La Biodiversidad es vida - Carteles de nuestra exposición

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SC/EES/BIODIVERSITY/2010

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(VWD H[SRVLFLyQ PRVWUDUi TXH OD ELRGLYHUVLGDG HV OD SDUWH YLYD GH OD QDWXUDOH]D OD ELRGLYHUVLGDG HV QXHVWUD YLGD Z Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety of life on Earth. It comprises all living things including their unique genetic make-up and ranges from microscopic viruses to the largest animals on the planet such as the blue whale, small algae and big plants such as the giant sequoia, and the expansive landscapes comprised of a variety of ecosystems. Humans are also an integral part of biodiversity.

This exhibition will help uncover the extent of our links with the natural world and why conserving the Earth’s biodiversity is fundamental to a healthy future for humanity. It will also introduce what we could do to reduce biodiversity loss for future generations.

This exhibition will show you that Biodiversity is the living part of nature. Biodiversity is our life.

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Biodiversity as a concept is both simple and challenging. We are familiar with the wide range of animals and plants that share our planet but are less familiar with the vital role biodiversity plays in maintaining our mutual life support system, and in both the physical and mental aspects of our well-being.

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Z Biodiversity is made up of all the genes, species, ecosystems and landscapes that comprise our world.

Biodiversity includes VSHFLHV of plants such as the baobab, animals such as the panda and microorganisms such as marine plankton. Biodiversity comprises HFRV\VWHPV - dynamic groupings of animals, plants and microorganisms, in close interaction with each other, and the physical environment in which they live, for example, wetlands or coral reefs. Biodiversity includes ODQGVFDSHV, with mosaics and clusters of interacting ecosystems such as farmland, forests and lakes. Biodiversity is therefore constantly interacting at all levels.

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Biodiversity includes JHQHWLF YDULDWLRQ, which deďŹ nes the unique nature of any living thing and brings about differences between any two individuals within a species. For example, genetic variation in rice is vital for resilience and its ability to adapt to changing climatic and soil conditions. Humans have used genetic variation to breed thousands of varieties of food crops as well as domesticated animals.

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Z All living things inhabit dynamic ecosystems where they share the same habitat and physical conditions linked through a web of life. In this shared environment their lives are interwoven in a web of relationships regulated by cooperation, competition, predation, symbiosis or parasitism. This delicately balanced interconnected system provides food and shelter, cycling of energy, and reproduction. Every member of this community plays an essential role in keeping this web in balance.

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People are very much part of biodiversity. No matter how far removed we may seem from the “natural� environment in our increasingly urban lifestyles, we remain intimately connected with ecosystems and their processes through our diets, recreational activities, use of materials, water and much more.

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Z The diversity of ecosystems delivers a number of ecosystem services. For example, marine ecosystems regulate the Earth’s temperature, and provide food and recreation for human populations. A tropical forest provides building material and food for local communities and helps reduce global warming by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

A greater number of individuals in a population of a particular species increases the genetic pool in the population for better adaptation in a changing world. Genetic diversity is the basic resource that enables species to respond to environmental change and pathogens, both in wild and domesticated species.

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Greater species diversity in ecosystems results in ecosystems that are more adaptable and resilient to changing environmental conditions. Each species fulďŹ ls a speciďŹ c role in the web of life, relying on other species for its survival. The web of life loses its balance when a species disappears, eventually affecting the ecosystem services we enjoy.

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Some geographical regions are centres of both high species diversity and endemism. These 34 “hotspots� represent only 2.3% of the Earth’s surface yet concentrate 50% of the world’s plants and 42 % of all terrestrial vertebrates. They are frequently concentrated in isolated or topographically variable regions (islands, mountains, peninsulas) and are particularly vulnerable.

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Z Biodiversity can be found everywhere on Earth, from extreme environments such as the North and South Poles, to deep rocks beneath the Earth’s surface, to the deepest oceans and the highest clouds. Whether found in the wilderness or protected natural areas or even in areas altered by humans such as farms, forest plantations and cities, biodiversity surrounds us all. Distinctive patterns of biodiversity exist around the world, made up of recognized bio-geographic realms with a shared evolutionary and climatic history. There are an estimated 10 to 100 million species on Earth, but scientists have only identiďŹ ed around 1.9 million species. Only some groups of species, among them mammals, birds, amphibians and conifers are well documented and beneďŹ t from conservation status. We lack knowledge about many others, including deep-sea species, fungi or microorganisms.

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Due to drastic changes in the Earth’s environment, species have evolved to survive and thrive, some have decreased or become extinct. Climatic changes, volcanic activity and the impact of asteroids on the Earth have led to major evolutionary changes in the Earth’s biodiversity. Ecosystems have, as a result, changed over time. From the fossil record we know of ďŹ ve major extinctions affecting biodiversity in the Earth’s history. The most well known is the extinction of dinosaurs during the Cretaceous-Tertiary period about 65 million years ago. Unfortunately, over the past 50 years human activity has sharply increased the natural extinction rate, calculated at 100 to 1000 times that of the geological record, and much greater than the rate at which new species arise resulting in a net loss of biodiversity. Halting biodiversity loss is now in our hands.

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Z The Earth is estimated to be 4.65 billion years old. Scientists estimate that life on Earth ďŹ rst emerged 3.8 billion years ago. Biodiversity has continued to evolve in its nature, variety and quantity ever since.

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Z Our well-being depends on the state of our physical and emotional welfare. When we live healthy, contented, and secure lives, and when our social needs are met, our way of life and sense of community belonging add to the value we attach to our world.

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Biodiversity contributes to key aspects of our well-being, which we cannot live without and include: %DVLF JRRGV - sufďŹ cient food of good quality, building materials for shelter, clothing, ďŹ bre and access to fuel such as ďŹ rewood; 6HFXULW\ - secure access to natural and other resources, personal safety, and security from natural and human-made disasters; +HDOWK – a sense of wellness and strength that comes for a healthy physical environment that provides us with clean air, water and medicines; *RRG VRFLDO UHODWLRQV DQG IUHHGRP RI FKRLFH DQG DFWLRQ – conservation of biodiversity, fair access to it and the equitable sharing of the beneďŹ ts deriving from its use enhance mutual respect for others and a sense of purpose and ability to provide for children, and to contribute to the social cohesion of the community as well as to individual and collective freedom of choice and action.

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Degraded ecosystems and a fall in the numbers of species erode the natural capital and the genetic resources from which we derive all our crops and domesticated animals, leading to lesser resilience and an inability to adapt to future environmental changes. Loss of biodiversity also leads to loss of cultural diversity.

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Z Habitat loss can occur naturally through drought, disease, ďŹ re, volcanoes, earthquakes, slight changes in seasonal temperature or rainfall, but it is the changes in land use through human activities particularly agriculture, but also cattle rearing, construction of infrastructure, logging, mining and rapid urbanization, which are the main drivers of habitat fragmentation, deterioration and loss. Croplands account for more than 25% of land surface excluding Antarctica. In recent times, the Earth’s forest surface has been reduced by 40%, wetlands by 50%, coral reefs by 20% and mangroves by 35%. Deep-sea ďŹ shing is causing considerable damage to sea beds with the potential loss of millions of species and their genetic resources.

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Z Biodiversity is being affected globally by climate change as the average temperature on Earth becomes warmer, with more frequent extreme weather events negatively affecting biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and ultimately the provision of ecosystem services and human well-being.

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Z The introduction, whether accidental or intended, of alien invasive species of plants, such as water hyacinth in the tropics, or animals such as the grey squirrel in Europe, can have a devastating impact on natural and cultivated species and ecosystems. After habitat loss, invasive alien species are the second most important driver of species extinction. Invasive species interfere with the web of relationships and distort the services provided by the ecosystem particularly in isolated ecosystems such as rivers and islands.

The economic and human costs can be considerable. In the United States, the economic costs of non-native species invasion exceed US$ 137 billion each year, more than the combined total of all other natural disasters. The introduction of the Nile perch in Lake Victoria in Africa caused the extinction of 200 native ďŹ sh species along with the loss of cultural practices relatedto traditional ďŹ shing of the extinct species.

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Z The over-exploitation of biodiversity on the Earth’s ecosystems by humans through unsustainable hunting, ďŹ shing and the extraction of raw material is increasing the ecological footprint, a measure of human demand on the Earth’s ecosystems.

Pollution occurs when humans emit more waste than the absorption capacity of the ecosystem. Greenhouse gases, fertilizers, agricultural and toxic waste all disturb interactions impacting on biodiversity. For example, agricultural waste leads to the eutrophication of rivers and the widespread death of ďŹ sh species.

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Z Biodiversity loss is directly caused by habitat loss, climate change, invasive species, over-exploitation and pollution, which are the consequences of other root or underlying causes which ultimately drive biodiversity loss. These include population and economic growth, the social and political context, and scientiďŹ c, technological, cultural or religious factors.

Democratic societies in which local communities, e specially women and vulnerable communities are involved in decision-making, and where there is an investment in science and technology, particularly science education, can positively inuence the institutional arrangements for ecosystem management as well as rights over ecosystem services. Our culture, ethics and perceptions of the world inuence the way in which we consume and the importance we attribute to biodiversity conservation.

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We can estimate the economic value of services such as food, wood and pharmaceutical products by taking into account their market value. For example, we can calculate the cost of wood from a logged forest, but how can we measure other valuable ecosystem services such as soil retention, climate regulation, water puriďŹ cation, pollination, and food sources for local communities? These services, if diminished, need to be compensated, sooner or later, by investment. Attributing market value to these undervalued services can help us understand their real value and can facilitate decision-making. Disregarding their value today could prove extremely costly in the future.

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Z The “green economy� describes the recent business trend towards the production of environmentally-friendly goods and services that are more sustainable in the long-term and can thus moderate climate change. Examples of green economy industries include: renewable energy production, green transportation, carbon capture, green building practices, organic agriculture and eco-tourism. It is a rapidly growing and increasingly important sector of the global economy.

For example, the estimated market value of coral reefs ranges from US$ 10 000 to US$ 60 000 per hectare/year, while the conservation cost is equal to only 0.2 % of this value. In Thailand, proďŹ ts obtained by the conversion of mangroves into commercial shrimp farms, is around US$ 1 220 per hectare/year while the beneďŹ ts of only some of its services (wood and forest products, ďŹ sh nurseries, disaster mitigation) is in the order of US$ 12 000 per hectare/year.

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Biodiversity is the source of raw materials for a lot of the world’s industries. New market opportunities are emerging with private equity ďŹ rms investing in natural capital, and buying rights to environmental services generated by tropical rainforest reserves. They recognize that services such as water storage, biodiversity maintenance and rainfall regulation provide an excellent return on investment.

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Z What do Velcro, infrared, sonars and self-cleaning surfaces all have in common? They are examples of biomimicry, a growing scientiďŹ c ďŹ eld of study where modern engineers, scientists and architects are turning to biodiversity, not to extract products from nature, but for inspirational, innovative and sustainable solutions to technically challenging problems. This is vitally important to such industries such as biomedicine, nanotechnology and materials science.

Losing biodiversity means losing the potential to ďŹ nd innovative solutions to future problems faced by humankind.

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Some industries are inspired by nature like aviation, which is based on mimicking birds’ wings and behavior: sea birds react to rising air by adjusting the shape of their feathers to decrease lift. Likewise, a plane adjusts the surface of his wings. Another example, the Eastgate Centre building in Zimbabwe is modeled on termite mounds which can maintain a stable inner temperature even when outside temperatures uctuate between 3°C and 42°C. The building uses only 10% of the energy consumed in a conventional airconditioned building, thus reducing energy costs and CO2 emissions.

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It is predicted that the loss of biodiversity, the disruption in ecosystem services, and the effects of climate change will result in 200 million eco-migrants by 2050. Biodiversity is thus an insurance policy for the world’s poorest communities.

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Biodiversity is the basis on which to build local industries such as the perfume industry in Madagascar which uses ylang ylang, vetiver, vanilla and a local forest orchid, Angraecum. Losing biodiversity also means losing genetic variability in crops and livestock, which threatens the food security of one billion of the world’s most vulnerable people.

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MDGs 4, 5 and 6, aim to improve health and sanitation, which require adequate supplies of clean water that can be provided from healthy ecosystems. Securing resource access and rights and recognizing the important role that women play in managing biodiversity resources, such as water and fuel woods, contributes to the empowerment of women and gender equality. (MDG3)

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Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger (MDG 1) depends on sustainable and productive agricultural practices, whereby crop varieties, fertile soils and abundant water provided by healthy ecosystems are available. For example, healthy mangroves and coral reefs with their biodiversity intact can provide ďŹ sh to local coastal communities.

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The MAB programme promotes biodiversity conservation, economic and social improvement, and respect for cultural values. Sub-programmes and activities focus on speciďŹ c ecosystems: mountains, drylands, tropical forests, urban systems, wetlands, island and marine and coastal ecosystems and savannas. It uses its World Network of Biosphere Reserves as vehicles for knowledgesharing, research and monitoring, education and training, and participatory decision-making.

Biosphere reserves are ‘learning sites’ that innovate and demonstrate sitespeciďŹ c approaches to biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. They are under national sovereign jurisdiction yet share their experience and ideas nationally, regionally and internationally within UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves. There are over 550 biosphere reserves in over 100 countries.

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Cultures have in turn been shaped by their natural environments,a process that has contributed to an astounding variety of practices, ways of life and worldviews. This is particularly evident amongst indigenous and local communities, who have elaborated and continue to maintain complex systems of knowledge and practice as a result of their long-standing histories of interaction with their natural surroundings.

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Z Indigenous and local communities have in-depth knowledge and know-how about the living world. Their intimate understanding of genetic biodiversity has allowed them to create and maintain an astounding array of plant varieties, animal races and bacterial cultures. Examples include the taro and yam clones that abound in PaciďŹ c horticultural gardens, the thousands of cheese types sustained around the world through the discerning application of bacteria, the hundreds of rice varieties cultivated throughout Asia. The peoples of the South American Andes are guardians of thousands of varieties of potatoes, ocas, mashuas, ollucos and quinoa.

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Z The worldviews of many indigenous peoples are founded upon relationships of reciprocity and respect that traverse the boundaries between people and nature, and interlink ecosystems and social systems. This fundamental difference from “Western� conservation philosophies, which tend to separate humans and nature, deserves recognition as a pathway towards successful collaborative ecosystem management.

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Landscapes reect the human relationships and attachments that create them. Local communities may confer special status on animal and plant species, mountains, lakes or forest groves by identifying them as sacred sites. These sacred places, protected by local custodians, often become islands of high biodiversity in otherwise degraded environments. They may serve as important reservoirs of genetic and species diversity, which can help protect ecosystems from future environmental degradation.

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Z Nearly half of the 7000 languages spoken in the world today are in danger of disappearing during this century. Languages are vehicles for knowledge transmission, but they also demonstrate the way the speaker views and understands the world. Useful and meaningful knowledge of biodiversity may be carried in complex terminology that will be lost when a language dies.

Since 2002, the status and trends in the numbers of speakers of indigenous languages and linguistic diversity has been designated as a 2010 Biodiversity Target Indicator in the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

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Z At the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, world leaders agreed on a comprehensive strategy and the legal instruments needed to achieve “sustainable developmentâ€?. One of the key instruments established at Rio was the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which has three main objectives: - the conservation of biological diversity; - the sustainable use of its components; - the fair and equitable sharing of the beneďŹ ts from the use of genetic resources.

In 2000, the CBD adopted a supplementary agreement known as the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety which seeks to protect biological diversity from the risks posed by living modiďŹ ed organisms. It does this by creating the conditions to ensure that countries are provided with adequate information to make informed decisions about the transboundary movement of living modiďŹ ed organisms.

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Z Protected areas are havens for biodiversity and an effective method for its conservation. These are forests, mountains, wetlands, grasslands, deserts, lakes, rivers, coral reefs, and oceans that are managed to maintain biodiversity. Protected areas are managed for multiple, yet compatible uses, including biodiversity conservation, recreation, tourism, watershed protection, sustainable forestry, hunting or ďŹ shing, scientiďŹ c research, and environmental education. Over 108 000 protected areas in the world support livelihoods and the economies of local communities. Nearly 1,1 billion people depend on protected forest areas for their livelihoods.

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For example, Georgia has over 350 local species of grain crops, more than 100 species of fruit-trees, nuts and wild berries, and 500 local varieties of grapes. During the past century, introduction of modern agriculture practice replaced diversiďŹ ed agricultural production. As a result, the cultivation of many valuable local plant varieties has been abandoned, with the loss of important native cultivars. With the support of the GEF, farmers in Georgia have resumed the use of local plant varieties, and in the process increased their income. Local farmer cooperatives have been formed to distribute seeds of local varieties which are more pest resistant and nutritious, adding to their market and consumer appeal. DiversiďŹ ed crop production will also ensure that crops are better adapted to climate change.

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The Lifeweb Initiative of Germany is mobilising resources for the creation of protected areas worldwide. 010, governments will agree on the new strategic plan for the CBD, and set new targets to ensure that biodiversity is protected for human well-being, and to buffer the impacts of climate change.

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Today, 201 natural and mixed World Heritage sites in 81 countries protect over 177 million hectares of land and sea, or about half the size of Europe! Many of the World Heritage sites are situated in biodiversity hotspots or regions.

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Z Cooperation with governments, international institutions, NGOs and private corporations is crucial to safeguard World Heritage. In a sense, the universality of this common heritage is driving the global community to act for biodiversity’s sake, and ultimately our own.

The World Heritage Education Programme targets youth with projects such as the World Heritage in Young Hands Resource Kit (in 32 languages) and the “3DWULPRQLWR� cartoon series (8 episodes).

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This worldwide campaign is essential in order to achieve the 2010 Biodiversity Target; work that cannot be accomplished without uniďŹ ed action. The World Heritage Partnerships for Conservation Initiative, launched in 2002, involves more than 70 partners; all adhere to the universal principles of the UN Global Compact. Cooperation exists on an advisory or technical capacity with IUCN, UNDP-GEF, and other Multilateral Environmental Agreements including the Biodiversity Liaison Group, or ďŹ nancial, by diversifying funding sources.

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Z World Heritage listing certainly enhances properties as tourist destinations. In fact, reaping the social and economic beneďŹ ts is a subtle balancing act between conservation and development. Popularity brings increased tourist spending, enhanced commercial and employment opportunities, improved public infrastructure, and often, community prestige and pride. The World Heritage Tourism Programme links biodiversity conservation and sustainable tourism by working with local communities and site managers to balance the boon in tourism with habitat protection.

Only by instilling a deep sense of responsibility among the local communities towards World Heritage can we be conďŹ dent that the planet’s cultural and natural diversity will endure into the future.

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In the case of the GalĂĄpagos, the growing number of migrants impact on the environment. Illegal industrial ďŹ shing adds to the strain while introduced species compete with the islands’ unique biodiversity, hampering conservation efforts.

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Some cultural landscapes reect speciďŹ c techniques of sustainable landuse that consider the characteristics and limits of the natural environment with often a spiritual relationship to nature. Together with sacred natural sites they are therefore important areas of LQ VLWX biodiversity conservation. Certain cultural landscapes also provide the basis for the crops of tomorrow as well as medical breakthroughs because of their gene pools. Equally important are sites practicing H[ VLWX plant conservation such as Kew Gardens in London.

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Z One of the most original aspects of the Convention is the explicit link between natural and cultural heritage, traditionally considered as separate. In 1992 the Convention became the ďŹ rst international legal instrument to recognize and protect cultural landscapes. They are places where people, nature and ecosystems interact, thus shaping culture and identity, and enriching both cultural and biological diversity.

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Z With a growing number of World Heritage sites, and 16 natural listed sites In Danger, the World Heritage Committee works hard to improve monitoring and reporting. The Committee relies on the state of conservation reports, reinforced monitoring and periodic reporting to anticipate potential threats and keep track. Reports can initiate reactive monitoring by requesting monitoring missions where speciďŹ c conservation concerns may exist. The World Heritage Fund’s international assistance provisions and the Rapid Response Facility are among the most important mechanisms for ďŹ nancial support in times of crises. IUCN plays an important role as Advisory Body on natural World Heritage sites making recommendations on nominations, particularly from identiďŹ ed eco-regional gaps in the World Heritage List, or for speciďŹ c actions. At the local level, where detrimental changes are often ďŹ rst detected, World Heritage site managers work with local communities and NGOs to place global conservation in local hands.

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