ENCUENTRO Sede Pirineos
Retos para la mejora de la calidad del aire Titulo de la ponencia: Mitigation measures for road dust emissions Ponente: Fulvio Amato Fecha: 20/12/2012
Dirigido por: Xavier Querol Miguel Escudero
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Mitigation measures for road dust emissions F. AMATO, X. QUEROL, A. ALASTUEY, M. PANDOLFI, A. KARANASIOU, T. MORENO, M.SCHAAP, A. ESCRIG, E. MONFORT, H. DENIER VAN DER GON, M. KEUKEN
Retos para la mejora de la calidad del aire, 19-21 Sept. 2012
Mitigation measures for road dust emissions Sede Pirineos
OUTLINE
1. 2. 3. 4.
Introduction on road dust Possible measures Sweeping Washing Dust binders Type of pavement
Introduction Sede Pirineos
Impact on atmospheric PM
in Îźg m-3 and %
PM10
Fuel oil combustion, 2, 5% Aged sea salt, 4, 9%
Industrial, 1, 1% Vehicle exhaust, 9, 21%
almost 1:1 Secondary sulfate, 5, 13%
Mineral, 10, 25%
Road dust, dust ,7,7, 16% Secondary nitrate, 4, 10%
PM2.5
Fuel oil combustion, 2, 6% Aged sea salt, 1, 3%
Industrial, 1, 2% Vehicle exhaust, 9, 32%
Secondary sulfate, 6, 20%
Mineral, 4, 13%
Amato et al., 2009 Atm. Env.
Secondary nitrate, 5, 16%
Road Road dust, dust 2, , 2, 8%
approx 1:4
4
Introduction Sede Pirineos
Impact on mortality Ostro et al., 2011 Env. Health Persp.
Sources of road dust Sede Pirineos
Introduction Amato et al., 2011, 2012
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Possible measures Sede Pirineos
Dry Sweeping
Study
Location
Chow et al., 1990
Nevada, USA
Cleaning method
Background assessment
Detailed effects
Kantamaneni et al., 1996
Spokane, Washington, USA
Regenerative air vaccum sweeper
Upwind/downwind technique
Only a little decrease in PM10 emission
Kuhns et al., 2003
Treasure Valley, Idaho, USA Mechanical and vacuum sweppers
Upwind/downwind technique
No measurable reduction in PM10 emission potentials
Norman and Johansson, 2005
Stockholm, Sweden
Mechanical sweeper
Ratio with a reference site
No reductions in PM10 (short term)
Gertler et al., 2006
Lake Tahoe, Nevada, USA
Wet and dry broom sweepers
Upwind/downwind technique
Deicers emit less than abrasives; Sweeping increased the PM10 re-entrainment rate
D端ring et al., 2007
Berlin, Germany
Vacuum sweeper
NOx and meteorology monitoring
No significant difference was found in PM10 levels
Baumbach et al. 2007
Stuttgart, Germany
Vacuum sweeper
NOx and meteorology monitoring
No significant reduction of PM10 levels
Aldrin et al., 2008
Drammen, Norway
Sweeper (not specified)
Tunnel study, meteo conditions were No reductions in PM10 nor PM2.5 assessed
No discernable differences in airborne geologic PM10
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WaterEffect cleaning of road cleaning • EU experiments – Spain – The Netherlands – Germany – Sweden – Italy – Norway
Estrategias de mejora para reducir road dust Sede Pirineos
Barcelona city center
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16 Amato et al., Atm. Env. 2009
Untreated area precipitation
20 15
3 StW
8
1 StW
25
3 StW
12
Treated area
1 StW
Road dust loading 2 (mg2 m-2) Deposited PM10 (mg/m ) mg/m
Barcelona: effect on emission strength
10
4 5 0
0 April 8
th
Amato et al., 2009 Atm. Env.
April 11
th
April 15
th
April 22
nd
April 25
th
May2
nd
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Duration of (rain) effect: in Barcelona 0.008 0.008 Dust loadings
DL (g m-2 -2 ) Dust loadings (g )
0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003
0.002 0.002
DL=3.56E-03 - 3.53E-03 e -0.087*t R2= 0.99
0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0
0
50
50
100
100
150
150
200
200
t (hours after rain)
t (hours after rain)
In 8 hours, 50% of dust is recovered In 24 hours, 90% of dust is recovered Amato et al., 2012.
250
250
300
300
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Duration of (rain) effect: in Utrecht 0,004 Dust loadings
-2
DL (g m )
0,003 0,002 0,001 0,000
DL=2.28E-03 – 2.33E-03 e-0.026*t R2=0.94
-0,001 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
t (hours after rain)
In 24 hours, 45% of dust is recovered Amato et al., 2012.
70
80
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0,008
Dust loadings (g m-2)
0,007 0,006 0,005 0,004 0,003 0,002
Barcelona
0,001
Utrecht
0,000 0
50
100
150 t (hours after rain)
Amato et al., 2012.
200
250
300
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Barcelona: Effect on ambient air PM10 Amato et al., Atm. Env. 2009
Type of station
Measurement site
PM10 (µg/m3) Days with StW
Traffic Traffic Urban background Urban background Urban background Urban background
DO-W UP-W Poble Nou St. Adriá Eixample Grácia
44.4 50.3 38.9 38.6 42.2 38.1
Days without StW 53.2 54.0 43.8 42.3 44.3 38.2
Daily mean reductions At the cleaned site: - 8-9 µg/m3 At the reference sites: - 3-5 µg/m3 Cleaning-induced reduction: - 3-5 µg/m3 (7-10%) Amato et al., 2009.
4. 5. 08
5. 08
p
3.
5. 08
0 0
Sea salt 1
5
0
6
2
0
Precipitation
Treated site Downwind site
Mineral dust
60 12
30 8
4 0
Brake dust
20 12
10 8
0
Prep.(mm)
Street cleaning
Prep.(mm)
8
4. 08 .4 .0 11 8 .4 .0 12 8 .4 .0 13 8 .4 .0 14 8 .4 .0 15 8 .4 .0 16 8 .4 .0 17 8 .4 .0 18 8 .4 .0 19 8 .4 .0 20 8 .4 .0 21 8 .4 .0 22 8 .4 .0 23 8 .4 .0 24 8 .4 .0 25 8 .4 .0 26 8 .4 .0 27 8 .4 .0 28 8 .4 .0 29 8 .4 .0 30 8 .4 .0 8 1. 5. 08 2. 5. 08 3. 5. 08 4. 5. 08
Untreated Upwind site site
10
10
4. 08
3
1
9.
1
Ti (ng/m )
20
8.
3
Fuel oil comb. Sb (ng/m )
3
EC (µg/m )
EC
4. 08
10 7.
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
3
V (ng/m )
Treated site Downwind site
2.
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
5. 08
.4 .0
.4 .0
.4 .0
.4 .0
.4 .0
.4 .0
1.
30
29
28
27
26
.4 .0
.4 .0
.4 .0
.4 .0
.4 .0
8
8
3
Precipitation
25
24
23
22
21
.4 .0
.4 .0
8
8
8
g
20
19
.4 .0
.4 .0
.4 .0
8
8
8
8
8
-
Cl (µg/m )
Street cleaning
18
17
16
.4 .0
.4 .0
.4 .0
.4 .0
.4 .0
12
15
14
13
12
11
4. 08
3
10
10
4. 08
4. 08
-
NO3 (µg/m ) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
9.
8.
7.
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Barcelona: effect on different aerosol types
90
Untreated Upwind site site 16
4
30
0
16
4
0
1
8
4
p 0
Nitrate
8
4 8
4
0
Amato et al., Atm. Env. 2009
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Madrid city center
Velazquez Avenue 32,000 veh day-1
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Madrid: effect on PM10 Mean hourly evolution
Morning rush hours: -2 Âľg/m3 (5%)
Karanasiou et al., ATM ENV 2011
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Castell贸n: industrial ceramic production - 250 companies (tiles, spray-dried granules, pigments..) - 17% of the worldwide supply - consumes 12 Mt/year of clay
Urban reference site Cleaning site Traffic reference site 500 dump trucks day-1
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4. Road Cleaning method 1. Manual sweeping
2. Water-jet flushing
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Castellón: effect on PM10 Cleaned Canyon Reference 1 Reference 2
Lorries # of trucks
No cleaning
Cleaning days No cleaning Reduction 43 50 -7 45 53 -8 31 34 -3
Cleaning
2500
60
Mineral dust (Aluminum) 2000
50
ng/m
3
40
Why no reduction?
1500 30 1000 20 500
10
0
0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
• simply not observed (measurements 30 m from the road) ? • too high deposition rate (46-85 mg m-2 h-1) ?
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Amsterdam
No significant difference Keuken et al., 2010.
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Conclusions on sweeping/washing Effectiveness seems more related to moistening/wash-out Not always it could be observed Sweeping alone NOT effective
Effect
Duration
Barcelona (ES)
7-10%
≤24 hours
Barcelona (ES)
20%
6 hours
Madrid (ES)
5%
5 hours
Industrial site (ES)
No effect detected
Amsterdam (NL)
No effect detected
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• Other studies – Canada: 2-3 µg/m3 reduction at kerbside (Dobroff et al., 1999) – Sweden: 6% reduction (Norman and Johansson, 2006) – Taiwan: up to 30% reduction in TSP (Chang et al., 2005) – Germany: 2 µg/m3 reduction (John et al., 2006) – Negative results in Germany, Norway and Italy (Amato et al., 2010)
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• Dust suppressants: – Ca-Mg acetate (CMA) – CaCl2, MgCl2 – Polymers, resins and bitumens
CMA is a 25% acetate solution with de-icer and particle binder properties 24
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• CMA applications – Sweden – Austria – Stuttgart – London
• CMA does not cause corrosion damage to vehicles. • Motorists in the testing area must be prepared for wet or damp road conditions.
– South Europe???
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• Sweden (Norman and Johansson, 2006) – On a highway – High dosage (40 g/m2) – 35% average reduction – Effect noticed mostly in the morning (due to evaporation, removal)
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• Austria: Proyect Life CMA+ www.life-cma.at/ – Paved roads: 20-30% reduction daily PM10 (10% annual) – Application every 2 days – Effectiveness on laboratory (vti): 2-3 hours – Dosage (10 g/m2) must be controlled (can reduce friction!) – Unpaved roads: much higher effectiveness and dosage 27
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• Stuttgart – Winter conditions – B14 highway – Applied every 2 days, early in the morning – No reduction observed
http://www.raw-bindemittel.de/en/consulting/project-orientedconsulting/particulate-matter-stuttgart.htm
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• London – Victoria Embankment – Osiris measurements – 10-14% reduction at kerbside (daily PM10)
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• Barcelona (LIFE+ AIRUSE project) – Tests will be performed with different dosages and frequencies – First Mediterranean test (higher evaporation and lower humidity)
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Type of pavement •Granite pavement was found to be more prone (70% higher) to PM10 production compared to the quartzite pavements (Gustafsson et al., 2009). •Total wear of a pavement normally decreases with increasing aggregate size. •Mafic, volcanic rock is the most resistant while granite is least resistant to wear. (Räisänen et al., 2003) •Conditions of pavement are also important: fresh abrasion particle emissions from pavements in good condition are quite low. (Gehrig et al., 2010).
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• Open porous asphalt – Generally used for storm water management, noise reduction and reduce runoff – Can retain particles better than dense structures – Encouraging results in Sweden (http://www.slb.nu/elvf/) and Switzerland (Gehrig et al., 2010) – 2013: Field-test in Barcelona city center (AIRUSE LIFE+) 32
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• Conclusions – Sweeping alone is not effective in the short-term – Washing/moistening showed often evidence of effectiveness (up to 10% of daily PM10) – CMA and open porous asphalt offers interesting opportunities BUT are costly and need more evaluation – Non-tech strategies (reducing traffic volume) are the more effective 33
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Thank you for your attention! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Generalitat de Catalunya. Departament de Teritori i Sostenibilitat Generalitat Valenciana. Direcció General per al Canvi Climàtic of the Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Aigua, Urbanisme i Habitatge Ayuntamiento de Madrid Dept. of Physics and National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Spanish Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Affairs Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Ayuntamiento de L’ Alcora IMPIVA Programa Operativo Fondo Social Europeo de la Comunidad Valenciana 2007–2013. Agencia de Salut Publica de Barcelona
fulvio.amato@idaea.csic.es 34