The Twin Challenges of Reducing Poverty and Creating Employment

Page 1

ISBN 978-92-1-130327-8

ST/ESA/342

Division for Social Policy and Development Department of Economic and Social Affairs

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United Nations New York, 2013

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7

CONTENTS 3DJH

Preface

ϱ

Contributors

ϭϮ

Introduction

ϭϱ

Ͳ ŽŶĂůĚ >ĞĞ͕ DĂƌƚĂ ZŽŝŐ ĂŶĚ ŵƐŽŶ ^ŝďĂŶĚĂ

Part I: Poverty eradication

Ϯϭ

ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ϭ͘ WŽǀĞƌƚLJ ŵĂƩ ĞƌƐ Ͳ :ŽŵŽ <ǁĂŵĞ ^ƵŶĚĂƌĂŵ

Ϯϯ

ŚĂƉƚĞƌ Ϯ͘ ĚƵĐĂƟ ŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌŽůĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ^ƚĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ŝŶ ƉŽǀĞƌƚLJ ĞƌĂĚŝĐĂƟ ŽŶ Ͳ DŝŶƋƵĂŶ >ŝƵ

ϯϳ

ϱϱ ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ϯ͘ 'ŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ͕ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƉŽǀĞƌƚLJ ĞƌĂĚŝĐĂƟ ŽŶ Ͳ 'ŽƌĂŶ ,LJĚĞŶ

ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ϰ͘ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ ƌƵƌĂů ůŝǀĞůŝŚŽŽĚƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽǀĞƌƚLJ ĞƌĂĚŝĐĂƟ ŽŶ͗ ƐŽŵĞ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ůĞƐƐŽŶƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ĨŽŽĚ ƉƌŝĐĞ ĐƌŝƐĞƐ Ͳ Ğƫ ŶĂ WƌĂƚŽ

ϲϵ

ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ϱ͘ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ Ğī ĞĐƟ ǀĞ ĂŶƟ ͲƉŽǀĞƌƚLJ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟ ŽŶ͗ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ǁĂLJ ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ Ͳ :ƵůŝĂŶ DĂLJ

ϴϳ

Part II: The challenge of building employment for a sustainable recovery

ϭϬϯ

ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ϲ͘ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ŵĂƩ ĞƌƐ Ͳ :ŽŵŽ <ǁĂŵĞ ^ƵŶĚĂƌĂŵ

ϭϬϱ

8

ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ϳ͘ ϭϮϯ DĂĐƌŽĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ĂŌ Ğƌ ƚŚĞ ŐůŽďĂů ƌĞĐĞƐƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ϮϬϬϴͲϮϬϬϵ͗ Ă ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟ ǀĞ Ͳ /LJĂŶĂƚƵů /ƐůĂŵ ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ϴ͘ dŚĞ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟ ŽŶĂů Ğī ĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ Į ƐĐĂů ĂƵƐƚĞƌŝƚLJ Ͳ >ĂƵƌĞŶĐĞ Ăůů͕ ĂǀŝĚĞ &ƵƌĐĞƌŝ͕ ĂŶŝĞů >ĞŝŐŚ ĂŶĚ WƌĂŬĂƐŚ >ŽƵŶŐĂŶŝ

ϭϰϭ

ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ϵ͘ ĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐ ĨƵůů͕ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟ ǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĞĞůLJ ĐŚŽƐĞŶ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ Ͳ ^ƚĞǀĞŶ DŝůůĞƌ

ϭϱϵ

ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ϭϬ͘ &ŝŶĂŶĐŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ůĂďŽƵƌ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ŝŶ Ɵ ŵĞƐ ŽĨ ĐƌŝƐŝƐ ĂŶĚ ďĞLJŽŶĚ Ͳ <ĂƚũĂ ,ƵũŽ

ϭϳϱ

ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ϭϭ͘ ƌŝƐŝƐͲĚƌŝǀĞŶ ůĂďŽƵƌ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͗ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ >ĂƟ Ŷ ŵĞƌŝĐĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌŝďďĞĂŶ Ͳ :ĂĐƋƵĞůŝŶĞ DĂnjnjĂ ĂŶĚ ĂŶŝůŽ &ĞƌŶĂŶĚĞƐ >ŝŵĂ ĚĂ ^ŝůǀĂ

ϭϵϵ

ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ϭϮ͘ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ DŝĚĚůĞ ĂƐƚ ĂŶĚ EŽƌƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ Ͳ njŝƚĂ ĞƌĂƌ

Ϯϭϱ

List of tables dĂďůĞ ϵ͘ϭ zŽƵƚŚ ƐŚĂƌĞ ŽĨ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ĂŐĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟ ŽŶ

ϭϲϯ

dĂďůĞ ϭϬ͘ϭ DŽďŝůŝnjŝŶŐ ƌĞǀĞŶƵĞƐͶƟ ŵŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĚŝƟ ŽŶƐ

ϭϴϭ

dĂďůĞ ϭϬ͘Ϯ >ĂďŽƵƌ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƚĞŶƟ Ăů ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ

ϭϴϳ

dĂďůĞ ϭϬ͘ϯ ^ŽĐŝĂů ƉŽůŝĐLJ ĂŶĚ ůĂďŽƵƌ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĐƌŝƐŝƐ͕ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ;ϮϬϬϴͲϮϬϭϬͿ

ϭϴϳ

dĂďůĞ ϭϮ͘ϭ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚͲƚŽͲƉŽƉƵůĂƟ ŽŶ ƌĂƚĞ ďLJ ŐĞŶĚĞƌ

ϮϮϭ

9

dĂďůĞ ϭϮ͘Ϯ zŽƵƚŚ ůĂďŽƵƌ ĨŽƌĐĞ ƉĂƌƟ ĐŝƉĂƟ ŽŶ ƌĂƚĞƐ͕ ϮϬϬϬ͕ ϮϬϭϬ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϱ

ϮϮϭ

dĂďůĞ ϭϮ͘ϯ zŽƵƚŚ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ͕ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ͕ ϮϬϬϬ͕ ϮϬϬϴ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϭ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂĚƵůƚ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚͲƚŽͲƉŽƉƵůĂƟ ŽŶ ƌĂƟ Ž

ϮϮϭ

dĂďůĞ ϭϮ͘ϰ hŶĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƌĂƚĞ ďLJ ŐĞŶĚĞƌ

ϮϮϰ

dĂďůĞ ϭϮ͘ϱ ŶŶƵĂů ƌĞĂů ' W ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ƌĂƚĞƐ͕ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ

ϮϮϲ

dĂďůĞ ϭϮ͘ϲ dƌĞŶĚƐ ŝŶ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟ ǀŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ǁĂŐĞƐ͕ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ

ϮϮϳ

List of figures &ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϭ 'ůŽďĂů ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƚƌĞŶĚƐ ŝŶ ĞdžƚƌĞŵĞ ƉŽǀĞƌƚLJ͕ ϭϵϴϭͲϮϬϭϬ

Ϯϰ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘Ϯ ŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƐŚĂƌĞƐ ŝŶ ĞdžƚƌĞŵĞ ƉŽǀĞƌƚLJ͕ ϭϵϴϭͲϮϬϭϬ

Ϯϱ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ϭ ƚǁŽͲƐĞĐƚŽƌ ůŽŶŐͲƌƵŶ ŵŽĚĞů ŽĨ ůĂďŽƵƌ ŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ ĨŽƌ ƐŬŝůůĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƵŶƐŬŝůůĞĚ ůĂďŽƵƌ

ϰϮ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϯ͘ϭ dLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ƉŽǀĞƌƚLJ ŵĂŶŝĨĞƐƚĂƟ ŽŶƐ ĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ ŽŶ ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

ϲϮ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϳ͘ϭ dŚĞ ͞Į ƐĐĂů ĚŝĂŵŽŶĚ͟

ϭϮϵ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϳ͘Ϯ WƵďůŝĐ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ > Ɛ͕ ĨƌŝĐĂ ĂŶĚ ƐŝĂ͕ ϭϵϳϬͲϮϬϬϴ

ϭϯϬ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘ϭ 'ŝŶŝ ĐŽĞĸ ĐŝĞŶƚ ŝŶ ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ

ϭϰϰ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘Ϯ ƵŵƵůĂƟ ǀĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ 'ŝŶŝ ĐŽĞĸ ĐŝĞŶƚ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ĂŶĚ ĂŌ Ğƌ ĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƟ ŽŶ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ

ϭϰϲ

10

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘ϯ dŚĞ Ğī ĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ Į ƐĐĂů ĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƟ ŽŶ ŽŶ ŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJ

ϭϰϲ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘ϰ ϭϱϬ dŚĞ Ğī ĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ Į ƐĐĂů ĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƟ ŽŶ ŽŶ ŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJͶƌŽďƵƐƚŶĞƐƐ ĐŚĞĐŬ ĨŽƌ Ěŝī ĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĞƚƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐ &ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘ϱ ϭϱϮ dŚĞ Ğī ĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ Į ƐĐĂů ĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƟ ŽŶ ŽŶ ŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJͶƌŽďƵƐƚŶĞƐƐ ĐŚĞĐŬ ĨŽƌ Ěŝī ĞƌĞŶƚ ůĂŐƐ &ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘ϲ dŚĞ Ğī ĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ Į ƐĐĂů ĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƟ ŽŶ ŽŶ ŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJͶƐƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ ǀĞƌƐƵƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ &ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘ϳ dŚĞ Ğī ĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ Į ƐĐĂů ĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƟ ŽŶ ŽŶ ǁĂŐĞ ŝŶĐŽŵĞ

ϭϱϰ

ϭϱϲ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϬ͘ϭ &ŝƐĐĂů ƐƟ ŵƵůƵƐ ƉůĂŶƐ

ϭϳϲ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϬ͘Ϯ &ŝƐĐĂů ƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ ĐŚĂŶŶĞůƐ

ϭϳϵ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϬ͘ϯ ZĞǀĞŶƵĞ ƚLJƉĞ͕ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟ ŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ƌĞůĂƟ ŽŶƐ

ϭϴϱ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϬ͘ϰ >ĂƟ Ŷ ŵĞƌŝĐĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌŝďďĞĂŶ͗ ŽǀĞƌĂŐĞ ŽĨ d ĂŶĚ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ĞdžƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ

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&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϮ͘Ϯ >ĂďŽƵƌ ĨŽƌĐĞ͕ ϭϵϴϬͲϮϬϮϬ ;ŵŝůůŝŽŶƐͿ

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&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϮ͘ϯ 'ĞŶĚĞƌ ŐĂƉ ŝŶ ůĂďŽƵƌ ĨŽƌĐĞ ƉĂƌƟ ĐŝƉĂƟ ŽŶ͕ ϮϬϬϬ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϬ

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&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϮ͘ϱ zŽƵƚŚ ƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƌĂƚĞ ďLJ ŐĞŶĚĞƌ͕ ϮϬϬϬ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϬϴͲϮϬϭϬ

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11

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϮ͘ϲ hŶĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƌĂƚĞ ďLJ ŐĞŶĚĞƌ͕ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ ůĂƚĞƐƚ LJĞĂƌ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ;ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞͿ &ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϮ͘ϳ tŽƌŬŝŶŐ ƉŽǀĞƌƚLJ Ăƚ h^Ψ Ϯ Ă ĚĂLJ͕ ƐŚĂƌĞ ŝŶ ƚŽƚĂů ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ

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&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϮ͘ϴ tŽƌŬŝŶŐ ƉŽǀĞƌƚLJ Ăƚ h^Ψ ϭ͘Ϯϱ Ă ĚĂLJ͕ ƐŚĂƌĞ ŝŶ ƚŽƚĂů ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ

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&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϮ͘ϵ >ĂďŽƵƌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟ ǀŝƚLJͶŽƵƚƉƵƚ ƉĞƌ ǁŽƌŬĞƌ ;ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ϮϬϬϱ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟ ŽŶĂů ĚŽůůĂƌƐͿ͕ ϭϵϵϵͲϮϬϭϮ

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&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϮ͘ϭϬ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ďLJ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ;ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞͿ

ϮϮϵ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϮ͘ϭϭ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƐŚĂƌĞ ďLJ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ DŝĚĚůĞ ĂƐƚ

ϮϯϬ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϮ͘Ϯ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ƐŚĂƌĞ ďLJ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ŝŶ EŽƌƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ

ϮϯϬ

&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϮ͘ϭϯ ĞĐůŝŶŝŶŐ ǁĂŐĞ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ŝŶ ůŐĞƌŝĂ ĂŶĚ ŐLJƉƚ

Ϯϯϯ

List of boxes Ždž ϳ͘ϭ &ŝŶĂŶĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ DŝůůĞŶŶŝƵŵ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ 'ŽĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ^ŽĐŝĂů WƌŽƚĞĐƟ ŽŶ &ůŽŽƌ

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Ždž ϳ͘Ϯ dŚĞ ƌĞůĂƟ ŽŶƐŚŝƉ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĚĞďƚ ƌĞůŝĞĨ ĂŶĚ Į ƐĐĂů ƐƉĂĐĞ ŝŶ > Ɛ

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Ždž ϳ͘ϯ DĂůĂǁŝ͗ dŚĞ ĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƌĂƚĞ ƌĞŐŝŵĞ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟ ŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ĂŶĚ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ

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Ždž ϭϭ͘ϭ ĚĂƉƟ ŶŐ ƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ŝŶƐƵƌĂŶĐĞ͗ ƌĂnjŝů͕ ŚŝůĞ ĂŶĚ hƌƵŐƵĂLJ

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ϮϬϵ Ždž ϭϭ͘Ϯ DĞdžŝĐŽ͛Ɛ ĨĂƐƚͲƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ ͞WƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟ ŽŶ ŽĨ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ͟ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƐĞƌǀĞ Ěŝī ĞƌĞŶƚ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ĐƌŝƐĞƐ

12

Contributors >ĂƵƌĞŶĐĞ Ăůů :ŽŚŶƐ ,ŽƉŬŝŶƐ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ njŝƚĂ ĞƌĂƌ ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ͕ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ WŽůŝĐLJ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ͕ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟ ŽŶĂů >ĂďŽƵƌ KƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟ ŽŶ ĂŶŝůŽ &ĞƌŶĂŶĚĞƐ >ŝŵĂ ĚĂ ^ŝůǀĂ /ŶƚĞƌͲ ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶŬ ĂǀŝĚĞ &ƵƌĐĞƌŝ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟ ŽŶĂů DŽŶĞƚĂƌLJ &ƵŶĚ <ĂƚũĂ ,ƵũŽ hŶŝƚĞĚ EĂƟ ŽŶƐ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ /ŶƐƟ ƚƵƚĞ ĨŽƌ ^ŽĐŝĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ 'ŽƌĂŶ ,LJĚĞŶ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ &ůŽƌŝĚĂ /LJĂŶĂƚƵů /ƐůĂŵ ŚŝĞĨ͕ ŽƵŶƚƌLJ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ WŽůŝĐLJ hŶŝƚ͕ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ WŽůŝĐLJ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ͕ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟ ŽŶĂů >ĂďŽƵƌ KƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟ ŽŶ :ŽŵŽ <ǁĂŵĞ ^ƵŶĚĂƌĂŵ ƐƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌͲ'ĞŶĞƌĂů ĨŽƌ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ^ŽĐŝĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ &ŽŽĚ ĂŶĚ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů KƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟ ŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ hŶŝƚĞĚ EĂƟ ŽŶƐ ŽŶĂůĚ >ĞĞ &ŽƌŵĞƌ ŚŝĞĨ͕ ^ŽĐŝĂů WĞƌƐƉĞĐƟ ǀĞ ŽŶ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƌĂŶĐŚ͕ ŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ĨŽƌ ^ŽĐŝĂů WŽůŝĐLJ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ^ŽĐŝĂů ī ĂŝƌƐ͕ hŶŝƚĞĚ EĂƟ ŽŶƐ WƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ͕ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟ ŽŶĂů ŽŵŵŝƩ ĞĞ ĨŽƌ KĐƚŽďĞƌ ϭϳ ;hŶŝƚĞĚ EĂƟ ŽŶƐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟ ŽŶĂů ĚĂLJ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĞƌĂĚŝĐĂƟ ŽŶ ŽĨ ƉŽǀĞƌƚLJͿ DŝŶƋƵĂŶ >ŝƵ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĨŽƌ ,ƵŵĂŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ WĞŬŝŶŐ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐŝĂŶ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶŬ /ŶƐƟ ƚƵƚĞ

13

ĂŶŝĞů >ĞŝŐŚ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟ ŽŶĂů DŽŶĞƚĂƌLJ &ƵŶĚ WƌĂŬĂƐŚ >ŽƵŶŐĂŶŝ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟ ŽŶĂů DŽŶĞƚĂƌLJ &ƵŶĚ :ƵůŝĂŶ DĂLJ /ŶƐƟ ƚƵƚĞ ĨŽƌ ^ŽĐŝĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ ĂƉĞ :ĂĐƋƵĞůŝŶĞ DĂnjnjĂ /ŶƚĞƌͲ ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶŬ ^ƚĞǀĞŶ DŝůůĞƌ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟ ŽŶĂů >ĂďŽƵƌ KƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟ ŽŶ Ğƫ ŶĂ WƌĂƚŽ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŽƌ͕ Kĸ ĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŚŝĞĨ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝƐƚ͕ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟ ŽŶĂů &ƵŶĚ ĨŽƌ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ DĂƌƚĂ ZŽŝŐ ŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ĨŽƌ ^ŽĐŝĂů WŽůŝĐLJ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ^ŽĐŝĂů ī ĂŝƌƐ͕ hŶŝƚĞĚ EĂƟ ŽŶƐ ŵƐŽŶ ^ŝďĂŶĚĂ ŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ĨŽƌ ^ŽĐŝĂů WŽůŝĐLJ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ^ŽĐŝĂů ī ĂŝƌƐ͕ hŶŝƚĞĚ EĂƟ ŽŶƐ

14 •

The Twin Challenges of Reducing Poverty and Creating Employment

15

Introduction

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16 •

The Twin Challenges of Reducing Poverty and Creating Employment

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Introduction

• 17

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The Twin Challenges of Reducing Poverty and Creating Employment

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Introduction

• 19

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20 •

The Twin Challenges of Reducing Poverty and Creating Employment

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The Twin Challenges of Reducing Poverty and Creating Employment

23

Chapter 1 Poverty matters -202 .:$0( 681'$5$0

Global poverty trends :RUOG OHDGHUV DJUHHG LQ WR KDOYH WKH QXPEHU RI SHRSOH OLYLQJ RQ OHVV WKDQ D GROODU D GD\ E\ 7KHUH KDV EHHQ VRPH UHSRUWHG VXFFHVV LQ UHGXFLQJ JOREDO SRYHUW\ OHYHOV 7KH QXPEHU RI SHRSOH OLYLQJ RQ OHVV WKDQ D GD\ LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV LV VDLG WR KDYH GHFOLQHG IURP ELOOLRQ WR ELOOLRQ EHWZHHQ DQG ¿ JXUH ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI SHRSOH OLYLQJ LQ H[WUHPH SRYHUW\ GURSSHG IURP WR SHU FHQW RYHU WKH SHULRG 7KXV WKH 0LOOHQQLXP 'HYHORSPHQW *RDO RI KDOYLQJ SRYHUW\ E\ 0'* LV VDLG WR KDYH EHHQ DFKLHYHG ZHOO LQ DGYDQFH RI WKH WDUJHW \HDU

Where do the poor live? 7KH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI SHRSOH OLYLQJ LQ SRYHUW\ ZLWKLQ DQG DFURVV UHJLRQV KDV FKDQJHG GXULQJ WKH SDVW WKUHH GHFDGHV DFFRUGLQJ WR :RUOG %DQN GDWD ¿ JXUH &RPSDUHG ZLWK WKH DEVROXWH QXPEHU RI SHRSOH OLYLQJ LQ SRYHUW\ LQ ZHQW XS LQ PDQ\ FRXQWULHV LQ VXE 6DKDUDQ $IULFD /DWLQ $PHULFD WKH 0LGGOH (DVW DQG 1RUWK $IULFD DV ZHOO DV &HQWUDO $VLD VHH ¿ JXUH :KLOH SHU FHQW RI WKH ZRUOG¶V SRRU OLYHG LQ (DVW $VLD DQG WKH 3DFL¿ F LQ WKH VXEUHJLRQ ZDV KRPH WR RQO\ SHU FHQW RI WKH JOREDO SRRU LQ ,Q FRQWUDVW WKH VKDUH RI WKH ZRUOG¶V SRRU LQFUHDVHG LQ 6RXWK $VLD IURP SHU FHQW LQ WR SHU FHQW LQ DQG PRUH WKDQ GRXEOHG LQ VXE 6DKDUDQ $IULFD IURP SHU FHQW WR SHU FHQW EHWZHHQ DQG 7KH FKDQJLQJ UHJLRQDO GLVWULEXWLRQ RI SRYHUW\ UHÀ HFWV EURDG FKDQJHV LQ 1 I am indebted to Anis Chowdhury and Amson Sibanda for their assistance in finalizing this introductory chapter. Nevertheless, neither of them are accountable for any remaining mistakes or controversies.

24 •

The Twin Challenges of Reducing Poverty and Creating Employment

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239

290 330

568

1XPEHU RI SHRSOH PLOOLRQV

257 574

349

377

632

617

835

390

593

720

619

631

395 640

683 633

586

443

446

399 414

598 571

363

507

1097 970 848

926

871

212 640

173

654

156

523 332

284

251

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0LGGOH (DVW DQG 1RUWK $IULFD

6RXWK $VLD

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Source: World Bank (2013).

Poverty matters

• 25

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12.9

14.5

15.2

17.3

20.5

21.6

23.8

28.4

30.7

29.3 30.9 33.5

32.3

33.0

2.2

37.0

2.9 2.8

35.6 39.1

2.8 2.8

43.1

43.1

3.2

38.8 33.1

35.8

43.8

3.5

33.1 25.6

22.2

3.4 2.8 15.3

56.6

52.2

47.9

48.5

45.5

41.7

3.8 26.0

34.1

37.5

37.5

31.9

13.3

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23.9

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Source: World Bank (2013).

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Conventional poverty measures 0DQ\ DQDO\VWV KDYH FKDOOHQJHG WKH FRQYHQWLRQDO SRYHUW\ HVWLPDWHV XVLQJ WKH :RUG %DQN¶V D GD\ PHDVXUH 7KH PDLQ LVVXH LV WKH XWLOLW\ RI WKH SRYHUW\ OLQH DV D PHDQLQJIXO PHDVXUH RI SRYHUW\ 7KH HYLGHQFH VXJJHVWV WKDW VXFK SRYHUW\ OLQHV PLVUHSUHVHQW WKH DFWXDO H[WHQW RI SRYHUW\ )RU H[DPSOH PDQ\ REVHUYHUV TXHVWLRQ KRZ SRYHUW\ KDV JRQH GRZQ DFFRUGLQJ WR :RUOG %DQN HVWLPDWHV ZKLOH KXQJHU DQG XQGHUQRXULVKPHQW KDYH LQFUHDVHG RYHU WKH ODVW GHFDGH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH )RRG DQG $JULFXOWXUH 2UJDQL]DWLRQ RI WKH 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV )$2 $IWHU DOO WKH SRYHUW\ OLQH LV SRSXODUO\ XQGHUVWRRG DV EHLQJ GH¿ QHG E\ WKH PRQH\ LQFRPH UHTXLUHG WR DYRLG EHLQJ KXQJU\ 5HGG\ H[SRVHV WKH PHWKRGRORJLFDO LQDGHTXDFLHV RI UHFHQW JOREDO SRYHUW\ HVWLPDWHV E\ WKH :RUOG %DQN 7KH UHYLVLRQ RI WKH :RUOG %DQN¶V

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The Twin Challenges of Reducing Poverty and Creating Employment

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China dominates the East Asian regional poverty rate because of its vast population.

Poverty matters

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The Twin Challenges of Reducing Poverty and Creating Employment

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Poverty matters

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Poverty matters

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Poverty matters

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7 The right to social security contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights requires universal social protection to ensure the basic well-being of all individuals, including people living in poverty and those at risk of becoming poor.

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The Twin Challenges of Reducing Poverty and Creating Employment

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