH Vร W\P UD]HP GR PรฏRG]LHฤ \ ]H V]NRรฏ\ ]DZRGRZHM ]b7DUQRZD :bFLร JX WU]HFK ODW UHDOL]DFML SURMHNWรถZ ZbUDPDFK WHJR NRQNXUVX XGDรฏR VLร SU]HV]NROLร VWXGHQWรถZ 8(. RUD] ZLHOH RVรถE NWรถUH REHFQLH MXฤ SUDFXMร ZbEL]QHVLH DbNWรถUH WR FKFร SRG]LHOLร VLร VZRMร ZLHG]ร LbGRฤ ZLDGF]HQLHP ]bLQQ\PL Lb]DFKร FLร LFK GR SRGREQHM DNW\ZQRฤ FL ZbSU]\V]รฏRฤ FL 3U]\ ZVSDUFLX W\FK RVรถE RUD] NLONX SUDFRZQLNรถZ QDV]HM 8F]HOQL UR]SRF]ร รฏ\ VLร V]NROHQLD LbZDUV]WDW\ Z\MD]GRZH RUD] GRUDG]WZR EL]QHVRZH ]b]DJDGQLHรฑ GRW SU]HGVLร ELRUF]Rฤ FL LbNUHDW\ZQRฤ FL ZbEL]QHVLH RUD] VSHFMDOLVW\F]QD SRPRF XNLHUXQNRZDQD QD ZVSDUFLH ZbGRNRQDQLX DQDOL]\ RSรฏDFDOQRฤ FL NRQNUHWQHJR SU]HGVLร Z]Lร FLD LbLQG\ZLGXDOQH NRQVXOWDFMH NWรถU\FK Zb7DUQRZLH QLH PD QLHVWHW\ ]E\W ZLHOX

:bUDPDFK WHJR SURMHNWX ]DSODQRZDQR WDNฤ H RUJDQL]DFMร VSHFMDOLVW\F]Q\FK V]NROHรฑ LbNXUVรถZ ]DZRGRZ\FK NWรถUH NRรฑF]\ร VLร Eร Gร ]GRE\FLHP FHUW\ฤ NDWX LbSR]\VNDQLHP VSHFMDOLVW\F]QHM ZLHG]\ ]RUJDQL]RZDQLH SRGVXPRZXMร FHJR HYHQWX ZbWUDNFLH NWรถUHJR Eร G]LH PRฤ OLZRฤ ร SU]HGVWDZLHQLD HIHNWรถZ SURMHNWX RUD] ]RUJDQL]RZDQLH NRQNXUVรถZ ZbUDPDFK NWรถU\FK PรฏRG]LHฤ Eร G]LH PRJรฏD ]DSUH]HQWRZDร WR F]HJR VLร QDXF]\รฏD :bSURMHNW ]DDQJDฤ RZDQL Vร SUDFRZQLF\ QDXNRZL ]b.DWHGU\ =DFKRZDรฑ 2UJDQL]DF\MQ\FK RUD] SUDNW\F\ EL]QHVRZL DbWDNฤ H ZRORQWDULXV]H VWXGHQFL LbGRNWRUDQFL RUD] VWXGHQFL ]b.RรฏD 1DXNRZHJR ฤต,'($ฤต G]LDรฏDMร FHJR SU]\ .DWHGU]H =DFKRZDรฑ 2UJDQL]DF\MQ\FK 3U]\JRWRZXMร F ]DรฏRฤ HQLD WHJR SURMHNWX FKFLDQR ]DVWRVRZDร IRUPXรฏร XF]HQLD VLร RG LQQ\FK DbWDNฤ H HIHNW\ZQHJR SU]HND]\ZDQLD ZLHG]\ SU]H] RVRE\ NWรถUH ]GRE\รฏ\ Mร ZF]Hฤ QLHM ZbSRGREQ\FK SURMHNWDFK DbREHFQLH UR]ZLMDMร VZRMH LQG\ZLGXDOQH G]LDรฏDOQRฤ FL JRVSRGDUF]H DbWDNฤ H VWDUWXS\ WHFKQRORJLF]QH F]ร VWR ฤ ZLDGF]ร FH LbRIHUXMร FH LQQRZDF\MQH XVรฏXJL LbSURGXNW\ 2UJDQL]DWRURP ]DOHฤ DรฏR WDNฤ H QD W\P E\ SRPรถF PรฏRG]LHฤ \ ]bPQLHMV]\FK PLHMVFRZRฤ FL ]b0DรฏRSROVNL NWรถUD QLH ]DZV]H PD WDNLH VDPH V]DQVH QD UR]ZรถM LbSR]\VNLZDQLH ZLHG]\ MDN WD SRFKRG]ร FD ]bZLร NV]\FK PLDVW :bUDPDFK GUXJLHJR UHDOL]RZDQHJR UรถZQROHJOH SURMHNWX ฤผ ฤท*5<:$/,=$&-$ ZbHGXNDFML LbEL]QHVLH ฤผ Z\NRU]\VWDQLH PHFKDQL]PรถZ JLHU GR PRG\ฤ NRZDQLD ]DFKRZDรฑ OXG]Lฤต ]DSODQRZDQH G]LDรฏDQLD VNLHURZDQH Vร GR FDรฏHJR ฤ URGRZLVND QDXNRZHJR QLH W\ONR NUDNRZVNLFK XF]HOQL 0DMร RQH QD FHOX P LQ

3U]HSURZDG]HQLH EDGDรฑ QDXNRZ\FK Zฤ UรถG VWXGHQWรถZ 8(. %DGDQLD SR]ZROร ]GLDJQR]RZDร VWDQ Z\NRU]\VWDQLD QDU]ร G]L JU\ZDOL]DF\MQ\FK LbZ\VHOHNFMRQRZDร WH VSRฤ UรถG QLFK RbQDMZLร NV]\P SRWHQFMDOH GOD DNW\ZL]DFML VWXGHQWรถZ 3R ]HEUDQLX GDQH ]RVWDQร SRGGDQH DQDOL]LH LbSRVรฏXฤ ร GR VWZRU]HQLD UDSRUWX GRW\F]ร FHJR JU\ZDOL]DFML QD QDV]HM XF]HOQL 'RNXPHQW SRVรฏXฤ \ ]ZLร NV]HQLX ฤ ZLDGRPRฤ FL LVWQLHQLD JDPLILNDFML LbXรฏDWZL NRU]\VWDQLH ]bQDU]ร G]L SU]H] QDXF]\FLHOL DNDGHPLFNLFK F]\ ZbUDPDFK VSRWNDรฑ Nรถรฏ QDXNRZ\FK OXE LQQ\FK RUJDQL]DFML VWXGHQFNLFK

studenci

]bNWรถU\PL SRGHMPRZDQH Vร LbUHDOL]RZDQH Uรถฤ QH SURMHNW\ :\GDQR WDNฤ H ZbVXPLH UHFHQ]RZDQ\FK SXEOLNDFML QDXNRZ\FK

=RUJDQL]RZDQLH NLONX ZDUV]WDWรถZ RbWHPDW\FH JLHU LbJU\ZDOL]DFML VNLHURZDQ\FK NDฤ GRUD]RZR GR JUXS\ RNRรฏR VWXGHQWรถZ RUD] SUDFRZQLNรถZ QDXNRZ\FK Z\VHOHNFMRQRZDQ\FK QD SRGVWDZLH ZF]Hฤ QLHM RJรฏRV]RQHM UHNUXWDFML :DUV]WDW\ RGEร Gร VLร ZbRNUHVLH SDฤ G]LHUQLN ฤผ JUXG]LHรฑ EU LbEร Gร SURZDG]RQH SU]H] SUDNW\NรถZ EL]QHVX SRFKRG]ร F\FK P LQ ]H ฤ URGRZLVND SURGXNFML JLHU NRPSXWHURZ\FK RUD] V\PXODFML 95 $5 8F]HVWQLF\ V]NROHรฑ SR]QDMร U\QNRZH SU]\NรฏDG\ ]DVWRVRZDQLD JDPLILNDFML GR Uรถฤ Q\FK FHOรถZ RG PDUNHWLQJX SR DQJDฤ RZDQLH SUDFRZQLNรถZ LbPRW\ZRZDQLH LFK SRSU]H] Z\NRU]\VWDQLH PHFKDQL]PรถZ JU\ZDOL]DF\MQ\FK 6]F]HJรถOQ\ QDFLVN Eร G]LH SRรฏRฤ RQ\ QD VFHQDULXV]H W\S\ XF]HVWQLNรถZ V\VWHPรถZ ]JDPLILNRZDQ\FK LbPRฤ OLZRฤ FL Z\NRU]\VWDQLD PHFKDQL]PรถZ JLHU ZbHGXNDFML LbEL]QHVLH SRSU]H] G]LDรฏDQLD RIIOLQH LbRQOLQH

53


studenci

6WZRU]HQLH ODERUDWRULXP JU\ZDOL]DF\MQHJR QD WHUHQLH NDPSXVX 8(. Z\SRVDฤ RQHJR ZbJU\ RUD] PXOWLPHGLDOQH LbLQWHUDNW\ZQH XU]ร G]HQLD GR Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLD ZbF]DVLH ร ZLF]Hรฑ SURZDG]RQ\FK SU]H] QDXF]\FLHOL DNDGHPLFNLFK :\GHOHJRZDQL SUDFRZQLF\ ILUP RIHUXMร F\FK NRQNUHWQH QDU]ร G]LD ]DJZDUDQWXMร VWRVRZQH ZVSDUFLH PHU\WRU\F]QH Zb]DNUHVLH LQVWDODFML RUD] HNVSORDWDFML XU]ร G]Hรฑ DbWDNฤ H SU]HV]NROร XF]HVWQLNรถZ ร ZLF]Hรฑ ]bQDZLJDFML LbREVรฏXJL Z\EUDQ\FK SURJUDPรถZ ฤผ DXWRUVNLFK V\PXODWRUรถZ ZSLVXMร F\FK VLร ZbNDWHJRULร ฤดVHULRXV JDPHVฤต RUD] NRPHUF\MQLH GRVWร SQ\FK JLHU 95 ZbNWรถU\FK Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQH Vร HOHPHQW\ JU\ZDOL]DF\MQH 3U]HZLGXMH VLร WDNฤ H PRฤ OLZRฤ ร LQG\ZLGXDOQHJR LbJUXSRZHJR Z\NRU]\VWDQLD QDU]ร G]L GRVWร SQ\FK ZbODERUDWRULXP

'\QDPLF]Q\ UR]ZรถM V\VWHPรถZ LQIRUPDF\MQ\FK DbZbV]F]HJรถOQRฤ FL SRZV]HFKQRฤ ร VLHFL ,QWHUQHW VSU]\MD Z\NRU]\VWDQLX LQQRZDF\MQ\FK PHFKDQL]PรถZ ZbFHOX PRW\ZRZDQLD OXG]L GR Z\NRQ\ZDQLD RNUHฤ ORQ\FK G]LDรฏDรฑ 3U]\NรฏDGHP WDNLHJR QDU]ร G]LD MHVW ZรฏDฤ QLH JU\ZDOL]DFMD -HVW WR ]DVWRVRZDQLH PHWDIRU SRFKRG]ร F\FK ]bJLHU Zb]DGDQLDFK NWรถUH Vร Z\NRQ\ZDQH ZbSUDZG]LZ\P ฤ \FLX WDN E\ ZSรฏ\Qร ร QD ]DFKRZDQLH OXG]L SRSUDZLร LFK PRW\ZDFMร RUD] ]ZLร NV]\ร ]DDQJDฤ RZDQLH 6HUGHF]QLH ]DSUDV]DP\ ZV]\VWNLFK ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK GR Z]Lร FLD XG]LDรฏX ZbV]NROHQLDFK LbZDUV]WDWDFK ]bJU\ZDOL]DFML ,QIRUPDFMH RbXUXFKRPLHQLX UHNUXWDFML QD EDUG]R FLHNDZH ]DMร FLD SRGDP\ QD SRF]ร WNX SDฤ G]LHUQLND QD IDQSDJH XbNRรฏD ZZZ IDFHERRN FRP N]RLGHD 3R Z\SRVDฤ HQLX ODERUDWRULXP JDPLILNDF\MQHJR ZbVSU]ร W RUD]

54

ZbUDPDFK SUDF\ VDPRG]LHOQHM VWXGHQWรถZ LbSUDFRZQLNรถZ QDXNRZ\FK =RUJDQL]RZDQLH SRGVXPRZXMร FHM NRQIHUHQFML ZbWUDNFLH NWรถUHM ]RVWDQร ]DSUH]HQWRZDQH Z\QLNL SURMHNWX ]bQDFLVNLHP QD SU]HGVWDZLHQLH UR]ZLร ]Dรฑ JU\ZDOL]DF\MQ\FK RSUDFRZDQ\FK ZbF]DVLH ZDUV]WDWรถZ DbWDNฤ H UDSRUW ]bSU]HSURZDG]RQ\FK EDGDรฑ QDXNRZ\FK 1D NRQIHUHQFMร ]RVWDQร ]DSURV]HQL SUDNW\F\ EL]QHVRZL RUD] ZรฏDฤ FLFLHOH ILUP ZbNWรถU\FK Z\NRU]\VWXMH VLร JDPLILNDFMร ZbV\VWHPDFK PRW\ZDF\MQ\FK F]\ MDNR SURGXNW EL]QHVRZ\ 3R]ZROL WR SU]HGVWDZLร XF]HVWQLNRP PRฤ OLZRฤ FL Z\NRU]\VWDQLD JU\ZDOL]DFML LbSU]\NรฏDG\ ZGURฤ Hรฑ ZbSUDNW\FH DbWDNฤ H Eร G]LH RND]Mร GR VSRWNDQLD RVรถE RbSRGREQ\FK ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDFK ]DZRGRZ\FK ]H ฤ URGRZLVND

RSURJUDPRZDQLH ฤผ ]DSUDV]DP\ GR VNRU]\VWDQLD ]H V]NROHรฑ ]bLFK REVรฏXJL ,QIRUPDFMH RbW\P WDNฤ H SRGDP\ QD IDQSDJH XbNRรฏD ZZZ IDFHERRN FRP N]RLGHD :V]\VWNLFK VWXGHQWรถZ 8(. ]DSUDV]DP\ GR Z]Lร FLD XG]LDรฏX ZbSURZDG]RQ\P EDGDQLX ฤผ NZHVWLRQDULXV] MHVW GRVWร SQ\ QD VWURQLH KWWSV IRUPV JOH 6 XHL7]YVT FJ$6 OXE SR ]HVNDQRZDQLX NRGX 45

DNDGHPLFNLHJR LbEL]QHVRZHJR FR VWZDU]D SRWHQFMDรฏ GR UHDOL]DFML QRZ\FK FLHNDZ\FK SU]HGVLร Z]Lร ร 'UXJL SURMHNW MHVW EDUG]R LQQRZDF\MQ\ LbMXฤ QD W\P HWDSLH PRฤ QD ]DXZDฤ \ร ZLHOH NRU]\ฤ FL MDNLH MHJR UHDOL]DFMD PRฤ H SU]\QLHฤ ร QLH W\ONR VWXGHQWRP DOH WDNฤ H SUDFRZQLNRP QDXNRZ\P NWรถU]\ G]Lร NL ]GRE\WHM ZLHG]\ Eร Gร PRJOL XUR]PDLFLร LbXERJDFLร VZRMH ]DMร FLD QD 8F]HOQL 2ED SURMHNW\ ]RVWDรฏ\ ]รฏRฤ RQH ZbSDUWQHUVWZLH ]H 6WRZDU]\V]HQLHP ฤท,QVW\WXW %DGDรฑ Lb,QLFMDW\Z 6SRรฏHF]Q\FKฤต ,%L,6 ]bNWรถU\P ZVSรถรฏSUDFXMH .RรฏR 1DXNRZH ฤท,'($ฤต GU 0DUHN 0DNRZLHF $GLXQNW .DWHGUD =DFKRZDรฑ 2UJDQL]DF\MQ\FK RSLHNXQ .RรฏD 1DXNRZHJR ฤท,'($ฤต :\G]LDรฏRZ\ .RRUG\QDWRU GV 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ .RRUG\QDWRU 3URMHNWรถZ 8F]HOQLDQ\FK

,QIRUPDFMH RbSURMHNFLH LbG]LDรฏDQLDFK .1 ,'($ PRฤ QD ฤ OHG]Lร QD ELHฤ ร FR QD IDQSDJH NRรฏD ZZZ IDFHERRN FRP N]RLGHD :LHP\ ฤ H JU\ZDOL]DFMร QD QDV]HM 8F]HOQL ]DMPXMH VLร MXฤ ZbW\P PRPHQFLH NLONDQDฤ FLH RVรถE ]DWHP E\ร PRฤ H ZDUWR SRรฏร F]\ร VLรฏ\ E\ Z\SUDFRZDร FLHNDZH UR]ZLร ]DQLD G]Lร NL NWรถU\P ZSรฏ\QLHP\ QD XERJDFHQLH ]DMร ร GOD VWXGHQWรถZ RUD] ]DRIHUXMHP\ FLHNDZH UR]ZLร ]DQLD GOD EL]QHVX :V]\VWNLH ]DSODQRZDQH LQLFMDW\Z\ Vร EH]SรฏDWQH LbQLH ZLร ฤ ร VLร GOD XF]HVWQLNรถZ ]bฤ DGQ\PL NRV]WDPL

=DSUDV]DP\ WDNฤ H ZV]\VWNLFK ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK GR NRQWDNWX ZbNZHVWLL JU\ZDOL]DFML LbMHM SRWHQFMDรฏX .Dฤ G\ NWR FKFLDรฏE\ Z]Lร ร XG]LDรฏ ZbQDV]\FK G]LDรฏDQLDFK OXE XF]HVWQLF]\ร ZbQLFK MDNR SDUWQHU ฤผ MHVW PLOH ZLG]LDQ\

6]F]HJรถรฏ\ GRW\F]ร FH NRQNUHWQ\FK SURMHNWรถZ LbSU]HZLG]LDQ\FK ZbLFK UDPDFK G]LDรฏDรฑ RUD] SRPRF PHU\WRU\F]Qร PRฤ QD X]\VNDร RG NRRUG\QDWRUD REX SURMHNWรถZ GU 0DUND 0DNRZFD PDNRZLHF#XHN NUDNRZ SO OXE XbPJU $OHNVDQG\ :LWRV]HN DOHNVDQGUD ZLWRV]HN#XHN NUDNRZ SO

54



studenci

,bQM_Qฤ \I MLaKRI ยถ)SILMUQQ <ITMV\{_ยช _O %*ล %13 3$5,%$6 8W Lรฐ]OQU KbI[QM bUIOIฤก [\]LMV\{_ b ZMSZ]\IKRฤ _IZ[b\I\IUQ WZIb bILIVQIUQ XZIS\aKbVaUQ bISWฤกKbaรฐI [Qฤ LbQM_Qฤ \I MLaKRI ยถ)SILMUQQ <ITMV\{_ยช ยง _[X{TVMOW XZWOZIU] 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH oraz EDQNX %*ล %13 3$5,%$6 XZbMbVIKbWVMOW LTI [\]LMV\{_ VI[bMR =KbMTVQ

S

]F]HJรถOQร ZDUWRฤ FLร ฤท$NDGHPLL 7DOHQWรถZฤต MDN FR URNX E\รฏR XPLHMร WQH SRรฏร F]HQLH SU]HND]\ZDQHM ZLHG]\ WHRUHW\F]QHM ]bUHDOLDPL ฤ \FLD JRVSRGDUF]HJR LbXPLHMร WQRฤ FLDPL SUDNW\F]Q\PL ฤผ RbFR ]DGEDOL SURZDG]ร F\ ]DMร FLD 5รถฤ QRURGQD WHPDW\ND SRV]F]HJรถOQ\FK VSRWNDรฑ VSUDZLรฏD ฤ H XF]HVWQLF]ร F\ ZbSURJUDPLH

56

VWXGHQFL PLHOL PRฤ OLZRฤ ร KROLVW\F]QHJR VSRMU]HQLD QD ]DJDGQLHQLD ]ZLร ]DQH ]bEDQNLHP ฤผ ]bSXQNWX ZLG]HQLD MHJR NOLHQWรถZ RUD] SUDFRZQLNรถZ MDN UรถZQLHฤ SUREOHPรถZ EDQNX MDNR SU]HGVLร ELRUVWZD IXQNFMRQXMร FHJR ZbJRVSRGDUFH &LHV]\P\ VLร ฤ H ฤท$NDGHPLD 7DOHQWรถZฤต ]QรถZ Z\ZRรฏDรฏD W\OH HQWX]MD]PX Lb]HEUDรฏD WDN ZLHOH SR]\W\ZQ\FK RSLQLL

PDMD EU ]DNRรฑF]\รฏD VLร ,; HG\FMD SURJUDPX ฤท$NDGHPLD 7DOHQWรถZฤต 3URJUDP WHQ MHVW UHDOL]RZDQ\ ZbQDV]HM 8F]HOQL FRURF]QLH RG G]LHZLร FLX ODW =RVWDรฏ RQ VWZRU]RQ\ Lb]DSRF]ร WNRZDQ\ Zb U ZUD] ]bEDQNLHP 5DLIIHLVHQ %DQN 3ROVND 6 $ QDVWร SQLH SR GRNRQDQHM IX]ML ]PLHQLรฏD VLร QD]ZD SDUWQHUD SURJUDPX QD 5DLIIHLVHQ


3URJUDP MHVW QDGDO ZVSรถรฏWZRU]RQ\ SU]H] 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Zb.UDNRZLH ]H V]F]HJรถOQ\P XG]LDรฏHP .DWHGU\ (NRQRPLNL Lb2UJDQL]DFML 3U]HGVLร ELRUVWZ LbVNLHURZDQ\ MHVW GR VWXGHQWรถZ ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK WHPDW\Nร EDQNRZRฤ FL ฤท$NDGHPLD 7DOHQWรถZ GHG\NRZDQD MHVW VWXGHQWRP ,, Lb,,, URNX VWXGLรถZ SLHUZV]HJR VWRSQLD RUD] ,bLb,, URNX VWXGLรถZ GUXJLHJR VWRSQLD :bUDPDFK SURMHNWX RGE\ZD VLร F\NO VSRWNDรฑ RbFKDUDNWHU]H ZDUV]WDWรถZ SURZDG]RQ\FK SU]H] SUDFRZQLNรถZ EDQNX NWรถUH PDMร QD FHOX ]DSR]QDQLH VWXGHQWรถZ ]H V]F]HJรถรฏDPL SUDF\ EDQNRZHM :bF]DVLH RVWDWQLHM HG\FML GZXHWDSRZD UHNUXWDFMD GR $NDGHPLL 7DOHQWรถZ UR]SRF]ร รฏD VLร ZbJUXGQLX U DbWUZDรฏD GR VW\F]QLD U :bZ\QLNX DQDOL]\ ZLHOX QDGHVรฏDQ\FK SURฤ OL NDQG\GDWรถZ RUD] UR]PรถZ NZDOLฤ NDF\MQ\FK Z\รฏRQLRQ\FK ]RVWDรฏR XF]HVWQLNรถZ ,; HG\FML SURJUDPX 2G VW\F]QLD GR PDMD U VWXGHQFL XF]HVWQLF]\OL ZbVSRWNDQLDFK SRฤ ZLร FRQ\FK QDVWร SXMร F\P ]DJDGQLHQLRP 6WDQGDUG\ 2EVรฏXJL .OLHQWรถZ 0RMD HPHU\WXUD ฤผ F]\ MXฤ PXV]ร RbQLHM P\ฤ OHร " :VSรถรฏF]HVQ\ EDQNRZLHF VSU]HGDZFD ZLQG\NDWRU F]\ DQDOLW\N" 5HNUXWDFMD EH] WDMHPQLF ฤผ ZDUV]WDW\ +5 3RGVXPRZDQLH ,; HG\FML $NDGHPLL 7DOHQWรถZ 3UDFRZQLF\ EDQNX %*ยฟ %13 3$5,%$6 ]DGEDOL Rb]Uรถฤ QLFRZDQ\ FKDUDNWHU VSRWNDรฑ SRSU]H] DQJDฤ RZDQLH XF]HVWQLNรถZ Zb]DGDQLD ]ZLร ]DQH ]bEDQNRZRฤ FLร NWรถUH Z\PDJDรฏ\ SU]\JRWRZDQLD

PHU\WRU\F]QHJR RUD] RGZLHG]DQLD SODFรถZHN EDQNรถZ LbLFK VWURQ LQWHUQHWRZ\FK 7DNLH G]LDรฏDQLH GDรฏR PRฤ OLZRฤ ร VSRMU]HQLD QD SUDFร ZbVIHU]H EDQNRZRฤ FL ]bUรถฤ Q\FK SHUVSHNW\Z WM ]DUรถZQR MDNR NOLHQWD SODFรถZNL MDN LbSUDFRZQLNรถZ ]H V]F]HJรถOQ\P XZ]JOร GQLHQLHP SURFHVรถZ Z\VWร SXMร F\FK ZbFRG]LHQQHM SUDF\ ZbEDQNX 8G]LDรฏ Zb]DMร FLDFK XPRฤ OLZLรฏ VWXGHQWRP Z\NRU]\VWDQLH ZLHG]\ WHRUHW\F]QHM ]GRE\WHM SRGF]DV ]DMร ร ZbSUDNW\FH IXQNFMRQRZDQLD EDQNX 1D XZDJร ]DVรฏXJXMH IDNW Lฤ XF]HVWQLNDPL WHJRURF]QHM HG\FML SURJUDPX

E\OL VWXGHQFL VSHFMDOQRฤ FL ]ZLร ]DQ\FK QLH W\ONR ]bEDQNRZRฤ FLร FR ZVND]XMH QD RWZDUWRฤ ร SU]HGVLร Z]Lร FLD Lb]Uรถฤ QLFRZDQLH Zฤ UรถG XF]HVWQLNรถZ =DNRรฑF]HQLH ,; HG\FML ฤท$NDGHPLL 7DOHQWรถZฤต RGE\รฏR VLร PDMD EU LbREHMPRZDรฏR SRGVXPRZDQLH SU]HELHJX ZDUV]WDWรถZ RUD] ZUร F]HQLH XF]HVWQLNRP FHUW\ILNDWรถZ SURJUDPX :bRVWDWQLP VSRWNDQLX XF]HVWQLF]\OL SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH ']LHNDQ :\G]LDรฏX =DU]ร G]DQLD SURI 8(. GU KDE %RJXV] 0LNXรฏD NLHURZQLN .DWHGU\ (NRQRPLNL Lb2UJDQL]DFML 3U]HGVLร ELRUVWZ SURI 8(. GU KDE $QGU]HM -DNL NRRUG\QDWRU SURJUDPX ]H VWURQ\ 8(. GU 7RPDV] 5RMHN RUD] JRฤ FLH UHSUH]HQWXMร F\ %*ยฟ %13 3$5,%$6 SRG SU]HZRGQLFWZHP '\UHNWRUD 5HJLRQX %DQNRZRฤ FL 'HWDOLF]QHM 3DQD 0LFKDรฏD )DPLHOFD 8F]HVWQLNRP ZUร F]RQR FHUW\ILNDW\ XNRรฑF]HQLD ฤท$NDGHPLL 7DOHQWรถZฤต

DbDPEDVDGRU]\ SURJUDPX ZbLPLHQLX ZV]\VWNLFK XF]HVWQLNรถZ ]รฏRฤ \OL SRG]Lร NRZDQLD GOD SUDFRZQLNรถZ EDQNX G]Lร NL NWรถU\P VSRWNDQLD PRJรฏ\ VLร RGE\ร 3R RILFMDOQHM F]ร ฤ FL VSRWNDQLD XF]HVWQLF\ ฤท$NDGHPLL 7DOHQWรถZฤต ]DSUH]HQWRZDOL ZVSรถOQLH SU]\JRWRZDQร QD Wร RND]Mร SUH]HQWDFMร

studenci

3ROEDQN 6 $ Zb U Dฤ ZUHV]FLH RVWDWQLD G]LHZLร WD ]DNRรฑF]RQD HG\FMD SURJUDPX ]RVWDรฏD ]UHDOL]RZDQD SRG V]\OGHP ฤท$NDGHPLD 7DOHQWรถZ ZJ %*ยฟ %13 3$5,%$6ฤต ]bUDFML SU]HMร FLD SU]H] WHQ EDQN EDQNX 5DLIIHLVHQ 3ROEDQN 6 $ ZbSDฤ G]LHUQLNX XELHJรฏHJR URNX &LHV]\P\ VLร ฤ H %*ยฟ %13 3$5,%$6 SRVWDQRZLรฏ NRQW\QXRZDร QDV] SURJUDP LbPDP\ QDG]LHMร ฤ H WD ZROD Eร G]LH SRGWU]\PDQD QDGDO ZbWUDNFLH NROHMQHM MXELOHXV]RZHM G]LHVLร WHM HG\FML

3URJUDP FLHV]\ VLร EDUG]R GXฤ \P ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHP RUD] ]ELHUD ZLHOH SR]\W\ZQ\FK RSLQLL ]DUรถZQR ]H VWURQ\ XF]HVWQLNรถZ MDN LbSUDFRZQLNรถZ %*ยฟ %13 3$5,%$6 SURZDG]ร F\FK ]DMร FLD NWรถU]\

SRGNUHฤ ODMร GXฤ H ]DDQJDฤ RZDQLH XF]HVWQLNรถZ $NDGHPLL RUD] SU]\MHPQRฤ ร ZVSรถรฏSUDF\ ]bFLHNDZ\PL ฤ ZLDWD LbDPELWQ\PL VWXGHQWDPL 5HSUH]HQWDQFL %*ยฟ %13 3$5,%$6 RFHQLDMร F GRW\FKF]DVRZH G]LDรฏDQLD Z\UDฤ QLH GHNODURZDOL FKร ร SRGHMPRZDQLD GDOV]HM ZVSรถรฏSUDF\ ZbUDPDFK NROHMQ\FK HG\FML ฤท$NDGHPLL 7DOHQWรถZฤต -DN ZLHORNURWQLH SRGNUHฤ ODOL VWXGHQFL VSRWNDQLD ]bSUDNW\NDPL WR QLH W\ONR QDMOHSV]\ VSRVรถE QD HIHNW\ZQร QDXNร SR]D ]DMร FLDPL DOH UรถZQLHฤ PRฤ OLZRฤ ร ]DSR]QDQLD VLร ]bZV]HFKVWURQQ\PL PRฤ OLZRฤ FLDPL ]DZRGRZ\PL SR ]DNRรฑF]HQLX HGXNDFML Zb8QLZHUV\WHFLH (NRQRPLF]Q\P Zb.UDNRZLH :V]\VWNLP XF]HVWQLNRP WHJRURF]QHM HG\FML G]Lร NXMHP\ ]D ZVSรถOQLH VSร G]RQ\ F]DV LbRZRFQH G\VNXVMH GU Tomasz Rojek NRRUG\QDWRU SURJUDPX .DWHGUD (NRQRPLNL L 2UJDQL]DFML 3U]HGVLร ELRUVWZ

57


studenci

6WDล Z 6WDฤ \P 3U]HGVWDZLFLHOVWZLH 53 SU]\ 2(&' Z 3DU\ล X ยง [XW\SIVQM b LaXTWUIKRฤ 3UDFD Z G\SORPDFML MHVW PDU]HQLHP ZLHOX VWXGHQWร Z bIQV\MZM[W_IVaKP

UQฤ LbaVIZWLW_aU ฤฌZWLW_Q[SQMU XWTQ\aSฤ Q MSWVWUQฤ

U

F]HVWQLFWZR ZbVSRWNDQLDFK QD V]F]\FLH UHSUH]HQWRZDQLH LQWHUHVรถZ NUDMX QD V]F]HEOX PLร G]\QDURGRZ\P SRF]XFLH VSUDZF]Rฤ FL PRฤ OLZRฤ ร SRGUรถฤ \ LbSUDFD ZbG\QDPLF]QLH ]PLHQLDMร F\P VLร ฤ ZLHFLH SROLW\NL WR MHGQH ]bZLHOX ]DOHW WHJR URG]DMX DNW\ZQRฤ FL =DQLP MHGQDN DEVROZHQFL SRGHMPร GHF\]Mร RbZHMฤ FLX QD Wร ฤ FLHฤ Nร NDULHU\ 0LQLVWHUVWZR 6SUDZ =DJUDQLF]Q\FK RIHUXMH LP PRฤ OLZRฤ ร RGE\FLD VWDฤ X ZbMHGQHM ]bZLHOX SODFรถZHN ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK 53

58

Zb(XURSLH LbQD ฤ ZLHFLH -HVW WR GRVNRQDรฏD PRฤ OLZRฤ ร GOD RVรถE NWรถUH SUDJQร ]GRE\ร GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLH ]DZRGRZH ZbDGPLQLVWUDFML U]ร GRZHM LbSU]HNRQDร VLร MDN Z\JOร GD SUDFD ZbVHNWRU]H SXEOLF]Q\P MHV]F]H SU]HG XG]LDรฏHP ZbUHNUXWDFML GR .UDMRZHM 6]NRรฏ\ $GPLQLVWUDFML 3XEOLF]QHM F]\ DSOLNDFMร G\SORPDW\F]QR NRQVXODUQร SWDฤ H LbSUDNW\NL Zb06= Vร QLHVWHW\ QLHSรฏDWQH DbSU]HSURZDG]ND GR ฤ ZLDWRZ\FK VWROLF ]D]Z\F]DM QLH PLHฤ FL VLร

ZbEXGฤ HFLH SU]HFLร WQHJR VWXGHQWD =bSRPRFร VWXGHQWRP 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH Z\FKRG]L $NDGHPLFNLH &HQWUXP .DULHUy G]Lร NL NWรถUHPX PRฤ OLZH MHVW ]GRE\FLH GRฤ QDQVRZDQLD ZbUDPDFK SURJUDPX SUDNW\N (UDVPXV 6W\SHQGLXP ZbZLHOX SU]\SDGNDFK SRNU\ZD NRV]W\ ]DNZDWHURZDQLD F]DVDPL QDZHW ฤ \FLD ZbGDQ\P SDรฑVWZLH FR XPRฤ OLZLD VWXGHQWRP SR]QDQLH ฤ ZLDWD G\SORPDFML LbSU]HNRQDQLH VLร MDN ]D NXOLVDPL Z\JOร GD SURMHNWRZDQLH


8]\VNDQLH NRQWDNWX GR DPEDVDG\ F]\ NRQVXODWX LbSRGSLVDQLH XPRZ\ RbSUDNW\NL ]bGRğQDQVRZDQLHP ]b3URJUDPX (UDVPXV PRĝH ZLÈ]DÊ VLÚ MHGQDN ]bGXĝ\P VWUHVHP ibZLHORPD IRUPDOQRĂFLDPL FKRÊ GOD ]GHWHUPLQRZDQ\FK RVöE MHVW WR ]bSHZQRĂFLÈ PRĝOLZH GODWHJR ïDWZLHM MHVW VNRU]\VWDÊ ]bLVWQLHMÈFHM MXĝ RIHUW\ ZbED]LH SUDNW\N $NDGHPLFNLHJR &HQWUXP .DULHU ļ VWDĝX Zb6WDï\P 3U]HGVWDZLFLHOVWZLH 5]HF]SRVSROLWHM 3ROVNLHM SU]\ 2UJDQL]DFML :VSöïSUDF\ *RVSRGDUF]HM Lb5R]ZRMX 2(&' Zb3DU\ĝX JG]LH REHFQLH IXQNFMÚ DPEDVDGRUD VSUDZXMH NLHURZQLN .DWHGU\ 6WXGLöZ (XURSHMVNLFK 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH SURI 8(. GU KDE $OHNVDQGHU 6XUGHM 6WDĝ Zb63 53 SU]\ 2(&' MHVW RIHUWÈ QLHSRZWDU]DOQÈ NWöUD ïÈF]\ GRĂZLDGF]HQLH IXQNFMRQRZDQLD SROVNLHM DGPLQLVWUDFML SXEOLF]QHM RUD] REVHUZRZDQLH FRG]LHQQHM SUDF\ ZDĝQHM RUJDQL]DFML PLÚG]\QDURGRZHM MDNÈ MHVW 2UJDQL]DFMD :VSöïSUDF\ *RVSRGDUF]HM Lb5R]ZRMX ZbG\QDPLF]Q\P SDU\VNLP ĂZLHFLH G\SORPDFML 3UDFRZQLF\ 6WDïHJR 3U]HGVWDZLFLHOVWZD WR ]DZRGRZL G\SORPDFL QDXNRZF\ LbXU]ÚGQLF\ VSHFMDOL]XMÈF\ VLÚ Zb]DJDGQLHQLDFK VSRïHF]QR JRVSRGDUF]\FK NWöU]\ UHSUH]HQWXMÈ 3ROVNÚ ZbUöĝQ\FK VWUXNWXUDFK 2(&' RUD] SRĂUHGQLF]È ZbNRPXQLNDFML PLÚG]\ RUJDQL]DFMÈ Db3ROVNLP 5]ÈGHP 0LVMÈ 2(&' MHVW SRV]XNLZDQLH LbSURPRZDQLH QDMOHSV]\FK UR]ZLÈ]Dñ SROLW\F]Q\FK LbJRVSRGDUF]\FK PDMÈF\FK QD FHOX SRSUDZÚ MDNRĂFL ĝ\FLD OXG]L QD FDï\P ĂZLHFLH ZbP\ĂO KDVïD ķ/HSV]H SROLW\NL GOD OHSV]HJR ĝ\FLDĵ RUD] SURPRZDQLH UR]ZRMX KDQGOX ĂZLDWRZHJR RSDUWHJR QD ZLHORVWURQQ\FK QLHG\VNU\PLQDF\MQ\FK ]DVDGDFK ]JRGQLH ]H ]RERZLÈ]DQLDPL PLÚG]\QDURGRZ\PL &RG]LHQQH Z\GDU]HQLD ZbVLHG]LELH 2(&' ]ORNDOL]RZDQHM ZbV]HVQDVWHM G]LHOQLF\ 3DU\ĝD WR QLH W\ONR VSRWNDQLD NRPLWHWöZ LbJUXS URERF]\FK RUJDQL]DFML DOH WDNĝH VSRWNDQLD ]H ĂZLDWRZ\PL HNVSHUWDPL ZbG]LHG]LQLH HNRQRPLL LbSDQHOH G\VNXV\MQH RUD] NRQIHUHQFMH LQDXJXUXMÈFH QLH]OLF]RQH SXEOLNDFMH

studenci

VWUDWHJLL ZGUDĝDQ\FK SöěQLHM Zbĝ\FLH ZbSDñVWZDFK LbRUJDQL]DFMDFK PLÚG]\QDURGRZ\FK

2(&' NWöUH QDOHĝÈ GR QDMEDUG]LHM RF]HNLZDQ\FK UDSRUWöZ QD WHPDW SHUVSHNW\Z JRVSRGDUNL ĂZLDWRZHM RUD] V\WXDFML HNRQRPLF]QHM SRV]F]HJöOQ\FK NUDMöZ WDNLH MDN QD SU]\NïDG SU]HJOÈG\ JRVSRGDUF]H SDñVWZ :bF]DVLH VWDĝX Zb63 53 SU]\ 2(&' PLDïDP RND]MÚ XF]HVWQLF]\Ê ZbREUDGDFK 5DG\ NWöUD MHVW QDMZDĝQLHMV]\P RUJDQHP 2(&' VSRWNDQLDFK ZLHOX NRPLWHWöZ VWDï\FK DbWDNĝH JUXS URERF]\FK SUDFXMÈF\FK QDG SURMHNWDPL NWöU\FK HIHNWHP VÈ REV]HUQH SXEOLNDFMH :VSLHUDïDP WDNĝH SUDFRZQLNöZ 6WDïHJR 3U]HGVWDZLFLHOVWZD SRSU]H] WZRU]HQLH UDSRUWöZ QRW G\SORPDW\F]Q\FK RUD] LQQ\FK PDWHULDïöZ SU]HV\ïDQ\FK SöěQLHM GR :DUV]DZ\ :VSöïWZRU]\ïDP WHĝ ELXOHW\Q 3ODFöZNL SXEOLNXMÈF ZbQLP WHNVW\ QD WHPDW LQWHUHVXMÈF\FK PQLH ]DJDGQLHñ 0LDïDP WHĝ RND]MÚ ]DSR]QDÊ VLÚ ]bZLHORPD SXEOLNDFMDPL 2(&' RUD] SU]HG\VNXWRZDÊ LFK ]DZDUWRĂÊ ]bHNVSHUWDPL ZbSRV]F]HJöOQ\FK G]LHG]LQDFK ,bFKRFLDĝ SUDFD E\ïD GRĂÊ LQWHQV\ZQD ]DZV]H PRJïDP OLF]\Ê QD SRPRF SUDFRZQLNöZ 63 NWöU]\ NDĝGRUD]RZR XSHZQLDOL VLÚ ĝH ]DGDQLD PL SU]\G]LHODQH VÈ Z\PDJDMÈFH DOH UöZQLHĝ FLHNDZH LbUR]ZLMDMÈFH 0öZL VLÚ ĝH QLH VDPÈ SUDFÈ ĝ\MH F]ïRZLHN DOH SUDFD ZbG\SORPDFML WR WHĝ RND]MD GR XF]HVWQLF]HQLD ZbZLHOX Z\GDU]HQLDFK RUJDQL]RZDQ\FK ]DUöZQR SU]H] DPEDVDG\ UöĝQ\FK NUDMöZ MDN LbRUJDQL]DFMH SROVNLH Zb3DU\ĝX WDNLH MDN 3ROVND $NDGHPLD 1DXN Zb3DU\ĝX F]\ %LEOLRWHND 3ROVND 1LH VSRVöE XF]HVWQLF]\Ê ZH ZV]\VWNLFK VSRWNDQLDFK DXWRUVNLFK NRQFHUWDFK F]\ Z\VWDZDFK DOH GOD ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK MHVW WR QLHZÈWSOLZLH

RND]MD E\ ]REDF]\Ê NXOWXUDOQH REOLF]H 3DU\ĝD QLHGRVWÚSQH GOD ZV]\VWNLFK .LONXPLHVLÚF]Q\ SRE\W Zb3DU\ĝX WR WHĝ RND]MD GR SR]QDQLD PLDVWD RG SRGV]HZNL RG SLNQLNöZ QDG 6HNZDQÈ SR ZL]\W\ ZbPX]HDFK RSHU]H WHDWUDFK QDZLÈ]\ZDQLH QRZ\FK ]QDMRPRĂFL GRVNRQDOHQLH MÚ]\ND IUDQFXVNLHJR SUöERZDQLH SRWUDZ GRVNRQDïHM IUDQFXVNLHM NXFKQL 1LH]DSRPQLDQ\P SU]Hĝ\FLHP MHVW UöZQLHĝ ĂZLÚWRZDQLH 'QLD %DVW\OLL ZbVWROLF\ NUDMX ]DNRñF]RQH SRND]HP V]WXF]Q\FK RJQL ]bZLHĝÈ (LIĠD ZbWOH 3RïRĝHQLH 3DU\ĝD XPRĝOLZLïR PL WDNĝH ]ZLHG]HQLH ZLHOX IUDQFXVNLFK PLDVW DOH UöZQLHĝ VÈVLDGXMÈF\FK NUDMöZ ļ %HOJLL 6]ZDMFDULL /X[HPEXUJD Lb+RODQGLL 3DU\ĝ SU]\FLÈJD W\VLÈFH WXU\VWöZ NDĝGHJR URNX DOH QLH NDĝG\ PD RND]MÚ ]DPLHV]NDÊ ZbW\P ZVSDQLDï\P PLHĂFLH -DN SRZLHG]LDï (UQHVW +HPLQJZD\ ķ-HĂOLĂ PLDï V]F]ÚĂFLH ]DPLHV]NDÊ Zb3DU\ĝX ]D PïRGX WR SU]H] UHV]WÚ ĝ\FLD JG]LHNROZLHN VLÚ XGDV] EÚG]LH RQ ]b7REÈĵ 7UXGQR VLÚ QLH ]JRG]LÊ 'R 3DU\ĝD ]bSHZQRĂFLÈ ZUöFÚ DbZV]\VWNLFK ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK VWXGHQWöZ 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Zb.UDNRZLH ]DFKÚFDP GR ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD VLÚ RIHUWDPL $NDGHPLFNLHJR &HQWUXP .DULHU ZĂUöG NWöU\FK VWDĝ Zb63 53 SU]\ 2(&' Zb3DU\ĝX MHVW SUDZG]LZÈ SHUHïNÈ Danuta Gruszka VWXGHQWND ,,, URNX ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %XVLQHVV XF]HVWQLF]ND SURJUDPX 3RGZöMQ\ '\SORP PLÚG]\ 8(. Db*UDQG 9DOOH\ 6WDWH 8QLYHUVLW\ Zb0LFKLJDQ Zb6WDQDFK =MHGQRF]RQ\FK 6WDĝ\VWND 63 53 SU]\ 2(&' Zb3DU\ĝX

59


studenci

ESN UEK ยง Z{ฤตVQKM S\{ZM รฐฤ Kbฤ 4WSITVI [MSKRI (UDVPXV 6WXGHQW 1HWZRUN N]VSKRWV]RM XZba =VQ_MZ[a\MKQM -SWVWUQKbVaU _ 3ZISW_QM R]ฤต WL XWVIL TI\

W

W\P F]DVLH RGQRVLรฏD OLF]QH VXNFHV\ QD DUHQLH RJรถOQRSROVNLHM L PLร G]\QDURGRZHM ]UHDOL]RZDรฏD VHWNL Z\GDU]Hรฑ L G]LDรฏDรฏD QD U]HF] SURPRFML PRELOQRฤ FL DNDGHPLFNLHM -HGQDN QDOHฤ \ SDPLร WDร ฤ H (61 8(. WR SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLPฤฎ OXG]LH 6HWNL QDZLร ]DQ\FK SU]\MDฤ QL QLH]OLF]RQH ZVSRPQLHQLD RUD] QLHNRรฑF]ร FH VLร ฤ UรถGรฏR PRW\ZDFML $ FR (61 8(. PRฤ H ]DRIHURZDร 7RELH"

60

(UDVPXV 6WXGHQW 1HWZRUN MHVW RUJDQL]DFMร SURPXMร Fร PRELOQRฤ ร D Z V]F]HJรถOQRฤ FL 3URJUDP (UDVPXV :VSLHUD UรถZQLHฤ LQWHUQDFMRQDOL]DFMร V]NROQLFWZD Z\ฤ V]HJR :RORQWDULXV]H G]LDรฏDMร F\ Z (61 SRPDJDMร ]DDNOLPDW\]RZDร VLร Z .UDNRZLH VWXGHQWRP PLร G]\QDURGRZ\P SU]\MHฤ Gฤ DMร F\P QD 8(. 5RELร WR SRSU]H] RUJDQL]DFMร Z\GDU]Hรฑ VNLHURZDQ\FK VSHFMDOQLH GR QLFK -Xฤ RG LFK SLHUZV]HJR

GQLD Z 3ROVFH GEDMร R WR DE\ (UDVPXVL F]XOL VLร Z .UDNRZLH MDN Z GRPX 7R MHGQDN QLH ZV]\VWNR 1D FR G]LHรฑ F]รฏRQNRZLH RUJDQL]DFML PRJร DQJDฤ RZDร VLร SU]\ SU]HV]รฏR SURMHNWDFK L JUXSDFK NWรถUH WZRU]\ VHNFMD 6ร WR P LQ .XOWXUD 7UDYHO 3URMHNW 0HQWRU Z NWรถU\P VWXGHQFL 8(. GRVWDMร SRG RSLHNร ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK UรถZLHฤ QLNรถZ 6SRUW


D WDNฤ H )XQGUDLVLQJ F]\ JUXS\ 35 (61 8(. ]DMPXMH VLร UรถZQLHฤ SURPRFMร PRELOQRฤ FL QD XF]HOQL D MHJR F]รฏRQNRZLH Vร DPEDVDGRUDPL 3URJUDPX (UDVPXV : ]ZLร ]NX ] W\P UHDOL]RZDQH Vร WDNฤ H SURMHNW\ WDNLH MDN %ORJ (UDVPXV EORJHUDVPXV SO F]\OL SRUWDO QD NWรถU\P PRฤ QD ]QDOHฤ ร DUW\NXรฏ\ RVรถE SRZUDFDMร F\FK ] Z\PLDQ RUD] LQIRUPDFMH QD WHPDW SURFHGXU Z\MD]GX QD Z\PLDQร ] NDฤ GHM SROVNLHM XF]HOQL 5H (UDVPXV ฤผ F\NO VSRWNDรฑ ]H VWXGHQWDPL 8(. NWรถU]\ Z\MD]G\ ]DJUDQLF]QH PDMร MXฤ ]D VREร F]\ &RXQWU\ 0HHWLQJV ฤผ F]\OL SUHOHNFMH VWXGHQWรถZ ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK GRW\F]ร FH LFK NUDMรถZ WUDG\FML L NXOWXU\ (61 8(. MHVW F]ร ฤ FLร RJURPQHM VLHFL 7R MHGQD ] SRQDG VHNFML G]LDรฏDMร F\FK Z (XURSLH : 3ROVFH IXQNFMRQXMH VHNFML D F]รฏRQNRZLH ] QDV]HM XF]HOQL XG]LHODMร VLร UรถZQLHฤ QD SR]LRPLH RJรถOQRSROVNLP F]\ PLร G]\QDURGRZ\P XF]HVWQLF]ร F Z ZLHOX ]MD]GDFK V]NROHQLRZR LQWHJUDF\MQ\FK F]\ ZVSรถรฏWZRU]ร F SURMHNW\ PLร G]\QDURGRZH : NDWHJRULL RVLร JQLร ร PLร G]\QDURGRZ\FK (61 8(. PRฤ H SRFKZDOLร VLร W\P ฤ H GZXNURWQLH ]RVWDOLฤ P\ Z\EUDQL MDNR QDMOHSV]D VHNFMD Z FDรฏHM VLHFL

ฤท(61 8(. WR SU]HVWU]Hรฑ Z NWรถUHM NDฤ G\ ]QDMG]LH FRฤ GOD VLHELH 7R PLHMVFH Z NWรถU\P PRฤ QD UHDOL]RZDร VZRMH SDVMH D SU]\ W\P URELร FRฤ GREUHJR GOD LQQ\FK (61 WR UรถZQLHฤ ZLHOH PLร G]\QDURGRZ\FK SU]\MDฤ QL RUD] FLร JรฏH UR]ZLMDQLH XPLHMร WQRฤ FL SRVรฏXJLZDQLD VLร Mร ]\NDPL REF\PL 3RG Nร WHP ]DZRGRZ\P WR FDรฏD PDVD SUDNW\F]Q\FK XPLHMร WQRฤ FL NWรถUH GRVNRQDOH X]XSHรฏQLDMร VLร ] PDWHULDรฏHP SU]\VZDMDQ\P QD VWXGLDFK 7R QDMOHSV]D V]NRรฏD XPLHMร WQRฤ FL WDNLFK MDN ZVSรถรฏSUDFD ] OXGฤ PL ]DU]ร G]DQLH F]DVHP F]\ RUJDQL]DFMD SUDF\ 7R PRฤ OLZRฤ ร VDPRUHDOL]DFML L UR]ZRMX D SU]\ W\P RJURP VDW\VIDNFML L GDZDQLH RG VLHELH WHJR FR QDMOHSV]H (61 WR ZLHONLH SROH GR NUHDW\ZQRฤ FL D FR QDMZDฤ QLHMV]H PLHMVFH NWรถUH WZRU]ร QLH]Z\NOL OXG]LH L PLPR IDNWX Lฤ NDฤ G\ MHVW

(61 8(. WR SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP JUXSD LQVSLUXMร F\FK VLOQLH ]PRW\ZRZDQ\FK VWXGHQWรถZ 7R VSRรฏHF]QRฤ ร WZRU]RQD SU]H] REHFQ\FK VWXGHQWรถZ 8(. DOH WDNฤ H $OXPQรถZ L &]รฏRQNรถZ +RQRURZ\FK NWรถU]\ WZRU]\OL (61 QD SU]HVWU]HQL ODW &]รฏRQNRZLH VHNFML PDMร EDUG]R Uรถฤ QH ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD RG Uรถฤ Q\FK G\VF\SOLQ VSRUWX SU]H] ]DJDGQLHQLD PX]\F]QH SR ]DPLรฏRZDQLH GR SRGUรถฤ \ 6WXGLXMร Uรถฤ QH NLHUXQNL XF]ร VLร ZLHOX Mร ]\NรถZ ]GRE\ZDMร GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLH ]DZRGRZH Z Uรถฤ Q\FK PLHMVFDFK L DQJDฤ XMร VLร Z GXฤ R LQQ\FK FLHNDZ\FK LQLFMDW\Z :V]\VWNLH WH Uรถฤ QLFH QLH XWUXGQLDMร LP MHGQDN ZVSรถรฏSUDF\ Vร ]DPLHQLDQH Z ]DOHW\ L รฏร F]ร Z UHDOL]DFML ZVSรถOQ\FK FHOรถZ 3Rรฏร F]HQLH ZLHOX WDOHQWรถZ SXQNWรถZ ZLG]HQLD L GRฤ ZLDGF]Hรฑ SR]ZDOD ERZLHP QD FLร JรฏH XOHSV]DQLH SRGHMPRZDQ\FK G]LDรฏDรฑ L SRGQRV]HQLH MDNRฤ FL SURMHNWรถZ ']LDรฏDOQRฤ ร Z (61 8(. WR FLร JรฏH XF]HQLH VLร RG VLHELH QDZ]DMHP RWZDUWRฤ ร QD LQQ\FK L VSRJOร GDQLH QD ฤ ZLDW ] Uรถฤ Q\FK SHUVSHNW\Z

studenci

LQQ\ ZVSรถOQLH WZRU]ร FRฤ ZDUWHJR XZDJL ฤต

=DSUDV]DP\ ZV]\VWNLFK GR GRรฏร F]HQLD GR (61 8(. 5HNUXWDFMD UXV]D MXฤ Z SDฤ G]LHUQLNX

.DUROLQD =ERฤณ 6WRZDU]\V]HQLH (61 8(.

7\P FR QDSรทG]D RUJDQL]DFMรท Vรฃ MHGQDN SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP OXG]LH :RMWHN MHVW VWXGHQWHP ,,, URNX 5DFKXQNRZRฤ FL L FRQWUROOLQJX 'R (61 GRรฏร F]\รฏ ODWD WHPX REHFQLH SHรฏQL IXQNFMร 3U]HZRGQLF]ร FHJR 6WRZDU]\V]HQLD (61 8(. &R GDรฏ PX F]DV VSร G]RQ\ Z RUJDQL]DFML" 61


wspomnienie %RKDWHU Z GZรถFK RGVรฏRQDFK Z PLHMVFX ]DPLHV]NDQLD IRW .DWDU]\QD 1RZDN

PMU Z VW VSRF] PJU

2MZba 3Z][MV[\MZV X[ <WU t =PDUฤ \ E\ฤ SRWRPNLHP DU\VWRNUDW\F]Q\FK URGร Z HXURSHMVNLFK NWร UHJR SU]RGNRZLH ]DVLDGDOL QD WURQDFK ZLHOX SDฤกVWZ WL [\ZWVa UI\SQ

7 *ZQMV LM 4IKa WZIb XZIXZI_V]SQMU [รฐaVVMOW ILUQZIรฐI ฤตWรฐVQMZbI JILIKbI VI]SW_KI ยง XWLZ{ฤตVQSI _ [รฐ]ฤตJQM ZW[aR[SQMR ILUQZIรฐI )LIUI 2WPIVVI :Q\\MZ ^WV 3Z][MV[\MZVI 1DGH ZV]\VWNR E\ฤ JRUรฃF\P SROVNLP SDWULRWรฃ

P

r]HG Z\EXFKHP ZRMQ\ QDOHฤ Dรฏ GR KDUFHUVWZD ZbURG]LQQ\FK 'UXVNLHQLNDFK ZbVLHUSQLX URNX QD Uร FH .V 'U %ROHVรฏDZD :RรฏรฏHMNL VNรฏDGDรฏ ZUD] ]bNLONRPD NROHJDPL ]b+DUFHUVNLHM

6รฏXฤ E\ 3RPRFQLF]HM SU]\ .RUSXVLH 2FKURQ\ 3RJUDQLF]D SU]\U]HF]HQLH SR SU]HV]NROHQLX LFK SU]H] .23 GR VรฏXฤ E\ SRPRFQLF]HM ZL]XDOQD REVHUZDFMD QLHED UR]SR]QDZDQLH V\OZHWHN QLHPLHFNLFK VDPRORWรถZ ZรฏDฤ FLZH

SRGDZDQLH PHOGXQNรถZ SRPRF SU]\ REVรฏXG]H FNP :bQRF\ ]b 9,,, QD ,; U SHรฏQLรฏ VรฏXฤ Eร REVHUZDWRUD QD ZLHฤ \ FLฤ QLHรฑ ZbURG]LQQ\P PLHฤ FLH QD JUDQLF\ SROVNR OLWHZVNLHM 2EVHUZRZDรฏ SU]HORW\ QLHPLHFNLFK

: FHVDUVWZDFK $XVWULL L 1LHPLHF NDZDOHU ฤผ 5LWWHU QLH PLDรฏ VSHFMDOQHM NRURQ\ Z KHUELH Xฤ \ZDQR ]Z\NรฏHM NRURQ\ V]ODFKHFNLHM 'OD SRGNUHฤ OHQLD Z\ฤ V]HM QLฤ RJรถรฏ V]ODFKW\ JRGQRฤ FL VWRVRZDQR F]ร VWR XGRVWRMQLHQLD KHUEX ]Z\NOH SU]H] SRG]LDรฏ WDUF]\ KHUERZHM L ]DVWRVRZDQLH GZรถFK KHรฏPรถZ KHUDOG\F]Q\FK 5RVMD GR G]Lฤ MHVW GXPQD ]bDGPLUDรฏD .UXVHQVWHUQD :b3HWHUVEXUJX ]QDMGXMH VLร MHJR SRPQLN MHJR LPLร QRVL QD]Z JHRJUDฤ F]Q\FK P LQ FLHฤ QLQD NWรถUร RGNU\รฏ NUDWHU QD .VLร ฤ \FX RUD] Vรฏ\QQ\ ฤ DJORZLHF URV\MVNL QD SRNรฏDG]LH NWรถUHJR Zb U Zb6]F]HFLQLH JRฤ FLรฏ QD ]DSURV]HQLH NDSLWDQD GU 1RZLNRZD PMU -HU]\ .UXVHQVWHUQ

62


FDรฏNRZLFLH QD NLOND GQL XWUDFLรฏ VรฏXFK ZbRE\GZX XV]DFK ]bSRZRGX UR]HUZDQLD VLร ZbQLHGDOHNLHM RGOHJรฏRฤ FL SRFLVNX DUW\OHU\MVNLHJR =bODVX Z\V]HGรฏ SRG NRQLHF SDฤ G]LHUQLND URNX 'R VW\F]QLD U QDOHฤ Dรฏ GR $UPLL .UDMRZHM G]LDรฏDรฏ QD WHUHQLH 7DUQRZD :bF]DVLH SRERUX ZRMVNRZHJR Zb7DUQRZLH ]RVWDรฏ DUHV]WRZDQ\ SU]H] :8%3 ]bZLร ]LHQLD Z\GRVWDรฏ JR -รถ]HI .XGรฏD ]bNWรถU\P SUDFRZDรฏ ZbPDJD]\QDFK LbNWรถUHJR RVWU]HJDรฏ RbPDMร F\FK RGE\ZDร VLร UHZL]MDFK URERWQLNรถZ V]XNDQR Z\QRV]RQHJR ]ERฤ D 2VWU]Hฤ RQ\ SU]H] - .XGรฏร DE\ QDW\FKPLDVW RSXฤ FLรฏ 7DUQรถZ ER PRฤ H E\ร SRQRZQLH DUHV]WRZDQ\5 MHG]LH GR ,QRZURFรฏDZLD JG]LH ]DWUXGQLD VLร MDNR VWUรถฤ QRFQ\ ZbNRSDOQL VROL XbRMFD VZRLFK SU]\MDFLรถรฏ ]b$. ฤท7RPฤต G]LDรฏDรฏ UรถZQLHฤ Zb=U]HV]HQLX ฤท:ROQRฤ ร Lb1LH]DZLVรฏRฤ ร ฤต Zb.UDNRZLH 1DOHฤ Dรฏ GR NRPรถUNL -HU]HJR :RVLD SV )DU\V :b,QRZURFรฏDZLX ZbFLร JX URNX SU]HURELรฏ PDWHULDรฏ ]bGZรถFK NODV Lb]GDรฏ PDWXUร ZbQRF\ SUDFRZDรฏ MDNR VWUรถฤ SLOQXMร F GRE\WNX NRSDOQL VROL NWรถU\ VWDQRZLรฏ รฏDNRP\ Nร VHN GOD UDG]LHFNLFK ฤทZ\]ZROLFLHOLฤต 3RZUรถFLรฏ GR .UDNRZD Zb U VSURZDG]DMร F GR PLDVWD PDPร LbVLRVWUร 3UDFRZDรฏ QD XWU]\PDQLH URG]LQ\ JG\ฤ VWUDFLOL FDรฏ\ PDMร WHN 6LRVWUD ZbW\P F]DVLH UรถZQLHฤ VWXGLRZDรฏD LbQLH PRJรฏD SRGMร ร SUDF\ -HU]\ ฤ QDQVRZDรฏ VLRVWU]H VWXGLD DbSรถฤ QLHM VWDQFMH LbELHฤ ร FH Z\GDWNL =DSLVDรฏ VLร QD $NDGHPLร +DQGORZร Zb.UDNRZLH 1D URNX VWXGLRZDรฏ ]H =ELJQLHZHP &\EXOVNLP Sรถฤ QLHMV]\P Vรฏ\QQ\P DNWRUHP6 3R VWXGLDFK SLHUZV]HJR VWRSQLD LbX]\VNDQLX W\WXรฏX G\SORPRZDQHJR SODQLVW\ QLH PรถJรฏ GDOHM VWXGLRZDร QD VWXGLDFK PDJLVWHUVNLFK JG\ฤ GRVWDรฏ QDND] SUDF\ Zb1RZHM +XFLH -DN XVรฏ\V]Dรฏ VWXGLD PDJLVWHUVNLH QLH Vร GOD WDNLFK MDN Z\ WU]HED E\

VLร ]DSLVDร GR SDUWLL7 %ร Gร F QLJG]LH QLH PHOGRZDQ\P PXVLDรฏ SRGMร ร FLร ฤ Nร GOD VLHELH GHF\]MH RbXMDZQLHQLX VLร 8 :b1RZHM +XFLH E\รฏ UHSUHVMRQRZDQ\ SU]H] NRPXQLVW\F]Qร EH]SLHNร ZLHORNURWQLH SU]HVรฏXFKLZDQ\ SU]H] 8% 6S\FKDQ\ QD FRUD] QLฤ V]H LbJRU]HM SรฏDWQH VWDQRZLVND $E\ XWU]\PDร VLHELH LbPDPร RUD] ZVSRPรถF VLRVWUร SR ]DNRรฑF]HQLX VZRMHM SUDF\ GRUDELDรฏ QD EXGRZDFK ]DSLVDรฏ VLร GR =ZLร ]NX =DZRGRZHJR =EURMDU]\ &Dรฏร Wร V\WXDFMร ]ZLร ]DQร ]bQร NDQLHP V\QD MHJR PDPD SU]\SรฏDFLรฏD Z\OHZHP LbSDUDOLฤ HP -HU]\ EDUG]R FLร ฤ NR SUDFRZDรฏ QD Uรถฤ Q\FK EXGRZDFK GR Sรถฤ Q\FK JRG]LQ QRFQ\FK DE\ ]DURELร SLHQLร G]H QD SU\ZDWQH OHF]HQLH LbUHKDELOLWDFMร 7UXG VLร RSรฏDFLรฏ PDPD RG]\VNDรฏD VSUDZQRฤ ร :bF]DVLH FKRURE\ PLHV]-

wspomnienie

VDPRORWรถZ VWDUWXMร F\FK ]bWHUHQX /LWZ\ LbPHOGRZDรฏ RbQLFK SROVNLHPX GRZรถG]WZX ZRMVNRZHPX Zb*URGQLH 3R ]OLNZLGRZDQLX SXQNWX REVHUZDF\MQHJR XGDรฏ VLร URZHUHP GR *URGQD JG]LH ZbNRV]DUDFK 3XรฏNX 6WU]HOFรถZ *URG]LHรฑVNLFK RSXV]F]RQ\FK SU]H] ฤ RรฏQLHU]\ NWรถU]\ Z\V]OL QD IURQW EUDรฏ XG]LDรฏ ZbSU]\JRWRZ\ZDQLX EXWHOHN ]DSDODMร F\FK GRVWDUF]DQ\FK QD SXQNW\ ]bNWรถU\FK VWDUVL KDUFHU]H QLV]F]\OL VRZLHFNLH F]RรฏJL ZNUDF]DMร FH GR PLDVWD 2VWU]Hฤ RQ\ SU]HG PDMร F\P QDVWร SLร SU]H] 1.:' MHJR DUHV]WRZDQLHP XFLHND ]b'UXVNLHQLN ZbVWURMX JLPQD]MDOLVW\ Rฤ FMDOQLH MDGร F GR V]NRรฏ\ Zb*URGQLH LbZbQRF ZLJLOLMQร U SU]HNUDF]D SRG 0DรฏNLQLร ]LHORQร JUDQLFร 3U]H] MDNLฤ F]DV SU]HE\ZD XbURG]LQ\ Zb:DUV]DZLH 3R RWU]\PDQLX LQIRUPDFML RG RMFD RbMHJR PLHMVFX SRE\WX Z\MHฤ Gฤ D GR .UDฤ QLND JG]LH ]DWUXGQLD VLร ZbWDUWDNX 1DVWร SQLH ZUD] ]bRMFHP GRFLHUD GR 'ร ELF\ JG]LH SUDFXMH Zb=DNรฏDGDFK =ERฤ RZ\FK 7DP ZbVW\F]QLX U 3 ]RVWDMH ]DSU]\VLร ฤ RQ\ GR $UPLL .UDMRZHM SRG SVHXGRQLPHP ฤท7RPฤต 3U]HFKRG]L SU]HV]NROHQLD ZRMVNRZH NRรฑF]\ V]NRรฏร SRGRฤ FHUVNร Lb]RVWDMH DZDQVRZDQ\ GR VWRSQLD VWDUV]HJR VWU]HOFD MHVW UรถZQLHฤ Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQ\ MDNR Z\ZLDGRZFD QD WHUHQLH 'ร ELF\ 3UDFXMร F ZbPDJD]\QDFK ]ERฤ RZ\FK ZUD] ]bNROHJDPL ]b$. ELHU]H XG]LDรฏ ZbV]HUHJX DNFML VDERWDฤ RZR G\ZHUV\MQ\FK P LQ Z\V\รฏDMร F QD IURQW ZVFKRGQL FDรฏ\ ZDJRQ SXV]HN ]bIDUEร ]DPLDVW PDUPRODG\ NWรถUD ]bQDGZ\ฤ NDPL ]ERฤ D ]RVWDรฏD SU]HND]DQD QD SRWU]HE\ OXGQRฤ FL F\ZLOQHM LbNRQVSLUDFML %UDรฏ XG]LDรฏ ZH ZV]\VWNLFK ZDONDFK ,, =JUXSRZDQLD 3XรฏNX 6WU]HOFรถZ .RQQ\FK 2G OLSFD U Zb$NFML ฤท%XU]Dฤต JG]LH ]RVWDรฏ NRQWX]MRZDQ\ ZbF]DVLH ZDON QD .DรฏXฤ รถZFH

NDรฏD Xb$OLFML 5RQLNLHU QD XO 0RQLXV]NL FรถUNL $GDPD KU 5RQLNLHUD9 NWรถUD VLร QLร ]DMPRZDรฏD ]bZLHONร WURVNร :b URNX -HU]\ .UXVHQVWHUQ RUJDQL]RZDรฏ ]ELรถUNร NUZL GOD ZDOF]ร F\FK :ร JUรถZ 3U]H] ZLHOH ODW VSRW\NDรฏ VLร ]bNROHJDPL ]bNRQVSLUDFML ZbPLHMVFDFK ZDON VZRMHJR RGG]LDรฏX :bF]DVLH SUDF\ Zb,UDNX QD SRF]ร WNX ODW ;; Z RUJDQL]RZDรฏ GXV]SDVWHUVWZR GOD URERWQLNรถZ ]b3ROVNL VSURZDG]Dรฏ

2ฤ ZLDGF]HQLD ยฅZLDGNรถZ ]b U 9, SSRU UH] PJU SUDZ $QWRQL 6WDรฑNR SV ฤท3Rฤ RJDฤต DXWRU PRQRJUDฤ L SW *G]LH .DUSDW SURJL $UPLD .UDMRZD ZbSRZLHFLH Gร ELFNLP ] FD 3RZLDWRZHJR 'HOHJDWD 5]ร GX 'ร ELFD UHIHUHQW GV ZRMVNRZ\FK ZbNRQVSLUDFML RG , U ;,, PJU LQฤ .SU 3FKRU 0DULDQ 2VWURZVNL SV %RUXWD ฤผ G FD GUXฤ \Q\ GR NWรถUHM QDOHฤ Dรฏ ฤท7RPฤต .RPSDQLD SSRU /HFKD .ORFD -DVQ\ GUXฤ \QD NSU SFKRU =ELJQLHZD 7XWDMD 1LHERW\ SODFรถZND ']LDรฏR 'ร ELFD ,, =JUXSRZDQLH Zb$NFML %XU]D GRZRG]RQ\P SU]H] NSW 5RPDQD .DQL 5\JOD ฤผ 36. $. %UDรฏ XG]LDรฏ ZbZDONDFK ZbUHMRQLH 1LHGฤ ZLDGD %UDFLHMRZD 6WDV]รถZND ]Dฤ ZbVLHUSQLX QD SRODQLH .DรฏXฤ รถZND ฤท7RPฤต RWU]\PDรฏ LQIRUPDFMH RG ZรฏDฤ FLFLHOL GRPX ZbNWรถU\P PLHV]NDรฏ SU]HG DUHV]WRZDQLHP ฤ H GZD GQL SR MHJR Z\MHฤ G]LH SU]\V]OL IXQNFMRQDULXV]H 8% DE\ JR SRQRZQLH DUHV]WRZDร -DN ZVSRPLQDรฏ - . ZbUR]PRZLH ]b0 .RV]DUHN SUDFRZDรฏ ZbGZรถFK ฤ UPDFK P LQ Zb6SรถรฏG]LHOQL ,Qฤ \QLHULD Lb3U]HP\Vรฏ -HU]\ E\รฏ UรถZQLHฤ SU]HGVWDZLFLHOHP KDQGORZ\P IDEU\NL RNXร PHEORZ\FK Zb%LHOVNX GOD NWรถUHM ]ELHUDรฏ ]DPรถZLHQLD SR 3ROVFH :VSRPLQDรฏ ฤ H รฏร F]\รฏ VWXGLD ]D NWรถUH RSรฏDFDรฏ VRELH F]HVQH XF]ร V]F]Dรฏ QD ]DMร FLD RERZLร ]NRZH SUDFRZDรฏ XF]\รฏ VLร ZbSRFLร JDFK WUDV\ SR NUDMX UรถZQLHฤ SRNRQ\ZDรฏ SRFLร JDPL QRFQ\PL ZbNWรถU\FK PรถJรฏ VLร SU]HVSDร LbMHV]F]H ]QDMGRZDรฏ F]DV DE\ WUHQRZDร Sรฏ\ZDQLH =Dฤ =ELJQLHZ &\EXOVNL GRUDELDรฏ VRELH QD VWXGLDFK VWDW\VWXMร F ZbWHDWU]H JG]LH RGNU\WR MHJR WDOHQW DNWRUVNL - . VWXGLD PDJLVWHUVNLH XNRรฑF]\รฏ Z U 8MDZQLรฏ VLร ,9 SRG NRQLHF RERZLร ]\ZDQLD DPQHVWLL 0รถJรฏ VLร GRSLHUR ZWHG\ ]DPHOGRZDร LbSRGMร ร SUDFร OHJDOQLH :bSU]\SDGNX UXW\QRZHM NRQWUROL QD ฤทPLHฤ FLHฤต QLH PDMร F PHOGXQNX PรถJรฏ ]RVWDร DUHV]WRZDQ\ %UDN PHOGXQNX SRFLร JDรฏ EDUG]R SRZDฤ QH NRQVHNZHQFMH

63


wspomnienie

NVLÚĝ\ GR PLHMVFD ]DNZDWHURZDQLD E\ï WDNĝH ]DDQJDĝRZDQ\ ZbSUDFÚ 5DG\ 3DUDğDOQHM SDUDğL NDWROLFNLHM Zb%DJGDG]LH :b,UDNX RUJDQL]RZDï SUHOHNFMH ]bKLVWRULL 3ROVNL LbXG]LDOH ZDON LbSRE\WX RGG]LDïöZ SROVNLFK QD WDPW\P WHUHQLH 2UJDQL]RZDï ZbGQLDFK ZROQ\FK Z\MD]G\ GR PLHMVF KLVWRU\F]Q\FK GEDMÈF RbNRQG\FMH GXFKRZÈ LQWHOHNWXDOQÈ QLH ]DSRPLQDï LbRbNRQG\FML ğ]\F]QHM ]RUJDQL]RZDï ERZLHP ]DZRG\ Sï\ZDFNLH GOD SUDFRZQLNöZ $NW\ZQLH ZïÈF]Dï VLÚ ZbQXUW ĝ\FLD VSRïHF]QHJR E\ï F]ïRQNLHP 16== ķ6ROLGDUQRĂÊĵ :bF]DVLH VSRWNDQLD Zb U QD .DïXĝöZFH N 'ÚELF\ SRZRïDQR =ZLÈ]HN ¿RïQLHU]\ $UPLL .UDMRZHM Rb]DVLÚJX RJöOQRSROVNLP NWöU\ SR VFDOHQLX ]H 6WRZDU]\V]HQLHP

¿RïQLHU]\ $. ,,, URNX Zb:DUV]DZLH XWZRU]\ï ¥ZLDWRZ\ =ZLÈ]HN ¿RïQLHU]\ $UPLL .UDMRZHM -HU]\ .UXVHQVWHUQ ]DDQJDĝRZDï VLÚ EDUG]R DNW\ZQLH ZbG]LDïDOQRĂÊ NRPEDWDQFNÈ %\ï :LFHSUH]HVHP QDVWÚSQLH SUH]HVHP 2GG]LDïX .UDNRZVNLHJR ¥=¿$. Zb.UDNRZLH DbSR MHJR SU]HNV]WDïFHQLX Zb URNX ]RVWDï 3U]HZRGQLF]ÈF\P =DU]ÈGX *ïöZQHJR 1LH]DOHĝQHJR

¥=¿$. Zb.UDNRZLH %\ï ZVSöï]DïRĝ\FLHOHP 3RUR]XPLHQLD 2UJDQL]DFML .RPEDWDQFNLFK Lb1LHSRGOHJïRĂFLRZ\FK Zb.UDNRZLH F]ïRQNLHP 3ROVNLHJR =ZLÈ]NX :LÚěQLöZ .RPXQL]PX =ZLÈ]NX ,QZDOLGöZ :RMHQQ\FK )XQGXV]X 3RPRF\ ¿RïQLHU]RP $UPLL .UDMRZHM 'R ĂPLHUFL SHïQLï UöZQLHĝ IXQNFMÚ SUH]HVD )XQGDFML 0X]HXP +LVWRULL $UPLL .UDMRZHM E\ï ZVSöï]DïRĝ\FLHOHP 0X]HXP $. 0MU -HU]\ .UXVHQVWHUQ ]DVLDGDï GR ĂPLHUFL SU]H] NLOND NDGHQFML Zb5DG]LH 0X]HXP $.11 E\ï F]ïRQNLHP NLONX NDGHQFML :RMHZöG]NLHM DbQDVWÚSQLH 0DïRSROVNLHM 5DG\ .RPEDWDQWöZ Lb2VöE 5HSUHVMRQRZDQ\FK12 2GE\ï QLH]OLF]RQÈ LORĂÊ VSRWNDñ ]bG]LHÊPL LbPïRG]LHĝÈ SRGF]DV NWöU\FK RSRZLDGDï RbKLVWRULL NU]HZLï SDWULRW\]P EUDï XG]LDï ZH ZV]\VWNLFK PRĝOLZ\FK XURF]\VWRĂFLDFK Zb3ROVFH LbREFKRGDFK URF]QLFRZ\FK QD /LWZLH JG]LH XF]HVWQLF]\ï ZbRG]QDF]DQLX XF]HVWQLNöZ NDPSDQLL ZU]HĂQLRZHM =bNUDMöZ E\ïHJR =655 QD ]RUJDQL]RZDQH SU]H] VLHELH LbSURZDG]RQH ZUD] ]b.ROHĝDQNDPL Lb.ROHJDPL ]b$. ]b2GG]LDïX .UDNRZVNLHJR SöěQLHM 0X]HXP $. DXWRUND UöZQLHĝ ]bZLHONLP ZVSDUFLHP P LQ $NDGHPLL (NRQRPLF]QHM 8(. VSURZDG]Lï SRQDG G]LHFL =bWHM JUXS\ NRORQLVWöZ SLÚFLRUR VNRñF]\ïR Zb.UDNRZLH VWXGLD Z\ĝV]H ļ 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Lb ļ &ROOHJLXP 0HGLFXP 8- 1D WÚ G]LDïDOQRĂÊ QLH V]F]ÚG]Lï UöZQLHĝ ZïDVQ\FK IXQGXV]\ 2GZLHG]Dï ZbV]SLWDODFK LbGRPDFK FKRU\FK .RPEDWDQWöZ RUJDQL]RZDï GOD QLFK SRPRF PDWHULDOQÈ 6WDUDï VLÚ UöZQLHĝ FR URNX XF]HVWQLF]\Ê Zb'QLX 3DPLÚFL 8(. JG]LH VNïDGDï ZLÈ]DQNÚ NZLDWöZ SRG WDEOLFÈ SDPLÈWNRZÈ13 9 EU SRUXV]DMÈF VLÚ QD

Zö]NX LQZDOLG]NLP VNïDGDï NZLDW\ SU]HG JUREHP 1LH]QDQHJR ¿RïQLHU]D QD 3O 0DWHMNL 'R RVWDWQLFK GQL GEDï RbXF]F]HQLH SDPLÚFL VZRLFK .ROHJöZ MHV]F]H QD GQL SU]HG ĂPLHUFLÈ SRGSLVDï ZQLRVHN RbZRMVNRZÈ DV\VWÚ KRQRURZÈ GOD ]PDUïHJR ķ-DZRU]QLDNDĵ %\ï RVWDWQLP ĝRïQLHU]HP ZDOF]ÈF\P QD .DïXĝöZFH RGV]HGï ZbZLJLOLÚ URF]QLF\ NRQFHQWUDFML ,, =JUXSRZDQLD $. GR $NFML ķ%XU]D ZbOHĂQLF]öZFH %HUGHFK -DN ĂZLDGF]\ ]DSLV MHJR EH]SRĂUHGQLFK SU]HïRĝRQ\FK E\ï ķĮĝRïQLHU]HP RGZDĝQ\P RğDUQ\P ]G\VF\SOLQRZDQ\Pĵ 2G]QDF]RQ\ ]RVWDï P LQ .U]\ĝHP 2ğFHUVNLP 2UGHUX 2GURG]HQLD 3ROVNL .U]\ĝHP .DZDOHUVNLP 2UGHUX 2GURG]HQLD 3ROVNL .U]\ĝHP $. /RQG\Q 0HGDOHP :RMVND WU]\NURWQLH QDGDQ\P /RQG\Q .U]\ĝHP 3DUW\]DQFNLP =ïRW\P 0HGDOHP 2SLHNXQD 0LHMVF 3DPLÚFL 1DURGRZHM RG]QDNÈ +RQRULV *UDWLD SU]H] SUH]\GHQWD 0LDVWD .UDNRZD 0HGDOHP OHFLD 2G]\VNDQLD 1LHSRGOHJïRĂFL QDGDQ\P SU]H] 3UHPLHUD 0 0RUDZLHFNLHJR ZbGQ U RG]QDNÈ =DVïXĝRQ\ GOD ¥=¿$. 2G]QDNÈ %XGRZQLF]\ 1RZHM +XW\ =ïRWÈ 2G]QDNÈ =DVïXĝRQ\ 'OD %XGRZQLFWZD Lb3U]HP\VïX 0DWHULDïöZ %XGRZODQ\FK RUD] ZLHORPD LQQ\PL RG]QDF]HQLDPL LbG\SORPDPL -HJR SRJU]HE SRSU]HG]RQ\ 0V]È ¥Z RGE\ï VLÚ ZbGQLX VLHUSQLD U Zb.DSOLF\ FPHQWDU]D 5DNRZLFNLHJR :bXURF]\VWRĂFLDFK SRJU]HERZ\FK Z]LÚOL XG]LDï RSUöF] URG]LQ\ ]bNUDMX ib]DJUDQLF\ SU]\MDFLHOH =PDUïHJR LbGHOHJDFMH RğFMDOQH 'HOHJDFMD ]b.RPHQG\ *DUQL]RQX .UDNöZ

$GDP 5RQLNLHU XU OLVWRSDGD Zb:DUV]DZLH ]P ZU]HĂQLD Zb2UFKDUG /DNH E\ï G]LDïDF]HP VSRïHF]Q\P LbSROLW\F]Q\P ZVSöï]DïRĝ\FLHOHP 6WURQQLFWZD 1DURGRZHJR SUH]HVHP 5DG\ *ïöZQHM 2SLHNXñF]HM F]ïRQNLHP .RUSRUDFML $NDGHPLFNLHM $UNRQLD :b F]ïRQHN =DU]ÈGX 7RZDU]\VWZD 3ROVNLHM 0DFLHU]\ 6]NROQHM 3UDFRZQLN .RPLVML GV -HñFöZ 7\PF]DVRZHM 5DG\ 6WDQX :b E\ï SU]HGVWDZLFLHOHP 5DG\ 5HJHQF\MQHM Zb%HUOLQLH :bF]DVLH ,bZRMQ\ ĂZLDWRZHM ZVSöïRUJDQL]RZDï 5DGÚ *ïöZQÈ 2SLHNXñF]È LbNLHURZDï QLÈ ZbODWDFK ļ 3RGF]DV ,, ZRMQ\ ĂZLDWRZHM ZbODWDFK ļ E\ï WDNĝH SLHUZV]\P SUH]HVHP 5*2 3R ]G\PLVMRQRZDQLX SU]H] 1LHPFöZ VSRWNDï VLÚ ]bEU\W\MVNLP DJHQWHP SROLW\F]Q\P +RUDF\P &RRFNLHP Zb:DUV]DZLH ZbJUXGQLX *HVWDSR DUHV]WRZDïR 5RQLNLHUD QD WU]\ W\JRGQLH LbSU]HVïXFKLZDïR Zb.UDNRZLH ZbOXW\P 3R XZROQLHQLX ]D UDGÈ DUF\ELVNXSD 6DSLHK\ XGDï VLÚ GR .RUF]\Q\ GR PDMÈWNX JHQHUDïD 6WDQLVïDZD 6]HSW\FNLHJR 2VWU]HĝRQ\ SU]H] Z\VïDQQLND $GDPD 6DSLHK\ RSXĂFLï 3ROVNÚ VW\F]QLD WXĝ SU]HG ZNURF]HQLHP $UPLL &]HUZRQHM GR .UDNRZD ]DJURĝRQ\ DUHV]WRZDQLHP LbNDUÈ ĂPLHUFL =PDUï Zb86$ -HJR SURFK\ VSURZDG]RQH GR 3ROVNL PDMD U VSRF]Úï\ ZbURG]LQQ\P JURELH QD 3RZÈ]NDFK 3U\ZDWQLH NX]\Q LbRMFLHF FKU]HVWQ\ -HU]HJR :bF]DVLH ]HEUDQLD 6SUDZR]GDZF]R Z\ERUF]HJR 1¥=¿$. ZbGQLX 9 U ]RVWDï ]JïR]RQ\ SU]H] F]ïRQNöZ ]ZLÈ]NX QD NROHMQÈ NDGHQFMÚ LbZ\EUDQ\ MHGQRJïRĂQLH 'R ĂPLHUFL SHïQLï WÚ IXQNFMÚ EDUG]R DNW\ZQLH -HV]F]H ZbGQLX 9,, EU SRGSLVDï GRNXPHQW NWöU\ PD XSDPLÚWQLÊ LbXKRQRURZDÊ ĝRïQLHU]D 36. $. ]DPRUGRZDQHJR SU]H] 8% ZH :URFïDZLX Zb U KWWSV PX]HXP DN SO R PX]HXP UDGD PX]HXP KWWSV ZZZ PDORSROVND SO BXVHUğOHV XSORDGV 05.L25 8FKZD & D SGI 2VWDWQLR ;, U 3RU -HU]\ :DOHULDQ 5LFKO SV ķ6RNöïĵ ķ/HZDQWĵ RVWDWQL PïRGRFLDQ\ ĝRïQLHU] JöUQLN ķ-DZRU]QLDNĵ DUHV]WRZDQHJR SU]H] 8% Z .UDNRZLH VND]DQ\ QD ZLHOROHWQLH ZLÚ]LHQLH

64


:bGQLX 9,,, EU ZbWUDNFLH REFKRGöZ URF]QLF\ ELWZ\ QD .DïXĝöZFH RVRED 3DQD 0DMRUD ķ7RPDĵ ]RVWDïD SU]\ZRïDQD ]bLPLHQLD LbQD]ZLVND SU]H] S 0DFLHMD 0DïR]LÚFLD ļ =DVWÚSFÚ %XUPLVWU]D PLDVWD 'ÚELF\ RUD] ZbNXOXDUDFK SU]H] ZLHOX XF]HVWQLNöZ XURF]\VWRĂFL 2b-HJR RGHMĂFLX SLVDï\ LbPöZLï\ PDV PHGLD ]bFDïHJR NUDMX RUD] ]b]DJUDQLF\ 0MU ķ7RPĵ ]DSLVDï VLÚ EDUG]R GREU]H ZbSDPLÚFL LbVHUFDFK W\FK ZLHOX RVöE NWöU\P E\ïR GDQH VLÚ ]b1LP VSRWNDÊ LbUR]PDZLDÊ :V]\VF\ ZVSRPLQDOL *R VHUGHF]QLH Lb]bZLHONLP V]DFXQNLHP :bW\P UöZQLHĝ F]ïRQNRZLH URG]LQ\ 3SïN $GDPD /D]DURZLF]D ķ.ODPU\ĵ

QLH]Z\NOH VNURPQ\P F]ïRZLHNLHP :LHORNURWQLH PöZLï ĝH WR QLH MHJR ]DVïXJD ĝH XURG]Lï VLÚ ZbWDNLHM URG]LQLH QDWRPLDVW V]ODFKHFWZR ]RERZLÈ]XMH *G]LH W\ONR PöJï Z\NRU]\VW\ZDï VZRMH ]GROQRĂFL LbPRĝOLZRĂFL DE\ VïXĝ\Ê EOLěQLP XSDPLÚWQLDÊ LbNU]HZLÊ SDPLÚÊ RbSRPRUGRZDQ\FK QDMOHSV]\FK 6\QDFK 2MF]\]Q\ VWDZDï ZbREURQLH NU]\ZG]RQ\FK =DZV]H ZbWR FR URELï ZNïDGDï FDïH VHUFH LbDQJDĝRZDï VLÚ QD SURFHQW QDZHW ZWHG\ JG\ VFKRURZDQH LbXPÚF]RQH FLDïR RGPDZLDïR SRVïXV]HñVWZD LbOHĝDï ZbV]SLWDOX ZbSUDFÚ QDG QRZ\PL SURMHNWDPL DQJDĝRZDï VZöM LQWHOHNW 'R NRñFD ]DFKRZDï MDVQRĂÊ XP\VïX LbP\ĂODï RbLQQ\FK

3DQ 0DMRU -HU]\ .UXVHQVWHUQ E\ï F]ïRZLHNLHP QLHWX]LQNRZ\P MHJR GRNRQDQLDPL ĂPLDïR PRĝQD E\ REG]LHOLÊ NLOND RVöE 3RPLPR VZHJR DU\VWRNUDW\F]QHJR SRFKRG]HQLD ]bNWöUHJR E\ï GXPQ\ QLJG\ VLÚ QLH VWDZLDï SRQDG LQQ\PL E\ï

3DQLH 0DMRU]H GREU]H ]DVïXĝ\ïHĂ VLÚ 2MF]\ěQLH 2GSRF]\ZDM ZbSRNRMX ZLHF]Q\P

wspomnienie

.RPHQGDQWD :RMVNRZHJR 2GG]LDïX *RVSRGDUF]HJR 0DïRSROVNLHM %U\JDG\ 2EURQ\ 7HU\WRULDOQHM -HGQRVWNL :RMVNRZD 1,/ 3UH]\GHQWD 0LDVWD .UDNRZD UHSUH]HQWRZDïD 'U $QQD 2NRñVND :DONRZLF] ļ 3HïQRPRFQLN 3UH]\GHQWD 0LDVWD .UDNRZD GV 3ROLW\NL 6HQLRUDOQHM ZLHQLHF ]ïRĝ\ïD ZUD] ]bSU]HGVWDZLFLHOHP 6WUDĝ\ 0LHMVNLHM 6SRïHF]QRĂÊ UHJLRQX SRGNDUSDFNLHJR UHSUH]HQWRZDï 6WDURVWD 'ÚELFNL %XUPLVWU] 'ÚELF\ ¥URGRZLVNR ¥=¿$. 36. $. Zb'ÚELF\ RUD] 6SRïHF]QRĂÊ PLDVWD Z\JïDV]DMÈF RVWDWQLH SRĝHJQDQLH ļ ZLFHEXUPLVWU] 'ÚELF\ ļ 0DFLHM 0DïR]LÚÊ 0MUD ķ7RPDĵ ĝHJQDïD UöZQLHĝ GHOHJDFMD NUDNRZVNLHJR RGG]LDïX ,31 OLF]QD GHOHJDFMD F]ïRQNöZ 6HQDWX 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR UHSUH]HQWXMÈFD -0 5HNWRUD 8(. URG]LQ\ ĝRïQLHU]\ 36. $. PïRG]LHĝ ]bVHNFML 0ïRG]LHĝRZHM 1¥==$. ]bNUDMX Lb]DJUDQLF\ F]ïRQNRZLH 1LH]DOHĝQHJR ¥==$. ZUD] ]bURG]LQDPL NLOND SRNROHñ &]ïRQNRZLH )XQGDFML 0X]HXP +LVWRULL $UPLL .UDMRZHM Zb.UDNRZLH .RPEDWDQFL ]bUöĝQ\FK VWRZDU]\V]Hñ ]b.UDNRZD ]QDMRPL '\UHNFMD LbSUDFRZQLF\ 0X]HXP $. GXĝD JUXSD 6WRZDU]\V]HQLH 2GUD 1LHPHQ ]b:URFïDZLD )XQGDFMD +LVWRULD ļ 3DPLÚÊ ļ (GXNDFMD ]b:URFïDZLD VLRVWU\ ]DNRQQH G\UHNWRU]\ SODFöZHN ZbNWöU\FK ĂS -HU]\ VSRW\NDï VLÚ ]bPïRG]LHĝÈ VÈVLHG]L 3U]HPDZLDOL 9 FH 3U]HZRGQLF]ÈF\ =* 1¥=¿$. Zb.UDNRZLH S 0DUHN =DSDïD RUD] 'U 5REHUW =DSDUW ļ SHïQRPRFQLN )XQGDFML $UPLL .UDMRZHM Zb/RQG\QLH 1DG WUXPQÈ SRFK\OLï\ VLÚ SRF]W\ V]WDQGDURZH :RMVND 3ROVNLHJR Lb6WRZDU]\V]Hñ NRPEDWDQFNLFK 6WU]HOF\ ]H =ZLÈ]NX 6WU]HOHFNLHJR 6WU]HOHF Z\VWDZLOL SRF]HW ]bUHSOLNÈ 6]WDQGDUX ,QVSHNWRUDWX $. 5]HV]öZ RU\JLQDï Zb URNX ]RVWDï SU]HND]DQ\ SU]H] E\ï\FK ĝRïQLHU]\ 36. $. GR 0X]HXP $. Zb.UDNRZLH ZbF]\P UöZQLHĝ =PDUï\ PLDï VZöM XG]LDï :bOLF]QHM GHOHJDFML SU]\E\ï\ UöZQLHĝ URG]LQ\ ĝRïQLHU]\ 36. $. ]b.UDNRZD Lb'ÚELF\ RUD] WïXP\ SDWULRWöZ :LHOH RVöE NWöUH QLH PRJï\ SU]\E\Ê QD SRJU]HE RGZLHG]LïR JUöE 3DQD 0DMRUD MXĝ SR SRJU]HELH 6SRUR RVöE VSR]D .UDNRZD GHNODURZDïR SU]\MD]G QD JUöE ZbWHUPLQLH SöěQLHMV]\P

0DğJRU]DWD .RV]DUHN NXVWRV] 0X]HXP $. 6HNUHWDU] =DU]ÈGX *ïöZQHJR 1¥=¿$. Zb.UDNRZLH

65


$QQD .DUZLñVND kurierek

:WbUW_a b 8][bSQMU

2 SURIHVRUDFK

7R SRSRïXGQLH E\ïR WURFKÚ QLHW\SRZH 'UXFLDN Lb,UDWL WRZDU]\V]\OL $OLFML ZbZ\FLHF]FH GR ODVX DbVÈVLDGND ]bGUXJLHJR SLÚWUD SRGU]XFLïD PL GR SLOQRZDQLD VZRMHJR V\QND LbMHJR NROHJÚ 7URFKÚ VLÚ REDZLDïDP MDN WR EÚG]LH DOH RND]DïR VLÚ ĝH )UDQHN ]b$QWNLHP NWöU]\ SU]\QLHĂOL FDï\ NRV] NORFNöZ ZbFLV]\ LbVNXSLHQLX EXGRZDOL MDNLHĂ QLH]Z\NïH RELHNW\ 8VSRNRMRQD ZUöFLïDP GR SLVDQLD MHGQDN RG F]DVX GR F]DVX SDWU]\ïDP QD SRZVWDMÈFH EXGRZOH ]XSHïQLH RGPLHQQH RG WHJR FR ZLG]LDïDP ]D RNQHP ļ 7R PLDVWR NVLÚĝ\FRZH ļ SRLQIRUPRZDï PQLH $QWHN ļ WDP MHVW LQQD JUDZLWDFMD ļ ,bZbRJöOH MHVW LQDF]HM ļ GRGDï V]\ENR )UDQHN ļ LbGODWHJR PDP\ WDNLH IDMRZVNLH WDĂP\ GR SRGWU]\P\ZDQLD GXĝ\FK NORFNöZ %R WH EXG\QNL PXV]È E\Ê XNRĂQHĮ ļ =QRZX MDN SURFHVRU ļ PUXNQÈï $QWHN ļ -DN FR" ļ ]DS\WDOL FKöUHP 3XV]HN Lb=DNïDGND ļ -DN SURFHVRU ļ SRZWöU]\ï $QWHN ļ %R MHJR G]LDGHN MHVW SURFHVRUHPĮ ļ &K\ED SURIHVRUHP ļ ]DZRïDïD =DNïDGND ļ ER SURFHVRU WR WDNLH XU]ÈG]HQLH NWöUH SRELHUD GDQH ]bSDPLÚFL RSHUDF\MQHM LbMH LQWHUSUHWXMH ļ 0öM G]LDGHN WHĝ XPLH SRELHUDÊ GDQH ļ $bMD GDOHM QLH UR]XPLHP ļ SRVNDUĝ\ï VLÚ 3XV]HN ļ WR SURFHVRU MHVW WHĝ SURIHVRUHP" ļ 1LH QR FR W\ ļ SRXF]\ï JR 1LFLDN ļ 3URFHVRU WR NDZDïHN NRPSXWHUD 66

DbSURIHVRU WR WDNL SDQ 3UDFXMH QD XQLZHUV\WHFLHĮ

ļ $bLOH SURIHVRUHN" ļ ]DS\WDïD :HïQLF]ND

ļ 1LHNRQLHF]QLH SDQ 3URIHVRUNL WHĝ VÈ ļ QLH GDURZDïD PX =DNïDGND

ļ 0QLHM ZLÚFHM MHGQD F]ZDUWD

ļ $OH SURIHVRU SLV]H NVLÈĝNL ļ SRZLHG]LDï )UDQHN ļ 1D NRPSXWHU]H ,bZV]\VWNR ZLH ER PD G\SORPĮ ļ $bPöZLïHĂ ĝH QLH XPLH XJRWRZDÊ RELDGX ļ ]DWULXPIRZDï $QWHN ļ 1R WR FR" $OH UREL LQQH U]HF]\ ļ )UDQHN ]UÚF]QLH SU]\SLÈï NROHMQ\ NORFHN ķIDMRZVNÈ WDĂPÈĵ ļ XF]\ VWXGHQWöZ HJ]DPLQXMHĮ ļ ,bSURIHVRURZLH VÈ RG UöĝQ\FK U]HF]\ ļ ZïÈF]\ï VLÚ $QWHN ļ 2G ğ]\NL RG SV\FKRORJLL RG KLVWRULLĮ $OH QLH PD SURIHVRUöZ RG ORGöZĮ DQL RG NORFNöZ /(*2 &KRFLDĝ WR WHĝ MHVW ZDĝQHĮ

ļ =DZV]H WD QLHVSUDZLHGOLZRĂÊ ļ VNU]\ZLïD VLÚ =DNïDGND ļ $bGDZQLHM E\ïR LFK MHV]F]H PQLHM $OER LbZFDOH ļ 5]HF]\ZLĂFLH NRELHW ]DMPXMÈF\FK VLÚ QDXNÈ LbQDXF]DQLHP VWXGHQWöZ E\ïR SU]H] ZLHNL ]QDF]QLH PQLHM ļ SU]\]QDïDP ļ $OH Z\MDĂQLHQLH MDN WR E\ïR LbGODF]HJR MHVW EDUG]R VNRPSOLNRZDQH 0RĝH RGïöĝP\ VRELH WR QD LQQÈ UR]PRZÚĮ ļ $bPöM G]LDGHN QRVL IXWU]DNL 7R ]QDF]\ QLH ]DZV]H DOH QD UöĝQH XURF]\VWRĂFL ļ SRZLHG]LDï WDMHPQLF]R )UDQHN 1LFLDN 3XV]HN :HïQLF]ND Lb=DNïDGND VSRMU]HOL QD QDV]HJR JRĂFLD ]H V]F]HU\P ]GXPLHQLHP

8]QDïDP ĝH ZDUWR VLÚ ZWUÈFLÊ ļ &RRRĮ ļ ]DF]ÚïD :HïQLF]ND ļ =QDP SURIHVRUD NWöU\ SU]\ SRPRF\ NORFNöZ /(*2 Z\MDĂQLDMÈ VWXGHQWRP ğOR]RğÚ $bMHĂOL FKRG]L RbSURIHVRUöZ LbSURIHVRUNL WR ZLÚNV]RĂÊ ]bQLFK PRĝQD RNUHĂOLÊ MDNR XF]RQ\FK ]DMPXMÈF\FK VLÚ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP UR]ZLÈ]\ZDQLHP QDMZDĝQLHMV]\FK ]DJDGHN LbRGNU\ZDQLHP WDMHPQLF ,bWR ]DUöZQR QDWXU\ MDN LbĂZLDWD VWZRU]RQHJR SU]H] F]ïRZLHNDĮ 3URZDG]È EDGDQLD QDXNRZH LbSU]HND]XMÈ WÚ ZLHG]Ú VZRLP VWXGHQWRP ļ 7R RQL VÈ WDF\ PÈGU]\" :V]\VF\" ļ ]DS\WDï 3XV]HN ļ 7R MDNLP FXGHP MHV]F]H VÈ MDNLHĂ WDMHPQLFH" ,bLOX LFK MHVW ZbRJöOH" ļ :bRJöOH WR QLH ZLHP ļ SU]\]QDïDP DOH Zb3ROVFH WR MDNLHĂ WU]\G]LHĂFL W\VLÚF\

ļ ']LDGHN )UDQND MHVW UHNWRUHP QD XQLZHUV\WHFLH ļ SRVSLHV]\ïDP ]bZ\MDĂQLHQLHP ļ LbWH ķIXWU]DNLĵ WR GXĝ\ NRïQLHU] JURQRVWDMRZ\ NWöU\ MHVW HOHPHQWHP XURF]\VWHJR VWURMX UHNWRUD UD]HP ]bEHUïHP ïDñFXFKHP LbSLHUĂFLHQLHP RG F]DVöZ .D]LPLHU]D :LHONLHJRĮ ļ 7R RNURSQH ļ ]DZRïDïD =DNïDGND ļ %LHGQH JURQRVWDMHĮ ļ :LHOH RVöE WDN XZDĝD ļ SU]\]QDïDP ļ LbGODWHJR FRUD] F]ÚĂFLHM UHNWRU QRVL NRïQLHU] W\ONR SU]\SRPLQDMÈF\ JURQRVWDMH DbNWöU\ WDN QDSUDZGÚ QLH MHVW QDZHW ]bSUDZG]LZHJR IXWUD ļ $OH MD FKFÚ ZLHG]LHÊ FR URELÈ FL SURIHVRURZLHĮ


ļ 7R PRĝH ]DF]QLHP\ RG GDZQ\FK F]DVöZ 0QLHM ZLÚFHM ODW WHPX LVWQLDïD Zb$WHQDFK Zb*UHFML $NDGHPLD 3ODWRñVND NWöUD E\ïD ]QDQ\P RĂURGNLHP EDGDñ QDXNRZ\FK LbQDXF]DQLD *URPDG]LïD XF]RQ\FK LbLFK XF]QLöZ NWöU]\ UR]ZDĝDOL QDMZDĝQLHMV]H S\WDQLD ğOR]RğF]QH SROLW\F]QH PDWHPDW\F]QH DVWURQRPLF]QH GRW\F]ÈFH QDWXU\ $OH WR MHV]F]H QLH E\ïD WDND LQVW\WXFMD MDN QDV]H XQLZHUV\WHW\ 3RMDZLïD VLÚ WURFKÚ SöěQLHM MDNLHĂ GZD W\VLÈFH ODW WHPX ZbQDMZDĝQLHMV]\FK PLDVWDFK ,PSHULXP U]\PVNLHJR ZUD] ]bSRZVWDQLHP V]Nöï ZbNWöU\FK QLH W\OH SURZDG]RQR G\VNXVMH LOH NV]WDïFRQR VïXFKDF]\ ZHGïXJ XVWDORQHJR

SURJUDPX ,bZWHG\ ZïDĂQLH SRMDZLOL VLÚ SURIHVRURZLH &RUD] EDUG]LHM SRWU]HEQL E\OL OXG]LH Z\NV]WDïFHQL NRPSHWHQWQL 1D SU]\NïDG U]\PVNL FHVDU] 0DUHN $XUHOLXV] SRZRïDï Zb$WHQDFK Zb URNX QDV]HM HU\ F]WHU\ NDWHGU\ QDXF]DMÈFH ğOR]RğL NWöU\FK G]LDïDOQRĂÊ RSïDFDQD E\ïR ]bNDV\ &HVDUVWZD

ļ ,bSRWU]HED E\ïR FRUD] ZLÚFHM SURIHVRUöZ ļ SRZLHG]LDï 1LFLDN ļ ,bSURIHVRUHN ļ WUDG\F\MQLH GRGDïD :HïQLF]ND ļ $bPRĝH ]D ODW ]DVWÈSLÈ LFK NRPSXWHU\" ļ ]DS\WDï 3XV]HN ļ 1R DOER WH SURFHVRU\

ļ ,bGR WHJR SRWU]HEQL E\OL SURIHVRURZLH" ļ XSHZQLï VLÚ 3XV]HN ļ 7DN RF]\ZLĂFLH :b(XURSLH ĂUHGQLRZLHF]QHM SRZVWDï\ XQLZHUV\WHW\ NV]WDïFÈFH WHRORJöZ PHG\NöZ VSHFMDOLVWöZ RG SUDZDĮ ļ ,bSRWHP SRZVWDZDï\ QRZH QDXNL ļ GRGDïD =DNïDGND ļ )L]\ND KLVWRULD ELRORJLDĮ

kurierek

ļ ,bSURIHVRUNL ļ :HïQLF]ND SU]HUZDïD 3XV]NRZL

-DN P\ĂOLV] F]\ U]HF]\ZLĂFLH SURIHVRUöZ ]DVWÈSLÈ NLHG\Ă NRPSXWHU\" &]\ FKFLDïE\Ă FKFLDïDE\Ă XF]\Ê VLÚ QD WDNLHM XF]HOQL" $bMDN P\ĂOLV] F]\ QDSUDZGÚ SURIHVRURZLH QLH ]DMPXMÈ VLÚ ORGDPL LbNORFNDPL /(*2 MDN XZDĝD $QWHN"

:LÚFHM UR]PöZ ]b3XV]NLHP PRĝQD ]QDOHěÊ ZbNVLÈĝFH $QQ\ .DUZLñVNLHM ķ5R]PRZ\ ]b3XV]NLHP RbZ\REUDěQL SU]\MDěQL LbUR]XPLHQLX LQQ\FKĵ Z\G :$0 .UDNöZ RUD] ķ3XV]HN 'UXFLDN =DNïDGND LbLQQH ,VW\ĵ Z\G 1&. :DUV]DZD U\V $QQD 3RGF]DV]\

67


kurierek

Szuflada 3RMรทรฅ (NRQRPLF]Q\FK

&]\P SUDFD Z{ฤตVQ [Qฤ WL bIJI_a' 'U\ฤก =DG]ZRQLฤ EXG]LN 3RUD ZVWDZDรฅ 8WZIVVI \WITM\I ฤฌVQILIVQM XWฤตMOVIVQM b ZWLbQKIUQ Q XWฤฌXQM[bVM _aRฤฌKQM LW [bSWรฐa ยง WDN Z\JOรฃGD SRUDQHN SUDZLH NDล GHJR XF]QLD

W

&]\P MHVW SUDFD" 3UDFD WR NDฤ GD G]LDรฏDOQRฤ ร F]รฏRZLHND NWรถUD ]PLHU]D GR Z\WZRU]HQLD SRWU]HEQ\FK SURGXNWรถZ OXE GRVWDUF]HQLD XVรฏXJ 1DMZDฤ QLHMV]\ MHVW ZLร F HIHNW MDNL SU]\QRVL Z\VLรฏHN ZรฏRฤ RQ\ ZbSUDFร LbUHDOL]DFMD ]DPLHU]RQ\FK FHOรถZ 0Rฤ H E\ร WR Z\SURGXNRZDQLH ฤ \ZQRฤ FL OXE VDPRFKRGX ]DSURMHNWRZDQLH XEUDQLD DOER EXG\QNX PLHV]NDOQHJR ]DSURJUDPRZDQLH XU]ร G]HQLD SU]HND]DQLH ZLHG]\ ฤ FLร FLH ZรฏRVรถZ RSLHND QDG FKRU\P DOER SU]\ELFLH SLHF]ร WNL &HOH WH Z\QLNDMร ]bNRQLHF]QRฤ FL ]DVSRNRMHQLD OXG]NLFK SRWU]HE ]DUรถZQR W\FK ]ZLร ]DQ\FK ]bSU]HWUZDQLHP MDN LbUรถฤ Q\FK ]DFKFLDQHN 3UDFD VรฏXฤ \ ZLร F FDรฏHPX VSRรฏHF]HรฑVWZX =DVWDQรถZ VLร FR MHVW FHOHP ]DEDZ\" :Dฤ QLHMV]\ MHVW HIHNW F]\ PLรฏR VSร G]RQ\ F]DV" 68

1DJURGD ]D SUDFรท 1DJURGร ]D SUDFร MHVW Z\QDJURG]HQLH 3LHQLร G]H Vร ]DSรฏDWร ]D Z\SUDFRZDQ\ HIHNW LbZรฏRฤ RQ\ Z\VLรฏHN 6WDQRZLร ]\VN RVRE\ Z\NRQXMร FHM SUDFร :\VRNRฤ ร WHJR Z\QDJURG]HQLD ]DOHฤ \ RG ZLHG]\ LbGRฤ ZLDGF]HQLD SUDFRZQLND MHJR XPLHMร WQRฤ FL RVLร JDQ\FK Z\QLNรถZ DbWDNฤ H RG URG]DMX SUDF\ &]ร VWR FKRร QLH ]DZV]H WR ZรฏDฤ QLH PRฤ OLZRฤ ร ]DURELHQLD SLHQLร G]\ SRZRGXMH ฤ H OXG]LH SUDFXMร -HGQ\P ]bZ\Mร WNรถZ MHVW SUDFD VSRรฏHF]QD F]\OL GOD GREUD LQQ\FK OXG]L :รถZF]DV QDJURGร ]D SUDFร PRฤ H E\ร Xฤ PLHFK GUXJLHM RVRE\

$bF]\ ]D ]DEDZร RWU]\PXMH VLร QDJURGร " ,bF]\ ]DSRZLHGฤ QDJURG\ MHVW SRWU]HEQD ฤ HE\ G]LHFL FKFLDรฏ\ VLร EDZLร " &]\ SUDFD MHVW QXGQD" 3UDFD ฤผ WR EU]PL SRZDฤ QLH ZLร F ZLHOH G]LHFL MHVW SU]HNRQDQ\FK ฤ H SUDFD MHVW QXGQD :FDOH WDN QLH MHVW 5DG]HQLH VRELH ]bFRG]LHQQ\PL Z\]ZDQLDPL UR]PRZ\ ]bLQQ\PL OXGฤ PL QDXND QRZ\FK U]HF]\ ฤผ WR ZV]\VWNR SRZRGXMH ฤ H SUDFD PRฤ H E\ร EDUG]R LQWHUHVXMร FD &R ZLร FHM XPLHMร WQH SRรฏร F]HQLH SUDF\ LbSDVML VSUDZLD ฤ H SUDFD MHVW UรถZQLH FLHNDZD FR ]DEDZD

:\NUHฤณODQND =QDMGล L Z\NUHฤณO SRQLล V]H Vฤ RZD :\UD]\ ]DSLVDQR SLRQRZR SR]LRPR SR VNRVLH L ZVSDN 3R]RVWDฤ H OLWHU\ F]\WDQH U]รทGDPL XWZRU]รฃ UR]ZLรฃ]DQLH

EDQNL HNRQRPLD NDVD NUHG\W 3.% SRUDGD UDEDW\ UHNODPD V]HI VAT ]\VN

5R]ZLรฃ]DQLH 1DXNรฃ L SUDFรฃ OXG]LH VLรท ERJDFรฃ

1DXNRZF\ SU]HSURZDG]LOL HNVSHU\PHQW Z NWรถU\P G]LHFLRP OXELร F\P ]DEDZ\ SODVW\F]QH SรฏDFLOL ]D Z\NRQ\ZDQH U\VXQNL MDN ]D SUDFร 3R MDNLPฤ F]DVLH RND]DรฏR VLร ฤ H G]LHFL ]DF]ร รฏ\ U\VRZDร QLH GOD ZรฏDVQHM SU]\MHPQRฤ FL DOH GOD QDJURG\ :DUWR VLร QDG W\P ]DVWDQRZLร L SDPLร WDร ฤ H SUDFD PRฤ H SU]\QRVLร WHฤ ZLHOH UDGRฤ FL L VDW\VIDNFML

bF]DVLH JG\ SLHUZV]\ G]ZRQHN Z]\ZD G]LHFL QD OHNFMH LFK URG]LFH UR]SRF]\QDMร VZRMร SUDFร /HF]ร FKRU\FK Z\JรฏDV]DMร PRZ\ RVNDUฤ \FLHOVNLH SURZDG]ร DXWREXV\ SURJUDPXMร XNรฏDGDMร WRZDU ZbPDJD]\QLH JRWXMร WHOHIRQXMร GR NOLHQWรถZ &KRร LFK ]DMร FLD Lb]DGDQLD Uรถฤ QLร VLร ZV]\VF\ Z\NRQXMร SUDFร &R รฏร F]\ LFK G]LDรฏDQLD"

&]\ ZLHV] ล H "



JAK ZOSTAĆ STUDENTEM WYMIANY ZAGRANICZNEJ – KROK PO KROKU 1.

To nie jest takie trudne!

2. Potrzebujesz dwóch rzeczy: zdobycia pewności, że masz powody aby wyjechać i wykazania inicjatywy – w reszcie Ci pomożemy! 3. Jeśli wolisz zdobywać informację w necie, zaglądnij na naszą stronę internetową (www.bpz.uek.krakow.pl), jeśli preferujesz kontakt bezpośredni, odwiedź nasze Biur (budynek „Stróżówka” na kampusie UEK). 4. Skontaktuj się z biurem Erasmus Student Network lub spotkaj z International Exchange Advisor, obie możliwości są dostępne w budynku naszego Biura. 5. Śledź cykl rekrutacyjny- rekrutacja zasadnicza organizowana jest w roku akademickim poprzedzającym wyjazd (wyjątkiem jest program STEP, opcja free-mover w programie CEEPUS, program Transekonomik oraz rekrutacja na szkoły letnie), rekrutacje dodatkowe organizowane są dla ubiegających się o wyjazd w zakresie dostępności miejsc w uczelniach partnerskich. 6. Zapamiętaj miejsca składania dokumentów-certyfikaty językowe, egzamin kwalifikacyjny, ocena z lektoratu – Centrum Językowe UEK, zaświadczenia o działalności w kołach naukowych i organizacjach studenckich – Parlament Studencki UEK, wszystkie pozostałe dokumenty, czyli: łączna średnia ocen ze wszystkich zamkniętych semestrów studiów, wydrukowana i podpisana aplikacja rekrutacyjna z e-bpz, w przypadku rekrutacji na program STEP oraz opcji Podwójny dyplom obowiązkowa rozmowa kwalifikacyjna w języku obcym – Biuro Programów Zagranicznych. 7. Złóż w terminie wszystkie dokumenty wymagane w przypadku danej oferty wyjazdowej. 8. Nie stresuj się, rezygnacja jest możliwa i nie pociąga za sobą żadnych konsekwencji. 9. Jeśli jesteś osobą niepełnosprawną lub/i pobierającą świadczenia socjalne oraz beneficjentem programu Erasmus+, uzyskasz dodatkowe ułatwienia i wsparcie z programu PO WER. 10. Nie martw się, ścieżkę nauczania w uczelni partnerskiej pomoże ułożyć koordynator wydziałowy. 11. Wszystkie formalności związane z logistyką wyjazdu (z wyjątkiem zakwaterowania, transportu, formalności wizowych)pomoże Ci załatwić Biuro Programów Zagranicznych


Słuchaj RMF MAXXX

Zrób sobie przerwę na kolorowankę!

w swoim telefonie



Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.