Primary Source, Spring 2022 by The University of Idaho

Let us lay aside every weight and finish the race set before us.

Table of Contents Letter from the Chair

In Honor of Ukraine

Congratulations Grads!

Faculty Publications

What's New from Old Students

Senior Seminar Field Guide

Creativity on Display!

2022 Borah Symposium

The Citizen Other

Black Research lab

Traveling the World!

Note from the Editors

Spring 2022 | The Primary Source

Letter from the Chair Dear Students, This has been a long year. The Department is so proud of the work you’ve done and the amazing way you’ve taken on the challenges of our historical moment. I would like to acknowledge that the students graduating this year spent half of their time in college during a pandemic, and our first- and second-year students have yet to experience a truly pandemic-free campus. But through this all, we’ve found a way to build community and support each other. For all of you who took time to come to one of our events this year, it was lovely to see your face and hear your voice. For those of you who could not make it, we hope to see you at one next year. For our distance campus students, we were so happy to find new ways to connect with you and hope to continue to try new ways to make you feel included in our major. As you wrap up finals and prepare for your summer internship, travel plans, or relaxation agenda, we hope you finish the semester on a strong note and celebrate your achievements. You are all valued members of our community. We hope to see you again soon, whether online, in-person, or a postcard from your next adventure. Thank you again for checking our department’s newsletter, The Primary Source. If you are interested in helping create and edit this newsletter this year in History 498: Primary Source Internship, please email me. Thank you to our brilliant editors, Kierra Smith and Edward Payne for their work this year. Have a great summer, Rebecca Scofield Chair, Department of History

In Honor of Ukraine Watching History Unfold As History enthusiasts, many of us spend our days looking at the mistakes of generations gone to better shape our future. However, it is important to remember and consider that we are currently living in the history of tomorrow. In this consideration, we must be mindful of how we share and preserve this history. We have made mistakes in the past by erasing those in history who have been victimized, but now it is more important than ever that we share the stories of those people. To be mindful of writing history without the effects of historical amnesia, we must be informed on the events happening around us even if we as individuals don't seem affected. This means considering world events like the recent attacks on Ukraine. There are many different angles to consider and political jargon to wade through, but various scholars at the University of Idaho are ready to share their knowledge on the Russian Invasion of Ukraine.

Spring 2022 | The Primary Source

Graduates in the History Department A big Congratulations to all those graduating in the history department! Despite the difficulties they all faced in the past few years, they finished the race of college and are starting an exciting new chapter of life. The Department of History wishes these graduates the best of luck in their future endeavors and look forward to seeing the impact they will have in their respective communities.

Merrick Bonar

Everett Masterman

Samuel Smith

Brendan Bradshaw

Conor McGavern

Richard Stefani

Daphne Jacobs

Natalie Mesplay

Kenneth Suchy

Alejandro Macias

Alexander Kanet

Alexandra Williams

Faculty Publications The Primary Source would like to acknowledge the contributions and continuing research by the faculty here at the university. Here is a list of the most recent publications and research for the U of I History Department.

Dr. Clement coorganized a symposium at UI titled More-ThanHuman Relations in Times of Violence in March Dr. Kyong-McClain has co-edited, with Dr. Russ Meeuf and Dr. Jing Jing Chang, Chinese Cinema: Identity, Power, and Globalization (Hong Kong University Press), and it will be published this summer. Dr. Sowards will publish Making America's Public Lands: The Contested History of Conservation on Federal Lands (Rowman & Littlefield) in April.

Spring 2022 | The Primary Source

What's New from Old Students By Kierra Smith

The theme of Wednesday, February 2nd, in the history department was one of inspiration. Four distinguished alumni speakers graciously answered questions to a live audience of history students and faculty about how they made the giant leap from an undergraduate in history to the career they find themselves in today. Despite the challenges that the pandemic has brought to us, there have been benefits here and there along the way, one being the ability to connect with these alumni from all over the country in a single online call. This benefit is how the alumni panel was delivered, which was not only informational but inspirational to all who attended. First, Alumni Jacob Harding, esq., who graduated from the University of Idaho in 2000. Jacob is currently a lawyer at Winston & Strawn in their Los Angeles and Shanghai offices, but he didn’t have a direct path to that position. He started fresh out of college as an intern with Idaho Senator Crapo in Washington D.C. and eventually went overseas to teach. His advice for history students who are looking into or are interested in law school: 1. Get good grades. Jacob’s grades were not ideal, which made things challenging. Law school acceptance is based significantly on undergraduate grades. 2. Take a logic/mathematics class. On the Law School Admission Test (LSAT), math majors tend to score the best because of a particularly difficult section on logic. 3. Take prep courses to further ready yourself for the LSAT. 4. Apply everywhere! Apply to multiple law programs, not just the ones you know you’d get into. 5. Watch “The Paper Chase." According to Jacob, this is a movie that very accurately represents the pressures in law school. 6. Believe that you are capable. When Jacob first went to China, he had a backpack, $500 dollars in his pocket, and a one-way ticket. In his exact words, “Go somewhere you haven’t been and you will find something that you didn’t know was there."

What's New from Old Students (Cont.) With this advice, if you’ve been looking for an excuse to be bold, here’s your sign. If you’re struggling to figure out what direction you’re heading in, the easiest way to find out is to start going and start making the mistakes necessary to find the right direction. Jacob Harding, esq. is ready and willing to help and talk with all vandal students and he can be reached at <jdharding@winston.com> The next alumni to speak was Scout Larson, a History and Art teacher at Lewiston High School. Larson gave great encouragement to history students who are wanting to become teachers! Larson says that there’s a teacher shortage not only in Idaho but all over the nation and her advice is: 1. Apply everywhere. “If you have the skills and you’re ready to begin applying for jobs, apply everywhere.” She says this because it will give you the highest possibility to find a job. 2. Consider getting endorsed in more than one subject. This will make you a more marketable teacher, but Larson warns not to get endorsed in something you don’t want to teach because odds are, if you have the endorsement, you’ll have to teach it. 3. Skills are more important than content knowledge. At the end of the day, “what separates a good teacher and a great teacher is their ability to communicate.” (Larson) Larson emphasized the importance of skills rather than content these days because of the readily available access to most content on the internet. Skills are ultimately what will make great teachers, and good communication is just one of many skills that are useful to a teacher. Larson also spoke of the benefits of teaching, especially in Idaho. There are great benefits for being a public educator in Idaho in insurance and retirement, so bear that in mind if you’re looking for a career with built-in job security. Ms. Scout Larson is reachable at <slarson@lewistonschools.net> and is open to giving advice and wisdom to all vandal students.

Spring 2022 | The Primary Source

What's New from Old Students (Cont.) Alumni Christina Lords was the third alumni to speak and she talked a lot about the hiring process for historians and/or up-and-coming journalists and a little bit of advice on that process. As the Editor in Chief for the Idaho Capital Sun Newspaper, Lords has a lot of experience in reviewing other journalists’ work and in the hiring process. She made a comment on “what you say now matters for later” in reference to the ability that employers have to look up your social media as a way of their own research on hiring you. Lords also commented on how, despite the benefits that social media can provide for the discovery and spread of news, it can also bear a lot of emotional baggage and damage to those journalists working with that source. Lords has personal experience in this area that she said has made her rethink her own social media. Lords also had some advice for prospective history students looking into journalism as she herself once was. "How successful you are as a journalist depends on how good you are at interviewing others." Here, Lords was talking about skills that are important in the journalism field, similarly to the importance of skills that Larson mentioned earlier. Lords also discussed how many journalists spend a lot of time looking backwards in time for context on a story because “the story doesn’t begin or end just because you’re writing about it." There are always causes leading up to a story and important events that take place afterwards. Lastly, Lords talked about the hiring process for journalism. The advice that she gave was: 1. Apply yourself to jobs now! A hiring manager isn’t always looking for grades or a degree but rather experience. 2. Try the thing you think you want to do! Sometimes it might not be what you are really looking for but as Lords put it, “life is as much of figuring out what you don’t want to do as it is figuring out what you do want to do." Lords has extended the offer for any and all vandals to reach out to her regarding questions or advice and she can be reached at <clords@idahocapitalsun.com>.

What's New from Old Students (Cont.) Britt Thurman was the last of our distinguished alumni to offer advice and answers to many of the questions about how she ended up moving from a history degree to museum work. Thurman is currently the Executive Director of the Museum of Northern Idaho but, per the theme of the other alumni, the path from her major to her current degree was not a direct one. During school, Thurman felt pushed to go into academia because of the large expectation surrounding History in academia (you all know what I’m talking about; if you’ve ever studied history, you’ve been asked if you want to teach it). Thurman was an avid museum goer but had never considered that as a career option until she was inspired by our own wonderful Dr. Ellen Kittell to try her hand at areas of history outside of academia. A short warning that Thurman had about her field though; it is competitive! Despite Thurman’s master’s degree and ten years of experience, many museums didn’t even get back to her when she was starting out. Now we know, however, that those museums were missing out on a great historian. Thurman’s advice for catching a career like she did: 1. Museums will expect you to have a graduate degree for specific roles in that museum. That being said, try out grad school! 2. Apply to multiple graduate schools and take the best option. If you only apply to the schools that you know you’ll get into, you might miss a great opportunity to stretch and grow not only in experience but in confidence. 3. Internships, volunteer work, and experience are what gets an employer’s attention. As echoed by the other alumni, your skills are what is going to land you that follow-up interview. Thurman talked a lot about the effort it takes in museum work to make a substantial amount of information coherent to a wide variety of people at the same time. “There’s a lot of editing work to make that information substantial but communicable,” Thurman said when presenting an exhibit. Things like text, photos, and organization all go into the effectiveness of a museum presentation, and all are important when relaying information to a diverse group of people.

Spring 2022 | The Primary Source

What's New from Old Students (Cont.) The final piece of advice that Thurman had for the audience was a bit different than the previous alumni; She said that one of her greatest regrets was not studying abroad in college. Her exact words were “do it people!” Thurman felt very strongly about the idea of going somewhere you don’t know anything about to experience something you could never imagine, similarly to what Dr. Harding mentioned. This statement was then echoed by the other alumni. This being said, if you’re looking for a sign to tell you to study abroad, Britt Thurman’s advice is your sign. Thurman is ready and willing to answer questions and give advice to all vandal students and she can be reached at < bthurman@museumni.org>. To summarize, here are a few tips that were offered and/or repeated at some point by the alumni; Putting yourself out there, doing something you’d never done before, and understanding that the path from your major to your career is not a direct or set one. Many of the alumni talked about applying for numerous positions even if you thought they were out of your range, as well as applying for positions you don’t really know if you would want. The important thing to remember is combatting the uncertainty of the future with action in the here and now. Go apply for that internship that you don’t know anything about, or go look into the editing job if you think it might be interesting. Secondly, don’t be afraid to do things you’ve never done before. This is how not only experiences but memories are made. The experience that you gain from trying something out of your comfort zone is by far more valuable than missing out because you stayed in your comfort zone (hint hint, go study abroad!). Thirdly, the path from being a history major or minor isn’t a direct guarantee to some predetermined career that you’ll have the rest of your life. You always have the option to change careers, or start over, or put yourself out there in a career that’s not really related to your major. The important thing is to take those steps and make those mistakes; that experience is what will tell you where you want to be or more importantly where you don’t want to be. Again, all of these alumni are ready and willing to talk with and advise all vandals so if you have questions, reach out!

End of Article

Field Guide to HIST 495 Enrolling in HIST 495 can be one of the most exciting, yet anxiety inducing moments of your time here with the History department at U of I. Knowing that your are nearing the finish line seems to provide little solace when you are waist deep in research and the piles of source documents threaten to crash on top of you at any given moment. Thankfully we have compiled a list of helpful tips, tricks, and advice from previous students that just might help you make it through the semester. Start thinking about what topic you want to pursue when you register. While you're at it, pick three topics that interest you. It never hurts to have a backup plan or two. Pick a topic that you are interested in and passionate about. This will give you more incentive to dig deeper into your topic Get organized. Get ahead. If you have a topic or topic expert in mind, contact them early on so that they can make room in their schedule to help you without being rushed. Plan ahead. Use this opportunity to network with historians Get familiar with the library and how to navigate the various databases. This course is a lot like eating an elephant, you will get through it one bite at a time. You've got this!

ΦΑΘ Phi Alpha Theta

Phi Alpha Theta is a great way to connect with fellow history students and professors. Often as a history major it can be easy to become or feel isolated due to the nature of research. It’s beneficial to have opportunities to connect with other history majors who understand the primary research endeavor and may have tips for newer history students. Building connections is what Phi Alpha Theta is all about, making a community within universities between history majors and professors, creating a more inviting environment within the history department. Once part of the PAT honor society, the membership is for life. That includes access to regional conferences and the newsletter, and connections to the multiple national chapters.” -Margaret Stone. Member of PAT University of Idaho Chapter

Requirements: Undergraduates must have a minimum of 12 semester hours (4 courses) in history, achieve a minimum 3.1 GPA in history and a 3.0 or better GPA overall. Graduates should have completed a minimum of 12 semester hours toward their master’s degree in history, have a GPA of better than 3.5, and shall have completed approximately 30 percent of the residence requirements for the master’s degree Students do not have to be a history major to apply. *$40.00 initiation fee covers lifetime membership For more information please contact the U of I's chapter advisor Dr. Ellen Kittell - kittell@uidaho.edu

Creativity on Display Every semester a choice few students go above and beyond their learning requirements to indulge in their creative aspirations and design something wonderful. These students design creative, attractive, and interesting projects and we'd like to celebrate their creativity. Here are a few projects: I think that art is such an integral way to really understand a moment in history and with the development of the Carolingian miniscule being such a critical cultural development it allowed for many advances and a flourishing of art especially religiously. My favorite part about it is how it visually depicts this transition from Roman art to eventually Romanesque and Gothic art, but also the codex and gospel covers just because they are beautiful and contain so much symbolism within their intricate designs. -Tori Stevenson

My inspiration behind the game design was board games and table top games. I am very involved in 3d printing and design and thought it would be a fun way to teach about medieval heresy. I attempted to make it complex enough to be challenging but not too overwhelming to play. I used a combination of freely available 3d models and modified and edited them to fit my purposes. -Kenneth Williams

Spring 2022 | The Primary Source

The 2022 Borah Symposium An Interview with Dr. Crago-Schneider from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum By Edward Payne

Every year the university holds the Borah Symposium as an opportunity to prompt dialogue and offer “ideas for overcoming the obstacles to world peace.” This Spring, the Borah Foundation partnered with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) to host the Joseph and Rebecca Meyerhoff Annual Lecture, “The Citizen Other:” Citizenship Stripping in Nazi Germany and the United States, here at U of I. Dr. Crago-Schneider serves an instrumental role not only in her research work but also in facilitating this lecture and a number of other events and opportunities for discussion through the USHMM. As a result of the event, I had the privilege to sit down and speak with her about how she came to focus on post-war Holocaust history, her work at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the Meyerhoff Annual Lecture, and what we can learn from studying the post-war period as it pertains to antisemitism and the experience of Holocaust survivors. When asked about what drew her to post-war studies, Dr. Crago-Schneider noted that despite her background in history, religious studies, and Jewish studies “it was only while working on my masters that I realized none of my classes had ever discussed the years after the Holocaust and before the creation of the state of Israel. An introduction to a friend's grandmother -a Holocaust survivor who ended up in a displaced persons center- prompted further interest in this “liminal period” between the end of the Holocaust and resettlement -a period that lasted up to 12 years for many displaced persons. Dr. Crago-Schneider spoke in detail about the events after the war and how, contrary to “traditional” notions of the post-war experience, many Jewish displaced persons were left in a state of limbo with nowhere to go. One of the most striking factors that hampered resettlement efforts was this notion shared by immigration officers that survivors were “too damaged” to be integrated back into society. This combined with the fact that despite the creation of the state of Israel, groups such as the elderly and infirm were only granted the opportunity to resettle in the Jewish State after 1955. In short, Dr. Crago-Schneider “started research in this topic as a personal desire to learn more about the lives of Holocaust survivors in postwar Germany that led me to [this] history.”

(cont.) Dr. Crago-Schneider now works at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum as the Campus Outreach Program Officer in the Campus Outreach Program division. Her main role in this position is to run the Regional Programming initiative. The goal of this program is to bring “high-quality Holocaust education to campuses across North America." Dr. Crago-Schneider’s direct role with the Regional Programming Initiative “examines 5-6 states or provinces with shared persecution histories.” From this common point, she works with faculty and staff to develop “programming that brings the Holocaust directly into conversion with local persecution histories.” By focusing on a region's shared histories and approaching the topic from an interdisciplinary perspective, students, faculty, and community members alike are able to learn about the similarities, differences, and gray zones across these unique and distinct persecutions. This highlights not only the relevance of the Holocaust in contemporary studies, but also the ways in which we as a society and as individuals approach and handle issues of racism, hatred, prejudice, and persecution in our lives. Dr. Crago-Schneider also offered some advice as to what students thinking about pursuing a graduate degree should consider as they move forward in their education. Her advice was to “love your topic, even if somebody tries to talk you out of it. If you are in love with your topic it's going to serve you.” Having a passion for your topic is one of the best ways to avoid getting burned out while keeping the research interesting.. Her other piece of advice was to “Know your advisors before you start working with them. Ask around and learn if they are good mentors and will help you succeed” noting that “they can be your biggest champions, and often the ones writing recommendations after you’ve graduated.” Sometimes wisdom comes in the simplest of terms. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum holds a number of annual seminars, internships, and opportunities for students and professionals alike to further their knowledge and understanding of the Holocaust. If you are interested in learning more you can visit their website to see what current events are taking place and planned for the near future. End of Article

Spring 2022 | The Primary Source

The Citizen Other: Citizenship Stripping in Nazi Germany and the United States. By Edward Payne

Earlier this semester I had the pleasure of speaking with Dr. Amanda Frost, the Ann Loeb Bronfman Distinguished Professor of Law and Government at American University in Washington, D.C. In our conversation we discussed her latest publication You Are Not American: Citizenship Stripping from Dred Scott to The Dreamers, her recent speaker event at the University of Idaho, and what it means to be an American citizen. Speaking about her early interest in studying immigration, Dr. Frost noted that despite her initial desire to pursue immigration, an overbooked course caused her to pursue more civil rights work before returning back to immigration later in life. Although this may have been a roundabout way to get there, Dr. Frost made it a point to note an important lesson that we can all apply to our own lives, stating that, “You don’t have to stay in one field, you can reinvent yourself.” Along this same vein, she spoke about some of the work she has taken on in addition to being a professor of law. This work involves taking part in active litigation, running and supervising students at the Immigrant Justice Clinic, and taking on a significant amount of probono work which she described as “partly a way to teach myself immigration and partly as a way to give back and contribute.” Today she is focusing more on writing, but she mentioned that there is always the possibility of returning to active litigation. Speaking about what prompted the writing of her book, Dr. Frost recounted one specific law that she found shocking even after years of practicing immigration law. This law, the Expatriation Act of 1907, essentially stated that “all American citizen women who marry noncitizens lose their citizenship for 20 years.” The case would end up going to supreme court where this law was upheld. This case led her down a path of research, with a specific focus on understanding the process of citizen stripping. The unfortunate reality is that this is a process that has happened and continues to happen to millions across the country, raising questions about “how the United States government [tries] to craft our ideas of the meaning of ‘American.’” Frost's book covers a number of cases in which this process, “citizenship stripping," played out and their respective outcomes. Although the book covers a number of difficult cases and raises very real and unsettling questions about American identity, Frost’s book also contains a lot of hope and stories that do have positive outcomes. This is a reminder of the power and effectiveness that the actions of individuals can have in enacting real changes.

This Spring Dr. Frost spoke at the Meyerhoff Lecture series tying her research and work on American citizenship stripping to the history of of the Holocaust and Nazi Germany. Speaking to this, she touched on the experience of American citizens of Japanese descent during WWII and the government's decision and policy of not only placing them in internment camps but encouraging them to renounce their citizenship. The government also considered trading individual Japanese people in exchange for “American” prisoners of war. Interestingly enough, as we spoke more about the role that the Holocaust and anti-Semitism played in American politics, Dr. Frost pointed out some uncanny similarities between America’s immigration and racial policies and those of the Nazi party. In doing so she noted how these similarities proved to be an effective “mirror” in highlighting the flaws of these policies and prompting some change in immigration laws. In effect, the vilification of Nazi Germany helped the United States take a closer look at its own policies and implement some changes. The field of immigration law can often seem stark and depressing, and yes, that is certainly an aspect of it, but as in her book, there are some moments of hope and, speaking of some of her most memorable moments, Dr. Frost noted that despite working in immigration, “I am not in despair”... “There is plenty of good news.” One of the major victories in regard to immigration that Dr. Frost was a part of was suing and winning a case against the Board of Immigration Appeals, forcing it to make its decisions public. As the “highest administrative body for interpreting and applying immigration laws,” the significance of this victory cannot be underestimated. Taking things down to the individual level, I asked Dr. Frost what we can do in our everyday lives to enact some change and gain a better understanding of these issues. She emphasized the importance of being informed. While Frost noted that technology today makes access to information extremely easy, it also comes with some caveats. Today, this abundant access to information makes the task of finding credible and accurate information all that more difficult. Among Dr. Frost’s favorite sources of unbiased information is The Pew Charitable Trust, whose mission is “seek[ing] to improve public policy, inform the public, and invigorate civic life.” Fortunately for us in the UI history department, source analysis, checking for biases, and thinking critically, is something that we are all familiar with. We can and should apply this same mindset to our everyday lives when seeking out information and interacting with it on a day to day basis.

Spring 2022 | The Primary Source

Black Research Lab The Black History Research Lab Exhibit, a collaborative project between the UIdaho Library and the Black Research Lab, opened in the middle of Black History Month. This exhibit celebrated the 50th Anniversary of the Black Student Union and Cultural Center, and it features some inspirational historical pieces about Black students at the university. The focus of the exhibit is not only displaying Black history, but transforming it into a celebration rather than simply remembrance. Our own Dr. Rebecca Scofield and Dr. Sydney Freeman spoke at the grand opening of the exhibit, telling of the hard work of both students and faculty to create this piece. This exhibit is an immense symbol of accomplishment by the Black History Lab, and the lab is always taking on new interns each semester.

Information for these internships can be found by emailing Dr. Sydney Freeman at sfreemanjr@uidaho.edu. In addition to stunning artwork, the exhibit features photos and documents about students like Jennie Eva Hughes and Ray "Thunder Ray" McDonald, all of which can be viewed on the online portion of the exhibit at: https://www.lib.uidaho.edu/blackhi story/

Traveling the World! By Edward Payne

This summer, Dr. Roy of the History department will be taking a number of students abroad in an exciting and truly unique experience in the beautiful country of Spain. Funded by a grant from the Vandals Idea Project, this study abroad opportunity Gods, Heroes, and Monsters of Ancient Spain will take students from Madrid, the capital of Spain, to a variety of historic locations across the country. Although some locations remain to be decided, among the sites on the current itinerary are: Toledo, Seville, Merida (Augusta Emerita), Italica, and Baelo Claudia. These sites offer an exciting window into European history. With thousands of years of history literally one on top of the other, one might find themselves with one foot in Islamic mosque and another in a Medieval Cathedral. Working with the API (Academic Programs International) to balance interests and program-specific content, the students will be visiting the Royal Palace, The National Archeological Museum, and the world renowned Prado Art Museum in Madrid. There are also plans to visit the Roman Aqueduct in Segovia, built in the first century CE, as well as an overnight stay in Cordova, home to the Andalusian Alcazar of Cordoba, an Islamic palace just outside of the city. The bulk of the trip will be spent in Seville, the “home base” of activities. It is here that students will visit archeological sites such as Merida, and the ruins of the Roman city of Italica (not the birthplace of Italic font), but some might recognize the Roman amphitheater as “The Dragon Pit '' from Game of Thrones. It is also here in Seville that the students get to experience true Spanish hospitality through homestays. Students will be housed with local families, allowing them to be fully immersed in Spanish culture, life, and traditions; for some, maybe even picking up a little Spanish along the way.

Spring 2022 | The Primary Source

Traveling the World (cont.) As a part of the grant requirements, the students are required to engage in some volunteer work, in this case the volunteer work will consist of assisting the archeological teams on the ground at various sides that have yet to be disclosed. (It's a surprise!) This will largely be done in conjunction with the University of Seville and with the potential involvement of other universities and/or government programs. In addition to planned excursions and course work, students will also have plenty of free time to explore, engage, and interact with locals. This balance of free time and course work is intended to allow students to pursue individual interests and activities in addition to the scheduled itinerary. There is a free weekend, free afternoons, and also some exciting activities planned such as cooking classes, and flamenco performances.

This is truly a once in a lifetime experience that is bound to be memorable. While this is the first time a trip like this is being taken, there are plans to offer trips like this on a regular basis. So even if you were not able to go this time, keep an eye out for more opportunities in the coming semesters. The experience is worth the wait!

Note from the Editors And so ends the spring semester where students and faculty alike are released into the frills of summer. Even though here at the University of Idaho we live on a semester-by-semester basis, there's no denying the feeling of accomplishment at ending another school year strong. So take in the summer sun while basking in the knowledge that you have completed another semester. We wish you a safe and relaxing break full of sunshine and summer fun. Go Vandals! - Edward and Kierra

(Joe Vandal Enjoying the Frills of Summer)