Michael Macfarlane Dexell Aita Logan Autagavaia Jhoana Katharina Phoebe Tao Tevita Vea
[SAN]CTUARY
Michael Macfarlane Dexell Aita Logan Autagavaia Jhoana Katharina Tevita Vea Phoebe Tao 1
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contents Cover Sheet Mission Statement Contents The Vision Context Waikato River Hydroelectricity Client / Project Outline Landscape Characteristic Infrastructure Archaeology Arable Land River Order Water Catchment Land-Use Capabilities Land Cover Slope Analysis Aspect Natural Significant Areas Culture Case Studies Exclusion mapping / 3d mapping Strategy Land-Use Potential / Riparain Planting Scheme Detail Strategy Plan Detail Strategy Plan References [San]ctuary
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Nagati Koroki Kahukura
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“Kia mau ki te whenua, hei papakainga mo ake tonu” -“Keep the land, a Home forever” vision
The of [San]tuary is to assist Ngati koroki kahukura of Pohara Marae in enhancing the essence of identity, with our key concentrations on preservation of Awa, and their homelands, “Kia mau ki te whenua, hei papakainga mo ake tonu”, - “Keep the land, a home forever.”
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context
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The surrounding landscape of Pohara, is rich in soil content which contains fertile volcanic ash. Rolling hills and mountains can be seen from miles away in any direction. It is easily identified by cultivated farmland, dairy pasture and the Waikato River. The area is more populated by cattle grazing the plains than by people living in the area. Native forests still exist in the area, but due to intensive farming, the construction of damns and further development in the region, they are becoming smaller and smaller with each passing year.
Maungatautari ecological district is located in the Waikato basin. It is the hilly countryside surrounded by the lowland townships of Cambridge, Morrinsville, Tirau and Matamata. The formation of the land and vegetation has been greatly influenced by fault planes, volcanic activity, and the constant changing of the Waikato River system. Each of these areas have many different factors that influence the range of plant species and associations that naturally occur such as soil types, slope, drainage and rainfall patterns.
The Waikato region is located south of Auckland in the North Island, it has valleys and coastal lands separated by ranges. The Waikato is the most important river in the region. The region contains around 30% of New Zealand’s total wetlands. Many of these wetlands have been drained to create farmland. Most of Waikato’s native forests have been cleared for farming, but some remain in forest parks and on mountain ranges. Native birds are especially common in wetlands and near the coast. Endangered animals in the region include the black mudfish, Hochstetter’s frog, and the threatened Te Aroha stag beetle.
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waikato river
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The Waikato River is the longest river in New Zealand, it streches for 425 km and is the only river in New Zealand that flows from south to north. The Waikato River starts from Lake Taupo and slows out to the sea at Puuaha o Waikato, and passes through, Huka Falls, Cambridge, Hamilton, Ngaruawahia and Huntly. The Waikato region generates more power than any other region in New Zealand, because of its eight hydroelectric dams. The areas near the Waikato River is highly fertile farm land, due to the agricultural development in the area, the runoff from these farms are leached into groundwater and into the Waikato River.
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Hydro Electricity Hydropower is electricity generated using the energy of moving water. In New Zealand Hydroelectric power has been a part of the country’s energy system for over 100 years. Hydropower which provides more than half of the country’s electricity needs, is now one of New Zealand’s most important sources of energy, not only because of its major contribution to the energy sector, but also because of its non-carbon renewable status.
Positive effects: 1. Economic benefit from supplying electricity. 2. Flood storage and flood management. 3. Infrastructure built around the presence of dams (Roads and towns developed as the dams and power stations were constructed, and the dams provide road access across the river). 4. Recreational uses. Negative effects: 1. Changes living environment of the fish (by changing the river’s ecology, hydrology, sedimentology, morphology, clarity and quality, temperature regime). 2. Lands being submerged by the artificial lakes and dams 3. Water level rising and higher risk of flooding around dam areas. 4. Sediment accumulation. 5. Impact of impoundments on traditional features (The hydro dams have drowned many natural features and sites of cultural significance to Maori)
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The Hydro dams on the Waikato River: 1. Karapiro 2. Arapuni 3. Waipapa 4. Maraetai 5. Whakamaru 6. Atiamuri 7. Ohakuri 8. Aratiatia
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Client Our clients vision, it is to restore, and revitalise the surrounding environment, for future generations to appreciate and enjoy. At the moment, direct and indirect factors impact the environment, as native plants have declined substantially in the passing years. In order to help our client Ngﾄ》i Korokﾄｫ Kahukura, we [San]ctuary have applied many ecological aspects of Maori culture into our design development and perceptive. As an essential part of Matauranga, the surrounding environment is very much alive and inter-connected with each other, with a need to be influenced in a way that it may restore to its former glory for generations to come
Project Outline The aim of this studio, is to investigate the possibilities of a culturally and ecologically sensitive landscape design of a revegetation project in a rural context. This studio explores how ecological and culture performance measures can influence the design process and result in an appropriate outcome for both site and client. In order to achieve this, we must begin to understand the landscape. By doing this we can examine and utilise forms of mapping to form connections within the landscape such as the lands topography and slope analysis in relation to native and indigenous planting , providing sections of possible land development in terms of riparian planting and vegetation. Ecological performances within the area and cultural considerations will additionally be included within the design process, with [San]ctuary taking large consideration in terms of assisting the Ngati koroki kahukura of Pohara Marae to enhance the essence of identity, and the preservation of Awa and their homelands. This can be achieved by channelling through a framework of a cultural landscape and forming an ecological system of thinking. [San]ctuary explores the definitions of catchment, overall river systems / quality / threats / soil erosion and overall form of the Waikato river and land-use in relation to this with Pohara being part of a larger ecology within the area with no landscape living in isolation we must first analyse the overall condition of the area. [San]ctuary looks to explore and develop an understanding of the landscape within a broad scale of context, cultural aspirations and biophysical considerations. Which influences the development of the site and design on a broad scale to create a development strategy for a rural area in relation to Pohara marae.
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Landscape Charactoristic The Maungatautari landscape has been identified as a landscape filled with rolling hills, valleys and streams that create cultural pathways towards the Waikato River. The landscape is characterised through cultivated farmland, dairy farming and water preserving attributes such as wet lands. The landscape surrounding Pohara Marae contains aspects of dairy farms and vegetated farmlands situated in a landscape naturally cut with a stream sourced through underwater springs.
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infrastructure Infrastructure consists of a network of roads, pylons, power lines, and water management which range far beyond the site. There are connections to and from the site with the only one vehicle access available from the main road. Movement around the site and what implications those networks have on the site contribute to the landscapes wellbeing.
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Scale: 1-100,000
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Archaeology There are many historical sites which are important and display the essence of a spiritual connection to the landscape which is embedded in the culture and history of the people. These locations consist of burial grounds, Pa sites and other significant areas. Fragments of these sites can be seen, but a majority of these sites have been lost to time but the knowledge of these sites are passed down orally from generation to generation and influence a way of life for the marae and its people.
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Scale: 1-100,000
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Arable land 1s1 - 1s1+7e10 : Land that has no limitations for arable use and is appropriate for
cultivated crops, pasture and forestry
2e2 - 2w3:Land that has minor limitations for arable use and is appropriate for cultivated crops,
pasture and forestry.
3e1 - 3w1+2s1:Land that has moderate limitations for arable use and is appropriate for
cultivated crops, pasture and forestry.
4e1 - 4e4+6s1:Land that has moderate limitations for arable use but is only suitable for occasional cropping, pasture and forestry.
5s1- 8s1:Non-arable land that has limitations to unsuitable for use under perpetual
vegetation such as pasture or forest.
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Scale: 1-100,000
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River Order [San]ctuary’s main focus is improving the river/stream system in the area. This map identifies the river orders , and the many sub streams associated with it, and allows us to comprehend the influence of many developments along the Waikato river and sub streams. Whether they be above or below ground the hydrological features have ultimately shaped the landscape as is now.
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Scale: 1-100,000
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Water Catchment These natural formations of water drainage can be found on the site of Pohara and stretch all around the Waikato region. These natural formations have help shaped the landscape and allow for water drainage in the area, where water is guided and collected into creeks, lakes, and the Waikato River.
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Scale: 1-100,000
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LAND-USE CAPABILITIES With respect to land cover it is important to know what can be done with the land and how that will influence our strategy. The current usage of the land has clearly been impacted and used excessively, whether the usage of the site is sustainable for the site in the long run is part of our strategy process.
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Scale: 1-100,000
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LAND COVER On a broad scale, this map identifies regions of key vegetation in the environment, for example natural woodlands and areas of ecological importance. The project relies on the sustainability of the native ecology that already exists in the area and how to suitably use what is already there. A great amount of the area is dairy pasture with patches of native flora
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Scale: 1-100,000
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SLOPE ANALYSIS The illustration above was studied and analysed to identify any appropriate areas for a number of interrelated reasons such as: 1. Areas that could be utilised for building. 2. Drainage and water management. 3. Seeking out patterns of erosion. 4. Tracking movement of livestock. 5. Identifying species and habitats with respect to physical location. Slopes that registered above 15 degrees and 20 degrees were regarded as inapt for development and livestock respectively.
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Scale: 1-100,000
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Aspect 1. A primary focus was directed at the South Eastern parts of the Waikato, with the aim of finding areas both suitable and desirable for the development of buildings.
2. In order to complete a critical analysis we also took into consideration the cultural aspect of the buildings with respect to the Pohara Marae.
3. We as a group realise that in order to create plans based upon future wellbeing, it is absolutely imperative to know where and how flora and fauna interact with their physical environment, and aspect is part of this.
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Scale: 1-100,000
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Natural Significant areas This maps displays important natural significant sites such as mixed native riparian planting, native forests, wetland remnants, etc. It is essential that we locate areas where riparian planting and native forests already exists in order to either re-establish or improve these areas of importance.
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Scale: 1-100,000
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The Humble Beginnings of Pohara Marae.
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Piupiu Te Wherowwhero established Pohara in the earlky 1930’s. While living in Ngati Maniapoto territory, Piupiu became heavily involved with the teachings of Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana and led a group of Ratana followers within the Kingitanga. In the 1920’s Piupui’s first cousin, King Te Rata instructed Piupiu to build a home for her followers. It was called Kenana and was situated alongside what is now Oreipunga Road. The name Kenana was derived from Mt Canaan in the bible. Later, Piupiu relocated the settlement higher up the hill, to be closer to the spring. The land at the time was in a poor condition. Te Rata apparently visited the settlement and said to Piupui: “He teitei rewa tera ingoa mo koutou, kei kore koutou e kaha ki te hapai i roto i te wa, me noho koutou i roto i te Poharatanga” When translated, it roughly means: “You may not be able to uphold the name in time to come, it is better that you remain in poverty” Thus the name was changed from Kenana to Pohara. Kuamatua Wina Taute has interpreted the name Pohara to mean ‘to be humble’, and the name of the wharenui, Rangaiatea, as coming from a house that stood at Tane, an earlier settlement at Maungatautari, our ancestral moun-
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Case Study 1 (Raglan, New Zealand) Healthy Streams = A Healthy Harbour
Case Study 2 ((Washington, United States of America) Crawford Creek Culvert Replacement
A riparian planting at Raglan was designed to improve water quality, which buffers both the stream and a wetland area.
This project was created with the holistic approach to enhance upper headwater reaches for both salmon and terrestrial wildlife, with the goal to continue improving further downstream with similar restoration techniques. Cozy Valley is a remnant of an ancient glacial lake, the outline of the valley shows the outer edges of this lake, and the remaining soils indicate heavy peat and organic materials. This supports the theory that the valley was underwater for many years in the past. The Cozy Valley tributary is a stream system that evolved through time and was a meandering stream that drained the surface water from Crawford Mountain.
Riparian planting can influence the health of waterways and how they function. Over the last 10 to 15 years, there has been a surge in stream-restoration projects by a range of agencies, community groups, and rural landowners. These projects are strongly focused on re-establishing or enhancing riparian vegetation. In rural areas, the main objective of planting riparian buffer strips tends to be improving water quality. In urban areas, riparian planting projects also seek many social and cultural benefits including aesthetics, recreation, and flood control. In the past many Waikato settlements would have cattle grazing and drinking from the stream banks. Today, a great number of streams on farmlands are securely fenced off from livestock by two-wire electric fences and the riparian planting is tall, lush and providing shade for the stream, and providing a good habitat for native birds and fishes. A local farmer, Fred Lichtwark, says that 20 years ago Whaingaroa Harbour in Ragland, was in a terrible state - the harbour was bursting with thick smelly sediment, dead animal carcasses would wash up on the shore, and the fishing was horrific. Now, he says, the water flowing into the head of the harbour is clean and silt-free, the mud and animal carcasses have disappeared, and the fishing has improved remarkably. Even better, the protected streams are now full of native fish, and his whitebait catching is much more successful. A lot of landowners who have taken part in the project say ‘being green’ has made great economic sense, both for them as individuals and for the wider community. Farmers say the can farm more intensively on less land and make more money. Everyone in the area has benefited from a cleaner harbour, which has attracted growing numbers of visitors and is boosting the local economy. This is one of the many cases where we can see that using riparian planting is more beneficial to the community than leaving the rivers and wetlands in the state they are in now. By using riparian planting, we can restore the Waikato River and its sub-streams to what they once were.
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The benefits of this project will improve fish passages, water flow, hydrologic conditions and habitat for Coho and Cutthroat Salmonids by decreasing delivery of surface sediment into the Crawford Creek Tributary and increasing the mobility throughout the system. Since the completion of this project in 2008, surface water sediment has been eliminated by re-routing the access road away from Crawford Creek. Re-establishment of an elevated crossing point with a new modified boxcar bridge, has removed the two smaller improperly functioning culverts, decommissioning the old access road and planting a mixture of riparian vegetation has increased the long-term success of this project. This project is complimentary to a past restoration project directly downstream on Cozy Valley Creek. Further increasing the mobility throughout Crawford Creek, improving upstream habitat for aquatic wildlife, and revitalizing cool, clear, clean water into the lower reaches of Cozy Valley Creek and onto Scatter Creek has greatly enhanced the entire system. Water quality and breeding habitats for both Coho and Cutthroat salmonids have greatly improved since the project was completed. Monitoring is done throughout the Cozy Valley creak to document its substantial improvement. Volunteers play a huge role in this department by removing invasive species, monitoring water quality and gathering data and analysis. Pohara can potentially benefit from projects such as these, using native plants for riparian restoration, and also building walkway bridges above the streams, to reduce the human impact on the stream itself. Having volunteers is essential in this project, to help maintain and collect data of the progression of the site. By getting the community to work together and combining different skills and ideas, progress can be made in a faster and efficient way.
case studies 41
Scale: 1-100,000
Exclusion Map
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The areas highlighted in light green are sites of proposed riparian planting, which will consist of native plants of the Waikato region, such as kaikomako, poataniwha, small flowered mahoe and many others. This will increase bank stability and help recover the Waikato River to what it once was.
Slope
Rivers
& Stre
ams
Natur al veg itat
ion
Elev
ation
3D analysis 43
Strategy 44
The vision of [San]ctuary is to assist the Ngati koroki kahukura of Pohara Marae to enhance the essence of identity to the land, with our key concentrations on preservation of their Awa, and their homelands. Pohara is a part of a larger ecology within the area, with no landscape living in isolation. Therefore [San]ctuary, explored the definitions of the land use, catchments and sub catchments and overall hydrology within the Waikato region . By using these forms of investigation, [San]ctuary views the Waikato River as a ecologically and culturally sensitive part of the landscape, and by identifying this we have explored methods of preserving this iconic feature of the Waikato. The Waikato river and sub streams are continually vulnerable to soil erosion and sediment build-up, between 7 and 30 tons of topsoil per hectare are lost on cropping land every year through erosion, In 2002, it was estimated that one third of the total bank length of waterways running through pastoral land in the Waikato was riparian fenced. Due to this method of riparian planting bank stability has improved by 40% within a few years of riparain margins being fenced, although there still remains about 1,420 kilometres of eroding stream banks on pastoral land. There are also other benefits associated with riparian planting and fencing, some of these can include a less direct pathway for nutrients, sediment and faecal coliforms to enter the waterway, less disturbance of the stream bed by stock trampling and an increased opportunity for biodiversity gains. Therefore [San]ctuary are taking this method of soil preservation and developing upon it within the context of the Waikato river and sub streams, in relation to Pohara to increase the bank stability and overall ecosystem within the area. We believe that by implementing this riparian fencing within farming land and pastures on the main river bank and sub streams within the area, it will decrease the amount of bank erosion and sediment build-up within the area therefore contributing to the overall water quality and flow of the Waikato river, and boosting the overall growing ecosystem within the Waikato region.
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Scale: 1-100,000
Land-use potentual
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San]ctuary’s goal is also to prevent soil erosion on steep slopes throughout the area, by revegetating areas that have lost significant plant life. Native shrubs and trees will be used to increase soil stability in and around the site. It will potentially provide further suitable habitats for native species in the region.
Riparian vegitation plan
Scale: 1-100,000
Scale: 1-100,000
The riparian strategy plan shows areas of high ecological damage upon the river and sub streams, with areas of high soil erosion and potential damage to river and stream banks, the green on the map indicates areas [San]ctuary plan to riparian plant in terms of riparian fencing and vegetation, in relation to the analysis on soil erosion and threats upon the river and sub streams of the Waikato area.
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[San]ctuarys strategy of implamenting riparian planting in areas of potential risk on the Waikato’s River and sub rivers will provide the region with many ecological benefits. Some of these benefits may include less direct pathways for nutrients , sediment and faecal coliforms to enter the waterway, less disturbance of the stream bed by stock trampling and an increased opportunity for biodiversity gains . Typical vegetation in the area would have been conifer forest and swamos pukatea and Kahikatea were the dominating trees on the flood plains and banks of the Waikato River. Common understorey and ground species upon these banks were kiekie, swamp maire, supplejack and the giant sedge Gahnia xanthocarpa. Although a lot of this river banks planting has become non-existent due to high amounts of dairy farming and pasture lands within the area [San]ctuary invisions to bring this riparian planting scheme to effect on the Waikato and sub streams to boost the ecology in the area therefore providing an ecological benefit to sensitive landscape within the region, through extensive analysis through forms of mapping and case studies both national and global that pose similar problems and the methods in which they have used to increase the ecosystems within their identified area. Through these methods [San]ctuay has concluded the most beneficial method to decrease the amount of bank erosion, sediment build up and overall boost the Ecosystem within the landscapes within the region, is through a strategy riparian planting and fencing on the main river banks and sub streams with areas of high erosion points and areas with a high land use of cattle farming and pasture lands. By utilising this strategy [San]ctuary believes through the implementation of riparian planting the ecological benefits within the area will have no limitation with no landscape living in isolation.
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Ecology
Dexell Aita, 2016 49
In terms of riparian planting [San]ctuary has investigated several plant species that may help in terms of bank stability leading to a decrease in soil erosion within the Waikato river. Some plants that may help within the broad scale of Waikato river include kahikatea, Carex secta, harakeke, akeake, koromiko, mapou, kuhuhu.
Carex secta
[San]ctuary believes that these plants contain the attributes to assist with bank stability and water purification in the waikato river and will overall assist in growing the ecosystem within the Waikato region.
Kohuhu
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Koromiko
Ripirian Planting
Dexell Aita, 2016
Harakeke 51
REFERENCES: (2016). Retrieved from Google Maps: https://www.google.co.nz/maps/place/P%C5%8Dhara/@-38.0472712,175.588771,13.5z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x6d6c578e6d76a1cd:0x268a6bd235944ddd Anderson, A., Binney , J., & Harris, A. (2014). Tangata whenua : an illustrated history. Bridget Williams Books. Ballance, A. (2015, November). Healthy streams - healthy harbour. Retrieved from RNZ: http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/ourchangingworld/audio/201775799/healthy-streams-healthy-harbour Brownsey, P. J., & Smith - Dodsworth, J. (1992). New Zealand Ferns & Allied Plants. Bateman Publishing. Crawford Creek Culvert Replacement. (2013). Retrieved from Creekside Conservancy: http://creeksideconservancy.org/blog/?page_id=64 Eagle, A. (1982). Eagle’s Trees and Shrubs of New Zealand- Second Series. Auckland: Collins. Mabin, M. (2007). Waikato River bank erosion study. Christchurch: URS New Zealand Ltd. McCraw, J. D. (2011). The Wandering River. Geoscience Society of New Zealand. Metcalf, L. (2000). New Zealand trees and shrubs: A comprehensive guide to cultivation and identification. Raupo Publishing (NZ) Ltd. Peter Johnson, P. B. (1989). Wetland plants in New Zealand. Wellington: DSIR Publishing. Ripiran case studies. (2013, March). Retrieved from Taranaki Regional Council: http://www.trc.govt.nz/riparian-case-studies Rivers. (2015). Retrieved from Waikato Regional Council: http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Water/Rivers/ Rutherford, K. (2005). Waikato catchment water quality model. Hamilton: National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd. Sanctuary Mountain maungatautari. (2016). Retrieved from Hamilton & Waikato: http://www.hamiltonwaikato.com/experiences/walking-and-hiking-trails/sanctuary-mountain-maungatautari/ Sustainable riparian plantings in urban and rural landscapes. (2006, March). Retrieved from NIWA: https://www.niwa.co.nz/publications/wa/vol14-no1-march-2006/sustainable-riparian-plantings-in-urban-and-rural-landscapes Swarbrick, N. (2012, November 15). Waikato region - Energy and Forestry . Retrieved from TE ARA: http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/interactive/27148/waikato-hydroelectric-power-stations
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[San]ctuary
“Kia mau ki te whenua, hei papakainga mo ake tonu�
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