2023 0913 Hotel Futures Book FINAL-SinglePgs- no bleed

H O T E L

F U T U R E S

THE FORT PARTNERS HOTEL DESIGN STUDIO, SPRING 2020

University of Miami School of Architecture

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Studio Sponsors:

Fort Partners: Nadim Ashi, Bill Thompson and Keith Space for their sponsorship of the 2020 Hotel Futures Studio, their critical insight, and extended participation in informal group meetings and Studio juries.

University of Miami:

Dean Rodolphe el-Khoury for inspiration and support of the Hotel Futures Studio initiative. Mark Troen, who directed the MRED students, and Chuck Bohl, MRED Program Director, for their collaboration, and for advancing the interdisciplinary opportunities of the Hotel Futures Studio and particularly this Fort Partners Studio project.

David Chonillo Breilh, Teaching Assistant, for his instrumental coordination of the student work.

Final Project Presentation Jurors:

Bill Thompson, Director of Development, Fort Partners; Keith Space, President of Operations, Fort Hospitality; Walid Wahab, President, Wahab Construction; Enrique Larranaga, Emeritus Professor, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Caracas; Sarah Aziz, Visiting Assistant Professor at Texas Tech; Javier Froimzon, Architect; University of Miami School of Architecture Dean Rodolphe el-Khoury; UM School of Architecture faculty Jean-Francois LeJeune, Jose Gelabert-Navia, Chuck Bohl, and Mark Troen.

Book Design, Layout & Editing:

Veruska Vasconez for designing the book.

Tori Cohen for mocking up the text and imagery and completing the final draft. Sydney Maubert and Dr. Celeste Landeros for editing and text support.

Cover image: detail from HIDDN HK hotel concept by Junyong Wu

ISBN-978-0-9896815-8-2

© University of Miami School of Architecture

Text (except as noted below) © Allan Shulman and students of ARC 407-510

Foreword by Rodolphe el-Khoury, Dean, University of Miami School of Architecture

Studio Sponsor: Fort Partners

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior consent of the publisher.

THE 2020 HOTEL FUTURES STUDIO

The hotel, past and present, fascinates. At once public and private, with complex programs and diverse amenities, hotels promise a world of experiences and meanings. Hotels, as competitive incubators of lifestyle innovation, count among the most relevant and dynamic building types in contemporary society, achieving in some cases the status of cultural icon. As 21st-century travelers focus increasingly on media, technology, wellness, fitness, and emotional and experiential revitalization, whither the hotel of the future?

Faculty

Allan Shulman (Architecture)

Charles Bohl, Mark Troen (MRED)

Graduate Assistant

David Chonillo Breilh

Studio Participants

Mikayla Allen

Amanda Arrizabalaga

Daniela Cancel

Zara Gizdashka

Daniela Huen

Sofia Kiblisky

Alexandra Leitch

Kalil Mella

Tomas Tapias

Junyong Wu

MRED Students

Alexander Alford

David Chonillo Breilh

Andrea Cross

Alana Fernandez

Michael Ricci

Christian Salgado-Soto

Andrew Samonas

Michaela Senior

Andrew Socarras

Graphic Design

Veruska Vasconez

Editorial Assistance

Sydney Maubert

Project Manager

Tori Cohen

Prof. Allan Shulman visits YOTEL New York Times Square with students Mikayla Allen, Amanda Arrizabalaga, Daniela Cancel, Zara Gizdashka, Daniela Huen, Sofia Kiblisky, Alexandra Leitch, Kalil Mella, Tomas Tapias, and Junyong Wu

INTRODUCTION

Allan Shulman

Initiated in 2014, the Hotel Futures studio is a forum for investigating hotel architecture and the hotel as a building type, as well as for reflecting creatively on the field of hospitality. Consistent with the University of Miami School of Architecture’s commitment to engaging current issues and problems, the studio emphasizes reciprocity between research and design, and between real-world limitations and critical thinking.

While testing students’ imagination on a complex and evolving building type, the Hotel Futures studio also challenges their capacity to integrate knowledge beyond the discipline of architecture. On project sites spanning from New York City to Miami and

the Caribbean islands of Grenada and Saint Martin, students engage interdisciplinary approaches, collaborating with the School’s Master of Real Estate Development and Urbanism program, and with the Biology Department in the College of Arts and Sciences. Students also gain professional experience as they work with key players in resort hotel design and development on real-world design problems, fostering a better understanding of political, regulatory, financial, and brand design considerations. Corporate sponsors have supported the studio financially and intellectually, by posing essential questions, instigating project initiatives, and providing critical feedback to students throughout the process.

Detail from HIDDN HK hotel concept

Junyong Wu

01.1./

FOREWORD

Dean Rodolphe el-Khoury, University of Miami School of Architecture

Expanding Horizons through Real-World Collaboration

It is with great pleasure that I introduce this outstanding publication documenting the work led by Professor Allan Shulman in a design studio course at the University of Miami’s School of Architecture. As the Dean of the school, I am immensely proud of the collaborative efforts, innovative thinking, and groundbreaking solutions presented within these pages. This document not only reflects the evolving nature of design education but also exemplifies the potential synergy between the private sector and academia.

At the heart of this studio course was a fascinating exploration of new trends in hospitality design, with a specific focus on redefining luxury for Generations Y and Z. The Fort Partners, the developer who sponsored the exploration, recognized that the expectations and desires of the younger generation extend beyond traditional notions of opulence. Today’s youth, driven by a quest for unique experiences, seek to transcend material possessions in favor of meaningful encounters and authentic engagements. With this understanding, the students embarked on a journey to reshape the concept of luxury in the hospitality industry, by analyzing lifestyle trends and translating them into design propositions.

A key aspect of this course is the invaluable opportunity it provided our students to work with a leading developer who engaged with them as a research sponsor, client and advisor. Through the generous sponsorship of

a visionary interlocutor, our students were not only exposed to a real-world problem but also gained a deep appreciation for the financial and market considerations that shape design decisions. This experience offered them a vital glimpse into the intricate workings of the professional realm, preparing them for the challenges they will face as they transition from the classroom to their careers.

The client/sponsor’s involvement was not limited to financial support alone; they actively contributed their expertise and brought in professionals from various disciplines to guide the students on a myriad of topics. By providing access to these experienced individuals, our students had the privilege of learning from the best in the field. This unique mentorship provided them with an expanded knowledge base, enabling them to explore innovative ideas, challenge conventions, and push the boundaries of hotel design.

Simultaneously, the sponsor greatly benefited from the creativity and fresh perspectives of our students. The design proposals and insights generated throughout the course captivated the developer, inspiring them with novel concepts and possibilities that they may not have otherwise considered. This reciprocal relationship between our students and the developer underscores the immense potential for collaboration between the private sector and academia.

This studio course stands as a model of pedagogical innovation that capitalizes on immersive experiential learning. By placing our students in a real-world context and

challenging them to tackle genuine design problems, we instill in them a profound understanding of the built environment and the profound impact their work can have on society. This immersive approach transcends the confines of the traditional design studio allowing our students to bridge the gap between theory and practice, and empowering them to become active agents of change in shaping the world around us.

It is through initiatives like this studio course that schools of architecture gain traction and influence in shaping the built environment. By engaging with real-world challenges and collaborating with industry professionals, our faculty and students become an integral part the processes that build the city. This kind of problem-driven education allows us to extend our field of operation, enriching our

curriculum, and cultivating a generation of architects and designers equipped with the skills, mindset, and vision to make a relevant and lasting impact.

In closing, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the Fort Partners for their unwavering support, resources, and trust invested in our faculty and students. Without their generosity and vision, this transformative course would not have been possible. Their belief in the potential of young minds and their commitment to advancing the field of design deserve our utmost appreciation. Much gratitude and congratulations are also due to Professor Shulman who framed the premise of the design exploration and guided the dialogue between the students and industry experts that yielded the remarkable results presented in these pages.

STUDIO SPONSOR: FORT PARTNERS

Based in Miami, Fort Partners is a real estate and hospitality development firm led by entrepreneur and developer Nadim Ashi. Bill Thompson serves as Director of Development and Construction, and Keith Space as President of Fort Hospitality.

...The Fort Partners brand is one of permanence and solidity, understated elegance, sophisticated design, and impeccable, unparalleled service. Conscious of the importance of historic preservation, innovation, architecture, design, sustainability, and the environment, Fort Partners is committed to the purposeful integration of all aspects that ultimately

manifest in an orchestrated balance, providing spaces that enhance the well-being and lifestyle of their inhabitants. Through careful collaborations and thoughtful partnerships, Fort Partners creates lasting relationships with other like-minded companies, whose visions align with the Fort Partners’ dream. As a result, Fort Partners offers the highest standards of quality and service, along with acclaimed international design talent, to a market that is ready for world-class real estate and hospitality.1

1 “About,” Fort Partners - accessed June 15, 2023, https://fortpartners.com/about.php.

Fort Partners’ Bill Thompson addresses students at the Surf Club/Four Seasons Hotel in Surfside, FL

YOUTH DRIVEN PROVOCATIONS & IMAGINATIONS

The Millennial Tourist

The hotel is an ideal vehicle for exploring the contemporary mindset. Built around the habits of travelers and tourists, hotels collectively reflect a society’s truths and dreams. As building type and commercial enterprise, the hotel reflects mobility, fashion, lifestyle, technology, and economic interests, as well as the rising and falling fortunes of neighborhoods and cities. As Dean McCannell has suggested, “by following the tourist…we may arrive at a better understanding of ourselves.”1

Using the hotel as a laboratory, the Spring 2020 Hotel Futures Studio looked at how culture, mobility, technology, and social media shape contemporary society in the 21st century. Sponsored by Fort Partners, a Miami-based real estate and hospitality firm, the Studio was tasked with investigating how millennials (or Gen Y), people born in the 1980s and 90s, are shaping the future of hotels.

The influence of millennials on the industry at large has been coming into focus over the past decade. Hotel conglomerates have developed a plethora of new hotel brands to meet the needs of the millennial market: Aloft and Moxy by Marriott; Even by IHG; Tru and Canopy by Hilton, Red by Radisson, and Centric by Hyatt. Newer chains and chainlets have sprung up to meet those needs as well, including Yotel, Zeppelin, Selina, Citizen M, Freehand, Public, and Sister City.

The Studio approached the question of the millennial influence through the lens of

changing notions of luxury. As defined by older hotel guests, luxury has traditionally been expressed in terms of comfort, size, style,the use of rare and expensive materials, and service. Yet we know that millennials crave experience, engagement, intensity, and coziness. How do those qualities inform a new sense of luxury? How might millennials connect with long-standing luxury travel brands, and what transitional models of hospitality might be anticipated?

As the students began to discuss hospitality futures, several trends stood out. Technology, for instance, is emerging as the foreground and background, subject and object, of hospitality innovation. Millennials have been described as “digital natives”: tech savvy and social media-driven. With social media as a lens for viewing the world and a tool for sharing their experiences, they seek social-media-ready experiences (or “instagrammable” moments). What does this mean for the future of hospitality? As social media platforms provide new constellations of belonging, interaction, information-mining and entertainment, how do hotels adapt? The nascent field of embedded technology – the internet of things – also shapes the architecture of interaction with guests, demanding new approaches to the hotel experience and operations.

Meanwhile, millennials appear to be using hotels in new ways. More nomadic than previous generations, millennials are eager to explore the world (a trend that should bode well for the hospitality industry, post-COVID), favoring urban adventures and remote

1 Dean McCannell, The Tourist (New York, NY: Schocken Books, 1976).

Allan Shulman

Image: Daniela Huen

Kieran Pereira addresses students at A/D/O Workspace, Greenpoint, Brooklyn

walkabouts. Millennials seek immersive cultural experiences over organized tours, and crave a sense of coziness. They are more willing than their elders to combine work and travel adventures and may even prioritize travel experiences above jobs and other obligations. Millennials have a DIY aesthetic grounded in digital literacy, and don’t want to be managed. Indeed, they want to be in control of their travel experiences, and don’t need extra care to feel at home in a new place. Less concerned with private luxury, they are more willing to enjoy a minimalist room (at an economical rate), while gravitating toward maximalist public spaces for work and relaxation. These affinities demand new responses.

Shaped by millennial influence, hotels can function as theaters of experience, as laboratories of avant-garde of place-making, as centers of urban amenity, even as idealized frameworks for live-work-play balance. Such hotels will undoubtedly serve as the cultural and design leaders of the future hospitality industry.

Field Study and Research

As a part of the Studio research, students toured hotels in New York City and Miami Beach – cities with strong hotel industries and long-standing cultural connections. They visited a broad range of hotels, surveying their spaces, style, ambiance, and function in person. Seeing the elements of hotel architecture in situ helped the students understand how the strategic emphasis of particular brands plays out physically.

In New York and Miami, students also engaged in conversations with architects, brand directors, hotel developers, and general managers. In Miami, the group met with Jonathan Plutzik, founder of the Betsy Hotel, and Bill Thompson and Keith Space of Fort Partners, the Studio sponsors. In New York, the groups met with industry leaders

Ian Schrager of Public Hotels, Brad Wilson and Juanita Wichienkuer of the Ace Hotel Group, and Prosper Assouline of the luxury brand Assouline, who is a board member of Fort Partners. The visits were intended to expose students to a variety of approaches to brand conception and design through the eyes and words of professional experts. The conversations returned repeatedly to several points. The experts agreed that brand-making derives from intuitions that arise from attentiveness to trends and markets, but also requires intensive research. A hospitality brand starts with what is going on in a population, leading to the identification of a target customer, exploration of an appropriate brand identity, and the development of brand expression. In developing a brand, developers and architects should focus on real values –for instance, sustainability as a responsibility – not just on marketing tactics.

The experts consistently emphasized the importance of design. To slake millennials’ thirst for experiences, design becomes a defining part of the story of a hotel. Beyond the building design, part of the growing expectation of drama must be expressed in interior design, making collaborations between designers and artists crucial. In the alchemy of a hotel brand, all design elements must work together.

The cultivation of new forms of luxury related to design, amenity, and operations was encouraged by the experts. Food and beverage (F&B) service, one component of luxury in hospitality, is an integral component of hotel identity, as well as income. Through food and beverage offerings, future hotels might reclaim their role as social hub: the “third place” after home and work.

In parallel with the field investigations, students conducted independent research into relevant historical contexts and emerging trends and technologies. Students focused

their research on specific hotel design issues and programmatic areas: the lobby, guestroom, restaurant, bar, ballroom, gym, spa, room service, and shopping. Students also explored millennial tastes, habits, and travel patterns to uncover trends in hospitality and hotel design: preferred destinations, the changing nature of public space and placemaking, the role technology and of art and culture, sustainability; social media influence, and changes in booking culture. The students then assembled their research into a Studio document that provided internal market research for brand development and hotel design, but which might also advance knowledge about the hotel as a type.

Brand Positioning

Before embarking on their hotel design projects, students were organized into five teams, each challenged to develop a new brand. By exploring brand first, the students delved into the essence of identity-making, the part that precedes site and contextspecific aspects of hotel development. As Anna Klingmann describes in Brandscapes, brand is the roughly intangible quality that imparts an “aura of meaning” around a product.2 The act of branding is often likened to storytelling; the stories a hotel tells about itself communicate values and intentions to others. Brand also challenges designers to take a position, to stand for something. Translated into design at every level, brand is a framework for operational and functional decision-making, as well as for local adaptation. Because of the intense competition among hotel groups, brand positioning – the way a company stakes out a distinctive space in the market – is particularly relevant to hotel design.3

Millennial values and travel patterns have already instigated a fundamental retooling of brand among many hotel groups, as

well as the development of new brands. However, students were tasked with exploring unclaimed territory in this marketplace. They asked the myriad questions related to developing a new brand:

• How do they define a target market?

• What are the brand touchpoints?

• What is the ideal location type, image, and character of public and private spaces?

Students analyzed and refined the given programmatic objectives of the project, including public spaces, guest unit types, and amenities. At the same time, they explored social attitudes and behaviors, in search of design insights and disruptive meanings. Key to the success of each brand was its capacity for expansion and replication. Studio sponsor Fort Partners provided critical input and guidance throughout this process.

Synthesizing the information gathered, students developed their own distinct approaches to brand positioning for the millennial traveler. These considered issues like environmental awareness, creativity, emerging technology, wellness, sociability, balance of public and private, and popular culture. Students developed a sample profile of their intended guests and studied the specific network of cities that would be essential homes for their brand. This network was not only a first attempt to predict geographic distribution, but also an attempt to link brand character and identity to the travel flows that characterize their proposed guests and to urban placemaking.

The five resulting brand proposals – HIDDN, Nook, Socialite, YCM, and ZEN – articulated key strategies of response to the millennial market. Four themes emerged across all five proposals. First, there was a strong focus on accommodating media savvy guests with

2 Anna Klingmann, Brandscapes Architecture in the Experience Economy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007).

3 Philip Kotler et al., Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism (Vancouver, B.C.: Langara College, 2023).

Amanda Arrizabalaga presenting initial research

Fort Partners’ Bill Thompson and Keith Space attending Studio Review

a perceived need to manage degrees of connection to/disconnection from a freneticbut-inspiring world. Socialite, Nook, and ZEN all demonstrate the need for a corrective to the digital universe. Along a spectrum of connectivity, the proposals met a need for in-person sociability as a complement/ antidote to online communities, while also taking the notion of privacy to the extreme and promoting the restorative virtues of seclusion. For instance, Socialite turned the innate sociability many find online into a tangible place. Nook, on the other hand, was predicated on the need for coziness, for intimate encounters. Inspired by the Danish concept of hygge, the spatial notion of Nook was distilled at various scales and for diverse uses as a theme within the hotel, expressing coziness not only in small spaces, but also in earthy materiality and carefully incremented degrees of privacy and encounter. ZEN goes further, taking the idea of the spa as the ultimate restorative experience and distilling an introverted spa-lite experience in every room.

A second theme was the importance of the city: Strikingly, all the projects envisioned an urban context. Pointedly, cities were understood both as a place of adventure and a place of anonymity. HIDDN, for instance, explores the power of hiding in plain sight, and the social attraction of exclusivity, secrecy, concealment, and selectivity. Being in-the-know, an important metropolitan characteristic translated into a millennial trope – FOMO (fear of missing out) – was leveraged into an architectural theme.

A third theme was the intrinsic value of creative enterprise, as the proposals tapped the creative potential of guests. YCM targeted the value millennials place on creative expression, the prominent (often iconoclastic) role of artists in contemporary society, and the power of events, happenings, and

gallery openings to capture the imagination. The project also posits that creativity and sustainability can be melded in a way that engages guests.

Finally, the proposals addressed sustainability and resilience as new priorities among millennial consumers. More than previous generations, millennials are willing to select, and pay more, for the hotel that more closely matches their own ethical stance. Nearly all brands proposed the re-use of existing buildings, the incorporation of features like water storage and reclamation, power generation using wind and solar, and efficiency in the room sizes and arrangement.

Project Proposals

Project design is an important test of brand integrity. But how do notions developed in brand positioning become manifest in project design? Hotel design is often resolved at the intersection of brand with pragmatic issues like urban contextual response, local codes, resolution of complex programs, operational requirements, spatial hierarchies, and functional systems. A segment of the hospitality industry has found ways to standardize these relationships, producing reliable products. For boutique design hotels, however, these factors are in constant evolution.

In the design phase of the Hotel Futures Studio, the students selected specific cities as laboratories for their brand concepts. Cities chosen from each brand’s network were argued as settings for proof of concept. The selected cities represent a cross section of millennial hotspots, places that loom large in the psycho-geography of millennials: Hong Kong, New York, San Francisco, Miami, and Miami Beach. The unvarying focus on urban hotels also implicated ideas of urban infill. In Hong Kong, New York, Miami, and San Francisco, students proposed towers that

mirrored the surrounding context. In Miami Beach, the project blends with the low-rise built culture of the city.

In understanding the particularity of site and context, students analyzed zoning regulations, the surrounding building fabric, and the identifiable building types and urban culture of their cities. They examined strategies like adaptive use, selective additions and new construction, and transfer of development rights. Much of the design effort was spent working out the public areas of the hotel, whose complex inter-relationships and service requirements demand considerable study; however, the guestrooms formed the most important area of focus, as the quintessential expression of brand identity and experience. To conclude the Hotel Futures Studio, the students presented their projects to UM faculty, visiting critics, and to Studio sponsor Fort Partners, whose expertise and critical reflections on the value proposition of brand ideas, architectural strategies and site selections animated generated a valuable series of discussions.

Collaboration between Architecture and MRED+U

New brand and hotel designs are also, fundamentally, development proposals. Capitalizing on the inherent strength of the School of Architecture in crossing disciplines, the Hotel Futures Studio was conceived as an interdisciplinary effort in which architecture students and faculty collaborated with their colleagues in the School’s Real Estate Development and Urbanism (MRED+U) program. In Part I of the Studio, as the architecture students conducted research and developed brand concepts, the MRED students conducted financial and market research and analysis of target hotel markets, as well as current competitors. In Part II, MRED+U students paired with architecture students to analyze the potential of their

proposed brand, site location, program, and eventual project. Students actively engaged in this interdisciplinary process, leading to more fully considered and developed final projects.

Coda

In the latter weeks of the 2020 Hotel Studio, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic induced a partial shutdown of travel worldwide. The Studio, like all university classes, moved to an online format. More interestingly, as the pandemic caused havoc in the hotel industry, it challenged students to consider their projects from new perspectives. While the proposition of the Studio remained relevant, other factors quickly came in to play: resilience to a diminished economy, the business case for travel, the fear of contact that COVID has instilled, and even the realignment of spaces that remote meeting culture requires. How would the pandemic change the role of hotels both in the travel industry and as social hubs within cities? As safety became an overriding concern, what could be done to protect hotel guests during their stay? In the weeks between the pandemic outbreak and the completion of the Studio, it was difficult to predict how these changes and disruptions would ultimately play out. However, the themes presented in the 2020 Hotel Futures Studio, including wellness, privacy and intimacy, sociability, creativity, importance of placemaking, and their inter-relationships, have endured. Although it was too early to establish any real findings related to the pandemic, the relevance of technology and social media seemed poised for dramatic future growth.

Tour of Equinox Hotel at Hudson Yards, New York City

01.4./

MRED+U Mission

Charles

C. Bohl and Mark Troen, Faculty

608-609/RED 650-660/RPD 965

There are a variety of cases this semester, most of which will involve traditional design and development proposal, while others involve more of a research case study on development issues and opportunities. Some of the cases paired with studios involve specific sponsors and programs (e.g. microunit affordable housing or specific hotel niches) which will frame your proposals, while others are more open to your own program ideas. Likewise, teams paired with studios will incorporate architecture and design work from their studio partners, while teams that are not linked to studios will generate their own design concepts. Your write-ups will vary based on these and other unique requirements of your cases.

Overview

You are a real estate development firm presenting research and development proposals to your clients. The reviewers will need to understand:

• Any requirements or parameters you were asked to address for your case;

• How your development program responds to the market;

• How your site and architectural design makes the best use of the property

• How your proposal meets the specific needs of your client and community, and produces a proposal that is both attractive and competitive.

You must effectively summarize and present your understanding of the context, and any issues and obstacles for getting the project approved and implemented as proposed. The reviewers will also need to be convinced of the potential profitability of the project and that you have a sound plan to finance, build, lease/sell and if necessary phase the project. You will also need to present a strong case for any variances that will be required, addressing any concerns over parking, density, height, etc., and highlighting the positive benefits your project will have for the potential residents and tenants, the neighborhood and the community.

In team cases that involve more of a research assignment for the semester, you will need to summarize and present the results of your research covering your major findings and recommendations with a similar diverse audience in mind.

Coordination

Each team will be responsible for coordinating with any partners outside of class including students in architecture studios and LLM-Real Property Development (RPD) students from the Law School. RED 660 teams will have a designated team coordinator, and the LLM-RPD students will coordinate with distance learning students in their program.

It is critical to ensure that all team members have specific roles to play in researching and putting together the development proposal, and faculty will ask for a list of specific team assignments that individuals are responsible for at different stages of the project. We will organize an initial group meeting between the RED 660 and LLM-RPD students, and work with team coordinators to schedule the initial studio meetings.

The RED 660 faculty and developer-inresidence will review and provide feedback on all team projects during the semester and in the final juries. Professor Mark Troen will also help coordinate teams involved in the MUD (Lake Wales) and Hotel Studios along with students in his RED 650 course.

FIELD

STUDY/ CONVERSATIONS

Nadim Ashi, Bill Thompson, and Keith Space at the Four Seasons Hotel at the Surf Club, Surfside

As the first component of field study and conversations, the Studio assembled at the Surf Club in Surfside, a municipality north of Miami Beach, the base of operations for sponsor Fort Partners. Here, the group met and had a first briefing session with the Fort leadership team, including Chief Executive Nadim Ashi, Bill Thompson, President; and Keith Space, President and Chief Executive Officer of Boutique Hospitality Management. The team also toured the Surf Club complex, transformed by Fort Partners in 2017 into a Four Seasons Hotel.

This first meeting between sponsor and Studio was a chance to review the semester goals. Fort outlined a framework for the development of new brands specifically targeted to young travelers, and millennial tourists in particular. The team also discussed issues of brand development generally, and discussed the conversion of the 1930 social club into a hotel and residential complex. The Surf Club/Four Seasons complex, with its unusual meshing of club and hotel, and combination of historic public spaces, sleek modern architecture and elegant, plush rooms, signaled the complexities of the Studio to come.

Nadim Ashi, Founder, Fort Partners

Nadim Ashi is the founder of Fort Partners, a Miami-based real estate and hospitality development firm. Prior to Fort Partners, he founded and was CEO of multiple companies, including an investment advisory company and IT enterprise solutions provider. Notably, Nadim led the redevelopment the Surf Club into the Four Seasons Hotel at the Surf Club, revitalizing the 1920s building and adding a new hotel and residences.

Bill Thompson, Director of Development and Construction, Fort Partners

Bill Thompson is Director of Development and Construction at Fort Partners. In his role as a project executive, Bill brings the projects to life in collaboration with partners. Prior to Fort Partners, Bill was Executive Vice President at the Related Group.

Keith Space, President, Fort Partners

Keith Space is the President at Fort Partners. Prior to this position, he worked for Ian Schrager Hotels and later founded Boutique Hospitality Management. The focus of his career is repositioning nonperforming hotels and creating distinct resort high end properties. Keith has been a speaker for numerous industry panels and is a recognized industry expert within the boutique hotel sector.

Fort Partners’ Bill Thompson and students at the Surf Club / Four Seasons Hotel Surfside

creative workshop. Here, the company has developed a rigorous system of analysis and a design-based process for the development of new hotel brands.

Ace is a driver of innovation in the hotel industry. The brand was an early proponent of using architectural heritage as an element in branding, and has focused on the renovation and repositioning of existing buildings. As a design innovation leader, they have developed a distinct aesthetic based on paring back traditional functions and features, while introducing meaningful new ones. One of the most trenchant new ideas proposed by Ace was to abandon the idea of the hotel lobby as a secured, private zone, opening it to the public and the neighborhood as a local gathering spot.

Wilson challenged the students to consider brand development as both a research-based process and an intuitive endeavor, noting that

Brad Wilson is President and Co-Partner of Ace Hotel Group and Atelier Ace, where he oversees development of new hotels and hotel operations. Prior to ACE Hotel Group, he worked for major hospitality brands Hilton International, Park Hyatt and Westin. He also launched the first W Hotel and helped to guide efforts at Starwood, and later helped build James Hotels from the ground up, serving as CEO.

Juanita Wichienkuer, Director of Architecture & Interiors, Ace Hotel Group

Juanita Wichienkuer is an architect & exhibit designer and Director of Architecture & Interiors for Atelier Ace / Ace Hotel. She has worked for design firms such as Ralph Appelbaum Associates, as the lead exhibit designer for the History Galleries at the new Smithsonian National Museum of African American History & Culture.

Brad Wilson, President, Ace Hotel Group, addresses students at Atelier Ace, New York

refine and invent new hotel brands. Schrager was uniquely situated to put the evolution of the boutique hotel genre into context, and his ongoing projects demonstrate a continuing mastery of the social and cultural factors behind hotel brand development –the collective unconscious – and his deep understanding of human motivation. According to Schrager, “everything you see going on culturally means something. You just need to read it and get impulses from it to create your own intuitions.” Following heart, instinct, and emotion, he has continued to dominate the world of design hotels, with new brands like Edition and Public.

Schrager centered the group discussion on the issue of incipient lifestyles, including the blurring of distinction between genres like apartment living, office work, and hospitality.

students to emphasize good execution of their ideas.

Ian Schrager, Founder Morgans Hotel Group, Ian Schrager Company, Edition and Public

Ian Schrager directs the Ian Schrager Company, which owns, develops, manages and brands hotels, residential and mixed-use projects. Under his direction, the Schrager Company has launched the Gramercy Park, the EDITION hotels (in partnership with Marriott), and most recently PUBLIC hotels. Schrager is considered a pioneer in the world of boutique hotels. In the 1970s, with Steve Rubell, he co-created famed clubs like the Enchanted Garden in 1975, and Studio 54 in 1977, and the two later created the Morgans Hotel Group, in 1984.

Ian Schrager Company Founder Ian Schrager addresses students

Prosper Assouline and Keith Space at Assouline Publishing Company, New York

As a final meeting in New York City, the team visited the offices of the Assouline Publishing Company to discuss the Studio objectives with Keith Space and Prosper Assouline, founder of Assouline, and a Fort Partners director.

Assouline advised students to “assign no limits to your projects,” translating the logic of successful hotel brands like Four Seasons to younger travelers searching for a new sense of luxury. In this translation, he suggested, service would continue to be an important part of new hotel experiences, but so would community, as the example of brands like Soho House have demonstrated. Experiencebased travel, rather than a sense of hominess, will be a driver, but what experience-based travel means remains to be defined.

Assouline challenged the students to interview their peers to get solid empirical data on expectations. He also suggested the students consider as a starting point the geography of millennial travel, both within cities and around the globe. Emphasizing the importance of design as a driver of hospitality, he suggested the students design for tomorrow, not today.

Prosper Assouline, Founder, Assouline Prosper Assouline founded the publishing house Assouline with his wife Martine. The couple’s first published book, La Colombe d’Or (1994), documented the history of their favorite hotel in the South of France; the company’s first book series, the Memoire Collection (1996), focused on fashion, jewelry, design, and art. In 2007 Assouline relocated from Paris to New York City, and partnered with the Council of Fashion Designers of America. In 2015, Assouline launched a furnishings collection that also produces accessories, bookbags, and bindery, and have also designed several private libraries and lounges in New York City.

Assouline Publishing Company’s Prosper Assouline addresses students

Jonathan Plutzik at The Betsy South Beach, Miami Beach

Back in Miami, students met with Jonathan Plutzik, one of Miami Beach’s most innovative hoteliers and founder of The Betsy South Beach. Meeting Plutzik was a chance for the students to see how owners and architects can challenge the assumption that buildings must be specialized according to a single use, and most importantly how the enterprise of the hotel might venture beyond hospitality.

Plutzik initiated a fascinating discussion about balancing keen observations of zeitgeist with the engagement of one’s own motivations. He paired the renovation of an early 1940s Ocean Drive hotel, the Betsy Ross, with an expansive cultural vision in tune with the aspirations of Miami Beach. He also brought a values-based, humanist, and public-spirited approach to positioning the hotel brand. Inspired by the works of Hyam Plutzik, an American poet and Plutzik’s father, the Betsy was conceived as a platform for their family foundation and Philanthropy, Arts, Culture, and Education (P.A.C.E.) programming. Hosting poetry readings, music events, and exhibitions, while partnering with schools, performing arts organizations, and museums, it has become an important player on the hotel scene,

eventually expanding through the acquisition and redevelopment of the adjacent Carlton Hotel facing Collins Avenue. The expansion challenged Plutzik to balance each historic building’s character with a connecting vision of brand, and raised the Betsy’s synthesis of boutique hotel and cultural facility to a more robust and sustainable player in Miami Beach’s cultural scene. It also offered opportunities to intervene in, and improve, the surrounding urban fabric with public passageways and public art.

Jonathan Plutzik, Principal Owner, The Betsy South Beach

Jonathan Plutzik is the creator and principal owner of the Betsy Hotel, known for its community-based philanthropic work and its commitment to arts and culture. Prior to this role, Plutzik retired as a Vice-Chairman of Credit Suisse First Boston. He has served as Chairman of multiple philanthropic and arts related organizations, in line with the mission of the Betsy.

Jonathan Plutzik, Principal, The Betsy South Beach, addresses students

Field Study: New York City

The Plaza Hotel, Grand Army Plaza

Assouline, Park Avenue South

Edition Hotel, Union Square

Yotel, Hell’s Kitchen

Wythe Hotel, Williamsburg

Yotel, Hell’s Kitchen

The Plaza Hotel, Grand Army Plaza

Public Hotel, Lower East Side

Yotel, Hell’s Kitchen

Edition Hotel, Union Square

Harvard Club, Midtown

Ace Hotel, Midtown

Field Study: Miami

Ocean Drive, Miami Beach

The Betsy Hotel, Miami Beach

The Delano. Miami Beach

The National Hotel, Miami Beach

The Royal Palm. Miami Beach

The Delano, Miami Beach

Ocean Drive, Miami Beach

Four Seasons Hotel at the Surf Club, Surfside

Four Seasons Hotel at the Surf Club, Surfside

Four Seasons Hotel at the Surf Club, Surfside

The Betsy Hotel, Miami Beach

Four Seasons Hotel at the Surf Club, Surfside

The Mandarin Oriental Bangkok, Thailand

https://www.afar.com/ magazine/the-history-ofthe-mandarin-orientalbangkok

Alexandra Leitch

34% of guests say the front desk takes too long to process requests

7%

increase in guest satisfaction when digital check-in is implemented of guests find not being able to communicate with a human frustrating 26% of all hotel revenue comes from food and beverage outlets

42% of guests use hotels as a place to work somewhere quiet

https://jazz-99.livejournal.com/25394.html https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/billy-wilder-tony-curtis.html?page=2 https://kdk12.tumblr.com/page/13 https://www.discoverlosangeles.com https://www.fairmont.com https://www.pinterest.com/adbcarch/portman/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/119204721363663146/ https://id.pinterest.com/indiraokta9/tgbh/ https://www.agoda.com/hyatt-regency-new-orleans/hotel/new-orleans-la-us.html?cid=1844104

1992: Home Alone 2 The Plaza 1907

2014: Grand Budapest Hotel (set design)

1984: Ghostbusters Millennium Biltmore Hotel 1932

2009: The Hangover Caesars Palace 1966

1959: Some Like It Hot Hotel del Coronado 1888

1932: Grand Hotel (set design)

1993: In the Line of Fire Westin Bonaventure Hotel 1976

2017: Girls Trip Hyatt Regency 1976

1980: The Shining Timberland Lodge 1938

Luxury Boutique Resort Full Service Limited Service

Late 1830s Steamship Travel Popularized 1859 “Vertical Screw Railway” Patented 1876 The Telephone Patented 1908 Phones and radios become popular in hotels 1888 Revolving Door Patented

Hotel Badischer Hof, BadenBaden, DE Friedrich Weinberger First ‘atrium’ lobby type 1809

Tremont Hotel, Boston, MA Isaiah Rogers Raised central lobby & separation of different function spaces

Griffith Thomas with William Washburn Passenger elevator

Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York, NY

Hotel Lobbies

Reid & Reid Called ‘The Rotunda’ A place to see & be seen emphasized by its second-floor gallery

Hotel del Coronado, Coronado, CA

Savoy Hotel, London, UK Thomas Edward Collcutt

Set the standard for luxury hotels Savoy Hotel, London, UK Thomas Edward Collcutt Set the standard for luxury hotels The Plaza, New York, NY Henry J. Hardenbergh Features a grand central bar with glass ceiling

https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/1122857/hotel-lobbies-and-lounges/tom-avermaete/ http://www.angelsmyth.com/savoy_london_gallery.html https://faviana.com/blog/iconic-photo-spots-located-in-nyc/plaza-new-york-city-lobby-2

1920s First major hotel development boom

1920s-19930s American car culture spurs a rise in lower rent roadside lodging

1925 The first motel (Motel Inn, San Luis Obispo, CA)

1929 Stock market crash 1930s Lifts became an everyday feature

1931 The first optical device designed to open an automatic door

The New York Biltmore Hotel, New York, NY Warren & Wetmore Elevator access from Grand Central Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, CA Myron Hunt In films & popular for grandiose Renaissance fireplaces

Warren & Wetmore A “Draper Interior” Highly theatrical lobby Cruciform plan long hall lobby

The Mayflower Hotel, Washington, DC

Holabird & Roche Formal staircase Grand design with an ornate ceiling

Palmer House, Chicago, IL

Waldorf Astoria Hotel, New York, NY Schultze & Weaver Famous clock in the middle Wide corridors & features a shopping arcade

Slater & Chait Lobby as a separate entity, projects from main building structure

Milroy Motel, Catskill, NY

The Jolly Roger, Fort Lauderdale, FL Tony Sherman Manipulates space in the lobby to increase apparent size Ramp from 2nd floor to lobby

Holiday Inn, Memphis, TN Opened by Kemmons Wilson Popularized lobby design standardization

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/570901690267530955/

Baker, Geoffrey Harold, and Bruno Funaro. Motels. Progressive Architecture Library. New York: Reinhold, 1955

Extremely large open lobby ‘Stairway to nowhere’ (theatrical moment so guests could be seen)

Morris Lapidus

Fontainebleau, Miami Beach, FL

Two story tall lobbies with a huge chandelier & a central stair Taking limited service beyond basic functionality

Morris Lapidus Elliptical lobby became a cultural feature Large glass-enclosed terrarium in the center of the lobby Ramada, Flagstaff, AZ

Americana Hotel, Bal Harbour, FL

Statler Hotel, Dallas, TX William B. Tabler Lobby empties into a central garden Height emphasized with large windows & stairs

Lobby type: Atrium

1967

Plastic key cards

Invented

1975

1978

John Portman Large open atrium design (22 stories) Intended to be a place to linger

Hyatt Regency Hotel, Atlanta, GA

Lobby type: Boutique 1980s-1990s

Anouska Hempel Combines themes of privacy & luxury in lobby (space of exclusivity)

Beginning of lobbies used for business meetings

Blakes Hotel, London, UK

Clarion Bedford Hotel, San Francisco, CA Opened by Bill Kimpton Lobby offered unique experiences (e.g. complementary wine hour) Goal to make guests feel at home and comfortable

https://suntannedmumford.wordpress.com/2012/04/07/magic-city-on-tv-moon-over-the-fontainebleau/ https://www.hospitalitydesign.com/people/interviews-in-depth/memoir-ian-schrager/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/397090892139321571/

1984 Lobby type: Boutique Pioneered this trend in America (Ian Schrager)

Andrée Putman & Ian Schrager Introduced lobby socializing; lobby became a gathering place for guests

Morgans Hotel, New York, NY

John Portman Large open atrium lobby (37 stories) Check in on 8th floor

Marriott Marquis, New York, NY

Ian Schrager & Philippe Starck Democratizes glamour Large lobby with different zones designed as living spaces

Paramount Hotel, New York, NY

Grand Hyatt Bali, Nusa Dua, ID WATG and Hirsch Bedner Open-air lobby concept Creates a sense of place

The Luxor, Las Vegas, NV Veldon Simpson Pyramidal structure Largest atrium (in volume) creates monumental space

1987 Wi-Fi is invented & released to consumers

Philippe Starck Return of importance to the lobby as a space for public socializing, offering a new type of place to be seen Long corridor design

Delano Hotel, Miami Beach, FL

https://vegasghosts.com/luxor-dark-pyramid-vegas Alexandre Georges, Hyatt Regency Atlanta Collection, 1967 https://trendyguide.wordpress.com/2013/05/17/delano-hotel-miami-beach/

2010s Free Wi-Fi begins to be introduced in hotel lobbies

2010s The removal of the traditional front desk begins 2009 Lobby as a ‘public workspace’

Mandarin Oriental, Barcelona, ES Carlos Ferrater and Joan Trias de Bes Enter to a ramp leading though an airy atrium into the lobby

Hotel Icon, Hong Kong, CN Rocco Design Architects Implements indoor landscaping & a flood of natural light Asia’s largest indoor vertical garden Ace Hotel, New York, NY Roman & Williams Re-imagines the lobby as a public space (community workspace) Living room for the community

Hotel W Verbier, CH

Public Hotel, New York, NY Herzog & de Meuron and Ian Schrager Range of public spaces Grab & go food bar Eye-catching entry escalator

Concrete Architectural Associates Lobby as a living room Complements & contrasts with natural scenery Yotel, Orchard Road, SG DP Architects Self-check-in kiosks and keyless entry Futuristic design to reflect emphasis on technology Aman Tokyo, Tokyo, JP Kerry Hill Lobby on the 33rd floor High ceilings & vast open space

https://www.contemporist.com/interior-of-the-mandarin-oriental-hotel-in-barcelona/ https://www.concreteamsterdam.nl/w-giant-staircase-verbier https://www.yotel.com/en/hotels/yotel-singapore

17% of guests expect hotel restaurants and bars to have a higher level of service than other restaurants in the area

27%

of guests want restaurants and bars that are open late

of guests want hotels to offer a variety of food options for all dietary preferences and allergy restrictions 35%

of guests look for multiple dining options

of consumers prefer a hotel marketplace more than a restaurant or cafe

1830 USA Under the “American Plan,” travelers pay rate for room and three meals a day

1656 Boston, MA General Court of Massachusetts holds towns that do not sustain a tavern accountable 1731 Philadelphia, PA Tun Tavern 1880 New Orleans, LA Commander’s Palace 1773 Philadelphia, PA City Tavern 1885 New York, NY Keens Steakhouse 1877 Prescott, AZ Palace Hotel Saloon 1868 Boston, MA Jacob Wirth 1775 Baltimore, MD The Horse You Came In On Saloon 1794 New York, NY ‘Come-and-get-it’ communal dining rooms serve fixed menus at set hours. 1829 Boston, MA Tremont House, the first hotel with indoor plumbing

1634

1893

Boston, MA Samuel Cole opens the first tavern Boston, MA Bell in Hand Tavern Washington, DC Old Ebbitt Grill 1893 New Orleans, LA Sazerac Bar

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-39041076 https://mrmhadams.typepad.com/blog/history/ https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nycs-landmark-21-club-att_b_6508244 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/362539838723312835/

Restaurant and Hotels / American History on Tap

The French restaurant concept was introduced in the USA in fine hotels

1890s New York, NY

1900 Philadelphia, PA Ralph’s

1907 Chicago, IL The Green Mill

1912 San Francisco, CA Swan Oyster Depot

1919 New York, NY The Algonquin begins the Algonquin Round Table in its dining room

1929 Bremerton, WA The first traditional Howard Johnson’s restaurant opens in Quincy Square

1937 Merry-Go-Round restaurant chain, CA Stable restaurant; Rotating food

1940 New York, NY Waldorf Astoria has nine restaurants

London, UK The Ritz at the Savoy initiates dining in mixed company New York, NY Ritz-Carlton expands to private dining rooms

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam.jpg https://drinkingboston.oncell.com/en/bell-in-hand-tavern-19844.html https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g28970-d450339-i84952780-Old_Ebbitt_Grill-Washington_DC_District_of_Columbia.html https://www.nola.com/archive/article_94582288-d4c1-5345-80f4-1c8dd219fe17.html

1948 Chicago, IL Calumet Fisheries of Berghoff 1950 Seattle, WA Canlis

1952 San Francisco, CA Buena Vista Café

1961 Los Angeles, CA Tiki Ti

1978 New York, NY Omni Berkshire Hotel opens its first restaurant

1978 New York, NY The Peninsula NYC opens Le Bistro de Adrienne 1990s Prix-fixe menus

New York, NY The Plaza Hotel stops serving ‘men-only’ lunches

New York, NY Broadway’s moving Panorama Revolving restaurants

https://oregoncitywomansclub.org/history-of-womens-clubs

https://www.tripadvisor.com/Restaurant_Review-g60763-d14416742-Reviews-Manhatta-New_York_City_New_York.html

https://www.theguardian.com/cities/gallery/2017/sep/27/spin-cities-brief-history-revolving-restaurants-in-pictures

2010 New York, NY The Plaza Hotel opens its Food Plaza by Todd English

2012 Los Angeles, CA The Polo Lounge 2013 Beverly Hills, CA The Bazaar 2014 Sydney, AU Altitude Restaurant 2015 Miami, FL Matador Room

2017 Amsterdam, NL Restaurant Bougainville 2018 Washington, DC American Son 2016 Kunfunadhoo, MV Out of the Blue 2016 New Orleans, LA Josephine Estelle

Victoria Falls, ZW The Livingstone Room Athens, GR GB Roof Garden

Restaurant and Hotels

2018 New Orleans, LA Couvant 2017 Scottsdale, AZ Canal Club

Charleston, SC Henrietta’s Miami, FL La Sirenuse

2018 Los Angeles, CA Chateau Hanare

https://www.hotels.com/ho114851/the-victoria-falls-hotel-victoria-falls-zimbabwe/?modal=dp https://www.marriott.com/hotels/hotel-photos/athlc-hotel-grande-bretagne-a-luxury-collection-hotel-athens/ https://foodlocate.com/restaurants/charleston/henriettas-the-dewberry https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/miami-best-restaurants/index.html

1997 Arles, FR Hotel Mas de Peint Arles

Langho, UK Northcote Hotel

2003 Nasu, JP Niki Club & Spa Tochigi

2004 Maremma, IT L’Andana Tuscany

The Farm at Cape Kidnappers

2007 Te Awanga, NZ

New York, NY Crosby Street Hotel

Lyndhurst, UK Lime Wood Hotel

Baie-Saint-Paul, CN Le Germain Charlevoix

2013

San Francisco, CA Carneros Resort & Spa

https://www.trip.com/hotels/lake-buena-vista-hotel-detail-2802658/radisson-hotel-orlando-lake-buena-vista/

https://www.booking.com/hotel/us/ritz-carlton-coconut-grove-miami.html

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/301670875016709016/ https://communitynewspapers.com/miami-beach-news/chef-michael-solomonov-brings-zahav-pop-up-to-habitat-at-1-hotel-south-beach-during-miami-artweek-2019/

https://moovitapp.com/index/en-gb/public_transportation-Northcote_Manor-North_West-site_42748115-2105

https://kitkemp.com/dining-al-fresco/ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-1282679/Hotel-review-Lime-Wood-Hampshire.html https://www.kayak.com/Napa-Restaurants-FARM-at-Carneros.100020198.rd.ksp

Las Vegas, NV Bobby Flay’s Mesa Grill at Caesars Palace

Gary Rhodes’ Rhodes Twenty10 at Le Royal Méridien

2010 Dubai, UAE

Michel Rostang’s Rostang Brasseriei at Atlantis The Palm

2011 Dubai, UAE

2011 Dubai, UAE Nobuyui Matsuhisa’s Nobu at Atlantis The Palm

2012 Las Vegas, NV Gordon Ramsey’s Pub & Grill at Caesars Palace

2015 Dubai, UAE Jean-Georges Restaurant at Four Seasons Jumeirah Beach

2019 Dubai, UAE Vineet Bhatia’s Indego by Vineet at Grosvenor House

Dubai, UAE Giorgio Locatelli’s Ronda Locatelli at Atlantis The Palm

Riviera Maya, MX Christian Bravo’s Cueva Siete at UNICO 20º87º

Abu Dhabi, UAE Marco Pierre White’s Fairmont Bab Al Bahr

Grosvenor House Dubai

, UAE

https://www.timeoutdubai. com/restaurants/385020brand-new-indian-restaurant-from-michelin-starredchef-to-open-in-dubaimarina

Indego by Vineet

The least expensive and basic type of hotel bar is usually called the public bar or front bar.

These bars are more comfortably furnished (and more expensive) than the public bar.

Superior residential hotels often serve drinks in the foyer. Absent an actual foyer bar there is usually table drinks service available.

Found most commonly in international hotels, classic bars are the most luxuriously furnished and lavishly equipped. They offer mixed drinks and cocktails, served by experienced bartenders. They sometimes open only in the evening and offer tray service as well as bar service.

Found in some taverns and hotels, club bars are suitable for use by clubs or special interest groups and are sometimes reserved for such meetings. A big club often has several bars; for example, a members’ bar or ‘sportsman’s bar’ with pool tables.

These bars are comfortably furnished and often offer city views, garden or water features.

Usually located outdoors next to the pool or sometimes as a “swim up” bar in the pool.

Originally an illicit establishment selling alcoholic beverages. Speakeasys came into prominence in the United States during the Prohibition era. They disappeared after Prohibition and the term is now often used to describe a retrostyle bar.

SPEAKEASY

and

https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2017/01/the-top-10-most-iconic-bars-in-film/ https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2017/01/the-top-10-most-iconic-bars-in-film/ https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2017/01/the-top-10-most-iconic-bars-in-film/ https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2017/01/the-top-10-most-iconic-bars-in-film/ https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2017/01/the-top-10-most-iconic-bars-in-film/ https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2017/01/the-top-10-most-iconic-bars-in-film/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/349029039869747680/ https://www.cinemaescapist.com/2014/11/lost-in-translation/ https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2017/01/the-top-10-most-iconic-bars-in-film/

Film: Inglourious Basterds Bar: Basement Taverna

Film: Lost In Translation Bar: Park Hyatt Tokyo Piano Bar

Film: Casino Royale Bar: Macau Casino Bar

Film: Casablanca Bar: Rick’s Café Americain

Film: Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope Bar: Mos Eisley Cantina

Film: The Shining Bar: The Gold Room at the Overlook Hotel

Film: Indiana Jones

the Raiders of the Lost Ark Bar: The Raven

Film: Pulp Fiction Bar: Jack Rabbit Slim’s

44004000BC Aegean Sea Wine

3400BC Mesopotamia Beer

300BC200AD Japan Sake 1000-1200AD

The Three Mariners The first officially licensed bar

Scotland Whiskey 1500 France Brandy 1500 Russia Vodka 1500 Mexico Tequila 1500-1600 England Gin 1650 Island of Barbados Rum 1531 Champagne, FR Champagne 900 Athlone, IE Sean’s Bar“The Oldest Pub in Ireland” 1634 Boston, MA

700 1622

St. Albans, UK Ye Olde Fighting Cocks One of several pubs that lays claim to being the oldest in England

Stockholm, SE Zum Franziskaner The oldest Swedish pub founded by King Erik of Pomerania, allowing the monks to pay for food and drink

https://stufish.wordpress.com/history/ https://www.alimente.elconfidencial.com/gastronomia-y-cocina/2018-08-30/restaurantes-mas-antiguos-del-mundo_1608838/ Spirits/Cocktails Bars

History of Bars/ Influential Bars and Spirits/Cocktails

1758 Paris, FR Les Ambassadeurs Hôtel de Crillon

1780 Switzerland Absinthe

1790 New York, NY City Hotel The first American hotel

1800 United States Mint Julep

1803 The word ‘cocktail’ is first defined in print as a mix of spirit, water, sugar and bittersan Old Fashioned.

1815 London, UK Connaught Bar The Connaught

1838 New Orleans, LA Sazerac 1842 Hungary Wine Spritzer

1847 Washington, DC Round Robin Bar Willard InterContinental Hotel

1850 Switzerland Cesar Ritz The first of Ritz-Carlton brand

1673 1817 1836

White Horse Tavern Newport, RI In 1703 is granted a license to sell “all sorts of strong drink” Havana, CU El Floridita The “Cradle of the Daiquiri” New York, NY Rotunda Saloon Astor House

https://lostnewengland.com/2019/05/white-horse-tavern-newport-rhode-island/ https://www.pbs.org/food/the-history-kitchen/ernest-hemingway/ http://www.tribecatrib.com/content/astor-house-new-york%E2%80%99s-first-great%E2%80%94yet-forgotten%E2%80%94hotel

The Langham Filming location for James Bond GoldenEye and Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties

1865 London, UK Artesian Bar

The Menger Bar Menger Hotel San Antonio, TX Modeled after a bar in the British House of Lords. Teddy Roosevelt recruits Rough Riders here First Texas bar offering ice

Monte Carlo, FR Le Bar Hôtel de Paris

The Bar The Palmer House The first fireproof hotel in the US and the first to have electric lights and telephones in its guestrooms

1871 Chicago, IL

The Men’s Bar in the original Palace Hotel is dubbed the “unofficial capital of California” The New Palace recreates the club-like lounge, with a massive painting by Maxfield Parrish.

1875 San Francisco, CA Palace Hotel

1881 La Perla, SPGrand Hotel Pamplona

The American Bar at The Savoy Hotel One of the earliest establishments to introduce American-style cocktails to Europe. The term American Bar originates in London to designate the sale of American cocktails from the late 19th century.

London, UK

https://littlecolonel.com/more?q=node/336 http://prohibitiondetroit.com/web/what-brave-new-world-on-the-origin-of-the-bar-stool/ https://london.eater.com/2017/9/21/16338272/history-london-most-famous-bar-the-american-bar-at-the-savoy

Waldorf Astoria New York, NY Originally opens as a ‘gentleman only’ bar

Men’s Bar

1898 Paris, FR Ritz Bar Ritz-Carlton

1913 Paris, FR Le Bar Plaza Athénée

1913 St. Moritz, CH Carlton Bar Carlton Hotel

1917 Brazil Caipirinha

1917 Paris, FR Invented by an American army captain Sidecar 1919 New Orleans, LA Grasshopper 1919 Florence, IT Negroni

St. Regis King Cole Bar New York, NY Home to the famous Maxfield Parrish mural and the alleged birthplace of the classic cocktail the Bloody Mary

Waldorf Astoria New York, NY First rootop bar

Men’s Club Biltmore Hotel New York, NY Originally opens as a ‘gentleman only’ bar

https://www.amazon.com/Photo-vacant-Waldorf-Astoria-Chandeliers/dp/B06X9C391X https://www.hotels.com/ho309378/the-st-regis-new-york-new-york-united-states-of-america/?modal=dp http://www.loyolanotredamelib.org/en203/items/browse?tags=architecture https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/the-biltmore-bar

1914-1918

Hemingway

The Carousel Bar Hotel Monteleone New Orleans, LA First rotating bar. Every 15 minutes features subtle rotation of a cocktail

https://vb.com/hippolytejammet/ https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/g2423/ritz-paris-photos/ https://www.southernthing.com/new-orleans-iconic-rotating-carousel-bar-celebrates-70-years-in-the-french-quarter-2639098062.html?rebelltitem=8

1950 Brussels, BE Black Russian 1952 Las Vegas, NV The Sands Hotel and Casino First hotel swim-up bars 1955 Miami Beach, FLFontaineleau Bleau Bar

1962 American Bar Forum Hotel

1954 San Juan, PRCaribe Hitlon Piña Colada 1960 Paris, FRHarry’s Bar Blue Lagoon 1970 Sausalito, CA Tequila Sunrise 1973 Long Island, NYOak Beach Inn Long Island Iced Tea

1970 New York, NY The Biltmore Bar

1978 New York, NYThe Odeon Cosmopolitan

Sex on the Beach

1978 Fort Lauderdale, FLConfetti Bar

1980 London, UK Espresso Martini 1992 Manhattan, NY Black Widow

1951

Positano, IT Franco’s Bar Le Sirenuse

Hong Kong, CN M Bar Mandarin Oriental Manila, PH The Bar The Peninsula Beijing, CN Bistrot B Lounge & Bar Boston, MA Rowes Wharf Bar Boston Harbor Hotel

https://travelaway.me/franco-bar-positano/ https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestravelguide/2019/10/15/forbes-travel-guide-worlds-best-hotel-bars/?sh=797bb3bc60b6 https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestravelguide/2019/10/15/forbes-travel-guide-worlds-best-hotel-bars/?sh=c8c00cb60b68 https://www.kayak.com/Beijing-Hotels-Rosewood-Beijing.787909.ksp https://www.bostonharborhotel.com/gallery

https://www.miaminewtimes.com/location/bleaubar-6411629

Bleau

Ritz Paris Paris, France

https://www.ritzparis.com/ en-GB/luxury-hotel-paris/ grand-deluxe-room

Space saving wall hooks to balance lack of closet space

Sink in guestroom to save bathroom space

Practical vertical shelving that also serves as division between program

Big windows that allow ample natural light, creating illusion of a bigger space

Small desk, in this case following the same lines of the sink, making it one piece

is typically used in the bed area while tile is used near the sink

Small closet space tucked in a practical location

Shower and toilet in compact space

Comfortable single or double bed

Under-bed storage/ safe

Carpet

Space saving wall hooks, to balance typical small closet

Full

Carpet is typically used throughout the room

Decoration of the room, if any, is minimal and often limited to generic artwork

Window treatments have evolved from outdated fabric drapes to more modern and sleek options

Usually a full size desk; in this case neatly merged with the seating area

Ceiling finishes are often limited to crown moldings

Wall finishes are often wallpaper or a simple paint color

Seating area may be on the bulkier side for comfort

Comfortable single or double bed

size dresser for extra storage

High end details and finishes on walls and ceilings

Use of a neutral color palette contributing to the relaxed and luxurious atmosphere

Luxurious Queen or King size bed with high quality bedding

Exaggerated windows emphasizing views of the city or water

Many luxury rooms have terraces with an outdoor seating area

Bespoke art pieces are usually incorporated in more expensive rooms

Simple desk incorporated following the same aesthetic of the room

Footbed bench allowing for extra seating

Quality flooring material with an elegant area rug

Bigger closet usually located at the entrance of the room

Full size sofa with pillows and table made of quality materials

Full size dresser with decor that contributes to the overall aesthetic of the room

72% believe the bathroom should have a window 62% would pay more for a high end fit out and quality design

What Really Matters to Hotel Guests

56% say pictures of bathroom fit out online generated hotel booking

53% would pay more for a bathroom with ultrahygienic surfaces

Baths with running water are also available to hotel guests and each tub comes equipped with its own individual gas furnace.

1834 First Hotel with Running Water Astor House New York, NY Isaiah Rogers designs Manhattan’s Astor House with 17 water closets on the top floor.

Three standard fixtures, the toilet, sink and tub/shower, are combined to form the modern bathroom. Previously these fixtures were located in separate rooms. The toilet was located in an outhouse in the yard; the washstand, used like the modern sink, and wash basin, used for bathing, were located in the bedrooms of the wealthy, while the general population took their infrequent baths in the kitchen, with water heated by the hearth.

Concept of the Modern Bathroom

Late 1800s

First Hotel with Indoor Toilets Tremont House Boston, MA Indoor toilets are first used in the United States in hotels. Built by architect Isaiah Rogers, the Tremont House Hotel is the first hotel in the US to have indoor plumbing. The hotel is equipped with 8 communal water closets on the ground floor to be shared by all hotel guests. The plumbing is powered by gravity, by the water storage system on the hotel roof.

Invention of the Toilet Thomas Twyford’s 1885 invention of the modern valveless toilet made out of vitreous china quickly becomes the standard. The valveless toilet combined with modernized plumbing and urban sewer systems, the invention of central heating, hot and cold running water, standalone bathtubs and sinks, and new social norm prioritizing hygiene all serve to redefine the bathroom.

The Victoria Hotel Kansas City, MO The Victoria Hotel is the first hotel in the United States to boast a private bathroom in each guestroom. It had been standard to have communal bathrooms on each floor to be shared by all. The Victoria comprises 240 guestrooms with 240 bathrooms.

First En-suite Hotel Bathroom

https://www.slate.com/articles/arts/architecture/2007/11/how-america-invented-the-hotel.html https://www.pinterest.com/pin/135319163788461780/ https://picclick.com/Collectibles/Postcards/US-States-Cities-Towns/Missouri/?page=88

1907 “A Room and a Bath for a Dollar and a Half” Statler Hotel Buffalo Hotel Targeted to the middle class, the Statler Hotel bathrooms are the first to strive for layout efficiency in order to keep costs low and therfore do not feature a window. The Statler is the first hotel chain with a bathroom in every room and advertises the concept as “A Room and a Bath for a Dollar and a Half”.

1980s Naked Bathroom The concept of the “naked” or “deconstructed” bathroom comes to hotel architecture in 1980s by pioneers like Philippe Starck. The merging of private and public spaces seems daring and erotic for the time, but had been a concept Le Corbusier had been studying since the 1920s.

1968

Modular Hotel Room and Bathroom Hilton Palacio del Rio San Antonio, TX The Hilton Palacio del Rio is the first hotel to be built of modular units prefabricated off site. The rooms and bathrooms arrived entirely completed, with plumbing fixtures assembled. The rooms are assembled in 46 days, while the overall construction takes a record few 202 days.

2009

Bathroom with a View The Standard, High Line New York, NY The Standard, High Line opens in 2009 in Manhattan leaving little to the imagination of passersby below on the High Line. Straddling the pedestrian thoroughfare of the High Line, the hotel is clad entirely in glass. Unconventionally, the majority of the rooms have bathrooms with views out to -and in from -the High Line.

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/354025220683943002/ https://www.neo-metro.com/history

Waldorf Astoria

New York City, New York

https://www.businessinsider.com/ the-waldorf-astoria-isclosing-2017-2?utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=social-share-clickthru&utm_source=pinterest&utm_content=slideshow&utm_term=desktop%2F#soon-after-opening-the-waldorf-astoriaintroduced-24-hour-roomservice-a-first-in-the-history-of-hotels-4

Daniela Huen

1760 A “Hotel Garni,” offering breakfast, common in Paris, is introduced in London

1800 The US starts to assume leadership in the development of the modern lodging industry. The extensive traveling habit of Americans helps in the tremendous growth of the hotel industry in the US and abroad

1880 Invention of the telephone

Thomas Edison helps form the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York, bringing electric light to parts of Manhattan

1882

Founding of the first vending machine servicer, Sweetmeat Automatic Delivery Co.

1887

1894 The Netherland Hotel in New York, NY introduces the first inroom telephones

1908 Phones and built-in radios become extremely popular and are put into most hotels

1910 Electricity begins to become widely prevalent in hotels

1930 The Waldorf Astoria introduces 24-hour room service

Claridge Hotel opens in London

1930

Tremont House opens in Galveston, TX

Events That Impacted Room Service

Savoy Hotel opens in London

The first hotel room radios become available in every guestroom at Hotel Statler Boston

https://www.thetremonthouse.com/history http://www.angelsmyth.com/savoy_london_gallery.html https://www.amazon.com/Statler-Massachusetts-Original-Vintage-Postcard/dp/B00P4DX68G

Opening of the Statler Hilton, Dallas

1956

1960 Introduction of mini-bar by the German company, Siegas, becoming an expected perk at high-end chains

1966 Inter-Continental starts to add in more amenities, like ice and vending machines

1968 Invention of the computer 1969 Westin is the first to implement 24-hour room service

2009 The first mobile hotel app for guest service and operational enhancements is introduced by Intelity 2008 The $227 billion US hotel industry and room service is affected by the financial crisis 2007 The release of the iPhone spurs a growing interest in mobile technology and apps

Invention of the iPad

2010

Motels start sprouting up across the US IBM releases the “Personal Computer,” the first time the term is used and where the term “PC” comes from Wi-Fi usage increases and is introduced in hotel rooms

WWII 1939-1945

The mini-bar goes mainstream; when Hilton Hong Kong decides as a trial to stock its mini-bar with alcohol, sales increase by 500% overnight

Conrad Hotels & Resorts introduce the first serviceenabled hotel brand app through Intelity

https://pbase.com/donboyd/memories_hialeah https://www.thesun.co.uk/travel/3061624/weeing-in-the-mini-bar-bottles-and-pooing-in-the-drawers-hotel-staff-share-the-disgusting-things-guests-do/ https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-08-12/productivity-inequality-and-the-profound-impact-of-the-personal-computer https://hospitalitytech.com/why-your-hotels-reputation-may-depend-your-guests-wifi-experience https://www.trendhunter.com/protrends/digital-concierge

Technological Revolution in Hospitality Industry

Tomas Tapias 03.1.7./ GYM/ POOL/ FITNESS

Gymnastics Room, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

https://historyofyesterday. com/the-strange-nationalist-origins-of-modern-gymnastics-1a7ddb390dc9

of hotels have fitness facilities

of millennials value on-site hotel gyms

of clients use the gym/fitness center during their hotel stay

of clients intend to use the gym/ fitness center during their hotel stay

of Americans engage in fitness-oriented activities

of Americans have visited a form of health club in 2019

Omni Bedford Springs Bedford, Pennsylvania

https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Image/ IM77524

Mikalya Allen

increase of total spa revenues from 2017-2019, jumping from $17.5 billion to $18.3 billion 30% of spa visitors are men 21% increase in the number of spas in the united states in the past 5 years 40% of day-spa goers have children

of day spa-goers make under $35,000 a year

of money earned by hotels comes from wellness travelers compared to regular guests

of spa visitors are woman

Destination Spa

Destination spas or health farms aim to boost the overall health of guests. This type of hotel generates its own approach towards philosophies of wellbeing, and the Global Wellness Institute counts 2,633 of these resorts globally. They attempt to open consumers’ eyes to a lifestyle of balance and wellness while offering personalized treatments, nutritional meals, fitness classes, and educational lectures.

Hotel and Spa

The hotel and spa is a hotel that offers a spa facility as an add-on. Guests are less likely to book the hotel simply to enjoy the spa alone, yet the hotel spa can stand as a great revenue generator for the hotel. These hotel spas often appeal to those who would like to combine a spa visit with other holiday activities.

Urban Hotel

A urban hotel spa is a metropolitan hotel featuring a small spa with more basic wellness programs, quicker treatments, and limited facilities for busy consumers.

Day Spa

The day spa is a spa that provides no overnight accommodation. Guests can enjoy treatments, that vary in luxury, pricing and amenities.

Wellbeing Hotel

A hotel with wellness-focused amenities across the property rather than being confined to a specific area or program. The wellness hotel features aesthetically pleasing spaces and varied activities to appeal to health minded guests.

Medical Spa

Medical spas have licensed medical staff who administer cosmetic treatments like Botox, microdermabrasion, fillers, chemical peels and laser hair removal, in addition to more traditional spa treatments. They often offer consultations addressing nutrition and general health.

Mineral Spring

Mineral spring spas or thermal spas are usually located near a natural spring and are a popular tourist attraction. Guests bathe in the spring to take advantage of its healing properties.

Types of Spa

Relaxation spa: A type of destination spa; the experience does not extend to the resort’s cuisine, and fitness classes are seldom provided. Relaxation spas are ideal for those unlikely to make use of the free health and sports facility access offered by other more active spas.

https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/69805862946193738/

Mobile Spa: Consumers can be pampered by a trained professional in the comfort of their own home. Mobile spas travel to the customer and offer select treatments.

Club spa: A type of day spa within a larger gym or health club. Connecting fitness and health facilities at club spas are often exclusive to those paying membership fees (such as the Equinox Hotel).

https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/849069335998345536/

https://www.idgsa.co.uk/undergraduate/ choice-project/

https://www.pinterest.com/dfriedmanra/ healthcare-floor-plans/

Iceland

https://www.arc-magazine.com/theretreat-at-blue-lagoon-iceland/

https://destinationdeluxe.com/7132-thermal-baths-swiss-architecture-designspa-lovers/

https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/ photo/pamukkale-turkey-royalty-free-image/498673013

Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey

7132 Thermal Baths, Vals, Switzerland

The Retreat at Blue Lagoon,

Amangiri Spa

Ayurvedic Spa

Blog Reina Medical

SPA PRINCIPLES

ALL-INCLUSIVE

An all-inclusive resort includes lodging, three meals daily, alcoholic drinks, gratuities, and possibly other services included in one price.

FULL SERVICE

Full service provides a wide range of amenities for the guest. Services include extensive dining, banquet and meeting facilities, and recreational facilities.

LIMITED SERVICE

Limited service emphasizes basic accommodations, guest amenities, and minimal public areas. A continental breakfast is often included in the price of the room.

EXTENDED STAY

Extended stay is a level of service that offers a “home away from home” vibe targeting business executives, visitors, and families interested in a trip longer than a few weeks.

Hotel Type Determines Spa Principles

HARD ELEMENTS

SOFT ELEMENTS

Social Realm

Beauty Salon

Jacuzzi

Sauna

Steam Room

Wet Area

Swimming Pool

Dry Area

Fitness Room

Consultation Rooms

Showers

Private Realm SERVICES

Treatment Rooms

Relaxation Rooms

Health-conscious menus

Ambiance created by design

Digital detox packages

Fitness equipment in guestrooms

Mattresses that aid a good night’s sleep

Blackout shades for privacy

Workout clothes and shoes for rent

Natural bathroom products

Sustainable design

Health-conscious mini-bar in guestrooms

Vitamin C shower head

Hotel apps and TV channels promoting wellness

Beauty

Swedish Deep Tissue

Aromatherapy

Hot Stone

Couples

Anti Aging

European

Deep Cleansing

Oxygen

Salt Scrub

Sugar Scrub

Seaweed Wrap

Firm and Glow Wrap

Manicure

Pedicure

Hair Care Thai

Reflexology

Custom to Hotel

Personalized

LED Light Therapy

Oxygen Facial

Microdermabrasion

Buccal Facial

Gold Facial

Vampire Facial

Cellulite Reduction

CBD

Coffee Bean Wrap

Herbal Wrap

Waxing

Botox & Fillers

Invasive Procedures

7000BC Egyptians were the first to discover the potential of water and essential oils for therapeutic purposes.

43AD The Romans began developing one of the first English spa resorts, Aqua Sulis, a sophisticated bathing complex with a temple devoted to the goddess sulis minerva (Now known as the City of Bath).

13th Century From the 13th century onwards, baths gradually came into re-use, particularly in souther Europe under the influence of the Moors. Public baths were rebuilt, and entrance was usually free. The baths were often crowded and people bathed for hours.

1574 Elizabeth I, was instrumental in reviving spa practices in Britain. She declared that the public must always have access to the Springs. Her royal seal of approval impacted the new wave of respectable class.

1594 Bathing became used as treatments for the wealthy and essential to the cure was a quiet orderly life in a pleasant surrounding with good food, wine, and comfort.

Hippocrates proposes that the cause of all ailments is an imbalance of bodily fluids; he advocates that “the way to health is to have an aromatic bath and scented massage every day”

Influenced by the Greeks, the romans build their own thermal baths at mineral and thermal springs. The Greeks may be famous as the first to practice regular bathing in Europe, but the Romans emulate their passion for spa usage on a much larger scale

With the fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of Christianity, bathing culture falls into disrepute and bathing is prohibited

https://medicaltourismgreece.com/hippocrates https://www.romanbaths.co.uk/roman-baths-timeline https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/roman-history-7eb966ac-64a4-421c-8e0d-0fde6b1744c5

16th Century The image of public baths again deteriorates because they were said to be the source of contagious disease

1629 Queen Mary Henrietta is said to be cured of her infertility in Chalybeate Spring because of the high iron content at the Turnbridge Wells

1717 Czar Peter I of Russia arrives in Spa, Belgium for a monthlong stay to cure his liver, igniting the interest of aristocrats through Europe and Asia

1800 Interest in bathing culture grows as the development of hotels and guest houses at natural springs becomes more prevalent in Europe and North America. The spa resorts become a social playground for the elite and creative set

1820 Spa resorts are differentiated according to location and the chemical composition of their mineral water. Each spring has its own characteristics related to their therapeutic properties.

1829 The first hydrotherapy institute, the Preissnitz Medical Spa, is established in Grafenburg, CZ by Vincent Priessnitz

Many spas are rediscovered in France. Two types exist: hot springs for drinking and bathing and cold springs for drinking cures only

German physician Christian Hahneman develops homeopathy, a system that uses natural substances to promote the body’s self-healing response

In the United States spa innovation begins in New York’s Saratoga Springs, a fashionable retreat for the wealthy; visitors include Edgar Allan Poe and Franklin Delano Roosevelt

https://www.prints-online.com/spa-eaux-chaudes-589298.html https://annakaharris.com/history-homeopathy/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Union_Hotel_(Saratoga_Springs,_New_York)

The Crieff Hydropathic Establishment in Scotland is founded by Dr. Thomas Henry Miekle to capitalize on two new train lines’ service in the local town. Health conscious Victorians partake in a spa regimen that includes ice-cold hydrotherapy treatments

People believed in the healing properties of the hot springs

19th century Europe’s great Kurorte (“cure towns”) were established as lavish destinations for the wealthy. They include BadenBaden, Bad Ems, Bad Gastein, Karlsbad, and Marienbad

In Palm Springs, Agua Caliente opens as a 229-room spa hotel built over the hot mineral springs that gave the tribe and city their name, THe tribe leased the hot springs to settlers who built the first bathhouse on the site.

Because of the economic depression, spa visitors dramatically decline. The medical benefits of spa-going are questioned and spa therapy is excluded from the National Health Service

1930s

1945 After WWII, spa treatments become available for the common man in many European countries because of the rise in welfare

Edmond and Deborah Szekelv open Rancho la Puerta in Mexico as the first destination spa

https://www.crieffhydro.com/us/about-us/ https://www.palmspringslife.com/agua-caliente-hot-mineral-spring/ https://www.cntraveller.com/spa/rancho-la-puerta-mexico

1950 Leading spas across England including in Buxton, Cheltenham, Turnbridge Wells and Malvern close their doors to the public because of structural damage sustained in WWII

1975 Dr. John Travis, influenced by Dr. Dr. Halbert L. Dunn’s 1961 High-Level Wellness , opens the world’s first wellness center, The Wellness Resource Center, in Mill Valley, CA

1974 The first fitness spa, The Ashram, debuts in California. The spa offers a grueling fitness regimen which is later toned down and popularized by Tucson’s Canyon Ranch

1986 New York opens the first travel agency specializing in spa vacations

2014 More than half of global employers are using health promotion strategies, while 1/3 have invested in full-blown wellness programs

2014 The Global Wellness Institute launches and releases research finding that the wellness industry is a $3.4 trillion market

1950’s 1958

J.I. Rodale launches Prevention Magazine , a pioneering publication in promoting health The Golden Door Spa opens in Escondido, CA. It offers individualized custom weight loss and fitness programs

Innovative medical doctors begin to introduce “medical spas,” which combine western and holistic medicine in a luxurious spa-inspired environment Oaks at Ojai opens in Ojai, CA

https://mrmagazine.wordpress.com/2015/05/19/an-ounce-of-prevention-is-worth-a-pound-of-print-plus-digital-to-propel-it-forward-into-a-healthy-futurethe-mr-magazine-interviewwith-lori-burgess-publisher-amp/ https://fathomaway.com/golden-door-spa-resort-san-diego-california/ https://www.blacktomato.com/us/destinations/usa/ojai-valley-inn-and-spa/ https://acarapartners.com/2018/10/05/a-brief-history-of-the-first-medical-spa/

For thousands of years, cultures have sought ways to stay healthy, young, and sharp. Different countries use their materials and location to their advantage and have sourced wellness practices and treatments that still remain effective today.

United States

United States

The Culture Contributions to Wellness

Sweat

lodges are ceremonial rituals that originated with Native American cultures, intended to detoxify the body by sweating out impurities The Aztecs created both a mental and physical way of healing through steam baths. Through Mesoamerican chants, meditation and heated rocks doused with herb-infused water they create an aromatic healing system called temazcal

Temazcal

Mud Bath Sweat Lodge

Mexico

Thalassotherapy Spa

Mineral Spring

Acupuncture Hot Springs

Iceland is known as “the land of fire and ice” because of its unique mix of glaciers and volcanic activity, creating many hot springs

The hammam is more than a place to wash and cleanse the skin, it is a social hub where Moroccans congregate with friends in an intimate environment

Kur , or “taking cure,” in Germany is still practiced at the baths and is typically covered by insurance

Thalassotherapy is the medical use of seawater as a form of therapy in Greece

Bulgaria Bulgaria is home to over 800 mineral springs, making it the country with the widest variety of mineral waters in the world

Russia

To escape the frigid winter months Russians retreat to the banya , a wooden structure heated with steam

China

The traditional Chinese treatment of acupuncture involves inserting needles into a body to balance energy and remedy pain

South Korea

Jimjilbang are large-scale bath houses with steam rooms, saunas, and herbal pools.

Japan

Japan is home of the natural hot springs known as onsen . Mainly in the countryside, onsen have baths for relaxing and socializing

Jimjilbang

Banya

MILLENNIAL-MINDED HOTELS

03.2.1./ Sofia Kiblisky

Who are millennials and what appeals to them?

Millennials, the generation born between 1981 and 1996, are a key demographic that influences the US economy. Although their tastes and travel habits are diverse, some general patterns emerge: millennials travel more than other generational group; according to Boston Consulting Group, “millennials are 23% more interested in exploring the world than older generations and make up 20% of all international tourists.”1 Millennials value travel for adventure and experience, and with fewer obligations some are even willing to quit their jobs to enjoy an extended vacation. Social media plays a large role in their travel decisions and the way they share experiences.

How Millennials Travel Millennials take three notable new approaches to travel. The first is destination immersive travel. Millennials prefer to immerse themselves in their destination, in order to find an authentic experience. Many hotels respond to this trend by linking their own narratives and stories to destinationrelevant themes. The relationship of hotel decor to the story is critical in setting the tone.

A second emergent approach is self-immersive experiences: voyages of self-discovery or spiritual healing. Research suggests that self-immersive travel fits a critical need for young travelers, as they are more apt to be processing new experiences and considering important life decisions. This

more introspective type of travel calls for a less social and less active hospitality plan, one perhaps focused on wellness, spirituality, or trekking.

The third theme is “bleisure” travel. Generally, millennials have fewer responsibilities at home and can afford to extend business trips into leisure trips. This bleisure trend has become a business window for hotels to offer micro-experiences that entice guests to stay longer, perhaps in conjunction with the offer of a free night or other perks.

How Millennials View Travel

Millennials appreciate and cultivate an ability to quickly understand an area, and the capacity to maneuver on their own. They don’t like to feel like tourists; rather they want to merge into the destination and feel at home. These “urban warriors” want to control their own travel destiny. This is why many millennials enjoy using Airbnb. Hotel brands have responded by presenting a relaxed and easy, quasi-residential setting where guests can make their own decisions.

Millennials are also adventure seekers. They are willing to pay for adventure, and may prefer to spend the money on the experience rather than the stay. Many try to find affordable hotel rooms in central or socially dynamic locations. This implies a focus on smaller rooms, limited to necessities, which allows the rooms to be priced at a more reasonable rate. In contrast and

1 Boston Consulting Group, “Millennials Seek Authentic and Shareable Luxury Travel Experiences,” Luxe Digital, June 2, 2023, https://luxe.digital/business/digital-luxury-trends/millennials-luxury-travel-experience/.

complementing the more cozy, comfortable feeling of private spaces, large lobbies and other public spaces create gathering places and allow for a more social and interactive experience. Here, hotels have found ways of creating adventure through theming, dining experiences, and promised social interactions.

Social Media

Millennials are tech-savvy and social-media driven. They rely on social media to seek new experiences, look for reassurance, and share where they are and what they are doing. These travelers might choose a hotel with the sole purpose of posting it on social media. One result: hotel brands increasingly focus on creating shareable experiences. Social media is also a good search tool to find where others are sleeping, eating, and partying as guests, and share experiences and opinions (these young travelers live in a world where everything is publicly shared and quickly accessible). Social media is a means of rating and reviewing experience. However, it has also emerged as a way of reaching out to a network of followers, and so has matured as a form of advertisement.

The primary takeaway for hotels is that young travelers seek unique experiences. Therefore, hotels must find new, innovative ways to create this adventure in their concept, within their public spaces, and in their guestrooms. Lastly, it is vital for hotels to frame and promote these experiences through social media accounts, and to ensure young travelers post about their stay on social media, bringing other guests to the hotel.

millennial-travelers-willlove-in-2019

Azúcar Hotel Veracruz, Mexico https://www.lofficielusa. com/travel-living/hotels-

Glo by Best Western

Aloft Hotel by Marriott

Best Western

EMC2 Hotel

by Hilton

Canopy by Hilton

Hyatt Centric Hotel by Hyatt

Hotels

Wythe Hotel

Freehand Hotel

Hotel Neri

Hotel The Landsby

by Langham

Hotels Hotel Jen

Curio

Moxy Hotel by Marriott

Glo by Best Western

Aloft Hotel by Marriott

Life House

Radisson Red by Radisson

Indigo Hotel by IHG

Vib By Best Western

Even Hotel by IHG

EMC2 Hotel

Canopy by Hilton

Canopy by Hilton

Hyatt Centric Hotel by Hyatt

Citizen M Hotel

Selina Hotels

Wythe Hotel

Hotels

Yotel Hotel

Freehand Hotel

Hotel Neri

Zeppelin Hotel The Dewburry Hotel

The Hoxton Hotel

ACME Hotel

Curio By Hilton

By Hilton The

Cordis

Sister

by

Moxy Hotel by Marriott

Glo by Best Western

Aloft Hotel by Marriott Life House

Radisson Red by Radisson

Indigo Hotel by IHG

Vib By Best Western

Even Hotel by IHG

EMC2 Hotel

Canopy by Hilton

Canopy by Hilton

Hyatt Centric Hotel by Hyatt

Citizen M Hotel

Selina Hotels

Wythe Hotel

Hotels

Yotel Hotel

Freehand Hotel

Hotel Neri

Zeppelin Hotel The Dewburry Hotel

The Hoxton Hotel

ACME Hotel

Curio By Hilton Tru By Hilton

The Landsby

Cordis Hotel by Langham

Graduate Hotels Hotel Jen

Sister City Hotel by ACE

12% of millennials have quit their job to take a vacation or go to an event such as a concert

18% of millennials will recommend a hotel to a friend due to comfortable beds

33% of millennials would put off buying a home to take a dream vacation

59% of young travelers say online ratings and reviews determine their choice of hotel

27%

66% of young travelers book their trips via smartphones

87% of young travelers use Facebook for travel inspiration

69% of young travelers see freebies as more important than opportunities for increased loyalty or reward points

97%

of millennials have stayed in a hotel to impress someone of young travelers post on social networks and share their experience while traveling

Rooms are priced at a reasonable rate ranging around $100 per night. This is made possible by creating much smaller rooms

Modern and specialized fitness centers with the latest technology and a large variety of equipment

The lobbies or public spaces also include F&B options, such as breakfast offerings, 24/7 grab & gos, coffee shops, and bars

Lobbies are designed specifically to fulfill the needs the small guestrooms aren’t. Lobbies have been given more space and importance

“For a typical 250 square foot room we dedicate around 650 square feet to Front of House areas” - Citizen M

The lounge, bars, and public spaces are large and encourage a social atmosphere where guests can socialize with both friends and strangers

The design is specific to the location

The design makes you feel at home

https://freehandhotels.com/

https://www.viceroyhotelsandresorts.com/zeppelin

https://www.morganshotel.co.uk/#modal

03.2.2./

PREFERRED DESTINATIONS

Daniela Huen

Where do millennials travel?

For the millennial generation, travel priorities are unforgettable cultural experiences and Instagram moments. Research into top millennial travel destinations conducted via a personal survey demonstrates the following themes.

Experiences Over Things

The millennial generation spends more money on travel than on traditional investments like home and car. Millennials are drawn to destinations that offer diverse experiences; they are not looking for all-inclusive resorts or red busses to show them the city. They want to experience an authentic encounter with the place they are visiting. For instance, a visit to China might involve learning about the women of the Longhorn Miao tribe in the Guizhou Province, rather than visiting the Great Wall.

Off the Beaten Path

The road less traveled is an objective for millennial travelers who want to see the unexpected and forge their own trails, while fostering personal development. A bus tour of famous historic sites in Budapest, for instance, may be less enticing than a hike along Hungary’s National Blue Trail.

Up-and-Coming Cities

Established metropolitan cities like New York

City and San Francisco have always attracted young travelers, but up-and-coming cities promise more exotic experiences. Connecting with this trend is a focus on discovering urban adventures closer to home. This search for the “emergent” taps in to a well-known characteristic of millennials: FOMO, or fear of missing out. If 20 years ago urban hotspots were located abroad (Berlin, Prague), some of the most interesting hot spots are now in the US: Chattanooga, Philadelphia, Asheville. These new destinations are also ideal for “micro-cations,” the trend toward shorter trips. Millennial travelers generally want exposure to a range of different cities in order to maximize their experiences; the micro-cation aligns with their thinking about work-life balance.

Sustainable Travel

Environmental activism is an important consideration among millennial travelers. Many practice a commitment to ethical travel culture. Costa Rica, for instance, has emerged as a leading eco-tourism destination, marrying wildlife refuges with eco-friendly accommodations. Visiting destinations that offer sustainable experiences and support local communities is a priority for millennials and promotes and strengthens connections between humans and the natural world.

08% Seek wellness and connection with nature

14% Take microcations (shorter trips)

16% Try a unique form of transport

25% Want off the beaten path destinations

37% Prefer “green” travel (environmentally friendly resorts)

DESTINATIONS

TOP DESTINATIONS

PUBLIC COMMONS

03.2.3./ Daniela Cancel

What is the role of public space in contemporary hotels?

Quiet, empty public spaces have never ‘earned their keep,’ providing no financial benefit to a hotel’s bottom line. However, as hotel rooms, and even the average size of many hotels, shrinks, millennials have increasingly gravitated toward hotel public spaces as a type of shared commons. Evidence points to the growing importance of hotel public spaces for their social value, as economic drivers and even as evidence of aesthetic leadership.

Lobby as the New Public Square

The idea of the lobby as a relevant, even symbolic public space is not new. In the early 20th century, New York City hotels like the Waldorf-Astoria and Plaza used grand public spaces as part of their allure, creating, as Annabel Wharton has noted, “totemic” social spaces.1 The Waldorf-Astoria’s famous Peacock Alley, for instance, was a critically important scene of social gatherings and promenades. When Henry James wrote that the hotel was a “synonym for civilization,” he was referencing this aspect of its public persona.2 The grandeur of lobby spaces and other public rooms certainly set a pattern for later hotels, although few have achieved the intensity of activity and meaning of the Waldorf. The notion of hotel lobby as a public commons has reemerged in several recent hotels, like the Ace in New York City. There,

the lobby, including a restaurant-bar and café that plug in along its perimeter, functions as a multi-use public space, serving guests and locals. In the context of the city, these lobbies can be understood as new public squares, building blocks of society. However, they also accrue to the hotel’s bottom line.

As Dana Kalczak, Vice President of Design and Construction at Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, Toronto notes, “If there’s food and beverage in a lobby, there’s potential for revenue.”3

Gather Round Bar

The bar has been a normative feature of the hotel since the 19th century, or even earlier if one considers the tavern. However, the place of the bar is evolving. Bars are now commonly found directly in the lobby or in other public spaces – much more frontal and central, the antithesis of the discreet speakeasy bar. Such bars function as social magnets, activating the lobby. Pop-up bars, and the provision of multiple bars, offer further flexibility and opportunities to activate public space.

Adult Game Rooms

Nothing weird here, just a more sophisticated version of what everyone enjoyed as a teenager or even as a kid. The trend of game rooms in hotels means spaces optimized for adult entertainment and socializing, like pool tables, tables for card games, bowling alleys and grown-up versions of arcade games.

1 Annabel Wharton, “Two Waldorf-Astorias: Spatial Economies as Totem and Fetish,” The Art Bulletin 85, no. 3 (2003): 523, https://doi.org/10.2307/3177385.

2 Henry James and Peter Collister, The American Scene (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019).

3 Kostuch Media Ltd., “The New Face of Public Spaces at Hotels,” Hotelier Magazine, March 10, 2015, https://www.hoteliermagazine.com/the-new-face-of-public-spaces-at-hotels/.

Viceroy’s Zetta Hotel in San Francisco, for example, has a 1,500-square-foot adult playroom with comfortable seating, a pool table and shuffleboard area, space for board games and game consoles, and a 30-foot Plinko game wall.

Reading Spaces

Calm, cozy spaces are an antidote to the dynamic character of the larger lobby. They offer guests opportunities to quietly enjoy a book, read a newspaper, or work on their computer. They also offer a place for programming low-key activities, lectures, and social gatherings. For example, the Library Hotel at Koh Samui’s Chaweng Beach in Thailand is conceptualized around attractive library spaces in which people can socialize while relaxing with a book in hand. Reading spaces may also connect with literary themes, as at the Betsy in Miami Beach, where the well-stocked library is a venue for book and poetry readings, as well as intimate discussions among guests and locals.

Secret Cinemas

“Secret” cinemas nested in hotels are increasingly popular as a multi-functional amenity. In-house cinemas are usually small and more personalized, more in the spirit of a

private screening room, with cushy seats and dinner or cocktail service. They might host premieres or program film offerings in support of their identity, or showcase local talent.

Lending an air of mystery and exclusivity, these intimate spaces are often available to rent. For example, the Bulgari in London has a 47-seat screening room dedicated to Sir Richard Attenborough, the famed naturalist.

The hotel’s Sunday brunches are followed by the screening of a classic film.

Spaces for Foodies

Food culture is central to the hospitality experience. In addition to a traditional restaurant, many hotels feature specialty dining spaces that entice guests, as well as locals, to spend time exploring the hotel offerings. For instance, the Line Hotel in Washington DC has three restaurants, two bars, and a coffee shop, as well as 24-hour room service. Chef Spike Gjerde’s restaurant,

A Rake’s Progress, offers Mid-Atlantic cuisine for a local taste, and a prominent stone hearth suggests an emphasis on roasted or smoked game, like rabbit, duck or quail. Other examples include chef José Andrés’ The Bazaar at the SLS, and the Broken Shaker at the Freehand Hotel, both in Miami Beach.

https://www.hideawayreport.com/articles/view/9-hotels-with-secret-cinemas/ https://awol.junkee.com/the-library-koh-samui-red-pool/48813 https://www.hotelpalomar-beverlyhills.com/beverly-hills-boutique-hotel-amenities/game-room/ https://www.publichotels.com/eat-and-drink/the-roof https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g34439-d7787044-i465080745-Faena_Hotel_Miami_Beach-Miami_Beach_Florida.html https://odarlin.wordpress.com/hotel-palomar-philadelphia/

Four Seasons, Los Angeles

The Library, Koh Samui

Kimpton Hotel Palomar, Beverly Hills

Public, New York

Kimpton Hotel Palomar, Philadelphia

Faena Hotel, Miami Beach

London

https://www.meatpacking-district.com/places/soho-house-new-york/ https://www.arlohotels.com/arlo-soho/eat-and-drink/arlo-roof-top/ http://scoutski.com/the-lodge-at-vail https://travelandstyle.ca/save-big-at-the-soho-beach-house-miami/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/539024649144855416/ https://www.therooftopguide.com/rooftop-bars-in-london/ace-hotel-london-shoreditch.html

Soho House, New York

Arlo SoHo, New York

The Lodge at Vail

Soho Beach House, Miami Beach

Ace Hotel,

Edition Hotel, Miami Beach

PLACEMAKING VS STANDARDIZATION

03.2.4./ Amanda Arrizabalaga

What

role does placemaking play in the 21st century hotel?

In the 20th century, hotels were standardized, commodified, branded, and distributed along national and global networks, yielding to ownership consolidation and development of integrated international hospitality groups. Consistency and homogeneity trumped placemaking and regional character. In reaction to industrywide standardization, a vibrant boutique hotel industry emerged, emphasizing rootedness, differentiation, and more complex identities.

The Issue of Place

The issue of place in culture is ancient. In Roman mythology, sense of place was associated with the spiritual realm and genius loci was said to be the protective spirit of a place. More recently, these terms are used without spiritual connotation. The repositioning of genius loci as an architectural term is credited to Christian Norberg-Schultz, who described the visual culture of a place as “phenomenology,” or the particular combination of structure, space, and material to impact human sensibility, consciousness, and memory.

Before the development of chains and franchises, hotels were naturally more likely to exhibit a strong sense of local character; most were independently-owned and operated, built and furnished according to regional traditions. In the case of resort hotels, local character might be exaggerated (e.g. rustic National Park lodges of the

1 Brad Wilson, interview by author, New York, 2020.

West). The Old Faithful Inn, a log building constructed in 1904 of local wood and stone, was an immediate landmark of Yellowstone National Park.

Urban hotels can fulfill placemaking roles in a different way, serving as social and cultural hubs. For example, the old Waldorf-Astoria (Henry Janeway Hardenberg, 1893-97) exemplified civic presence with monumental architecture and magnificent public rooms. The hotel’s famous Peacock Alley featured an interior street used for promenades and social displays.

Standardization and Globalization

As the role of modern hotels as enterprise became firmly established, the 20th century introduced a period of global standardization. In 1925 Conrad Hilton built the first of what would become a portfolio of over 5,600 hotels. Hilton quickly became the first “coast to coast” hotel chain and the first hotel company in the postwar to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Hilton’s rapid growth propelled the company onto the international stage and made American hospitality a global standard. Brad Wilson, President of Ace Hotel Group, described the standardized postwar hotel as offering “the promise of no problems.”1 The standardization of hotels like Hilton assumed an especially meaningful dimension abroad. As Annabel Wharton notes in Building the Cold War, Hilton’s international hotels were not just familiar environments for American families abroad; they were “little Americas”2 featuring sprawling green lawns, tennis

2 Annabel Wharton, Building the Cold War: Hilton International Hotels and Modern Architecture (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2004).

courts, swimming pools, air-conditioning, cheeseburgers, milkshakes, and soda fountains. Indeed, the success of the European Hiltons was partly related to the stark distinction between historic sites and modern hotels with familiar North American amenities.

Motor Lodges and Standardization

With origins in the 1920s, the motor lodge was another powerful example of standardization. These “motels”experienced explosive growth in the 1950s with the development of the Interstate highway network. Informality and low cost were the main drivers in this market segment. Consolidation and franchising made consistency another advantage; after a long day of driving, the most appealing aspect of a standardized motel was the familiarity of the furnishings, the standard average room rate, reliable quality and services. Franchised motels responded to the culture of the road trip. Quality Courts United (now Choice Hotels International), initiated as a cooperative of Florida motor lodge owners in 1939, was the first motel franchise. Holiday Inn entered the market in 1951 and set out to be the leader in reasonably priced rooms for road-tripping families. Howard Johnson, originally a popular American restaurant chain known for its consistency and reliability, entered the hospitality market in 1954.

One legacy of this era of globalization and standardization is that the most successful brands in the US are those that have streamlined their design. Economies of scale allow these brands to mass produce at a low cost.

Size Matters – The Success of Boutique Hotels

The early 1980s were a groundbreaking time in American hospitality as Bill Kimpton, on the West coast, and Ian Schrager and Steve Rubell, on the East coast, reinvented

the concept of the hotel. Seeing a gap in the market between standardized luxury hotels, mid-market brands, and budget hotels and motels, they targeted smaller hotels of about 200 rooms. Rubell and Schrager coined the term “boutique hotel” to analogize that these new hotels would be small, local operations filled with unique moments as opposed to the “department stores” of the big brand conglomerates. Boutique hotels were designed holistically, meaning all aspects related back to place, to core values and identity, and to the overall brand. They incorporated world-class restaurants with celebrity chefs that acted separately from the hotel. The Morgans Hotel, Schrager and Rubell’s first, was design-led and produced an emotional and interactive experience for guests. It rehabilitated an existing structure and through an imaginative design established the hotel as a tastemaker for an authentic metropolitan style.

Hotel Cities

While some hotels get their sense of place from their surroundings, others give their surroundings a sense of place. Las Vegas is defined by its hotels rather than by the vast desert landscape of southern Nevada. In Miami Beach, the aggregation of hotels may lay the foundations of a city; they are not reflections of any particular local idea, but a complex construction of identity around shared ideas of a tropical vacation.

Millennials and Placemaking

In an age of social media, placemaking has re-assumed an important role in hotel design and marketing. Millennials expect to find new experiences, and to be immersed in the things that make that place different, even unique. Hotel chains have taken up this challenge directly, attempting to incorporate place distinction despite standardization, even while spinning off new, more adaptable brands.

https://www.kayak.com/New-York-Hotels-Morgans-Hotel-A-Morgans-Original.3415503.ksp

https://www.sbe.com/hotels/delano/south-beach https://www.tomdixon.net/en_us/story/post/mondrian-london/ https://www.familyvacationcritic.com/hudson-hotel/htl/ https://palisadehotelyubacity.com/philippe-starck-hotel-new-york https://www.hotel-board.com/hotels/10-karakoy-istanbul-hotel-istanbul-turkey-884845.htm

Delano, Miami Beach

Morgans Hotel, New York

Mondrian, London

Hudson Hotel, New York

Morgans Hotel, Istanbul

Royalton Hotel, New York

Morgans Hotel Group

https://www.hotels.com/ho148552/the-american-hotel-atlanta-downtown-a-doubletree-by-hilton-atlanta-united-states-of-america/?modal=dp https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/orlahgi-hilton-garden-inn-orlando-airport/ https://www.booking.com/hotel/us/hilton-miami-airport.html https://hiltongardeninn3.hilton.com/en/hotels/new-york/hilton-garden-inn-new-york-times-square-central-NYCSSGI/about/amenities.html https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/lhrathi-hilton-london-heathrow-airport-terminal-5/rooms/ https://www.hilton.com/en/hotels/cdghitw-hilton-paris-charles-de-gaulle-airport/

Hilton Garden Inn New York / Times Square Central, New York

Hilton Miami Airport Blue Lagoon, Miami

Hilton London Heathrow, London

Hilton Paris Charles De Gaulle Airport, Paris

Hilton Garden Inn, Orlando

DoubleTree by Hilton, Atlanta

Las Vegas, New York, Orlando, Washington, DC, Chicago, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Houston, Dallas, and Phoenix are the cities in the United States that have the most hotels. It is important to note that these cities are also the top destinations for conventions and conferences. While they boast the highest room counts, the majority of hotels in these cities are business flags by the major US hotel conglomerates and are therefore often devoid of much particular sense of place. 1 Las Vegas 183,700 rooms

6 Los Angeles, California 104,300 rooms 10 Phoenix, Arizona 66,500 rooms

5 Top US Convention Destination Cities

5 Busiest US Airports

9 Dallas, Texas 83,500 rooms

rooms 4 Washington D.C.

2 New York, New York 130,100 rooms 7 Atlanta, Georgia

rooms

Houston, Texas

rooms

rooms 5 Chicago, Illinois

rooms

3 Orlando, Florida

03.2.5./

ART & CULTURE

Zara Gizdashka

Why do hotels exhibit art and host cultural events?

Art has long decorated hotel walls, but many millennials see art as integral to the hospitality experience, and hotels increasingly tie artwork to identity and branding. Like collectors and curators, hotels use art to validate taste, suggest exclusivity, create buzz, and project relevancy. From the use of artworks in interior design, to emblematic set pieces and artist collaborations, art is increasingly relevant in hotels.

The connection of hospitality to art and culture has grown with the popularity of boutique hotels, which prioritize the creation of memorable and sometimes unexpected experiences. The addition of curated art in designed spaces can make hotels into singular attractions. Art experiences are especially emblematic, even totemic, for travelers who value culture. The Chambers Hotel in New York City has staked its identity on a collection of over 500 art pieces in both public spaces and guestrooms. The Chambers webpage states: “Sophistication and taste elevates the art of travel into an unmatched experience… More than just a display of pretty pictures, our hotel is proud to exhibit a unique collection of over 500 original works of art in our guestrooms and common areas.”1

For many hotels, art spotlights a creative spirit. Contemporary art, in particular, is valued as provocation. This supports the idea of hotels as places of cultural exchange,

especially in support of local artists and locally-produced artwork. One outlet for this is street art, such as murals or graffiti on the hotel façade. Once associated with vandalism, spray paint and markers are now celebrated and graffiti is cultivated as a collective artform. A striking new mural by the artist collective Agents of Change was commissioned to transform the brick and stone façade of central London’s Megaro to serve as the hotel’s calling card. Street art can elevate the voiceless, and comprise historical and social undertones, rooting a hotel in the culture of neighborhood.

As hotels focus on less conventional art forms, frescoes and murals have also found place indoors, on restaurant walls, lobbies, guestroom ceilings, and even in stairways.

The muralizing of walls is facilitated by new technologies that allow transfer of digital images to walls. Creative lighting can also serve as a focal point in hotel public areas.

The chandelier, once a popular sign of wealth and status, has been reinvented, and new technologies allow the lightbulb to be transformed in creative ways. Future art forms are likely to flow from technological changes, like new forms of video art, holograms, digital printing, and other enhanced computerassisted processes.

In guestrooms, wall art was once used only for decoration and a sense of domesticity. Increasingly, it serves as a voice that builds a hotel’s identity. Within this context unique pieces, often sourced from local art communities – chandeliers, rugs, and

1 “Sonder Chambers - Stay in New York City, NY,” Sonder, accessed June 15, 2023, https://www.sonder.com/destinations/ new_york/chambers/c31508?sleeps=1.

artisanal furniture – are a way to celebrate local character. The Kimpton Hotel Born in downtown Denver, for instance, in conjunction with the Museum of Contemporary Art, commissioned original or limited-edition items by 32 of Denver’s artists. The hotel website quotes Pablo Picasso: “Art washes away from the soul the dust of everyday life.”2

The relevance of art in hotels can be further explored according to four major themes: pedigreed art, museum hotels, social media, and art programming.

Pedigreed Art

A well-known piece of art or the work of a celebrated artist can be the centerpiece of the hotel – the main attraction. The work is strategically placed in a public area where it can be appreciated by guests and visitors. The pedigree conveys prestige and panache. Hotel patrons get a sense of cultural belonging by associating with pedigreed art.

Pedigreed art varies greatly in stature, appeal, aesthetic value, origin, and type. In addition to paintings, such work might include sculpture, graffiti, collages, wood carvings, statues, stone carvings, beadwork, and even junk art. Following trends in contemporary art, large-scale, iconic pieces are popular. An example is Damien Hirst’s “Gone but not Forgotten,” a golden mammoth skeleton displayed in a gilded box within the beachfront garden of the Faena Miami Beach. Not every tourist grasps the relevance of such works; writing about the piece, Jessica Pressler notes that “the deepest question it seems to generate in the tourists who walk by is what filter they should use to Instagram on their way to the dwindling beach.”3

Museum Hotel

Some hotels go beyond art collections, incorporating galleries and even small museums. They may host private collections, but may also include multi-venue galleries, or host site-specific installations by up-andcoming local artists. Blending hospitality and art is a way of attracting guests who value cultural experience; it also bring artists, who once depended only on galleries to showcase their work, into the orbit of hotels. 21C, a museum hotel chain founded in Louisville, KY, believes contemporary art has the power to “anchor and energize a community, be used as an agent for positive change, be a part of everyday life.”4 In Louisville, 21c’s 9,000 square foot gallery has become a cultural hub for the community, adding to its allure, while the hotel consistently shows up in Conde Nast’s top Hotels in the World.

Art and Social Media

Art and culture play an important role as content for social media sites, where specific artworks may be featured to convey messages to potential guests and the community at large. Expectations of one-ofa-kind experiences are demanded, and amplified, by social media, which emphasizes collecting and sharing stories, and is itself a platform for displaying art.

Art Programming

Art programming entails liaising with art creators, designers, and other art promoters, using the hotel as a platform for cultural events. Such initiatives can benefit all stakeholders, creating a buzz for hoteliers and a showcase for local talent.

2 “Best Downtown Denver Hotels: Kimpton Hotel Monaco Denver,” Best Downtown Denver Hotels | Kimpton Hotel Monaco Denver, accessed June 15, 2023, https://www.monaco-denver.com/.

3 Jessica Pressler, “Miami Beach’s Clubhouse for the Superrich Will Be (Literally) Underwater in 85 Years or So,” Intelligencer, March 23, 2016, https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/03/inside-faena-house-miami-beach.html.

4 “Best Downtown Denver Hotels: Kimpton Hotel Monaco Denver,” Best Downtown Denver Hotels | Kimpton Hotel Monaco Denver, accessed June 15, 2023, https://www.monaco-denver.com/.

58%

of millennials will return to a hotel due to an impressive design

of US millennials want to explore the culture food scene of a new destination

62% of millennials enjoy the arts in non-arts venues including hotels

of millennials share images of themselves in a hotel on social media, which illustrates the importance of interior design and key furniture pieces

of millennials want their travel to be educational and learn something and seek travel destinations with historical or cultural importance 42% 76% 78% 82% 86% 60%

of millennials aim to experience a new hotel each year

of millennials aim to experience a new culture when traveling

of millennials rank authentic culture as the most vital part of the entire travel experience

2010 SGRAFFITIART

2000 S HOTEL ART PROGRAMS

1700S FRESCOES

2000S MUSEUM HOTELS 1800 MURALSS

1980S BOUTIQUE HOTELS

1930SRUGS

1900SCHANDELIERS

1800 S WALL ART

History of Hotel Mural Application

https://untappedcities.com/2018/09/28/5pointz-founders-creates-a-new-museum-of-street-art-mosa-inside-citizenm-bowery-hotel/ https://thouswell.com/my-favorite-online-art-sources/ https://www.publichotels.com/content/slides/public-hotel-escalator-111.jpeg https://cdn.indesignlive.com/wp-content/uploads/W_Shanghai-FOD5.jpg https://www.americanexpress.com/en-us/travel/discover/get-inspired/The-Hotel-As-Museum https://www.darcmagazine.com/lasvit-produce-chandelier-glass-art-for-peninsula-paris/

Dolder Grand, Zurich

Bowery Hotel, New York

W Hotel, Shanghai

Peninsula, Paris

Public Hotel, New York

Art in Hotels

https://blog.quintinlake.com/2012/08/13/marmite-a-graffiti-mural-on-megaro-hotel-by-agents-of-change/ https://blog.quintinlake.com/2012/08/13/marmite-a-graffiti-mural-on-megaro-hotel-by-agents-of-change/ https://www.kentuckytourism.com/lexington/arts/art-museumart-center/21c-museum-hotel-lexington https://www.forbes.com/sites/amandalauren/2019/04/25/art-abounds-the-690-million-renovation-at-palms-casino-and-resort/?sh=7298eb312a99 https://www.trivago.com.my/berlin-8514/hotel/arte-luise-kunsthotel-12913

Megaro Hotel, London

Palms Casino Resort, Las Vegas

Peninsula, Hong Kong

Faena Hotel, Miami Beach

21C Museum Hotel, Lexington

Arte Luise Kunsthotel, Berlin

03.2.6./

DIGITAL INTEGRATION

Mikayla Allen

What role will technology play in future hospitality experiences?

Broadly speaking, technology has been important historically in shaping the guest experience, the operation of the hotel, and the hotel industry. Faster and more reliable modes of transport, like transcontinental railroads, steamships, and airplanes made it easier for consumers to visit new places; technical innovations, like indoor plumbing, steam heat, in-room electricity and private telephones, were popularized in hotels before they were commercialized in the home. The internet enabled broad information awareness about hotels, and made possible new forms of selectivity. Today, interest in technology, and the pace of technological advancement, is at an all-time high. Millennials in particular have grown up constantly connected, and surrounded by technological advancements, influencing how they work, shop, and travel.

As guests look for ways to be inspired by hotels, technology plays an increasingly important role in critical hotel functions. Technology influences how guests choose to escape the everyday, and partake in unusual experiences. Technology also provides the smart conveniences that have already been adopted in the home at a meteoric pace, that consumers are used to and expect.

Technology can help personalize a guest’s experience and make them feel as though they are the priority. Guests’ expectations for intelligent and personal experiences via mobile devices are very high and continue to rise. Apps, mobile room pairing, and smart

keys are just some of the many features guests expect with their mobile device. In fact, many prefer technology over human interaction for simple tasks, such as remote check in and check out options.

Technology is also affecting operational practices by hotel management teams to ensure that the hotel runs smoothly. Location services help manage employees and deploy resources. Data-driven inputs help staff anticipate guest needs. Connected systems allow predictive maintenance and repairs. General management software facilitates the proper management of the property, online reviews, and reservations.

The Mobile Revolution

According to Hospitality Net, consumers reportedly spend an average of 5 hours on their smartphones a day and the number of smartphone users is projected to reach 2.87 billion users in 2020. Hotels take advantage of this mobile revolution by harnessing the power of the smart phone’s convenience throughout their brand. Uninterrupted connectivity and 24/7 service are used to enhance the guest’s stay. While the use of smart phones aids hotels in providing their guests a better and more customized stay, traditional service should not be replaced as the need for human interaction grows with the development of more technology.

Hotel Apps

App-based remote check in and check out options are becoming popular in many hotels. Apps-based guestroom management can similarly free up hotel staff for other activities

that better enhance the guest experience. Hotel apps benefit guests by making hotel information readily available, maintaining brand awareness, and increasing guest satisfaction. Mobile apps can be adapted to any language, and benefit loyalty programs by tracking guests trips and using point systems. Overall, hotel apps make a stay more meaningful to travelers.

Smart Keys and Smart Phone Remote

Based on cellphone-generated interface, the smart key allows a guest’s phone to provide easy mobile check in and access their room as well as hotel amenities. Smart phones assume an even larger purpose when guests pair their mobile phones to the room and use a single private device to control the TV, sound system, blinds, and lighting. STAYConnect, by LodgeNet, has created a way to pair a device with hotel room TVs. “The availability of in-app controls is the next step in allowing guests to manage all aspects of their stay from the palm of their hands,” says Jon Witter, Chief Customer Officer at Hilton.1

Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) embodies the general concept of making everything “smart” and connected; it can be explained as the network of physical objects or things embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, enabling these objects to collect and exchange data. IoT technology will become the hub for other hotel-wide and in-room technologies; it has the potential to impact both Front-ofHouse and Back-of-House operations, as well as guest experience, operations, energy management, and cross property integration.

Location-Based Services

Being able to understand where hotel

staff and guests are located at any given time creates opportunities to improve the guest experience with improved delivery services, efficient event staff and cleaning services, and other operational advantages. Some employee location-based features are already available using SIP-DECT, cordless telephonery. In addition, tracking is being used by smart energy management systems to determine when a guestroom is unoccupied and can automatically adjust the temperature to reduce energy consumption. Location services also allow hotels to promote on-property amenities such as F&B and shopping, generating more revenue.

Data-Driven Default Choices

By analyzing guests’ previous stays, operational tactics like data tracking can help personalize guest experiences. AI can track everything from what kind of pillows clients enjoy to food and music preferences, temperature and lighting-settings; and it can even anticipate a guest request. According to a survey by American Express, 83 percent of millennials say they welcome preference tracking in order to provide a more personalized experience; Hospitality Net notes that 89 percent of hoteliers “agree” or “strongly agree” that targeted personalization is one of the most effective ways to improve the guest experience, satisfaction, loyalty, and favorable brand advocacy.2

Facial Recognition

Facial recognition can be used judiciously to provide a more enhanced level of service to a guest. By providing increased levels of security and privacy, facial recognition can help hotel staff greet hotel guests, and allow guests to enter specific areas, or use facial recognition in conjunction with electronic payments as another form of verification.

1 Hugo Martin, “Hilton Debuts a Smartphone App That Can Control Room Temperature, TV and Lighting,” Los Angeles Times, April 28, 2018, https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-travel-briefcase-hilton-app-20180428-story.html.

2 Oracle Hospitality, How Artificial Intelligence Enhances the Hotel Guest Experience, n.d.,https://www.oracle.com/a/ ocom/docs/dc/using-ai-enhance-hotel-guest-exp.pdf.

In-Room Technology and Smart Rooms

Smart mirrors and Glass TVs allow audio-visual interface to be built into standard hotel equipment. Digital technology is being integrated into showers, comprising sound and light, but also boards which can detect the optimal shower temperature using just the heat levels from the touch of a finger. Smart room technology is also deployed to improve environmental performance by automatically detecting the level of light in a room and adjusting lighting levels and room temperature. Further, AI programs like i-concierge allow voice-controlled functions built into the room. Amazon recently launched its Alexa for Hospitality product which allows hotels to implement smart voice control, through a modified version of its Echo speakers; and LG is leveraging its reach into the smart home space to introduce advanced in-room voice assistant compatibility and futuristic display technology designed to promote in-room connectivity in hotels.

Negative Aspects of Technology

To succeed in an era of rapid technological advancement, hotels and guests also need to be aware of the negative effects of too much technology. Technology has the potential to de-emphasize the person-toperson interaction that is often at the root of a positive guest experience. Overuse of

technology has been linked to depression and other mental health issues, and should give pause to any efforts at full automation. Further, each device incorporated into a hotel’s digital infrastructure can be exploited by hackers; the risks of implementation include cyber-attacks and security breaches. The lifecycle costs of technology also need to be considered, as the speed of obsolescence increases. In the current technology arms race, some businesses may not get an anticipated Return on Investment on expensive technology.

Finally, one of the biggest issues associated with growing technology in the hospitality industry is the need for fewer hotel staff. iPads, smartphones, touch smart screens and online bookings are slowly displacing human employees.

https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/359373245260333151/

Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone

The Netherland Hotel in NYC introduces the first in-room telephones

1910 Electricity begins to be widely prevalent in hotels

1946 Westin debuts guest credit cards, allowing guests to charge amenities to their room

Hotel Statler in Boston is the first to offer radios in every guestroom

https://www.wired.com/2011/03/0310bell-invents-telephone-mr-watson-come-here/ https://www.nyc-architecture.com/IM-111002/110927-GON045-02.jpg https://www.mypostcard.com/en/designs/vintage-postcards/boston-massachusetts-hotel-statler-26252

World History of Technology

1947

The Roosevelt Hotel NYC installs guestroom TVs

1955 Hilton develops the first in-room coffee concept

1948

Hilton creates the first MultiHotel Reservation System, originally known as HILCRON

1957 Hilton offers direct-dial telephone service in guestrooms

1958 Sheraton introduces Reservation, the first automated electronic reservation system in hospitality, and the first toll-free reservation phone number

1969 Westin is the first chain to implement 24-hour room service

The Sheraton in Anaheim is the first to offer free in-room movies

1973

1983 VingCard invents the optical electronic key card

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/247346204508833921/ https://newsroom.hilton.com/brand-communications/news/creating-industry-firsts-the-multihotel-reservation-system

1986 Teledex Corp. introduces the first telephone specifically for hotel guestrooms

1986 Days Inn creates an interactive reservation system capable of connecting all of its hotels

1994 Hyatt Hotels and Promus Hotel Corporation are the first to launch websites on the internet

1994 Travelweb.com launches as the first online hotel catalog

1999 Six companies come together to create the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA)

1995

Choice Hotels International and Promus Hotel Corporation are the first to offer guests real-time access to central reservations, and Choice and Holiday Inn are first to introduce online booking capability

2003

2007

The release of the first generation iPhone marks a change in views on mobile technology and apps Hotel WiFi begins a steady increase with more than 6,000 hotels in the US making it available to guests

https://www.ebay.com/itm/302994316772

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WiFi_Logo.svg

https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/birth-of-a-true-smartphone-eight-years-since-the-first-iphone

2009 The first mobile hotel app for guest services and operational enhancements is introduced by Intelity

2012 The first service-enabled hotel brand app is launched by Conrad Hotels & Resorts

2016 Henn-na Hotel opens in Japan as the world’s first robot hotel. Complete with multi-lingual robots that will help guests check in luggage, and one to register the guest with a facial recognition system to remove the hassle of carrying a room key

2017 Jupiter Hotel partnered with Roxy, a speech-enabled in-room device that acts as an always available concierge. Roxy is able to answer most guest questions about the property and can handle requests such ordering toiletries from housekeeping

2018 Amazon launches Alexa for Hospitality, a new program that provides hoteliers with an Amazon Echo to act as a voice-activated virtual concierge in each guestroom. Marriott international takes the lead Apple releases the first iPad, and the first in-room iPad makes an appearance at the Plaza Hotel in New York

2010

2017

Aloft Hotels introduces Botlr, a robot butler, to assist in guest services. Guests can enter requests, such as laundry or more towels, on their smart phone and the robot will deliver the items to their room

https://igotoffer.com/apple/ipad-1st-generation https://www.dbusiness.com/daily-news/robotic-butler-delivers-amenities-to-guests-at-detroits-aloft-hotel/

Today many guests prefer technology over human interaction for simple tasks. Remote check-in and check-out options are becoming popular. Apps for guestrooms allow hotel staff to focus on other aspects of the guest experience. Hotel apps benefit guests by making hotel information readily available, maintaining brand awareness, and ultimately

increasing guest satisfaction. Mobile apps that are used effectively support any guest wish and can be adaptable to any language for foreign travelers. In addition, apps can benefit loyalty programs by tracking guests’ trips and using point systems. Overall, careful use of an app can make a stay more meaningful to travelers.

Marriott Hotels

App lets users check in and pick up their key cards at expedited mobile check-in desks, and the app sends them a notification when their room is ready.

Conrad Hotels

The Conrad Concierge app from Hilton acts as a full-service concierge: allowing guests to do things like order room service, book hotel spa treatments, and choose what kinds of bath amenities they want stocked in their bathrooms, as well as arrange airport transportation.

Mandarin Oriental

Mandarin Oriental Hotels’ app Mo Hotels enables guests to make and modify reservations, see property details for each of its locations using an interactive 3D globe view, and view local city guides. The app also shows local deals and offers mobile concierge service for things like booking hotel spa appointments and making restaurant reservations.

W Hotels

As an add-on to typical app functions, the W Hotel’s offers a music streaming option that features mixes by emerging global DJs curated by W Hotels’ then global music director, Michaelangelo L’Acqua. The app also lets users order anything they’d like to a guestroom, even if they aren’t a hotel guest themselves but would like to send something as a treat to a guest. There is also an imagesharing feature that lets users take photos and share them directly from the app.

The Ritz-Carlton

The Ritz-Carlton app offers concierge services, booking tools, and contains a built-in QR code reader that guests can use around the hotel to unlock special digital experiences related to that particular location, giving them a more tailored and interactive stay.

64% of US hotel guests say it is “very important for hotels to continue investing in technology to enhance the guest experience”

37% of respondents are at least moderately likely to choose a hotel with lobby technology like check-in kiosks

13% of smart watch owners ages 18 to 34 are “much more likely” to book a hotel with smart watch technology than one without

53% of respondents claim their favorite hotel technology is a loyalty program

41%

of guests are likely to choose a hotel with facial recognition technology for personalization

40% of respondents say that technology should reduce travel costs

74% of respondents say that if their favorite hotel was to have its own app, they would use it

60%

89%

of respondents are more likely to choose a hotel that allows mobile phone keys and check-in

of hoteliers agree that targeted personalization is an effective way to improve guest satisfaction and experience

Heat detecting sensors for the room to track guest location, virtual golf course, Bath Butler to prepare a bath or unwind with a rejuvenating treatment at The Spa

Charlotte, NC Seattle, WA

Tech-enabled workspaces in the lobby, adjustable beds and chairs in the room, rain showers, and digital yoga

New York, NY

World’s first robotic luggage concierge and self service kiosks Relax in the “cabins” with smart beds and adjustable lighting

Barcelona, ES

Yotel Yotel

Loews Hotel 1000

Fingerprint swipe room keys

Alma Hotel

Eccleston Square Hotel Heilbad

In-room smartphones, electronic beds, and mirror flat screen TVs London, UK

Pengheng Space Capsule Hotel W Hotel W Hotel

DJ spinning booth featured in the Wow Suite along with LED HDTVs

Futuristic hotel with robots and space-themed furniture

Shenzhen, CN Taipei, TW Sentosa, SG

Motorized curtains, LCD flat screen TVs, and Bose sound systems

Tokyo, JP

Lifelike and dinosaur robots serve guests in hightech surroundings

SUSTAINABILITY

03.2.7./ Alexandra Leitch

How can hotels be more sustainable?

The challenge of sustainability has been around since at least the 1970s. Hoteliers have responded to (or have wanted to be seen responding to) the earth movement, energy crises, and the carbon crisis. They have done so by recycling, reducing consumption, and inspiring their guests to help. They have also done this by designing hotels for LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification. Yet, hoteliers have been accused of greenwashing, or creating a false impression about their environmental commitment. Half a century after the movement started, the world is confronted with a rapidly changing earth, and rising public consciousness has produced a new generation of guests who will reward hotels based on more radical commitments to sustainability. In this context, every new building should be treated as an opportunity for sustainable development. Simply meeting LEED building requirements is not enough; designers need to harness renewable energy and plan for sustainable practices while a building is occupied.

More sustainable travel is on the rise. Most survey respondents are more likely to book their hotel if they are aware that it is eco-friendly. However, awareness of sustainable accommodation is lacking. Most survey respondents claim they are not aware of truly environmentally mindful hotel brands. There are numerous different categorizations and rankings for sustainable hotel brands,

but consumers would benefit from an international standard.

Among the major issues of building performance are consumption of non-renewable resources, water and materials consumption, land use and impacts on site ecology, urban and planning issues, greenhouse gas emissions, atmospheric emissions, solid waste and liquid effluents, indoor air quality, lighting, acoustics, longevity, adaptability, flexibility of materials and systems, building operations and maintenance, social issues (like access, education, inclusion), and cultural perception and inspiration.

Defining Sustainability

Sustainability emerged as a cultural movement and a policy-driver during the 1950s, as scientific data proved that daily human activity negatively impacted the earth. Sustainability, or “the capacity for continuance into a long-term future,”1 was defined in 1987 by the UN World Commission on Environment and Development as “meeting the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”2 Sustainable development requires improving quality of life while also enhancing the environmental systems of the earth. Sustainable practice in building design should result in system designs that solve economic, social, and environmental issues simultaneously. According to British management consultant and sustainability

1 Umberto Berardi, Moving to Sustainable Buildings: Paths to Adopt Green Innovations in Developed Countries (De Gruyter Open, 2013).

2 “Sustainability,” United Nations, accessed June 15, 2023, https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/sustainability.

guru John Elkington, achieving sustainability in business adds up to a “triple bottom line” that accounts for profit, people, and the planet.3 Sustainability must also project into the future, making it a dynamic study with evolving goals.

Sustainable Design vs. Green Design

Sustainable design is additive and inclusive. It seeks to improve the quality of life and eliminate or drastically reduce the need for non-renewable energy sources. A sustainable building is a healthy facility built with efficient use of resources, ecological principles, social equity, and life-cycle quality value, as part of a sustainable community. Green design is an element of sustainable design, incorporating efficient systems and technologies to reduce energy use, but still functioning primarily with the use of fossil fuels. Both standards integrate the use of local building resources, consideration of climate conditions, and re-use or recycling of materials.

Energy Efficiency

Most buildings generate energy from non-renewable energy sources. Buildings alone account for 30% of the total carbon dioxide emitted in the world. Energy efficiency is recognized as “the policies, technologies, and strategies to solve the problems of residential, commercial, and national energy use reducing the financial cost and minimizing greenhouse gas emission which causes global warming.”4 The day-to-day energy use of buildings includes heating, cooling, and lighting, all of which generate carbon emissions. Yet building energy use is influenced by the architectural design, energy management systems, and by the operations and maintenance practices after a building is occupied. Buildings need to harness

renewable energy sources near their site to promote sustainable practice.

The Whole Building Design Guide’s Sustainable Committee, a group sponsored by the National Institute of Building Sciences that promotes integrated whole building design techniques, generated the following list of sustainable development practices:5

• Reduce heating, cooling, and lighting demand using passive strategies

• Implement efficient HVAC and lighting systems

• Employ renewable energy sources

• Optimize building performance by employing energy modeling programs

• Use system control strategies

• Monitor project performance (commissioning, metering, annual reporting)

• Consider retro-commissioning of buildings

• Integrate water saving technologies

Another initiative, the Net Zero Carbon Buildings Commitment, challenges all regions and companies to have net zero operating emissions in their portfolios by 2030. This commitment extends to hotels; switching to LED light fixtures and requesting that guests opt out of laundry service is not enough anymore. Boutique hotel Stadthalle in Vienna, Austria is recognized as the world’s first net zero hotel, for its use of photovoltaic panels, solar thermal panels, and a groundwater pump which draws from an on-site well.

3 “Triple Bottom Line,” The Economist, accessed June 15, 2023, https://www.economist.com/news/2009/11/17/triple-bottom-line.

4 Seyhan Firat, John Kinuthia , and Abid Abu-Tair, eds., Proceedings of 3rd International Sustainable Buildings Symposium (ISBS 2017), vol. 2 (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018).

5 Sustainable Committee, National Institute of Building Sciences, accessed June 15, 2023, https://www.nibs.org/resources/standards.

1

Ecology

Hotel design should prompt thorough investigations into site characteristics, and reinforce relationships between the building, site, community, and ecology. Minimal changes should be made to a site’s natural environmental functioning, and practices that are beneficial to the environment and surrounding community should continue throughout the hotel’s operation. Placing resorts in remote locations can contradict this goal, no matter how many green initiatives the hotelier may pursue. Similarly, the most sustainable approach in hotel design is to avoid new construction in favor of the adaptive reuse of historical buildings. Several boutique hotel groups, including Ace Hotels, have embraced this strategy.

For resource efficiency, hotels should source sustainable building materials with recycled content, durability, locality, and low toxicity. Locally sourcing materials further reduces the carbon footprint of transport. The 1 Hotel in Brooklyn asserts that 54% of its building materials are regional and reclaimed, using the heart pine beams from the former Domino Sugar Factory and walnut from the Brooklyn Botanical Gardens.

Waste management is also crucial for minimizing ecological impact. Landfill pollutes, emits carbon dioxide and methane, and takes up space. Waste management can be controlled through proper recycling programs, food disposal, and water reuse systems. The Sheraton Hotel in San Diego embarked on a zero-waste initiative in 2011 called Zero Waste to Landfill. The hotel makes recycling easier for guests and staff with a single stream recycling program and all food waste is composted.

Social Responsibility

Socially responsible hotels and hotel chains

promote community development, diversity in the workplace, and progressive employment practices, assert Manisha Singal and Yinyoung Rhou.6 These practices assert social and cultural values that provide a sense of place and a connection to the local culture. The Melia Hotel in Zanzibar, for instance, implemented a Global Corporate Social Responsibility Model to improve the quality of life for residents of the neighboring village. The company built a fresh water well, rebuilt the village mosque and homes, and trained villagers in new agricultural practices. Hotels can support their communities by providing jobs and serving locally-sourced food, and by donating time and money to local causes. In Washington, DC, Willard InterContinental contributes to a local cause that supports children’s well-being and cancer research. They state it is important that organizations select a cause that is appropriate for their corporate goals and community. Ultimately, the hotel needs to bring some value to the neighborhood it is a part of. A hotel’s capture of their social responsibility can improve brand awareness and increase customer loyalty. Hotels are a service industry selling an intangible product; therefore, any good will should transfer to the hotel’s brand and can differentiate the hotel from its competitors in the minds of consumers.

Economic Well-being

In order to be sustainable, a hotel company must stay profitable. Economic sustainability in hospitality includes using property assets efficiently to allow for continuous profitable functioning over time. Economic success in this industry requires continual market research, and investment, to adapt to new trends. “Going green” can result in a reduction in annual operating costs, a decline in energy use, an increase in asset value, and satisfactory return on investment.

6 Seyhan Firat, John Kinuthia, and Abid Abu-Tair, eds., Proceedings of 3rd International Sustainable Buildings Symposium (ISBS 2017), vol. 2 (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018).

35%

21%

of all food that passes through hotel kitchens is thrown out as food waste

70% of global travelers said they were more likely to book an accommodation knowing it was eco-friendly

72%

of food waste ends up it landfills, making it the largest contributor

41%

of hotels said food waste is composted onsite or externally

37%

of travelers say they are not aware of resources for eco-friendly accommodations

of travelers say an international standard for eco-friendly accommodations would encourage them to travel more sustainably

62%

66%

would feel better about staying in an accommodation if they knew it had an eco-label

66%

of global respondents would pay more for products and services from companies committed to positive social and environmental impact

of travelers are willing to make lifestyle trade-offs to benefit the environment

Reaction to the Word “Sustainable” to Describe a Product/ Company

1956 UK Parliament passes the Clean Air Act

1972 UN Conference marks first international gathering to discuss sustainability 1974 World population reaches 4 billion 1960 CO 2 in atmosphere is 315 ppm (parts per million) 1963 US Clean Air Act

1987 First definition of sustainability on an international platform (UN Brundtland Report) 1987 World population reaches 5 billion

1989 Exxon Valdez tanker runs aground, spilling 11 million gallons of crude oil into Alaskan waters

1990 CO 2 in atmosphere is 338 ppm

1991 Sweden becomes first to enact a carbon tax

1992 Energy Star Program is launched by the Environmental Protection Agency

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development is held in Rio de Janeiro

1992

1989 1992 1970

Earth Day

Lenox Hotel, Boston, MA introduces concept that guests may inform housekeeping service isn’t needed for washing towels, to save water

Kingfisher Bay Resort, Fraser Island, AU Built from local materials Uses natural convection currents to warm and cool the resort, minimizing the need for AC

https://history.denverlibrary.org/news/earth-day-turns-45and-dpl-conservation-collection-turns-55

https://www.reservationcounter.com/hotels/show/6084cd9 https://www.airbnb.com/lake-wabby-australia/stays

1993 European Union’s Ecomanagement and audit scheme 1994 Green Key eco-label for tourism launches 2001 CO 2 in atmosphere is 371 ppm 1996 Launch of global environmental certification program for travel and tourism 1998 Launch of LEED building certification 2002 Global Reporting Initiative launches 1999 World population reaches 6 billion 2000 First full version of the Global Reporting Initiative’s Sustainability Reporting Guidelines is released 2004

Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma cause destruction and environmental harm to US coastal communities 2004 Launch of Green Globes building certification under Green Building Initiative 2005 Americans generate over 245 million tons of municipal solid waste

Orchid Hotel, Mumbai, IN First hotel in Asia to win ecohotel certification Equips a water conservation system LEED certified Al Maha Desert Resort, Dubai, UAE Irrigation system implemented to recycle and treat water before returning it to the ground source Re-uses cooking oil as bio-diesel

Sunwing Resort Kallithea, Rhodes, GR First eco-labeled hotel in the European Union

Four Seasons Hotel, Peninsula Papagayo, CR Adheres to ‘Certification in Sustainable Tourism’ program standards Use of gray water to minimize water usage 80% of products used are sourced from local farmers

https://www.tripadvisor.com/Hotel_Review-g304554-d307105-Reviews-The_Orchid_Mumbai_Vile_Parle-Mumbai_Maharashtra.html https://www.booking.com/hotel/ae/al-maha-a-luxury-collection-desert-resort-and-spa.html https://news.gtp.gr/2019/09/12/thomas-cook-e6-million-revamp-sunwing-kallithea-hotel-rhodes/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/38843615514767029/

2006 Living Building Challenge is established to encourage a regenerative build environment

2006 First Environmental Performance Index is published (marking the environmental performance of a state’s policies)

2006 California proposes a cap on greenhouse gas emissions

2007 US Supreme Court rules the EPA has the power under the Clean Air Law to regulate greenhouse gas emissions

2007 Carbon dioxide output jumps 3% this year

2008 160 square mile chunk of ice on the edge of Antarctica’s Wilkins Ice Shelf begins collapsing

2009 UN weather agency reports that this decade is on track to be the warmest (since record-keeping began, in 1850)

2010 US pledges to the UN to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 17% (from 2005 data) by 2020

2011 World population reaches 7 billion

2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development held

University of Maryland University College Inn & Conference Center, College Park, MD US’s first LEED certified building 90% of construction waste converted from landfills to recycling options

The Little Nell, Aspen, CO First to implement an ‘Eco Luxe Program’ Cuts carbon emissions by 300 tons a year by replacing its boilers

Hotel New Otani, Tokyo, JP Features AC and kitchen system which reduces energy waste by 14% and carbon emissions by 30% Water recycling plant (recycles 1,000 tons of water daily for reuse by hotel)

Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Towers, DK Uses 65% less energy than other hotels by implementing solar panels on ¾ facades and installing a groundwater system for heating/cooling Stadthalle, Vienna, AT First net zero hotel Rating is achieved using solar panels and ground water heat pump

https://www.hospitalityonline.com/jobs/1752876-guest-event-expert https://www.thelittlenell.com/hotel https://www.hotels.com/ho477780/hotel-new-otani-tokyo-garden-tower-tokyo-japan/?modal=dp https://www.britishairways.com/en-us/destinations/hotel-information/Copenhagen/Crowne-Plaza-COPENHAGEN-TOWERS/DK-CPH-8776655 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/330944272600246852/

2013 Green Climate Fund launches, working to battle climate change in developing nations

2015 Current ISO 14001 is published (international standard specifying requirements for effective environmental management systems)

2016 175 states gather at the UN on Earth Day to sign the Paris climate deal (record turn-out)

2017 International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development

2017 The US withdrawals from the Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation

2018 The Net Zero Carbon Buildings Commitment launches: Challenges companies to have net zero operating emissions

2019 CO 2 in atmosphere is 415 ppm

2019 Ethiopia plants

224 million trees

2019 Iceland’s Okjökull is the first glacier to be lost to climate change

2020 Earth experiences the hottest January on record (2.5° F warmer)

Hotel Verde, Cape Town, ZA -100% offset carbon neutral stay -use of solar panels and wind turbines for power -water recycling system (37% reduction of water use)

The Brando, Tetiaroa, PF -uses renewable energy (solar power or by a bio-fuel power station powered by coconut oil) -seawater air conditioning system

Ice Hotel 365, Jukkasjarvi, SE -uses local, natural resources (ice) to construct hotel -solar panels to generate power -Awarded Nordic Swan Ecolabel

1 Hotel, Brooklyn, NY -54% ratio of regional and reclaimed building materials -use of wind power and a rainwater reclamation system

1 Hotel, Brooklyn, NY -54% ratio of regional and reclaimed building materials -use of wind power and a rainwater reclamation system

https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/westerncape/go-shopping-at-the-liberty-promenade/ https://people.com/home/inside-marlon-brandos-exotic-resort-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-private-island-in-french-polynesia/ https://www.nordicvisitor.com/blog/icehotel-sweden-guide/ https://www.dwell.com/article/on-the-waterfront-1-hotel-brooklyn-bridge-fd30155b https://www.1hotels.com/brooklyn-bridge

SOCIAL MEDIA

03.2.8./ Tomas Tapias

How is social media transforming the ways hoteliers communicate their identity, and the ways travelers communicate their experiences?

Humans are a social species, and the development of communities has been a cornerstone of human development. Notions of community have been enlarged and transformed by millennials, as they use technology to create global platforms where like-minded individuals share ideals.

Arguably, social media has been significant in creating and maintaining community through travel. The postcard was one of the earliest forms of travel-related social media. First patented in Philadelphia in 1861 by John P. Charlton, postcards were quickly accepted by postal services as an efficient way to share images and brief sentiments. Postcards were initially printed with small sketches or designs using a process called chromolithography. By the 1890s, as photography was integrated into postcards, scenic landscapes, portraits, exhibitions, royal visits, humorous scenes, and pictures of hotels emerged as favored subjects. Postcards were an especially popular way of sharing extraordinary experiences of the World’s Fairs. The debut of the Eiffel Tower (the tallest tower in the world at the time) at the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889, or the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago of 1893, were memorialized in postcards. Postcards stimulated the impulse to travel, and by the early 20th century, billions of postcards were sent cheaply and conveniently every year.

The digital infrastructure of social media developed in the early 21st century. In 2003, MySpace originated the social networking aspects of communication online, and a year later, Facebook established the standard for networking through various media. In 2006, Twitter developed a new messaging tool emphasizing the communication of opinions, ideas and philosophies. In 2007, Tumblr inaugurated a social media platform designed to share images, followed by Instagram in 2010. Snapchat, a platform that emphasizes privacy, was developed in 2011. The multiple communities generated by social media have engaged and competed with one another, creating a vast and free-flowing virtual space fed by constant updates and the free sharing of content.

Instagram, known for hosting beautiful, high-quality images that appeal to the visually-oriented nature of online consumers, approaches one billion active users this year. On Instagram, hotels post views of their buildings and rooms, as well as events and lifestyle images, taking up more space in a typical newsfeed and drawing reader’s attention, imagination and emotion. The goal is to encourage conversation, as comments generate much stronger traffic and awareness than simply racking up “likes”. Hotels post status updates and showcase featured influencers, as well as reviews and other user-friendly topics to earn more confidence from their clients. Hashtags make it easy for people to find content and topics they are interested in, and draw new

followers; the more hashtags used, the more people see the posts; more posts translate to more frequent appearance in consumer feeds.

Twitter is a particularly thriving hub of activity, as new content and news are uploaded at breakneck pace. While hotels may display portfolio-like images on their main webpage, tweeting, responding to tweets, and retweeting content is vital to aligning with the pulse of society. Content may include hotel news, special offers and local stories of interest, such as the opening of new restaurants. In order to tag users in tweets, hotels request guests’ Twitter information upon check-in and offer special discounts at restaurants or spas in exchange for it.

Blog originated influencers, travel guide influencers and website content influencers proliferate on social media. Damon and Jo, for instance, started out traveling on a shoestring budget but have more recently established lucrative deals with big hospitality brands. Whether they are staying in a treehouse in Koh Phi Phi or a capsule hotel in Tokyo, their travelogues are followed by over 945,000 subscribers on YouTube. Another influencer, John DiScala, aka Johnny Jet, was one of the first luxury hotel influencers. He uses Instagram to share views from around the world with over 27,700 followers, and his website is a hub for travel tips, blogs, hotel information, hot deals, and booking tools.

Public Hotels Instagram Account

Tori Cohen

of young adult users prefer Instagram over any other social media platform

of Instagram users log in at least once per day

of users say they have become more interested in a brand or product after seeing it in Instagram Stories

of young adults primarily use Instagram for exploration

of Instagram Stories are businessoriented or promotion

of users shop using the Instagram platform

of users on Instagram follow a business account

of companies are projected to have an Instagram account in 2020

of users believe that Instagram gives a good option for brand exposure and introduction of new products

Hashtags with the Most Engagement Rate on Social Media

An online social media network service, originates the social networking aspects of communication

MySpace

Facebook Establishes the standard for networking through various medias, apart from only socializing with others

Twitter Platform to communicate and exchange ideas and opinions with other users. Primarily text interaction with fewer images and videos

Tumblr Platform designed to share various images from anywhere to distribute ideas and creative form and function

Instagram The gold standard for sharing experiences with other users, bu posting images or videos. Potential development with manufacturers and companies with the user platform

Snapchat More private platform where users share experiences with one another without interaction of companies

Parisian engraver Demaison publishes a sheet of cards with greetings on them, meant to be cut and sent through the local post. However, people were wary of servants reading their messages so the idea was not well-received.

1777

1861 The US Congress passes an act that allows privately-printed cards, weighing one ounce or less, to be sent via the US Mail.

1865 The postcard is introduced: a rigid card, roughly the size of an envelope, to be written on and mailed without the need for an envelope, having the postage pre-printed

The General Postal Union is created in Bern, CH. The GPU fixes a standard postage rate for letter mail sent to its members and determines that half that rate should be applied to postcards

1874

17-19th century 1840 1861

Visiting cards, bill heads, writing paper and other types of paper ephemera start to be illustrated, often with delicate engravings and unique designs

The Penny Black, the world’s first adhesive postage stamp, makes its debut

John P. Charlton of Philadelphia patents a postal card and sells the rights to Hymen Lipman, founder of the first envelope company in the US and inventor of the lead pencil and eraser

https://worldpostcardday.com/history

https://www.allaboutstamps.co.uk/stamp-guides/the-1840-mulready-postal-stationery/ https://worldpostcardday.com/history

Postcard Importance

1889 The Eiffel Tower makes its debut on the Exposition Universelle of 1889 in Paris. French engraver Charles Libonis designs postcards for the occasion. The novelty cards, which could be mailed from the Eiffel Tower itself, became known as Libonis

1890s Photography is first utilized in postcards, increasing in popularity over the next few decades. All manner of subjects are photographed, with topograpy and landmarks becoming especially popular

1897 The World Association Kosmopolit is founded in Nuremberg. Members send postcards to each other, requesting a return card to be mailed back; this started the trend of collecting postcards from all over the world

1899 Kodak creates the No. 3A Folding Pocket Camera with design of images that are the same size as postcards and can thus be printed directly onto postcard card stock

1905 Postcards are wildly popular in the Edwardian era with millions sent each year.

Postcards are typically printed with small sketches or designs on the message side, originally in black and white, with some color beginning to make an appearance. Germany came to dominate the industry of chromolithography, with many postcards being printed there. These might feature illustrated views of a town and the expression “Gruss Aus...”

The World’s Columbian Exposition opens in Chicago. Publisher Charles W. Goldsmith creates a novelty set of official postcards, showing the pavilions and other interesting sections of the exhibition in color. These are the first commercially-produced pictorial postcards to be printed as a souvenir in the United States, starting a enduring trend

The British Post Office rules that messages are to be written on one half of the side normally reserved for location and address, creating a divided area on the postcard’s back. This gave opportunity to add images to the front, making it more personalized

https://worldpostcardday.com/history https://exhibitions.lib.umd.edu/postcards/worlds-fairs https://www.bakersfield.com/news/bakersfield-ranks-61st-largest-metropolitan-area/article_188110ea-657a-53a2-a31f-b7c1987c3d59.html

Influencers

Status Engagement

instagram.com

CONTENT

Hotel companies advertise their properties and can interact with specific age groups and from specific locations

Post Engagement

MEDIA CONTENT

Hotel companies develop portfoliolike images that can be displayed on their main page, with events often featured

HOME PAGE

Most hotel companies expand their exposure with their official pages to allow users to see and interact with their content

ENGAGEMENT

Hotel companies are constantly engaging with users that mention their hotel, whether the mention is positive or negative

INTERACTION

Hotel companies welcome the opportunity for users to interact directly with the official hotel account

instagram.com

FEATURED CONTENT

Hotel companies often feature other users or influencer’s content to self-promote their brand or specific location

twitter.com

BOOKING

03.2.9./ Kalil Melia

How will advances in technology transform hotel booking?

20th century technological advances, including the telephone, automated reservation systems, toll-free numbers and travel websites, have instigated changes in the travel and hospitality industry. Digital booking affects not only the way guests book rooms, but also the places they visit and where they stay. Online travel services offer more choices, providing a flatter and more democratic booking environment and greater ability to customize searches according to multiple criteria. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to suggest booking options based on past travel or search history. Further, the blending of hotel booking services with social media and social travel sites has created a framework for more personalized services, and where demand generation and booking are increasingly integrated. The development of digital booking tools can be explored chronologically, with special emphasis on the 21st century innovation.

Telephone Booking

In the 19th century, finding hotels, determining price, room availability and room selection was a slow or difficult affair. Thomas Cook, the first registered travel agent in the US, facilitated travel by arranging the details for as many as 165,000 people annually. The popularization of the telephone in the early 20th century allowed travelers to confirm booking from home or the road before heading there. Following WWII, large hotel chains deployed telephone-based national hotel reservation systems. Westin’s Hoteltype

was first in 1947, followed by Hilton’s HILCRON system a year later.

Automated Reservation Systems

Central reservation processors, computerized systems used to store and transact bookings, were first inaugurated in the airline industry.

American Airline’s Electromechanical Reservisor (1946) and later SABRE system (1964) were early examples. The system was soon expanded and adapted for hotel use, and hoteliers developed their own processors. Sheraton’s Reservatron (1958) and the Holidex System by Holiday Inn (1965), pushed the advantage of these large chains. By the 1980s, the computer network services industry began to offer some of these services online. Advanced variants of these systems continue to function behind the scenes today, integrating with advanced hotel property management systems.

Online Travel Agencies (OTA’s)

OTA’s, which allow online booking without the assistance of a travel agent, arrived in the 1990s. They search multiple global distribution systems and room wholesalers for the best room prices. In 1994, Hyatt Hotels became the first chain to launch a website allowing customers to view their reservations. The same year, Travelweb, the first travel website, went live. Expedia, a division of Microsoft, arrived in 1996, allowing travelers to package hotels with flights. Travelocity was inaugurated in 2000 and Orbitz in 2001. Hotels.com opened in 2002, popularizing the “Hotel Merchant Model,” where the guest pays at the time of booking. OTA’s focused on discount prices for last minute travel,

like Hotel Tonight, opened in 2010. These services have moved increasingly toward platforms based on consumer personalization and flexibility, often with AI interfaces, as OTA’s compete in a battle of the algorithms and users move fluidly from site to site.

Blind Booking Services

In the late 1990s, blind booking services came online, allowing consumers to query rooms blindly by category of hotel and general location. According to this model, the hotel isn’t identified until after you pay. Priceline for instance, launched in 1997, allowing consumers to “name their own price” and hotels to clear excess inventory. Hotwire (now part of Expedia) began in 2000.

Social Travel Sites

Social travel sites allow travelers to interface with other travelers on travel-specific social networking sites. Users post online reviews and comments, as well as photos. Industry leader TripAdvisor was founded in 2000. Today, they are joined by TripConnect, Matador, Triporama, TripSay, CouchSurfing, GeckoGo, and TravBuddy.

Online Marketplaces for (Vacation) Rentals

Vacation rentals offer a peer-to-peer (P2P) framework for room booking, lowering the cost and obstacles to entry for small operators, while increases flexibility. Offerings are highly differentiated, varying from individual rooms to full homes, and differing from most booking sites in that they offer non-conventional hospitality options (homes, barns, cabins). Homeaway began in 2005, and Airbnb, originally Air Bed n Breakfast, was founded in 2008. Airbnb has grown to become a major force in room bookings, even as the short-term rental model has created local policy challenges. Other companies include Hometogo, Tripping, and Vrbo (part of Homeaway).

Aggregators

Aggregators are meta-search engines that search other OTAs and hotel websites. Popular aggregators include Trivago, Travel Pony, Google, Kayak, TripAdvisor, and Hotels Combined.

Hotel Websites

As hotels up their websites, apps and social media presence, booking directly with the hotel has re-emerged as an important option. Hotels have revamped websites to link to social media and booking services. The range of services offered has expanded as cloud hosting and virtual private servers replaced dedicated in-house servers.

App-based Services

Apple launched the iPhone in 2007, and Apple’s subsequent App Store promoted the development of a new generation of applications for the hotel industry. OTAs, blind booking services, social travel sites, online marketplaces and individual hotel websites became increasingly available as apps, making them easier to manage on the go, and opening to a wider and younger population. Voice activated search systems are considered the next frontier in app-based services.

https://mascola.com/ insights/retro-ad-hiltonhotel-marketing/

1947 Westin Establishes the first hotel reservation system by phone, Hoteltype. Reservations can be instantaneously confirmed

1958 Sheraton First automated reservation system by phone, Reservatron, is launched

Sheraton Introduces the toll free phone number, allowing direct access to reservations across the hotel’s brands

1970

1983 Westin Becomes the first hotel chain to allow reservations using major credit cards

Travelweb Launches website and becomes the first major online hotel directory.

1994

Holiday Inn Works with IBM to implement their own automated reservation system, Holidex Sheraton Updates Reservatron II, enabling guests to reserve up to a year in advance; can recommend other options if property is unavailable

Holiday Inn Updates and releases Holidex II, which managed 1700 hotels in over 50 countries

Hyatt Hotels Becomes the first major hotel chain to launch a Website that allowed customers to view their reservations

Holiday Inn Launches its website together with Holidex Plus, becoming one of the first chains that enabled online hotel booking to customers

https://www.costar.com/article/250166812

https://www.ebay.com/itm/1967-Sheraton-Hotels-Reservatron-II-Royal-Reservation-Vintage-Print-Ad-/154092275152

https://www.ebay.com/itm/302994316772

https://about.hyatt.com/content/dam/HGP/HyattFinalImages/About/Hyatt-House-1957-Archive-Image-abouttimeline.jpg

http://pleasantfamilyshopping.blogspot.com/2011/09/holiday-inn-worlds-innkeeper_06.html

1997 Priceline Launches its brand and website which allows consumers to “Name Your Own Price” and hotels to clear excess inventory.

2000 TripAdvisor Launches one of the first social travel sites created to inform the traveler’s booking decisions

2000 Hotwire Launches its website to become one of the first services to offer blind booking, allowing hotels to fill empty rooms more indiscriminately, without damaging their brand

2000 Travelocity Launches its brand and evolves into a website that allows consumers the ability to purchase travel tickets without the assistance of a travel agent

2007 Apple Launches the iPhone and shortly thereafter the App Store, which promotes the development of a new generation of applications for the hotel industry

Expedia Launches its website, allowing travelers to book flights and hotels as packages without the help of a travel agent

Hotels.com Previously known as Hotel Reservations Network, Hotels.com launches its website and popularizes the “Hotel Merchant Model”

Airbnb Launches originally as Air Bed n Breakfast, and quickly becomes the first vacation marketplace to offer individual room rentals in addition to entire homes

Hotel Tonight Launches its website, that allows travelers to book hotels at discount rates at the last minute. Initially available in New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco

expedia.com hotels.com https://www.slideshare.net/ryangum/airbnb-pitch-deck-from-2008 hoteltonight.com

CONCIERGE TRAVEL

03.2.10./ Junyong Wu

What is the role of the concierge in the 21st century?

In an era where information and local intelligence are available online, what is the value of consulting with a flesh-and-blood person who knows where things are? The role of traditional hotel concierge may seem outdated, but “concierge travel services” are growing via the internet and mobile apps, and are today estimated to be a $13.5 billion industry.

The word concierge, originally meaning “keeper of the keys,” was popularized in France in the 17th century, although it was almost certainly in use earlier. The role of the concierge was to keep keys for the visitors to a castle or residence, and make sure anything they needed was provided for. By the 19th and 20th centuries, the concierge had evolved to serve travelers in luxury hotels, trains and steamships. The concierge greeted arriving guests, helped visitors to make correct local connections, recommended attractions, and arranged visits. A concierge was a guest’s adviser, secretary, and most importantly, a friend in an unknown city.1

Ferdinand Gillet, “chef concierge” at the Hotel Scribe in Paris, founded Les Clefs d’Or in 1929, the first platform where concierges could share ideas and experiences. Today the organization, known as U.I.C.H. (Union

Internationale des Concierge d’Hotel), has grown to a membership of over 3,000 in 80 countries.

In the United States, hotel bell captains and front desk staff had unofficially been performing the duties of a concierge for many years. Thomas Wolfe, who trained in Europe and opened the concierge desk at the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco in the 1970s, is considered the first American concierge.2

In the 21st century, concierge travel services have evolved to occupy the space left by the declining travel agency business and serve new varieties of travel needs. For instance, resolving accessibility and connectivity challenges are the two most important factors that affect positive transport-tourism relationships. Concierge services are used to improve the efficiency of multi-modal tourism transport, which runs through complex networks of points or nodes, and routes or vectors.3

The industry is especially ripe for VIP concierge services, like arranging transport on private jets, helicopters, yachts and limousines. VIP concierge services also perform other functions, like arranging travel security, bodyguards, and escorts. Escort services include personal drivers, professional guides, interpreters, and child caregivers. Other private functions include bespoke event organization, like private

1 Katerina Gemskaya, “Short History of Concierge Services,” web log, Meetngreetme (blog), September 27, 2017, https:// meetngreetme.com/blog/history-of-concierge-services/.

2 “Tom Wolfe, America’s First Concierge, Is Honored for His Pioneering Role in the Hospitality Industry,” Hospitality Net, December 24, 2008, https://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4039221.html.

3 David Duval and Gui Lohmann, (PDF) critical aspects of the Tourism-Transport Relationship - Researchgate, January 1, 2011, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232608071_Critical_Aspects_of_the_Tourism-Transport_Relationship.

weddings, burials, birthday celebrations, religious functions, and private meetings; and providing personnel that can run daily errands. Other activities include personal shopping, lifestyle services, spa booking services, wellness and well-being, organizing unique experiences, and of course procuring VIP access to events.

The speed of change and innovation in tourism has intensified in the 21st century.

predictive analytics to deliver more advanced VIP concierge packages. Business travel is another lucrative sector where concierge services can organize complex itineraries and ensure clean integration across the travel journey. Back-end enterprises, invisible to consumers, streamline operations between travel vendors. Current leaders in the concierge travel industry include Quintessentially, Pure Entertainment Group, The Fixer Lifestyle Group, John Paul Group,

https://baroquelifestyle. squarespace.com/privatejetsnews/2016/7/25/whatthe-wealthy-look-for-whenthey-charter-a-jet

18th Century The tradition of the concierge to assist king’s family appeared. Now concierge also performed all types of duties from supervising domestic staff to maintaining order and overseeing the police and prisoner records.

1758 Cox & Kings became the first founded travel agency for Royal Armed Forces.

1841 Thomas Cook launched the first leisure hotel. He also introduced travel package tickets and guide over the railways.

He was an all-purpose multilingual personal secretary, who greeted arriving guests, helped visitors to make right local connections, recommended attractions and arranged visits. A concierge was a guest’s adviser, secretary and, first of all, a friend in an unknown city.

Late 19th Century

1910 Was rapid electricity connection in many hotels which was part of luxury package. Same year saw introduction of in-room bathrooms in Goring Hotel in London, UK.

1697 1800s 1886

“Concierge” is derived from the Old French word conservus , meaning slave. The term was first used in France around 1697 to mean doorkeeper and landlord’s representative; the concierge handled luggage and mail, made reservations and arranged tours.

The competence of a concierge extends outside the castle by the 1800s, when a number of buildings in Europe, from government offices to prisons, have their own concierge on

Railway travelers are offered opportunity for concierge service

https://meetngreetme.com/blog/history-of-concierge-services/ https://driskillhotel.com/about/timeline/ https://aremorch.com/welcoming-hotel-lobby-designs/

1927 Boston Park Hotel and Hotel Statler introduce radios inside guestrooms. In the same period, Canada becomes the first country to hire conservation officers and interpreters into its parks to enhance visitor experience.

1936 12 rue Cambon in Paris becomes the headquarters of Les Clefs d’Or.

1969 Westin becomes the first hotel to have a package of 24/7 room service

1970s The concierge position emerges in the United States, although hotel bell captains and front desk staff have unofficially been performing the same duties for many years

1994 Hyatt Hotels becomes the first to launch online booking

“The Golden Keys”) is founded in Paris as an international not-for-profit association of hotel concierges

Les Clefs d’Or (known also as

Concierge services are extended to airplane flights from England, London, South Africa and Sri Lanka. From then there was a rapid growth of concierge services near the airports to facilitate mass movement of tourism in the globe

Automated electronic reservation system in hospitality became the new trend with Sheraton Hotel presenting a tollfree reservation phone

Thomas Wolfe is known as one of the first US concierges. He worked in Europe for several years before taking up a position with the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco in 1974, and he founded the original West Coast chapter of Les Clefs D’Or

Concierge services become popular rapidly via internet and mobile apps, with an estimated $13.5 billion annual revenue

https://vincentlundstrom.myportfolio.com/erik-montoya-for-les-clefs-dor https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g60097-d101022-i30405359-The_Pfister_Hotel-Milwaukee_Wisconsin.htmlhttps://meetngreetme.com/blog/history-of-concierge-services/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/415527503091094865/ https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/historia-del-concierge--3

Quintessentially

Coverage: Global

Services: art, education, real estate, travel, personal shopping, private parties and celebrations, weddings, and wine.

www.quintessentially.com

Pure Entertainment Group

Coverage: Global

Services: dining, travel, unique experiences, VIP access, bespoke event organization, shopping, transport, and real estate.

The Fixer Lifestyle group

Coverage: United Kingdom, Central Europe, United Arab Emirates and North America

Services: home organizing, lifestyle services, reservations, ticketing, and travel.

John Paul Group

Coverage: Global

Services: travel, dining, ticketing, shopping, wellbeing, daily errands, childcare, automobile, events, real-estate, rare items and unique experiences.

purentonline.com

www.the-fixer.co.uk

www.johnpaul.com

Knightsbridge Circle

Coverage: Global

Services: travel, dining, private jet, event access, automobile, yachts, education, wealth management, bespoke event organization, real estate, and wellness.

Velocity Black

Coverage: Global

Services: travel, dining, event access, and wellness.

Sky Premium International

Coverage: Japan and Singapore

Services: travel, dining, shopping, and wellness.

Coverage: Global

Services: travel and real estate.

www.knightsbridgecircle.co.uk velocity.black

www.skypremium.com

www.notabeneglobal.com

Nota Bene

RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHY

03.1.1/ Lobby/ Lobby Desk

Avermaete, Tom and Anne Massey, Hotel Lobbies and Lounges, Interior Architecture Series. London: Routledge, 2013

Bowers, B. “Lodging Industry Overview (Rep.).” Hendersonville, Tennessee: Smith Travel Research, 2007

Boston Consulting Group, “Millennials Seek Authentic and Shareable Luxury Travel Experiences,” Luxe Digital, June 2, 2023, https://luxe.digital/business/ digital-luxury-trends/millennials-luxury-travel-experience/

Chekitan S. Dev and BrandSimple, “Hospitality Branding in the Age of the Millennial,” Boston Hospitality Review 4, no. 3, 2016

Chen, Joseph S. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure. Vol. 8. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited, 2013

Hassenzahl, M. “User experience (UX): towards an experiential perspective on product quality,” proceedings of the 20th Conference on l’Interaction Homme-Machine, 2008

Hospitality Net. “CitizenM by CitizenM Hotels.” Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www.hospitalitynet.org/brand/23000143/citizenm.html

Lawson, Fred R. Hotels, Motels and Condominiums : Design, Planning and Maintenance. London: Boston: Architectural Press; Cahners, 1976

Nieset, Lane. “6 Snazzy Hotel Brands for Millennial-Centric Stays,” The Points Guy. January 16, 2019. Accessed July 08, 2020. https://thepointsguy. com/2015/09/6-hotel-brands-for-millennials/

Penner, Richard H., Lawrence Adams, and Stephani Robson. Hotel Design, Planning, and Development. Second ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012

Rutes, Walter A., Richard H. Penner, and Lawrence Adams. Hotel Design, Planning, and Development. First ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001

Wyndham Hotels and Resorts. “Wyndham Hotels and Resorts,” Accessed July 08, 2021. http://www.wyndham.com/corporate/franchise/hotelthatperforms/main.wnt.t

03.1.2/ Restaurant

“6 Trends Redefining Hotel F&B.” Aaron Allen & Associates, Global Restaurant Consultants. May 20, 2021. Accessed July 09, 2021. https:// aaronallen.com/blog/six-hotel-food-beverage-trends

“10 Must-visit Celebrity Chef Restaurants in Hotels around the World.” A Luxury Travel Blog. May 15, 2017. Accessed July 09, 2021. http://www. aluxurytravelblog.com/2017/05/18/10-must-visit-celebrity-chef-restaurantsin-hotels-around-the-world/

Abercrombie, Stanley. Hospitality & Restaurant Design. New York, NY: Visual Reference Publications, 1999

Anadyr. “Concierge Grab and Go,” Facebook. 2010. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.facebook.com/groups/marriottbonvoyinsiders.insiders.marriott. com/thread/5894

Bleiberg, Larry. “10Best: Taverns Where American History’s on Tap.” USA Today. October 03, 2014. Accessed July 09, 2021. http://www.usatoday. com/story/travel/destinations/10greatplaces/2014/10/03/historic-bar-tavern-pub/16580769/

Mandelbaum, Robert. “How Changes in Hotel Revenues Suggest Changes in Guest Preferences.” Hotel Online, October 23, 2019. http://www. hotel-online.com/press_releases/release/how-changes-in-hotel-revenues-suggest-changes-in-guest-preferences/

Cameron, Holly. “The History of Hotel & Restaurant Management.” USA Today. April 20, 2018. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://traveltips.usatoday. com/history-hotel-restaurant-management-54946.html

Cardwell, Diane. “Do-It-Yourself Dining at the Grand Hyatt.”The New York Times, April 05, 2010. Accessed July 09, 2021. http://www.nytimes. com/2010/04/05/nyregion/05hyatt.html

Coughlin, Sara. “How to Prepare for January’s Full Moon and Lunar Eclipse.” InStyle. Accessed July 09, 2021. http://www.instyle.com/lifestyle/january-fullmoon-lunar-eclipse

Del Signore, John. “Plaza’s Oak Room Poised to Reopen After Face Lift.” Gothamist, December 31, 2008. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://gothamist. com/food/plazas-oak-room-poised-to-reopen-after-face-lift

Doolin, Hannah. “39 Real Restaurants Made Famous By Movies And TV.” Delish, March 03, 2021. Accessed July 09, 2021. http://www.delish.com/ restaurants/g4440/famous-movie-restaurants-bars/?slide=13

“Famous Bars and Restaurants in Movies | Travel Leisure.” Accessed July 8, 2021. https://www.travelandleisure.com/culture-design/tv-movies/famousbars-restaurants-movies

Graham, Adam H. “World’s best pop-up restaurants.” Departures, 2012. Accessed July 09, 2021. www.departures.com/lifestyle/food/worlds-bestpop-restaurants

Gregor, Alison. “What’s the Bigger Brand: The Hotel or Its Chef?” The New York Times, September 01, 2006. Accessed July 09, 2021. http://www. nytimes.com/2006/09/03/realestate/commercial/03sqft.html

Hilton, Conrad. Be My Guest. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1994 Hospitalitytechnews. “5 hotel food and beverage trends to watch in 2019.” Accessed July 08, 2020. https://www.hospitalitytechnews.com/2019/07/03/5hotel-food-and-beverage-trends-to-watch-in-2019/

Joel, Tim. “Top 10 Best Hotel Restaurants in the World.” The Luxury Travel Expert, October 18, 2018. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://theluxurytravelexpert.com/2018/10/15/top-10-best-hotel-restaurants-world/ Kanowitz, Stephanie. “Hotels Partner with Big-Name Chefs to Elevate Both Their Brands.” Washington Diplomat, September 30, 2016. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://washdiplomat.com/hotels-partner-with-big-name-chefs-toelevate-both-their-brands/

Kludt, Amanda. “10 of America’s Best Historic Restaurants.” CNN, August 20, 2012. Accessed July 09, 2021. http://www.cnn.com/travel/article/historic-restaurants-united-states/index.html

LODGING Staff. “Hotels Take on Pop-Up Restaurant Trend.” LODGING Magazine, October 22, 2013. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://lodgingmagazine.com/hotels-take-on-pop-up-restaurant-trend/

Louvre Hotels Group. “Louvre Hotels Group Launches “Grab & Go,” a New Self-service Restaurant Concept.” Hospitality Net, November 29, 2013. Accessed July 09, 2021. http://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4063134.html

Miami Beach Chamber. “Chef Michael Solomonov brings Zahav Pop-up to Habitat at 1 Hotel South Beach during Miami Art Week 2019.” Miami’s Community News, November 22, 2019. Accessed July 09, 2021. https:// communitynewspapers.com/miami-beach-news/chef-michael-solomonov-brings-zahav-pop-up-to-habitat-at-1-hotel-south-beach-during-miamiart-week-2019/

Morehouse, Ward. The Waldorf-Astoria: America’s Gilded Dream. New York, NY: M. Evans, 1991

Resource, Hotel News. “Robert Mandelbaum on Hotel Food And Beverage Trends.” Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.hotelnewsresource.com/ article55652.html

Stamp, Elizabeth. “14 of the best-designed hotel restaurants in the US,” Architectural Digest, November 15, 2019. Accessed July 09, 2021. www. architecturaldigest.com/gallery/best-designed-hotel-restaurants-us 03.1.2/ Bar

Asensio Cerver, Francisco. Commercial Space: Bars, Hotels and Restaurants. English ed. Mies, Switzerland: Rotovision, 1995

Berens, Carol. Hotel Bars and Lobbies. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997

Dev, Chekitan S. Hospitality Branding. Cornell Hospitality Management Best Practices Series. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012

Gutzke, David W. Pubs and Progressives: Reinventing the Public House in England, 1896-1960. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2006

Hesser, Amanda. “A Grand Oasis: New York’s Hotel Bars.” The New York Times, February 24, 1999. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.nytimes. com/1999/02/24/dining/a-grand-oasis-new-york-s-hotel-bars.html?

Levine, Lucie. “The History of New York City’s Original Rooftop Bars.” 6sqft. May 20, 2019. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.6sqft.com/the-history-ofnew-york-citys-original-rooftop-bars/

Ocejo, Richard E. Upscaling Downtown. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014

Plunkett, Drew and Olga Reid. Detail in Contemporary Bar and Restaurant Design. London: Laurence King Publishing, 2012

Plunkett, Jack W. Plunkett Airline, Hotel and Travel Industry Almanac, Houston, TX: 2008

Rumaker, Michael. The Bar. Second ed. San Francisco: Four Seasons Foundation, 1965

Wondrich, David. Imbibe!: From Absinthe Cocktail to Whiskey Smash, a Salute in Stories and Drinks to “Professor” Jerry Thomas, Pioneer of the American Bar. New York: TarcherPerigee, 2015

Laubscher, Jan. “The Complete Timeline Of When Famous Cocktails Were Invented.” DrinksFeed. Accessed July 9, 2021. https://drinksfeed.com/ the-complete-timeline-of-when-famous-cocktails-were-invented/

Meacham, Sarah Hand. “Keeping the Trade: The Persistence of Tavernkeeping among Middling Women in Colonial Virginia.” Early American Studies 3, no. 1 (2005): 140-63

Nieset, Lane. “6 Snazzy Hotel Brands for Millennial-Centric Stays.” The Points Guy. January 16, 2019. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://thepointsguy. com/2015/09/6-hotel-brands-for-millennials/

Simonson, Robert “Cocktails for the History Books, Not the Bar.” Diner’s Journal (blog). The New York Times. May 14, 2012. https://dinersjournal. blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/14/cocktails-for-the-history-books-not-the-bar/?searchResultPosition=46

Struzinski, Steven. “The Tavern in Colonial America.” The Gettysburg Historical Journal 1, No. 1 (2002): 29–38.

Repanich, Jeremy. “14 Bars That Changed Cocktails Forever in America.” Robb Report. November 19, 2019. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://robbreport.com/food-drink/dining/most-influential-cocktail-bars-america-2881336/.

Tlusty, Beverly Ann. “Gender and Alcohol Use in Early Modern Augsburg.” Social History 7, no. 54 (1994): 241-59. https://hssh.journals.yorku.ca/index. php/hssh/article/view/16572.

Zhi, Wang. Hotels & Bars & Clubs. Masters’ Interior Design: 3. Ghangzhou, China: Jtart Pub & Media Group, 2013 03.1.4/ Guestroom

“10 Purple Hotels You Need to Book Now.” Travel Channel. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.travelchannel.com/interests/top-hotels/10-purple-hotel-stays-to-book-now

Denig, Cicki. “‘A Lavish Oasis in Lower East Side Madness’: Inside NYC’s Public Hotel.” The Upsider, July 31, 2019. Accessed July 09, 2021.https:// theupsider.com.au/public-hotel-nyc-luxury-hotel/16947

“Diane Von Furstenberg Quotes.” BrainyQuote. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/diane_von_furstenberg_582604?src=t_ hotel_room9

“Downtown Miami Luxury Hotel: SLS Brickell: Sbe.” Discover SBE. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.slshotels.com/brickell/?gclid=Cj0KCQiA1-3yBRCmARIsAN7B4H0UG0QQDaW-ygTDxzY-t5mc4RjF9wl9xhIpXr8E0IePp7sHZDGv80caAgc-EALw_wcB.

Hospitality Net. “CitizenM by CitizenM Hotels.” Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www.hospitalitynet.org/brand/23000143/citizenm.html.

“Hotel Rooms in Shoreditch: The Hoxton, Shoreditch.” The Hoxton, May 18, 2021. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://thehoxton.com/london/shoreditch/ rooms.

“The World’s Top 10 Capsule Hotels.” Booking.com. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.booking.com/articles/the-world-s-top-10-capsule-hotels.html.

“These Are the 25 Best Resorts in the USA.” US News & World Report, Accessed July 09, 2021. https://travel.usnews.com/Hotels/Best-Resorts-in-USA/

“Our Brands.” YOTEL Accessed July 09. 2021. https://www.yotel.com/en/ about-yotel/brands.

Reguant, Mar. “Do You Know the Bleisure Hotels? Learn about This New Trend.” Inbound Marketing Mallorca. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www. amara-marketing.com/travel-blog/trends-bleisure-hotels

Nieset, Lane. “6 Snazzy Hotel Brands for Millennial-Centric Stays.” The Points Guy. January 16, 2019. Accessed July 08, 2020. https://thepointsguy. com/2015/09/6-hotel-brands-for-millennials/

Schlappig, Ben. “Tru By Hilton: A New Desk-Less “Millennial” Hotel Brand.”

One Mile at a Time, May 15, 2019. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://onemileatatime.com/what-is-tru-by-hilton/.

Walda, Maria. “Hotel Target Market: How to Find Your Most Lucrative Prospects.” Social Tables (blog). CVENT. https://www.socialtables.com/blog/ hotel-sales/best-hotel-target-market/ 03.1.5/ Bathroom

Bafna, Swetha. “Kaldewei Hotel Survey: Key Problem Areas in the Bathroom New Survey Advises Hoteliers on Ways to Boost Profit.” TOPHOTELNEWS, February 10, 2021. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://tophotel.news/kaldeweihotel-survey-key-problem-areas-in-the-bathroom-new-survey-advises-hoteliers-on-ways-to-boost-profit/

“Baths without Borders.” Hotel Business, May 25, 2017. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.hotelbusiness.com/baths-without-borders/

Fox, Jena Tesse. “Smart Devices Create New Opportunities for Guestroom Design.” Hotel Management, December 11, 2019. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.hotelmanagement.net/design/new-devices-create-new-opportunities-for-guestroom-design

Fox, Jena Tesse. “Smart Mirrors Are Helping Redefine the Hotel Guest Experience.” Hotel Management. May 24, 2018. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.hotelmanagement.net/tech/how-smart-mirrors-are-changingway-guests-interact-hotel-rooms

Hoagland, Alison K., and ProQuest. “The Bathroom: A Social History of Cleanliness and the Body,” History of Human Spaces. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2018

Hoy, Suellen. Chasing Dirt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997

Jennings, Jan. “Le Corbusier’s ‘Naked’: ‘Absolute Honesty’ and (Exhibitionist) Display in Bathroom Settings.” Interiors 2, no. 3 (2011). http://intypes.cornell. edu/uploads/NAKED_Article.9.26.pdf

Seery, Bill. “When Hotels Should Consider Modular Bathrooms.” Hotel Management. July 12, 2018. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.hotelmanagement.net/design/when-hotels-should-consider-modular-bathrooms

Spellen, Suzanne “From Pakistan to Brooklyn: A Quick History of the Bathroom.” Brownstoner. August 27, 2019. Accessed July 09, 2021. https:// www.brownstoner.com/architecture/victorian-bathroom-history-plumbing-brooklyn-architecture-interiors/

Spinks, Rosie. “Why Do Hip Hotels Think Their Guests No Longer Want Bathroom Privacy?” Quartz, September 7, 2018. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://qz.com/quartzy/1382225/open-plan-bathrooms-in-hotels-are-a-bonkers-trend/

Tempelsman, Audrey. “Bathrooms That Are Part of the View.” The New York Times, April 1, 2009. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.nytimes. com/2009/04/05/travel/05headsup.html

Trejos, Nancy. “Hotels Upgrade Bathrooms for More Demanding Guests.” USA Today. November 13, 2017. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www. usatoday.com/story/travel/roadwarriorvoices/2017/11/12/hotels-upgradebathrooms-more-demanding-guests/851433001/

Williamson, Jefferson. The American Hotel: Leisure Class in America. New York: Arno Press, 1975

03.1.6/ Room Service

“A Brief Look at the History of Hotel Technology.” Intelity (blog), May 16, 2016. https://intelity.com/blog/a-brief-look-at-the-history-of-hotel-technology/ Bomkamp, Samantha. “In an Era of On-demand Food Delivery, Hotel Room Service Is Forced to Evolve.” Chicago Tribune. June 03, 2018. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-room-service-restaurants-0806-biz-20170803-story.html

Boomer, Lucius M. Hotel Management, Principles and Practice. Third Revised ed. New York And London: Harper & Brothers, 1938

Boon, Bronwyn. “Working within the Front-of-house/back-of-house Boundary: Room Attendants in the Hotel Guest Room Space.” Journal of Management & Organization 13, no. 2 (2007): 160-74

Chevalier, Michel and Gerald Mazzalovo. Luxury Brand Management Somerset: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2012

Edelstein, Loren G. “Need Room Service? Most Planners Say It’s Essential in a Full-service Hotel.” Meetings & Conventions 48, no. 8 (2013): 16

Kelley, Brian, “American Generation Y and The Hotel of 2030” (2012). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/3553700

Hotel Room Service: The Beginning of the End? Academic Video Online: Premium. New York: Bloomberg, 2013

Kensbock, Sandra L, Anoop Patiar and Gayle Jennings. “Hotel Room Attendants’ Delivery. of Quality Service.” Tourism and Hospitality Research 19, no. 3 (2019): 382-93

McKenzie, Kristen. “First! 8 Hotels That Changed the Industry.” CNN, January 24, 2014. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.cnn.com/travel/ article/hotel-pioneers/index.html.

Mohsin, Asad, and Jorge Lengle. “Service Experience through the Eyes of Budget Hotel Guests: Do Factors of Importance Influence Performance Dimensions?” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 23 (2015): 23-34

Morris, Chris. “The Rise of the Room-service Robots.” Fortune 175, no. 7 (2017): 16

“ROOM SERVICE, SEND UP A TECHIE.” Bloomberg Businessweek (Online), no. 3727 (2001): 10.

Shawky, Rasha, Wael Aziz, and Magdy Mayouf. “Evaluating the Attendants’ Performance of Guest Room Service Department: Applied to Four-Star Hotels in Cairo.” Journal of Faculty of Tourism and Hotels 9 (2005). https:// www.researchgate.net/figure/The-importance-of-offering-room-service-forhotels_fig2_295551770

Metselaar, Paul. “Ordering In: 4 Ways Traditional Room Service Is Becoming a Thing of the Past.” Inc.. March 11, 2015. Accessed July 09, 2021. https:// www.inc.com/paul-metselaar/ordering-in-4-ways-traditional-room-service-isbecoming-a-thing-of-the-past.html

Selwitz, Robert. “In-room Amenities Make Guests Return for More.” Hotel & Motel Management 208, no. 8 (1993): 27

Suboleski, Stanley Douglas. “Room Service Principles and Practices: An Vora, Shivani. “The Right Way to Order Room Service at a Hotel.” The New York Times, February 01, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/01/travel/ room-service-tips.html

Trejos, Nancy. ABC News. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://abcnews.go.com/ Travel/fast-food-hotel-room-service-speeds/story?id=15317796

Yafie, Roberta C. “ROOM SERVICE.” The Journal of Business Strategy 17, no. 1 (1996): 16-20

03.1.7/ Gym/Pool/Fitness

“A History Of Firsts.” The History of Hilton Hotels and Resorts. 2005. Accessed July 09, 2021. www3.hilton.com/en/about/hilton/history/index.html

Andreasson, Jesper, and Thomas Johansson. “Glocalised Fitness.” Leisure/ Loisir 42, no. 3 (2018): 301

“History.” Harvard Club of New York City, 2020. Accessed July 08, 2021. www.hcny.com/about-the-club/public-history/

Jia, Susan. “Leisure Motivation and Satisfaction: A Text Mining of Yoga Centres, Yoga Consumers, and Their Interactions.” Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland) 10, no. 12 (2018): 4458

Little, Corris. “Aktiv Brings Virtual Fitness Training to Hotel Brands.” Hotel Business, June 24, 2019. Accessed July 09, 2021. www.hotelbusiness.com/ aktiv-brings-virtual-fitness-training-to-hotel-brands/

Mzezewa, Tariro. “Equinox Gets into the Hospitality Game.” The New York Times, July 10, 2019. Accessed July 09, 2021. www.nytimes. com/2019/07/10/travel/equinox-fitness-hotels-hudson-yards.html

“New Sport Management Study Results from University of Seville Described (The Effects of Service Convenience and Perceived Quality on Perceived Value, Satisfaction and Loyalty in Low-cost Fitness Centers).” Economics Week, 2018, 261

“Our Story of Innovation.” Marriott International. www.marriott.com/about/ culture-and-values/history.mi

“Physical Fitness: Its History, Evolution, and Future.” The Art of Manliness, February, 19 2020. Accessed July 09, 2021. www.artofmanliness.com/ articles/the-history-of-physical-fitness/ Schmalbruch, Sarah. “Hotels Are Turning into Full-scale Gyms and Wellness Centers to Attract Travelers Who Want to Stay Fit.” Business Insider, May 14, 2015. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.businessinsider.com/fitness-hotels-trend-2015-5

Tan, Denis W. “Our History - A Brief History of the YMCA Movement.” The Y, 2020. www.mfldymca.org/about_us/history_national.php

Tuite, Sarah. “History Behind Four Seasons - Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts.” Four Seasons Press Room, January 01, 2018. Accessed July 09, 2021. press.fourseasons.com/news-releases/the-story-of-four-seasons/ “YMCA of Greater New York.” YMCA of Greater New York. 2020. Accessed July 09, 2021. snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m956hm

Zacarias, Tânia. “Fitness: Active Holidays In The Hotel Industry.” 2014. repositorio.ipsantarem.pt/bitstream/10400.15/1677/1/stc14Proceedings-e-book.pdf#page=212

03.1.8/ Spa

Alexander, Bobby, Victoria Morrison, Amy Lane, John Wood, and Sharon Alvarado. “Dental Office Floor Plans.” Niente, May 27, 2019. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://www.niente.info/6549/dental-office-floor-plans/ Callaghan, Julie Keller. “American Spa’s 2020 Trend Report.” American Spa, December 16, 2019. https://www.americanspa.com/news/american-spas2020-trend-report

Dunn, Nicole. “Total Well-Being: The Wellness Trend Of 2019.” Forbes Magazine, April 18, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ forbeslacouncil/2019/04/18/total-well-being-the-wellness-trend-of2019/#21b4f75b20fd

Findlay, Jennifer. “The Risks and Rewards of In-House vs. Outsourced Spa Operations.” LODGING Magazine, December 21, 2018. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://lodgingmagazine.com/the-risks-and-rewards-of-in-house-vsoutsourced-spa-operations/

Fox, Jena Tesse. “Hotels Find New Ways to Incorporate Fitness, Wellness.” Hotel Management, February 8, 2019. https://www.hotelmanagement.net/ operate/hotels-find-new-ways-to-incorporate-wellness

“History of Massage Dates Back Over 5,000 Years.” Natural Healers, February 5, 2020. https://www.naturalhealers.com/blog/history/ “Homepage - FAIRP•INT.” FAIRP. Accessed March 2, 2020. http://fairpoint. design/

“In Hotels, Health and Spas Equals Wealth.” Boston Hospitality Review (blog). Boston University. Accessed March 2, 2020. https://www.bu.edu/ bhr/2015/02/01/in-hotels-health-and-spas-equals-wealth/.

Lenovo. “5 Of the Most Tech-Savvy Hotels in the World.” Mashable, December 3, 2015. https://mashable.com/2015/12/03/5-tech-hotels-brandspeak/

Lussiana, Mary. “A Revolutionary Nutritional Regime at a Glamorous Greek Retreat.” How To Spend It, November 17, 2018. Accessed July 09, 2021. https://howtospendit.ft.com/health-fitness/204785-a-revolutionary-nutritional-regime-at-a-glamorous-greek-retreat

McGuigan, Cathleen, Alex Klimoski, and Aleksandr Bierig. “Latest News.” Architectural Record RSS. Accessed March 2, 2020. https://www.architecturalrecord.com/

Morton, Caitlin. “The Most Beautiful Hot Springs Around the World.” Condé Nast Traveler, May 21, 2018. https://www.cntraveler.com/gallery/the-besthot-springs-in-the-world

“PuLi.” Shanghai. HIP Hotels. Accessed March 2, 2020. https://www. hiphotels.com/hotels/asia/china/puli

“Reconstituição, Termas De Caracala, RomaManual Do Turista.” Manual do Turista, October 12, 2016. https://manualdoturista.com.br/viajando-de-carropelo-lacio/roma-650-0658-2/.vs

“Salus per Aquam: the Benefits of Water.” Mastella Magazine, June 22, 2017. https://magazine.mastella.it/en/salus-aquam-benefici-dellacqua/ “Spa Design Trends for 2018.” DAYSPA Magazine, December 11, 2017. https://www.dayspamagazine.com/spa-design-trends-for-2018/

Stower, Ben. “You Need to See These 21 Insane Hi-Tech Hotels.” HotelsCombined Blog, June 2, 2019. https://blog.hotelscombined.com/21-insanehi-tech-hotels/

“The History of Spas and Spa Treatments.” Champneys. Accessed March 2, 2020. https://www.champneys.com/about-champneys/blog/the-history-ofspas-and-spa-treatments/

“The History of Spas Timeline: Evolution of the Journey So Far.” Swim University, February 7, 2020. https://www.swimuniversity.com/historyof-spas/

“The Key Consumer Trend of 2019: Health and Wellness.” Pure play asset management, Robeco.com, May 15, 2019. https://www.robeco.com/en/ insights/2019/05/the-key-consumer-trend-of-2019-health-and-wellness.html 03.2.1/ Millennial-Minded Hotels

Adamson, Allan and Chekitan S. Dev. “Hospitality Branding In The Age of The Millennial.” Boston Hospitality Review 4, no. 3 (Fall 2016). https:// ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/71495

Akkam, Alia. “These 15 New Hotel Brands Are Reshaping the Travel Industry.” Condé Nast Traveler, July 15, 2015. https://www.cntraveler.com/ galleries/2015-02-25/these-15-new-hotel-brands-are-reshaping-the-travelindustry

Anderson, Lisa. “4 Insights on Millennial Travel Behavior and How Your Brand Can Benefit.” Chateau Grand Traverse (blog), 2019. www.lsb.com/ blog/4-insights-on-millennial-travel-behavior

Ben. “Tru By Hilton: A New Desk-Less ‘Millennial’ Hotel Brand.” One Mile at a Time, May 15, 2019. https://onemileatatime.com/what-is-tru-by-hilton/

Economic Innovation Group. “The Millennial Economy.” Accessed June 29, 2020. https://eig.org/millennial

Gould, Lark. “Unmasking the Millennial Travelers Mindset.” Travelo, November 1, 2015. http://www.tours.com/travel-intel/millennial-travelers/

Gutierrez, Denisse. “Why Millennials Don’t Trust Your Hotel App.” Medium, September 4, 2019. https://medium.com/ux-team-nearsoft/why-millennialsdont-trust-your-hotel-app-5e2db41bec4e

Hospitality Net. “CitizenM by CitizenM Hotels.” Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www.hospitalitynet.org/brand/23000143/citizenm.html

Hospitality Net. “[Infographic] Uncovering the Millennial Mindset: Choice Hotels Reveals New Travel Study.” Accessed October 16, 2015. https://www. hospitalitynet.org/news/4072208.html

“Luxury beyond the Lobby – How Are Hospitality Brands Enabling Experiential Travel?” The Insider (blog). http://www.glion.edu/blog/utopian-hotel-millennial-luxury-traveler/

Oakes, Jodie. “Millennials Seek Authentic and Shareable Luxury Travel Experiences.” Luxe Digital, September 13, 2019. https://luxe.digital/business/ digital-luxury-trends/millennials-luxury-travel-experience/

Nieset, Lane. “6 Snazzy Hotel Brands for Millennial-Centric Stays.” The Points Guy, September 3, 2015. https://thepointsguy.com/2015/09/6-hotelbrands-for-millennials/

Reguant, Mar. “Do You Know the Bleisure Hotels? Learn about This New Trend.” Amara (blog). http://www.amara-marketing.com/travel-blog/trendsbleisure-hotels

Rosenbloom, Stephanie. “Hotels for the Next Generation.” New York Times, March 17, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/22/travel/hotels-for-thenext-generation.html

Siddiqui, Fabiha. “How Young Travelers are Changing Product Development Forever.” WittySparks (blog), 2017. https://wittysparks.com/young travelers-influencing-product-development/

Social Tables. “The Ultimate Guide to The World’s Top Six Hotel Brands.” Accessed May 28, 2020. https://www.socialtables.com/blog/hospitality/ guide-worlds-top-brands/

Sprinklr. “Marketing to Young Travelers: 6 Studies & Reports You Need to Read.” Accessed March 3, 2021. http://about.americanexpress.com/news/ pr/2011/nextpedition.aspx.

“Uncovering the Millennial Mindset: Choice Hotels Reveals New Travel Study.” CISION PR Newsletter, June 28, 2018. https://www.prnewswire.com/ news-releases/uncovering-the-millennial-mindset-choice-hotels-revealsnew-travel-study-300160364.html

YOTEL. “OUR BRANDS.” Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www.yotel. com/en/about-yotel/brands

03.2.2/ Preferred Destinations

Airbnb. “20 For 2020: Airbnb Reveals the 20 Destinations to Visit Next Year.” Accessed January 11, 2020. https://news.airbnb.com/20-for-2020/#milwaukee-wi-us

Baskas, Harriet. “Want to Travel More in 2020? Here Are Tips on Where and When to Go.” CNBC, December 8, 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/08/ want-to-travel-more-in-2020-here-are-tips-on-where-and-when-to-go.htm

Baumgardner, Julie. “Africa & the Middle East.” Fodors Travel Guide, February 26, 2020. https://www.fodors.com/go-list/2020/africa-middle-east Bouganim, Ely. “Australia & the Pacific.” Fodors Travel Guide, November 14, 2019. https://www.fodors.com/go-list/2020/australia-pacific

Clarke, Patrick. “30 Best Destinations for Millennial Travelers.” TravelPulse, March 12, 2018. https://www.travelpulse.com/gallery/destinations/30-best-destinations-for-millennial-travelers.html

Coffey, Hellen. “The 10 Hottest Destinations for Millennials in 2019.” The Independent, January 9, 2019. https://www.independent.co.uk/ travel/news-and-advice/millennial-holiday-destinations-travel-flights-hopper-plane-fare-tokyo-dublin-aspen-a8718891.html

DePrima, Jennifer. “Top places to go in USA & Canada in 2020.” Fodors Travel Guide, February 26, 2020. https://www.fodors.com/go-list/2020/ usa-canada

Elliott, Christopher. “Here They Are: The 20 Best Places To Visit In 2020.” Forbes Magazine, December 15, 2020. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ christopherelliott/2019/10/16/20-best-places-visit-in-2020/#110e473a6251

Hansen, Kristine. “Mexico, Central America, & the Caribbean.” Fodors Travel Guide, March 4, 2020. https://www.fodors.com/go-list/2020/mexico-central-america-caribbean

Harrison, Olivia. “These Will Be The 19 Trendiest Travel Destinations Of 2019, According To Airbnb.” Refinery 29, December 3, 2018. https://www. refinery29.com/en-us/2018/12/218455/best-travel-destinations-2019-airbnb

Harrison, Olivia. “This Is The Top Trending Travel Destination For Millennials In 2019.” Refinery 29, January 2, 2019. https://www.refinery29.com/ en-us/2019/01/220602/top-travel-destinations-millennials-2019

Hoffower, Hillary. “The 25 Best Getaways in the US for Millennials, Where Airfare Is Cheap and the Cities Are Instagrammable.” Business Insider, September 25, 2019. https://www.businessinsider.com/best-instagrammable-vacation-spots-us-for-millennials-vacation-2019-9

Condor Ferries. “2020 Millennial Travel Statistics & Trends.” Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www.condorferries.co.uk/millennials-travel-statistics-trends

Im, Jimmy. “These Are the Top 10 Travel Destinations on Earth, According to 100,000 Young People.” CNBC, July 29, 2018. https://www.cnbc. com/2018/07/26/earth-media-top-travel-destinations-for-young-people.html

Lane, Lea. “6 Emerging Trends For 2020 Upscale Travelers Among Key Findings In New Virtuoso Report.” Forbes Magazine, January 8, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/lealane/2019/10/18/6--emerging-trendsfor-2020-upscale-travelers-among-key-findings-in-new-virtuoso-report/#6223eaaa7edb

Levine, Nick. “These Are The Top 10 Trending Destinations For 2020.” Refinery 29, October 12, 2019. https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/ trending-travel-destinations-2020

Leonhardt, Megan. “Millennials Are Making Travel a Priority More than Previous Generations-That’s Not a Bad Thing.” CNBC, December 30, 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/30/millennials-making-travel-a-priority-more-than-previous-generations.html

Locke, Taylor. “Airbnb’s Top 5 Trending Travel Destinations for 2020.” CNBC, October 15, 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/13/airbnb-top-trending-travel-destinations-for-2020.html

Lonely Planet. “Best in Travel 2021 - Awards for Regenerative Travel.” Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/best-in-travel/ countries

Millennial Traveller. “BEST WORLD TRAVEL DESTINATIONS IN 2020: TRENDING DESTINATIONS IN 2020.” Accessed February 25, 2021. https:// www.millennialtraveller.com/best-world-travel-destinations-of-2020/

Millennial Traveller. “FIVE MILLENNIAL TRAVEL TRENDS OF 2019.” Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www.millennialtraveller.com/five-millennial-travel-trends-of-2019/

“National Geographic’s List of Best Trips to Take in 2020.” National Geographic, February 10, 2021. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/ features/best-trips-2020/#close

Pasquale, Maria. “Europe.” Fodors Travel Guide, February 26, 2020. https:// www.fodors.com/go-list/2020/europe

Southan, Jenny. “The Travel Trends to Know in 2020.” Conde Nasté Traveller, February 18, 2020. https://www.cntraveller.com/gallery/travel-trends-2020 Springer, Kate. “Asia.” Fodors Travel Guide, March 4, 2020. https://www. fodors.com/go-list/2020/asia

Tarr, Jeremy. “South America.” Fodors Travel Guide, February 26, 2020. https://www.fodors.com/go-list/2020/south-america.

Villa-Clarke, Angelina. “Where In The World? Travel Trends For 2020Part 2.” Forbes Magazine, November 27, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/ sites/angelinavillaclarke/2019/11/26/where-in-the-world-travel-trends-for2020part-2/

Warner, Jesse. “Where to Travel in 2019, According to Instagram.” Days to Come, April 17, 2019. https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/ where-to-travel-in-2019/

03.2.3/ Public Commons

Ace Hotel. “The Lobby Bar @ Ace Hotel: A Cozy Craft Beer Bar in Midtown NYC.” Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www.acehotel.com/newyork/ food-and-drink/lobby-bar/

Caulfield, John. “8 Trends Sparking the Hospitality Sector.” Building Design + Construction, January 19, 2016. https://www.bdcnetwork. com/8-trends-sparking-hospitality-sector

“Culina at Four Seasons Hotel Los Angeles at Beverly Hills Announces Fourth Annual Oscar Film Week.” Four Seasons Press Room, January 23, 2020. https://press.fourseasons.com/losangeles/hotel-news/2020/4th-annual-oscar-film-week/

Glusac, Elaine. “With Hotels Becoming Social Spots, More Private Spaces for Guests.” The New York Times, March 23, 2018. https://www.nytimes. com/2018/03/23/travel/private-spaces-hotel-guests.html

Josephs, Leslie. “Hotels Are Shrinking Rooms and Adding More Places to Be Alone with Other People.” Quartz. Accessed February 25, 2021. https://

qz.com/999947/hotels-are-shrinking-rooms-forcing-guests-to-talk-to-eachother-in-common-areas/

Kimpton Hotel Palomar. “Beverly Hills Hotel Game Room: Kimpton Hotel Palomar LA Beverly Hills.” Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www. hotelpalomar-beverlyhills.com/beverly-hills-boutique-hotel-amenities/ game-room/

Kosutch Media. “The New Face Of Public Spaces At Hotels.” Hotelier Magazine, March 10, 2015. https://www.hoteliermagazine.com/the-newface-of-public-spaces-at-hotels/

Mafi, Nick. “A Book Lover’s Guide to Hotel Libraries.” Architectural Digest, May 3, 2016. https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/book-lovers-hotel-libraries

Minsberg, Talya. “Checking In? No Thanks. I’m Just Here to Use the Wi-Fi.” New York Times, December 12, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/12/ travel/checking-in-no-thanks-im-just-here-to-use-the-wi-fi.html

O’Rourke Hospitality. “Resources: Hospitality Marketing Agency: O’Rourke Hospitality.” Accessed January 26, 2021. https://www.orourkehospitality.com/ average-hotel-room-size-is-shrinking/

“The Evolution of Hotel Room Distribution: CoStar.” Hotel News Now, August 21, 2013. http://www.hotelnewsnow.com/articles/20058/The-evolution-of-hotel-room-distribution

Timetoast. “History of Hotels Timeline.” Accessed February 25, 2021. https:// www.timetoast.com/timelines/history-of-hotels

Warren, Katie. “Microhotels Are Popping up in Major Cities around the World, and Some ‘Rooms’ Are as Small as 30 Square Feet.” Business Insider, August 2, 2019. https://www.businessinsider.com/microhotels-newyork-london-paris-travel-trend-downsizing-2019-8 03.2.4/ Placemaking vs. Standardization

Fairs, Marcus. “Ian Schrager on Collaborations with Architects and Designers.” Dezeen, March 31, 2019. https://www.dezeen.com/2016/03/23/ ian-schrager-interview-morgans-hotels-nightclubs-arata-isozaki-philippestarck-herzog-de-meuron/

Garrido, Ric. “Top Ten US Cities by Hotel Rooms.” Loyalty Traveler, October 9, 2013. https://loyaltytraveler.boardingarea.com/2013/10/09/top-ten-u-scities-by-hotel-rooms/

Meyer, Ellen. “The Origins and Growth of Franchising in the Hotel Industry.” Lodging Magazine, June 11, 2019. https://lodgingmagazine.com/the-originsand-growth-of-franchising-in-the-hotel-industry/

Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Genius Loci: towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. New York: Rizzoli, 1996

Sheivachman, Andrew. “The Convention Industry Is Turning Second-Tier Cities Into Top-Tier Destinations.” Skift, October 30, 2015. https://skift. com/2015/10/26/the-convention-industry-is-turning-second-tier-cities-into-top-tier-destinations/

“Spirit of Place/Genius Loci.” PLACENESS, PLACE, PLACELESSNESS (blog). March 22, 2015. https://www.placeness.com/spirit-of-placegenius-loci/

“The Ultimate Guide to The World’s Top Six Hotel Brands.” Social Tables, January 17, 2020. https://www.socialtables.com/blog/hospitality/ guide-worlds-top-brands/

Ting, Deanna. “Complete Oral History of Boutique Hotels.” Skift, March 20, 2017. https://skift.com/history-of-boutique-hotels/

Timetoast. “History of Hotels Timeline.” Accessed March 3, 2020. https:// www.timetoast.com/timelines/history-of-hotels

Trejos, Nancy, Dennis Schaal, Laura Powell, and Rosie Spinks. “Interview: Building the Next Generation Tourism Board for US Cities.” Skift, August 4, 2014. https://skift.com/2014/08/04/interview-building-the-next-generationtourism-board-for-u-s-cities/

Vogler, Andreas and Arturo Vittori. “Genius Loci in the Space-Age,” Architecture and Vision, November 23, 2006. http://www.architectureandvision.com/av/download/vision/061123_PP_GeniusLociintheSpace-Age.pdf

Wharton, Annabel Jane. Building the Cold War: Hilton International Hotels and Modern Architecture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004

When Did it Happen?. “Lodging 1900-1949,” Accessed March 3, 2020. http:// whendidithappen.com/wdih/lodging/1900.htm

03.2.5/ Art & Culture

Austin, Joe. Taking the Train: How Graffiti Art Became an Urban Crisis in New York City. Popular Cultures, Everyday Lives. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001

Condor Ferries. “60+ Millennial Travel Statistics & Trends (2020).” Accessed March 1, 2021. https://www.condorferries.co.uk/ millennials-travel-statistics-trends

Fox, Jena Tesse. “Hotel’s Art Creates Distinct Vibe.” Hotel Management (Duluth, MN) 231, no. 14 (2016): 32.

Fresco, Sofia Barreto Oliveira. Art in Hotels as a Differentiating Factor to Attract More Customers: “Tivoli com Arte.” PhD dissertation, Catolica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, 2015

Lew, Josh. “Where Does Hotel Art Come From?” Treehugger. May 15, 2018. https://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/eco-tourism/stories/where-does-hotelart-come

Long, Pamela, “Objects of Art/Objects of Nature: Visual Representation and the Investigation of Nature” in Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science and Art in Early Modern Europe, Edited by Pamela H. Smithand Paula Findlen, 63-82. New York: Routledge, 2001

Mason Gray, Chloe.“Marketing to Millennials: 6 Studies & Reports You Need to Read.” Sprinklr (blog), November 6, 2019. https://blog.sprinklr.com/ marketing-to-millennials-studies-reports/

Southan, Jenny. “Masterstroke: Forget Bland Decor--a Growing Number of Hotels Are Using Art to Make a Statement, Build Their Brand and Entice Guests.” Business Traveller (British Ed.), March 1, 2012

“These Breathtaking Art Hotels Basically Double as Galleries.” ELLE Decor, December 20, 2019. https://www.elledecor.com/life-culture/travel/g8630790/ art-gallery-hotel/

UX Archives (blog). Nearsoft. https://nearsoft.com/blog/category/ux-usability-design/ux/

Vieira, Ana Margarida Figueiredo. “Communication of Art in the Hospitality Industry: the Tivoli Hotels & Resorts case.” PhD dissertation, Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, 2015

Wilk, Daniel Levinson. “Hotel: An American History, and: Class Acts: Service and Inequality in Luxury Hotels, and: Hotel Theory.” Enterprise & Society 9, no. 4 (2008): 873-877

Zangwill, Nick. “Hotel Paintings and the Nature of Art: Everyday Artistic Phenomena and Methodology.” The Monist 101, no. 1 (2018): 53-58

Zitzlsperger, Ulrike. “Storied Places: Hotels as Museums, Museums in Hotels.” International Journal of the Inclusive Museum 9, no. 3 (2016) 03.2.6/ Digital Integration

“10 Of the Worlds Most High-Tech and Futuristic Hotels.” SiteMinder, February 9, 2018. https://www.siteminder.com/r/trends-advice/hotel-travelindustry-trends/10-worlds-high-tech-future-hotels/

Del Gigante, Michael. “7 Travel Marketing Trends Worth Exploring in 2017.” MDG Advertising, September 18, 2018. https://www.mdgadvertising.com/ marketing-insights/7-travel-marketing-trends-worth-exploring-in-2017/ Faustino, Anna. “How Technology Changed the Way We Travel.” Adventure In You, September 12, 2019. https://www.adventureinyou.com/travel-tips/ how-technology-changed-travel/

Hospitality Technology. “Hospitality Technology: Insights for Restaurant & Lodging Executives.” Accessed March 2, 2020. https://hospitalitytech.com/. Intelity. “Guest Engagement and Staff Management Hospitality Tech.” Accessed March 2, 2020. https://intelity.com/hospitality-platform/

Marques, Mariana. “6 Ways in Which Technology Has Changed the Way We Travel.” HiJiffy (blog). Medium, December 12, 2017. https://medium. com/hijiffy/6-ways-in-which-technology-have-changed-the-way-we-travelf37f7b8c307e

“Smart Hotel Technology: Five Hotels That Are Doing It Right.” Inspire (blog). Accessed March 2, 2020. https://www.helloinspire.com/blog/smart-tech/ technology-making-hospitality-smarter

Taylor, Short. “Guest Preferences for Technology Use in Hotels.” Software Advice, February 5, 2015. https://www.softwareadvice.com/hotel-management/industryview/technology-use-report-2015/

Terry, Lisa. “6 Mega-Trends in Hotel Technology.” Hospitality Technology, April 11, 2016. https://hospitalitytech.com/6-mega-trends-hotel-technology

Timetoast. “Technology Within the Hospitality Industry Timeline.” Accessed March 4, 2021. https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/technology-within-the-hospitality-industry

Wang, David. “Hotel Technology Trends: 11 Upcoming Innovations for 2020!” Revfine.com. https://www.revfine.com/hotel-technology/

Werner, Hal. “Top 10 Communication Trends in Hotel Technology for 2019.” Mitel (blog). December 18, 2020. https://www.mitel.com/blog/top-10-communication-tech-trends-hospitality

03.2.7/ Sustainablity

Batabayal, Debasish. Managing Sustainable Tourism Resources (Advances in Hospitality, Tourism, and the Services Industry). Hershey: IGI Global, 2018

Berardi, Umberto. Moving to Sustainable Buildings: Paths to Adopt Green Innovations in Developed Countries. Warsaw: De Gruyter Open Poland, 2013. https://doi.org/10.2478/9788376560113

Brody, David. “Go Green: Hotels, Design, and the Sustainability Paradox.” Design Issues 30, no. 3 (2014): 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00274

Chen, Joseph S., ed. Advances in Hospitality & Leisure, vol. 9. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, Ltd., 2017

“Criteria for Eco-Hotel.” UKEssays.com. Accessed March 1, 2021. https:// www.ukessays.com/essays/tourism/criteria-for-eco-hotel-tourism-essay. php?vref=1

Ernst & Young. “Hospitality Going Green.” Global Hospitality Insights, 2008. rss.hsyndicate.com/file/152003657.pdf

Girling, Robert H., Pamela Lanier, and Heather Dawn. Gordy. The Good Company: Sustainability in Hospitality, Tourism and Wine. New York: Business Expert Press, 2016 Green Lodging News and Greenview. Green Lodging Trends, 2017. greenview.sg/green-lodging-trends/

Hosey, Lance. “A Brief History Of ‘Sustainability’.” HuffPost, December 7, 2017. http://www.huffpost.com/entry/a-brief-history-of-sustai_b_12787800?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_

03.2.8/ Social Media

Atkins, Guy. Come Home at Once. London: Bantam Press, 2014. Chang, Yung-Chun, Chih-Hao Ku, and Chun-Hung Chen. “Social Media Analytics: Extracting and Visualizing Hilton Hotel Ratings and Reviews from TripAdvisor.” International Journal of Information Management 48 (2019): 263-79. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401217303389

Chi, Clifford. “15 Quotes About Social Media to Inspire Your Marketing Strategy.” HubSpot (blog). July 12, 2019. blog.hubspot.com/marketing/socialmedia-quotes

“#Hashtag Mini Turns Hotel Guests into Brand Ambassadors.” Hotel Business, May 25, 2017. www.hotelbusiness.com/hashtag-mini-turns-hotelguests-into-brand-ambassadors/

Hill, C. W.. Picture Postcards. London: Shire Publications Ltd, 1991 Jones, Jordan. “The Value of Social Media in the Hospitality Industry.” Hospitality Net, February 16, 2018. www.hospitalitynet.org/opinion/4086981. html

Little, Corris. “Harnessing Social Media Through Paid Ads.” Hotel Business, July, 15 2017. www.hotelbusiness.com/harnessing-social-media-throughpaid-ads/

Kinstler, Linda. “How TripAdvisor Changed Travel.” The Guardian, August 17, 2018, www.theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/17/how-tripadvisor-changed-travel

Newberry, Christina. “37 Instagram Statistics That Matter to Marketers in 2020.” Hootsuite Social Media Management (blog). December 2, 2019. hootsuite.com/instagram-statistics/.

Siteminder. “9 Easy Ways to Engage Hotel Guests on Social Media.” Accessed June 19, 2018. www.siteminder.com/r/marketing/hotel-social-media/social-media-marketing-hotels-engage-guests/

“Social Media Strategy for Hotels: Why These Brands Win.” Social Tables (blog). September 11, 2019. www.socialtables.com/blog/hotel-sales/socialmedia-marketing-for-hotels/

Staff, Frank. The Picture Postcard & Its Origins. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press: 1979

Stony Brook Center for News Literacy. “A Short History of Opinion Journalism.” Last modified July 1, 2015. digitalresource.center/content/ short-history-opinion-journalism

“Study: Increase Revenue, Loyalty with Social Media Engagement.” Hotel Business, November 3, 2017. www.hotelbusiness.com/study-increase-revenue-loyalty-social-media-engagement/

“Study: Online Reviews Continue to Influence Travel Booking.” Hotel Business, July 16, 2019. www.hotelbusiness.com/study-online-reviews-continue-to-influence-travel-booking/

Topal, Ibrahim, and Muhammed Kursad Ucar. “Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Based Automatic Determination of Travel Preferences of Chinese Tourists.” IEEE Access 7 (2019): 162530-62548

Tran, Tony. “Instagram Demographics That Matter to Social Media Marketers in 2020.” Hootsuite Social Media Management (blog). February 10, 2020. blog.hootsuite.com/instagram-demographics/

“The History of Online Reviews.” Tangerine Creative Agency (blog). Medium, August 30. 2018, blog.tangerines.io/the-history-of-online-re-

views-27b68a916d2d.

Willoughby, Martin. A History of Postcards. London: Bracken Books: 1992. World Postcard Day. “The History of the Postcard - 150 Years of Postcards.” Accessed March 4, 2021. 150yearsofpostcards.com/history

03.2.9./ Booking

“A Brief Look at the History of Hotel Technology.” INTELITY (Blog), March 8, 2019, intelity.com/blog/a-brief-look-at-the-history-of-hotel-technology/ Emmer, Rita Marie, Chuck Tauck, Scott Wilkinson, and Richard G. Moore. “Marketing Hotels Using Global Distribution Systems.” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 44, no. 5-6 (2003): 94–104. https://doi. org/10.1177/001088040304400514

Knego, Nikola, and Mario Matkovic. “The global distribution system in the hotel industry.” Annals of DAAAM & Proceedings (2007): 373+, Gale Academic OneFile

Liu, Wei. “Globalization or Localization of Consumer Preferences: The Case of Hotel Room Booking.” Tourism Management, no. 41 (2016): 148–157.

Lulla, Gautam. “The Evolution of a Hotel CRS.” Pegasus (blog). December 14, 2018, www.pegs.com/blog/the-evolution-of-a-hotel-crs-central-reservation-system/

Manning, Chris, et.al. “The Emergence of Hotel/Lodging Real Estate Research.” Journal of Real Estate Literature 23, no. 1 (2015): 3-26. http:// www.jstor.org/stable/24885088

Modi, Jignesh. “Hotel Reservation System Evolution.” Otrams (blog). February 24, 2016, www.otrams.com/blog/online/hotel-reservation-system-evolution

Omar, Abdikair. “Hotel Booking History Shapes Future Planning.” Hotel News Now, 2011, www.hotelnewsnow.com/Articles/10157/Hotel-booking-history-shapes-future-planning

Park, Sangwon, Yizhen Yin, and Byung-Gak Son. “Understanding of Online Hotel Booking Process: A Multiple Method Approach.” Journal of Vacation Marketing 25, no. 3 (July 2019): 334–48. https://doi. org/10.1177/1356766718778879

Serlen, Bruce. “GDSs Better Hotel Displays.” Business Travel News, November 8, 2004. https://www.businesstravelnews.com/More-News/ GDSs-Better-Hotel-Displays

Warren, Katie. “While You Were Still Using Airbnb to Spend a Weekend in a Stranger’s Home, the Company Was Quietly Expanding into Boutique Hotels and Entire Airbnb-Branded Buildings.” Business Insider, December 9, 2019, www.businessinsider.com/airbnb-expanding-boutique-hotels-branded-buildings-2019-12

03.2.10./ Concierge Travel

Boutin, Nicolas, Sean Collins, Raj Ganguly, Jason Guggenheim, Pranay Jhunjhunwala, and Tom McCaleb. “Travel Innovated: Who Will Own the Customer?” BCG Global, January 14, 2016. https://www.bcg.com/ publications/2016/transportation-travel-tourism-innovation-travel-innovated-who-will-own-the-customer

Freeman, Ray and Kelly Glazer. “Services Marketing” in Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality in BC. Victoria, BC: BCcampus, 2016. https:// opentextbc.ca/introtouri

Kleeman, Grant. “Global Tourism Update.” Geography Bulletin 46, no.1 (2014): 17

Lohmann, G. and David Timothy Duval. Critical Aspects of the TourismTransport Relationship. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers, 2011. https://www. researchgate.net/publication/232608071_Critical_Aspects_of_the_TourismTransport_Relationship

McBride, Theresa, and Bonnie G. Smith. “Confessions of a Concierge: Madame Lucie’s History of Twentieth-Century France.” 1985 International Labor and Working Class History 32. New Haven: Yale University Press, (1987): 127-29

“Shopping centre.” Encyclopedia Britannica, November 2, 2016. https:// www.britannica.com/topic/shopping-centre.https://www.researchgate. net/publication/232608071_Critical_Aspects_of_the_Tourism-Transport_ Relationship

04/ STUDENT WORK

04.1./ NOOK

04.1.1./ Brand Proposal - Amanda Arrizabalaga, Sofia Kiblisky

04.1.2./ NOOK MB - Amanda Arrizabalaga, Sofia Kiblisky

04.2./ ZEN

04.2.1./

04.3./ SOCIALITE

04.4./ HIDDN

04.5./ YCM

Amanda Arrizabalaga and Sofia Kiblisky

The Nook Hotel is conceived as a response to a globalized and standardized world, where many people feel detached from their surroundings. Nook guests are encouraged to reconnect with their inner sense of self and feel comforted through the hotel’s unique mix of intimate spaces. These spaces are designed to elicit an emotional reaction from young travelers that crave closeness and quietude so deeply.

Nook is based on the Danish concept of “hygge,” a way of life centered around coziness and appreciating life’s little pleasures. Hygge encourages modest, comforting, inviting spaces that promote

a social but intimate environment. Where people feel comfortable and safe, they are more likely to reach out and build connections.

The American way of life is often described as hustling and fast paced, and millennial tourists can benefit from a vacation centered around spaces that embrace presence over productivity. Nooks can be used for relaxation or reunion, providing the isolation needed for self-reflection and serving as an intimate place for conversations with loved ones and friends. Nooks evoke the childlike attachment to ‘secret’ places in which to hide and play.

https://www.shutterstock.com/search/group+taking+photos

Nook guests are affluent young travelers, global citizens who feel the need to re-center themselves. Whether traveling for business or pleasure, guests are looking for a cozy, inviting setting where they can unwind. These travelers are seeking relaxation and reunion.

The Nook Guest

South Pointe, Miami Beach

Soho, New York City

Bushwick, New York City

North Austin, Austin

Malibu, Los Angeles

The Pearl, Portland

Beacon Hill, Boston

Page, Arizona

New Orleans, Louisiana

Madison, Wisconsin

Nook Hotel Network/ Key Markets

HYGGE: NOOK is based on the Danish concept of “hygge” which loosely translates to a way of life centered around coziness and appreciating little pleasures. Hygge encourages modest, comforting, and inviting spaces. Research confirms that where people feel comfortable and safe, they are more likely to reach out and build connections. North Americans in particular can benefit from spaces that embrace simple presence over productivity. Nooks can be used for relaxation, providing the isolation needed for self-reflection. They can be social spaces, intimate places for conversations with loved ones and friends.

CALM: According to the American Psychological Association, four key elements should be incorporated in the design of a calming space: light colors, natural wood, sunlight, and nature.

TINY LIVING: How small is too small?

According to British architectural historian John Summerson, “the universal human instinct is to burrow.” In the spirit of the popular phenomenon of ‘tiny living,’ people appreciate small simplified spaces that are uncluttered.

https://www.facebook.com/santamonicaproper/

https://www.pinterest.com/irtchick/restaurants-and-cafe/

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/253749760232103343/

https://www.therooftopguide.com/rooftop-news/7great-hotels-with-rooftop-in-nyc.html

https://www.pinterest.com/remodelista/hotels-lodging/

https://www.pinterest.cl/pin/441563938455464902/

SOCIAL NOOKS: By providing hotel guests with areas other than their rooms in which to retreat, they can experience peace in solitude and quiet social contact. These areas allow guests to recharge before their next adventure. Types of nooks include reading nooks, eating nooks, drinking nooks, sleeping nooks, public nooks, private nooks, poolside nooks, working nooks, and exercise nooks.

SLEEPING NOOKS: A variety of nooks are stitched together to form the Nook Hotel’s guestrooms. Bedroom nook types include the bed area, in a confined alcove, a window seat for reading, and the toilet and shower areas of the bathroom.

NOOK CLUB: Continuing with the theme, the hotel will offer a “nook club” for members seeking more intimate variants of traditional hotel amenities. The club at the Nook Hotel will provide a pool deck equipped with intimate nooks, where club members can enjoy privacy in a public setting overlooking Miami Beach. An event space opening to Nook’s protect inner courtyard will also be provided.

04.1.2./

NOOK MB

Amanda Arrizabalaga and Sofia Kiblisky

NOOK MB will be the proof of concept of the Nook brand. Miami Beach’s South of Fifth neighborhood offers an ideal location for the inaugural Nook, with proximity to blockbuster amenities like the beach and nightlife, nearby hotels, restaurants and to the Miami metropolitan area. The immediate neighborhood has a quiet and residential feel, away from the city’s busy traffic, noise and commotion. It promotes a sense of reconnection with one’s inner self.

The hotel parti was created to address local codes and urban conditions that allow 50 feet of height along the streetfront and 75 feet at the back of the lot. The nearly 60,000 SF building comprises two L-shaped structures, connected with a lateral wing to form two intimate courts: a front entry court and a more private inner garden. The lower L rises five stories and wraps the corner, creating guestrooms with good city views. Along the inside of this L, outdoor ‘nooks’ line the circulation path, offering moments of whimsy and reflection. The taller L rises seven stories along the side and rear lot lines. The five-story building that connects the two L’s houses the lobby, main circulation, event and meeting space, and a rooftop pool deck.

The main lobby entrance is from Collins Avenue, flanked by retail and dining venues that occupy the remainder of the Collins frontage. Another entrance is from the entry court facing 4th Street. The entrance court allows access to the lobby as well as its flanking restaurant, café and bar. The hotel’s two-level lobby, linking the entrance court and

inner garden, fits both the Nook brand and the historic character of South Miami Beach.

The upper facades of the building mix wood with architectural concrete and clear glass for a tropical, urban, and tranquil appearance. The lower facades offer continuous porticos, and plate glass window systems serving the restaurant, retail and fitness club. On the south side, an open portico screens the hotel’s semi-public entrance court.

Nook MB’s 133 guestrooms were designed with alcoves that serve different functions. Upon entering the guestrooms, an open vanity lies to one side. More intimate toilet and shower alcoves are on either side. A nearby reading nook serves as a library and private entertainment area. The distinctive bed nook is unusual for its super-private character, its cozy interior, and cabin-like qualities borrowed from Danish Hygge design. While the guestrooms are largely site-built, the hotel’s distinctive bed-nook is a modular pre-fabricated wood-built unit, allowing for high quality production, easy transportation and on-site installation. Installed following a variable pattern, the bed nooks present dynamic facades along the street and entry court and inner garden.

Sustainability is a critical aspect of the Nook brand. The building’s rainwater collection system and cistern function in concert with urban gardens on the rooftops of the five-story wings. Solar panels on the seven-story wings reduce power usage and provide ready backup during storm events.

View of Upper Level Garden

Aerial View of Site

Building Program at Nook Hotel

Diagram of Program Disposition

Diagram of Building Circulation

Nooks

Diagram of Building Elements

Nooks

Guestrooms

Guest Rooms

Circulation

Circulation

Garden/ Plaza

Gardens

Proposed Project

Section Perspective Through Typical Queen Guestroom

Floor Plan of Typical Queen Guestroom

Birdseye View of Queen Guestroom

Installation of Prefabricated Sleeping Nooks/ View of Typical Nook Unit

Closet

Shower

Sink

Prefabricated Bed Nook

Diagram Showing Connection of Site-built and Prefabricated Room Components

View of Outdoor Nook Along Exterior Circulation Corridor

Section Perspective through Building Courts

East Building Elevation/ Facing Collins Avenue

View of Nook Hotel Lobby

View of Ground Floor Entry Court

04.2.1./

Mikayla Allen and Alexandra Leitch

The ZEN Hotel proposes a new relationship between hospitality and wellness: a hotel where spa experiences are accessible to the busy traveler throughout the structure, from private rooms to public facilities. ZEN differentiates itself from other wellness experience hotels by addressing the needs of millennial business travelers specifically. Not intended to be a leisurely retreat, the brand caters to those on a fast-paced schedule who need to relax and engage with nature. ZEN introduces a unique “spa-lite” experience focusing on six pillars of wellness: social, physical, spiritual, emotional, intellectual, and environmental. It promotes physical well-being through spa programs, fitness in

guestrooms, a full-service fitness center, and healthy food options. A fun and energetic atmosphere, all group amenity spaces are also conceived as contributing to physical and spiritual well-being.

ZEN emphasizes personalization and balance while supporting business travelers with extensive concierge, catering services, professional advice, and guest interaction. Responding to the values of its guests, ZEN values the importance of culture and sense of place, and promotes sustainability and sense of community while leaving a small carbon footprint.

https://www.idealessentials.com/blog/author/thiebautc/

ZEN targets millennials traveling for business: the overworked individual that is concerned with their mental and physical well-being. It responds to the desire among many to find wellness while traveling, but who need wellness options that are flexible, and fit within busy schedules. The targeted group is also extremely social and is looking for an accommodation that offers plenty of public spaces. The Zen Guest

Business Travel Destinations:

• New York City

• San Diego

• Phoenix

• Miami

• Chicago

• Atlanta

• Los Angles

• Dallas

• Washington, D.C.

• Boston

Wellness Markets:

• Austin

• San Francisco

• Raleigh

• Denver

• Boston

• Los Angles

• Tampa

• San Jose

• Salt Lake City

• San Diego

SUSTAINABILITY:

• ZEN aims to uplift the well-being of the environment along with the well-being of their guests.

• ZEN pledges that only organic and natural products are placed in guestrooms and used for cleaning.

• ZEN sources all food services produce locally.

• ZEN seeks to benefit the neighborhood around it.

• ZEN commits to reducing its carbon footprint, and follows the Zero-to-Landfill hotels pledge. A composting system is used for all food waste and can be used to start a permaculture garden.

GUEST ROOM:

• Around 150 rooms, each 300-400 SF.

• Guestrooms incorporate numerous “spa-lite” wellness amenities

• Each guestroom features a tree and Zen garden

Other guestroom features:

• Workout area

• Steam shower

• Operable windows

• Blackout curtains

GARDEN: Given the numerous health benefits of plants, all ZEN hotels must incorporate a garden element in the design.

Gardens clean indoor air by absorbing toxins, boosting guest mood, increasing productivity, concentration and creativity, reducing stress, fatigue, cold, and cough.

nounproject.com

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/AX0W-RpHMr6sUF2MTP1PG6r1XeKeHnX5f8PgoS2N9k8H9Q519CkiHUA/

https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/342344009173710937/

https://www.pinterest.com/martychou982/david-chipperfield/

https://www.pinterest.com/luluwwen/spa/

https://www.forbes.com/sites/jumio/2020/06/01/ balancing-privacy-concerns-around-facial-recognition/?sh=590609f019a4

WELLNESS AMENITIES: Larger spa amenities are intended to provide treatments or services that cannot be provided in-room. These can vary according to the location of the hotel. Amenities may include swimming pools, steam rooms, rain showers, treatment rooms, and group fitness studios.

TREATMENTS:

• Quick 20-30 minute in-room treatments

• Facials, massages, body treatments

• Location and client-based custom treatments

TECHNOLOGY:

Millennials are a driving factor in the hospitality industry’s comeback after COVID-19. Technology includes the use of:

• Smart keys

• Concierge apps

• Digital check-in

• Voice-controlled rooms

• Room-based activities

6 PILLARS OF WELLNESS

SOCIAL: Social atmosphere is crucial to wellness; Zen emphasizes a fun and energetic atmosphere to promote a guest’s happiest self. The inclusion of group amenity spaces achieves this in design.

PHYSICAL: Zen promotes physical well-being through spa programs, fitness options in guestrooms, full-service fitness center, and healthy food options.

SPIRITUAL: Zen offers personalization and balance while supporting the reason behind a guest’s trip.

EMOTIONAL: Through design, professional advice, and guest interaction, Zen caters to its guests’ emotions of calm, happiness, and well-being.

INTELLECTUAL: Zen values guests’ agenda and purpose behind their visit by understanding the importance of culture and sense of place.

ENVIRONMENTAL: The environment at Zen promotes sustainability and a sense of community. Guests experience the perks of being in a hotel with like-minded individuals while leaving a small carbon footprint.

A ‘SPA-LITE’ EXPERIENCE

SOCIAL: Zen aims to target the missing link between wellness and sociability. Zen will create an environment that offers opportunity to elevate one’s wellness in group settings. This can be seen in the program from workout studios for group classes to communal pool areas.

TIME: In order to benefit the target market which are identified to be busy individuals, Zen will introduce wellness experiences that can be quick and show fast-paced results. Under Zen, wellness will be re-imagined to show that a little can go a long way.

IN-ROOM AMENITIES: To allow the guest to have access to spa amenities all throughout the day, Zen will introduce some elements into the guestroom. From in room workout areas to steam showers, unwinding from a busy day can be done in the comfort of the guestroom.

WELLNESS CONCERNS FOR BUSINESS TRAVELERS

It is important to differentiate from other wellness experience hotels by determining what the areas of concern are important to a business traveler specifically. This brand is not intended to be a resort-type retreat; rather, it caters to those on a fast-paced schedule.

of millennials are concerned about getting enough sleep during a business trip

of millennials are concerned about the general stress of travel of millennials are concerned about unhealthy eating

MILLENNIALS ARE THE “BURNOUT GENERATION”

The World Health Organization recently classified burnout as a clinical syndrome often brought on by chronic workplace stress. Millennials’ physical and mental health are declining at a faster rate than Gen X as they age (Blue Cross Blue Shield Report).

of millennials say burnout affects their everyday life (72% blame work)

ZEN NYC

04.2.2./ Alexandra Leitch

New York City will be ZEN’s first location. Aside from being a global business travel destination, New York is fast-paced and hectic, attracting precisely the type of motivated and over-worked guest that defines the millennial market.

Located in the Midtown Flatiron district, ZEN NYC will provide a restorative hospitality oasis in the center of Manhattan. The selected site crosses through a city block. It incorporates a large cross-block garden that will provide guestrooms with natural views that cannot be encroached upon by any future development. The empty 14,300 SF lot is located in the M1-6 zoning district and has a Floor Area Ratio of 10. The proposed project, occupying just under 100,000 SF, fits comfortably within this zoning envelope, leaving development rights that can be sold or transferred off-site to improve its initial feasibility.

The ZEN brand idea comes to life in the interior Zen garden that shapes the character of the hotel: a bamboo forest enclosed within the building to provide a visual, aural and fragrant focal point for both public and private spaces. Private meditation rooms and public relaxation spaces are woven into the program to give guests the opportunity to unwind on their own schedule. Interior spaces use natural elements, like wood and stone, which complement the organic garden. The facades facing the garden contrast its organic character by using glass and steel to emphasize the notion that this garden is hidden within the urban fabric of the city. Although concealed from adjacent streets,

the garden’s structure rises above the rest of the building, joining the skyline and giving the city a hint of what lies within.

An elongated lobby provides access to the hotel’s two restaurants, reception desk, and lounge areas. Above, ZEN targets the guests’ intellectual wellness pillar by providing an auditorium for lectures and demonstrations, as well as private meeting rooms. Below is the level of the Zen garden, with meditation rooms and platforms around and within the forest. The grotto-esque sub-levels of the building contain the spa, hammam and treatment rooms, a floor for fitness rooms and a floor for the lap pool. The upper portion of the building contains 15 guestrooms per floor. Although most rooms focus on the garden, suites have both city and garden views. Circulation within the building is bifurcated, with one core providing access to guestrooms and another leading to the spa and other amenities.

While the hotel design provides a lush and calming garden, as well as public spa facilities in its lower levels, the guestroom design provides amenities that bring the spa experience directly to the guest. Generous 370 SF guestrooms are binary, zoned into wellness and sleeping areas, and include a service “wet”-zone located along the corridor wall. The rooms feature steam showers and multi-use wellness walls, concealing equipment for a quick workout, and screens that provide continuous readouts of vital health statistics. Operable windows allow guests to enjoy fresh air from the Zen garden.

M1-6 District: light manufacturing zoning districts having manufacturing, commercial and community facility uses.

Birdseye View

View of Proposed Building from West 30th Street

Central Garden and Building Massing

Building Circulation Arrangement of Building Program

Nolli-Type Site Plan Illustrating Ground Floor Public and Private Spaces

Functional Zoning of Guest Rooms

Plan of Typical King Guest Room

View of Typical King Guest Room Facing Gardens

04.2.3./

ZEN NYC

Mikayla Allen

ZEN NYC begins with the notion of the cube. The use of ideal geometries, including cubes and squares, dates back to ancient times, when symmetry was understood to have a powerful calming effect. The 15th century polymath Leonardo da Vinci was one of many artists fascinated with geometry, and with its perfection. In Buddhism, the cube symbolizes being earthbound, and the shape is known to represent stability. In these ways, as well as through platonic geometry, the six sides of the cube can represent the ZEN brand and its six pillars of wellness. ZEN NYC uses the square and cube as motifs in plan, section, and elevation, representing harmony and order. The representation of the cube is then combined with the four natural elements: earth, air, wind, and fire, to bring the spa concept to life throughout the hotel.

ZEN NYC is designed around 10 cubes, 40-foot by 40-foot each. The first two cubes are on the lobby level, and stand as the main public rooms and first points of entry to the hotel experience. The ZEN Room, which is also the main point of arrival, represents Earth using augmented light projection to create an immersive nature-based experience that soothes and calms guests. Behind the ZEN room, representing elements of wind, is the cubic sushi restaurant/bar, wrapped by private mezzanine dining spaces. The ceiling of the restaurant is the glass floor of the swimming pool, which represents water and occupies the center of the spa component. Above the ZEN Room, representing elements of fire, is the hot yoga studio/cube. The studio opens northward to views of Manhattan and is skylit from the atrium above. The cubes

continue stacking to create two more ZEN courts designed to attract and inspire guests. Six more cubes of room levels are then stacked to create dual towers (in the manner of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel).

The building rises 300 feet, with seven levels of amenities and nine guestroom floors. Beginning on the guestroom floors, the building sets back 10 feet along each street to comply with New York City zoning setbacks. As the building is largely introverted, the stairs at each end become symbolic, suggesting healthy living by inviting guests to circulate throughout the hotel on foot while providing striking views of New York City. The façade of the building elaborates the square and cube theme in reflective paneling, and is designed to stand out on the street as a ZEN brand calling card.

Retail spaces on the ground floor level help generate income for the hotel, and frame two prominent escalators that lead to the upper lobby level (additional accessible and service entrances are also provided). The ZEN Room and restaurant/bar are the first two public spaces that guests experience on the lobby level. Flanking these cubes are ancillary facilities, like lobby check in, spa check in, work spaces, a grab-and-go food bar, a library, and meeting rooms. The spa floor is above the lobby level, comprising the cubes containing the yoga studio and swimming pool. Around these cubes are facilities like the spa boutique, workout rooms, and treatment rooms. Above these more public cubes, additional cubes organized as atria organize the 162 guestrooms.

Initial Zen NYC Program Document

Amalgamation of Cubes as an Organizing Principle

Location of Flatiron District

View of Zen NYC from West 30th Street

ZEN NYC’s Four Symbolic Cubes Zen Room, Sushi Bar, Yoga Studio and Swimming Pool

Floor Plan of Typical Guestroom Floor

Illustrating Arrangement of Rooms Around Atria, External Stairs

Floor Plan of Typical Guest Room

Diagram Illustrating Zoning of Typical Guest Room

3 feet between each floor allows for an area for fitness equipment and a potting area for the tree

Experience shower

Fitness mirror: in-room streaming training with a professional

Work desk

Interactive mirror: check date, time, weather, Calendar, health, make reservations, order food, change lighting

Typical Guestroom

Daniela Cancel and Daniela Huen

Millennials are social creatures hungry for incredible experiences. This young cohort is often considered the most social generation because of their ability to create friendships and connect with others through technology. However, technology is a double-edged sword: while providing a level of connection online, it drives many millennials to crave more physical social interaction. Another effect of sharing one’s life on social media, the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) syndrome, leads many young travelers to yearn for cultural immersive experiences where they can connect with people and locals around them.

The essence of the SOCIALITE brand taps into millennial ideals of social interaction, especially the desire to belong and to connect. Inspired by the mid-century photography of Slim Aarons, Socialite’s open lobby, magnificent social spaces, and playful environment and style are designed to stimulate human interaction. Guests and locals are encouraged to mingle under one roof, evoking a swanky lifestyle while finding authentic experiences.

https://www.artsy.net/artwork/slim-aarons-luxury-in-the-snow

Socialite guests want to socialize. They want to travel every chance they get; they want to have fun and connect beyond the virtual world; they want to get to know the roots of the city they visit; they want to make new friends, stay connected and be involved; they want to “live the life.” With its open lobby and magnificent social spaces, the Socialite brand stimulates human interaction through its playful environments and style. The brand encourages guests and locals to connect under one roof. The design and program

The Socialite Guest

evoke a lifestyle that focuses on reconnecting with real life experiences rooted in genuine locality.

https://photos.com/featured/megachess-slim-aarons.html, https://www.1stdibs.com/art/photography/figurative-photography/slim-aarons-villa-vera-racquet-clubpool-slim-aarons-20th-century-poolside-ocean-views/id-a_6862572/, https://www.pinterest.com/pin/535013630708499180/ , https://photos.com/featured/safari-party-slim-aarons.html, https://www.dashwoodbooks.com/pages/books/5891/slim-aarons/poolside-with-slim-aarons?soldItem=true, https://photos.com/featured/ top-up-slim-aarons.html

LIKE A SLIM AARONS SHOT

: The work of photographer Slim Aarons captures the essence of the Socialite brand: high-spirited, full of imagination and hope, proclaiming prosperity, optimism, and approachable luxury. Socialite hotels are a scenographic backdrop for the activities of their guests. Guided by this spirit, the Socialite brand

Miami River District/ Miami, FL

Djurgården/ Stockholm, SE

Lakeview/ Chicago, IL

Meatpacking District/ New York, NY

Vesterbro/ Copenhagen, DK

Malasaña/ Madrid, ES

Trastevere/ Rome, IT

St. Pauli/ Hamburg, DE

Roma/ Mexico City, MX

Socialite Hotel Network/ Key Markets

provides remarkable scenery. They do this by transforming the mindset and style of a Golden Era of postwar design to the 21st century, and creating spaces that encourage vibrant human interactions in intentional contrast to today’s tech-heavy world. Socialite shapes a mindset of splendor and fun - a new Golden Age.

Temple Bar/ Dublin, IE

Queen West/ Toronto, CA

Bondi/ Sydney, AT

Canal Saint-Martin/ Paris, FR

Vallila/ Helsinki, FI

Yaletown/ Vancouver, CA

Harajuku/ Tokyo, JP

Mitte/ Berlin, DE

East Los Angeles/ Los Angeles, CA

THE HUB + FAT CITY: The Hub is the lobby of The Socialite. It integrates multiples spaces for guests to connect, relax, drink and mingle. Fat City, adjacent to the hotel reception and reached by a short staircase, offers a sunken seating area that serves as a conversation pit for hotel guests.

WALL OF LOVE: Inspired by the Before I Die global art project, Socialite invites guests to contemplate and reflect upon their trip highlights, the people they met and what they loved most about the city they visited.

THE LIDO: Socialite offers a pool with indooroutdoor space to soak up sun in lounge chairs or going for a swim. Guests are invited to aqua-volleyball tournaments and pool parties to encourage active and high-spirited interaction.

THE PADS: Bathed in natural light, Socialite’s guestroom “pads” feature well-chosen materials and curated furniture, providing the space needed to relax and recharge for another day.

Room count: ca 220 rooms Type: Macro (300 – 350 SF)

https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/520095456962050126/

https://www.cnn.com/2013/11/29/living/gallery/ before-i-die-walls-book/index.html

https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/372109987952141023/

https://www.anothermag.com/design-living/10668/ inside-the-los-angeles-home-that-once-belongedto-elvis-presley

https://www.archdaily.com/tag/case-study-houses

https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/new-yorkrestaurants-in-miami/index.html

https://imbibemagazine.com/inside-look-sauvage/

https://www.houzz.com/photos/vintage-1950sequipment-restored-for-retro-home-bowlingalley-modern-home-theater-minneapolis-phvwvp~4616963

THE COCKPIT: The cockpit is a container flex-space overlooking the city, used for activities such as meditation, special events and private parties.

SWELL N’ BLITZ: Socialite’s main restaurant offers a vibrant mix of sophisticated cuisine and playful environment, introducing guests to local flavors in an innovative manner.

ANTSVILLE: Socialite’s specialty rooftop restaurant, bar and garden offers space for activities such as sunrise yoga or relaxing with cocktails and tapas while overlooking the city.

NO-GRINGLES: This space is all about connecting with fellow humans through fun activities. It contains pool tables, game tables, a bowling alley, and a bar for happy hour.

THE SOCIALITE ARRANGEMENT

FAT CITY THE HUB

THE PADS

WALL OF LOVE

THE LIDO

THE COCKPIT

SWELL N’ BLITZ

THE ANTSVILLE

NO-GRINGLES

SUSTAINABILITY + THE SOCIALITE

NO PARKING

FREE USE OF BIKES

POP-UPS

WATER RECYCLING

ROOFTOP GARDEN

USE OF NATURAL LIGHT

NATURAL VENTILATION

SOLAR PANELS

https://photos.com/featured/poolside-backgammon-slim-aarons.html

Photo by Slim Aarons:

04.3.2./

SOCIALITE MIAMI

Daniela Cancel and Daniela Huen

The images of mid-century photographer Slim Aarons inspire the essence of Socialite MIA: high-spirited, full of imagination and hope, proclaiming prosperity, optimism, and approachable luxury. Socialite MIA will be the proof of concept of the Socialite brand, creating a scenographic backdrop for the brand lifestyle. Guided by the spirit of Aarons, the hotel will transpose the mindset and style of a Golden Era of postwar design to the 21st century. It will create spaces that encourage vibrant human interactions, and shape a mindset of splendor and fun – a new golden age.

Located along the Miami River, straddling downtown, Little Havana, Brickell and Civic Center neighborhoods (all areas that have experienced important growth recently), the riverfront location offers iconic presence and exciting waterfront access. The site presents a value proposition, as the surroundings are under-developed but will certainly experience growth in the next decade. Recent developments along the river itself, including restaurants, bars, clubs and lounges, are also consistent with the spirit of the Socialite brand.

The sixteen-story hotel structure will be raised thirty-six feet over its site on pilotis, a strategy intended to create a bright, airy forecourt and function space opening to the river. The open concourse below guaranties maximum public access to the waterfront and use of riverfront land, but raising the building is also an important resilience strategy, intended to mitigate the effects of rising waters and sporadic floods. Building materials include concrete, steel, glass, and wood, which will all be purposefully exposed to emphasize their dignity and integrity. The lower floors of the building form a public zone of amenity and encounter, emphasizing indoor-outdoor connectivity, informal, playful and open-plan arrangements, and interconnectivity of rooms and spaces.

Socialite brand’s signature spaces include Hub, Fat City, Walls of Love, Lido, Cockpit, Swell & Blitz, Antsville, and No-Gringles.

The tower comprises 200 guestrooms on ten floors. The rooms, called pads, feature a large window that bathes the space in natural light and accentuates its quality materials and creative furniture.

Project Site along Miami River

Birds Eye View Illustrating Riverfront Location and Neighborhood Adjacencies

Separating Pedestal (Public) and Tower (Private) Programs

Diagram Separating Pedestal (Public) and Tower (Private) Programs

Building Form Development

Loading

Employee Checkin

Loading Area

Mechanical room

Section Perspective of Public and Private Areas

Section Detail of Public Rooms

West Building Elevation

View of Deck Looking into No-Gringles Bar and Club

View of Pool Deck

View Looking into Typical Pads

Floor Plan of Typical Queen Guest Pad

View of Typical Guest Pad

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

04.4.1./ HIDDN

Kalil Melia and Junyong Wu

Tucked away in well-known urban locales, HIDDN emulates the exclusive and hidden nature of speakeasies and contemporary clubs. It offers locals and guests discreet spaces and places that form a quiet new layer within their urban network. HIDDN spaces may seem minimalistic, but there is more than meets the eye.

It is no secret that people want what they can’t have; knowing about secret clubs and activities places guests in an elite group. Millennials in particular covet knowing what others don’t. While fulfilling one’s curiosity

is gratifying, exclusivity elicits important psychological rewards, including a sense of belonging and position. Guests who stay at any HIDDN location will feel part of an exclusive club that, although accessible, only a select few can enjoy.

Every city hides a million stories behind its façades. Based on the tradition of prohibition speakeasies, where rooms that serve one function may conceal a secret room that serves another, HIDDN hotels are veiled from the public, yet add to the culture social vibrancy of the cities in the network.

https://www.saltlakemagazine.com/secret-passageway-utahs-swanky-new-speakeasy/

The HIDDN guest is in their 20s and 30s, affluent, well-informed, and a savvy traveler with a sense of wanderlust and adventure. Further, guests have some experience of luxury travel and want a sense of exclusivity.

The Hiddn Guest

https://www.fandom.com/articles/fantastic-beasts-locations

FROM SPEAKEASIES TO CONTEMPORARY CLUBS:

Every city hides a million stories behind its façades. Based on the tradition of prohibition speakeasies, where rooms that serve one function may

conceal a secret room that serves another, HIDDN hotels are veiled from the public, yet add to the culture social vibrancy of the cities in their network.

Victoria Harbor/ Hong Kong, CN

Downtown Miami/ Miami, FL

Chelsea/ New York, NY

Downtown Los Angeles/ Los Angeles, CA

Magnificent Mile/ Chicago, IL

Pudong/ Shanghai, CN

Hiddn Hotel Network/ Key Markets

Chaoyang/ Beijing, CN Nanshan/ Shenzhen, CN

Shibuya/ Tokyo, JP

Luxembourg Gardens/ Paris, FR City Center/ Kuala Lumpur, MY

HIDDN FEATURES

HIDDN hotels may hide within existing, sometimes nondescript, buildings.

HIDDN hotels feature hidden doors or passageways throughout the hotel, which offer thresholds to additional layers of experiences.

HIDDN hotels have interior courtyards with intimate landscapes that add an unexpected experience.

HIDDN hotels may feature auxiliary programs that support the HIDDN brand and provide constant revenue, like residences, restaurants, and clubs.

https://www.pinterest.com/ezzatcircle/restaurant/

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://i.pinimg.com/474x/39/b3/87/39b387b723bd48183ba5bf34dd4618b1.jpg&imgrefurl=https://www.pinterest.com/medes101/morq/&h=319&w=473&tbnid=IoXNUyzgdR-3KM&tbnh=184&tbnw=273&usg=AI4_-kRK3JniFKaKZgeVJzGAp5s0to99yQ&vet=1&docid=RPNqOWYfeV8wiM&itg=1&hl=en

https://www.dezeen.com/2016/10/12/jsa-renovation-interior-hotel-carlota-courtyard-black-concrete-blocks-mexico-city/

04.4.2./ Kalil Melia HIDDN

MIA

Millennials strive to keep up with trends. They get the latest iPhone and travel to the hottest destinations to remain current and avoid the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO). In their drive to be up-to-the-minute, millennials thrive on the secrecy and exclusivity of a new find. HIDDN aims to evoke this feeling in its inaugural location: Miami. HIDDN MIA places itself in the once-booming center of Downtown Miami, within an often-overlooked, semi-abandoned building. HIDDN MIA will hide in plain sight.

Miami is known for the type of club activity that will drive guest interest: nightlife, vibrant rooftop lounges, and exclusive restaurants. Miami is also a melting pot; HIDDN will immerse itself in this ambiance and add to its culture.

The site is the historic Shoreland Arcade Building, located at 120 NE 1st Street (between Flagler Street and NE 1st Street). Designed by George Pfeiffer and Gerald O’Reilly in 1925, the building was originally envisioned with ground floor retail arcades beneath an office tower. Only the commercial base of the building was constructed during the 1920s Great Florida Building Boom, with arcades stretching to three adjacent streets. Currently, the hidden arcades are abandoned, or incorporated into adjoining retail spaces. Rehabilitated, this discreet network will form the entrance of the hotel.

The site is zoned T6-80, allowing development up to 80 stories. The site is in close proximity to cultural, commercial activities, governmental centers, entertainment, and nightlife, and is well

served by regional and local transportation networks.

The public areas of the hotel are located within the upper (current office) level of the Shoreland Building, accessed by elevator from an inconspicuous mid-block elevator lobby. Following the arcades below, the 2nd floor public areas branch into all three wings of the existing building, allowing zones for lobby check-in, a restaurant and lounge, work and function spaces, and a gym with a hidden lap pool. In the restaurant/lounge area, a courtyard has been carved from the building pedestal, providing further privacy and intimacy.

Above the historic building pedestal, a new 20-floor tower comprising 140 guestrooms is added to the center of the block – seeking disconnection and anonymity from the surrounding streets. North-facing balconies with privacy screens add another layer of concealment to the façade. These screens can be opened or closed depending on the always changing level of privacy desired by guestroom occupants. The opposite south side of the building comprises a full vertical wall of solar collectors, mimicking the design intent of the main north façade. Horizontalaccess wind turbines complete the energy systems, which are designed to be hidden from the electrical grid.

Future residential towers along Flagler Street and NE 1 Avenue, sponsored by the HIDDN brand, will help complete the buildout of the site as a development while adding a further dimension to the HIDDN lifestyle.

Circulation

Program Distribution

The Shoreland Arcade Building Today: designed By Architects George Pfeiffer and Gerald O’Reilly in 1925. Located at 120 NE 1st Street in Downtown Miami, its arcades originally joined three streets.

Typical King Guestroom Floor Plan

Typical King Guestroom Floor Plan

View of Guestroom with Folding Panels Deployed

Typical King Guestroom Floor Plan

View of Guestroom with Folding Panels Retracted

View of Sunken Courtyard

HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINES

SOLAR COLLECTOR

Building Elevation Facing South

Building Section Illustrating Arcade Courtyard and Guest Room

04.4.3./

Junyong Wu HIDDN HK

The Wan Chai neighborhood of Hong Kong, the historic trading outpost located where the Pearl River Delta meets the South China Sea, is an excellent testing location for the HIDDN Hotel. Officially designated the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the city occupies a special position within China. It is one of the most densely-populated places in the world, with over 7.4 million people of various nationalities in a 426 square mile territory. It also has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, although there is severe income inequality among its residents.

Wan Chai occupies the middle of the territory’s dense urban region. Nearby Victoria Harbour, a major tourist attraction, is known for its panoramic night view and skyline, particularly in the direction towards Hong Kong Island, where the skyscrapers’ skyline is superimposed over the mountain ridges behind.

The site chosen is the Lockhart Road Playground, a mid-block open space between Jaffe and Lockhart Roads. Currently closed, the site comprises a playground, basketball court, and small one-story public bathroom pavilion. Using the idea of Public/Private Partnership, HIDDN HK will occupy the air rights over a part of the playground in exchange for public benefit: renovation of the park, expansion of community facilities and upgraded landscaping.

To maximize open space in the park, a tower-type structure was chosen. Hong Kong has the largest number of skyscrapers of any city in the world: using the same architectural

typology, HIDDN HK will be well-concealed. The new tower is designed to fit snugly in one corner of the site over the existing bathrooms, occupying 11% of the playground area.

The partly detached, 3-story, 7,000 SF community facility is designed to appear as an autonomous structure with its own expression and independent circulation cores. It will provide a community room, study area, computer room, meeting/conference rooms, multi-function space, and ground floor coffee shop. In addition to its interior cores, exterior stairs wrap the structure, emphasizing openness and accessibility.

The new tower will rise 33 stories. For maximum discretion, all activities of the hotel are encompassed within the tower, in unconventional places that defy typical vertical hierarchies. To further emphasize stealth, and suppress the expression of its interior programs, all functions and rooms are enclosed by a continuous metallic screen of oscillating planar fins. The tower is designed to be mysterious, cryptic, and covert. To further emphasize its clandestine character, as well as the integrity of the playground, no hotel entrance is provided through the building pedestal (except a discreet service entrance). The entrance to the hotel is through an unobtrusive new lobby, open to the playground, in the adjacent building 3 Lockhart Road Building. A skybridge connects the Lockhart Road Building to the hotel at the 27th-floor lobby.

Diagrams Illustrating Site and Form Development

Environmental and Transportation Issues

Diagrams Illustrating Guest and Service Circulation

Floor Plan of Level +2: Community Facilities

Floor Plan of Level +3: Community Facilities

Floor Plan of Level +27: Entrance to Restaurant/ Floor Plan of Level + 5: Fitness Area

Floor Plan of Level + 33: Open Roof Bar/ Floor Plan of Level + 26: Restaurant

Floor Plan of Level + 28: Employee BOH/ Floor Plan of Level + 25: Restaurant Kitchen

View of Pool Deck and Garden above Community Facilities

Floor Plan of Level + 4: Pool Deck

Section Perspective of Tower

View of Park and New Community Facility

View of Pool Deck and Garden above Community Facility

Floor Plans and Axonometric View of Typical Guestroom Types

Guestroom

Exterior View

04.5.1./ YCM

Zara Gizdashka and Tomas Tapias

Young Creative Minds (YCM) Hotel is designed to serve an emerging niche in millennial hospitality: a hotel experience catering to creative industries.

Art has become a social identifier of millennials. They have tagged into the art world as no generation has before. They follow art and artists through social media and enjoy participating in popular, well-attended gallery openings and events. YCM will cater to this interest, featuring gallery spaces, maker spaces, and guestrooms designed as creative work environments. YCM will serve as an incubator

for creative industries, and a space in which to collaborate and stimulate connection with like-minded people.

YCM’s creative spaces are available for guests, but also to local artists. In formal and informal ways, guests will be able to associate directly with artists and creative professionals in a unique and meaningful way. YCM will use social media to follow the productive work of guests and local artists and promote its arts-centered mission. Cities known for attracting the creative class, and with ample arts institutions, make the ideal home for a YCM hotel.

https://www.businessinsider.com/rich-millennials-disrupting-art-market-crypto-nft-non-fungible-tokens-2021-3

Millennials are interested in creativity. This is the demographic being appealed to in this hotel. YCM Hotels wants to meet every need of guests working in creative industries.

The YCM Guest

NATURE

TALENT ARTISTS

ENVIRONMENT

COLORFUL ARTISTIC

COLORFUL LOCAL

SOCIAL

INTIMATE

ARTISTS WARM

HANDMADE

UNIQUE

GLOBAL CITIZEN

YOUNG

CREATIVE MINDS

MILLENNIALS

TALENT

NATURE

HANDMADE COMMUNITY

HANDMADE FRESH COZY

ENVIRONMENTAL

YCM aspires to be located globally in creative hubs, cities with strong creative economies and thriving artist communities. The YCM Geography Matrix suggests an initial choice of cities, emphasizing the connections between them, or perhaps the by-ways of the artists who inhabit them.

YCM Geography

SUSTAINABILITY: By embracing global efforts in sustainability, YCM hotels aim to set a new benchmark in environmentallydriven design and use of sustainable building materials. One initiative will be the transformation of recyclable materials into new artistic products.

NATURE: One of the most intriguing areas of current research is the impact of nature on general well-being. Studies show that scenes of nature are associated with a positive mood, and psychological comfort, meaningfulness, and creativity. Furthermore, time in nature, or viewing natural scenes, increases attentiveness. Because humans find nature inherently interesting, they naturally focus on what they are experiencing out in nature. Although located in urban locales, YCM will incorporate interior and/or exterior garden(s) in its hotels.

CREATIVITY: YCM wants to inspire its guests to be more creative in their own daily lives and to think more creatively about the world around them. Creative spaces will be provided in public and private areas of the hotel. In addition, YCM’s initiative to recycle trash as new art and design product is designed to encourage the creativity of its guests and local artists, as well as environmental awareness. YCM sees creativity as alchemical, subversive, and transformative by nature.

CIAO YCM: Guests arriving at YCM Hotels will have already checked in online through the YCM website and will have received a virtual key on their smartphone that will enable them to go straight to their room. The lobby is the creative living courtyard where guests and locals can find a number of enjoyable amenities and amenity spaces, including areas to enjoy a coffee, catch up on calls or emails, or even peruse the artwork featured around the lobby and in small viewing niches.

https://www.dwell.com/article/check-out-this-brooklyn-hotels-dramatic-living-wall-installation-d9891f5c

https://www.athenaeumhotel.com/

https://pickyourtrail.com/blog/top-9-best-freethings-to-do-in-budapest/ https://www.tfod.in/art-design-articles/7542/recycling-railway-scrap-into-art

https://www.hotels.com/ho654781/25hours-hotel-langstrasse-zurich-switzerland/?modal=dp

https://www.trendingbreeds.com/best-bed-forfrench-bulldog/

https://www.timeout.com/kuala-lumpur/restaurants/ table-apron

https://www.miaminewtimes.com/guide/miamibest-bars/lagniappe-6422688

CREATIVE YCM: Nowhere is YCM’s dedication to creativity more apparent than through its non-traditional art program. The program entails fellowships with local artists that work with recycled materials in particular. As part of this fellowship, YCM hotels offer dedicated studio space for the artists to work at no charge. Guests will, for the period of their stay, be considered fellows, and will be able to use studio/maker spaces. They will also be able to visit other studios and see the artists at work. Artwork produced at YCM will adorn the common areas of the hotel, and be sold via a YCM online store. The hotel also sponsors partnerships with local galleries and art fairs to display artwork, as well as sustainable art competitions.

SLEEPY YCM: YCM looked to the happiest country in the world for inspiration and found it in the Swedish term known as Lagon, which simply means “not too much, not too little, but just enough.” YCM will use a minimalist philosophy in its selection of furniture and other decorative accent elements, some of which will be made by artisans in the hotels’ maker space.

HUNGRY YCM: In keeping with an emphasis on health and wellness, the hotel’s in-house restaurant will feature a farm-to-table concept featuring cozy and homey interiors. The restaurant will be adjacent to the lobby bar and will attract both guests and outside visitors.

PARTY YCM: The bar will offer stools, intimate tables, community tables, and an outside terrace when weather allows. The bar furnishings and decor will continue the hotel’s interior design theme of using organic and sustainable materials. Artwork from the YCM art program will also be featured.

YCM SF

Zara Gizdashka

San Francisco, which has become the tech capital of the world, is a key node along the pathway of the creative economies network. The city’s East Cut neighborhood will be the location of YCM’s pilot hotel due to its youth demographics and lack of similar style boutique hotels. Traditionally known as Yerba Buena, this area, more recently notable for its galleries, museums, internet cafes and maker spaces, has been recast as ‘East Cut.’ YCM’s brand, and its creative backbone, should resonate in a favorable way with nearby arts institutions and galleries.

171 2nd Street in San Francisco, close to non-traditional galleries and numerous art studios, will be the inaugural location for the YCM flag. As an added benefit, the site is next door to the Transbay Transit Center, a multi-modal bus terminal and future rail station, insuring that the project is well-connected regionally. The site comprises two existing structures that can be re-used.

Zoning for the site allows an approximately 85,000 SF building. As the proposed hotel and amenities are slightly larger, the project anticipates a purchase of air rights from a nearly vacant lot behind, which is underneath the bus transitway leading to the Transbay Center. This area would be improved with a park and bicycle infrastructure.

YCM SF proposes a simple design strategy, joining a new tower of modular guestrooms above two existing buildings that have helped defined the neighborhood for decades. The adaptive and creative re-use of the buildings for both hospitality and a mix of art-centered

activities demonstrates how YCM values the complimentary nature of these uses. The tower is offset from the footprint of the existing buildings, emphasizing its contemporary vintage. Rooftop gardens at the level of the offset allow upper level function spaces to open to outdoor space.

By adaptively using the existing older structures in a creative way, and transforming them to new uses, the project demonstrates an approach to recycling and sustainability that will function at every level of the YCM brand. These buildings join to form the building base, offering ample areas where creative work spaces and galleries can be interspersed with the hotel’s restaurant and lobby to encourage maximum integration of brand.

Above the existing structures, the new 13-floor guestroom tower comprises 182 units. Four distinct unit types, between 200 and 280 SF each, occupy the tower. Guestrooms are uncluttered between the corridor wall and the windows, emphasizing openness and depth, while bathroom and storage spaces are tucked along one wall. A long work counter along the windows provides opportunities to engage in creative projects, transforming the room into a small live-work studio. All room finishes are plywood, and can be easily painted or refinished as necessary.

CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST CENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEASTCENTRALEAST

Location in San Francisco

Nearby Art Galleries, Museums, Internet Cafes, Maker Spaces

Yerba Buena Neighborhood Plan

Bird’s Eye View of YCM Site

182 Hotel Rooms:

“Y” Room: 204 sq ft

"C" Room: 223 sq ft

"M" Room: 243 sq ft

“SF” Room: 287 sq ft

18,000 sq ft of Art Program, YCM Spaces:

70 Open Workstations

60 Private Workstations

15 Private Studios

3,800 sq ft of Hotel Lobby & Public Art Gallery

11,300 sq ft of F&B Area:

5,200 sq ft of Interior

2,100 sq ft of Exterior dining

4,000 sq ft of Kitchen & Prep

1,300 sq ft of Art Studio Bar & Dining

2,800 sq ft of Art Studio Terrace Seating

2,700 sq ft of Event Spaces to be used for: Private Art Exhibitions Small F&B Events

Lot Y = 6,309 sq ft

Lot C = 3,375 sq ft

Lot M = 4,500 sq ft

TOTAL AREA = 14,184 sq ft (floor area available)

FAR = 6 14,184 sq ft X 6 = 85 104 sq ft

EXISTING:

Lot C = 3,375 sq ft X 6 = 20,250 sq ft

Lot M = 4,500 sq ft X 2 = 9,000 sq ft

TOTAL EXISTING AREA = 29,259 sq ft

LEFT TO BUILD = 55,854 sq ft

YCM SF Program

Open Art Studios

Private Art

Enclosed Art Studios

2nd St

Howard St

Minna St

Natoma St

Ground Floor Plan

Floor Plan Level 4 Showing Garden Terrace above Roof at Existing Two Story Structure

Floor Plan Level 7 Showing Roof Terrace Above Existing Structure

Axonometric View of Typical Queen Guestroom

Plan View of Typical Queen Guestroom

Plan Disposition of Guestroom Types

View of Typical Queen Room

Lobby of YCM Hotel

04.5.3./ Tomas Tapias

San Francisco will be the pilot location of the YCM brand. The site is strategically located in the East Cut neighborhood, a section of Yerba Buena identified with art galleries as well as the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. To exploit creative networks and the mobility of young creative travelers, the site is located alongside the Transbay Transit Center, the city’s primary bus terminal and future Caltrain and High-Speed Rail terminal. It is also just a few blocks from the Oakland Bay Bridge, one of the key infrastructures connecting the bay region. In this key location, YCM SF is poised to play a regional role in the cultural development of the city.

The project site, located on Howard Street, is in a C-3-O(SD) zoning district; the district permits the tallest height limits in the city, as well as densities that exceed those in the C-3O district, and reflecting its geographically central position in the downtown and unparalleled access to public transportation.

YCM SF considers San Francisco’s important role as a center of innovation, leveraging the brand’s core goals of engaging creative industries and sustainability by combining the features of a hotel with those of a shed-type workshop/art center. The synthesis occurs at the building’s multi-story base, where the facilities merge along Howard Street. Here, the first three floors combine hotel activities

like lobby, café and restaurant, with creative workspaces organized as an open shed for ultimate flexibility. The complementary programs are conceived as uninterrupted to allow for creative dialogue. YCM SF is conceived to join the surrounding East Cut neighborhood thorough this highly-visible and transparent multi-story arts shed, inviting the community to use and enjoy the facility. The shed’s exoskeletal structure emphasizes long-span spaces open to invention and imagination. To emphasize the ambiguity and fluidity of program, the shed is structured and cocooned by a metallic space frame.

YCM SF’s 255 rooms are located on eleven floors above the public base. Two basic room types – a 220 SF guestroom and a 260 SF junior suite – are proposed. All rooms are divided into two zones: a bath and storage area that is understood as a service zone; and a sleeping area at the windows. Along the entire flank of the guestroom, continuous work counters can transform the space into a mini-workshop. The basic room module is flexible, and can be extended 3 feet to puncture the façade plane while creating corner bay windows. Along with the screen membrane that encompasses the guestrooms, these punctures were conceived to emphasize variation and depth.

View of Public Interior from Street

Screen Facade Cladding

Floors +2 and +3, Comprising Public Elements of the Hotel/ Art Center

Typical Guestroom Floor Plan

Typical Guestroom Floor Plan Diagram

Section Isometric

View of Lobby on Ground Floor

Plan

of Unit Types

Axonometric of 220 sf Typical Guestroom

View of Typical Guestroom

Building Elevation

View of Dining Terrace Overlooking Showcase Plaza

View of Interior Dining Area

Exterior View