STANDARDS AND BENCHMARKS FOR RESILIENCY

The following sections summarize standards and benchmarks that pertain to flood mitigation and resilience at the time of writing this report in 2018 in order to help future design teams quickly locate relevant guidance from various sources. The following resources were available as of November 2018, and design teams should check for new or updated resources in the future.

FEMA FLOOD-RELATED RESOURCES

The following section is intended to help design teams quickly locate relevant flood-related guidance from FEMA. The various FEMA documents provide information on floods and floodproofing strategies aimed at different audiences. For example, FEMA P-312 Homeowner’s Guide to Retrofitting introduces flood damage mitigation concepts and overviews strategies for the homeowner. In contrast, FEMA P-259 Engineering Principles and Practices for Retrofitting Flood-Prone Residential Structures is a reference book for engineers, architects, and contractors that provides detailed specifications for tools, computations, and building techniques.

Several FEMA documents cover topics related to retrofitting existing residential and nonresidential buildings for to mitigate damage from both riverine and coastal floods. Topics include sea level rise specific flood-proofing design, floodwalls, pumps and backflow valves, and structural calculations related to static and dynamic flood loads.

• FEMA P-1037 Reducing Flood Risk to Residential Buildings that Cannot Be Elevated (September 2015) • FEMA Highlights of ASCE 24-14 (July 2015) • FEMA P-312 Homeowner’s Guide to Retrofitting, 3rd Edition (June 2014) • FEMA P-936 Floodproofing Non-Residential Buildings (July 2013) • FEMA P-259 Engineering Principles and Practices for Retrofitting Flood-Prone Residential Structures (January 2012) • FEMA P-55 Coastal Construction Manual, 4th Edition (August 2011) • FEMA P-347 Above the Flood: Elevating your Floodprone House (May 2000)

FEMA documents have abundant and descriptive diagrams to visualize all strategies and related equipment. Though some documents, such as P-55 and P-259, discuss strategies in the context of residential buildings, many strategies and techniques are still applicable to non-residential buildings particularly wet and dry floodproofing methods. As described in the beginning of this report, some buildings in Waipahu are anticipated to experience inundation from SLR and FEMA P-55 Coastal Construction Manual may be referenced.

FORTIFIED GUIDELINES

FORTIFIED Home™ is a program of the Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety and provides a voluntary set of standards to help improve a home's resilience by adding systemspecific upgrades to minimum code requirements. FORTIFIED provides a series of documents including standards, fact sheets, and technical guides. For the purpose of this report, reference documents include:

• FORTIFIED for Safer Business: Standards Volume I (2014) and • FORTIFIED for Safer Living: Standards (2008).

Within these standards, natural disaster hazards are addressed, including flood, earthquake, wildfire, extreme weather, etc. The section on flood criteria is concise and uses FEMA P-55 as a benchmark.

FORTIFIED Safer Business builds on this benchmark as follows:

• “Foundations in the Coastal A Zone shall be the same as required in the Coastal V Zone. (See figure 46) • For flood prone areas (not X unshaded or C) the finished floor elevations must be equal the FDFE (FORTIFIED design flood elevation), which shall be greater than or equal to the highest of the following: ◦ 3ft. above the BFE ◦ 3 ft. above the Advisory Base Flood Elevation (ABFE) ◦ The 500-year flood elevation (if known) • Buildings located in flood prone areas will have a check valve or similar back flow device installed at the point of entry into the building on the main discharge sewer line to prevent sewage from potentially flowing back into the building during a flood event. An alternative is to provide a drain plug device for all floor drains located in basements and first floor. • All mechanical equipment and utility connections shall be above the FDFE. Vertical runs shall be protected by columns, or other structural elements that are not part of any break away wall system, and shall not be connected to any break away elements.”

ENTERPRISE GREEN COMMUNITIES: MULTIFAMILY BUILDING RESILIENCE MANUAL

Enterprise Community Partners is an affordable housing nonprofit with nationwide markets. In 2015, Enterprise created a retrofit manual called, “Ready to Respond: Strategies for Multifamily Building Resilience” to guide building owners to make their buildings more resilient against the effects of extreme weather events in the Northeastern United States.

The guidelines cover a wide range of resilience topics. The flood-related topics are listed below (some sub-topics were omitted as they do not reflect flood-related strategies).

• Protection ◦ Wet Floodproofing ◦ Dry Floodproofing ◦ Site Perimeter Floodproofing ◦ Resilient Elevators ◦ Backwater Valves ◦ Sump Pumps • Adaptation ◦ Envelope Efficiency ◦ Elevated Equipment ◦ Elevated Living Space ◦ Surface Stormwater Management

Figure 46 Typical shoreline elevation showing flood zones V, Coastal A and X.*

* Coastal Construction Manual, 3rd edition, FEMA 55

Three additional categories beyond the scope of this report are “Back-up”, “Community” and “Putting It All Together”, which address ensuring power back-ups for critical needs, developing community organization and responsiveness, disaster funding, and pre-development strategies.

Written for communities, the nineteen strategies are described and displayed graphically in short, easily understood sections. Each strategy includes discussion on cost, maintenance, and complimentary strategies. However, cost analysis and flood risk are written for the Northeastern United States and may not reflect Hawaii’s property and construction costs.

EMERGING RESILIENCY GUIDELINES: LEED AND RELI

The US Green Building Council’s LEED voluntary green building rating system is now widely used. In the 2009 LEED version 3, three pilot credits, IPpc98 Assessment and Planning for Resilience, IPpc99 Design for Enhanced Resilience, and IPpc100 Passive Survivability and Functionality During Emergencies paved the way toward incorporating resilient design during the pre-design phase for new construction.

The credits address a variety of natural hazards such as flooding, earthquakes, tsunamis, and wildfire. The pilot credits address resiliency broadly and are briefly summarized in the following sections.

LEED IPpc98 Assessment and Planning for Resilience

An assessment to identify the top three priority hazards that affect the site (such as flood, hurricane, or earthquake) must be conducted. The assessment should summarize the hazard and provide references for addressing the selected hazards. After the assessment, one of two options may then be completed.

Option One: Climate Resilient Planning A vulnerability assessment for the selected hazards must be conducted with the use of state, regional, or local climate change studies, or through consultation with a climate scientist to assess the additional impacts to existing hazards caused by climate change.

Option Two: Emergency Preparedness Planning This measure is designed to ensure that emergency preparedness has been considered. Compliance is provided by completing two forms, which are available through the American Red Cross Ready Rating program and available online at no cost. The two forms are the Red Cross 123 Assessment Form and the Red Cross Facility Description Form.

A full description for the fulfillment of LEED v4 IPpc98 can be found on the USGBC website at https://www.usgbc.org/credits/assessmentresilience.

LEED IPpc99 Design for Enhanced Resilience

Based on the hazards identified in IPpc98, this credit implements hazard-specific mitigation strategies. For example, if the hazard identified is flooding, the following list is an excerpt to illustrate sample strategies to implement:

• All flood resistant provisions of ASCE 24-14 must be followed. • The lowest structural member of an occupied floor must be a minimum of five feet above the FEMA-defined base flood elevation, or dry floodproofing measures must be implemented for applicable commercial buildings. • All sewer connections must include sewer backflow preventers.

Full description for the fulfillment of LEED v4 IPpc99 can be found at the USGBC website: https:// www.usgbc.org/credits/enhancedresilience

LEED IPpc100 Passive Survivability and Functionality During Emergencies

Like the Enterprise Green Communities document, LEED IPpc100 ensures “that buildings will maintain reasonable functionality, including access to potable water, in the event of an extended power outage or loss of heating fuel.” Two of three options must be completed to earn the LEED point:

• Option One: Thermal Resilience • Option Two: Back-Up Power • Option Three: Access to Potable Water

Full description for the fulfillment of LEED v4 IPpc100 can be found at the USGBC website: https://www.usgbc.org/credits/passivesurvivability

RELI ACTION LIST AND CREDIT CATALOG REFERENCE BRIEF ONLINE FLIPBOOK, PILOT VERSION 1.2.1

The RELi guidelines provide resiliency standards and integrated design processes. The RELi Action List and Credit Catalog have been in development for several years and were adopted by the USGBC and Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI) in 2017. The RELi credits are intentionally modeled after LEED to ease adoption by the design community. As of the RELi Pilot Version 1.2.1, the draft of resiliency strategies consists of four main topics and a total of eight subtopics.

• Panoramic Approach ◦ Panoramic Approach to Planning, Design, Maintenance, & Operations (PA) • Risk Adaptation & Mitigation for Acute Events ◦ Hazard Preparedness (HP) ◦ Hazard Adaptation and Mitigation (HA) • Comprehensive Adaptation & Mitigation for a Resilient Present & Future ◦ Community Cohesion, Social & Economic Vitality (CV) ◦ Productivity, Health & Diversity (PH) ◦ Energy, Water & Food (EW) ◦ Materials & Artifacts (MA) • Applied Creativity & Contextual Factors for Resiliency ◦ Applied Creativity, Innovation & Exploration

Each subtopic consists of numerous credits, and requisites however, points have not yet been allocated as a part of the RELi pilot phase. Relevant material found in the RELi action list are extracted and listed here for reference:

• Hazard Adaptation & Mitigation (HA) ◦ Req 1: Sites of Avoidance & Repair: 500-Year Flood Plain, Storm Surge & Sea Rise ◦ Poly-Credit 2: Adaptive Design for Extreme Rain, Sea Rise, Storm Surge & Extreme Weather, Events & Hazards • Productivity, Health & Diversity (PH) ◦ Poly-Req 2: Minimum Protection for Prime Habitat & Floodplain Functions ◦ Poly-Credit 5: Ecological PHD: Protect Wetlands & Avoid Slopes and Adverse Geology • Energy, Water & Food (EW) ◦ Poly-Req 1: Minimum Water Efficiency & Resilient Water and Landscapes

The GBCI adopted RELi in 2017. In collaboration with the USGBC, GBCI is working toward further refining RELi to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits. The GBCI and the RELi resilience standard will work together to develop buildings and communities that offer greater adaptability and resilience to weather and natural disasters.