Methodology

PARKing LOT

CREATION OF A COMMUNAL SPACE TO PROVIDE RESIDENTS WITH A DEDICATED AREA FOR LEISURE AND SOCIALISATION.

WHAT?

As we have identifed in the area through observations and interviews, there is a lack of communal space in the St. Inez Bandh. Most of the residents in the Bandh like to use the space in front of their homes to socialise and play. However, the introduction of toilets in this space leaves even less room for the aforementioned purposes. This makes it necessary to use other spaces, like the parking lot at the north end of the Bandh, for those activities. According to residents, this parking lot at one point used to be a park. With the state of Goa having one of the highest rates of vehicle ownership in India, it was only natural that vehicle owners would seek out any space available to store their vehicles. Unfortunately, this resulted in the sacrifce of the space that used to be a communal space. However, children in the area still have a desire to use this space for play. As a result, this has created tensions where diferent stakeholders disagree on how to use the space.

Figure 13.01 - Parking lot with children playing ball.

WHY?

As mentioned previously, communal spaces are important facilitators in bridging gaps with diverse groups of citizens. Having dedicated play spaces is also a matter of safety when it comes to children.

The need for a communal space was a consistent theme throughout our methods and observations. The Photo Morphing exercise showed that this space was something people cared about and wanted to see change in. Participants in this exercise added things like benches, lighting, more trees, and children sometimes drew their own playground equipment to add to this space. This resulted in a follow up exercise where we asked kids to plan out their ideal play space through drawings. Again, it was stressed to us that this space could be planned out better in a way that provides residents with a space to park their vehicles but also a space for people to gather. Residents also shared with us that they liked to use this space for celebrations and festivals. In the weeks leading up to Diwali, we would come across young adults using this space to create molds for their “Narkasur” fgures. These were large, colourful papier-mâché fgures that would be burned during the celebrations. With all the diferent uses of the space, and the opinions shared from the residents, we recognized a major opportunity with the parking lot. By creating a communal space, this could provide children with a safe play space and it could also create a space where residents from the diferent housing complexes can gather and socialise. It also provides residents of the St Inez Bandh with an opportunity to be a stakeholder in a project that gives them a greater feeling of ownership over their community.

Figure 13.02 - View on the parking lot from the north end.

HOW?

1. Provision of new parking space : While the concept of a picturesque park sounds appealing, it might not go over well with people who fnd parking there convenient. To understand the usage better, we had conducted an observational exercise to track the mobility which showed that only half of the lot was occupied by vehicles, except on a few instances. While this gave us the idea of limiting the parking space within the park, we also need to take the peak hours into consideration

Looking for an alternative parking space, we noticed that a pocket of space (A) right opposite to the north end of our lot, was currently being used as a garbage dump. If we can clean this space, it can be modifed into a parking space. There are also a handful of abandoned vehicles on the lot which could also be cleared for usable space. This project can be taken up by our social activists with some voluntary help from the residents.

2. Workshop for fexible division of lot (Short term) : With a better planned parking system in place, people would be more open to changing the physicality of the bigger lot. After our “Drawing Exercise” with the kids of

Figure 13.03 - Stakeholder overview. the Bandh, it was evident how they wanted the freedom to spread out and be more comfortable with the space. Hence our next intervention is to evenly segregate the play area (B) from the parking area (C). We can simply achieve this by using easy to move, existing props (potted plants/ benches/ poles/sticks) to create a physical barrier between them. A hands-on workshop could help determine the best way to divide the space in a manner that’s agreeable to all stakeholders involved. This can be held with the cooperation of the

C

B A

Figure 13.04 - Proposed short-term plan.

residents, while being facilitated by one of our social activists. This step is short-term, a means to get people comfortable with the idea, and garner constructive feedback. Thus it would be important to have few stakeholders assess the functionality of the changes as constant followups will be essential towards the success of long-term development of the site.

3. Integrating green surfaces (long term) : After the plan passes certain rounds of improvements, we can move on to more permanent implementations. The current hard ground cover takes away from the value of a communal area. Hence we propose, transforming the park half (B) into green space with added infrastructure such as swings, slides, benches, shades, planters. All these changes are grounded by the drawings generated by the kids, and the desire of the adults to have an area to relax at. Stakeholders with access to resources, capital, and a familiarity with governmental processes would be vital to the success of the project at this phase. It would be important to ensure that stakeholders like NGOs / Local Activists are collaborating with stakeholders like Imagine Panaji or the CCP. Follow-up : Maintenance is a key aspect in implementing the park concept. This would be reliant on the CCP or other government stakeholders providing the resources or capital necessary to maintain the park. Waste bins should be provided, used strictly, and collected timely. Or else the existing situation of careless garbage dumping will continue and disrupt all the eforts.

If there are signs of success, the greenifcation drive can be continued to more pockets. One possibility is to extend towards the north-west zone,so as to form a pedestrian connection with the green patch along the creek (D- exists currently, but in neglected state).

Figure 13.05 - Possible solution for a short-term pilot project.

Figure 13.06 - Proposed long-term plan. D

C

B A

0 - 0.5 yrs

Public forums to introduce the plan to residents Clean up the northern pocket for parking space Conduct hands-on workshop for short term division B ssess implications of changes and incorporate feedback

Formulate the long-term change et funding to add furniture in the area Include more stakeholders such as local authorities Move garbage out of area through a better waste collectio system

Change ground surface B dd greenery and utilities for the space versee parking activities C and remediate initial conflicts valuate the feasibility of e tending communal greens towards the creek

0.5 - 2 yrs

2 yrs +

Figure 13.07 - Timeline short-, mid- and long-term interventions.

FEEDBACK & REVISIONS

With visuals for both our short-term and longterm proposals in hand, we set out to get some opinions from our residents. The response was largely positive, as kids and adults alike were excited to imagine a space dedicated for their leisure time. It was exciting to see their approval on starting out with the smaller changes, as that meant they understood the process, rather than just focusing on the fnal outcome. Despite the enthusiasm of many, some addressed their concern over their lack of power to actually materialise changes. Being a valid point, we emphasized on how keeping the hands-on workshop fexible would help get support and input from everyone associated.

Figure 13.08 - Cars parked under the trees in the parking lot. Some of the younger adults and children expressed concerns over losing play space as they would only have one half of the lot as opposed to the entire lot. While this may have been attributed to the scale of the renderings, we wanted to take these concerns into consideration as well. We thought that looking to the extension of the park into the entire lot would be a feasible solution for this. One of the goals that is part of the City Development Plan for Panaji 2041 is to address the issue of parking throughout the city. Once the city develops a plan for more comprehensive parking throughout the city, there is a greater possibility of extending this park into the entire lot. This would leave room to dedicate more area to this communal space proposal.

Figure 13.09 - Solid waste in the south end of the parking lot.

RISKS

Being temporary fxes, the short-term plan poses low risks. If at any point there is major confict, the space can easily go back to its current state or can be modifed to appease all stakeholders. More concerns could arise during the long term implementation, as it demands funding as well as skilled labour. Moreover with many stakeholders involved, sudden resistance and contradictions are possible at any stage. Hence it should be important to maintain a unifed vision amongst various stakeholders and to ensure that all residents are involved in the planning process.

Figure 13.10 - Possible solution for a long-term intervention.

BIOSWALES SYSTEMS

USE OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE TO INTEGRATE AND FACILITATE NATURAL FILTRATION IN THE CREEK.

WHAT?

A prominent natural body such as the St. Inez Creek demands a natural approach. Bioswales are one such natural solution that can help improve and add value to the overall scenario of the Creek and Bandh settlement together. We are proposing to integrate patches of Bioswale Systems adjacent to the Creek, and involve the Bandh community throughout the small steps leading onto its successful implementation. Bioswales are basically vegetated green infrastructure in the form of pit gardens. They are widely known to curb stormwater fooding while fltering it out. Structurally, these gardens run in a linear fashion with gradual slope on one or both of its sides. This construct is intended to channel rainwater run-of directly into the pits created in the centre. The gradient of the slope should not be more than 5% (Clark, 2008) so as to control the velocity of water fowing in and

Figure 13.11 - Diagram of Bioswale.

Stormwater

Plants

Sand

Gravel Rock

Clean water controlling the risk of erosion. Once the water is collected it naturally seeps into the soil and is fltered by the roots of the plant growth. An additional fltration layer added to Bioswales would be of sand/gravel/rock. While this fltered water can be simply left to be absorbed as ground water, in our case it would be benefcial to use it to replenish the Creek.

WHY?

It takes no expert to see that the St. Inez Creek is in a terrible state. Through our initial participatory methods, we started a dialogue with the community about their relationship with the Creek. Being such a salient part of their environment, it was only natural to hear the adults sadly express their helplessness over the poor condition. People shared their vibrant stories of fshing, swimming and boating in the water body just 10-15 years back. Hence it was obvious that this drastic change cannot and should not be ignored. There is a dire need to act on it. Not only to revive the community’s glorious past, but also to prevent a future of worsening health, social and natural environment.

Throughout its length, St. Inez Creek passes through various locations. Thus the deterioration process cannot be pinned to one factor. It is an interconnected web of contributors that are all consequently adding up. With our proposal, we are tackling one of the major pollutants- mismanaged storm water. The paved surfaces of St. Inez Bandh, are impermeable in nature. Meaning, when rainwater comes in, instead of going into the ground it is redirected into the drainage system. Unfortunately when this happens, the run-of collects everything on its way (plastic, paper, leaves, mud, oil, chemicals, etc) and it fnally accumulates in the Creek. If we use Bioswales as a barrier for pollutants, we can efectively use rain-water as a means to continuously infuse the creek with clean water.

Figure 13.12 - Backyard looking onto creek.

HOW?

1. Awareness Program: Since integration of Bioswale is a physical intervention, it requires complete support by the residents as much as the authorities. With tenure security already being a sensitive topic, this proposal of utilising their backyards should not come of as a threat. The success of the project relies on ensuring that the targeted group is well aware of the system and its benefts. Once they are convinced that the project is actually taking their betterment into consideration, they can become key players throughout the process. This can be facilitated by the local community teacher and social activists. While the frst is already a trusted member of the community, the latter is well experienced with technical knowledge to communicate the idea efciently. 2. Backyard Clean-up and Bioswale Construction: We have already discussed the on-going government initiative of relocating the backyard toilets to the front. While this has received both negative and positive responses from the community, it is something that we need to accept and take into account of. The next step would be to now focus on cleaning up the cleared backyard so as to make it suitable for bioswale construction. Patches of 1m adjacent to the creek should be dug out, flled with fltration layers, vegetated, and connected to outlet pipes into the creek. This involves funding, and technical construction experts and labour. Stakeholders like Imagine Panaji could drive this phase.

3. Permeable Paving Materials : While it is understandable that all surfaces cannot be transformed, it can certainly be done for some portions. And if we look at the St. Inez Bandh, we can see that the pavers in place do need renovation already. Hence it makes perfect sense to utilise this opportunity to introduce permeable materials in the front yards. This will help naturally recharge groundwater, put a control over the erosion in Bioswale, and mitigate fooding in the Creek. Since the backyard runof is being directed into the Bioswale anyways, they may be refurbished with typical pavers. 4. “Adopt a Bioswale” Initiative: For Bioswales to continue working efciently, they should be maintained such that sediments, pollutants and overgrowths/undergrowth does not disrupt their fow. The best way to do this is to involve the community in the task. Since Imagine Panaji, as an organisation has high interest in reviving the Creek, they can use their resources to

Figure 13.13 - Stakeholder overview.

support and introduce schemes such as “Adopt a Bioswale”. The plan is to allow organiations to “sponsor” a stretch of bioswales by providing capital and/ or resources or providing labour to ensure the maintenance of the Bioswales. The Taj Vivanta has expressed that its staf regularly participates in volunteer projects and given the proximity of this stakeholder to the St. Inez Bandh, it could be benefcial for stakeholders like the Taj Vivanta to participate in this initiative.

It is crucial to formulate and get across this idea to the community before the completion of the construction phase. This would help ensure there are no gaps in the system, and there are actors ready to take responsible charge as soon as the Bioswales are ready to be used.

5. Home Composting Units: While there is a garbage collection system in place, there are gaps in it which allow people to exploit the Creek and dispose their waste into it sometimes. A core strengthening of waste management system is required as a whole. But subsequently something needs to be done to discourage residents to rely on the Creek. Often wet kitchen waste is the most pressing to dispose of due to the smells that they can emit. Hence home composting bins can be a simple savior. The recycling market now has provisions of easy to

Figure 13.14 - Rendering of Bioswale proposal. use bins that are sized appropriately for home uses as well. These bins come at the price of approx Rs. 1000, are odourless due to anaerobic process, and can provide manure in after the frst 4 weeks of collection (TrustBasket, 2017). The manure generated can then be used to fertilize the Bioswales. If we introduce this concept of “waste as a product” during the construction phase itself, the residents will be more receptive to the whole process. Once again the community teacher, and social activists have to come into play to generate awareness, while Imagine Panaji and private/ public can be core players by providing the initial investment/ management of funding for the bins. To be more economical, the bins may be shared among 2-3 houses. The rejuvenation of the Creek is certainly not an easy task. But if all associated players put in their parts, it is truly possible to bring forward positive results. The revival of the Creek will beneft everyone at the end of the day. Hence our ideas need to be translated into one common agenda and communicated efectively to the stakeholders through a step by step process. Once the implementation stage is completed, it is vital to follow up and make reforms where necessary

Figure 13.15 - Timeline of short-, mid- and long-term interventions. 0 - 0.5 yrs

Follow up on the toilet relocation project Conduct awareness program on Bioswale to gain trust of residents Start process of clearing the backyards Technical planning for Bioswale construction phase including design and funding schemes Planning for pavement renovation

Initiate construction of Bioswales and follow up till completion Renovate the pavements but in small phases so as to not disrupt the daily lives of the community Introduce dopt a Bioswale scheme and formulate logistics with engagement of community ome composting units awareness programs with demonstrations and provision of bins

Follow-up on the performance of the working Bioswales Reforms if needed Follow up on the dopt a Bioswale scheme and garner support for further e tension of the program Further implement Bioswale on the other side of roads and other parts of the Creek if signs of success

0.5 - 2 yrs

2 yrs +

FEEDBACK & REVISIONS

Going back to the community for feedback on our proposals was a core part of our process. It was important that we demonstrated our proposals and gave community members the opportunity to share feedback with us. For us to be able to convey our ideas well, we decided to create visual models of the Bioswale integration. While the future scenarios could help people associate with the prospective location, we opted to make a simple Bioswale prototype. In this case, we created a model that consisted of a cut-up plastic bottle as container and soil, gravel and a plant made up the layers. It took us nine tries before we could mimic the efect to a level, and with that we compiled a time-lapse video to demonstrate how the Bioswale could work.

Entering the community, we had our doubts about whether or not the Bandh residents would understand/agree with our proposals. While the start of the feedback process was a bit dull, we slowly started getting positive responses. As we showcased our proposals, we gave them the option of voting “thumbs down”, “thumbs up” or “not sure” for the proposals. Despite 86% thumbs up, and remaining “not sure” responses, it was also clear that not everyone could grasp the concept completely. To us,

Figure 13.16 - Prototype of a Bioswale. this emphasised the need for an awareness campaign to ensure that we have the support of the residents by explaining the benefts and features of this system. In response to this, we made an awareness campaign part of our proposal and included stakeholders that could facilitate that. Some residents also showed the concern of child safety during construction and doubts on the possibility of such a change, where we had to highlight their roles as active actors. Other than that, the general outlook was encouraging, as they too saw and agreed with the benefts of the proposal.

Figure 13.17 - Overview of Bioswale proposal.

RISKS

The construction process is bound to be a time-consuming process, especially since it has to deal with old pipelines. The initial resistance from stakeholders can be mitigated by communicating the universal intent of our project. But keeping them motivated throughout the long operation can prove to be challenging. To prevent this, we would aim to keep the process as transparent as possible, such that everyone is able to check in and track the stage of implementation. Even if it is just in the planning stage, letting people into the conversation helps maintain their trust.

REFLECTION 1 - WORKING IN A ‘POST TRUTH’ SOCIETY

Our feldwork in Camrabhat was flled with surprises, but was initially dominated by a sense of helplessness and confusion. We appeared to have great difculty collecting and verifying information from inside and outside the community, and found it hard to know who or what to trust. The truth around important subjects such as water, sanitation, ethnicity, family structure, tenure and others appeared to be fexible and ‘up for grabs’. Diferent members of the community appeared to be telling us completely diferent things about the same subject. The same phenomenon occurred when we did formal interviews with people outside the community, especially around important topics such as land ownership and tenure. We learned that, often, people weren’t intentionally lying or obscuring the truth - they simply didn’t have access to information and were just saying something to be polite. A lack of information is surely part of the fabric of disempowerment. In other cases, a sense of ‘research fatigue’ in the community appeared to make them reluctant to talk about the truth. They might feel that sharing information around aspects of the community of which they were ashamed could reinforce stigma for their friends and family and bring them no beneft. We realised that withholding information, and misinformation, when seen critically and in its wider context, could tell us a huge amount about the attitudes of people about their community.

These insights also led us to be refexive about our role there. The community has been studied so much in the past (by government organisations, the Rotary Club, and other) and promises have been made but almost never fulflled. Do we have any right to be a part of the community when we can’t promise longterm change, but expect them to be willing participants in our academic studies?

REFLECTION 2 - “THERE ISN’T ANYTHING WRONG HERE”

After sensitising ourselves to the community, we started digging deeper into the livelihoods of the people that live there. Initially, each time we asked people about aspects they didn’t like in the community, a typical response would be “everything is fne... there are no problems here”. However, we quickly understood that the almost complete absence of pride in the community could mean that they didn’t want to fully open up about their livelihoods, including the aspects which could be seen as negative. Our response to this was to focus on “value-based and developmental planning” - and to dig deep from a positive, asset-based approach instead. We started asking people about what they had, took a greater interest in positive aspects of their livelihoods, and were subsequently given deeper access to insights about their lives.

REFLECTION 3 - COUNTERING BIAS AND CHANGING PERSPECTIVES

We found that personal and institutional biases played a big role in our early situational analysis, and that we made assumptions about the needs and desires of the community which didn’t refect reality. For example, we initially found it interesting and quite saddening to observe that boys and girls rarely played together, and that girls were restricted to one small area or were totally absent from public spaces. We considered that helping girls fnd more safe places to play could be one of our priorities, and assumed that when they told us that they didn’t play with the boys this was an ‘issue’. However, refecting on our own experience of childhood we realised there were similarities - and that perhaps, like us, 11 year old girls would rather strengthen their own social networks by chatting in the privacy of their own homes. This, again, led us to challenge how we approached fnding out about people’s livelihoods and perceived issues, and how focussing on their values and perspectives can better help to frame livelihood needs.

REFLECTION 4 - WHO IS OUR CLIENT?

Trash, dirt, dust, sweat, pollution – normalcy? Doing this feldwork in India has defnitely been a time of curiosity, incredulity, acceptance and questioning. Getting invited into a community and learning about their everyday challenges can be very overwhelming and at the same time feeling grateful for the privileges we enjoy. One of the best experiences that I value a lot is how warmly we were welcomed by the community and how engaged especially the children were in our activities. Witnessing laughing children running from one house to the other to collect their friends, women sitting together to prepare dinner and neighbours helping each other out makes me realise that living in a working community can be of higher value than running water and fush toilets.

Facing the end of this feldwork and designing concrete solutions raises the question “Who is our client?”. Is it the University, our community or the Smart City Mission? Wrapping up the proposal it was somewhat challenging to fnd a balance between these three parties which leads to frustration and fnally a sense of resignation as this remains unsolved.

REFLECTION 5 - OVERCOMING CULTURAL BARRIERS

For me, this feldwork has been a one-of-a-kind educational experience. I defnitely enjoyed the times that we were out in the feld working with the residents. They had a genuine interest in talking with us and sharing their views on ways to improve the quality of life in their community. At frst, I was a bit worried that the language and cultural barrier would prevent us from being to capture any meaningful insights. But the genuine interest of the community members and my group’s ability to respond to challenges in the feld really helped us to overcome those challenges. The assistance of our team members from SPA Delhi really helped us to create best practices that would allow us to better work in the feld. Patience and a will to be mentallyfexible are assets that are defnitely necessary for success in this course.

REFLECTION 6: BRINGING A COMMUNITY TOGETHER

The day we arrived in India, I didn’t really know what to expect for the next three months. I felt I came to Panaji with a blank mind, with a lot to learn. The frst few days of feldwork I was selfconscious and a bit worried about how people would react to be questioned about their lives, from random strangers. To my surprise during these months, people have been more than willing to tell us about their lives. By spending time with the community, I slowly felt their openness, which made me more secure in how I could interact with the people. One time I remember particularly is the day we did the photo morphing exercise, which made the whole community come together, and discuss their living areas. This event was valuable to our feldwork, but it also felt that we brought something back to the community. We have had several moments like this, but the most valuable lesson I’ve learned is to spend time in the area, to get to know the diversity of individuals in an apparent homogeneous space, which will afect how change can get through.

REFLECTION 7: SMALL INTERACTIONS LEADING TO BIG CHANGE

It is amusing to think that we almost never discovered the St. Inez Bandh community, our focus area. We stumbled upon the stretch on a random day of “walk and empathise”, with a bit of hesitation. Now it has become our comfort zone.

This feld work has truly put all our skills to test, because on the real ground, you cannot be prepared for everything. Interacting with real people with real problems always felt like a huge responsibility. While this made us doubt our potential at times, it also made us push harder and try out new things. It still surprises me how well the community women and kids opened up to us; inviting us into their homes as if we were their own people. This certainly gave me and my team the zeal to put in more efort into our work, even when tasks seemed challenging. As we head towards the end, I have accepted that we may not change the face of the place, but have learned the value of small initiations. Hopefully this is something all of us can build on, including the St. Inez Bandh.

that make up UEP. It’s about understanding the broader picture of one designated place, by understanding the people and the systems of the area. We have tried various methods, trying to cover diferent aspects of participation to ensure we were including all groups, including those that aren’t traditionally included in planning processes. This focus has allowed us to uncover aspects of our areas, which traditional top-down approaches in Urban Planning might overlook. For example, during our initial site visits in the Bandh area we arrived with a preconceived mindset that people were unsatisfed with their front yards because of their poor appearance. However, after empathising and digging deeper, we understood improving these areas was a low priority for most people. In Camrabhat, we also assumed in some cases that girls felt excluded by many public spaces, whereas they actually wanted to socialise and chat in each others homes and had little interest being outside. Each time we went to our areas we learned more from the residents, gained new insights, and a better understanding of the complexity of their lives, being more diverse than frst anticipated.

Many of the residents have lived along the riverside for multiple generations. Despite having roots in their areas, these residents typically not recognized by the rest of their community and are made to live amongst the fringes of society. To some extent their reliance on informal systems has ramifcations for the whole city. For example, their exclusions from the sewerage network can be closely linked to open defecation and pollution of the Creek, which impacts on other communities. This is part of them being forced to use the space in a way that doesn’t seem benefcial for themselves but is in fact driven by a sense of helplessness and insecurity in their environment. We have also learned how informality can impact life in small ways, through everyday interactions. In the St. Inez Bandh, one of the residents gave away his car seats so they could be used by more for seating in a parking lot that also doubled as a communal space.

The level of understanding the two areas haven’t always been a joy, with misinformation and group think making it difcult to correlate and comprehend critical information about our communities. During our stay, we have tried and failed to fully understand how tenure security manifested itself in our areas. Interviewing several stakeholders, we found that information from diferent sources were polar opposites. The same situation arose when trying to understand the water and sanitation system. Analysing these diferent aspects has made it clear that the continuum of formal and informal contributes to each other and can’t be overlooked and that misinformation contributes to disempowerment. Where some areas might have insecurity in their tenure, other places have secure tenure, but the landlord, might be unreachable due to old laws, and norms.

Another important aspect of our studies in this area are the language barriers. With few residents being able to understand English, there was a need for creative methods in our research. Some of the tools we used to address this barrier were simple, such as feelings in form of smiley faces, photos and body language. Others were a bit more complex, like arranging a translator to be on site with us. These were only some of the methods that helped us to overcome the language barrier. Over our journey of three months, we’ve begun to understand the uniqueness of these two areas, and the potential of the people that live here. It has shown us how important it is to understand the assets of our communities, before doing interventions, whilst recognising uncertainty.

Our proposals are rooted in and shaped by not just the needs of our communities, but their innate creativity and knowledge of their own solutions. However, in the short time we’ve had, we recognise that the information we’ve had is not perfect and is subject to our individual and institutional biases. Due to our time limitations we feel the journey of the proposals, and our research, could have been extended to see the full efects of them take shape. We introduced our proposal to our stakeholders with some trepidation - in some ways it was a test to see if we have understood their areas. However, we hope that our proposals, in parts or in their entirety, can be catalysts for change that can contribute to improving the livelihoods of the diverse communities along the St Inez Creek.

Figure 15.01 Children’s drawing of a Narkasur

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