Unicef engleski 22 10 small pdf by UNICEF Bosnia and Herzegovina

Street-working Children:

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia and Herzegovina Author: Ruth Rosenberg

Researchers: Public Opinion Survey and Focus Group Discussions: IPSOS Senior Research Executive: Selma Kapo Mulaomerović Research Executive: Sonja Milutinović Research Executive: Ilvana Tetarić Research Assistant: Edin Čalkić Snapshot Research: Institute for Public Health Survey Coordinator: Željko Ler Lead Researcher: Iskra Vučina Core Research Team: Jelena Ravlija, Zlatko Vučina, Irena Jokić and Elma Skalonja Statistical Analysis and Estimate of Population Size: Sanjin Musa System Response: UNICEF Maja Muminagić and Ruth Rosenberg

Cover page photo: Amer Kapetanović

Acknowledgements Technical guidance for preparation, review and finalisation of the report was provided by UNICEF BiH staff, with the main contributions coming from Paolo Marchi and Maja Muminagić from the Child Protection Section, who worked tirelessly on all aspects of the research and report writing. Thanks also to Sanja Panić for providing additional statistical analysis on some of the data. Special thanks go to all implementing partners involved: Federal Institute for Public Health, IPSOS, Mobile Team for Prevention of Begging Sarajevo, and the staff from all of the daily centres for children - “Department for prevention, reception, and protection of children at risk” Sarajevo, “Zemlja Djece” Tuzla, “Nova Generacija” Banja Luka, and “Altruist” Mostar; for their dedicated engagement with the children and irreplaceable contribution to this research. Much gratitude is owed to the children and parents who participated in this research, giving of their time and themselves, and without whom this research would not have been possible. It is our sincerest hope that this research will lead to actions and programmes that will address the needs of the street-working children in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We are indebted to Dr Lisa Johnston who gave freely of her time and shared her experience using the RDS methodology to study street-working children. We are grateful also to the many trafficking experts who undertook a peer review of this report and provided insightful commentary and suggestions for improving it: Joost Kooijmans, Senior Advisor, Child Labour, Child Protection, UNICEF HQ; Kerry L. Neal, Child Protection Specialist, Justice for Children, UNICEF HQ; Jean Claude Legrand, Regional Advisor on Child Protection, UNICEF RO for CEE/CIS; Pierre Cazenave, Regional Child Rights Officer, Terre des Hommes; and Mike Dottridge, Independent Human Rights Consultant. Sincere thanks are also due to the National Committee of UNICEF France that provided funding for this research.

Ruth Rosenberg

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Table of Contents

Abstract ...............................................................................................................................8 Project Summary ..............................................................................................................11 Terminology ......................................................................................................................13 Methodology ......................................................................................................................15 Findings .............................................................................................................................20 Prevalence ............................................................................................................20 Demographics ......................................................................................................22 Education ..............................................................................................................23 Work History .........................................................................................................26 Family Life ............................................................................................................28 Health ...................................................................................................................30 Exploitation and Trafficking ..................................................................................30 Policy and Legislation ..........................................................................................33 Law Enforcement Response ................................................................................37 Social Service Response ......................................................................................39 Public Response ...................................................................................................40 Root Causes ..........................................................................................................41 Children’s Aspirations ..........................................................................................42 Recommendations ............................................................................................................44 Local Networks to Respond to Children Working on the Streets ........................44 Education ..............................................................................................................45 Conditional Cash Transfers ..................................................................................46 Legislative Framework .........................................................................................46 Daily Centres and Shelters ...................................................................................47 Employment ..........................................................................................................47 References ........................................................................................................................48 Annex I: Public Opinion Survey - Report and Data ...........................................................51 Annex II: Snap Shot Research with Children – Report and Data .....................................93 Annex III: Focus Group Discussions with Roma Parents – Report and Data .................137

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Abstract

Throughout the post-conflict period, child begging and street work has become an increasingly evident and prevalent issue to which the country still lacks a comprehensive response both in legislation and practice. UNICEF undertook this in-depth assessment in order to learn more about the issue and the children involved, and to analyse the response of both governmental and non-governmental bodies. UNICEF hopes that this assessment will be used to develop effective and more systematic responses to remove children from harmful forms of street work. Different methodologies were used for each component of the project and included both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The System Response used semi-structured interviews with local and entity-level police, social workers, school principals and staff, Roma associations, and others. Interviews were conducted primarily in Sarajevo and Banja Luka. The Public Opinion Survey used a Computer-assisted Telephone Interview survey based on a two-staged stratified random probability sample of 1,500 respondents. In addition, two focus group discussions were held with representatives of the general population in Sarajevo and Banja Luka. The Snapshot Research with children used Respondent Driven Sampling, a probability, chain referral sampling method which results in findings that are representative not only of the sample population, but also of the larger population of street-working children from each city surveyed. Starting with 14 street-working children, known as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;seedsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, these children recruited others into the study. A total of 372 street-working children aged 7 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 181 were interviewed, including 184 in Sarajevo, 90 in Tuzla, 70 in Mostar and 28 in Banja Luka. Additionally, four focus group discussions were held with Roma parents in Sarajevo, Mostar, Tuzla and Banja Luka.2 Using a service multiplier method, the RDS estimated number of street-working children between the ages of 7-183 in Sarajevo is 638, in Mostar 182, in Tuzla 192 and in Banja Luka 63.4 That children are working on the streets of the cities of Bosnia and Herzegovina is no surprise to anyone. Roma parents believe the phenomenon is not at all uncommon. Similarly, the public is very familiar with it. One third of the public comes across street-working children every day and an additional 29% at least weekly, with a resulting two thirds (62.7%) of the public encountering a street-working child at a minimum once in a week. In spite of the significant economic and political problems plaguing the country, the public views the issue of street-working children as an important problem to be addressed.

his includes children who, on the day they were interviewed for the research, had already reached their T seventh birthday, but not yet their eighteenth birthday. 2 FGDs were held with Roma parents after it was found that the vast majority of children involved in street work in the cities studied were Roma. 3 This includes children who, on the day they were interviewed for the research, had already reached their seventh, but not yet their eighteenth birthday. 4 The analysis in Banja Luka did not use the same methodology that was used in the other cities, which may affect the validity of this estimate. 1

Street Working Children

Author: Imrana Kapetnović

Teenage girl holding a baby and asking for money at the traffic lights on a main street in Sarajevo.

The research found that boys and girls are almost equally represented amongst street-working children and that the vast majority of the children are under 14 years of age. Nearly all of the children live with their parents and other family members. The children are primarily Roma; however, the results show diversity amongst street-working children, demonstrating that this is a problem affecting all communities. The children were primarily living permanently in the communities in which they work and were interviewed; only a small portion of children, mostly from Mostar and Tuzla, migrate internally or internationally during the year. Street-working children are extremely undereducated when compared to the general population of the country. The percentage of street-working children in this study who have never attended school ranges from 9%–34%. School attendance declines even further when analysing current school enrolment levels, with as few as 41% of children enrolled in school in Mostar and 44% in Sarajevo. This lack of education starkly reveals itself in literacy rates. One quarter to half of the surveyed street-working children are not fully literate. Even accounting for the young age of some of the children in the study, literacy rates amongst the older children are far below the national average. Roma parents express a strong desire to have their children in school. They want their children to be literate and also believe school to be important for improving their children’s economic prospects and aiding in socialization. Parents indicate that the main reason for children not going to school is the high cost. Most of the parents interviewed credit programmes providing educational support for Roma children with increasing children’s school attendance. However, they feel that these supports are not sufficient and vary from school to school and year to year.

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Street-working children are vulnerable to many abuses and risks. In addition to the disruption of their education, they are also exposed to harsh weather, are at risk of car accidents and at risk of abuse from others. The children in this study are clearly living in poverty. As many as 28% of the children in Sarajevo indicated that they did not eat a sufficient amount of food in the day preceding their interview. Between 40 and 54% of the children in all locations have at some point gone an entire 24 hour period without any food. Indeed, when interviewed, Roma parents’ most commonly expressed concern was feeding their children. The results of this research indicate that most of the street-working children are working in support of their families. While the children themselves mostly indicate that no one asks them to work or beg on the streets, these same children state that there is someone who can be described as ‘taking care of them’ or ‘supervising them’ on the streets. This person is usually a parent and most of the children turn over all or some of the earnings to that person. While some cases of street-working children can arguably be described as trafficking, many cases would be better described as parental abuse or neglect. In either case, this does not mean that prosecution and incarceration of the parents is the correct solution or in the best interest of the children. Most of the children live in loving homes where the income which the children bring home is critical for the family survival. One promising practice identified to address the issue involved a local network approach in Banja Luka. This coordinated approach combines intensive law enforcement tactics with comprehensive and personalized social support from a local network including government social workers, local Roma community association members and the local primary school principal.

Street Working Children

Project Summary

• Component 1, System Response: This component was designed to provide a clearer picture of the official response to street-working children. The existing literature did not paint a clear picture of how law enforcement, social services, or schools respond to individual cases. UNICEF conducted interviews with stakeholders regarding this issue to shed more light on this topic. UNICEF also reviewed relevant international, state- and entity-level legislation, strategies and action plans in order to inform a better discussion and better understanding of the official response to street-working children. Interviews were conducted between April and November 2013. • Component 2, Public Opinion Survey: The public opinion survey was designed to shed greater light on the public’s knowledge of and response to street-working children. Prior to this study, little was known about how the public perceives the problem or responds to the children when they see them. The public opinion survey was completed in July 2013 and was designed to advance our understanding of the public’s exposure to and knowledge about the issue, their attitude toward the children, and how they respond when in contact with the children. • Component 3, Snapshot Research: This component involved talking to street-working children directly to learn from them about their family life, education and experience in school, their experience of street work, control and exploitation, health and safety, punishment and abuse, migration, and personal aspirations, among other topics. This research was intended to provide a clearer picture of the children involved in street work and begging, and a better understanding of their experiences and aspirations. The snapshot research was conducted in the same cities covered by previous reports on the topic in order to build on the existing knowledge base and to include different regions of the country. The survey of street-working children was undertaken in Sarajevo, Mostar, Tuzla and Banja Luka. Interviews with the children were conducted between July and August 2013.

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

•C omponent 4, FGDs with Roma Parents: Focus Group discussions were held with Roma parents after it was found that the vast majority of children involved in street work in the cities studied were Roma. These FGDs were designed to provide greater insight into and more in-depth understanding of Roma families’ attitudes, perception and opinions towards the issue of street-working children, children’s role in contributing to family income, experiences and attitudes about education and their hopes and aspirations for their children. The FGDs also addressed the issue of parents’ experiences with programmes designed to address income or education issues in Roma communities. The FGDs were held in January and February 2014 in Sarajevo, Mostar, Tuzla and Banja Luka. •C omponent 5, Legislative Review: A clearer picture of the state, entity and local legislation related to the issue is needed. This is being undertaken by the Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees and was therefore not included in UNICEF’s assessment. Unfortunately, at the time this report was drafted the legislative review undertaken by the Ministry had not been finalized. Therefore the discussion of legislation included here is based on a superficial review and does not begin to address the many differences in policy, legislation and regulation at the local level.

Street Working Children

Terminology

Child

The term child in this report refers to anyone under the age of 18, up and until the day of their eighteenth birthday. However, the research with children included children only aged 7 and above, as children under the age of 7 were considered to be too young to consent to the research as well as too young to properly understand the questions.

Street-working Children

Numerous terms have been used over the years to describe children who live or work ‘on the street’. In her anthology of research on street children, Thomas de Benitez, presents several terms, what they are meant to convey and how they can be used or misused. One problem she identifies with all of these definitions is that they attempt to group the children into categories that may not be relevant for all of the children. They may also ignore children’s own agency and imply that the children are somehow deviant, further stigmatizing the children (2011). UNICEF often uses the terms “children of the streets” and “children on the streets” to distinguish between children who live and work on the streets from children who work on the streets, but return to the family home at night (UNICEF, 2006). While useful, some children do not clearly fit into one category or another, as they may spend some nights on the streets and some returning to their families. Others have coined phrases such as ‘detached children’ to indicate the children spend significant time away from their families and away from societal institutions such as schools, ‘children in street situations’, ‘children for whom the street is a reference point and has a central role in their lives’, etc. (Thomas de Benitez, 2011, p. 9). These terms are meant to convey the complex and diverse ways in which children live and work on the streets. However, these broad definitions can complicate research effort and make formulating policy and programmes to address the needs of the children more difficult. Others have chosen to use terms such as ‘street-active children’ or ‘street-involved children’, in an effort to be inclusive to the many ways in which children may work or live on the streets, but without the stigma and deviant behaviour implied in the term ‘street children’ (Ray, et al., 2011, p.8). For the purposes of this assessment, UNICEF has used the term ‘Street-working Children’. The term is intended to be inclusive of children who earn money in non-formal, street-based work, regardless of where they live. Such work includes a wide variety of activities that children might engage in to earn money such as begging, collecting recyclable materials, selling small items on the streets, washing car windows, busking, and even illicit activities such as stealing, selling narcotics and prostitution.

Begging

Begging does not only include asking for money on the street or door to door, but can also include a range of other activities for which the payment rendered has little relation to the value of the item sold or the service provided. The ILO has provided a definition according to which

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

begging: “encompasses a range of activities whereby an individual asks strangers for money on the basis of being poor or needing charitable donations for health or religious reasons. Beggars may also sell small items, such as dusters or flowers, in return for money that may have little to do with the value of the item for sale” (ILO, 2004, p. 22).

Child Labour

Child labour is used to distinguish harmful forms of work from acceptable forms of child work or employment. The ILO website defines child labour as: “work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development.” It refers to work that: • is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children; • i nterferes with their education by depriving children of the opportunity to attend school, obliges them to leave school prematurely, or requires them to attempt to combine school attendance with hard work and excessively long hours (ILO, 2013).

Human Trafficking

The internationally recognized definition of human trafficking comes from the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, also known as the Palermo Protocol. This defines trafficking and child trafficking in particular in Article 3, as follows: (a) “‘Trafficking in persons’ shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs; (b) T he consent of a victim of trafficking in persons to the intended exploitation set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article shall be irrelevant where any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) have been used; (c) The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation shall be considered ‘trafficking in persons’ even if this does not involve any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article; (d) ‘Child’ shall mean any person under eighteen years of age.”

Street Working Children

Methodology

Different quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used for each component of the project, including semi-structured interviews, a telephone survey, focus group discussions with the general public as well as with Roma parents, and structured interviews with street-working children. • Component 1, System Response: For this component, UNICEF organized semi-structured interviews with a wide variety of government and non-government actors. These included local and entity-level police, social workers from the centres for social welfare (CSWs) as well as from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) providing services to street-working children, primary schools which serve the Roma communities, Roma associations, and others. Interviews were conducted primarily in Sarajevo and Banja Luka. UNICEF conducted the interviews directly. A second round of interviews was held in Banja Luka in order to get more detailed information about their efforts to address child begging. Interview results were analysed using StatPac, specialized software for designing and analysing surveys, including open-ended narrative responses. Limitations: When speaking with strangers about their work and the work of their institution, respondents may try to respond in a way which they believe better reflects on their work and the institution. Respondents may also be reflecting on things that happened some time ago and may not remember the details accurately. Additionally, respondents were sometimes asked to speak about the actions or programmes of their institutions, but in which they had not personally been involved. •C omponent 2, Public Opinion Survey: This component utilized both a Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) survey and focus group discussions. The CATI survey involved a two-staged stratified random probability sample of 1,500 respondents between the ages of 15 and 64, representative of the general population in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition, two focus group discussions were held with representatives of the general population in two cities – Sarajevo and Banja Luka – in order to delve more deeply into the questions covered by the survey. Focus group discussion participants were selected randomly using the same sampling frame used for the telephone interviews. This component was undertaken by IPSOS, a social research company selected through an open competitive bidding process. UNICEF worked closely with IPSOS throughout the process, from designing the questionnaire to finalizing the report. Data from the public opinion survey are provided in Annex I. Limitations: Although the interviews were anonymous, and mostly conducted by phone, people may not always answer factually or with complete candour. Respondents may try to answer in a way that they feel is more socially acceptable or better reflects on them. Component 3, Snapshot Research: The snapshot research used Respondent Driven Sampling, a probability sampling method which results in findings that are representative not

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

only of the sample population, but also of the larger population of street-working children from each city surveyed. Using a chain referral sampling method, children recruit other children into the study. In this case, recruitment began with 14 street-working children, known as ‘seeds’; five from Sarajevo and three from each of the other three locations – Tuzla, Mostar and Banja Luka. Each seed is allowed to recruit no more than three additional children into the study. These new recruits are also allowed to recruit three additional children each, and so on until such point as the sample reaches equilibrium and is no longer biased by the chain recruitment method utilized, and reducing in-group affiliations – for example, affiliation based on ethnicity or age (Johnston, L. G., 2008). Limiting the number of recruits each participant can bring into the study, combined with a well-designed incentive scheme, also helps control against bias based on having too many participants eager to participate and too few participants reluctant to participate (Johnston, L. G., 2008). The data gathered are then analysed using RDSAT, which helps to further reduce selection bias (Johnston, L. G., 2008). RDS can also be used to provide an estimate of the population – in this case the number of street-working children in the city under consideration. The researchers used a service multiplier method which compares the children identified through RDS to children who have used a service – in this case a daily centre – during a particular time frame (Johnston, L.G., et al., n.d.). RDS was initially used to study hard to reach adult populations such as injection drug users and men who have sex with men (Johnston, L. G., 2008), but has more recently been used to study street children (Thurman, et al., 2008). For this study, a total of 372 street-working children aged 7 – 185 were interviewed, including 184 in Sarajevo, 90 in Tuzla, 70 in Mostar and 28 in Banja Luka. Because the sample in Banja Luka was small and not sufficiently networked, RDS analysis of the data was not possible. As a result, the findings from Banja Luka are only representative of the sampled population. Because of the small sample size in Banja Luka, the researchers were unable to use RDSAT for data analysis and relied instead on SPSS statistical software. Similarly, because the sample sizes in Mostar and Tuzla were modest, the researchers lacked sufficient confidence in the representativeness of the results. Although the sample in Sarajevo was large and the children sufficiently networked for the researchers to be confident in the representativeness of the sample, all data are reported based on the sample and not on the larger population of street children for the sake of consistency in reporting results. The research was led by the Institute for Public Health (PHI), an entity-level institution focusing on protection and improvement of health by promoting health and disease prevention, planning and programming, as well as conducting research in the health sector. PHI was selected through an open competitive bidding process. UNICEF worked closely with PHI in the design and implementation of the research. The research was conducted in collaboration with daily centres for street children established in all four cities. The daily centres are set up in different ways in each city, but generally include the participation of both NGOs and local CSWs. Data from the interviews with street-working children are provided in Annex II. Additional statistical analysis of the data using SPSS was conducted in order to delve more deeply into the characteristics of the children involved in street work. This analysis leads to results which are only representative of the sample and not of the larger population of street-working children, but it does provide insight which can be helpful in developing programmes to address the needs of the children. This supplemental data analysis was conducted by UNICEF. 5

his includes children who, on the day they were interviewed for the research, had already reached their T seventh but not yet their eighteenth birthday.

Street Working Children

Limitations: While the RDS methodology provides an excellent way of learning more about hidden populations such as street children, the methodology requires large populations of socially networked individuals. In Sarajevo, this was very effective, but the number of children in Banja Luka was far too low for the effective application of the methodology, and even in Tuzla and Mostar the numbers were not high enough to give confidence that the results are representative of the general population of street-working children in those cities. The RDS methodology with the corresponding statistical tool RDSAT is also limited in its ability to provide regression analysis, thereby limiting the depth of information which can be drawn from the data. Although care was taken in the selection of incentives (see box: Ethical Considerations in Research with Children), there is always a concern that children who are not working on the streets will pretend to do so in order to receive the incentive. In addition to these methodological limitations, children (as with any survey respondent) may not always give factually accurate or complete replies to research questions. They might be instructed how to respond, or they may try to respond in a way they believe better reflects on them or their family, or in a way that would please the researcher. Overview of Respondent Driven Sampling Approach Excerpt from Thurman, et. at, 2008, p. 10 “Respondent driven sampling (RDS) is a relatively new sampling method to access hidden and hard-to-reach populations that are socially networked. By most accounts RDS is assessed as a very effective, useful and innovative technique to sample these populations. RDS is a probability sampling method, which means that it provides true estimates of population characteristics. That is, results of RDS can be generalized to the study population at large. RDS recruitment steps are as follows: 1) Researchers select a survey location accessible to the target population. They ensure that the site is discreet and will not attract undue governmental or community concern. 2) Based on pre-existing contact with the study group, researchers recruit a handful of participants who serve as the seeds (initial study participants) from the target population. Seeds need not be selected randomly, but a diverse selection of seeds may help improve the sample outcome. Seeds should have large social network sizes, be “leaders” or have influence among their social group. They should also be willing and interested in participating and promoting the study. 3) Seeds receive an incentive for completing the interview (primary incentive) and another incentive for recruiting their peers to participate in the study (secondary incentive). 4) Once the seeds are interviewed and receive a primary incentive, they are provided with a set number (usually three) of recruitment coupons to use in recruiting their peers (other target population members who they know) to be interviewed. 5) When a seed uses a recruitment coupon to select a peer from his or her social network and that peers completes an interview and receives a primary incentive, the first wave is formed. The seed receives a secondary incentive for each successful recruit. 6) When the first wave peer recruits his/her peer and he/she completes an interview and receives a primary incentive, the second wave is formed. Note that the initial seeds are not included as a wave. The participant receives a secondary incentive for each successful recruit. 7) Sampling usually ends when the target sample size has been reached.”

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

• Component 4, Focus Group Discussions with Roma Parents: Four focus group discussions were held with the Roma communities in the four main cities of this study – Sarajevo, Mostar, Tuzla and Banja Luka. The aim of the discussions was to learn about Roma parents’ perceptions of child street work, their observations and concerns about school attendance, their hopes and aspirations for their children and their inputs into how to address the issue. Each group consisted of 8 parents. All participants were Roma and parents of children 7 and above (up to the age of 18). Parents were recruited from Roma communities with the assistance of a mediator from a local Roma association. Participants were also selected to ensure heterogeneity in terms of gender, participants’ age, their children’s age, and diversity of Roma settlements.6 This component was undertaken by IPSOS, a social research company, selected through an open competitive bidding process. UNICEF worked closely with IPSOS throughout the process, from designing the questionnaire to finalizing the report. Detailed results from the FGDs are provided in Annex III.

he selection of parents was not linked to the group of street-working children in the study, nor was it T based on whether or not their own children were involved in street work.

Street Working Children

Ethical Considerations in the Snapshot Research with Children Ensuring that children’s voices are heard and their opinions included in issues affecting them is an important part of ensuing children’s rights, but also increases the likelihood that any measures resulting from the research will be effective in addressing children’s needs and help them achieve their ambitions. In undertaking research with children, every effort was made to ensure that no harm would result to the children from the research. To ensure this, the research included many elements specifically designed to protect the children involved. The research was conducted in compliance with all of the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki on research with human subjects, as well as in compliance with the Code of Ethics in Research with Children and on Children in BiH.* In addition, all of the research protocols, questions and planned methodology were submitted for review to the Ethics Committee of the Institute for Public Health FBiH. The Ethics Committee was established pursuant to the Law on Health Protection FBiH, and it considers all ethical issues pertaining to the scientific and research work of the Institute. The researchers received informed consent from parents and children. Parents were informed about the purpose of the study and the methodology to be employed in the research by the field coordinators. Parents then signed their written consent for their child to participate in the survey. Informed verbal consent was obtained from each child with the understanding that they could refuse to answer any question and could withdraw from the survey at any time. Great care was also taken in the selection of the incentives used in the research. The incentives needed to be appealing to the children, but not so appealing that a child would be willing to do something they would rather not do in order to obtain it. They also could not be so valuable that children would pressure other children to participate in order to take their incentive or to receive the secondary incentives. The incentive also could not be too valuable to the parents in order to ensure that parents did not pressure children to participate if they did not wish to do so. Children’s opinions and the input of daily centre staff were instrumental in the selection of the incentives, which were tested during the formative research stage. Children received a food basket valued at under 20 KM (10 Euro) as the primary incentive after completing their interview and smaller hygiene baskets valued at under 5 KM (2.50 Euro) as secondary incentives when the children they referred to the study showed up for their interviews. Care was also taken to ensure that questions of a sensitive and mature nature, such as those involving sexual knowledge and awareness, were asked only of adolescent children. Additionally, interviewers were given discretion to tailor the question or to skip it depending on the perceived maturity of the child rather than making such decisions based exclusively on the child’s biological age. *Etički kodeks istraživanja sa djecom i o djeci u BiH, adopted by the BiH Council of Ministers, 51st session, 28 May 2013.

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Findings

Prevalence Institutions in the country do not keep consistent records on children working or begging on the streets. This is primarily attributed to the fact that no one institution believes that it has jurisdiction over such cases, and secondarily to a lack of time to handle an issue that has not been prioritized (IHRO, 2009; Save the Children, 2011). Cases which are recorded are those who have come in contact with either law enforcement or with social services. In 2009, Sarajevo recorded 45 children involved in begging or vagrancy, Mostar none, Tuzla none and Banja Luka 11 (IHRO, 2009). This study indicates that these numbers do not come close to reflecting the actual number of street-working children. Using a service multiplier method, the estimated number of street-working children between the ages of 7-187 in Sarajevo is 638, in Mostar 182, in Tuzla 192 and in Banja Luka 63.8 These data are from the respondent-driven sampling using a multiplier which is derived by comparing the sampled population to the population of children who received services at the daily centres in each city during a specified timeframe. A state-level population of street-working children was also estimated from the RDS analysis. However, this estimate is based only on the four cities sampled in the research and the multiplier from Sarajevo. With that caveat in mind, the minimum estimate of the total number of street-working children in all of BiH is over 2000. Incorporating census data into the calculation might provide a better estimate. However, the only available census data is not only out of date, having been conducted in 1990, before the conflict which resulted in great changes in the population of the country, but also did not provide population estimates for the age range used in this study. An updated census was taken within a couple of months of this research. Once the census data are released a new estimate of the number of street-working children in the country can be made. That children are working on the streets of the cities of Bos- “As soon as I leave here, I’ll meet nia and Herzegovina is no surprise to anyone. Roma parents one [street working child].” believe the phenomenon is not at all uncommon. Similar- (FGD with public; Sarajevo) ly, the public is very familiar with it. One third of the public comes across street-working children every day and an additional 29% at least weekly, with a resulting two thirds (62.7%) of the public encountering a street-working child at a minimum once in a week. And surprisingly as many as 14.8% of the public state that they personally know a child engaged in begging or street work. While some of the public may state this because they see the child regularly or talk to them from time to time, 7.5% state that the child is from a neighbour’s family. In spite of the significant economic and political problems plaguing the country, the public views the issue of street-working children as an important problem to be addressed. This includes children who, on the day they were intewviewed for the research, had already reached their seventh but not yet theiw eighteenth birthday 8 The analysis in Banja Luka did not use the same methodology as the other cities, which may affect the validity of this estimate. 7

Street Working Children

Figure 1: Response to the question: In your opinion how big of a problem is child begging and street work, compared to other problems in your community? (% of the public) 0,6 17,4

Big/Very Big Average

12,8

Small/Insignificant

55,6

DK/NA

For government officials, police, social workers and others based in Sarajevo (noting that many of these officials have responsibilities covering the country as a whole), 90% consider child begging and street work to be a “big problem” and 10% as an “average problem”. However, in Banja Luka 60% of respondents rate child begging and street work as an “average problem” and 40% as “not significant”. Discussions with respondents in Banja Luka indicate that a few years ago they believed there had been a significant problem but that they have successfully addressed it. The public opinion survey supports this regional difference, albeit to a lesser extent: 59% of the public in the Federation9 rate the issue as a “big” or “very big” problem compared to 49% in the Republika Srpska (RS). The public also comes across the children less frequently, with 43% of the public in the Federation seeing such children “every day” while only 18% in the RS report seeing street-working children “every day”.

Table 1: Frequency of encountering street working children (% of the public from the Federation and the RS and Brčko combined) How often do you come across children that are involved in begging and other forms of street work?

All

FBiH RS and District Brčko

Every day

34.1

A couple of times a week

18.1

Once a week

10.5

A couple of times a month

12.2

Once a month

10.6

Once in two or three months

06.0

Once in 6 months

03.8

Once a year

02.6

Less than once a year

01.4

I have never seen any children involved in such activities

00.7

DK/NA

00.1

An important thing to note is the perception of changes in prevalence in different parts of the country. Interviews with nearly all stakeholders in Banja Luka indicated a strong belief that the number of street-working children had declined dramatically in recent years. This perception is not just held by stakeholders involved in the issue, but is also reflected in the data from the public opinion survey. Roma parents also share this perception that child begging has declined in Banja Luka (as well as in Mostar and Tuzla), but that it has increased in Sarajevo. 9

he country of Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into two entities and one district. The entities are T known as the Federation (FBiH) and the Republika Srpska (RS). The district is Brčko.

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Demographics Limited demographic data could be garnered from the existing literature on the subject. Most sources indicated that the children are primarily ethnic Roma. Boys and girls were believed to engage in begging and street work in almost equal numbers. The vast majority of these children were thought to be between the ages of 6 and 14 and mostly living with their parents (OCRS, 2011; Save the Children, 2011). Indeed, many of these findings were confirmed by this research. Boys and girls are almost equally represented amongst street-working children. In all locations except Mostar, nearly three quarters of the street-working children are under 14 years of age. In Mostar just under half are 14 or older. Most of the experts interviewed indicated that the street-working children in their community came from other parts of the country. Roma parents also believe that most of the children involved in begging come from other towns or countries. However, the children themselves indicate that they come from the location in which they work and were interviewed. Perhaps these are not completely contradictory as Roma parents and stakeholders tended to refer primarily to children who beg while admitting that children from their own communities are involved in other forms of street work. While the vast majority of children declare themselves as Roma, it should be noted that children of all of the main ethnicities in the country are found to be working on the streets, indicating that this is a problem affecting all communities.

Table 2: Sex of Street-working Children (% of the sample) City

Male

Female

Sarajevo

53.8

46.2

Tuzla

48.9

51.1

Mostar

45.7

54.3

Banja Luka

Table 3: Ethnicity of Street-working Children (% of the sample) City

Bosniak

Croat

Roma

Serb

Other

Sarajevo

11.5

83.6

0.5

4.4

Tuzla

6.7

1.1

Mostar

5.7

92.9

1.4

Banja Luka

17.9

71.4

7.1

3.6

Table 4: Age of Street-working Children (% of the sample) City

Age 7-13

Age 14-17

Sarajevo

75.5

24.5

Tuzla

78.9

21.1

Mostar

52.9

47.1

Banja Luka

75.0

25.0

% who live in the city in which they perform street work

% who stay in this location throughout the year

Sarajevo

100

97.3

Tuzla

100

77.8

Mostar

97.1

77.1

Banja Luka

100

92.9

Table 5: Place of Origin (% of the sample) City

Street Working Children

Author: Almin Zrno

Education Street-working children are extremely undereducated when compared to the general population of the country. The percentage of street-working children in this study who have never attended school ranges from 9% to 34%. School attendance declines even further when analysing current school enrolment levels, with as few as 41% of children enrolled in school in Mostar and 44% in Sarajevo. While this is consistent with studies of street-working children around the world (Ray et al., 2011), it is far below the national primary school enrolment rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina of 98% and the secondary school enrolment rate of 92% (UNICEF, 2013). The current school enrolment rates are low for all street-working children involved in this research regardless of ethnicity,10 although the rates for the Roma children are generally lower than for the children of other ethnicities. The street-working children in this study from Mostar and Sarajevo have enrolment rates lower than the national data on Roma children which indicates that 69% of Roma children of primary school age are attending school. National data on Roma education indicate that primary school attendance rates are higher for children aged 10 and up and lower amongst younger children, with primary school completion rates of only 75%. Only 32% of Roma children of secondary school age nationwide attend school, and 9% of these children attend primary school (UNICEF, 2013).

Table 6: Percentage of Street-working Children who have Never Attended School (% of the sample) City

All Children

Roma

Non-Roma

Sarajevo

34%

35%

29%

Tuzla

10%

Mostar

33%

35%

Banja Luka

21%

25%

13%

anja Luka is the exception where the current enrollment rates for non-Roma are significantly higher B than for the Roma children.

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Table 7: Current School Enrolment of Street-working Children (% of the sample) City

All Children

Roma

Non-Roma

Sarajevo

44%

42%

52%

Tuzla

73%

78%

Mostar

41%

40%

60%

Banja Luka

61%

55%

75%

This lack of education starkly reveals itself in literacy rates. In a country where the general population has a literacy rate close to 100% (99% for women and 100% for men (UNICEF, 2013), one quarter to half of the surveyed street-working children (depending on the city) are not fully literate. If we take out the youngest children in the survey, literacy rates are still low. For example, in Sarajevo only 53.8% of all the children surveyed are fully literate; older children have higher rates of literacy, with 61.3% of eleven to fourteen-year-olds and 73.3% of fifteen to eighteen-year-olds. These low rates are also reflected in literacy rates amongst the adult Roma population – 69% for women and 90% for men (UNICEF, 2013). These gender differences in literacy and education are also reflected amongst the street-working children in this study. In Sarajevo, the percentage of street-working boys who can both read and write is almost twice as high as that of girls (63.6% vs. 36.4%). Girls in Sarajevo are also more likely to have never attended school (41.2%) compared to boys (27.3%).

Table 8: Street-working Children who report being able to both read and write (% of the sample) City

Can read and write

Sarajevo

53.8

Tuzla

75.3

Mostar

72.9

Banja Luka

78.6

The reasons children give for never attending school or for not being currently enrolled in school are numerous, with the most common being that parents do not allow them to attend school, a personal lack of interest in school, or a lack of the documents needed to enrol in school or equipment necessary to attend school. Children who have attended school but no longer do are also more likely to answer that the need to work or help at home is the reason for dropping out than children who have never attended school.

“They want you to buy textbooks, to buy clothes for the child. L. and E. are about to start the first grade, I need 100 KM. How can you buy textbooks, clothes and shoes.” (Roma parent, FGD Sarajevo)

Roma parents indicate a desire to have their children in school. They want their children to be literate and they also believe school to be important for their children’s economic prospects and aiding in socialization and personality development. They also feel that education could be instrumental in helping reduce prejudice and discrimination in the future. Parents indicate that the main reason for children not going to school is the high cost of school attendance – including clothes, books, supplies and meals. Most of the parents “The school cannot do anything. If only interviewed have benefitted from programmes providing the conditions would get better, if they educational support. They credit these programmes with had sandwiches. Our school here in increasing children’s school attendance. However, they Kiseljak has the most Roma children feel that these supports are not consistent and vary from but they don’t have snacks.” (Roma Parent, FGD Tuzla) school to school and year to year.

Street Working Children

Figure 2: Reasons for never attending school (street-working children, % of sample) 02

Sarajevo 1,69.7 12,9 9,7

120 Need to work/help at home

30,6

Parents do not allow/never enrolled me Not interested/ Love the streets

Tuzla 0

14,3 0

14,3

28,6

Lack of documents needed

Mostar

Lack of school equipment and clothes

8,3

20,8

12,5 8,3

Other

Banja Luka 0 16,7

I don't know

Figure 3: Reasons for not currently being enrolled in school (street-working children, % of sample) 02

120

Need to work/help at home Parents do not allow/never enrolled me

Sarajevo

19,6 0

Tuzla

31,3

26,1

Not interested/ Love the streets

31,3

Lack of documents needed Not knowing local languages

Mostar

25,9

11,1

Lack of school equipment and clothes

22,2

Distance from school I got married

Banja Luka

14,3

28,6

42,9

Too old Other(specify)

Early marriage has been found to be a common practice amongst the Roma in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Half of Roma women and one fifth of Roma men currently aged 20-49 were married before the age of 18. Nearly 15% of Roma girls are married before their fifteenth birthday (UNICEF, 2013). Not surprisingly then, a fair number of interviewed children indicated that marriage is the reason for dropping out of school (4%–14% of children who have ever attended school but are not currently enrolled). “Everyone helps, the entire class, the Few children in this study reported that they do not attend school because of a fear of harassment or abuse form tutor, everyone.” (Roma parent, FGD Mostar) from fellow students or teachers. Roma parents also indicated that, generally speaking, their children are treated well at school and that the children love going to school. However, some parents did face problems with some teachers or administrators reacting negatively to them or their chil- “The school counsellor rolls her eyes dren. Roma associations have reported to the Institution when she sees us… she can’t stand us. of the Human Rights Ombudsmen (IHRO) that children But when you go to the principal, she have been discriminated against both by students and says go to the school counsellor.” (Roma parent, FGD Tuzla) teachers (IHRO, 2013).

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Work History Nearly all of the children indicate that they work on the streets to earn money for their families (93%– 98%). Most of the children give all or some of the money to the person who supervises them (usually a parent or occasionally another family member). The children (in all four cities) earn on average just under 20 KM per day. Some children earn far more, with the highest reported earnings amounting to nearly 200 KM per day. Children indicate that without this money, the family would be in difficult financial circumstances (76%–91%). And indeed, for most of the children there is not a single person living in the household who has a job providing regular wages (81.2%–100%). Roma parents also express anxiety over the family’s financial circumstances. Almost all of the children and Roma parents interviewed lived in households Author: Imrana Kapetnović where no one had regular employment.

Child playing the accordion on Ferhadija street in Sarajevo at night. Table 9: Average Daily Earnings by Street-working Children (in KM) Sarajevo

Tuzla

Mostar

Banja Luka

Average

Minimum

Maximum

200

Valid responses

161

No response

Table 10: What do Street-working Children do with the Money they Earn (% of the sample) Sarajevo

Tuzla

I give all the money to the person who supervises me

26.7

35.3

60.7

I give a share of my money to the person who supervises me

2.7

14.7

32.1

I keep all the money for myself

29.7

22.1

35.3

7.1

Other9

50.5

8.1

14.7

What do you do with the money you earn?

Mostar Banja Luka

The children indicate that they tend to engage in more than one type of income-generating activity on the street. The vast majority of children are involved in collecting recyclables (59%–87%). To a lesser extent, children are involved in more visible forms of work such as begging (21% – 71%), selling small items (12%–28%), busking (3%–11%) and washing windscreens (0%–16%). Because these forms of work are more visible, the public is more aware of them than they are of children who collect recyclable materials. Thus most of the street-working children remain unseen by the public. For example, 79% of the public identified begging as a familiar form of street work, yet the majority of the children indicate that they have never engaged in begging (18%–65%). Less than one percent of the public identified collecting recyclable materials, yet the vast majority of the children are involved in this type of work. 9

ost responses categorized as ‘other’ state that the children give all or part of their earnings to a family M member.

Street Working Children

It is clear from the interviews with Roma parents as “We have no other choice, we have to, well as other stakeholders that begging is considered necessity makes you go out and rumshameful or somehow less worthy of an activity than mage through rubbish bins, to take something to sell, to resell, so you these other forms of work. As a result, children may can bring a loaf of bread to your child, be less likely to admit engaging in it. Roma parents ex- something…” pressed strong negative opinions of those who beg or (Roma Parent, FGD Sarajevo) encourage children to beg, but see other types of street work as not only acceptable but necessary. They see few alternatives for themselves and even for their children. The constant discrimination they face makes them very pessimistic about the likelihood of their children getting jobs, even if they finish their education. They also believe that by having their children with them on the street they can protect them, and that this is safer for the children than leaving them home alone.

Table 11: Types of Street Work with which the Public is Familiar (% of public) Type of work

% of public familiar with type of work

Collecting recyclable materials

3.3

Begging – on the street – independently

86.4

Begging – on the street – with adults

19.7

Begging – door to door – independently

14.5

Selling small items

4.9

Cleaning cars/car windscreens

13.5

Performing chores/carrying things

0.3

Playing/singing

6.5

Stealing /Picking pockets

1.5

Table 12: Type of income generating activities in which children state they engage (street-working children, % of sample) Type of work

Sarajevo

Tuzla

Mostar

BanjaLuka

Collecting recyclable materials

58.9

74.3

82.1

Begging

48.9

71.1

21.4

32.1

Selling small items

28.3

12.2

15.7

21.4

Cleaning cars/car windscreens

3.8

4.4

15.7

Performing chores/carrying things

5.4

5.6

2.9

10.7

Playing/singing

4.3

3.3

2.9

10.7

Shining shoes

3.6

Selling drugs

1.1

Sex for money

4.4

Stealing/picking pockets

Other

4.3

11.4

The street-working children in the cities covered by this study work from a young age and work long hours on a daily basis. While the study included only children aged seven and up, a very large portion of the children indicate that they have been working on the streets since before the age of seven (39%–52%). The exception is in Banja Luka where only 3.8% of the children started

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

working before the age of seven. In Sarajevo and Mostar, the median age at which the children started engaging in street work is eight, in Tuzla seven. The vast majority of the children work on an almost daily basis (57%â&#x20AC;&#x201C;70%), and work three or more hours a day (56%â&#x20AC;&#x201C;-64%), leaving little time for study or play.

Table 13: Frequency of Street Work (% of the sample) Sarajevo

Tuzla

Mostar

Banja Luka

Every day

32.1

38.9

50.7

14.3

Almost every day

34.2

26.7

18.8

42.9

Every day + almost every day

66.3

65.6

69.5

57.2

Occasionally

31.5

27.8

21.7

28.6

Very rarely

1.1

4.4

5.8

Seasonally

0.5

2.2

2.9

14.3

Other

0.5

How often do you work?

Table 14: Number of Hours Worked per Day (% of the sample) Sarajevo

Tuzla

Mostar

Banja Luka

1-3 hours

36.7

36.8

35.7

3-5 hours

27.8

41.2

32.1

5 hours and more

35.6

17.6

32.1

3 or more hours

63.4

58.8

64.2

Other

4.4

How many hours a day do you perform this work?

Not surprisingly, children who attend school work less frequently than those who do not. Children who are not currently enrolled in school tend to work every day (52.2%), almost every day (26.1%) or occasionally (21.7%), while children currently attending school primarily work only occasionally (46.9%), one third working almost every day (32.1%) and only 16% working every day.

Family Life Most of the street-working children live with their parents. In Sarajevo, less than 6% of the children do not live with at least one biological parent, while in Mostar and Tuzla the percentages are 18.6% and 13.3% respectively. Whereas most of the children state that their families live in urban settings, the families of the children working in Tuzla mostly live in small towns or villages (69%). In Sarajevo and Banja Luka, all of the children maintain contact with at least some members of their family. In Mostar, nearly one fifth of the children do not, mostly due to not having a sense of attachment to them. While few of the children in Sarajevo (7.7%) and Tuzla (13.5%) have spent any time in institutions for children, the rates in Mostar (27.5%) and Banja Luka (21.4%) are much higher. In all four cities, street-working children are much more likely to spend time in a residential institution than other children. On a national level the rate of children in residential care in the country in 2011 was 276.2 per 100,000 children or less than 3% (TransMonEE, 2013).

Street Working Children

Most of the children are not punished for failing to earn enough money. That said, 9%–15% of children are punished when they do not bring in enough money. In general, the children experience a fairly high level of abuse, both corporal and verbal, even if it is not directly related to the income they generate; 17%–68% of children report that they are sometimes punished and that this punishment is either corporal (36%–53%) or verbal, involving yelling and screaming (53%–88%). The vast majority of these punishments are inflicted by the parents, and on occasion by a sibling.

Table 15: Frequency of Punishment for Failing to Earn Money (% of the sample) How often have you been punished (by some restriction, yelling or beating) if you failed to earn enough money?

Sarajevo

Tuzla

Mostar

Banja Luka

Never

91.2

84.5

92.6

85.2

Once

2.7

3.4

1.5

Several times

4.9

8.6

5.9

7.4

Many times

1.1

3.4

Refuses to answer

Most of the children do not feel maltreated by anyone. However, as many as 29% in both Sarajevo and Banja Luka and over 20% in Mostar and Tuzla do feel maltreated, and those who experience maltreatment experience it repeatedly. For the most part they experience this as physical abuse (71%–94% of those who report maltreatment), but also less frequently as psychological abuse (0%–29%). Most of the abuse is inflicted from parents. However, in Sarajevo, a significant portion of the children experience abuse from other children (41.5% of those who report maltreatment), and in Sarajevo and Banja Luka they also experience abuse from passers-by (17% and 12.5% respectively, of those who report maltreatment). Unlike in many countries where police brutality against street children is common (Ray et al., 2011), very few children in this study reported abuse from police officers, teachers or other officials with whom they come in contact. There were no gender differences identified, with girls and boys reporting equal levels of maltreatment.

Figure 6: Persons who Inflict Abuse on Street-working Children (% of sample reporting having experienced maltreatment)

Banja Luka

37,5

Mostar

14,3

71,4

Tuzla Sarajevo

18,9 02

28,3 04

12,5

7,1 7,1 10

1,97,5 3,8 06

12,5

41,5 01

15 17

9,4

1201

Mother

Father

Stepmother

Stepfather

Brother/sister

Other family members

Teacher

Police

Other children

Person who supervises me

Passers-by

Refuses to answer

160

Other

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Health Most of the children have access to medical care; 72%–84% of the children are covered by state health insurance. Between 70% and 80% of the children reported that they have needed medical assistance at some point in their lives for a serious illness, and 90% of them were able to receive the needed medical care. Most of the street-working children in Bosnia are not disabled, while 3%–6% of the respondents indicated that they had a mental or physical disability of some kind. “Their health is threatened. They walk barefoot. Their eating habits are such that they would eat perhaps something rotten they found in a skip.” (FGD with public; Banja Luka)

This does not mean that the children do not have health issues. A large portion of the children indicated that they are not getting sufficient nutrition. As many as 28% of the children in Sarajevo indicated that they had not eaten a sufficient amount of food on the day before the interview. Between 40% and 54% of the children in all locations have at some point gone for 24 hours without any food. For many of the children this has happened on more than one occasion. Indeed, Roma parents’ most frequently expressed concern was feeding their children. The children’s hygiene is also poor with as many as 71% of children in Sarajevo and 36% in Banja Luka bathing infrequently. Roma parents also expressed concerns about the lack of sanitation infrastructure in their communities.

Exploitation and Trafficking The existing research in the country did not give a clear picture of the incidence of parental or third party exploitation of children begging or working on the streets. However, these reports indicated that most of the children working and begging on the streets were being supervised by an adult, usually a family member. Some reports indicated that parents may pressure children into working on the streets to support the family. Others indicated that children are sometimes handed over to third parties who control the children and take their earnings. However, there were also indications that many of the children achieve some financial independence with their earnings, and may not be under the control of others (Save the Children, 2011).

“It is known who is behind [organized begging]. Rare are those [children] who beg for themselves.” (FGD with public; Banja Luka)

The public similarly perceives the work of these chil- “I’ll be brutal, but I have to say that this dren as exploitative. Interestingly, members of the public is a business.” seem to differentiate between begging and other forms (FGD with public, Sarajevo) of street work, with begging being seen as more exploitative. Three quarters of the public find begging to be exploitative, and only 14%–15% think it is voluntary, while work such as selling small items, washing windscreens or busking is considered more likely to be voluntary by nearly one quarter of the public, and closer to half see it as exploitation.11

Street Working Children

Table 16: Public Perception of the Exploitative Nature of Street Work (% of the public) Voluntary work of children for themselves

Voluntary work of children for their parents/family

Exploitation of children by others (family or third parties)

Something else

005.1

14.2

71.1

7.8

1.8

Children accompanied by the elders asking for money on the street

4.4

14.7

75.3

3.9

1.7

Children independently asking for money door to door

4.7

15.3

72.3

5.8

1.9

Children selling small items on the street

8.0

22.8

56.3

9.1

3.8

Children washing car windscreens on the streets

6.4

24.7

53.7

12.7

2.5

Children busking on the streets

9.3

23.8

48.5

14.8

3.7

Type of Work

Children independently asking for money on the streets

Don’t Know/No Answer

Street-working children themselves mostly indicate that no one asks them to work or beg on the streets (26%–89%). However, most of these same children state that there is someone who can be described as ‘taking care of them’ on the streets (55-93%) or ‘supervising them’ (25– 96%). This person is usually a parent (67%–100%). Most of the children turn over all or some of the earnings to that person. While these responses seem contradictory, they could both be true, in the sense that the children are expected by their families to engage in street work, but also that they want to do it to help their family. In FGDs, Roma parents indicated that they preferred to bring children with them when working on the streets – the children would help them, and would not have to be left home alone.

Table 17: Percentage of Children Asked to Work by Someone and Whom (part 1: % of sample; part 2: % of sample responding positively to first part)

Is there anyone close to you in your Sarajevo life who asks you to work/beg? Yes 33.7 No 66.3 If yes, what is their relation to you? Sarajevo Father 74.2 Mother 67.7 Stepfather 0 Stepmother 1.6 Aunt 3.2 Uncle 1.6 Grandmother 1.6 Grandfather 0 Adult who is not a family member 6.5 Friend 3.2 Brother/sister 0 Other 8.2

Tuzla

Mostar Banja Luka

10.5 89.5 Tuzla 75 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

18.2 74.1 81.8 25.9 Mostar Banja Luka 53.8 85 84.6 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 7.7 0

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

While most of the children indicate that no one forces them to work, a small portion of the children are punished for failing to earn sufficient income, which points to an element of force or coercion. It should be noted that the international definition of trafficking does not require that children be forced or coerced. Children cannot consent to their own exploitation. The research indicates that the vast majority of the children are working directly for their own family and not for third party exploiters. Again, however, the international definition of trafficking does not define trafficking as exploitation by third parties only â&#x20AC;&#x201C; parents can traffic their own children. However, few of the children in this study are recruited, transported, transferred, harboured or received. These are the acts specified in the international definition of trafficking. Prosecutors interviewed for this study indicated that there was a strong connection to human trafficking. In practice, however, it is difficult successfully to prosecute the parents for this offence. When third parties are involved in organized child begging, prosecution for human trafficking is a more viable option. Clearly, in cases of third party involvement, some of the acts specified in the international definition would take place, making the crime more unambiguously one of human trafficking. Roma parents also made a distinction between organized begging and children who beg to help their families. They were adamant that the children involved in organized begging are being abused and that authorities should take a repressive approach against the organizers. While trafficking does not require the crossing of borders, this study did look at childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s migratory patterns. Most of the children involved in this research lived in their current location. This is the case for 97% of children in Sarajevo and 93% in Banja Luka. However, over one fifth of the children in both Mostar and Tuzla had migrated during the year, most of them several times a year, usually in the spring and summer. For the most part they stay in Bosnia and Herzegovina, although a small portion do travel abroad, usually with a parent. However, 15% of children in Tuzla and 31% of children in Mostar who tend to move about travel without their parents, which may indicate exploitation of the children by a third party while abroad. In the case of children who live with their families in non-abusive situations and are involved in street work in support of their families, defining this as human trafficking would be counterproductive. On the one hand, many of the children attend school and live in supportive family environments while working on the streets. Given the difficult economic circumstances of the families, this may be the only viable survival mechanism that the family can access. The consequences of such a criminal designation are not in the best interests of the child or of society at large. Incarcerating the parents and putting the children into care is not likely to be in the best interest of the majority of the street-working children. This does not mean that there should be no consequences for parents who encourage their children to beg or work on the streets. In cases where childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights are violated, when they do not attend school or their health and safety are at risk, other options exist for sanctioning parents. Ideally, taking a non-criminal approach to supporting the family to address their vulnerabilities and make it possible for children to get off the streets and into school would be the best course of action. Parents can be monitored by social services and home visits provided for. However, when social interventions alone are not sufficient, there are elements of the Family Law which can be applied, such as provisions pertaining to neglect or child abuse, which generally carry lighter penalties, depending on the severity of the individual circumstances (see discussion below on the relevant laws in BiH). It is also clear that while most of the children in this study work to support their families, this is not the case with all of them. Thirty-six percent of the children in Sarajevo who state that they

Street Working Children

are not supervised while on the street also indicate that they keep all of the money for themselves. Similarly in Mostar, over half the children who state that they are not supervised keep all of their earnings for themselves. In these cases, the children are not being exploited by the parents or anyone else. This does not mean that these children and their families are not in need of support. These children also face economic deprivation and a lack of education. Therefore, care must be taken when addressing the issue, and authorities must look at the circumstances of each individual case to determine the course of action which will be in the best interest of each individual child. However, the frequent lack of any response is not acceptable. The vast majority of the children are dropping out of school to work, reducing their chances of finding gainful employment in the future. They are at risk of being hit by cars, experience damaging exposure to the elements as well as dangerous or toxic materials, and are at grave risk of being abused by predators. The dangers these children face were tragically highlighted during this study. During the course of the research, which took place during a short one month period, one of the girls participating in the research in Sarajevo was killed when she was hit by a car. Another girl was sold by her father to someone in Serbia. Due to the actions of police and social workers from the CSW the girl was found and returned to Bosnia and Herzegovina. One girl reported that at the age of 14 she had been kidnapped by a group of men and abused and raped repeatedly over the course of several days. The public is also aware of the negative impact of such street work on children, as the diagram below shows. Roma parents are equally aware of these dangers and try to mitigate the negative consequences by accompanying their children on the street.

Figure 7: Risks and Dangers Faced by Street-working Children (% of public). Getting hit by a car

71% 67%

Lack of education

63%

Abuse by a member of the public

61%

Abuse by family 54%

Abuse by third parties

52%

Exposure to drugs and alcohol

47%

Lack of leisure/play time

46%

Arrest/Imprisonment

45%

Abuse by authorities Other No risk

3% 1%

Policy and Legislation A nationwide survey and analysis of the legislation re- â&#x20AC;&#x153;The state is the biggest offender. lated to child labour and begging is currently being con- This state does not have a legal or ducted by the Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees. legislative system. Everything goes This will help shed more light on the different law en- from the top.â&#x20AC;? (FGD with public, Sarajevo) forcement tools which could be used to tackle this issue. This section will briefly outline some of the relevant legislation and policies in the country.

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

International Law Several international conventions ratified by Bosnia and Herzegovina are relevant to the issue of street-working children. These include the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the Minimum Age Convention (C138), the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (C182), and the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, specifically the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. A few examples below illustrate the ways in which child begging and street work violate international law. Article 32 of the CRC states that: “States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.” Article 7 of the Minimum Age Convention states that: “national laws or regulations may permit the employment or work of persons 13 to 15 years of age on light work which is: (a) not likely to be harmful to their health or development; and (b) not such as to prejudice their attendance at school…” As this research highlights, begging and other forms of street work are indeed disruptive of school attendance with as many as two thirds of the children not currently attending school. Working on the streets also has inherent risks that are harmful to a child’s health, safety and development.

Laws of Bosnia and Herzegovina While the laws of the Federation and the Republika Srpska (RS) differ to some extent, both have sanctions against begging, forced child labour, parental abuse and neglecting a child’s education. The laws in the Federation are more often decentralized to the cantonal level. As it was not feasible to examine all cantons, illustrative examples will be given below. Begging and vagrancy can be punished with fines. In the Sarajevo Canton, fines range from 300 to 900 KM for those who beg, and from 500 to 1500 KM for those who organize or incite a minor to beg (Law on Misconduct and Violation of Public Order of Canton Sarajevo, Article 8). In the RS, fines range from 200 to 800 KM against those who beg, 400 to 1200 KM for those who incite others to beg, including as a result of parental neglect (Law on Misconduct and Violation of Public Order, Article 26). The laws also generally allow for prison sentences against any person, including parents, who force a child to beg or to engage in excessive labour or labour unfit for a child. In the Federation, Article 236 of the Criminal Code states that a parent or guardian who maltreats or neglects their child or ward can receive up to three years in prison, up to eight if the child’s mental or physical health has been harmed. This maltreatment includes anyone who: “compels the juvenile to do excessive work or work that is not suitable for a juvenile of his/her age or to beg or for gain forces him/her to engage in other activities damaging to his/her growth”. In the RS, Article 207 of the Criminal Law allows for up to a 3 year prison sentence for a parent who forces a minor, “to excessive work, or work that is not appropriate for minors, or begging […]”. The question of what constitutes force can make the implementation of these laws difficult. Most of the children in this study indicate that no one forces them to work. While most of the

Street Working Children

children are watched over by parents and their earnings go to support their own family, some children appear to be working for the benefit of others. There are also a minority of cases where the children are punished for failing to earn enough money. Parental neglect or abuse can also result in the termination of parental rights and the removal of the child from the family home. In the Federation, Article 134 of the Family Law obliges parents to protect children from: “all forms of vices: drugs, alcohol, vagrancy, theft, prostitution, begging, as well as all forms of juvenile delinquency and violence, economic exploitation, sexual exploitation and all other asocial phenomena”. Article 154 allows for the termination of parental rights for parents who violate these obligations. In the RS, Family Law Article 106 allows for the termination of parental rights if these rights are abused which is defined as follows: “The parents misuse their parental rights if they exploit children by forcing them to work excessively or to engage in work not appropriate to their age, or if they incite children to do anything that is socially unacceptable behaviour, or in any other way gravely violate children’s rights”. It is clear that not only failing to prevent your children from begging, but actually encouraging it would be a violation of the Federation Family Law. Whether or not begging would be included in the RS law is less clear, as is the question of how other forms of street work would be assessed by either law. Some respondents stated that begging and other forms of street work needed to be defined more precisely in order to make the law useful. Absenteeism from school is also punishable by fines and other sanctions. The State Framework Law, as well as its equivalent in the entities and cantons, addresses parental obligations to enrol children in school. Primary education is compulsory for all children. Fines and other sanctions can be issued against parents of children not enrolled in or attending school. In spite of this obligation, the institution of the Human Rights Ombudsman states that many schools report high levels of absenteeism amongst the Roma children, but that they tolerate the problem as they fear acting on it could cause more difficulties for the children’s further education (IHRO, 2013). Schools interviewed for this report indicate that form tutors are responsible for reporting absenteeism. Generally, the parents are telephoned. If parents do not respond to the problem, the school contacts the CSW, which then contacts the family. In Banja Luka, the school, the CSW and the local Roma Association will call a meeting with the parents to discuss the situation. If needed, CSWs can warn the parents that fines may be issued, child benefits withdrawn, etc. In Banja Luka, confirmation of school attendance for child benefits is issued by the school twice a year. This process, of course, only works for children who are already enrolled in school. For new enrolments, the municipality sends the school a list of children of school age, based on local registries. This list is compared against the list of enrolled children to ensure that all children registered in the local education authority are enrolled. Children may easily fall through the cracks, especially if they were born in another locality and the parents had not changed their registration. In extreme cases of absenteeism, police can accompany a social worker to the child’s home, but it appeared that this was very rarely done. According to informants, charges have occasionally been brought against parents, but the prosecutor usually dropped them.

Cooperation Protocols In recent years, there have also been efforts to establish special protocols related to child begging and street work. For example, in Canton Sarajevo, the Protocol on Cooperation on Prevention of Begging, Vagrancy and Illegal Street Sale was signed in December 2003 (OSCE, n.d.). In Banja Luka, the Protocol on Cooperation for Preventing and Combating Child Begging,

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Economic Exploitation of Children and all Other Forms of Child Trafficking in the City of Banja Luka and Treatment of Child Victims of Trafficking was signed in July 2013.

Strategies and Action Plans The 2004 Action Plan on the Education Needs of Roma and Other National Minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (OSCE, 2004) identifies several barriers to the education of Roma children in BiH. These barriers are mostly still in place today, nine years later, as confirmed by this study. The barriers to education identified in the study include: • Poverty: inability to pay for school clothes, books, supplies, miscellaneous school fees. • Inadequate housing: conditions not conducive to children’s ability to study at home. • Discrimination: → Fear of verbal or physical harassment form other children in school → Belief that education does not open doors to Roma children; that because of discrimination, they will still be unable to secure employment. This makes education seem irrelevant for life in the Roma community. • Isolation: lack of birth registration, national identity documents and the like. • Language: some Roma children may not be proficient in the languages in which school is taught in BiH. • Lack of role models: few educated Roma have succeeded in mainstream society.12 • Displacement: many Roma families were displaced by the war and have not returned to their home communities. This might impact their sense of belonging to the community and their plans for the future. • Cultural beliefs and practices: in which children assume adult responsibilities at an early age, which can disrupt education. The 2004 action plan called for the following steps to be taken to improve and increase Roma education in the country (OSCE, 2004): • special budgets to cover textbooks, supplies, meals and transport; preschool education and additional learning support for Roma children; • support families to access necessary documents for enrolling children in school and ensuring that the absence of such documentation does not prevent children from attending school; • scholarships for Roma students at all levels of education; • Romani language as an optional subject in schools with large Roma populations; • integration of Roma culture and history into existing curricula – for all students; and • outreach to Roma communities to encourage school enrolment and attendance and to identify children who are not in school. A Revised Action Plan of Bosnia and Herzegovina on Roma Educational Needs (MHRR, 2010) was finalized in 2010. This plan indicates that little progress was achieved from the 2004 plan and that more needs to be done to ensure success. Many of the same recommendations are made as in the 2004 plan, but the plan also includes more detailed recommendations, an emphasis on preschool education, and a plan for monitoring its implementation.

ven today, in the two schools interviewed for this study, which have large Roma populations, they have E no Roma teachers and no Roma staff of any kind.

Street Working Children

Law Enforcement Response While the laws are similar throughout the country, according to a report by the Institution of Human Rights Ombudsmen of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the actual approach taken in each jurisdiction varies greatly, from taking no action at all in Mostar, to quite severe consequences in Banja Luka (IHRO, 2009). According to the Ombudsmenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s report, in Sarajevo, police charge the parents with misdemeanour and notify the local CSW. Repeat offences result in the family being placed under the supervision of the CSW. In Mostar, no action is taken against such children. In Tuzla, children as well as parents can be issued a misdemeanour fine from 100 to 1000 KM. In Banja Luka, children are placed in a temporary shelter, while the parents are charged with negligence and abuse and the process for relinquishing parental rights is initiated (IHRO, 2009). Our research shows that there are significant regional differences in whether or not anyone has tried to stop the children from begging or working on the streets, with over two thirds of the children in Banja Luka indicating that there have been attempts to stop them, made primarily by police and secondarily by family members. Even in the other locations, when children indicate that someone has tried to stop them, it has primarily been the police with the exception of Mostar. This seems to confirm the findings from the Institution of Human Rights Ombudsmen.

Table 18: Percentage of Children Who Indicate that Someone Has Tried to Stop them from Undertaking Street Work (% of sample). Sarajevo

Tuzla

Mostar

Banja Luka

Yes

21.7

67.9

78.3

32.1

Has anyone tried to stop you from working/begging?

Table 19: Person Who Has Tried to Stop Children from Undertaking Street Work (% of sample who answered positively to question in Table 18). Sarajevo

Tuzla

Mostar

Banja Luka

17.5

15.2

64.7

33.3

Police

57.6

29.4

44.4

Friends

5.9

11.1

12.5

27.3

11.1

Who has tried to stop you? A family member

Other

Our research also confirms that there are different approaches in the country to dealing with street-working children, especially with its more visible forms â&#x20AC;&#x201C; begging, busking, and washing windscreens. In both Sarajevo and Banja Luka there have been past efforts to address the problem. Police in the Federation indicated that they did not believe a punitive approach is effective and that the problem could only be addressed through appropriate social responses. In Sarajevo, they developed a progressive or non-punitive approach using mobile teams which combine local undercover police with social workers who go out on the streets looking for the children. In cases where they find young children on the streets, the police look for the parents. If the parents are not nearby, they contact the CSW before approaching the children. For children 16 years and older, the police can apprehend them and then contact the CSW. The police can and do issue fines, but they are usually never paid and after five years the statute of limitations expires. There are many cases reported that are not reviewed and dealt with at the relevant courts as prosecution of the cases

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

is difficult and the fines are so rarely paid. Even in the case of third parties who instigate others to beg, police find it difficult to take legal action as the children are reluctant to testify against the organizers, and the cases are highly dependent on victim testimony. A few years ago, one Sarajevo police station had a special action organized to deal with the problem of children washing windscreens at the crossroads in one municipality. The police confiscated the tools the children were using, but the cases were neither prosecuted nor registered. The police state that while children no longer wash windscreens at the crossroads in this municipality, they have moved to other areas. Some officers indicate that it is very important to be careful with the children, especially those working at the crossroads, as they will run away if they see police – which can further endanger the children from vehicular traffic. In Banja Luka, a more repressive or punitive approach was utilized. Specifically, police in Banja Luka indicate that approximately five years ago there was a concerted police action called “Stop Begging”. The Ministry of the Interior and the top police unit in the RS issued a call for action, and all the other, lower-level departments were involved. Two police officers from each city in the RS were given five days of training on what to do when they see children begging. All uniformed officers were expected to address any cases of begging they came across. At the time of the special action, the police believed that the majority of those begging in Banja Luka were from Serbia or other parts of BiH. There were often organized groups – involving 20 or more children as young as two to three years of age. The children were transported to Banja Luka from other cities. When they were confronted by the police, those who were not from BiH were to be deported, as they had no money to pay the fines. The courts issued re-entry bans. The police requested weekly and monthly reports from all departments. They had monthly meetings with the chiefs of all police stations at which the reports regarding the action were discussed. Some stations avoided the issue as there was a lot of work involved in handling such cases. Supervisors addressed this by questioning the reports which registered no begging cases. Informants indicate that follow-up was required for several months and the action continued for a year and is now part of the daily work of the police. They did have cases of recidivism, but when the courts started imposing sanctions, people stopped begging. After several months, the police in the RS felt that the action showed results. Today in Banja Luka they believe that begging is only 5% of its prior magnitude. Police informants state that there are cases from time to time, but the police respond promptly. Currently, in Banja Luka, there are different procedures in place for begging children accompanied by adults, begging children not accompanied by adults, BiH citizens and non-citizens. If a child who is a citizen of BiH is accompanied by an adult, he or she is taken to a police station or to the specialized shelter for children which exists in Banja Luka but not in other towns/cities, and the parents are asked to come with documents proving that they are the parents or guardians in order to take the child. If this proves time-consuming, the child is moved to the shelter until the parents can return with the necessary documents. The parent or guardian can also be sanctioned for neglect, issued a fine and, for those from Banja Luka, put under supervision of a CSW. If the child is a foreigner, he or she is transported to the border (in most such cases the children were from Serbia), and further taken care of by the Serbian authorities.

Street Working Children

Social Service Response Social services are provided to street-working children primarily by local CSWs or daily centres usually set up in collaboration between NGOs and CSWs. Daily centres operate in all four locations of this research but not in other towns and cities in the country which have similar problems. These centres provide a variety of services to children and their parents, including food, clothing, counselling, bathing facilities, education support and leisure activities. They generally do not provide overnight accommodation, with the exception of Banja Luka where a special shelter has been established. In the other cities, children needing accommodation tend to be placed in homes for children without parental care. Social workers indicate that they have concerns about placing these children in such centres and would prefer that there be more alternative accommodation available, such as accommodation with foster families. Roma parents expressed mixed opinions of the daily centres. Generally they are well-received and many parents thought the services were good, but others felt that the services were insufficient to address the problems and provided only temporary relief for the children. While some of the daily centres have outreach programmes, their staff are limited and they tend to identify only children working in known locations. In Sarajevo, social workers from the CSW work with the local police to conduct outreach. However, this is not a common practice. CSWs are not generally involved in outreach. Generally, they work with children and families who are referred to them or who come to the offices on their own. CSWs can provide counselling and help families sign up for social benefits if they qualify. The CSW in Banja Luka has implemented a special programme to encourage families to keep their children in school. The centre has established a relationship with the local Roma Association to encourage outreach into the Roma community and collaboration with the local primary school. The CSW provides assistance for families in the form of a one-time transfer to help with books, clothing, etc., as well as stipends to help with transport or other expenses. In order to qualify for child benefits, a monthly cash transfer programme, the parents must also submit documentation to confirm that the child is enrolled in school. In cases of lengthy or unexplained absenteeism from school, the school, the CSW and the Roma associations get involved, encouraging the parents to keep the child in school, providing support for the family when possible, and, if necessary, that child benefits could be withdrawn and sanctions imposed. It is noteworthy that Roma parents in Banja Luka expressed greater satisfaction with their local association than those in other communities. “This association takes care of us, more or less, but one should be realistic and say that they help us as much as they can…” (Roma parent, FGD, Banja Luka)

Another unique and important aspect of the work of the “… our associations are run by people CSW in Banja Luka is the presence of a social worker of who should not run them… That’s only Roma ethnicity. She is instrumental in working with the profit and money laundering; there is Roma community. All of the key informants contacted no help to Roma.” (Roma parent, FGD Sarajevo) for this report also indicated that the problem of child begging had been almost eliminated from the city as a result of the actions of the CSWs and the police (many recognize that children are still engaged in other forms of street work, such as collecting recyclable materials). It should be noted that children from Banja Luka indicate that they do still engage in begging, although most of the children are primarily active in collecting recyclable materials.

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Public Response Prior to this study, little information was available about the public response to children working or begging on the streets. This research was able to shed more light on the public opinion of and response to street-working children. Most of the public seems compassionate and sympathetic toward the children – especially to those most visible, such as the children who wash windscreens or beg. Ninety-four percent indicate that their first impression when seeing such a child is to feel sorry for the child and his or her situation, although some also indicate that they are afraid of the children (8.9%) or are annoyed by them (6.7%), and very few are hostile toward them (0.8%). In general, the public is not very familiar with children who engage in other types of activities considered street work, such as gathering recyclable materials. Furthermore, only 5.4% of the public feels that they know much about these children or the phenomenon. While people claim not to know much about the phenomenon, they generally believe that these children engage in street work because of poverty, but also because of family problems and abuse and due to social exclusion. They also believe that the children are being exploited by others and not engaged in these activities on their own accord. They believe one of the major immediate concerns for the children is being hit by a car, and that in the long term their lack of education will disadvantage them. “I can get them juice or ice cream. The main ways the public responds to begging, busking I never give them money. Because I or similar types of street work are giving the children know who they work for.” money (79.6%), food (36.3%), and to ignore the children (FGD with public, Banja Luka) (33.4%) or to tell them to go away (3.6%).13 Interestingly, while men and women are equally likely to give money, women are far more likely than men to give food (44% vs. 29%). This is supported by the focus group discussion data as well. However, the researchers conducting the public opinion survey recommend caution in interpreting these results, assuming that respondents may be over-reporting their generosity, giving what they consider to be the socially acceptable answer. The public primarily blames the parents for the situation. “One sentence a year about this subHowever, they also place significant blame on state-level ject in the media.” authorities, on the social welfare system, and on local (FGD with public, Sarajevo) and entity-level authorities. Thirty percent think the problem is primarily due to a lack of funding to address the issue and a further 24% believe it is primarily due to a lack of interest in addressing the issue.

eople do not respond the same way each time when they come across a child on the streets. Therefore P multiple answers were allowed and the totals exceed 100%.

Street Working Children

Figure 8: To what extent is each of the following responsible for the improvement of the position of children involved with begging and other forms of street work? Minimum or no responsibility at all

Small responsibility

Partial responsibility

Parents and relatives of children involved in begging and other forms of street work

State-level authorities

Social welfare system

Local authorities

Entity-level authorities

Big responsibility

Maximum or total responsibility

59 20

Health care system

Police

Media

NGOs Civil Society Associations

Citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, neighbours, etc.

Root Causes Poverty and discrimination are often cited amongst the root causes. Many officials cited cultural tradition and poor parenting as the main causes. Such comments may disguise discriminatory attitudes which can hamper attempts to support the children and prevent their exploitation, especially when coming from officials tasked with addressing the issue. “I think that the parents of Roma The public generally believes that there are three children are most responsible.” main factors that push children to work on the streets: (FGD with public; Banja Luka) poverty (64.3%), abuse or difficult family life (54.2%), social exclusion/discrimination (36.5%), with drug abuse coming in fourth at 19%. There are some demographic differences, with those who are more educated and/or hold full time-jobs being slightly more likely to mention social exclusion and less likely to mention poverty. Older people are also more likely to mention drug abuse as a factor than younger respondents. In all likelihood, it is a combination of factors that contributes to children working on the streets. Number one would appear to be poverty. Indeed, the children indicate that no one in their family is employed and the family struggles to meet their basic needs. Interviews with Roma parents confirm this finding. The effect of discrimination cannot be ignored. Not only does discrimination lead to the dire financial circumstances of these children, it also hampers efforts to assist them. Most of the schools and CSWs do not have any Roma staff, even those located in areas with large Roma

“As soon as they see a dark-skinned person, a rejection letter comes immediately.” (Roma parent, FGD, Sarajevo) “Let me say this: when a Roma is involved, they believe that he is an idler, that he does not want to work and that he is a thief.” (Roma parent, FGD, Banja Luka)

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

populations. Roma staff would make good cultural intermediaries, as well as provide role models for future generations. Roma parents believe their children would be safer in school and better supported if there were Roma adults on staff. Similarly, families may feel better supported if there were Roma on staff at the CSWs. “My son completed the school of mining, he has a diploma. Whenever he goes to the employment agency it is as if he is not there. It is because we are Roma. Even the educated ones cannot get a job, just because they are Roma.” (Roma parent, FGD Tuzla)

Roma parents indicate that they face discrimination in many areas of life which impacts the efforts to assist street-working children. Parents state that they only register with jobcentres in order to get health insurance as they are never offered work by the jobcentres. The difficulty, which they in fact see as impossibility, of getting employment has longterm impacts, as many families do not see that education helps to get a job.

Children’s Aspirations By understanding the children’s aspirations for their own future, programmes can be designed to help them meet their goals. By far, most of the children wish to further their education (67%– 82%). Indeed, many children have future career goals which require substantial education, with a large section wanting to be doctors, craftsmen, mechanics, police officers, teachers, salespersons, hair dressers and, like children everywhere, football players, singers and models. While Roma parents stated clearly that they want to support their children’s dreams and aspirations, they were pessimistic about the likelihood of those dreams becoming a reality. This sad truth was heartbreakingly expressed by one Roma mother: “My daughter is thinking about becoming a hairdresser. My son would like to become a car mechanic. I would like them not to be hungry and thirsty.” (Roma parent, FGD Mostar) Many of the children’s parents themselves lack education and are therefore not able to prepare their children for school or to assist them with school work, making children’s school experience more difficult. Roma parents interviewed in the FGDs indicated that they were mostly illiterate and that it is the older children in the family who help the younger ones with their school work. While most of the children are generally satisfied with their current life, there were significant regional differences. The majority of children in Tuzla and Mostar stated that they were “fully” satisfied (86.7% and 84.3% respectively), while 10% and 8.6% were satisfied “to some extent”. The opposite was true for children in Sarajevo, with 34.2% “fully” satisfied, and 51.1% satisfied “to some extent”. Children in Banja Luka were in between with 57.1% “fully” satisfied and 35.7% satisfied “to some extent.” Their dissatisfaction generally came from the family’s financial situation but also to a lesser extent from problems in the family. While most of the children felt respected by others, when asked how other people perceived or treated them, 36.8% of children in Sarajevo responded that other people tended to mock them.

Street Working Children

Figure 9: Are you going to continue your education?

21,4

Banja Luka

31,4

Mostar Tuzla Sarajevo 05

Yes, and I will stop working

23,9

to work 01

These recommendations were formulated based on the findings from the research, with the inputs from the stakeholders gathered during the validation conference, and with the inputs from Roma parents gathered during the Focus Group Discussions.

Local Networks to Respond to Children Working on the Streets The local mechanism in Banja Luka is a good example of how local actors can work together to remove children from street work and to assist families in supporting their childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s education. While the specific methods used in the Banja Luka model may not work for all communities, a system is needed in which all critical local stakeholders work closely with children and their families and develop a model of care and support specifically tailored to their community. Multi-sectoral approaches have been shown to improve outcomes for children in education, health, social protection and early childhood development (Vibert, 2013). A. Develop protocols for assisting children and their families that involve law enforcement (police, prosecutors and judges), social services, schools, jobcentres, community organizations, and relevant NGOs. B. Ensure that the community organizations and NGOs involved in the network well represent the interests of the community being served. C. Establish clear mechanisms of reporting and responding to cases of unjustified absenteeism in school. D. Educate and sensitize relevant actors in the network to ensure understanding of the protocols and sensitivity to the needs and situation of the children and their families. E. Incorporate education and sensitivity on the topic into the relevant higher education curricula for social workers, educators, police, prosecutors and judges to ensure sustainability.

Education

The study has shown that the vast majority of children working on the streets in the country lack an education. Children want to go to school and parents indicate a strong desire that their children be educated. Addressing parental concerns and encouraging education of children

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Recommendations

Author: Irfan Redžović would provide them with more opportunities for their future and allow them to pursue their own personal aspirations. A. Implement Revised Action Plan on Roma Educational Attainment. The State is called upon to ensure that the Revised Action Plan on Roma Educational Attainment is funded and implemented. The Plan calls for many actions which would go a long way to improving the lives of street-working children. B. Hire Roma mediators. Several municipalities have introduced mediators in school to assist Roma children and parents. In Živinice municipality, primary school enrolment increased from 30 to 129 pupils (IHRO, 2013) when mediators from a Roma community organization were introduced into the school. The Institution of the Human rights Ombudsman recommends that mediators be urgently introduced into all schools attended by a significant number of Roma children (IHRO, 2013). Schools should also be encouraged to hire Roma staff (teaching staff, maintenance workers, kitchen staff and the like) in order to encourage enrolment and support children’s educational success. The 2004 and 2010 Action Plans on Roma Educational Needs also call for the hiring of Roma teaching assistants. C. Increase access to pre-school education. Research demonstrates the importance of pre-school education for children’s future academic as well as employment success, and more so for disadvantaged children (Melhuish, 2011; Vibert, 2013). Data indicate that Roma children not only do not attend preschool but that most begin primary education at a later age than the national norm (UNICEF, 2013), putting them at a further disadvantage academically. Preschool prepares children for the school environment, social and other skills needed to succeed in school – especially important for the chil-

Street Working Children

dren of parents who are themselves unable to provide this support at home. D. Involve Roma community in schools. There are many ways in which to encourage the participation of the Roma community in schools. Schools should encourage Roma parents to join school boards and to attend parent-teacher meetings. Schools should actively reach out to the Roma community and encourage educated Roma community members to provide mentoring services to children having difficulty in school. E. Provide financial and in-kind support for education. Roma parents and children indicate that one reason for not attending school is the cost of attendance. While many Roma families receive some assistance such as text books and supplies, it is not enough to cover all of the children’s educational needs. Families struggle to provide appropriate clothing and many children go to school hungry. Free lunch at school for needy families would not only improve academic performance of children but might also serve as an incentive for school attendance. F. Set up programmes to support street-working children who have dropped out of school to re-integrate. Programmes should not only include alternative education options, but should work with children to help them integrate into the formal school system at the age-appropriate level.

Conditional Cash Transfers

Conditional cash transfers are regular financial payments to families in need which are linked to specific actions or behaviours, usually related to education or health care (Vibert, 2013; World Bank, 2011). In such programmes, for example, in order to receive cash transfers families must submit proof that the children in the family attend school or have received immunizations. Such programmes can improve educational success, increase economic prospects and improve health and nutrition amongst the poor and socially excluded (González de la Rocha, Bañuelos, and López, 2008; Sanchíz and Rodríguez, 2008; Vibert, 2013). Evaluators have found that conditional cash transfer programmes are more effective in assisting disenfranchised populations if they employ staff with “sufficient skills to act as linguistic and cultural interpreters” to provide information and assist with accessing benefits (Rodríguez, 2008, p. 161). As noted in the findings of this study, having a Roma social worker at the CSW in Banja Luka has made them particularly effective at assisting the local Roma community and ensuring high rates of school attendance. Bosnia and Herzegovina already has cash transfer programs including some conditionality requirements which could be built upon to make them more effective. A. Ensure consistent application of conditionality on cash transfers to make sure children not only enrol in school, but also attend school consistently. B. As noted above, ensure coordination between CSWs which administer cash transfers and the schools which the children attend. Schools need to notify parents and involve CSWs in cases of lengthy or unexplained absenteeism to ensure a timely response. C. Reform social benefits system to target transfers to those most in need and increase the amount of the transfers to ensure they provide for basic needs. D. Make significant efforts to employ members of the most disadvantaged communities in the CSWs and the schools to act as cultural mediators with the communities. E. Combine cash transfers with other forms of social services and support to address the complex array of challenges the most vulnerable families are facing.

Legislative Framework

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

A. Ensure recognition of children involved in street work within the existing categories of eligibility in the social protection systems in the Federation of BiH and BrÄ?ko District in harmonization with Republika Srpska. Care should be taken in establishing a new category of social protection for child street workers as it may be difficult to define them, resulting in some children being excluded based on the type of activities they engage in. If possible, their eligibility should be ensured based on the vulnerabilities faced by the children and their families, using the existing social protection categories. B. Key stakeholders in BiH recommend developing a strategy and action plan for the prevention of child begging and street work and ensuring its funding and implementation. C. Harmonize national, entity and local legislation with the international child protection standards (Convention on the Rights of the Child, Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour no. 182, etc.) paying particular attention to: criminal legislation, social protection, education, and health) with the aim of recognizing harmful child street work in the legislative framework in BiH.

Street Working Children

Daily Centres and Shelters A. Incorporate daily centres and emergency shelters into the social protection system to ensure their continued operation. Build financing for daily centres and shelters into local budgets. B. Establish reception facilities and emergency temporary shelters (or an emergency specialized foster family system) for street-working children in the communities where the issue is present but such facilities are lacking. While most of the street-working children do not require temporary shelter, there are exceptions â&#x20AC;&#x201C; for example, when the childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s parents cannot immediately be located, when there is concern about the safety and security of the child in the home, when there is concern that the child has been abused or trafficked. C. Adoption of standards of service provided by the daily centres and emergency shelters.

Employment The adult family members of street-working children are predominantly unemployed. Poverty must be addressed. Stakeholders as well as Roma parents attest to the discrimination the community faces in employment. The State is encouraged to consider how best to address this discrimination, perhaps through implementation of a quota system in public employment.

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

References

• González de la Rocha, M., Bañuelos, P. P., & López, G. S. (2008). Life after Oportunidades: Rural program impact after 10 years of implementation. In External evaluation of Oportunidades 2008. 10 years of intervention in rural areas (1997–2007) Executive Synthesis (pp. 23–40). Juarez: Secretaría de Desarrollo Social Coordinación Nacional del Programa de Desarrollo Humano Oportunidades. • ICMPD (2012). Report for the Study on Typology and Policy Responses to Child Begging in the EU. International Centre for Migration and Policy Development for the European Commission. • IHRO (2013). Special Report on the Status of Roma in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Institution of Human Rights Ombudsmen of B&H. • IHRO (2009).Special Report on the Issue of Child Begging in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Institution of Human Rights Ombudsmen of BiH. • ILO (2013). What is Child Labour: http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm • ILO (2004). Working Paper 22: A Rapid Assessment of Bonded Labour in Domestic Work and Begging in Pakistan. Collective for Social Science Research for the International Labour Organization: Karachi • Johnston, L. G. (2008). Behavioural Surveillance: Introduction to Respondent Driven Sampling (Participant Manual). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, GA. • Johnston, L.G., Prybylski, D., Raymond, H.F. Mirzazadeh, A., Manopaiboon, C. & McFarland, W. . (n.d.). Incorporating the Service Multiplier Method in Respondent Driven Sampling Surveys to Estimate the Size of Hidden and Hard-to-Reach Populations: Case Studies from Around the World. University of California: San Francisco. • Melhuish, E. C. (2011). Preschool Matters: Evidence grows that starting preschool at age 3 or 4 can produce beneﬁts decades later, Science, 333, 299-300. doi: 10.1126/science.1209459 • MHRR (2010). Revised Action Plan of Bosnia and Herzegovina on Roma Educational Needs. Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees: Sarajevo. • OCRS (2011). Prevention of Exploitation of Children in South East Europe. Beggary of Children in Republic of Srpska. Report of the Ombudsman for Children of the Republic of Srpska: Banja Luka. • OSCE (2013). Best Practices for Roma Integration: Regional Report on Anti-Discrimination and Participation of Roma in Local Decision-Making. OSCE, Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights: Warsaw. • OSCE (). Analysis of the Questionnaire on Child Begging & the Implementation of the Protocols on Prevention. • OSCE (2004). Action Plan on the Education Needs of Roma and Other National Minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Downloaded from the OSCE website http://www.oscebih.org/documents/osce_bih_doc_2004031215460167eng.pdf

Street Working Children

• Ray, P., Davey, C. &, Nolan, P. (2011). Still on the Streets – Still Short of Rights. Plan International and The Consortium for Street Children: Geneva and London. • Rodríguez, J. L. (2008). Coverage and operation of Oportunidades in inter-cultural indigenous regions. In External evaluation of Oportunidades 2008. 10 years of intervention in rural areas (1997–2007) Executive Synthesis (pp. 153–166). Juarez: Secretaría de Desarrollo Social Coordinación Nacional del Programa de Desarrollo Humano Oportunidades. • Sanchíz, A. A., & Rodríguez, D. J. (2008). Explaining the educational impact of Oportunidades: stakeholders, factors & processes. In External evaluation of Oportunidades 2008. 10 years of intervention in rural areas (1997–2007) Executive Synthesis (pp. 125– 132). Juarez: Secretaría de Desarrollo Social Coordinación Nacional del Programa de Desarrollo Humano Oportunidades. • Save the Children (2011). Regional Report on Child Begging: Prevalence, Prevention and Suppression of Child Begging. • Tanic, D. (2012, September 21). Bosnia – Problem of Begging. Bosnia Daily, p. 9. • Thomas de Benitez, S. (2011). State of the World’s Street Children: Research. Consortiumfor Street Children: London. • Thurman, T., Johnston, L., Lavin, B, Bunde, E. & Mock, N. (2008). Characteristics of Street Children in Tirana, Albania: A Quantitative Assessment. Tulane University & World Vision Albania: Tirana. • TransMonEE 2013 Database, UNICEF Regional Office for CEE/CIS: http://www.transmonee.org/ • UNICEF (2013). BiHMultiple Indicator Cluster Survey 4, 2011-2012 (MICS4). UNICEF Office for Bosnia and Herzegovina: Sarajevo. • UNICEF (2006). Children on the Brink. UNICEF Romania: Bucharest. • Vibert, Jennifer (2013). SOCIAL MONITOR 2013: Social Protection for Child Rights and Well-being in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. UNICEF Regional Office for Central and Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States.

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Annex I: Public Opinion Survey - Data

Assessment of Child Begging (and Other Street Work) in Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2013 Public Opinion Survey and Focus Group Discussions: IPSOS Senior Research Executive: Selma Kapo Mulaomerović Research Executive: Sonja Milutinović Research Executive: Ilvana Tetarić Research Assistant: Edin Čalkić

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Methodology CATI Duration

10 June – 25 June 2013

Method

CATI (Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing)

Population

General population of BiH 18+

Sample

N=1504

Sample type

Two-staged stratified random probability sample. Stratification is done according to region and settlement type.

Sampling frame

Population data for Bosnia and Herzegovina (Ipsos Adria Estimations based on Central Election Commission database, Agency for Identification Documents, Registers and Data Exchange of Bosnia and Herzegovina database, Vital Statistics 2012)

Methodology FGD Duration

17 – 18 June 2013

Method

FGD (Focus Group Discussion)

Location

Sarajevo (FBiH) and Banja Luka (RS)

Number of FGDs

Respondents Profile

Age: 15 – 64; Gender: mix (male and female); Education: mix

How to read the tables: Education:

Urban

Other

Type

Female

Gender Male

Total

1198 599 599 704 494

sig

0.00

No formal education

01.8

Years 1-7 grades of primary school

05.1

Primary school (completed, 8 years) 19.4

One- or two-year vocational school

01.3

Three-year vocational school

11.8

Four-year vocational school

40.4

Comprehensive school

04.6

Foundation degree

06.3

BA/BSc

08.8

Master’s degree

00.3

Doctorate

00.2

Total

00 100%

Above average 0.01

0.05

0.10

Average

Below average 0.10

0.05

0.01

• The title explains the variable whose relative frequencies are given in the table. • The total in the first column shows percentages for each category of the tabulated. • Each column which follows represents percentages of the given variable within the subpopulation. • The row marked with N denotes the size of the base, i.e., the size of the (sub) sample on which the percentages are calculated. • The row marked with sig represents the significance of chi-square statistics of the observed variable and variable from the columns, if chisquare is significant, significance is written in white letters. •T he last row in the table 100% indicates that all the values in the columns add up to 100, that is, that column’s total percentages are given. The cells of the table are coloured blue or red, if the values they contain are considerably above or

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

below the average. Three shades of blue or red are used for three degrees of significance, the lightest shades for deviations significant on the level 0.10, medium shades for the level 0.05 and the darkest shades for the level 0.01. An example of interpretation of the data from the above table (structure of education): •T he significance of the chi-square (significance of both chi-squares of statistics is lesser than 0.01) tells us that the distribution of education by gender/type of settlement differs significantly. •A glimpse at the cells of the table shows that there are significantly more males with three-year vocational school education on the level of significance 0.05 (the total number of respondents in the sample with this type of education is 11.8%, among males 15%). Similarly, there are significantly less females with this type of education (on the level 0.05) 9%. •T here are significantly more respondents with a BA/BSc (level 0.01) in urban settlements compared to the entire population (12%), and significantly less in other types of settlements (the same level of significance 0.01), namely 4%. Please rate general situation in the country on the scale 1 to 5

1013

Female

500

513

sig

0.13

Grade 1

23.1

Grade 2

35.3

Sum -

58.4

Grade 3

35.1

Sum +

04.9

Grade 4

03.9

Grade 5

01.0

No answer

00.5

Doesn’t know

01.0

Mean

2.23

2.24

Street Working Children

Total

2.23

• I n case of multiple responses (the respondent can give several valid answers, modalities), the data in cells represent a percentage of the (sub)population which mentions, that is, answers positively to given modality. •P lease note that row 100% is missing – this is because the percentages do not add up to 100%.

Which brands do you know?

100%

Type Other

Total

Urban

Gender Male

Total

• If tabulated variables represent the respondent’s rating on some scale three more rows are added. • The row marked with Sum - represents the sum of percentages on negative grades. • The row marked with Sum + represents the sum of percentages on positive grades. • Rows below grades contain other non-specific answers of the respondents. • The row marked with Mean represents arithmetic mean of the grades given.

502

302

200

Brand C

97.8

Brand A

93.2

Brand D

39.1

Brand B

22.3

Brand E

22.1

Other

20.9

I don’t know any

00.2

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

0,3

0,5

Exploitation of children

Others

DK/NA

Total

0,5

0,3

Unemployed parents

Education

0,7

0,6

Inadequate social protection

The problem must be solved

0,8

Fear and discomfort

Ugly picture of the city and state

I wonder what led to it

1,3

1,2

Lifestyle choices and laziness

My own children

2,1

1,8

Homeless and orphans

Injustice and insecurity

4,3

3,2

State and society have to help

They need help

6,4

5,7

Roma children

12 10

9,2

Crime

It is not their choice

The crisis in the society and the state

14,8

Poverty

751

28,2

1504

Male

Compassion

sig

N 1

Female 0

753

15-25 0

363

26-35 1

281

36-45 0

293

46-55 0

302

56-64 1

266

No formal education 2

Graduated elementary school 0

237 1

Graduated secondary school 896

Graduated faculty 4

328

DK/NA 53

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

Part time

Education

963

Unemployed

Age up to 300 BAM per month 0

178

Household income

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Total

237

more than 1200 BAM per month

What are your first associations to this group of children? What first crosses your mind when you think of them? - FIRST ANSWER Base: Total target population

204

Refusal

Street Working Children 14,8 13 9,2 6,4 5,7 4,3 3,2 2,1 1,8 1,3 1,2 1 1 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,3 0,3 3 0,5

Poverty

Crime

It is not their choice

Roma children

The crisis in the society and the state

State and society have to help

They need help

Homeless and orphans

Injustice and insecurity

Lifestyle choices and laziness

My own children

Ugly picture of the city and state

I wonder what led to it

Fear and discomfort

Inadequate social protection

The problem must be solved

Unemployed parents

Education

Exploitation of children

Others

DK/NA

Total

28,2

1504

Compassion

sig

Total

991

FBiH

0,13

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity

119

USK

210

164

ZDK

106

SBK

HNK

ZHK

201

Region

HBK

337

SRS i DB

176

IRS

BKP

657

Rural

0,98

847

Urban

Type of settlement

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

0,5

Exploitation of children

Others

DK/NA

1 1

1,6

1,5

My own children

I wonder what led to it

Education

2 2

1,7

Unemployed parents

Inadequate social protection

The problem must be solved

1,9

1,8

Ugly picture of the city and state

Fear and discomfort

2,1

Homeless and orphans

3,1

Lifestyle choices and laziness

Injustice and insecurity

6,6

5,8

State and society have to help

They need help

9,7

7,3

The crisis in the society and the state

Roma children

18,1

14,9

Poverty

It is not their choice

32,8

19,7

Compassion

Crime

1504 751

Male

Female 0

753

15-25 0

363

26-35 1

281

36-45 0

293

46-55 0

302

56-64 1

266

No formal education 2

Graduated elementary school 0

237

Graduated secondary school 1

896

Graduated faculty 4

328

DK/NA 53

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

963

Part time

Education Unemployed

Age up to 300 BAM per month 0

178

Household income

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Total

237

more than 1200 BAM per month

What are your first associations to this group of children? What first crosses your mind when you think of them? - ALL ANSWERS Multiple answers; Base: Total target population

204

Refusal

Street Working Children 19 17 14

19,7

18,1

14,9

9,7

7,3

Crime

Poverty

It is not their choice

The crisis in the society and the state

Roma children

0,5

Exploitation of children

Others

DK/NA

Education

The problem must be solved

1,5

I wonder what led to it

1,7

1,6

Inadequate social protection

My own children

1,8

1,7

2,1

1,9

Injustice and insecurity

Ugly picture of the city and state

Fear and discomfort

2 2

Unemployed parents

3,1

Lifestyle choices and laziness

Homeless and orphans

7 6

6,6

5,8

State and society have to help

They need help

32,8

991

1504

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

Compassion

Total

119

USK

210

164

ZDK

106

SBK

HNK

ZHK

201

Region

HBK

337

SRS i DB

176

IRS

BKP

657

Rural

847

Urban

Type of settlement

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

1504

1,5 0,7 0,5 0,3 0,1 2,7

Children accompanied by the adults asking for the money from door to door

Children selling small items on the street

Children stealing/pick pocketing in public places

Children gathering junk/waste materials

Children doing physical labor/ad hoc jobs

DK/NA

Total

1,6

Other

Children independently asking for money 79,1 on the street Children washing car windshields on the 4,8 streets Children accompanied by the elders asking 3,6 for the money on the street Children independently asking for money 3,4 from door to door Children singing/playing music on the 1,7 streets

sig

Male 753

Female 4 4 2

4 3 1

0,25

751

15-25 2

363

26-35 3

281

36-45 2

0,99

293

46-55 2

302

56-64 4

266

No formal education 3

Graduated elementary school 5

237

Graduated secondary school 2

896

Graduated faculty 3

328

DK/NA 100

Fulltime job 2

501

Part time

Are you employed?

963

Unemployed

Education

178

Household income

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Age

0,79

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Gender

237

more than 1200 BAM per month

Total up to 300 BAM per month

Can you name the occurrences that you are familiar with that can be characterized as child begging and other forms of street work? - FIRST ANSWER Base: Total target population

204

Refusal

Street Working Children 4 2 1 1 1

3,4

1,7

1,6

1,5

0,7

0,5

0,3

0,1

2,7

Other

Children accompanied by the elders asking for the money from

Children selling small items on the street

Children stealing/pick pocketing in public places

Children gathering junk/waste materials

Children doing physical labor/ad hoc jobs

DK/NA

Total

3,6

4,8

991

1504

FBiH

79,1

Children independently asking for money on the street Children washing car windshields on the streets Children accompanied by the elders asking for the money on t Children independently asking for money from door to door Children singing/playing music on the streets

sig

Total

Entity

0,1

513

RS and District Brcko

119

USK

210

164

ZDK

106

SBK

HNK

ZHK

0,62

201

Region

HBK

337

SRS i DB

176

IRS

BKP

657

847

Urban

0,48

Rural

Type of settlement

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

DK/NA

Children selling small items on the street Children gathering junk/ waste materials Children stealing/pick pocketing in public places Children doing physical labor/ad hoc jobs

Other

Children independently asking for money on the street Children accompanied by the adults asking for money on the street Children independently asking for money from door to door Children washing car windshields on the streets Children accompanied by the adults asking for money from door to door Children singing/playing music on the streets

2,7

0,3

5,2

6,5

1,5

13,5

3,3

14,5

19,7

4,9

751

Male

86,4

1504

Female 4

753

15-25 2

363

26-35 3

281

36-45 2

293

46-55 2

302

56-64 4

266

No formal education 3

Graduated elementary school 5

237

Graduated secondary school 2

896

Graduated faculty 3

328

DK/NA 47

100

Fulltime job 2

501

Part time

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

963

Unemployed

Education

178

Household income

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Age

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Gender

237

more than 1200 BAM per month

Total up to 300 BAM per month

Can you name the occurrences that you are familiar with that can be characterized as child begging and other forms of street work? - ALL ANSWERS Multiple answers; Base: Total target population

204

Refusal

Street Working Children

15 16 9 8 5 5 3

14,5 13,5 8 6,5 5,2 4,9 3,3 1,5 0,3 2,7

Other

Children selling small items on the street

Children gathering junk/waste materials

Children stealing/pick pocketing in public places

Children doing physical labor/ad hoc jobs

DK/NA

19,7

991 86

1504

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity

FBiH

86,4

Children independently asking for money on the street Children accompanied by the adults asking for the money on the street Children independently asking for money from door to door Children washing car windshields on the streets Children accompanied by the adults asking for money from door to door Children singing/playing music on the streets

Total

119

USK

210

164

ZDK

106

SBK

HNK

ZHK

201

Region

HBK

337

SRS i DB

176

IRS

BKP

657

Rural

847

Urban

Type of settlement

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

1,4

0,7

0,1

Less than once a year

I have never seen any children involved in such activities

DK/NA

Total

2,6

Once a year

10,6

Once a month

12,2

A couple of times a month

3,8

10,5

Once a week

Once in 6 months

18,1

Once in two or three months

34,1

A couple of times a week

1504

Every day

sig

751

Male

0,02

753

Female

363

15-25

281

26-35

0,79

293

36-45

302

46-55

266

56-64

No formal education 4

Graduated elementary school 2

237

896

Graduated secondary school 0

0,03

Graduated faculty 1

328

DK/NA 47

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

0,63

Part time

Education

963

Unemployed

Age up to 300 BAM per month 1

178

Household income

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

0,08

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Total

237

more than 1200 BAM per month

How often do you come across children that are involved in the above described begging and other forms of street work? Base: Total target population

204

Refusal

Street Working Children 0 0

0,7

0,1

Less than once a year I have never seen any children involved in such activities DK/NA

Total

1,4

Once a year 2

2,6

Once in 6 months

10,6

Once a month 5

12,2

A couple of times a month

10,5

Once a week

991

3,8

18,1

A couple of times a week

Entity

513

RS and FBiH District Brcko

Once in two or three months

34,1

1504

Every day

sig

Total

119

USK

210

164

ZDK

106

SBK

HNK

ZHK

201

Region

HBK

337

SRS i DB

176

IRS

BKP

657

Rural

847

Urban

Type of settlement

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

7,5

7,3

0,1

Yes, other

DK/NA

7,5

7,3

0,1

Yes, in my neighbour’s household

DK/NA

85,2

Yes, other

1504

Total

85,2

Yes, in my neighbour’s household

991

FBiH

751

Male

1504

Female 6

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity

753

15-25 1

119

USK

363

26-35 9

210

281

36-45 0

164

ZDK

293

46-55 7

106

SBK

302

56-64 0

HNK

266

No formal education 7

Graduated elementary school 3

ZHK

201

896

328

Graduated faculty 4

HBK

Graduated secondary school KS

Region

237

DK/NA 7

337

501

SRS i DB

100

Fulltime job 4

176

IRS

Are you employed…?

Part time

Education

12 21

Household income

425

459

657

Rural

847

Urban

Type of settlement

178

up to 300 BAM per month BKP

963

Unemployed

Age from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Total

237

more than 1200 BAM per month

Do you personally know a child involved in begging or street work and if yes, how do know that child? Multiple answers; Base: Total target population

204

Refusal

Street Working Children 36,4 29,3 3,6 1,8

I know a little bit

I know a lot about them

I know very much about them

Total

28,8

I know very little

1504

Total

991 0,52

513

RS and District Brcko

363

15-25 Entity

FBiH

753

Female 0,07

I do not know anything about them

sig

Total

3,6

1,8

I know a lot about them

I know very much about them

26 30

28,8

29,3

I know very little

I know a little bit

751

28,8

1504

26-35 2

119

USK

281

36-45 2

293

210

46-55 2

302

56-64 2

164

ZDK

266

No formal education 4

106

SBK

Graduated elementary school 1

HNK

237

Graduated secondary school 1

328

Graduated faculty

0,74

201

Region ZHK

896

DK/NA 53

HBK

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

337

SRS i DB

Part time

Education

176

IRS

963

Unemployed

Age up to 300 BAM per month 7

178

Household income

BKP

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

Male

I do not know anything about them

sig

Total

237

204

Refusal 1

657

847

Urban

0,02

Rural

Type of settlement

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

In general, how well are you informed about the children involved with begging and other forms of street work? Base: Total target population

more than 1200 BAM per month

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

0,6

DK/NA

0,4

57,6 22 12,5

Poverty

Abusive/difficult family life

Social exclusion (discrimination in society)

0,6

Other

DK/NA

Total

3 4,3

Drug abuse

sig

1504

Total

751

Male

Total

4,3

12,5

Social exclusion (discrimination in society)

Drug abuse

Other

57,6

Poverty

1504

Abusive/difficult family life

sig

Female 1

991

363

15-25 0,81

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

753

26-35 5

281

36-45 1

119

USK

293

46-55 4

210

302

56-64 2

164

ZDK

266

No formal education 5

106

SBK

Graduated elementary school 6

HNK

237

Graduated secondary school 1

328

Graduated faculty

34 1

201

DK/NA KS

Region ZHK

0,02

896

HBK

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

337

SRS i DB

0,59

Part time

Education

176

IRS

963

Unemployed

Age up to 300 BAM per month 25

178

Household income

BKP

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

237

204

657

Rural

0,6

847

Urban

Type of settlement

0,18

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Total

more than 1200 BAM per month

Why are children involved in begging and street work? - FIRST ANSWER Base: Total target population

Refusal

Street Working Children

36,5

6,2

0,6

Social exclusion (discrimination in society)

Drug abuse

Other

DK/NA

19 0,6

DK/NA

36,5

Social exclusion (discrimination in society) 6,2

54,2

Abusive/difficult family life

Other

64,3

Poverty

Drug abuse

1504

Total

64,3

54,2

Poverty

751

1504

Female 1

991

363

15-25 0

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

753

26-35 8

281

36-45 1

119

USK

293

46-55 5

210

302

56-64 2

164

ZDK

266

No formal education 5

106

SBK

Graduated elementary school 12

HNK

237

Graduated secondary school 0

328

Graduated faculty

201

DK/NA KS

Region ZHK

896

HBK

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

337

SRS i DB

Part time

Education

176

IRS

963

Unemployed

Age up to 300 BAM per month 7

178

Household income

BKP

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

Male

Abusive/difficult family life

Total

237

204

Refusal 1

657

Rural

847

Urban

Type of settlement

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Why are children involved in begging and street work? - ALL ANSWERS Multiple answers; Base: Total target population

more than 1200 BAM per month

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

27,7

3,2

0,3

0,6

BiH citizens

Foreign citizens

Other

DK/NA

27,7 3,2 0,3 0,6

Foreign citizens

Other

DK/NA

Total

68,2

BiH citizens

1504

Total

991

363

15-25 0,98

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

753

Female 0,64

Roma

sig

Total

68,2

Roma

sig

1504

751

Male

26-35 0

281

36-45 2

119

USK

0,15

293

46-55 1

210

302

56-64 1

164

ZDK

266

No formal education 1

106

SBK

Graduated elementary school 1

HNK

237

Graduated secondary school 1

328

Graduated faculty 0,27

201

DK/NA KS

Region ZHK

0,99

896

HBK

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

337

SRS i DB

0,24

Part time

Education

176

IRS

963

Unemployed

Age up to 300 BAM per month 13

178

Household income

BKP

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

237

204

657

847

Urban

0,44

Rural

Type of settlement

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Total

more than 1200 BAM per month

Who are the children involved in such street work? - FIRST ANSWER Base: Total target population

Refusal

Street Working Children 91,2 39,3 13,2 0,4 0,6

Roma

BiH citizens

Foreign citizens

Other

DK/NA

Total

1504

0,6

DK/NA

0,4

Other

39,3

13,2

BiH citizens

Foreign citizens

91,2

751

1504

Female 1

991

363

15-25 1

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

753

26-35 0

281

36-45 8

119

USK

293

46-55 1

210

302

56-64 1

164

ZDK

266

No formal education 1

106

SBK

Graduated elementary school 1

HNK

237

Graduated secondary school 1

328

Graduated faculty

201

DK/NA KS

Region ZHK

896

HBK

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

337

SRS i DB

Part time

Education

176

IRS

963

Unemployed

Age up to 300 BAM per month 25

178

Household income

BKP

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

Male

Roma

Total

237

204

Refusal 1

657

Rural

847

Urban

Type of settlement

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Who are the children involved in such street work? - ALL ANSWERS Multiple answers; Base: Total target population

more than 1200 BAM per month

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

0,8

Other

No risk

Total

1,2

Lack of leisure/ play time

1,9

1,4

Exposure to drugs and alcohol

Being abused by authorities

3,5

2,2

5,9

Being abused by family

Going to jail

7,8

being abused by a member of the public

Being abused by third parties

65,4

751

Getting hit by a car

1504

Male

Lack of education

sig

753

Female 0,42

15-25 0

363

26-35 1

281

293

36-45 0

0,83

46-55 1

302

56-64 2

266

No formal education 2

Graduated elementary school 1

237

896

Graduated secondary school 1

Graduated faculty 0

328

DK/NA 100

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

0,99

Part time

Education

963

Unemployed

Age

up to 300 BAM per month 2

178

Household income

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

0,76

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Total

237

more than 1200 BAM per month

What risks - dangers do these children face, if any? - FIRST ANSWER Base: Total target population

204

Refusal

Street Working Children 1

7,8 5,9 3,5 2,2 1,9 1,4 1,2 1 0,8

being abused by a member of the public

Being abused by family

Going to jail

Being abused by third parties

Exposure to drugs and alcohol

Being abused by authorities

Lack of leisure/ play time

Other

No risk

Total

65,4

991

Lack of education

1504 0,19

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

Getting hit by a car

sig

Total

119

USK

210

164

ZDK

106

SBK

HNK

ZHK

201

Region

HBK

337

SRS i DB

176

IRS

BKP

657

847

Urban

0,12

Rural

Type of settlement

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

2,5

0,8

Lack of leisure/ play time

Other

No risk

1504 71,4 67,2 62,6 60,8 53,8 51,6 47,2 45,9 45 2,5 0,8

Getting hit by a car

Lack of education

being abused by a member of the public

Being abused by family

Going to jail

Being abused by third parties

Exposure to drugs and alcohol

Being abused by authorities

Lack of leisure/ play time

Other

No risk

Total

47,2

45,9

Exposure to drugs and alcohol

Being abused by authorities

53,8

51,6

Going to jail

60,8

Being abused by family

Being abused by third parties

62,6

being abused by a member of the public

71,4

67,2

Getting hit by a car

751

Male

Lack of education

1504

Female 1

991

363

15-25 1

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

753

26-35 3

281

36-45 1

119

USK

293

46-55 0

210

302

56-64 40

164

ZDK

266

No formal education 1

106

SBK

Graduated elementary school 1

HNK

237

Graduated secondary school 0

328

Graduated faculty

100

201

DK/NA KS

Region ZHK

896

HBK

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

337

SRS i DB

Part time

Education

176

IRS

963

Unemployed

Age up to 300 BAM per month 5

178

Household income

BKP

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

237

204

657

Rural

847

Urban

Type of settlement

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Total more than 1200 BAM per month

What risks - dangers do these children face, if any? - ALL ANSWERS Multiple answers; Base: Total target population

Refusal

Street Working Children

5,3

More than 20%

DK/NA

32 9 4 5,3

From 11 to 20%

More than 20%

DK/NA

Total

49,8

From 6 to 10%

1504

Total

Up to 5%

sig

Total

From 6 to 10%

From 11 to 20%

751

1504

Female 6

991

363

15-25 0,03

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

753

26-35 5

281

36-45 7

119

USK

293

46-55 3

210

302

56-64 7

164

ZDK

266

No formal education 7

106

SBK

Graduated elementary school 4

HNK

237

0,22

ZHK

328

Graduated faculty 6

201

DK/NA KS

Region

896

Graduated secondary school 0,01

HBK

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

337

SRS i DB

Part time

Education

176

IRS

963

Unemployed

Age up to 300 BAM per month 7

178

Household income

BKP

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

Male

49,8

Up to 5%

sig

Total

237

204

Refusal 5

657

847

Urban

0,26

Rural

Type of settlement

0,25

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

In your opinion, what is the percentage of children involved in begging and other forms of street work among the children younger than 18? Base: Total target population

more than 1200 BAM per month

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

0,3

0,4

Other

DK/NA

Total

0,4

0,3

DK/NA

2,1

991

363

15-25 0,53

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

94,2

1504

Total

753

Female 0,14

Other

I feel sorry for them and the situation they are in They bother me, I see them as an obstacle in doing my everyday life I am afraid of them and feel endangered when I am around I feel contempt for/anger towards these children

sig

Total

2,1

751

1504

Male

94,2

sig

26-35 1

281

36-45 2

119

USK

0,68

293

46-55 1

210

302

56-64 1

164

ZDK

266

No formal education 1

106

SBK

Graduated elementary school 1

HNK

237

Graduated secondary school 1

328

Graduated faculty

34 1

100

201

DK/NA KS

Region ZHK

896

HBK

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

337

SRS i DB

0,96

Part time

Education

176

IRS

963

Unemployed

Age up to 300 BAM per month 100

178

Household income

100

BKP

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

237

204

657

847

Urban

0,84

Rural

Type of settlement

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Total

more than 1200 BAM per month

How do you feel about the street children you meet or see? - FIRST ANSWER Base: Total target population

Refusal

Street Working Children

0,4

0,8

DK/NA

6,7

8,9

991

363

15-25 0

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

753

Female

95,2

1504

Total

Other

0,4

0,8

DK/NA

6,7

8,9

751

26-35 1

281

36-45 2

119

USK

293

46-55 3

210

302

56-64 1

164

ZDK

266

No formal education 1

106

SBK

Graduated elementary school 1

HNK

237

Graduated secondary school 0

328

Graduated faculty

100

201

DK/NA KS

Region ZHK

896

HBK

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

337

SRS i DB

Part time

Education

176

IRS

963

Unemployed

Age up to 300 BAM per month 100

178

Household income

100

BKP

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

Male

95,2

1504

Other

Total

237

204

Refusal 0

657

Rural

847

Urban

Type of settlement

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

How do you feel about the street children you meet or see? - ALL ANSWERS Multiple answers; Base: Total target population

more than 1200 BAM per month

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

0,1

DK/NA

0,1

DK/NA

Total

1,2

Other 0

10,8

1 0

0,9

I tell them to go away

991

363

15-25 0,13

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

0,2

10,7

I call the police and inform them about the child I do not react at all, I pretend that I do not see the child

76,1

I give them food

1504

Total

753

Female 0,01

I give them money

sig

Total

10,8

1,2

0,2

Other

I call the police and inform them about the child I do not react at all, I pretend that I do not see the child

0,9

10,7

I give them food

I tell them to go away

751

1504

Male

76,1

I give them money

sig

26-35 0

281

36-45 1

119

USK

0,99

293

46-55 13

210

302

56-64 2

164

ZDK

266

No formal education 1

106

SBK

Graduated elementary school 1

HNK

237

Graduated secondary school 1

328

Graduated faculty 0,98

201

DK/NA KS

Region ZHK

896

HBK

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

337

SRS i DB

0,69

Part time

Education

176

IRS

963

Unemployed

Age up to 300 BAM per month 13

178

Household income

BKP

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

237

204

657

847

Urban

0,03

Rural

Type of settlement

0,56

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Total

more than 1200 BAM per month

How do you react when you meet the children involved in begging and other forms of street work? - FIRST ANSWER Base: Total target population

Refusal

Street Working Children

3,6

I tell them to go away

2,3 0,1

Other

DK/NA

33,4

3,6

I tell them to go away 0

36,3

I give them food

991

363

15-25 0

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

753

Female

0,4

79,6

I call the police and inform them about the child I do not react at all, I pretend that I do not see the child

1504

I give them money

Total

0,1

DK/NA

33,4

2,3

0,4

Other

I call the police and inform them about the child I do not react at all, I pretend that I do not see the child

79,6

36,3

I give them money

I give them food

751

1504

26-35 1

281

36-45 1

119

USK

293

46-55 1

210

302

56-64 3

164

ZDK

266

No formal education 2

106

SBK

Graduated elementary school 1

HNK

237

Graduated secondary school 3

328

Graduated faculty

201

DK/NA KS

Region ZHK

896

HBK

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

337

SRS i DB

Part time

Education

176

IRS

963

Unemployed

Age up to 300 BAM per month 44

178

Household income

BKP

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

Male

Total

237

204

Refusal 0

657

Rural

847

Urban

Type of settlement

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

How do you react when you meet the children involved in begging and other forms of street work? - ALL ANSWERS Multiple answers; Base: Total target population

more than 1200 BAM per month

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

4,6

0,6

Insignificant

DK/NA

Total

26,4

12,8

Average

Small

13,4

42,2

Very big

1504

Big

sig

Male

751 0

Female 1

753

15-25 1

363

26-35 3

281

36-45 1

0,3

293

46-55 1

302

56-64 1

266

No formal education 2

Graduated elementary school 1

237

896

Graduated secondary school 1

0,34

Graduated faculty 1

328

DK/NA 100

501

Fulltime job

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

0,11

Part time

Education

963

Unemployed

Age

up to 300 BAM per month 1

178

Household income

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Gender

0,55

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Total

237

more than 1200 BAM per month

In your opinion, how big of a problem is child begging and street work, compared to other problems in your community? Base: Total target population

204

Refusal

Street Working Children

Total

DK/NA

Inadequate laws or strategies regulating the issue Lack of institutions to deal with such children Lack of interest by the society/ citizens Lack of well-trained professionals Existence of more important problems in the country Prejudices that citizens have about these children Ignorance, lack of awareness of citizens Children's desire to continue doing these activities

Parental attitudes

Lack of budget allocations for addressing this issue Lack of interest by the state/local authorities

sig

3,6

2,3

1,9

1,4

0,8

0,4

6,3

12,8

23,8

10,6

751

753

Female 0,96

15-25 0

363

26-35 0

281

293

36-45 0

0,97

46-55 1

302

56-64 0

266

No formal education 4

Graduated elementary school 0

237

896

Graduated secondary school 1

Graduated faculty 1

328

DK/NA 47

Fulltime job 1

501

0,91

Part time

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

963

Unemployed

Education

178

Household income

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Age

0,98

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Gender

Male

30,1

1504

Total up to 300 BAM per month

What do you think, what are THE MAIN OBSTACLES in decreasing the number of children involved in begging and other forms of street work in B&H? - FIRST ANSWER Base: Total target population

237

more than 1200 BAM per month

78 2

204

Refusal

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

0,8 0,4

DK/NA

Total

1,4

Children's desire to continue doing these activities 0

1,9

Ignorance, lack of awareness of citizens

2,3

3,6

Existence of more important problems in the country Prejudices that citizens have about these children

Lack of well-trained professionals

6,3 6

10,6

23,8 12,8

991 0,37

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

30,1

1504

Lack of interest by the society/citizens

Inadequate laws or strategies regulating the issue Lack of institutions to deal with such children

Parental attitudes

Lack of budget allocations for addressing this issue Lack of interest by the state/local authorities

sig

Total

119

USK

210

164

ZDK

106

SBK

HNK

ZHK

201

Region

HBK

337

SRS i DB

176

IRS

BKP

657

847

Urban

0,47

Rural

Type of settlement

Street Working Children

DK/NA

Parental attitudes

Lack of budget allocations for addressing this issue Lack of interest by the state/local authorities

29,5

28,9

22,7

21,9

20,4

9,9

39,5

0,4

39,9

44,2

751

Female 0

753

15-25 0

363

26-35 0

281

36-45 9

293

46-55 1

302

56-64 0

266

No formal education 4

Graduated elementary school 0

237

Graduated secondary school 0

896

Graduated faculty 12

328

DK/NA 47

100

Fulltime job 9

501

Part time 15

963

Unemployed

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

178

Household income

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Education

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Age

237

more than 1200 BAM per month

Gender

Male

66,2

1504

Total up to 300 BAM per month

What do you think , what are THE MAIN OBSTACLES in decreasing the number of children involved with begging and other forms of street work in B & H? - ALL ANSWERS Multiple answers; Base: Total target population

204

Refusal

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

20,4 9,9 0,4

Children's desire to continue doing these activities

DK/NA

21,9

Ignorance, lack of awareness of citizens

22,7

28,9

Existence of more important problems in the country Prejudices that citizens have about these children

Lack of well-trained professionals

39,5 29,5

39,9

44,2 43

991

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

66,2

1504

Lack of interest by the society/citizens

Inadequate laws or strategies regulating the issue Lack of institutions to deal with such children

Parental attitudes

Lack of budget allocations for addressing this issue Lack of interest by the state/local authorities

Total

119

USK

210

164

ZDK

106

SBK

HNK

ZHK

201

Region

HBK

337

SRS i DB

176

IRS

BKP

657

Rural

847

Urban

Type of settlement

Street Working Children

0,8

0,8 0,8 3,8

There is more money than necessary

There is much more money than necessary

DK/NA

Total

23,2

There is less money than necessary

There is just enough money as needed

69,4

1504

991

363

15-25 0,59

513

RS and District Brcko

Entity FBiH

753

Female 0,83

Total

23,2

3,8

751

69,4

1504

26-35 2

281

36-45 3

119

USK

0,05

293

46-55 1

210

302

56-64 3

164

ZDK

266

No formal education 4

106

SBK

Graduated elementary school 7

HNK

237

Graduated secondary school 1

328

Graduated faculty

34 1

201

DK/NA KS

Region ZHK

0,97

896

Fulltime job 4

HBK

501

337

SRS i DB

0,93

Part time

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

176

IRS

963

Unemployed

Education

178

Household income

BKP

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month

Age

237

204

Refusal 4

657

847

Urban

0,43

Rural

Type of settlement

459

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Gender

Male

There is much less money than necessary

sig

Total

DK/NA

There is much less money than necessary There is less money than necessary There is just enough money as needed There is more money than necessary There is much more money than necessary

sig

Total up to 300 BAM per month

In your opinion, how much money does our government and society allocate for programs and support for children who are involved in begging and street work? Base: Total target population

more than 1200 BAM per month

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Total

17,4

59,4

Big responsibility

Maximum or total responsibility

9,5

Small responsibility

Partial responsibility

751

753 0,11

363

281

363

0,39

753

Gender

1504

Total

8,7

Minimum or no responsibility at all

sig

Total

21,2

51,4

Big responsibility

Maximum or total responsibility

6,4

13,9

Small responsibility

Partial responsibility

751

1504

Gender

7,2

Minimum or no responsibility at all

sig

Total

Female Female

Local authorities Base: Total target population

15-25 15-25

Male

26-35 26-35

Age

293

302

266

302

46-55 46-55

36-45 36-45

56-64 56-64

Education

896

Education

237

Graduated elementary school 50

237

Graduated elementary school

No formal education No formal education

Graduated secondary school 1

0,01

896

Graduated secondary school

328

100

328

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

0,09

963

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

501

Fulltime job 60

501

Fulltime job

Graduated faculty Graduated faculty

Part time 64

0,96

Part time

DK/NA DK/NA

Unemployed 59

963

Unemployed

178

Household income

0,03

459

425

459

0,44

237

204

237

Household income

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month from 301 to 600 BAM per month

up to 300 BAM per month up to 300 BAM per month

more than 1200 BAM per month more than 1200 BAM per month

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Refusal Refusal

31,5

Maximum or total responsibility

Total

23,1

19,5

Partial responsibility

12,1

Small responsibility

Big responsibility

13,7

1504

Minimum or no responsibility at all

sig

Police Base: Total target population

Total

21,6

48,5

Big responsibility

Maximum or total responsibility

751

753 0,02

363

281

Gender

Male

Total

14,6

Small responsibility

Partial responsibility

0,31

Age

293

0,02

302

266

751

8,3

Minimum or no responsibility at all

sig

266

302

293

281

363

753

Male Female

1504

Female

15-25

Age

26-35 26-35

Education

0,01

896

Education

237

896

0,66

328

100

328

501

0,98

963

178

963

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

0,04

501

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

178

Household income

0,05

459

425

459

0,45

237

204

237

Household income

425

more than 1200 BAM per month

Gender

36-45 36-45

Total

46-55 46-55

Entity-level authorities Base: Total target population

56-64 56-64

Graduated elementary school Graduated elementary school

No formal education No formal education

Graduated secondary school Graduated secondary school

Fulltime job Fulltime job

Graduated faculty Graduated faculty

Part time Part time

DK/NA DK/NA

Unemployed Unemployed

from 301 to 600 BAM per month from 301 to 600 BAM per month

up to 300 BAM per month up to 300 BAM per month

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Refusal more than 1200 BAM per month

Street Working Children

Refusal

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

6,9

6,1

13,3

53,8

Minimum or no responsibility at all

Small responsibility

Partial responsibility

Big responsibility

Maximum or total responsibility

Total

sig

1504

Social welfare system Base: Total target population

Total

33,4

Maximum or total responsibility

Total

22,9

18,5

Partial responsibility

11,1

Small responsibility

Big responsibility

14,2

1504

Minimum or no responsibility at all

sig

Total

Gender

751

0,38

753

363

281

363

0,51

753

Gender

751

Female Female

Health care system Base: Total target population

15-25 15-25

Male

26-35 26-35

Age

293

0,1

293

302

266

302

46-55 46-55

36-45 36-45

56-64 56-64

Education

0,94

896

Education

237

Graduated elementary school 46

237

Graduated elementary school

No formal education No formal education

Graduated secondary school 1

0,03

896

Graduated secondary school

328

100

328

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

0,03

963

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

501

Fulltime job 56

501

Fulltime job

Graduated faculty Graduated faculty

Part time 68

0,13

Part time

DK/NA DK/NA

Unemployed 52

963

Unemployed

178

Household income

459

425

459

237

204

237

Household income

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month from 301 to 600 BAM per month

up to 300 BAM per month up to 300 BAM per month

more than 1200 BAM per month more than 1200 BAM per month

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Refusal Refusal

15,4

63,1

Big responsibility

Maximum or total responsibility

22,9

Maximum or total responsibility

Total

29,8

15,5

Partial responsibility

15,2

Small responsibility

Big responsibility

16,6

1504

Minimum or no responsibility at all

sig

Total

Citizens of B&H, neighbours, etc. Base: Total target population

751 0

753

363

281

0,89

Gender

Male

Total

5,6

8,9

Small responsibility

Partial responsibility

6,9

Minimum or no responsibility at all

Age

0,03

293

302

266

751

Female

sig

266

302

293

281

363

753

Male

15-25

1504

Female

26-35

15-25

Age

26-35

Gender

36-45 36-45

Total

46-55 46-55

Education

896

Education

237

896

0,44

328

100

328

501

0,74

963

178

963

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

0,22

501

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

178

Household income

0,26

459

425

459

0,5

237

204

237

Household income

425

more than 1200 BAM per month

Parents and relatives of children involved in begging and other forms of street work Base: Total target population

56-64 56-64

Graduated elementary school Graduated elementary school

No formal education No formal education

Graduated secondary school Graduated secondary school

Fulltime job Fulltime job

Graduated faculty Graduated faculty

Part time Part time

DK/NA DK/NA

Unemployed Unemployed

from 301 to 600 BAM per month from 301 to 600 BAM per month

up to 300 BAM per month up to 300 BAM per month

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Refusal more than 1200 BAM per month

Street Working Children

Refusal

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

19,6

27,3

Big responsibility

Maximum or total responsibility

28,5

Maximum or total responsibility

Total

26,8

18,9

Partial responsibility

12,8

Small responsibility

Big responsibility

1504

Minimum or no responsibility at all

sig

Media Base: Total target population

Total

12,1

27,5

751 0,11

753

363

281

363

753 0,01

Gender

751

Small responsibility

Total

Gender

13,5

1504

Partial responsibility

Minimum or no responsibility at all

sig

Total

Female Female

NGOs; Civil Society Associations Base: Total target population

15-25 15-25

Male

26-35 26-35

Age

293

Age

0,01

0,06

293

302

266

302

46-55 46-55

36-45 36-45

56-64 56-64

Education

896

0,02

Education

237

Graduated elementary school 23

237

Graduated elementary school

No formal education No formal education

Graduated secondary school 1

896

Graduated secondary school

328

100

328

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

0,63

963

Are you employedâ&#x20AC;Ś?

501

Fulltime job 31

501

Fulltime job

Graduated faculty Graduated faculty

Part time 33

0,01

Part time

DK/NA DK/NA

Unemployed 27

963

Unemployed

178

Household income

459

0,45

425

459

237

204

237

Household income

425

from 301 to 600 BAM per month from 301 to 600 BAM per month

up to 300 BAM per month up to 300 BAM per month

more than 1200 BAM per month more than 1200 BAM per month

from 601 to 1200 BAM per month from 601 to 1200 BAM per month

Refusal Refusal

Focus Group Discussions – Main Findings

● When asked to assess the current situation in BiH, the participants in group discussions identified high unemployment, poor socio-economic situation and poverty, followed by the dysfunction of the state, and corruption as the biggest problems. It is believed that citizens are passive and inert, that there is a great lack of trust in politicians and government institutions. ● Talking about the problems faced in the local community, the participants mentioned decay of social relations (no close ties or support as was once common), poor public transport, dissatisfaction with maintenance of buildings and other public spaces in neighbourhoods. ● When asked to assess the situation of children in BiH society, the respondents emphasized inadequate education as the fundamental problem, pointing to specific problems related to education, such as the mismatch of education and the labour market and a generally poor education system that does not provide practical knowledge. The interviewees believe that children today are too alienated due to the excessive use of modern technology. Parents were also criticized for not raising their children properly, explaining that this situation is linked to the problems of earning a living that parents face every day. ● None of the interviewees spontaneously mentioned the position of children in terms of children’s rights. Only when asked specifically did they point out numerous examples of violations of children’s rights, especially among the Roma population (children are not enrolled in schools, street work, begging, failure to register birth, etc.). In addition to Roma children, children from poor families are believed to be at risk, as are children from families of divorced and/or separated parents. ●P articipant’s first associations with begging and street in group discussions were somewhat different in Sarajevo and Banja Luka. In Sarajevo, at the very beginning, all of them said that these children were involved in a chain of organized begging and trafficking, while in Banja Luka, especially among the elderly, the view is that these are children from poor families who beg for food. Other first associations included: ● Sarajevo – a business, a big happy family, exploited children, compassion; ● Banja Luka – the wealthy and the poor, left to itself, the inability of parents to intervene because of their own problems. ● When asked about examples of street work, the respondents noted begging, collecting recyclables (cardboard, metal), selling flowers, selling pendants and similar small items, “guarding vehicles” in car parks, and children at traffic lights washing windscreens (the last example is mentioned only in Sarajevo). ● Attempting to explain why some children work on the streets, the prevailing opinion amongst respondents is that, in most cases, these are children who are forced to work on the street and that citizens who give them money support organized begging. The participants in group discussions are aware that they are thus supporting this phenomenon, but still give them money because they feel sorry for them. In Banja Luka, younger respondents believe that this is forced labour, while the first association for the older ones is that these are children from poor families and parents are the ones who are to blame for their children working on the streets. Both groups pointed out that it is known exactly who is “in charge” of certain areas where children perform street work, “rumour has it” that there are organizers of begging on

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

the street who trade in intersections (the price of an intersection is 50,000 KM). Instances of children working on the street are generally not reported to the police, as most of the respondents think that such actions would make no difference. ● The respondents come across children working on the streets daily, most often those who beg and, especially in Sarajevo, wash windscreens, while other forms of street work are less noticeable. The participants from Sarajevo pointed out that this phenomenon is on the rise, while in Banja Luka they were divided – some thought that there were more street-working children, while others claimed the opposite (when asked what had caused the decrease, they had no explanation) or thought that it was neither increasing nor decreasing. They agreed that begging had previously been caused by poverty, but now forced begging was on the rise. ● When asked to describe a typical child who works on the street, the respondents said they were both male and female children, usually between the ages of five and ten. Slightly older children at intersections washing windscreens were described as “dirty, in rags, barefoot, often with physical impairments (assumed to have been deliberately crippled).” According to the participants, in most cases the children working on the streets are Roma. Many children come from other cities and frequently change locations. ● Children working on the street, according to the participants, are exposed to various risks to health or life, and the long-term consequences of street work include destroyed childhood and serious psychological trauma. ● The respondents feel that the state is most responsible for the situation of children involved in street work. In their view, there are no laws regulating this matter, and where they do exist they are not implemented properly. Society as a whole is also believed to be responsible, meaning citizens giving money to children working on the streets thereby perpetuating the problem. ● Although there are many other problems faced by society in BiH, the respondents nevertheless believe that this particular problem should not be disregarded. They feel that far greater significance is given to problems of lesser importance, such as the problem of stray dogs. All agree that this is a problem that requires more attention. ● When asked whether they had heard of any specific activities that were undertaken in order to solve this problem, the respondents stated that they had never heard of such activities. They assume that there were projects, but that they were obviously poorly covered by the media and were not effective enough. ● The whole society should be involved in solving the problem of street-working children. Everyone should join in the solving of the problem, from the police, social welfare centres and other institutions, NGOs, shelters and reception centres to citizens, although the respondents had no idea in what way each of them could contribute to solving the problem. Some mentioned UNICEF as an international organization that deals with issues of children’s rights, but cannot say what the exact role of UNICEF would be, except to launch an initiative to solve the problem of children working on the streets. Fining citizens who give money or penalizing the organizers of begging is one of the approaches supported by participants in group discussions. Activities aimed at solving this problem should be accompanied by a large public campaign to raise the awareness of citizens and inform them that this phenomenon falls in the category of organized crime and violates the fundamental rights of the child, and that citizens support forced labour by giving money to the children. General mistrust of the authorities, especially the police, coupled with the difficult economic situation, contribute to the respondents’ view that this problem is difficult to eradicate.

Street Working Children

Annex II: Snapshot Research with Children - Data

Survey of Begging and Other Street-working Children and an Estimate of the Population Size in BiH

Report on the Research Findings

Sarajevo, September 2013

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH OF FEDERATION BiH

Survey Coordinator Željko Ler Lead Researcher Iskra Vučina Core Research Team Jelena Ravlija Zlatko Vučina Irena Jokić Elma Skalonja Statistical Analysis and Estimate of Population Size Sanjin Musa Authors of the Report Iskra Vučina Elma Skalonja External Consultant Ruth Rosenberg

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Table 1: Results for Sarajevo Sarajevo Frequency

Questions MODULE A A1 Gender Male Female A2 Age ≤14 >14 A3 Ethnicity ROMA BOSNIAK CROAT SERB OTHER A4 City you live in: Sarajevo Mostar Banja Luka Tuzla MODULE B B1 Can you: Read Write Both Neither B2 Have you ever attended school? Yes No B3 What is the main reason why you have never attended school? Need to work/help at home Parents do not allow/they never enrolled me I am not interested/going to school has no value (I don’t want to go to school/I like the streets/I like the freedom Attitudes of teachers/pupils (bad treatment) Physical/mental disabilities/conditions Lack of documents needed for enrolment Not knowing the local languages Lack of school equipment and clothes School success (I would have poor results in school) Distance from school (poor infrastructure/lack of transport) Other I don’t know B4 If you had the chance, would you go to school?

n/N 99/184 85/184 139/184 45/184 153/183 21/183 0/183 1/183 8/183 182/182 0/182 0/182 0/182 5/184 21/184 99/184 59/184 122/184 62/184

Population es- Population proportimates RDS tions within sample % (95% CI) % 47.1 (38.1-56.3) 53.8 52.9 (43.7-61.9) 46.2 81.5 (75.0-87.4) 75.5 18.5 (12.6-25.0) 24.5 81.8 (75.0-80.8) 83.6 11.8 (5.3-17.0) 11.5 -0.0 0.2 80.0-0.4) 0.5 6.2 (1.3-11.4) 4.4 -100.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 2.9 (0.4-4.5) 2.7 15.8 (8.2-22.1) 11.4 46.3 (35.7-55.8) 53.8 35.0 (27.8-47.5) 32.1 61.0 (48.7-70.6) 66.3 39.0 (29.4-51.3) 33.7

1/62 6/62

3.2 (--) 5.9 (0.0-22.0)

1.6 9.7

8/62

7.3 (0.0-25.3)

12.9

0/62 0/62 6/62 0/62 19/62 0/62 0/62 21/62 1/62

0.0 0.0 9.7 0.0 30.6 0.0 0.0 33.9 16.0

Yes

54/62

No B5 Are you currently enrolled in school? Yes No B6 What is the main reason for your not being enrolled in school? Need to work/help at home Parents do not allow/they never enrolled me

8/62 81/127 46/127

--23.6 (0.0-52.9) -18.6 (3.1-35.0) --36.7 (0.0-90.5) 4.6 (0.0-8.2) 94.0 (86.4100.0) 6.0 (0.0-13.6) 71.8 (57.2-81.2) 28.2 (18.8-42.8)

9/46 0/46

11.5 (--) --

19.6 0.0

87.1 12.9 63.8 36.2

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Questions I am not interested/going to school has no value (I don’t want to go to school/I like the streets/I like the freedom Attitudes of teachers/pupils (bad treatment) Physical/mental disabilities/conditions Lack of documents needed for enrolment Not knowing the local languages Lack of school equipment and clothes School success (I would have poor results in school) Distance from school (poor infrastructure/lack of transport) I got married Completed schooling Too old Other (specify) I don’t know B7 What is the highest school year you have completed? ≤4 >4 B8 How many days were you absent from school during last week? I went to school every day I was absent from school 1-2 days I was absent from school 2-4 days I was absent from school every day last week B9 What is the most usual reason for your not going to school every day last week? I was ill I was taking care of a family member I had to work Holidays I am not interested/going to school has no value (I don’t want to go to school/I like the streets/I like the freedom Attitudes of teachers/pupils (bad treatment) I was visiting relatives Other MODULE C C1 Type of work: Begging Selling (flowers/cigarettes/newspapers/fruits) Collecting recyclables (newspapers, cans, glass, iron) Sex with other person for money Selling drugs Cleaning cars/windscreens Performing chores/carrying bags/things, buying food Shoe-shining Busking Stealing/picking pockets Other (specify) C2 How old were you when you started earning money this way? ≤7 >7 C3 How long have you been doing this work? Less than 3 months More than 3, but less than 6 months 6 months and more Other C4 How often do you work?

Street Working Children

Frequency n/N

Population es- Population proportimates RDS tions within sample % (95% CI) %

12/46

35. 1 (--)

26.1

6/46 1/46 2/46 0/46 5/46 0/46 1/46 2/46 0/46 1/46 6/46 1/46 66/118 52/118

0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) -4.9 (--) -5.7 (--) 0.0 (--) -0.0 (--) 42.9 (--) 0.0 (--) 55.0 (43.7-67.4) 45.0 (32.6-56.3)

13.0 2.2 4.3 0.0 10.9 0.0 2.2 4.3 0.0 2.2 13.0 2.2 55.9 44.1

0/120 0/120 4/120

--5.7 (0.0-12.1) 94.3 (87.9100.0)

0.0 0.0 3.3

116/120

96.7

1/118 1/118 2/118 82/118

2.5 (0.0-5.3) 0.6 (0.0-1.7) 1.0 (0.0-3.2) 74.2 (56.1-84.6)

0.8 0.8 1.7 69.5

13/118

3.5 (0.0-16.0)

11.0

3/118 0/118 16/118 90/184 52/184 160/184 0/184 2/183 7/184 10/184 0/184 8/184 0/184 8/184

0.7 (0.0-0.8) -17.6 (8.6-29.4) 45.3 (34.8-56.1) 21.2 (14.1-29.6) 84.6 (78.7-90.8) -1.6 (0.0-2.2) 1.1 (0.2-2.2) 3.4 (1.0-6.8) -5.8 (--) -5.4 (1.7-9.9)

2.5 0.0 13.6 48.9 28.3 87.0 0.0 1.1 3.8 5.4 0.0 4.3 0.0 4.3

80/184 104/184 6/184 6/184 172/184 0/184

51.8 (42.8-60.1) 48.2 (39.9-57.2) 3.1 (0.4-6.1) 2.6 (0.5-5.7) 94.3 (90.2-98.3) -

43.5 56.5 3.3 3.3 93.5 0.0

Frequency

Questions Every day Almost every day Occasionally Very rarely Seasonally Other C5 How many hours a day do you perform this work? 1-3 hours 3-5 hours 5 hours and more Other C6 How often have you begged for money Never Once Several times Many times C7 What is the main reason for your working/begging? Financial situation Independence from the family I am the only one earning in the family School failure Other C8 Has anyone tried to stop you from working/begging? Yes No C9 Who has tried to stop you? A family member Police Friends Other C10 Is there anyone close to you in your life who asks you to work/beg? Yes No C11 What is their relation to you? Father Mother Stepfather Stepmother Aunt Uncle Grandmother Grandfather Adult who is not a family member Friend Brother/sister Other C12 How often have you been punished (by some restriction, yelling or beating) if you failed to earn enough money? Never Once Several times Many times Refuses to answer C13 Is there anyone who takes care of you while you are working?

n/N 59/184 63/184 58/184 2/184 1/184 1/184 81/184 68/184 35/184 0/184 82/184 3/184 35/184 64/184 169/181 4/181 1/181 1/181 6/181 40/184 144/184 7/40 26/40 2/40 5/40

Population es- Population proportimates RDS tions within sample % (95% CI) % 29.6 (20.9-38.0) 32.1 38.3 (29.7-47.8) 34.2 29.6 (21.4-39.6) 31.5 0.4 (0.0-0.9) 1.1 2.0 (0.0-4.7) 0.5 0.2 (--) 0.5 45.9 (37.6-54.2) 44.0 38.8 (30.2-47.6) 37.0 15.3 (9.9-21.5) 19.0 -0.0 49.0 (38.2-58.8) 44.6 1.7 (0.0-4.3) 1.6 17.9 (11.7-25.0) 19.0 31.4 (23.2-41.0) 34.8 96.2 (92.8-98.7) 93.4 0.7 (0.0-2.5) 2.2 0.3 (0.0-0.9) 0.6 0.0 (--) 0.6 2.8 (0.6-5.5) 3.3 17.5 (11.4-24.6) 21.7 82.5 (75.4-88.6) 78.3 19.4 (0.0-77.8) 17.5 56.0 (14.3-94.3) 65.0 6.2 (0.0-21.5) 5.0 18.4 (0.0-26.1) 12.5

62/184 122/184 46/62 42/62 0/62 1/62 2/62 1/62 1/62 0/62 4/62 2/62 0/62 5/62

40.1 (30.0-50.1) 59.9 (49.9-70.0) 79.9 (67.6-92.4) 84.5 (58.7-93.6) -12.8 (0.0-18.3) 0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) -0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) -6.9 (0.0-22.5)

33.7 66.3 74.2 67.7 0.0 1.6 3.2 1.6 1.6 0.0 6.5 3.2 0.0 8.2

166/182 5/182 9/182 2/182 0/182

92.5 (87.9-96.7) 2.7 (0.5-5.8) 4.3 (1.3-7.6) 0.5 (0.0-1.6) --

91.2 2.7 4.9 1.1 0.0

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Questions Yes No C14 Who is that person? A parent A family member Friend Other child working/begging on the streets Other adult who is not a family member Other C15 Is there anyone who supervises you while working? Yes No C16 Who is that person?

Frequency n/N 103/184 81/184 88/101 7/101 2/101 0/101 0/101 4/101 45/181 136/181

A parent

34/45

A family member Friend Other child working/begging on the streets Other adult who is not a family member Other C17 What do you do with the money you earn? I give all the money to the person who supervises me I give a share of my money to the person who supervises me I keep all the money for myself Other C18 If you keep your money (or a share of it) for yourself, how do you usually spend it? On food On sweets On clothes/footwear On toys Other C19 How much, on average, do you earn per day? (in KM) ≤10 >10 C20 If you stopped working, what would happen? Difficult financial situation in the family I would not be able to continue my education I would be punished Other MODULE D D1 Where do you live? Shack/tent Flat in a block Private house Other D2 How many bedrooms are there? ≤2 >2 D3 Where do you sleep most often? At my home Outside (on the streets/in the park) Public institutions (railway stations) Shelter/daily centre Abandoned buildings/construction sites

4/45 2/45 1/45 2/45 2/45 31/182

Street Working Children

Population es- Population proportimates RDS tions within sample % (95% CI) % 57.2 (46.6-66.7) 56.0 42.8 (33.3-53.4) 44.0 94.5 (90.9-99.0) 87.1 3.5 (0.0-5.6) 6.9 0.8 (0.0-1.9) 2.0 -0.0 -0.0 1.1 (0.0-5.0) 4.0 34.0 (25.3-43.4) 24.9 66.0 (56.6-74.7) 75.1 59.0 (55.075.6 100.0) 9.8 (--) 8.9 19.1 (0.0-39.5) 4.4 2.0 (0.0-5.1) 2.2 5.1 (0.0-6.7) 4.4 5.0 (0.0-5.1) 4.4 23.9 (16.3-32.5) 17.0

5/182

1.0 (0.0-2.6)

2.7

54/182 92/182

29.9 (21.1-38.2) 45.3 (36.6-53.9)

29.7 50.5

124/142 57/142 52/142 0/142 9/139

86.0 (79.6-93.9) 45.8 (35.0-57.9) 38.8 (24.3-49.0) -7.8 (2.5-17.1)

87.3 40.1 36.6 0.0 6.5

49/161 112/161 125/161 9/161 2/161 25/161 25/184 31/184 117/184 11/184 147/180 36/180

39.0 (29.5-51.8) 61.0 (48.2-70.5) 76.0 (68.1-84.8) 8.9 (2.6-15.8) 1.1 (0.0-2.5) 14.0 (7.9-20.6) 11.2 (6.1-16.3) 16.1 (8.4-25.2) 65.9 (55.5-76.4) 6.8 (2.2-12.4) 84.3 (76.8-90.8) 15.7 (9.2-23.2) 0.1 (--) 0.0 (--) 99.1 (--) 0.0 (--) --

30.4 69.6 77.6 5.6 1.2 15.5 13.6 16.8 63.6 6.0 80.3 19.7 93.9 1.7 3.9 0.6 0.0

170/181 3/181 7/181 1/181 0/181

Frequency

Questions At my friends’ homes Other D4 How many people do you live with? ≤6 >6 D5 Who do you live with? Alone Mother Father Stepmother Stepfather Brother/sister Husband/wife Aunt/uncle Grandmother/grandfather Relatives Own children Other D6 Apart from you, does anyone else who lives with you work or beg on the streets? Yes No D7 Does anyone who lives with you have a job? Job implies a routine work for which one gets wages or compensation. Yes No MODULE E E1 Have you ever been maltreated? Yes No E2 What kind of maltreatment/abuse was it? Physical (beating) Psychological (yelling, calling names) Sexual abuse Other E3Who maltreated or abused you? Mother Father Stepmother Stepfather Brother/sister Other family members Teacher Police Other boys and girls working on the streets Children who do not work on the streets Person who supervises me Passers by Refuses to answer Other E4 How often has s/he maltreated you? Once Several times Many times Refuses to answer E5 What was the consequence of this maltreatment?

n/N 0/181 0/181 66/176 110/176 3/184 160/184 151/184 4/184 2/184 171/184 3/184 11/184 31/184 23/184 0/184 6/184

Population es- Population proportimates RDS tions within sample % (95% CI) % -0.0 -0.0 42.9 (33.1-53.2) 37.5 57.1 (46.8-66.9) 62.5 3.7 (0.0-4.9) 1.6 90.7 (84.4-95.4) 87.0 83.2 (76.2-90.0) 82.1 0.8 (0.0-2.4) 2.2 0.4 (0.0-1.3) 1.1 94.0 (89.6-97.6) 92.9 2.5 (0.0-3.3) 1.6 7.8 (3.2-13.1) 6.0 15.4 (8.2-23.4) 16.8 8.2 (4.2-13.2) 12.5 -0.0 4.9 (1.3-9.3) 3.3

173/182 9/182

94.2 (89.3-98.3) 5.8 (1.7-10.7)

95.1 4.9

12/182 170/182 53/184 131/184 50/53 3/53 0/53 0/53 10/53 15/53 0/53 1/53 4/53 2/53 1/53 2/53 7/53 15/53 0/53 9/53 0/53 5/53 6/53 34/53 13/53 0/53

3.9 (0.9-8.1) 96.1 (91.9-99.1) 21.4 (15.5-27.8) 78.6 (72.2-84.5) 100.0 (--) 0.0 (--) -- 13.7 (0.0-33.9) 36.0 (8.6-62.3) -0.0 (0.0-0.0) 0.1 (--) 0.0 (--) 0.0 (0.0-0.0) 13.9 (0.0-23.2) 0.0 (0.0-0.0) 38.5 (2.9-81.5) -23.1 (0.0-49.6) -0.0 (--) 15.2 (2.8-33.7) 67.7 (41.2-87.1) 17.1 (0.0-35.3) -

6.6 93.4 28.8 71.2 94.3 5.7 0.0 0.0 18.9 28.3 0.0 1.9 7.5 3.8 1.9 3.8 13.2 28.3 0.0 17.0 0.0 9.4 11.3 64.2 24.5 0.0

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Questions Leaving family Depression/psychological problem Disability/serious injury I became more responsible I became more careful Other MODULE F F1 Do you maintain contact with any member of your family? Yes No F2 What are the reasons for not being in contact with your family? I don’t have a family I don’t have a sense of attachment and belonging Family do not care whether I am with them To get rid of family obligations Because of discrimination within the family Because of continuous punishments Because of bad financial situation Problems between parents Other F3 Where does your family live? Big city Small town Village Other F4 Does your family live in the same city where you live? Yes No F5 How many of your family members are enrolled in kindergarten/school? ≤2 >2 F6 Does anyone from your family have health insurance? Yes, state health insurance Yes, private health insurance No I don’t know F7 Do any of your family members punish you? Yes No F8 What is the most usual method of punishment? Beating Yelling and swearing Deprivation of pocket money Prohibition to see a friend Prohibition to see the family Forcing me to work at home Forcing me to work outside home Other F9 Who is the person who punishes you most often? Father Mother The oldest brother/sister Stepmother

100

Street Working Children

Frequency n/N 0/53 20/53 0/53 2/53 20/53 11/53

Population es- Population proportimates RDS tions within sample % (95% CI) % -0.0 30.9 (22.6-64.9) 37.7 -0.0 1.1 (0.0-4.8) 3.8 54.6 (19.8-66.0) 37.7 13.4 (3.7-26.0) 20.8

184/184 0/184

---

100.0 0.0

2/184

98.4 (97.5100.0) 1.6 (0.0-2.5) -- 98.7 (96.7100.0) 1.3 (0.0-3.3)

118/184 66/184 147/183 0/183 27/183 9/183 86/184 98/184 33/86 76/86 0/86 7/86 0/86 6/86 8/86 2/85 47/86 31/86 4/86 0/86

60.7 (50.2-71.1) 39.3 (28.9-49.8) 78.5 (69.5-86.6) -18.4 (10.4-26.8) 3.1 (0.6-7.4) 48.7 (39.1-58.0) 51.3 (42.0-60.9) 34.7 (20.8-52.0) 92.8 (81.8-98.5) -10.2 (0.0-18.5) -1.3 (0.0-1.9) 9.8 (1.8-23.3) 1.6 (0.0-4.4) 57.3 (38.2-74.1) 37.1 (18.9-57.0) 0.0 (0.0-0.0) --

64.1 35.9 80.3 0.0 14.8 4.9 46.7 53.3 38.4 88.4 0.0 8.1 0.0 7.0 9.3 2.4 54.7 36.0 4.7 0.0

183/184 1/184 0/184 0/184 182/184

99.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 98.9 1.1

Frequency

Questions Brother’s wife More than one person Other F10 Has there been a reason for punishment? Yes

n/N 0/86 0/86 4/86 11/86

75/86

F11 Do you feel neglected in your family? Yes No I don’t know Other F12 In what way do you think you are neglected? Worse treatment than other family members Forcing me to beg/work on the streets Forcing me to work more at home than other family members By giving me less pocket money than to other family members Other MODULE G G1 Do you stay in.... throughout the year? Yes No G2 How often do you travel? Every day Several times a week Several times a month Several times a year Other G3 In which season of the year do you travel? Autumn/winter Spring/summer Throughout the year Other G4 Where do you travel? To other town To other country G5 Who do you travel with? With a parent With brother/sister With other family member With other children working on the streets With adult who is not a family member Other MODULE H H1 Are you satisfied with the quantity of food you ate yesterday? Satisfied Was not sufficient I did not eat yesterday H2 How often has it happened that you did not eat anything whole day and night? Never Once Several times Many times

33/183 142/183 8/183 0/183 25/31 4/31

Population es- Population proportimates RDS tions within sample % (95% CI) % -0.0 -0.0 5.6 (0.5-15.9) 4.7 6.9 (0.0-19.1) 12.8 93.1 (80.987.2 100.0) 19.0 (12.1-25.7) 18.0 76.3 (68.3-84.0) 77.6 4.7 (0.9-10.5) 4.4 -0.0 4.1 (--) 80.6 95.9 (--) 12.9

2/31

0.0 (--)

6.5

0/31

0.0

0/31 178/183 5/183 0/3 1/3 0/3 2/3 0/3 0/3 3/3 0/3 0/3 1/2 1/2 3/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3

- 98.7 (97.3-99.8) 1.3 (0.2-2.7) ----- ---- -- ------

0.0 97.3 2.7 0.0 33.3 0.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

132/184 52/184

69.3 (60.8-77.3) 30.7 (22.7-39.2)

71.7 28.3

84/184 42/184 52/184 6/184

49.5 (40.1-59.2) 25.0 (18.2-32.1) 22.6 (15.4-30.3) 2.8 (0.5-6.0)

45.7 22.8 28.3 3.3

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

101

Questions H3 How often do you bathe? Every day Almost every day Occasionally Very rarely H4 Have you ever been so sick that you needed medical assistance? Yes No H5 Did you use medical services at that time (visited a doctor)? Yes No H6 Do you have a physical disability/disorder? Yes No H7 What kind of disability/disorder do you have? Deafness Muteness Blindness Immobility Mental (intellectual) disability Several different/multiple problems H8 What is the cause of your disability/disorder? Heredity I have this problem from birth Car accident Accident at work Consequence of being injured/self-injured Other I don’t know MODULE I I1 Have you ever had sexual intercourse? Yes No I2 Has anyone ever had sexual intercourse with you without your consent? Yes No I3 How many times did it happen? ≤3 >3 I4 Has anyone ever forced you to have sex with others for money? Yes No I5 How old were you when you had your first sexual experience? ≤16 >16 I6 Have you ever heard of condoms/ protection? Yes No I7 Do you use condoms? Yes No I8 Why do you use condoms?

102

Street Working Children

Frequency n/N 18/184 36/184 110/184 20/184

Population es- Population proportimates RDS tions within sample % (95% CI) % 7.3 (3.7-11.5) 9.8 20.6 (13.7-28.3) 19.6 59.8 (50.9-68.59 59.8 12.3 (6.3-19.2) 10.9

150/184 34/184

79.9 (72.5-86.7) 20.1 (13.3-27.5)

81.5 18.5

141/147 6/147 6/178 172/178 0/6 0/6 2/6 0/6 2/6 2/6 0/6 4/6 1/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 1/6 10/84

95.5 (90.0-99.6) 4.5 (0.4-10.0) 2.7 (0.5-5.6) 97.3 (94.4-99.5) ------ ------- 8.7 (0.0-19.1) 91.3 (80.9100.0)

95.9 4.1 3.4 96.6 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 33.3 33.3 0.0 66.7 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 11.9

74/84

88.1

3/10 7/10 2/3 1/3

40.0 (--) 60.0 (--) ---

30.0 70.0 66.7 33.3

0/10 10/10

---

0.0 100.0

9/9 0/0 56/179 123/179 6/10 4/10

-- 23.0 (15.4-30.4) 77.0 (69.6-84.6) 100.0 (--) 0.0 (--)

100.0 0.0 31.3 68.7 60.0 40.0

Frequency

Questions To avoid pregnancy To protect myself from HIV To protect myself from sexually transmitted disease Because my partner asks me to I was told so I must… Other I9 How do you acquire condoms? In a public/state institution In a non-governmental organization I buy them From friend From partner Other (specify) I10 Have you ever heard of HIV/AIDS? Yes No I11 Is HIV/AIDS present in BiH? Yes No I12 Do you think you can get infected with HIV? Yes No I13 Do you know where you can get tested for HIV? Yes No MODULE J J1 Have you ever stayed in an institution caring for/dealing with children? Yes No J2 What kind of institution was it? Counselling services Shelter Daily centre Centre for social work

n/N 1/7 0/7 6/7 0/7 0/7 0/7 0/7 0/7 0/7 6/7 0/7 0/7 1/7 61/182 121/182 53/63 10/63 17/62 45/62 20/62 42/62

Population es- Population proportimates RDS tions within sample % (95% CI) % 0.0 (--) 14.3 -0.0 100.0 (--) 85.7 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 100.0 (--) 85.7 -0.0 -0.0 0.0 (--) 14.3 25.2 (17.5-33.6) 33.5 74.8 (66.4-82.5) 66.5 87.4 (69.7-99.0) 84.1 12.6 (1.0-30.3) 15.9 29.0 (13.6-57.2) 27.4 71.0 (42.8-86.4) 72.6 33.0 (10.9-40.6) 32.3 67.0 (59.4-89.1) 67.7

14/183 169/183 0/14 0/14 3/14 1/14

4.0 (1.5-7.6) 96.0 (92.4-98.5) --15.5 (0.0-42.9) 18.6 (0.0-29.4) 65.9 (50.0100.0) -- -- 10.8 (--) 33.8 (--) --31.6 (--) 23.9 (--) 25.2 (12.9-75.0) -11.7 (--) 11.3 (0.0-57.1) 51.8 (0.0-87.0)

7.7 92.3 0.0 0.0 21.4 7.1

Juvenile correctional facility

10/14

Home for abandoned children Other J3 How many months did you stay in that institution? ≤2 >2 J4 Who helped you to receive care in that institution? Myself Closest family Distant relatives Imam/priest Police Other J5 What were your experiences in that institution like? Good, but I don’t want to go back there again Good, and I encourage other children to go there Good, and I want to go back They treated me badly (beating me, yelling and swearing) Other

0/14 0/14 8/10 2/10 2/14 2/14 0/14 0/14 4/14 6/14 9/14 0/14 2/14 2/14 1/14

71.4 0.0 0.0 80.0 20.0 14.3 14.3 0.0 0.0 28.6 42.9 64.3 0.0 14.3 14.3 7.1

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

103

Questions J6 Have you used services of daily centres during the past year? Yes No MODULE K K1 Are you going to continue your education? Yes, after some time Yes, and I will stop working Yes, but I will continue to work No K2 What are your plans for the future? Stop working and continue my education Change my line of work Improve my work Improve my living standard Get married Start a family Other K3 What kind of work would you like to do in your life? To be a doctor To be an engineer To be a pilot To be a professor To be a craftsman Other (specify) K4 Are you satisfied with your life at the moment? Yes, fully To some extent No K5 What is the reason for your not being satisfied with your life? Financial situation Family problem Safety problem Other K6 In your opinion, how do people perceive/treat you? With respect They mock me They exploit me They ignore me Other

104

Street Working Children

Frequency n/N

Population es- Population proportimates RDS tions within sample % (95% CI) %

96/182 86/182 40/184 30/184 70/184 44/184 69/183 51/183 5/183 27/183 8/183 4/183 19/183 23/184 0/184 4/184 0/184 6/184 151/184 63/184 94/184 27/184

49.5 (40.0-59.2) 50.5 (40.8-60.0) 28.7 (19.9-38.3) 15.2 (8.5-22.6) 34.2 (25.8-42.6) 21.9 (15.4-29.2) 41.7 (32.8-50.1) 28.1 (19.6-36.1) 1.7 (0.2-3.2) 14.3 (7.7-21.0) 3.6 (1.4-7.8) 1.4 (0.0-3.4) 9.3 (4.2-16.6) 16.6 (9.8-24.1) -3.4 (0.4-7.3) -1.3 (0.2-2.6) 78.7 (71.1-86.1) 27.5 (20.3-35.2) 59.4 (50.4-67.8) 13.2 (7.6-19.4)

52.7 47.3 21.7 16.3 38.0 23.9 37.7 27.9 27.0 14.8 4.4 2.2 10.4 12.5 0.0 2.2 0.0 3.3 82.1 34.2 51.1 14.7

24/31 5/31 0/31 2/31 112/182 67/182 0/182 3/182 0/182

100.0 (--) 0.0 (--) -0.0 (--) 55.4 (46.6-64.0) 43.1 (34.6-51.7) -1.5 (0.0-3.6) --

77.4 16.1 0.0 6.5 61.5 36.8 0.0 1.6 0.0

Table 2: Results for Tuzla Tuzla n/N 44/90 46/90 71/90 19/90 81/90 6/90 1/90 1/90 1/90 0/90 0/90 0/90 90/90 0/89 12/89 67/89 10/89 80/88 8/88

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) 55.2 (43.5-66.1) 44.8 (33.9-56.5) 80.1 (68.4-89.5) 19.9 (10.5-31.6) 89.3 (81.5-97.4) 4.1 (0.0-10.3) 1.2 (0.0-3.7) 1.2 (0.0-3.4) 4.1 (0.0-10.4) 0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 100.0 (--) 0.0 18.3 (6.4-37.5) 66.6 (49.4-80.8) 15.1 (5.8-23.7) 90.7 (82.5-97.1) 9.3 (2.9-17.5)

Population proportions within sample % 48.9 51.1 78.9 21.1 90.0 6.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 13.5 75.3 11.2 90.9 9.1

0/7 2/7 1/7

----

0.0 28.6 14.3

0/7 1/7 1/7 0/7 0/7 0/7

-------

0.0 14.3 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

0/7

0.0

1/7 1/7

14.3 14.3

8/8 0 65/82 17/82

- 80.2 (67.2-91.5) 19.8 (8.5-32.8)

100.0 0.0 79.3 20.7

5/16

6.3 (--)

31.3

Frequency

Questions MODULE A A1 Gender Male Female A2 Age ≤14 >14 A3 Ethnicity ROMA BOSNIAK CROAT SERB OTHER A4 City you live in? Sarajevo Mostar Banja Luka Tuzla MODULE B B1 Can you: Read Write Both Neither B2 Have you ever attended school? Yes No B3 What is the main reason why you have never attended school? Need to work/help at home Parents do not allow/they never enrolled me I am not interested/going to school has no value (I don’t want to go to school/I like the streets/I like the freedom Attitudes of teachers/pupils (bad treatment) Physical/mental disabilities/conditions Lack of documents needed for enrolment Not knowing the local languages Lack of school equipment and clothes School success (I would have poor results in school) Distance from school (poor infrastructure/lack of transport) Other I don’t know B4 If you had the chance, would you go to school? Yes No B5 Are you currently enrolled in school? Yes No B6 What is the main reason for your not being enrolled in school? Need to work/help at home

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

105

Questions Parents do not allow/they never enrolled me I am not interested/going to school has no value (I don’t want to go to school/I like the streets/I like the freedom Attitudes of teachers/pupils (bad treatment) Physical/mental disabilities/conditions Lack of documents needed for enrolment Not knowing the local languages Lack of school equipment and clothes School success (I would have poor results in school) Distance from school (poor infrastructure/lack of transport) I got married Completed schooling Too old Other(specify) I don’t know B7 What is the highest school year you have completed? ≤4 >4 B8 How many days were you absent from school during last week? I went to school every day I was absent from school 1-2 days I was absent from school 2-4 days I was absent from school every day last week B9 What is the most usual reason for your not going to school every day last week? I was ill I was taking care of a family member I had to work Holidays I am not interested/going to school has no value (I don’t want to go to school/I like the streets/I like the freedom Attitudes of teachers/pupils (bad treatment) I was visiting relatives Other MODULE C C1 Type of work Begging Selling (flowers/cigarettes/newspapers/fruits) Collecting recyclables (newspapers, cans, glass, iron) Sex with other person for money Selling drugs Cleaning cars/windscreen Performing chores/carrying bags/things, buying food Shoe-shining Busking Stealing/picking pockets Other(specify) C2 How old were you when you started earning money this way? ≤7 >7

106

Street Working Children

n/N 5/16 0/16

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) 16.7 (--) --

Population proportions within sample % 31.3 0.0

0/16 0/16 1/16 0/16 1/16 0/16

--4.5 (--) -20.1 (--) --

0.0 0.0 6.3 6.3 0.0 0.0

0/16

0.0

1/16 0/16 1/16 1/16 1/16

33.5 (--) -8.9 (--) 6.7 (--) 3.3 (--)

6.3 0.0 6.3 6.3 6.3

32/80 48/80

39.7 (26.7-51.9) 60.3 (48.1-73.3)

40.0 60.0

0/90 0/90 0/90 72/90

----

0.0 0.0 0.0 80.0

0/72 0/72 0/72 67/72 0/72

------

0.0 0.0 0.0 93.1 0.0

0/72 0/72 5/72 64/90 11/90 53/90

--- 72.5 (60.0-83.7) 11.4 (5.0-20.0) 52.3 (43.3-68.1)

0.0 0.0 6.9 71.1 12.2 58.9

4/90 0/90 4/90 5/90

4.3 (0.7-9.3) -1.8 (0.0-4.2) 5.0 (0.0-11.1)

4.4 0.0 4.4 5.6

0/90 3/90 0/90 0/90

-1.0 (0.0-2.8) --

0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0

47/90 43/90

48.7 (36.1-61.9) 51.3 (38.1-63.99

52.2 47.8

Frequency

n/N 1/89 28/89 60/89 35/90 24/90 25/90 4/90 2/90 0/90

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) 2.3 (0.0-8.7) 31.3 (18.9-46.6) 66.4 (51.3-78.8) 31.4 (20.5-44.3) 29.4 (14.9-45.7) 32.2 (20.1-44.0) 6.3 (0.7-13.4) 0.7 (0.0-2.1) -

Population proportions within sample % 1.1 31.5 67.4 38.9 26.7 27.8 4.4 2.2 0.0

33/90 25/90 32/90 0/90 16/89 2/89 24/89 47/89

38.0 (25.6-51.4) 28.0 (18.0-40.2) 34.0 (22.1-44.3) - 19.4 (10.3-28.9) 3.1 (0.0-6.4) 30.8 (19.1-42.9) 46.6 (33.0-63.4)

36.7 27.8 35.6 0.0 18.0 2.2 27.0 52.8

79/81 0/81 0/81 0/81 2/81 32/82 50/82 5/33 19/33 0/33 9/33

96.4 (94.9-100.0) ---3.6 (0.0-5.1) 33.3 (18.6-47.4) 66.7 (52.6-81.4) 22.3 (0.0-44.9) 55.6 (26.3-85.5) -22.1 (6.1-42.6)

97.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 39.0 61.0 15.2 57.6 0.0 27.3

8/76 68/76 6/8 2/8 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8

9.9 (3.1-17.9) 90.1 (82.1-96.9) 57.4 (- -) 0.0 (- - ) -----------

10.5 89.5 75.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Frequency

Questions C3 How long have you been doing this work? Less than 3 months More than 3, but less than 6 months 6 months and more Other C4 How often do you work? Every day Almost every day Occasionally Very rarely Seasonally Other C5 How many hours a day do you perform this work? 1-3 hours 3-5 hours 5 hours and more Other C6 How often have you begged for money Never Once Several times Many times C7 What is the main reason for your working/ begging? Financial situation Independence from the family I am the only one earning in the family School failure Other C8 Has anyone tried to stop you from begging? Yes No C9 Who has tried to stop you? A family member Police Friends Other C10Is there anyone close to you in your life who asks you to work/beg? Yes No C11 What is their relation to you? Father Mother Stepfather Stepmother Aunt Uncle Grandmother Grandfather Adult who is not a family member Friend Brother/sister Other

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

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Questions C12 How often have you been punished (by some restriction, yelling or beating) if you failed to earn enough money? Never Once Several times Many times Refuses to answer C13 Is there anyone who takes care of you while you are working? Yes No C14 Who is that person? A parent A family member Friend Other child working/begging on the streets Other adult who is not a family member Other C15Is there anyone who supervises you while working? Yes No C16 Who is that person? A parent A family member Friend Other child working/begging on the streets Other adult who is not a family member Other C17 What do you do with the money you earn? I give all the money to the person who supervises me I give a share of my money to the person who supervises me I keep all the money for myself Other C18 If you keep your money (or a share of it) for yourself, how do you usually spend it? On food On sweets On clothes/footwear On toys Other C19 How much, on average, do you earn per day? (in KM) ≤10 >10 C20 If you stopped working, what would happen? Difficult financial situation in the family I would not be able to continue my education I would be punished Other MODULE D D1 Where do you live? Shack/tent Flat in a block

108

Street Working Children

n/N

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI)

Population proportions within sample %

49/58 2/58 5/58 2/58 0/58

85.1 (78.3-94.5) 4.3 (0.0-8.7) 8.3 (1.2-15.7) 2.4 (0.0-5.8) -

84.5 3.4 8.6 3.4 0.0

75/88 13/88 1/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1

83.9 (72.5-93.5) 16.1 (6.5-27.5) ------

85.2 14.8 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

73/88 15/88 62/83 7/83 3/83 1/83 0/83 0/83 23/86

83.1 (69.7-92.0) 16.9 (8.0-30.3) 73.1 (57.5-94.2) 21.8 (2.4-40.4) 3.4 (0.0-4.3) 1.8 (0.0-4.6) -- 26.5 (18.9-42.2)

83.0 17.0 84.9 9.6 4.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 26.7

37/86

43.7 (27.3-52.4)

43.0

19/86 7/86

22.7 (14.0-35.3) 7.1 (0.6-15.9)

22.1 8.1

38/69 55/69 12/69 3/69 4/69

44.7 (33.4-58.0) 87.9 (77.8-95.1) 11.1 (4.0-20.0) 3.1 (0.0-7.4) 10.0 (0.8-11.5)

55.1 79.7 17.4 4.3 5.8

35/89 54/89

46.3 (34.3-58.2) 53.7 (41.8-65.7)

39.3 60.7

77/89 1/89 0/89 11/89 10/90 2/90

85.8 (--) 0.9 (--) -13.4 (--) 15.9 (4.9-26.0) 2.5 (0.0-4.5)

86.5 1.1 0.0 12.4 11.1 2.2

Frequency

87/89 0/89 0/89 0/89 1/89 1/89 0/89 57/85 28/85 1/88 74/88 64/88 2/88 9/88 72/88 5/88 5/88 16/88 12/88 5/88 8/88

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) 81.7 (72.5-93.3) - 70.7 (58.9-82.1) 29.3 (17.9-41.1) 90.1 (89.7-100.0) ---8.2 (0.0-9.4) 1.6 (0.0-2.0) - 71.4 (59.3-81.7) 28.6 (18.3-40.7) 3.7 (0.0-6.1) 86.8 (77.2-96.1) 72.3 (61.9-82.8) 0.5 (0.0-1.6) 8.9 (3.1-17.0) 86.0 (71.1-96.6) 6.6 (0.9-14.9) 2.8 (0.0-7.8) 18.2 (8.8-27.6) 11.7 (4.5-21.5) 5.5 (1.1-11.3) 8.6 (3.5-15.0)

Population proportions within sample % 86.7 0.0 77.3 22.7 97.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.1 0.0 67.1 32.9 1.1 84.1 72.7 2.3 10.2 81.8 5.7 5.7 18.2 13.6 5.7 9.1

80/90 10/90

90.1 (81.2-98.1) 9.9 (1.9-18.8)

88.9 11.1

9/90 81/90 20/90 70/90 16/20 4/20 0/20 0/20 5/20 9/20 1/20 0/20 2/20 1/20 0/20 0/20 3/20

7.3 (1.5-14.9) 92.7 (85.1-98.5) 19.1 (7.3-31.4) 80.9 (68.6-92.7) 65.9 (63.4-96.8) 34.1 (3.2-36.6) -- 45.1 (9.8-85.2) 27.1 (0.0-60.2) --0.0 0.0 --12.2 (0.0-45.9)

10.0 90.0 22.2 77.8 80.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 45.0 5.0 0.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 15.0

Frequency

Questions Private house Other D2 How many bedrooms are there? ≤2 >2 D3 Where do you sleep most often? At my home Outside (on the streets/in the park) Public institutions (railway stations) Shelter/daily centre Abandoned buildings/construction sites At my friends’ Other D4 How many people do you live with? ≤6 >6 D5 Who do you live with? Alone Mother Father Stepmother Stepfather Brother/sister Husband/wife Aunt/uncle Grandmother/grandfather Relatives Own children Other D6 Apart from you, does anyone else who lives with you work or beg on the streets? Yes No D7 Does anyone who lives with you have a job? Job implies a routine work for which one gets wages or compensation. Yes No MODULE E E1 Have you ever been maltreated? Yes No E2 What kind of maltreatment/abuse was it? Physical (beating) Psychological (yelling, calling names) Sexual abuse Other E3Who maltreated or abused you? Mother Father Stepmother Stepfather Brother/sister Other family members Teacher Police Other boys and girls working on the streets

n/N 78/90 0/90 68/88 20/88

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Questions Children who do not work on the streets Person who supervises me Passers-by Refuses to answer Other E4 How often has s/he maltreated you? Once Several times Many times Refuses to answer E5 What was the consequence of this maltreatment? Leaving family Depression/psychological problem Disability/serious injury I became more responsible I became more careful Other MODULE F F1 Do you maintain contact with any member of your family? Yes No F2 What are the reasons for not being in contact with your family? I don’t have a family I don’t have a sense of attachment and belonging Family do not care whether I am with them To get rid of family obligations Because of discrimination within the family Because of continuous punishments Because of bad financial situation Problems between parents Other F3 Where does your family live? Big city Small town Village Other F4 Does your family live in the same city where you live? Yes No F5 How many of your family members are enrolled in kindergarten/school? ≤2 >2 F6 Does anyone from your family have health insurance? Yes, state health insurance Yes, private health insurance No I don’t know F7 Do any of your family members punish you? Yes No F8 What is the most usual method of punishment?

110

Street Working Children

n/N 0/20 0/20 2/20 0/20 3/20 2/20 10/20 8/20 0/20

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) --9.4 (0.0-17.8) -27.9 16.1 (0.0-33.9) 47.3 (33.4-76.7) 36.6 (6.0-64.9) -

Population proportions within sample % 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 15.0 10.0 50.0 40.0 0.0

6/20 2/20 1/20 2/20 3/20 6/20

10.3 (--) 5.3 (--) 6.0 (--) 20.9 (--) 9.0 (--) 48.5 (--)

30.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 30.0

83/88 5/88

86.9 (85.1-98.8) 13.1 (1.2-14.9)

94.3 5.7

1/3 0/3

---

33.3 0.0

0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 2/3 24/85 9/85 50/85 2/85

------- 27.0 (13.1-41.9) 9.5 (3.6-15.8) 59.7 (44.0-74.8) 3.7 (0.0-12.9)

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 66.7 28.2 10.6 58.8 2.4

62/85 23/85

69.9 (54.5-83.0) 30.1 (17.0-45.5)

72.9 27.1

66/86 20/86

73.4 (59.8-88.0) 26.6 (12.0-40.2)

76.7 23.3

73/87 0/87 12/87 2/87 15/88 73/88

82.6 (70.5-93.2) -13.5 (4.9-24.2) 3.9 (0.0-10.9) 15.1 (6.1-26.6) 84.9 (73.4-93.9)

83.9 0.0 13.8 2.3 17.0 83.0

Frequency

n/N 7/15 10/15 1/15 2/15 0/15 3/15 0/15 1/15

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) 57.6 (--) 56.1 (--) 0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) -0.0 (--) -0.0 (--)

Population proportions within sample % 46.7 66.7 6.7 13.3 0.0 20.0 0.0 6.7

5/14 6/14 1/14 1/14 0/14 0/14 1/14 11/15 4/15 12/89 70/89 6/89 1/89

23.1 (--) 12.9 (--) 42.6 (--) 12.4 (--) --8.9 (--) 98.7 (--) 1.3 (--) 10.2 (1.8-20.6) 84.5 (74.4-93.3) 4.3 (1.3-8.1) 1.1 (0.0-3.5)

35.7 42.9 7.1 7.1 0.0 0.0 7.1 73.3 26.7 13.5 78.7 6.7 1.1

4/11 1/11 2/11

0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 0.0 (--)

36.4 9.1 18.2

0/11

0.0

4/11 70/90 20/90 0/20 2/20 6/20 10/20 2/20 2/20 14/20 4/20 0/20 14/20 6/20 17/20 0/20 2/20 0/20

100.0 (--) 76.0 (64.5-86.5) 24.0 (13.5-35.5) -0.0 (--) 55.4 (--) 44.6 (--) 0.0 (--) 19.1 (--) 80.9 (--) 0.0 (--) - 100.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 100.0 (--) -0.0 (--) --

36.4 77.8 22.2 0.0 10.0 30.0 50.0 10.0 10.0 70.0 20.0 0.0 70.0 30.0 85.0 0.0 10.0 0.0

Frequency

Questions Beating Yelling and swearing Deprivation of pocket money Prohibition to see a friend Prohibition to see the family Forcing me to work at home Forcing me to work outside home Other F9 Who is the person who punishes you most often? Father Mother The oldest brother/sister Stepmother Brother’s wife More than one person Other F10 Has there been a reason for punishment? Yes No F11 Do you feel neglected in your family? Yes No I don’t know Other F12 In what way do you think you are neglected? Worse treatment than other family members Forcing me to beg/work on the streets Forcing me to work more at home than other family members By giving me less pocket money than to other family members Other MODULE G G1 Do you stay in....throughout the year? Yes No G2 How often do you travel? Every day Several times a week Several times a month Several times a year Other G3 In which season of the year do you travel? Autumn/winter Spring/summer Throughout the year Other G4 Where do you travel? To other town To other country G5 Who do you travel with? With a parent With brother/sister With other family member With other children working on the streets

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Questions With adult who is not a family member Other MODULE H H1 Are you satisfied with the quantity of food you ate yesterday? Satisfied Was not sufficient I did not eat yesterday H2 How often has it happened that you did not eat anything whole day and night? Never Once Several times Many times H3 How often do you bathe? Every day Almost every day Occasionally Very rarely H4 Have you ever been so sick that you needed medical assistance? Yes No H5 Did you use medical services at that time (visited a doctor)? Yes No H6 Do you have a physical disability/disorder? Yes No H7 What kind of disability/disorder do you have? Deafness Muteness Blindness Immobility Mental (intellectual) disability Several different/multiple problems H8 What is the cause of your disability/disorder? Heredity I have this problem from birth Car accident Accident at work Consequence of being injured/self-injured Other I don’t know MODULE I I1 Have you ever had sexual intercourse? Yes No I2 Has anyone ever had sexual intercourse with you without your consent? Yes No I3 How many times did it happen? ≤3 >3 I4 Has anyone forced to have sex with others for money?

112

Street Working Children

n/N 0/20 1/20

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) -0.0 (--)

Population proportions within sample % 0.0 5.0

81/90 9/90 0/90

89.2 (81.3-96.0) 10.8 (4.0-18.7) -

90.0 10.0 0.0

51/90 14/90 19/90 6/90 25/90 28/90 33/90 4/90

53.3 (41.7-65.7) 17.8 (8.7-27.4) 21.0 (11.1-31.6) 7.9 (1.4-17.3) 24.5 (15.1-34.4) 27.9 (18.1-39.3) 41.3 (29.4-53.4) 6.3 (0.5-13.8)

56.7 15.6 21.1 6.7 27.8 31.1 36.7 4.4

79/90 11/90

86.2 (78.1-93.5) 13.8 (6.5-21.9)

87.8 12.2

74/78 4/78 5/85 80/85 0/4 0/4 3/4 0/4 1/4 0/4 0/4 3/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 1/4 0/4 9/44 35/44

95.0 (89.3-99.2) 5.0 (0.8-10.7) 3.4 (0.0-6.8) 96.6 (93.2-100.0) ------ ------- 36.6 (9.2-67.8) 63.4 (32.3-90.8)

94.9 5.1 5.9 94.1 0.0 0.0 75.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 75.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 20.5 79.5

1/10 9/10 1/1 0/0

0.0 (--) 100.0 (--) --

10.0 90.0 100.0 00.0

Frequency

n/N 0/8 8/8

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) --

Population proportions within sample % 0.0 100.0

6/7 1/7 23/44 21/44 1/4 3/4 2/2 0/2 0/2

71.0 (--) 29.0 (--) 46.9 (24.2-69.7) 53.1 (30.3-75.8) -- ----

85.7 14.3 52.3 47.7 25.0 75.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/1 0/1 1/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 27/45 18/45 25/28 3/28 16/26 10/26 18/26 8/26

---- ------ 60.5 (36.4-82.2) 39.5 (17.8-63.6) 100.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 78.2 (71.8-94.5) 21.8 (5.5-28.2) 88.4 (43.8-100.0) 11.6 (0.0-56.3)

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.0 40.0 89.3 10.7 61.5 38.5 69.2 30.8

12/89 77/89 0/12 3/12 1/12 4/12 1/12 2/12 1/12

5.6 (1.3-11.1) 94.4 (88.9-98.7) -12.2 (--) 39.9 (0.0-45.5) 23.9 (--) 4.0 (0.0-7.0) 12.0 (0.0-18.2) 8.0 (--)

13.5 86.5 0.0 25.0 8.3 33.3 8.3 16.7 8.3

6/10 4/10

0.0 (--) 100.0 (--)

60.0 40.0

Frequency

Questions Yes No I5 How old were you when you had your first sexual experience? ≤16 >16 I6 Have you ever heard of condoms/ protection? Yes No I7 Do you use condoms? Yes No I8 Why do you use condoms? To avoid pregnancy To protect myself from HIV To protect myself from sexually transmitted disease Because my partner asks me to I was told so I must… Other I9 How do you acquire condoms? In a public/state institution In a non-governmental organization I buy them From friend From partner Other (specify) I10 Have you ever heard of HIV/AIDS? Yes No I11 Is HIV/AIDS present in BiH? Yes No I12 Do you think you can get infected with HIV? Yes No I13 Do you know where you can get tested for HIV? Yes No MODULE J J1 Have you ever stayed in an institution caring for/dealing with children? Yes No J2 What kind of institution was it? Counselling services Shelter Daily centre Centre for social work Juvenile correctional facility Home for abandoned children Other J3 How many months did you stay in that institution? ≤2 >2

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Questions J4 Who helped you to receive care in that institution? Myself Closest family Distant relatives Imam/priest Police Other J5 What were your experiences in that institution like? Good, but I don’t want to go back there again Good, and I encourage other children to go there Good, and I want to go back They treated me badly (beating me, yelling and swearing) Other J6 Have you used services of daily centres during the past year? Yes No MODULE K K1 Are you going to continue your education? Yes, after some time Yes, and I will stop working Yes, but I will continue to work No K2 What are your plans for the future? Stop working and continue my education Change my line of work Improve my work Improve my living standard Get married Start a family Other K3 What kind of work would you like to do in your life? To be a doctor To be an engineer To be a pilot To be a professor To be a craftsman Other(specify) K4 Are you satisfied with your life at the moment? Yes, fully To some extent No K5 What is the reason for your not being satisfied with your life? Financial situation Family problem Safety problem Other K6 In your opinion, how do people perceive/ treat you? With respect They mock me They exploit me They ignore me Other

114

Street Working Children

n/N 2/12 1/12 2/12 1/12 4/12 2/12

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) 0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 100.0 (--) 0.0 (--)

Population proportions within sample % 16.7 8.3 16.7 8.3 33.3 16.7

5/12 5/12 2/12 0/12

47.7 (40.0-68.4) 52.3 (31.6-60.0) 0.0 (--) --

41.7 41.7 16.7 0.0

0/12

0.0

38/62 24/62 21/89 16/89 36/89 16/89 23/85 0/85 1/85 7/85 4/85 2/85 48/85

56.7 (44.3-72.3) 43.3 (27.7-55.7) 23.0 (12.5-36.1) 15.6 (8.1-24.7) 42.3 (28.4-56.2) 19.1 (7.7-30.9) 22.0 (11.8-35.1) -1.8 (0.0-4.2) 5.2 (1.1-9.6) 3.9 (0.0-7.9) 4.4 (0.0-11.0) 62.8 (50.6-76.5)

61.3 38.7 23.6 18.0 40.4 18.0 27.1 0.0 1.2 8.2 4.7 24.0 56.5

11/88 0/88 0/88 0/88 4/88 73/88 78/90 9/90 3/90

8.5 (3.3-15.5) ---2.7 (0.0-7.6) 88.8 (80.3-95.3) 89.5 (78.0-96.6) 8.8 (2.1-19.6) 1.7 (0.0-5.2)

12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 83.0 86.7 10.0 3.3

9/12 2/12 0/12 1/12

100.0 (--) 0.0 (--) -0.0 (--)

75.0 16.7 0.0 8.3

80/90 2/90 4/90 3/90 1/90

81.2 (78.1-96.2) 5.3 (0.0-10.8) 2.8 (0.0-5.2) 4.9 (0.0-9.3) 5.7 (0.0-9.5)

88.9 2.2 4.4 3.3 1.1

Frequency

Table 3: Results for Mostar Mostar n/N 32/70 38/70 37/70 33/70 65/70 4/70 0/70 0/70 1/70 2/69 67/69 0/69 0/69 1/70 8/70 51/70 10/70 47/70 23/70

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) 45.7 (31.7-62.3) 54.3 (37.7-68.3) 65.7 (51.1-79.1) 34.3 (20.9-48.9) 93.6 (87.8-98.7) 4.3 (1.2-8.9) --2.2 (0-4.9) 2.0 (0.0-6.0) 98.0 (94.1-100.0) -- 0.3 (0.0-1.1) 20.5 (6.9-35.9) 66.7 (50.5-82.0) 12.5 (4.2-22.9) 71.7 (57.8-83.6) 28.3 (16.4-42.2)

Population proportions within sample % 45.7 54.3 52.9 47.1 92.9 5.7 0.0 0.0 1.4 2.9 97.1 0.0 0.0 1.4 11.4 72.9 14.3 67.1 32.9

3/24 2/24

3.5 (--) 10.5 (--)

12.5 8.3

6/24

5.4 (--)

25.0

0/24 0/24 5/24 0/24 2/24

--26.6 (22.9-65.2) -5.7 (0.0-32.0)

0.0 0.0 20.8 0.0 8.3

0/24

0.0

0/24

0.0

6/24 0/24

48.4 (8.0-73.7) --

25.0 0.0

13/24 11/24 29/55 26/55

56.5 (14.2-91.4) 43.5 (8.6-85.8) 63.1 (44.9-76.7) 36.9 (23.3-55.1)

54.2 45.8 52.7 47.3

7/27

13.1 (--)

25.9

Frequency

Questions MODULE A A1 Gender Male Female A2 Age ≤14 >14 A3 Ethnicity ROMA BOSNIAK CROAT SERB OTHER A4 City you live in? Sarajevo Mostar Banja Luka Tuzla MODULE B B1 Can you: Read Write Both Neither B2 Have you ever attended school? Yes No B3 What is the main reason why you have never attended school? Need to work/help at home Parents do not allow/they never enrolled me I am not interested/going to school has no value (I don’t want to go to school/I like the streets/I like the freedom Attitudes of teachers/pupils (bad treatment) Physical/mental disabilities/conditions Lack of documents needed for enrolment Not knowing the local languages Lack of school equipment and clothes School success (I would have poor results in school) Distance from school (poor infrastructure/ lack of transport) Other I don’t know B4 If you had the chance, would you go to school? Yes No B5 Are you currently enrolled in school? Yes No B6 What is the main reason for your not being enrolled in school? Need to work/help at home

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Questions Parents do not allow/they never enrolled me I am not interested/going to school has no value (I don’t want to go to school/I like the streets/I like the freedom Attitudes of teachers/pupils (bad treatment) Physical/mental disabilities/conditions Lack of documents needed for enrolment Not knowing the local languages Lack of school equipment and clothes School success (I would have poor results in school) Distance from school (poor infrastructure/lack of transport) I got married Completed schooling Too old Other (specify) I don’t know B7 What is the highest school year you have completed? ≤4 >4 B8 How many days were you absent from school during last week? I went to school every day I was absent from school 1-2 days I was absent from school 2-4 days I was absent from school every day last week B9 What is the most usual reason for you not going to school every day last week? I was ill I was taking care of a family member I had to work Holidays I am not interested/going to school has no value (I don’t want to go to school/I like the streets/I like the freedom Attitudes of teachers/pupils (bad treatment) I was visiting relatives Other MODULE C C1 Type of work Begging Selling (flowers/cigarettes/newspapers/fruits) Collecting recyclables (newspapers, cans, glass, iron) Sex with other person for money Selling drugs Cleaning cars/windscreens Performing chores/carrying bags/things, buying food Shoe-shining Busking Stealing/picking pockets Other(specify) C2 How old were you when you started earning money this way? ≤7 >7

116

Street Working Children

n/N 2/27

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) 0.0 (--)

Population proportions within sample % 11.1

6/27

0.0 (--)

22.2

0/27 0/27 3/27 0/27 2/27

--0.0 (--) -86.9 (--)

0.0 0.0 11.1 0.0 7.4

0/27

0.0

0/27

0.0

3/27 0/27 0/27 3/27 1/27

0.0 (--) --0.0 (--) 0.0 (--)

11.1 0.0 0.0 11.1 3.7

23/46 23/46

75.5 (48.8-84.7) 24.5 (15.3-51.2)

50.0 50.0

4/41 0/41 0/41 37/41

29.7 (5.0-47.8) --70.3 (52.2-95.0)

9.8 0.0 0.0 90.2

2/33 0/33 2/33 0/33

22.1 (--) -6.8 (0.0-7.0) --

6.1 0.0 6.1 0.0

24/33

43.4 (38.7-96.7)

72.7

4/33 0/33 1/33 15/70 11/70

22.2 (0.0-57.9) -5.5 (0.0-14.4) 16.0 (8.7-24.8) 19.1 (5.4-32.5)

12.1 0.0 3.0 21.4 15.7

52/70

76.3 (62.6-88.4)

74.3

0/70 0/70 11/70

--9.7 (4.4-16.8)

0.0 0.0 15.7

2/70

0.8 (0.0-2.7)

2.9

0/70 2/70 0/70 8/70

-0.3 (0.0-1.1) -11.0 (3.3-20.3)

0.0 2.9 0.0 11.4

27/69 42/69

49.5 (32.7-64.5) 50.5 (35.5-67.3)

39.1 60.9

Frequency

n/N 2/69 5/69 28/69 34/69 35/69 13/69 15/69 4/69 2/69 0/69

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) 6.1 (0.0-17.8) 7.7 (1.6-16.6) 35.9 (22.3-50.9) 50.3 (33.4-66.0) 50.8 (31.8-66.8) 16.6 (9.1-32.3) 23.1 (9.3-38.7) 6.6 (0.0-15.2) 2.9 (0.0-6.0) --

Population proportions within sample % 2.9 7.2 40.6 49.3 50.7 18.8 21.7 5.8 2.9 0.0

25/68 28/68 12/68 3/68 45/69 1/69 9/69 14/69

46.9 (32.3-64.1) 33.0 (19.2-45.7) 13.3 (5.0-23.8) 6.7 (0.0-15.4) 66.3 (53.6-82.2) 7.5 (0.0-17.6) 11.3 (3.7-20.9) 15.0 (5.1-28.2)

36.8 41.2 17.6 4.4 65.2 1.4 13.0 20.3

65/66 0/66 1/69 0/69 0/69 17/68 51/68 11/17 5/17 1/17 0/17

99.3 (98.8-100.0) -0.7 (0.0-1.2) -- 25.7 (11.9-41.3) 74.3 (58.7-88.2) 33.3 (--) 13.1 (--) 53.7 (0.0-66.7) --

98.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 25.0 75.0 64.7 29.4 5.9 0.0

12/66 54/66 7/13 11/13 0/13 0/13 0/13 0/13 0/13 0/13 0/13 0/13 0/13 1/13

14.4 (6.3-25.0) 85.6 (75.0-93.7) 1.9 (--) 100.0 (--) ---------0.0 (--)

18.2 81.8 53.8 84.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.7

Frequency

Questions C3How long have you been doing this work? Less than 3 months More than 3, but less than 6 months 6 months and more Other C4 How often do you work? Every day Almost every day Occasionally Very rarely Seasonally Other C5 How many hours a day do you perform this work? 1-3 hours 3-5 hours 5 hours and more Other C6 How often have you begged for money Never Once Several times Many times C7What is the main reason for your working/ begging? Financial situation Independence from the family I am the only one earning in the family School failure Other C8 Has anyone tried to stop you from begging? Yes No C9 Who has tried to stop you? A family member Police Friends Other C10 Is there anyone close to you in your life who asks you to work/beg? Yes No C11 What is their relation to you? Father Mother Stepfather Stepmother Aunt Uncle Grandmother Grandfather Adult who is not a family member Friend Brother/sister Other

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Questions C12 How often have you been punished (by some restriction, yelling or beating) if you failed to earn enough money? Never Once Several times Many times Refuses to answer C1 Is there anyone who takes care of you while you are working? Yes No C14 Who is that person? A parent A family member Friend Other child working/begging on the streets Other adult who is not a family member Other C15 Is there anyone who supervises you while working? Yes No C16 Who is that person? A parent A family member Friend Other child working/begging on the streets Other adult who is not a family member Other C17 What do you do with the money you earn? I give all the money to the person who supervises me I give a share of my money to the person who supervises me I keep all the money for myself Other C18 If you keep your money (or a share of it) for yourself, how do you usually spend it? On food On sweets On clothes/footwear On toys Other C19 How much, on average, do you earn per day? (in KM) ≤10 >10 C20 If you stopped working, what would happen? Difficult financial situation in the family I would not be able to continue my education I would be punished Other MODULE D D1 Where do you live? Shack/tent Flat in a block

118

Street Working Children

n/N

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI)

Population proportions within sample %

63/68 1/68 4/68 0/68 0/68

93.8 (78.6-100.0) 0.0 (--) 6.2 (0.0-21.4) ---

92.6 1.5 5.9 0.0 0.0

38/69 31/69 20/23 0/23 0/23 0/23 0/23 3/23

63.0 (47.4-76.6) 37.0 (23.5-52.6) 100.0 (--) ----0.0 (--)

55.1 44.9 87.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.0

28/68 40/68 25/31 5/31 1/31 0/31 0/31 0/31

46.4 (29.6-63.5) 53.6 (36.5-70.4) 77.1 (51.9-100.0) 9.5 (0.0-26.5) 13.4 (0.0-30.5) ---

41.2 58.8 80.6 16.1 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

24/68

38.9 (23.1-50.3)

35.3

10/68

10.2 (3.6-22.7)

14.7

24/68 10/68

23.3 (14.1-37.6) 27.6 (12.7-40.9)

35.3 14.7

46/51 16/51 27/52 0/52 5/52

81.8 (70.8-97.1) 24.1 (10.6-43.7) 41.4 (24.4-57.6) -17.8 (0.8-40.2)

90.2 30.8 51.9 0.0 9.6

14/57 43/57

36.3 (16.9-50.9) 63.7 (49.1-83.1)

24.6 75.4

52/57 0/57 0/57 5/57 48/70 7/70

93.3 (79.5-100.0) --6.7 (0.0-20.5) 63.1 (51.0-77.6) 8.9 (1.6-18.3)

91.2 0.0 0.0 8.8 68.6 10.0

Frequency

48/69 1/69 0/69 0/69 3/69 0/69 17/69 42/69 27/69 0/70 57/70 52/70 0/70 1/70 52/70 13/70 1/70 2/70 2/70 10/70 4/69

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) 25.7 (12.7-37.6) 2.4 (0.0-5.0) 92.2 (83.8-98.0) 8.0 (2.0-16.2) 64.7 (48.6-79.5) 1.1 (0.0-2.7) --5.8 (1.0-15.9) -28.4 (12.6-43.8) 57.1 (40.1-71.7) 42.9 (28.3-59.9) -86.4 (76.6-94.0) 79.9 (67.7-89.9) -0.5 (0.0-1.8) 76.7 (61.7-88.3) 13.9 (5.6-24.5) 0.8 (0.0-2.6) 5.9 (0.0-17.3) 6.1 (0.0-16.19 12.9 (4.6-23.5) 8.0 (0.4-19.6)

Population proportions within sample % 17.1 4.3 89.9 10.1 69.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 24.6 60.9 39.1 0.0 81.4 74.3 0.0 1.4 74.3 18.8 1.4 2.9 2.9 14.3 5.8

62/70 8/70

86.6 (75.8-95.5) 13.4 (4.5-24.2)

88.6 11.4

13/70 56/70 14/70 56/70 10/14 4/14 0/14 0/14 2/14 10/14 0/14 0/14 1/14 1/14 0/14 0/14 0/14

13.9 (5.6-24.2) 86.1 (75.8-94.4) 19.4 (7.5-33.4) 80.6 (66.6-92.5) 49.4 (12.5-100.0) 50.6 (0.0-87.5) -- 0.0 (--) 49.4 (12.5-100.0) --0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) ----

18.8 81.2 20.0 80.0 71.4 28.6 0.0 0.0 14.3 71.4 0.0 0.0 7.1 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Frequency

Questions Private house Other D2 How many bedrooms are there? ≤2 >2 D3 Where do you sleep most often? At my home Outside (on the streets/in the park) Public institutions (railway stations) Shelter/daily centre Abandoned buildings/construction sites At my friends’ Other D4 How many people do you live with? ≤6 >6 D5 Who do you live with? Alone Mother Father Stepmother Stepfather Brother/sister Husband/wife Aunt/uncle Grandmother/grandfather Relatives Own children Other D6 Apart from you, does anyone else who lives with you work or beg on the streets? Yes No D7 Does anyone who lives with you have a job? Job implies a routine work for which one gets wages or compensation. Yes No MODULE E E1 Have you ever been maltreated? Yes No E2 What kind of maltreatment/abuse was it? Physical (beating) Psychological (yelling, calling names) Sexual abuse Other E3 Who maltreated or abused you? Mother Father Stepmother Stepfather Brother/sister Other family members Teacher Police Other boys and girls working on the streets

n/N 12/70 3/70 62/69 7/69

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Questions Children who do not work on the streets Person who supervises me Passers-by Refuses to answer Other E4 How often has s/he maltreated you? Once Several times Many times Refuses to answer E5 What was the consequence of this maltreatment? Leaving family Depression/psychological problem Disability/serious injury I became more responsible I became more careful Other MODULE F F1 Do you maintain contact with any member of your family? Yes No F2 What are the reasons for not being in contact with your family? I don’t have a family I don’t have a sense of attachment and belonging Family do not care whether I am with them To get rid of family obligations Because of discrimination within the family Because of continuous punishments Because of bad financial situation Problems between parents Other F3 Where does your family live? Big city Small town Village Other F4 Does your family live in the same city where you live? Yes No F5 How many of your family members are enrolled in kindergarten/school? ≤2 >3 F6 Does anyone from your family have health insurance? Yes, state health insurance Yes, private health insurance No I don’t know F7 Do any of your family members punish you? Yes No F8 What is the most usual method of punishment?

120

Street Working Children

n/N 0/14 0/14 0/14 0/14 0/14 1/14 7/14 6/14 0/14

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) ----- 0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 100.0 (--) --

Population proportions within sample % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 50.0 42.9 0.0

1/14 5/14 0/14 0/14 6/14 2/14

0.0 (--) 100.0 (--) --0.0 (--) 0.0 (--)

7.1 35.7 0.0 0.0 42.9 14.3

57/70 13/70

88.8 (78.9-95.2) 11.2 (4.8-21.1)

81.4 18.6

10/13

100.0 (--)

76.9

1/13 0/13 0/13 1/13 0/13 1/13 0/13 62/69 6/69 1/69 0/69

------- 84.0 (74.0-95.6) 11.2 (2.6-18.89 4.8 (0.0-14.7) --

7.7 0.0 0.0 7.7 0.0 7.7 0.0 89.9 8.7 1.4 0.0

57/69 12/69

90.3 (80.3-97.3) 9.7 (2.7-19.7)

82.6 17.4

36/68 32/68

81.7 (67.3-95.7) 18.3 (4.3-32.7)

52.9 47.1

50/69 0/69 13/69 6/69 11/70 59/70

77.2 (66.0-86.2) -15.2 (8.0-24.5) 7.5 (1.9-15.8) 21.1 (8.6-34.3) 78.9 (65.7-91.4)

72.5 0.0 18.8 8.7 15.7 84.3

Frequency

n/N 4/11 7/11 0/11 0/11 0/11 0/11 0/11 0/11

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) 0.0 (--) 52.2 (--) -------

Population proportions within sample % 36.4 63.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

3/11 6/11 2/11 0/11 0/11 0/11 0/11 6/11 5/11 7/70 60/70 3/70 0/70

60.1 (--) 28.0 (--) 11.8 (--) ---- 56.8 (55.6-69.5) 43.2 (30.5-44.4) 4.1 (0.3-8.5) 92.4 (82.8-98.9) 3.5 (0.0-11.8) --

27.3 54.5 18.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 54.5 45.5 10.0 85.7 4.3 0.0

1/5 0/5

49.1 (--) --

80.0 0.0

0/5

0.0

0/5

0.0

1/5 54/70 16/70 4/16 12/16 1/16 13/16 2/16 15/16 1/16 11/16 1/16 3/16 0/16

50.9 (--) 75.3 (59.8-87.9) 24.7 (12.1-40.2) 0.0 (--) 100.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 100.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 100.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 100.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 0.0 (--) --

20.0 77.1 22.9 25.0 75.0 6.3 81.3 12.5 93.8 6.3 68.8 6.3 18.8 0.0

Frequency

An Assessment of Child Begging and Other Street Work in Bosnia & Herzegovina

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Questions With adult who is not a family member Other MODULE H H1 Are you satisfied with the quantity of food you ate yesterday? Satisfied Was not sufficient I did not eat yesterday H2 How often has it happened that you did not eat anything whole day and night? Never Once Several times Many times H3 How often do you bathe? Every day Almost every day Occasionally Very rarely H4 Have you ever been so sick that you needed medical assistance? Yes No H5 Did you use medical services at that time (visited a doctor)? Yes No H6 Do you have a physical disability/disorder? Yes No H7 What kind of disability/disorder do you have? Deafness Muteness Blindness Immobility Mental (intellectual) disability Several different/multiple problems H8 What is the cause of your disability/disorder? Heredity I have this problem from birth Car accident Accident at work Consequence of being injured/self-injured Other I don’t know MODULE I I1 Have you ever had sexual intercourse? Yes No I2 Has anyone ever had sexual intercourse with you without your consent? Yes No I3 How many times did it happen? ≤3 >4 I4 Has anyone ever forced to have sex with others for money?

122

Street Working Children

n/N 0/16 1/16

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) -0.0 (--)

Population proportions within sample % 0.0 6.3

61/70 7/70 2/70

82.8 (69.3-94.4) 12.7 (2.8-24.8) 4.4 (0.0-12.1)

87.1 10.0 2.9

42/70 3/70 20/70 5/70 28/69 30769 11/69 0/69

61.7 (44.7-78.3) 5.8 (0.0-12.0) 23.7 (10.9-36.9) 8.8 (3.5-19.2) 48.1 (30.4-69.3) 36.3 (20.0-53.7) 15.6 (3.3-28.2) --

60.0 4.3 28.6 7.1 40.6 43.5 15.9 0.0

50/69 19/69

75.1 (60.3-87.5) 24.9 (12.5-39.7)

72.5 27.5

50/51 1/51 4/70 66/70 1/3 0/3 2/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 1/3 2/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 19/56 37/56

97.4 (94.9-100.0) 2.6 (0.0-5.1) 7.8 (0.8-18.7) 92.2 (81.3-99.2) ------ ------- 31.6 (15.2-53.8) 68.4 (46.2-84.8)

98.0 2.0 5.7 94.3 33.3 0.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 66.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.9 66.1

1/19 18/19 1/1 0/0

0.0 (--) 100.0 (--) ---

5.2 94.8 100.0 00.0

Frequency

n/N 1/19 18/19

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) 0.0 (--) 100.0 (--)

Population proportions within sample % 5.2 94.8

18/18 0/18 29/58 29/58 8/27 19/27 3/8 4/8

-- 51.3 (31.3-71.1) 48.7 (28.9-68.7) 55.9 (25.0-80.6) 44.1 (19.4-75.0) 0.0 (--) 100.0 (--)

100.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 29.6 70.4 37.5 50.0

1/8

0.0 (--)

12.5

0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8 8/8 0/8 0/8 0/8 36/58 22/58 31/37 6/37 23/36 13/36

---- 60.0 (41.7-77.1) 40.0 (23.0-58.3) 80.7 (56.9-99.1) 19.3 (0.9-43.1) 76.6 (50.6-95.1) 23.4 (4.9-49.4)

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 62.1 37.9 83.8 16.2 63.9 36.1

10/36 26/36

25.1 (4.4-57.7) 74.9 (42.3-95.6)

27.8 72.2

19/69 50/69 0/19 0/19 16/19 0/19 0/19 3/19 0/19

36.3 (20.0-52.2) 63.7 (48.0-80.0) --100.0 (--) --0.0 (--) --

27.5 72.5 0.0 0.0 84.2 0.0 0.0 15.8 0.0

10/16 6/16

48.9 (23.1-90.0) 51.1 (10.0-76.9)

62.5 37.5

Frequency

Questions Yes No I5 How old were you when you had your first sexual experience? ≤16 >17 I6 Have you ever heard of condoms/ protection? Yes No I7 Do you use condoms? Yes No I8 Why do you use condoms? To avoid pregnancy To protect myself from HIV To protect myself from sexually transmitted disease Because my partner asks me to I was told so I must… Other I9 How do you acquire condoms? In a public/state institution In a non-governmental organization I buy them From friend From partner Other (specify) I10 Have you ever heard of HIV/AIDS? Yes No I11 Is HIV/AIDS present in BiH? Yes No I12 Do you think you can get infected with HIV? Yes No I13 Do you know where you can get tested for HIV? Yes No MODULE J J1 Have you ever stayed in an institution caring for/dealing with children? Yes No J2 What kind of institution was it? Counselling services Shelter Daily centre Centre for social work Juvenile correctional facility Home for abandoned children Other J3 How many months did you stay in that institution? ≤6 >6

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Questions J4 Who helped you to receive care in that institution? Myself Closest family Distant relatives Imam/priest Police Other J5 What were your experiences in that institution like? Good, but I don’t want to go back there again Good, and I encourage other children to go there Good, and I want to go back They treated me badly (beating me, yelling and swearing) Other J6 Have you used services of daily centres during the past year? Yes No MODULE K K1 Are you going to continue your education? Yes, after some time Yes, and I will stop working Yes, but I will continue to work No K2 What are your plans for the future? Stop working and continue my education Change my line of work Improve my work Improve my living standard Get married Start a family Other K3 What kind of work would you like to do in your life? To be a doctor To be an engineer To be a pilot To be a professor To be a craftsman Other(specify) K4 Are you satisfied with your life at the moment? Yes, fully To some extent No K5 What is the reason for not being satisfied with your life? Financial situation Family problem Safety problem Other K6 In your opinion, how do people perceive/ treat you? With respect They mock me They exploit me They ignore me Other

124

Street Working Children

n/N 6/19 9/19 2/19 0/19 1/19 1/19

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI) 33.1 (23.1-65.2) 49.6 (25.0-76.9) 15.0 (0.0-23.1) -0.9 (0.0-5.6) 0.5 (0.0-5.6)

Population proportions within sample % 31.6 47.4 10.5 0.0 5.3 5.3

1/19 12/19 6/19

0.0 (--) 79.8 (47.8-94.3) 20.2 (5.7-52.2)

5.3 63.2 31.6

0/19

0.0

0/19

0.0

54/56 2/56 23/70 7/70 18/70 22/70 7/70 24/70 12/70 11/70 2/70 5/70 9/70

100.0 (--) 0.0 (--) 33.1 (17.6-43.0) 11.9 (3.8-25.6) 32.1 (16.5-49.7) 23.0 (11.5-38.4) 5.4 (1.0-12.3) 21.8 (18.3-44.4) 11.1 (4.4-15.2) 35.5 (11.5-49.5) 1.8 (0.0-4.0) 10.6 (4.0-19.7) 13.7 (4.0-28.5)

96.4 3.6 32.9 10.0 25.7 31.4 10.0 34.3 17.1 15.7 2.9 7.1 12.9

11/70 0/70 1/70 4/70 8/70 46/70 59/70 6/70 5/70

19.6 (5.8-32.7) -0.6 (0.0-1.9) 4.9 (0.0-9.9) 14.2 (3.9-33.9) 60.8 (43.5-77.2) 77.0 (62.7-90.3) 15.0 (2.3-29.9) 8.0 (1.8-16.5)

15.7 0.0 1.4 5.7 11.4 65.7 84.3 8.6 7.1

6/6 0/6 0/6 0/6

-----

100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

47/70 6/70 0/70 6/70 11/70

61.2 (44.1-78.2) 7.5 (0.8-19.4) -9.6 (1.5-21.3) 21.8 (7.7-37.4)

67.1 8.6 0.0 8.6 15.7

Frequency

Table 4: Results for Banja Luka Banja Luka n/N 14/28 14/28 21/28 7/28 20/28 5/28 0/28 2/28 1/28 0/28 0/28 28/28 0/28 1/28 0/28 22/28 5/28 22/28 6/28

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI)

Population proportions within sample % 50.0 50.0 75.0 25.0 71.4 17.9 0.0 7.1 3.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 78.6 17.9 78.6 21.4

0/6 1/6

0.0 16.7

3/6

50.0

0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0/6

0.0

0/6

0.0

1/6 1/6

16.7 16.7

2/5 3/5 17/26 9/26

40.0 60.0 34.6 65.4

1/7

14.3

Frequency

Questions MODULE A A1 Gender Male Female A2 Age ≤14 >14 A3 Ethnicity ROMA BOSNIAK CROAT SERB OTHER A4 City you live in? Sarajevo Mostar Banja Luka Tuzla MODULE B B1 Can you: Read Write Both Neither B2 Have you ever attended school? Yes No B3 What is the main reason why you have never attended school? Need to work/help at home Parents do not allow/they never enrolled me I am not interested/ it’s not worth going to school (I don’t want to go to school/I like the streets/I like the freedom Attitudes of teachers/pupils (bad treatment) Physical/mental disabilities/conditions Lack of documents needed for enrolment Not knowing the local languages Lack of school equipment and clothes School success (I would have poor results in school) Distance from school (poor infrastructure/lack of transport) Other I don’t know B4 If you had the chance, would you go to school? Yes No B5 Are you currently enrolled in school? Yes No B6 What is the main reason for your not being enrolled in school? Need to work/help at home

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Questions Parents do not allow/they never enrolled me I am not interested/going to school has no value (I don’t want to go to school/I like the streets/I like the freedom Attitudes of teachers/pupils (bad treatment) Physical/mental disabilities/conditions Lack of documents needed for enrolment Not knowing the local languages Lack of school equipment and clothes School success (I would have poor results in school) Distance from school (poor infrastructure/lack of transport) I got married Completed schooling Too old Other (specify) I don’t know B7 What is the highest school year you have completed? ≤4 >4 B8 How many days were you absent from school during last week? I went to school every day I was absent from school 1-2 days I was absent from school 2-4 days I was absent from school every day last week B9 What is the most usual reason for your not going to school every day last week? I was ill I was taking care of a family member I had to work Holidays I am not interested/going to school has no value (I don’t want to go to school/I like the streets/I like the freedom Attitudes of teachers/pupils (bad treatment) I was visiting relatives Other MODULE C C1 Type of work Begging Selling (flowers/cigarettes/newspapers/fruits) Collecting recyclables (newspapers, cans, glass, iron) Sex with other person for money Selling drugs Cleaning cars/windscreens Performing chores/carrying bags/things, buying food Shoe-shining Busking Stealing/picking pockets Other(specify) C2 How old were you when you started earning money this way? ≤7 >7

126

Street Working Children

n/N 2/7

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI)

Population proportions within sample % 28.6

3/7

42.9

0/7 0/7 0/7 0/7 0/7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0/7

0.0

0/7

0.0

1/7 0/7 0/7 0/7 0/7

14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

14/22 8/22

63.6 36.4

0/10 0/10 0/10 10/10

0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

0/16 0/16 0/16 15/16

0.0 0.0 0.0 93.8

0/16

0.0

0/16 0/16 1/16 9/28 6/28

0.0 0.0 6.3 32.1 21.4

23/28

82.1

0/28 0/28 0/28

0.0 0.0 0.0

3/28

10.7

1/28 3/28 0/28 0/28

3.6 10.7 0.0 0.0

1/26 25/26

3.8 96.2

Frequency

n/N 2/28 0/28 21/28 5/28 4/28 12/28 8/28 0/28 4/28 0/28

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI)

Population proportions within sample % 7.1 0.0 75.0 17.9 14.3 42.9 28.6 0.0 14.3 0.0

10/28 9/28 9/28 0/28 17/27 0/27 1/27 9/27

35.7 32.1 32.1 0.0 60.7 0.0 3.7 33.3

25/27 0/27 0/27 0/27 2/27 9/28 19/28 3/9 4/9 1/9 1/9

92.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.4 67.9 32.1 33.3 44.4 11.1 11.1

20/27 7/27 17/20 10/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 1/20 0/20 0/20 0/20

74.1 25.9 85.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Frequency

Questions C3 How long have you been doing this work? Less than 3 months More than 3, but less than 6 months 6 months and more Other C4 How often do you work? Every day Almost every day Occasionally Very rarely Seasonally Other C5 How many hours a day do you perform this work? 1-3 hours 3-5 hours 5 hours and more Other C6 How often have you begged for money Never Once Several times Many times C7 What is the main reason for your working/ begging? Financial situation Independence from the family I am the only one earning in the family School failure Other C8 Has anyone tried to stop you from begging? Yes No C9 Who has tried to stop you? A family member Police Friends Other C10 Is there anyone close to you in your life who asks you to work/beg? Yes No C11 What is their relation to you? Father Mother Stepfather Stepmother Aunt Uncle Grandmother Grandfather Adult who is not a family member Friend Brother/sister Other

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128

Street Working Children

n/N

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI)

Population proportions within sample %

23/27 0/27 2/27 1/27 1/27

85.2 0.0 7.4 3.4 3.4

26/28 2/28 -------

92.9 7.1

26/27 1/27 18/27 8/27 1/27 0/27 0/27 0/27

96.3 3.7 66.7 29.6 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

17/28

60.7

9/28

32.1

2/28 0/28

7.1 0.0

8/16 11/16 6/16 1/16 2/16

50.0 68.8 37.5 6.3 12.5

9/17 8/17

52.9 47.1

16/21 0/21 1/21 4/21 1/28 0/28 26/28

76.2 0.0 4.8 19.0 3.6 0.0 92.9

Frequency

28/28 0/28 0/28 0/28 0/28 0/28 0/28 8/27 19/27 0/28 26/28 25/28 2/28 2/28 27/28 1/28 2/28 1/28 0/28 0/28 1/28

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI)

Population proportions within sample % 3.6 33.3 66.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.6 70.4 0.0 92.9 89.3 7.1 7.1 96.4 3.6 7.1 3.6 0.0 0.0 3.6

23/28 5/28

82.1 17.9

0/28 28/28 8/28 20/28 7/8 0/8 1/8 0/8 3/8 6/8 0/8 1/8 1/8 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8 0/8

0.0 100.0 28.6 71.4 87.5 0.0 12.5 0.0 37.5 75.0 0.0 12.5 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Frequency

Questions Other D2 How many bedrooms are there? ≤2 >2 D3 Where do you sleep most often? At my home Outside (on the streets/in the park) Public institutions (railway stations) Shelter/daily centre Abandoned buildings/construction sites At my friends’ Other D4 How many people do you live with? ≤6 >6 D5 Who do you live with? Alone Mother Father Stepmother Stepfather Brother/sister Husband/wife Aunt/uncle Grandmother/grandfather Relatives Own children Other D6 Apart from you, does anyone else who lives with you work or beg on the streets? Yes No D7 Does anyone who lives with you have a job? Job implies a routine work for which one gets wages or compensation. Yes No MODULE E E1 Have you ever been maltreated? Yes No E2 What kind of maltreatment/abuse was it? Physical (beating) Psychological (yelling, calling names) Sexual abuse Other E3 Who maltreated or abused you? Mother Father Stepmother Stepfather Brother/sister Other family members Teacher Police Other boys and girls working on the streets Children who do not work on the streets

n/N 1/28 9/27 18/27

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Questions Person who supervises me Passers-by Refuses to answer Other E4 How often has s/he maltreated you? Once Several times Many times Refuses to answer E5 What was the consequence of this maltreatment? Leaving family Depression/psychological problem Disability/serious injury I became more responsible I became more careful Other MODULE F F1 Do you maintain contact with any member of your family? Yes No F2 What are the reasons for not being in contact with your family? I don’t have a family I don’t have a sense of attachment and belonging Family do not care whether I am with them To get rid of family obligations Because of discrimination within the family Because of continuous punishments Because of bad financial situation Problems between parents Other F3 Where does your family live? Big city Small town Village Other F4 Does your family live in the same city where you live? Yes No F5 How many of your family members are enrolled in kindergarten/school? ≤2 >2 F6 Does anyone from your family have health insurance? Yes, state health insurance Yes, private health insurance No I don’t know F7 Do any of your family members punish you? Yes No F8 What is the most usual method of punishment? Beating Yelling and swearing

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Street Working Children

n/N 0/8 1/8 0/8 0/8 1/8 2/8 5/8 0/8

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI)

Population proportions within sample % 0.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 12.5 25.0 62.5 0.0

0/8 3/8 2/8 2/8 1/8 0/8

0.0 37.5 25.0 25.0 12.5 0.0

28/28 0/28

100.0 0.0

28/28 0/28 0/28 0/28

100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

28/28 0/28

100.0 0.0

25/27 2/27

92.6 7.4

23/28 0/28 0728 5/28 19/28 9/28 10/19 10/19

82.1 0.0 0.0 17.9 67.9 32.1 52.6 52.6

Frequency

n/N 0/19 5/19 1/19 4/19 1/19 3/19 11/19 6/19 1/19 0/19 0/19 0/19 1/19 15/18 3/18 4/27 21/27 2/27 0/27 2/4 0/4

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI)

Population proportions within sample % 0.0 26.3 5.3 21.1 5.3 15.8 57.9 31.6 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.3 83.3 16.7 14.8 77.8 7.4 0.0 50.0 0.0

0/4

0.0

0/4

0.0

2/4 26/28 2/28 0/2 0/2 0/2 2/2 0/2 0/2 2/2 0/2 0/2 2/2 0/2 2/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2

50.0 92.9 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Frequency

Questions Deprivation of pocket money Prohibition to see a friend Prohibition to see the family Forcing me to work at home Forcing me to work outside home Other F9 Who is the person who punishes you most often? Father Mother The eldest brother/sister Stepmother Brother’s wife More than one person Other F10 Has there been a reason for punishment? Yes No F11 Do you feel neglected in your family? Yes No I don’t know Other F12 In what way do you think you are neglected? Worse treatment than other family members Forcing me to beg/work on the streets Forcing me to work more at home than other family members By giving me less pocket money than to other family members Other MODULE G G1 Do you stay in.... throughout the year? Yes No G2 How often do you travel? Every day Several times a week Several times a month Several times a year Other G3 In which season of the year do you travel? Autumn/winter Spring/summer Throughout the year Other G4 Where do you travel? To other town To other country G5 Who do you travel with? With a parent With brother/sister With other family member With other children working on the streets With adult who is not a family member Other MODULE H H1 Are you satisfied with the quantity of food you ate yesterday?

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Questions Satisfied Was not sufficient I did not eat yesterday H2 How often has it happened that you did not eat anything whole day and night? Never Once Several times Many times H3 How often do you bathe? Every day Almost every day Occasionally Very rarely H4 Have you ever been so sick that you needed medical assistance? Yes No H5 Did you use medical services /visited a doctor at that time? Yes No H6 Do you have a physical disability/disorder? Yes No H7 What kind of disability/disorder do you have? Deafness Muteness Blindness Immobility Mental (intellectual) disability Several different/multiple problems H8 What is the cause of your disability/disorder? Heredity I have this problem from birth Car accident Accident at work Consequence of being injured/self-injured Other I don’t know MODULE I I1 Have you ever had sexual intercourse? Yes No I2 Has anyone ever had sexual intercourse with you without your consent? Yes No I3 How many times did it happen? ≤3 >3 I4 Has anyone ever forced you to have sex with others for money? Yes No I5 How old were you when you had your first sexual experience? ≤16

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n/N 24/28 4/28 0/28

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI)

Population proportions within sample % 85.7 14.3 0.0

16/28 5/28 7/28 0/28 10/28 8/28 9/28 1/28

57.1 17.9 25.0 0.0 35.7 28.6 32.1 3.6

15/28 13/28

53.6 46.4

14/16 2/16 1/28 27/28 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 1/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 1/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 4/15 11/15

87.5 12.5 3.6 96.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.7 73.3

1/4 3/4 1/1 0/0

25.0 75.0 100.0 00.0

0/4 4/4

0.0 100.0

2/3

66.7

Frequency

n/N 1/3 6/15 9/15 1/7 6/7 1/1 0/1

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI)

Population proportions within sample % 33.3 40.0 60.0 14.3 85.7 100.0 0.0

0/1

0.0

0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 1/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 7/15 8/15 3/7 4/7 1/7 6/7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 46.7 53.3 42.9 57.1 14.3 85.7

3/7 4/7

42.9 57.1

6/28 22/28 0/6 0/6 5/6 1/6 0/6 0/6 0/6

21.4 78.6 0.0 0.0 83.3 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

5/6 1/6

83.3 16.7

0/6 2/6 0/6

0.0 33.3 0.0

Frequency

Questions >16 I6 Have you ever heard of condoms/ protection? Yes No I7 Do you use condoms? Yes No I8 Why do you use condoms? To avoid pregnancy To protect myself from HIV To protect myself from sexually transmitted disease Because my partner asks me to I was told so I must… Other I9 How do you acquire condoms? In a public/state institution In a non-governmental organization I buy them From friend From partner Other (specify) I10 Have you ever heard of HIV/AIDS? Yes No I11 Is HIV/AIDS present in BiH? Yes No I12 Do you think you can get infected with HIV? Yes No I13 Do you know where you can get tested for HIV? Yes No MODULE J J1 Have you ever stayed in an institution caring for/dealing with children? Yes No J2 What kind of institution was it? Counselling services Shelter Daily centre Centre for social work Juvenile correctional facility Home for abandoned children Other J3 How many months did you stay in that institution? ≤2 >2 J4 Who helped you to receive care in that institution? Myself Closest family Distant relatives

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Questions Imam/priest Police Other J5 What were your experiences in that institution like? Good, but I don’t want to go back there again Good, and I encourage other children to go there Good, and I want to go back They treated me badly (beating me, yelling and swearing) Other J6 Have you used services of daily centres during the past year? Yes No MODULE K K1 Are you going to continue your education? Yes, after some time Yes, and I will stop working Yes, but I will continue to work No K2 What are your plans for the future? Stop working and continue my education Change my line of work Improve my work Improve my living standard Get married Start a family Other K3 What kind of work would you like to do in your life? To be a doctor To be an engineer To be a pilot To be a professor To be a craftsman Other (specify) K4 Are you satisfied with your life at the moment? Yes, fully To some extent No K5 What is the reason for not being satisfied with your life? Financial situation Family problem Safety problem Other K6 In your opinion, how do people perceive/ treat you? With respect They mock me They exploit me They ignore me Other

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Street Working Children

n/N 0/6 3/6 1/6

Population estimates RDS % (95% CI)

Population proportions within sample % 0.0 50.0 16.7

4/6

66.7

2/6

33.3

0/6

0.0

0/6

0.0

0/6

0.0

4/6 2/6 1/28 5/28 16/28 6/28 7/28 2/28 1/28 2/28 12/28 3/28 1/28

66.7 33.3 3.6 17.9 57.1 21.4 25.0 7.1 3.6 7.1 42.9 10.7 3.6

7/28 0/28 0/28 0/28 5/28 16/28

25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.9 57.1

16/28 10/28 2/28

57.1 35.7 7.1

13/15 1/15 0/15 1/15

86.7 6.7 0.0 6.7

24/28 2/28 0/28 1/28 1/28

85.7 7.1 0.0 3.6 3.6

Frequency

Annex III: Focus Group Discussions with Roma Parents â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Data

Assessment of Child Begging (and Other Street Work) in Bosnia and Herzegovina Focus Group Discussions with Roma Parents February 2014

Research Executive: Sonja Milutinovic Research Assistant: Edin Calkic

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Focus Group Discussions Participants BANJA LUKA

TUZLA

MOSTAR

SARAJEVO

Male

Female

TOTAL

20-25

26-40

41-64

TOTAL

No primary school

Completed primary school

Completed secondary school/vocation

TOTAL

Unemployed

Housewife

TOTAL

2-4

5 and more

TOTAL

CHILDREN’S AVERAGE AGE

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

GENDER

AGE

EDUCATION

WORK STATUS

NUMBER OF CHILDREN AGED BETWEEN 7 AND 18

Detailed findings Parents’ background The socio-economic status of focus group participants is noticeably low – almost none have a job, and even other members of their households don’t have jobs, which means no steady income. Only one participant from Mostar stated that she had been working as a cleaner in one local humanitarian association for the past 2 years. Therefore, collecting recyclables, and welfare (as well as other kinds of benefits they are entitled to, which are not based on insurance, such as child allowance and disability-related financial support) represent the main source of income for them. At the same time, participants in Mostar stated that they were not receiving social benefits they were entitled to because the canton does not have money, so they completely depend on the income they earn by collecting recyclables, while welfare and disability pensions of some family members form a significant part of income for others.

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“I’ll start: the majority of Roma, including me, collect scrap iron, so we sell some things, we collect for the market, so we can pay bills and educate our children.” (male, FGD, Mostar) “My husband is chronically ill, schizophrenic, he has high cholesterol, heart problems, a number of other diseases… we don’t receive any benefits for him, there is no money.” (female, FGD, Mostar) “I live on welfare. The child allowance is 33 KM, but an 18-year-old is not entitled. So I live off 132 KM for the entire month.” (female, FGD, Sarajevo) “I live on welfare, child allowance. I sometimes sell iron, I deal with that a little. I survive somehow, and that’s all.” (male, FGD, Banja Luka) A smaller group of participants earn income from occasional part-time jobs – transport services, construction work, upholstering (men), cleaning flats (women), gardening and the like. At the same time, they noted that there were fewer opportunities like these due to the economic crisis and money crunch in the country.

“I used to clean flats and guesthouses, and work in the garden… but not as much lately… People don’t have money.” (male, Banja Luka) Some collect different raw materials, mostly used items, which they resell at the flea market and other public places. Recyclables, such as copper, iron, cardboard and other materials which are sold to purchasers, are less and less often collected since it is claimed that “everyone collects them now,” so they are less likely to be found. It was noted that everything that can be resold or used personally or by households (even food) is collected.

“We go from one skip to another and go to the market, we sell it in the morning, and feed and educate children thanks to the skips. There are no raw materials anymore, there is less and less… everyone collects that… from yesterday’s bread to scrap iron.” (male, FGD, Sarajevo) “If it was not for a rubbish bin, I would not have these boots on my feet.” (female, FGD, Tuzla) Apart from collecting waste and recyclables, a smaller part of participants (in all groups except Banja Luka) spontaneously reported other income-generating activities involving some form of street work which they or members of their households (including children) do. More specifically, this refers to “working at the traffic lights”, i.e. washing windscreens at intersections, as well as begging, as something they resort to when they cannot secure income for food in any other way.

“My mother-in-law is begging on the streets and feeds my six children. My 18-year-old son, 17-month-old baby, so they can have something to eat and drink today…” (female, FGD, Sarajevo) “[Children] work with us, we send some to traffic lights to help, to earn money, and they beg from car to car.” (female, FGD, Tuzla) The majority of the Roma who participated in groups stated that they had never had a job or an opportunity to find a permanent job (only one participant in the Banja Luka group said that he had worked for 23 years, but got fired after the company went bankrupt). When it comes to getting a job, the biggest perceived obstacle is the discrimination against Roma in the labour market, as well as their generally low education level (or no education at all). Still, discrimina-

138

Street Working Children

tion and stereotypes of Roma as “idlers and thieves” with deep roots in society are perceived as a more significant barrier than a lack of qualifications or experience for a certain job. In this regard, a group of participants in Mostar and Sarajevo noted that there were no programmes for additional training, retraining or other adult-education programmes targeting the Roma population which would increase their chances of getting a job. The majority of participants are registered at the jobcentres and expect them to act as a mediators in finding a job. However, they noted that health insurance is the only benefit of registering at a jobcentre, and when it comes to actually finding a job, they feel discriminated against.

“Let me say this… When a Roma is involved, they believe that he is an idler, that he does not want to work, and that he is a thief.” (male, FGD Banja Luka) “My son graduated from the school of mines, he has a diploma. Whenever he goes to the job centre it is as if he is not there. That is because we are Roma. Even the educated ones cannot get a job, just because they are Roma.” (male, FGD Tuzla) “It has not been organized yet. I declared myself as illiterate, and I want a part-time education. There is no such thing for me here.” (male, FGD Mostar) “As soon as [the job centre people] see the address, you immediately get a rejection letter, you don’t have to wait a day or two, or five. They can tell by the street. Or as soon as they see a dark-skinned person, the rejection letter comes immediately.” (female, FGD Sarajevo) The participants in Banja Luka generally rely on the assistance of local Roma associations, even when it comes to finding a job. The predominant opinion in Tuzla is that the lack of an appropriate Roma representative (at the local level and higher) who would represent their interests and fight for their rights (including employment issues) is the main obstacle for improving the overall position of Roma in BiH society.

“For example, if our association gets an employment project, how many persons can work at the utility company, how many can work as cleaners, how many can clean staircases.” (female, FGD Banja Luka) “There is no one to protect us, there is no one to say, ‘give the job to this one.’” (male, FGD Tuzla) The difficult socio-economic situation, money crunch and survival were emphasized at all group discussions as the biggest problems the participants were facing. The majority of the Roma population in BiH has always been facing these problems, although some FGD participants pointed out that the situation for Roma is even more difficult today compared to pre-war times when there were far more opportunities for employment. For instance, most employees of the local utility company in Sarajevo were Roma before the war.

“Everything has been taken from us, they have taken the company which was only for Roma before the war, now not even a Roma can get a job there. I am talking about the utility company. My father worked there and put food on the table with the salary he made. But when I go there and say that I’m his daughter and that I need a job, they don’t even look at me, they say, ‘We don’t care, go look somewhere else! ’” (female, FGD Sarajevo) Unemployment and related problems were identified as the main problems of the participants’ communities. In addition, a burning problem in Tuzla is the sewerage system in Roma settlements, and the generally poor living conditions (crowded dwelling space, no bathrooms, and

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the like), and risk of landslide (Crvene Njive settlement). The participants in the Mostar and Tuzla groups believe that the basic problem of Roma settlements is discord between residents, disorganization, lack of joint initiatives and actions as well as representatives of Roma interests who would solve specific problems. Even in places where there are local representatives, they either have no real power or further their own interests.

“There is a paved road, but no sewerage system, no one has it. No Roma has access to sewerage. That’s the biggest problem. That, and the bathrooms. That’s it as far as I’m concerned.” (male, FGD Tuzla) “Our house was destroyed in a landslide in 2010. No one ever came, damage was not estimated, and no one ever helped me.” (female, FGD Tuzla) “I don’t have enough influence to succeed. Because, for example, someone tries to do something good, one says, there, he took the list, he went there personally, now he will take for himself, and we won’t get anything. Our assembly does not have consensus. We are not unanimous, organized. Things would change if we, for example, had our office, a representative… we do have a representative, he is ill now, but anyway, he has never done anything for us.” (male, FGD Mostar)

Experiences and Views on the Inclusion of Children in Street Labour Collecting recyclables and other goods from skips, selling used items, trinkets, washing windscreens at intersections, begging, busking, and different forms of manual labour (such as cleaning) are activities which the participants usually classify as street labour. The participants generally believe that all forms of street labour, except begging, are appropriate activities and an honest way to earn money. This especially applies to collecting and selling recyclables and used items, since this is the most common form of street labour, and the participants say it is traditionally associated with Roma. Contributing to the endorsement of these forms of street labour is the view that Roma have no other choices, given their low economic power, lack of education, discrimination they face and the above-mentioned difficulties in finding jobs. “We have no other choice, but you have to, necessity makes you to go out and rummage through garbage bins, to take something to sell, to resell, so you can bring a loaf of bread to your child, something…” (male, FGD Sarajevo) Begging is generally not endorsed as a way of earning income and it is perceived negatively because it is about “asking for charity” and earning money the easy way. Still, the majority of participants justify this form of street labour if there are no other options. At the same time, the majority believe that, “it is better to beg than to steal”, which is another argument in support of this form of street labour. They pointed out that they sometimes resort to begging in order to, “secure a meal for their children”. They also pointed out that begging does not have to do with money only, that they don’t insist on money and are happy when they get a loaf of bread or some other food. “What else can we do? At least we don’t steal.” (female, FGD Tuzla)

“There is a lot of discrimination. I go to beg decently, knock on doors several times, no one is there… But there are people who come and break in, steal gold and money.” (male, FGD Tuzla)

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Street Working Children

“My children don’t beg, but I have two sons, they drive bicycles around the village and collect recyclables.” (male, FGD Tuzla) “Find me some flour and a few potatoes, and there’s a dinner. I make a pie and that’s it.” (female, FGD Tuzla) Hiring children to work on the street is perceived negatively and generally considered inappropriate, which was especially emphasized in the case of child begging. Participants agree that, “children’s place is not in the street but in the school,” and that street labour is dangerous for children, and that one can only speak of negative consequences of it. However, the majority of participants still somewhat justify child street labour if the children are accompanied by the parents, believing that children can be safe and protected in such situations as opposed to situations when they are alone and exposed to risks of being hurt, kidnapped, or something similar.

“It is better that they go to school to get an education than to do that. But because of today’s situation… Because that child becomes a street child, and that is not nice.” “First of all because he is young, he’s a child. Second, someone could put him in a car and take him away.” “Let’s say he is alone. He can steal something and then the police will come. But it’s different when I go with him.” (male, FGD Tuzla) A part of participants spontaneously stated that children assisted them in income-generating activities on the street, and in the majority of cases this referred to children collecting recyclables and selling used items. Their justification for this included necessity, difficult socio-economic situation, and the fact that the help of children in these activities was significant, and, moreover, “it’s better that they are with us than home alone”. They also said they felt that older children (aged 15 and up) should learn how to do this kind of work considering the uncertain job prospects they are likely to face even if they obtain higher education.

“If he is not successful in school, it’s normal to send him to work, [collecting recyclables from skips] is honest work, at least for me.” (female, FGD Mostar) “Maybe he could go to work when he’s 15 or 16.” Participants in Banja Luka explained that children help them to earn an income, but not by working directly on the street; instead, they sort the recyclables that parents bring them home. Or they help in other activities, different crafts to make some money occasionally. In this way they learn these crafts so they can carry on the tradition and provide some financial security for their family. “I know what you want to know the most, first of all we don’t send our children to get inside rubbish containers, at least I don’t. My child will not go inside, I will. Everything I bring belongs to him. If he has time, if he has done his homework, he can help. For example, if I work with cardboard boxes, he can sort them, fold and stack them.” (female, FGD Banja Luka)

“Yes, my son, who is in year 9, can already upholster a chair, and that is all, I gradually teach him that craft so he can work one day.” (male, FGD Banja Luka) As for child begging, some participants in Tuzla stated that their children do occasionally beg, when they cannot find any other way to make money for basic needs; other participants claimed that their children did not beg, not even in cases of extreme scarcity (they will beg for their children).

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“I would never allow that, at least as long as I can, my child will not beg.” (female, FGD Mostar) Given that child begging, out of all forms of street labour involving children, was evaluated as the most inappropriate in the FGDs, the most important consequences and risks which the participants said children faced when begging are: injury (being hit by a car), being kidnapped, and various health risks (from being barefoot or inadequately dressed). Other, psychological consequences were pointed out – the children are taught to behave in this way from a young age so it becomes normal and traditional, i.e. a behavioural pattern passed from one generation to the next. In addition, children on the street are exposed to risky behaviour (drugs and alcohol). Other forms of street labour have similar impacts, which are exacerbated if children are on their own, without parents. The greatest perceived danger for the children working “in the skips” is exposure to different infections due to unsanitary conditions, although many claim to wear protective gloves and use sticks.

“That’s in their blood, that is how they will be for the rest of their lives.” “I know a lot of children who start smoking at the age of seven or eight, and later on, when they are 12, they start smoking pot, drinking, and they become bad children.” (male, FGD Tuzla) “Infections, different diseases… but we have gloves to put on. And sticks.” (male, FGD Sarajevo) Street work is generally considered a widespread phenomenon in BiH, and the participants believe that child street labour is not uncommon. Moreover, when speaking of involvement of children, they mainly refer to begging. The prevalent view in all groups is that collecting and selling recyclables and used items are widespread activities which indigenous Roma do in order to earn income. They believe that begging is a characteristic of Roma coming from other cities, even countries in the region, i.e. “wandering” Roma who change their place of residence. The participants in Banja Luka are very proud of the fact that they and their children do not beg. However, participants in other cities believe that there is a very small number of indigenous Roma (and their children) who beg, and that the families who engage in such activities are in a state of extreme need, or they distance themselves from the issue altogether, stating that they cannot speak on behalf of others and pointing out that they personally do not engage in such activities.

“I know 90% of people from Banja Luka. It’s not that I sing the praises of our Roma from Banja Luka, but no family actually begs.” (female, FGD Banja Luka) “They are wanderers, today they are in Banja Luka, and tomorrow they will go to Prijedor.” (male, FGD Banja Luka) “Believe me, the necessity forces you to beg. It is not a disgrace to beg to feed your children.” (female, FGD Sarajevo) “It’s only a minority, two or three in Mostar, those who really have to. For example, there is one blind woman.” (male, FGD Mostar) Apart from the claim that children who work on the street come from other cities and countries in the region (mostly Serbia), participants believe their families are seldom of low socioeconomic status. The prevalent opinion is that these children are involved in organized forms of street labour (related to organized begging). They include very small children (even babies several months old), and older children, and boys and girls are equally present on the street. Partici-

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pants described them as neglected by their parents, dirty, poorly dressed and barefoot. To most participants this does not necessarily mean poverty, and they believe this to be a case of deliberate negligence in order to induce compassion (there were cases where participants claimed that they give money, when they can, to these children, or they try to help in some other way).

“From four months to 15 years old.” (male, FGD Mostar) “A woman is sitting with a child in her lap, and begging. My daughter Alma, second year of primary, said to me, please give me some money to give it to her. So I gave her 60-80 pfenings. And they really come, then they return in a fortnight.” (female, FGD Banja Luka) Organized begging is considered the most common form of organized labour on the street, as well as a crime. It usually implies a larger number of participants, those who beg and collect money for a boss. Moreover, some participants believe that the bosses send their own children to the street to beg until they collect a certain amount of money. Children are not sent to school; instead, they are involved in begging from a very young age, and they get accustomed to it and it becomes the only reality they know. The participants believe that those children are most likely abused and forced to work on the street and that they are punished if they do not do as they are told (physical, economic, and psychological abuse), which has severe consequences for them (they become bad persons, they will act in the same way towards their children). Parents (fathers) are described as “good-for-nothings, alcoholics, persons with low moral values and no character.” The money they make by using children for begging they spend for their own personal needs – alcohol, drugs, gambling and the like. This is strongly condemned by the participants. In addition to this “family business,” a part of participants identified another, , more organized from of begging done on a larger scale, which involves, apart from children, adults and homeless persons who willingly participate in the enterprise in return for food and accommodation. No participant mentioned child trafficking as a way of involving children in these begging rings. These are usually wealthier groups that often make a fortune in this way.

“That could not be done without children.” (female, FGD Sarajevo) “We would not allow that to happen to our child. There are people who take someone else’s child and take advantage of him, and the father ignores that, he only sees to it that he is better off. Those people have no shame or character, because who would send their child, what are they – they are not human or anything. That’s slavery.” (male, FGD Banja Luka) “They are doing those things because they are not good parents to their children, that is, they don’t care about their children, they don’t love them, I guess his father brought him up in that way. He grew up on the street, and it gets passed on, he will raise his children in the same way. There are people here in Mostar who send their children to traffic lights to beg and wash windscreens, while their father gambles…” (male, FGD Mostar) “They are all homeless, and they do it so they could have a roof over their heads. They have nowhere else to go.” (male, FGD Tuzla) “A man from Poljice has a wife and collects three, four or five more women, drops them off at Šićki Brod, drops them off, and waits in a café smoking Marlboros, drinking Heineken or some other beer.” (male, FGD Tuzla ) The participants in Banja Luka showed less awareness about this phenomenon and they indicated they had heard about it in the media. In other groups, the participants gave examples and

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locations in the city where the Roma who are engaged in (organized) begging are temporarily settled. Some participants in Mostar even gave surnames.

“That’s crime. I cannot be specific, I hear about it from the media.” (male, FGD Banja Luka) “The police brought children here on several occasions, from the traffic lights, they brought them [to the Reception Centre] and they had many problems with the director, the Š. family.” (female, FGD Mostar) “They are located in Ilidža, Butmir and Buća Potok.” (female, Sarajevo) Moreover, a firm notion was present in all group discussions that Roma who are engaged in begging and organized forms of street labour create a negative perception of Roma and contribute to the creation and strengthening of prejudices about Roma.

“But they have good cars and houses, as the lady said earlier, and yet they are all filthy, and we are paying the price of that, we cannot get a job.” (female, FGD Banja Luka)

Responsibility The causes of begging and inclusion of children in street labour in general, lie in the difficult socio-economic position of Roma. The participants believe that the authorities in the country, who do not take sufficient care of Roma, are the most responsible ones. They believe that this phenomenon, identified by most of them as a societal problem, could be eradicated if socioeconomic position of Roma were improved. Moreover, the majority of participants cannot distinguish different levels of government and the competencies they have, while some hold state authority accountable, because they believe that it has the biggest influence, or they shift the blame to cantonal authorities, because higher levels of government only deal with bigger problems.

“From the top, those on the top command those on the bottom. When the snake bites, it bites with the head, not with the tail.” (male, FGD Banja Luka) “Only the cantonal government. Those on the top deal with bigger problems.” (male, FGD Sarajevo) The prevalent opinion is that the problem of begging could be reduced if the country were to ensure social benefits to all poor Roma and those who need such help (and if these benefits were more substantial and timely). When it comes to differences in the prevalence of begging and child street labour between the entities, the participants in Banja Luka claim that this problem is more present in the FBiH, thanks to better welfare schemes for Roma in Banja Luka (RS). This was also indicated by some participants in Tuzla.

“If I would get, for example, 300 KM in benefits per month, it would be easier to live, I live in Bišće Polje, I’ve got a flat there, I need to pay the bills, electricity and water bills, I have 100 KM of bills to pay.” (male, FGD Mostar) “It is hard to live in a country where child allowance is 7 KM, you can’t buy diapers for 7 KM, these benefits are higher here, they are not 7 KM in the FBiH…” (female, FGD Banja Luka)

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Other measures which could help solve the problem were indicated, for instance improving the economic power of Roma by providing employment, creating employment programmes, facilitating access to education for children. The majority pointed out that parents whose children beg should be harshly punished (children who are involved in organized crime and who are abused), by fines or imprisonment, since they are still directly responsible. Depending on the gravity of the situation, such children should be taken away from those families and put into an orphanage. All this requires good cooperation and coordination between different stakeholders – social welfare centres, which are usually mentioned in discussions on finding a solution for begging, and then the police, Roma associations and other services.

“It’s easier to live if 10-15 people have jobs. Life is immediately different, different prosperity, it’s easier for children in school, progress is better.” (male, FGD Tuzla) “The association, the police, the school, the social welfare centre should all be in that circle. The centre and the association should be immediately contacted if someone is not going to school, they should be more active.” (male, FGD Banja Luka) “Children should be taken away from such parents.” (female, FGD Sarajevo) “If he begs, catch him begging, the police officer should not just ask to see his papers and say, ‘I don’t want to see you again!’ Instead, here’s a fine for you, and next time it will be bigger, the third time you will be taken into custody, and the child will be placed in an orphanage, he will be better off there, he will have plenty to eat and drink.” (female, FGD Banja Luka) The role of Roma associations was pointed out, since they were recognized as representatives of Roma minorities, so they hold them partly accountable. Namely, the participants in Sarajevo and Tuzla expressed dissatisfaction with the associations’ work, believing that they work for the personal interests of the people who run them, and not for the interests of all Roma. The Sarajevo group pointed out that the associations are responsible for the prevalence of begging, because they are doing nothing, although they get projects and donations. The participants in Mostar pointed out that there are currently no associations which would deal with the problem of the local Roma. More participants in Banja Luka expressed positive opinions and experiences with Roma associations than those who were dissatisfied.

“They should help us the most. Wherever you go, they say, ‘You have your associations’. But, believe me, they don’t help us at all.” (male, FGD Tuzla) “This association takes care of us, more or less, but one should be realistic and say that they help as much as they can.” (male, FGD Banja Luka) “Only via our associations, but they are run by people who should not run them. It’s only profit and money laundering, there is no help for Roma there.” (male, FGD Sarajevo) Some participants believe that this problem will not be solved without involving the governments of other countries in the region, seeing that those who beg are foreign nationals.

“This centre cannot do anything for them. The centre should take them and notify their government, and then their government should provide for them, that is, go out in the field and see what the situation is like, where they live, how they live, what’s their income…” (male, FGD Banja Luka) The role of schools was not recognized by the majority of participants. A minority of them are aware of the importance education has for combating begging (if basic education supplies are

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provided to them, the children will be less involved in begging). They believe that school is an important link in the chain of coordinated work and activities focused on combating child street work. “The school cannot do anything. If only the conditions would get better, if they had sandwiches… our school here in Kiseljak has the most Roma children but they don’t get snacks.” (female, FGD Tuzla) Most participants do not see how citizens could contribute to the solution for the begging problem and child street labour. Certain participants stated that they can make an impact by reporting such cases (to social welfare centres and the police). Asked whether citizens supported and encouraged begging by giving money, the participants mostly stated that if citizens stopped giving alms, the begging would soon turn into crime, i.e. theft.

“Well it can be reported to the Social Welfare Centre.” (male, FGD Banja Luka) “No, how will citizens make an impact? If they stop giving money, then the beggars will start stealing.” (male, FGD Mostar) The participants believe that government officials have not undertaken efficient measures, or any measures at all, to combat begging, although the majority of groups emphasized that it is presently declining, except at the FGD in Sarajevo, where they claimed that it was on the rise. Generally, the participants are not familiar with programmes, projects or activities aimed at solving the problem of begging and child street labour. No participant had first-hand experience with any such programmes. There is a strong impression that not enough is being done for Roma and the improvement of their position in society. The only attempt at solving the problem of child street labour the participants recognized are the activities of reception centres, which operate in all the cities where the research was conducted. However, some participants believe that they are not efficient enough and that they represent a short-term solution – the children are taken care of only temporarily, after which, they believe, they are returned to the street again (although no participant had witnessed that first-hand). Others believe that such projects have reduced begging (as in Banja Luka and, to an extent, in Tuzla), i.e. they believe that their contribution is significant. The participants generally do not have information about project organizers, while a small number of them mentioned social welfare centres and NGOs, which are in fact the founders of reception centres.

“They can wash here, eat, change their clothes, draw a little, educate themselves. Even when they get dressed, they continue doing the same. They stay there whole day until 17:00, it’s nice, warm, they get something to eat, and then they go to beg in cafes at night, causing trouble.” (male, FGD Mostar) “Let’s say if you protected me every day, bathed me, dressed and fed me normally, I wouldn’t have go out on the street anymore.” (male, FGD Mostar) “They give them something to eat and then say goodbye, you’re on the street again. It’s no solution.” (male, FGD Sarajevo) When it comes to the participants’ opinion of the programmes and activities aimed at helping Roma and their families, the majority of participants believe that there are not enough projects and specific assistance. They usually mention assistance in education (primary education) of Roma children in the form of providing free textbooks and other supplies (notebooks, rucksacks), transport, snacks, as an initiative of Roma associations or local authorities. The partic-

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ipants generally rated such form of assistance as positive and pointed out that it represents a relief and that it has contributed to the fact that more Roma children attend school now than in previous years. However, some participants believe that this assistance is insufficient – children do not get all the necessary textbooks, meals are not provided in all schools attended by Roma children, and that there is still the problem of how to buy other necessary things to children, such as clothes and shoes.

“They want you to buy textbooks, to buy clothes for the child. [My children] are about to start year one, I need 100 KM. How can you buy textbooks, clothes and shoes?” (female, FGD Sarajevo) “He’s year six, he got two textbooks, but he needs 10-12. We got five notebooks, one drawing pad, two pencils, one eraser... How can you live with that the entire year and go to school? How will the child pass year six?” (male, FGD Tuzla) Apart from education, the participants believe that housing projects are a significant help for the Roma population, although the participants in Tuzla pointed out that not all Roma were housed via these projects, and that funds were not distributed transparently and justly.

“The Dutch Embassy built 30 houses. I think that’s the biggest donation for Roma in BiH.” (male, FGD Sarajevo) “We were housed in Mejdan in 2010. They promised everything, but I never got anything. My children and I were left to live in the mud, these two who go to school.” (female, FGD Tuzla) Furthermore, some participants mentioned the help of local authorities – municipalities and city administrations, and social welfare centres – which help Roma families by providing financial assistance.

“Municipal mayor paid my bills for six months and gave me temporary assistance two times. I went to see him and he helped me.” (female, FGD Sarajevo) “It’s true that the municipality helps us a little. I know that Banja Luka municipality authorities gave children textbooks.” (male, FGD Banja Luka) The participants emphasized the role of associations which are expected to help Roma but usually do not fulfil that role, not even the elected Roma representatives in all levels government who are generally believed not to represent Roma interests.

“There are seven or eight associations in Sarajevo. They don’t help anyone. A man has been taking advantage of us, and no one has ever singed anything to be represented by him. He is stealing from children’s presents.” (male, FGD Sarajevo) “He hired his son, and not me. I asked him the other day, ‘Neighbour, is there a job for me, cleaning your office or something?’ He said he had already hired his son.” (male, FGD Sarajevo) Some participants (FGD Sarajevo) believe that programmes and activities aimed at improving the position of Roma were unsuccessful and inefficient because others implement and decide about them and not Roma, i.e. Roma should be included more actively in these projects.

“Exactly that, that’s a good question, we cannot make progress as far as associations are concerned because they are interfering in our Roma projects, no matter if they are a Croat, a Serb, or Roma, everyone interferes in our projects and does whatever they like, so all of our

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projects are being stolen, and that’s the reason why we cannot make progress.” (male, FGD Mostar)

Views and opinions on children education Children of all participants attend primary school, while a smaller group of participants stated that their children attend secondary school (Banja Luka and Sarajevo). Participants in all groups pointed out the importance of education, stressing how they still send their children to school, even hungry, despite difficult socio-economic conditions. However, certain participants noted that, due to poverty they live in, their children frequently skipped school, because their parents were not always able to give them money for lunch or other necessary things. The difficult financial situation impacts their success at school and often leads to children dropping out.

“It is difficult to answer that question because both [my wife and I] are unemployed and don’t have a good financial situation, and I don’t know how to educate them. He could be a top student, have top marks, be good enough to become a doctor of medicine, but you can’t afford it.” (female, FGD Banja Luka) “If you cannot feed them today, if you don’t send them to school with lunch, then they cannot learn. My daughter attends four or five classes and has to learn all of that. She is out the door at seven in the morning and back at one o’clock, and she cannot go hungry. She sometimes brings a sandwich, but sometimes she does not.” (female, FGD Tuzla) Becoming literate is seen as the major benefit of going to school, since the majority of parents who participated in groups did not complete primary education and are mostly illiterate, so to them the importance of school lies in teaching children to read and write, and then giving them other knowledge, including vocational. Other benefits of school were also mentioned – socialization, making friends, personality development. In addition, some participants added that education of Roma children is important for changing the negative image of Roma, eliminating prejudices, and creating employment possibilities for Roma children.

“He will be respected, appreciated more. Wherever you go, as soon as they see that you’re a Roma, that you are looking for something, for example, temporary help, they ask if you’re able to sign your name.” (female, FGD Sarajevo) “To make friends, to be among his/her peers.” (male, FGD Mostar) “To put him on the right track, so he does not become a thief.” (male, FGD Sarajevo) The participants’ children have goals for their future. First of all, they want to finish their education, learn a profession or vocation, get a job, and start a family. Although they are supporting their children in their dreams and aspirations, pointing out how they want the best for them, parents have a pessimistic view of their future – they are worried about not being able to financially support their education, and they stated that their biggest concern is not being able to feed them. Some parents added that they will be happy if their children finish primary school, especially because the support they receive in the form of free textbooks and other benefits is uncertain, and they do not know how long the scheme will be in place.

“Transport is provided for them by the end of the year. I know that no Roma will attend school afterwards. That will come to an end just like when a referee blows his whistle to end the match” (male, FGD Tuzla)

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“Yes, to finish school, to start doing something, get a job.” (male, FGD Banja Luka) “Indigence, you cannot..., poverty… you can somehow complete first, second, third form, but later on… Do you know how many years and money it takes to graduate from university?” (male, FGD Tuzla) “My daughter is thinking about becoming a hairdresser. My son would like to become a car mechanic. I would like them not to be hungry and thirsty.” (female, FGD Mostar) Parents are satisfied with the schools their children attend, as are children themselves. The participants claim that their children get by in school and achieve satisfactory success. They mostly work independently or receive help from older brothers and sisters with learning and doing homework. Some participants noted that they have the support of teachers and other pupils in the class. Teachers are mostly evaluated as fair or somewhat indulgent towards Roma children, although there were examples of discrimination by teachers, non-teaching staff and other pupils. In spite of the sporadic negative experiences they have because they are Roma, the participants claim that their children love to go to school, that they are interested in learning, and that some have high academic ambitions.

“Teachers put a good face on it. Some are good, and some are bad towards the children.” (male, FGD Tuzla) “The school counsellor rolls her eyes when she sees us… she can’t stand us. But when you go to the principal, she says go to the school counsellor.” (female, FGD Tuzla) “Everyone helps, the entire class, class teacher, everyone.” (female, FGD Mostar) “She had it in for a child, she really harassed her. For example, the child was sick for seven days, and she refused to accept the excuse note, she just sent us away.” (female, FGD Banja Luka) Some participants expressed dissatisfaction primarily because of the insufficient and non-transparent assistance for Roma schoolchildren (textbooks, lunch), and because not all schools provide equal assistance (for example, not all schools in Tuzla have lunch).

“My daughter’s teacher called me on the phone saying that she should get two textbooks. When I came to collect them, she said that [my daughter] would not get them, that they were given to other children instead, leaving [my daughter] with nothing.” (female, FGD Tuzla) The participants confirmed that there were no Roma teachers in the schools their children attend. They believe that Roma are generally not employed in educational institutions, as well as in other public and private institutions, which they condemned. They believe that if schools hired Roma teachers, Roma children, who are a minority and frequently discriminated against, would feel safer. Roma teachers would support them better than teachers of other nationalities. In addition, they believe that Roma should not only work as teachers, but should work in all kinds of institutions and sectors.

“Why shouldn’t a Roma person be the principal? You can also ask if there are Roma working in the post office” (male, FGD Sarajevo) “A Roma teacher would be more willing to help a Roma child, then a non-Roma teacher.” (male, FGD Tuzla)

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