Fulvio Amato

ENCUENTRO Sede Pirineos

Retos para la mejora de la calidad del aire Titulo de la ponencia: Mitigation measures for road dust emissions Ponente: Fulvio Amato Fecha: 20/12/2012

Dirigido por: Xavier Querol Miguel Escudero

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Mitigation measures for road dust emissions F. AMATO, X. QUEROL, A. ALASTUEY, M. PANDOLFI, A. KARANASIOU, T. MORENO, M.SCHAAP, A. ESCRIG, E. MONFORT, H. DENIER VAN DER GON, M. KEUKEN

Retos para la mejora de la calidad del aire, 19-21 Sept. 2012

Mitigation measures for road dust emissions Sede Pirineos

OUTLINE

  1.

2.

3.

4.

Introduction on road dust Possible measures Sweeping Washing Dust binders Type of pavement

Introduction Sede Pirineos

Impact on atmospheric PM

in Îźg m-3 and %

PM10

Fuel oil combustion, 2, 5% Aged sea salt, 4, 9%

Industrial, 1, 1% Vehicle exhaust, 9, 21%

almost 1:1 Secondary sulfate, 5, 13%

Mineral, 10, 25%

Road dust, dust ,7,7, 16% Secondary nitrate, 4, 10%

PM2.5

Fuel oil combustion, 2, 6% Aged sea salt, 1, 3%

Industrial, 1, 2% Vehicle exhaust, 9, 32%

Secondary sulfate, 6, 20%

Mineral, 4, 13%

Amato et al., 2009 Atm. Env.

Secondary nitrate, 5, 16%

Road Road dust, dust 2, , 2, 8%

approx 1:4

4

Introduction Sede Pirineos

Impact on mortality Ostro et al., 2011 Env. Health Persp.

Sources of road dust Sede Pirineos

Introduction Amato et al., 2011, 2012

6

Possible measures Sede Pirineos

Dry Sweeping

Study

Location

Chow et al., 1990

Nevada, USA

Cleaning method

Background assessment

Detailed effects

Kantamaneni et al., 1996

Spokane, Washington, USA

Regenerative air vaccum sweeper

Upwind/downwind technique

Only a little decrease in PM10 emission

Kuhns et al., 2003

Treasure Valley, Idaho, USA Mechanical and vacuum sweppers

Upwind/downwind technique

No measurable reduction in PM10 emission potentials

Norman and Johansson, 2005

Stockholm, Sweden

Mechanical sweeper

Ratio with a reference site

No reductions in PM10 (short term)

Gertler et al., 2006

Lake Tahoe, Nevada, USA

Wet and dry broom sweepers

Upwind/downwind technique

Deicers emit less than abrasives; Sweeping increased the PM10 re-entrainment rate

D端ring et al., 2007

Berlin, Germany

Vacuum sweeper

NOx and meteorology monitoring

No significant difference was found in PM10 levels

Baumbach et al. 2007

Stuttgart, Germany

Vacuum sweeper

NOx and meteorology monitoring

No significant reduction of PM10 levels

Aldrin et al., 2008

Drammen, Norway

Sweeper (not specified)

Tunnel study, meteo conditions were No reductions in PM10 nor PM2.5 assessed

No discernable differences in airborne geologic PM10

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WaterEffect cleaning of road cleaning • EU experiments – Spain – The Netherlands – Germany – Sweden – Italy – Norway

Estrategias de mejora para reducir road dust Sede Pirineos

Barcelona city center

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30

16 Amato et al., Atm. Env. 2009

Untreated area precipitation

20 15

3 StW

8

1 StW

25

3 StW

12

Treated area

1 StW

Road dust loading 2 (mg2 m-2) Deposited PM10 (mg/m ) mg/m

Barcelona: effect on emission strength

10

4 5 0

0 April 8

th

Amato et al., 2009 Atm. Env.

April 11

th

April 15

th

April 22

nd

April 25

th

May2

nd

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Duration of (rain) effect: in Barcelona 0.008 0.008 Dust loadings

DL (g m-2 -2 ) Dust loadings (g )

0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003

0.002 0.002

DL=3.56E-03 - 3.53E-03 e -0.087*t R2= 0.99

0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0

0

50

50

100

100

150

150

200

200

t (hours after rain)

t (hours after rain)

In 8 hours, 50% of dust is recovered In 24 hours, 90% of dust is recovered Amato et al., 2012.

250

250

300

300

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Duration of (rain) effect: in Utrecht 0,004 Dust loadings

-2

DL (g m )

0,003 0,002 0,001 0,000

DL=2.28E-03 – 2.33E-03 e-0.026*t R2=0.94

-0,001 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

t (hours after rain)

In 24 hours, 45% of dust is recovered Amato et al., 2012.

70

80

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0,008

Dust loadings (g m-2)

0,007 0,006 0,005 0,004 0,003 0,002

Barcelona

0,001

Utrecht

0,000 0

50

100

150 t (hours after rain)

Amato et al., 2012.

200

250

300

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Barcelona: Effect on ambient air PM10 Amato et al., Atm. Env. 2009

Type of station

Measurement site

PM10 (µg/m3) Days with StW

Traffic Traffic Urban background Urban background Urban background Urban background

DO-W UP-W Poble Nou St. Adriá Eixample Grácia

44.4 50.3 38.9 38.6 42.2 38.1

Days without StW 53.2 54.0 43.8 42.3 44.3 38.2

Daily mean reductions At the cleaned site: - 8-9 µg/m3 At the reference sites: - 3-5 µg/m3 Cleaning-induced reduction: - 3-5 µg/m3 (7-10%) Amato et al., 2009.

4.

5.

08

5.

08

p

3.

5.

08

0 0

Sea salt 1

5

0

6

2

0

Precipitation

Treated site Downwind site

Mineral dust

60 12

30 8

4 0

Brake dust

20 12

10 8

0

Prep.(mm)

Street cleaning

Prep.(mm)

8

4.

08 .4 .0 11 8 .4 .0 12 8 .4 .0 13 8 .4 .0 14 8 .4 .0 15 8 .4 .0 16 8 .4 .0 17 8 .4 .0 18 8 .4 .0 19 8 .4 .0 20 8 .4 .0 21 8 .4 .0 22 8 .4 .0 23 8 .4 .0 24 8 .4 .0 25 8 .4 .0 26 8 .4 .0 27 8 .4 .0 28 8 .4 .0 29 8 .4 .0 30 8 .4 .0 8 1.

5.

08 2.

5.

08 3.

5.

08 4.

5.

08

Untreated Upwind site site

10

10

4.

08

3

1

9.

1

Ti (ng/m )

20

8.

3

Fuel oil comb.

Sb (ng/m )

3

EC (µg/m )

EC

4.

08

10 7.

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

3

V (ng/m )

Treated site Downwind site

2.

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

5.

08

.4 .0

.4 .0

.4 .0

.4 .0

.4 .0

.4 .0

1.

30

29

28

27

26

.4 .0

.4 .0

.4 .0

.4 .0

.4 .0

8

8

3

Precipitation

25

24

23

22

21

.4 .0

.4 .0

8

8

8

g

20

19

.4 .0

.4 .0

.4 .0

8

8

8

8

8

-

Cl (µg/m )

Street cleaning

18

17

16

.4 .0

.4 .0

.4 .0

.4 .0

.4 .0

12

15

14

13

12

11

4.

08

3

10

10

4.

08

4.

08

-

NO3 (µg/m ) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

9.

8.

7.

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Barcelona: effect on different aerosol types

90

Untreated Upwind site site 16

4

30

0

16

4

0

1

8

4

p 0

Nitrate

8

4 8

4

0

Amato et al., Atm. Env. 2009

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Madrid city center

Velazquez Avenue 32,000 veh day-1

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Madrid: effect on PM10 Mean hourly evolution

Morning rush hours: -2 Âľg/m3 (5%)

Karanasiou et al., ATM ENV 2011

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Castell贸n: industrial ceramic production - 250 companies (tiles, spray-dried granules, pigments..)

- 17% of the worldwide supply - consumes 12 Mt/year of clay

Urban reference site Cleaning site Traffic reference site 500 dump trucks day-1

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4. Road Cleaning method 1. Manual sweeping

2. Water-jet flushing

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Castellón: effect on PM10 Cleaned Canyon Reference 1 Reference 2

Lorries # of trucks

No cleaning

Cleaning days No cleaning Reduction 43 50 -7 45 53 -8 31 34 -3

Cleaning

2500

60

Mineral dust (Aluminum) 2000

50

ng/m

3

40

Why no reduction?

1500 30 1000 20 500

10

0

0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

• simply not observed (measurements 30 m from the road) ?

• too high deposition rate (46-85 mg m-2 h-1) ?

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Amsterdam

No significant difference Keuken et al., 2010.

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Conclusions on sweeping/washing Effectiveness seems more related to moistening/wash-out Not always it could be observed Sweeping alone NOT effective

Effect

Duration

Barcelona (ES)

7-10%

≤24 hours

Barcelona (ES)

20%

6 hours

Madrid (ES)

5%

5 hours

Industrial site (ES)

No effect detected

Amsterdam (NL)

No effect detected

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• Other studies – Canada: 2-3 µg/m3 reduction at kerbside (Dobroff et al., 1999) – Sweden: 6% reduction (Norman and Johansson, 2006) – Taiwan: up to 30% reduction in TSP (Chang et al., 2005) – Germany: 2 µg/m3 reduction (John et al., 2006) – Negative results in Germany, Norway and Italy (Amato et al., 2010)

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• Dust suppressants: – Ca-Mg acetate (CMA) – CaCl2, MgCl2 – Polymers, resins and bitumens

CMA is a 25% acetate solution with de-icer and particle binder properties 24

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• CMA applications – Sweden – Austria – Stuttgart – London

• CMA does not cause corrosion damage to vehicles.

• Motorists in the testing area must be prepared for wet or damp road conditions.

– South Europe???

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• Sweden (Norman and Johansson, 2006) – On a highway – High dosage (40 g/m2) – 35% average reduction – Effect noticed mostly in the morning (due to evaporation, removal)

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• Austria: Proyect Life CMA+ www.life-cma.at/ – Paved roads: 20-30% reduction daily PM10 (10% annual) – Application every 2 days – Effectiveness on laboratory (vti): 2-3 hours – Dosage (10 g/m2) must be controlled (can reduce friction!)

– Unpaved roads: much higher effectiveness and dosage 27

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• Stuttgart – Winter conditions – B14 highway – Applied every 2 days, early in the morning – No reduction observed

http://www.raw-bindemittel.de/en/consulting/project-orientedconsulting/particulate-matter-stuttgart.htm

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• London – Victoria Embankment – Osiris measurements – 10-14% reduction at kerbside (daily PM10)

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• Barcelona (LIFE+ AIRUSE project) – Tests will be performed with different dosages and frequencies – First Mediterranean test (higher evaporation and lower humidity)

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Type of pavement •Granite pavement was found to be more prone (70% higher) to PM10 production compared to the quartzite pavements (Gustafsson et al., 2009).

•Total wear of a pavement normally decreases with increasing aggregate size.

•Mafic, volcanic rock is the most resistant while granite is least resistant to wear.

(Räisänen et al., 2003) •Conditions of pavement are also important: fresh abrasion particle emissions from pavements in good condition are quite low. (Gehrig et al., 2010).

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• Open porous asphalt – Generally used for storm water management, noise reduction and reduce runoff – Can retain particles better than dense structures – Encouraging results in Sweden (http://www.slb.nu/elvf/) and Switzerland (Gehrig et al., 2010) – 2013: Field-test in Barcelona city center (AIRUSE LIFE+) 32

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• Conclusions – Sweeping alone is not effective in the short-term – Washing/moistening showed often evidence of effectiveness (up to 10% of daily PM10) – CMA and open porous asphalt offers interesting opportunities BUT are costly and need more evaluation – Non-tech strategies (reducing traffic volume) are the more effective 33

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Thank you for your attention!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS           

Generalitat de Catalunya. Departament de Teritori i Sostenibilitat Generalitat Valenciana. Direcció General per al Canvi Climàtic of the Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Aigua, Urbanisme i Habitatge Ayuntamiento de Madrid Dept. of Physics and National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Spanish Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Affairs Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Ayuntamiento de L’ Alcora IMPIVA Programa Operativo Fondo Social Europeo de la Comunidad Valenciana 2007–2013.

Agencia de Salut Publica de Barcelona

fulvio.amato@idaea.csic.es 34