10 Recomendaciones para el uso no sexista del lenguaje

&% gZXdbZcYVX^dcZh eVgV Za jhd cd hZm^hiV YZa aZc\jV_Z hZ\jcYV ZY^X^ c

8DC6EG:9 '%%.! hZ\jcYV ZY^X^ c &% gZXdbZcYVX^dcZh eVgV Za jhd cd hZm^hiV YZa aZc\jV_Z! IZmidh YZa XVgVXda! c b# &# 9VciZ c b# &)! Xda# 6cojgZh! 9Za# B^\jZa =^YVa\d! &&*.%! B m^Xd! 9;# :Y^X^ c/ ?jVc BVcjZa GVb gZo K aZo

HjeZgk^h^ c n YZhVggdaad YZ XdciZc^Ydh/ NVb^aZi] J\VaYZ 7ZcVkZciZ >cbj_ZgZh 6jgdgV BdgVaZh 9Za\VY^aad >cbj_ZgZh 8Za^V 7VggZid HIEH ;did\gVÃV/ 6cidc^d HVVkZYgV ;didVgiZ/ :a Vh 8gjo G^dh >ajhigVX^ c/ BngcV 9Zc^hhZ K^Yg^d ?{jgZ\j^ >H7C/

HZ eZgb^iZ aV gZegdYjXX^ c idiVa d eVgX^Va YZ ZhiZ bViZg^Va egZk^V Vjidg^oVX^ c ZhXg^iV edg eVgiZ YZ aV ^chi^ijX^ c# >begZhd Zc B m^Xd Eg^ciZY ^c BZm^Xd :_ZbeaVg \gVij^id# Egd]^W^YV hj kZciV#

ÏC9>8:

Eg ad\d V aV hZ\jcYV ZY^X^ c

*

AZc\jV_Z n hZm^hbd

.

># Jhd YZa \Zc g^Xd jc^kZghVa

&&

>># Jhd YZ VWhigVXidh

&'

>>># Jhd YZ Vgi Xjadh n egdcdbWgZh

&(

>K# Jhd YZ Y^V\dcVaZh n eVg ciZh^h

Zc adh kdXVi^kdh

&*

&+

K# Jhd YZ i ijadh VXVY b^Xdh n dXjeVX^dcZh

K># Jhd YZ aVh [dgbVh YZ XdgiZh V

&-

K>># Jhd YZ aV VggdWV 5

&.

K>>># H^\c^ÃXVYdh hZm^hiVh

&.

>M# Jhd YZ ^b{\ZcZh cd hZm^hiVh

'&

M# AZc\jV_Z \ZhijVa

'(

<adhVg^d '* CdgbVi^k^YVY hdWgZ Za jhd cd hZm^hiV YZa aZc\jV_Z

',

7^Wa^d\gV[ V

'.

EGÓAD<D 6 A6 H:<JC96 :9>8>ÓC

¸:a h^\c^ÃXVYd YZ aVh eVaVWgVh n Za hZci^Yd YZ aVh egdedh^X^dcZh Zhi{ Zc hj jhd Zc Za aZc\jV_Z¹# AjYl^\ L^ii\ZchiZ^c

HZ\ c aV AZn ;ZYZgVa eVgV EgZkZc^g n :a^b^cVg aV 9^hXg^" b^cVX^ c A;E:9 ! hiV hZ YZÃcZ Xdbd ¸idYV Y^hi^cX^ c!

ZmXajh^ c d gZhig^XX^ c fjZ! WVhVYV Zc Za dg^\Zc ic^Xd d cVX^dcVa! hZmd! ZYVY! Y^hXVeVX^YVY! XdcY^X^ c hdX^Va d ZXd" c b^XV! XdcY^X^dcZh YZ hVajY! ZbWVgVod! aZc\jV! gZa^\^ c! de^c^dcZh! egZ[ZgZcX^Vh hZmjVaZh! ZhiVYd X^k^a d XjVafj^Zg digV! iZc\V edg Z[ZXid ^beZY^g d VcjaVg Za gZXdcdX^b^Zcid d Za Z_ZgX^X^d YZ adh YZgZX]dh n aV ^\jVaYVY gZVa YZ dedgij" c^YVYZh YZ aVh eZghdcVh¹# :c ZhiZ hZci^Yd! Za gVh\d XZcigVa YZ aV Y^hXg^b^cVX^ c Zh Za Z[ZXid fjZ i^ZcZc aV ZmXajh^ c n Za igVid Y^[ZgZcX^VYd Zc Za VXXZhd n Z_ZgX^X^d eaZcd YZ adh YZgZX]dh ]jbVcdh# Edg Zaad hZ VÃgbV fjZ hZ igViV YZ jc egdWaZbV fjZ V\jY^oV adh YZhZfj^a^Wg^dh hdX^VaZh! Y^ÃXjaiV Za YZhVggdaad YZ aV YZ" bdXgVX^V n aV Xdchda^YVX^ c YZ aVh \VgVci Vh ^cY^k^YjVaZh# :c iVcid fjZ eg^cX^e^d _jg Y^Xd! Za YZgZX]d V aV cd Y^hXg^b^" cVX^ c [jZ gZXdcdX^Yd edg aVh CVX^dcZh Jc^YVh Xdbd jcV XdcY^X^ c ^cY^heZchVWaZ eVgV aV egdiZXX^ c YZ adh YZgZX]dh ]jbVcdh Zc &.)-#& 9Z ZhiZ ]^id V aV [ZX]V hZ ]Vc YZÃ" c^Yd eVXidh! egdidXdadh n XdckZcX^dcZh fjZ ZheZX^ÃXVc adh i gb^cdh YZ aV cd Y^hXg^b^cVX^ c ]VX^V Y^kZghdh \gjedh kjacZgVYdh edg ZaaV! hj_Zidh n XdcY^X^dcZh eVgi^XjaVgZh# :cigZ aVh [dgbVh YZ Y^hXg^b^cVX^ c! Za hZm^hbd Zh jcV YZ aVh b{h ZmiZcY^YVh n [gZXjZciZh Zc Za bjcYd# 8dch^hiZ Zc Za igVid YZh^\jVa n Zc aV hZ\gZ\VX^ c YZ aVh eZghdcVh YZ jc hZmd edg Xdch^YZgVgaVh ^c[Zg^dgZh V aVh YZa digd# 8dc WVhZ Zc aV Y^[ZgZcX^V hZmjVa! aVh bj_ZgZh ]^hi g^XVbZciZ ]Vc h^Yd n hdc Y^hXg^b^cVYVh# AV Y^hXg^b^cVX^ c hZmjVa hjXZYZ YZ b ai^eaZh [dgbVh n Zc idYdh adh {bW^idh YZ aV k^YV hdX^Va/ Zc Za igVWV_d! aV XVhV! aV eda i^XV! adh bZY^dh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c n! edg hjejZhid! Zc Za aZc\jV_Z# AVh aZc\jVh hdc h^hiZbVh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c fjZ gZÄZ_Vc aVh k^h^dcZh n XdcXZeX^dcZh egZhZciZh Zc aVh hdX^ZYVYZh0 hiVh hjZaZc ZhiVWaZXZg jcV Y^[ZgZcX^V hdX^Va & K VhZ DCJ! 9ZXaVgVX^ c Jc^kZghVa YZ adh 9ZgZX]dh =jbVcdh#

*

ZcigZ adh hZmdh fjZ hZ gZÄZ_V n igVchb^iZ V igVk h YZ adh h^\c^ÃXVYdh Vh^\cVYdh V aVh eVaVWgVh! adh Y^hXjghdh! aVh Zm" egZh^dcZh YZa ]VWaV! aVh ^b{\ZcZh n adh X Y^\dh \g{ÃXdh# 9VYV aV ^cÄjZcX^V YZa hZm^hbd a^c\ hi^Xd Zc Za gZ[dgoV" b^Zcid n gZegdYjXX^ c YZ aV YZh^\jVaYVY ZcigZ bj_ZgZh n ]dbWgZh! adh \dW^Zgcdh fjZ ^ciZ\gVc Za H^hiZbV YZ CVX^d" cZh Jc^YVh hZ ]Vc XdbegdbZi^Yd V VYdeiVg bZY^YVh eVgV ZggVY^XVg adh jhdh ZmXajnZciZh YZa aZc\jV_Z# :a edhijaVYd W{h^Xd fjZ ^che^gV ZhiV igVch[dgbVX^ c Zh cdbWgVg ad Y^" [ZgZciZ! ad h^aZcX^VYd ]^hi g^XVbZciZ! egdbdk^ZcYd kVadgZh YZ gZheZid! ZhXjX]V n cd Y^hXg^b^cVX^ c ZcigZ adh hZgZh ]jbVcdh n ]VX^V ad [ZbZc^cd ZheZX ÃXVbZciZ#

BngcV K^Yg^d ?{jgZ\j^

:c XdchdcVcX^V Xdc iVaZh Xdbegdb^hdh cdgbVi^kdh ^c" iZgcVX^dcVaZh! Za 8dchZ_d CVX^dcVa eVgV EgZkZc^g aV 9^hXg^" b^cVX^ c 8DC6EG:9 ! Za >chi^ijid CVX^dcVa YZ aVh Bj_ZgZh >cbj_ZgZh n aV HZXgZiVg V YZa IgVWV_d n EgZk^h^ c HdX^Va HIEH ! ]Vc Vhjb^Yd aV gZhedchVW^a^YVY YZ egdbdkZg bZ" Y^VciZ ZhiZ YdXjbZcid aV Y^[jh^ c YZ gZXdbZcYVX^dcZh eg{Xi^XVh fjZ [VX^a^iZc aV Xdbjc^XVX^ c a^WgZ YZ hZm^hbd#

+

:c ZhiV hZ\jcYV ZY^X^ c hZ egdedcZ jc Xdc_jcid YZ XVbW^dh eVgV bZ_dgVg aV Zmedh^X^ c YZ aVh gZXdbZcYVX^dcZh eg{Xi^XVh n Vbea^Vg aVh edh^W^a^YVYZh YZ adh n aVh jhjVg^Vh ^c" iZgZhVYdh$Vh# :a egde^d i ijad YZa [daaZid dg^\^cVa ejWa^XVYd ZmXajh^kVbZciZ edg Za 8DC6EG:9 ! &% Xg^iZg^dh W{h^Xdh eVgV Za^b^cVg Za aZc\jV_Z hZm^hiV Zc aV VYb^c^higVX^ c e Wa^XV [ZYZgVa [jZ bdY^ÃXVYd! ejZh hZ Xdch^YZg cZXZhVg^d Vb" ea^Vg aV edWaVX^ c jhjVg^V YZa iZmid! edg ad fjZ cd kV Y^g^\^Yd ZmXajh^kVbZciZ Va eZghdcVa YZa hZgk^X^d e Wa^Xd h^cd V idYV aV X^jYVYVc V ^ciZgZhVYV Zc ZbeaZVg Za aZc\jV_Z YZ bVcZgV cd Y^hXg^b^cVidg^V# H^c ZbWVg\d! Zh egZX^hd hZ VaVg fjZ aV egdbdX^ c YZ eg{Xi^XVh ^cXajnZciZh ZcigZ Za eZghdcVa YZa hZgk^X^d e Wa^Xd bZm^XVcd Zh jcd YZ adh dW_Zi^kdh XZcigV" aZh YZ aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh eVgi^X^eVciZh Zc ZhiV ZY^X^ c# :a digd XVbW^d hjhiVci^kd YZ ZhiV cjZkV kZgh^ c Zh Xdc" XZeijVa n b{h hji^a# :c[Vi^oVbdh fjZ Za hZm^hbd hZ bVc^" ÃZhiV Zc adh jhdh n cd Zc Za aZc\jV_Z Zc h b^hbd! ad XjVa h^\c^ÃXV fjZ hZ egdYjXZ hdX^VabZciZ n Zc ZhigZX]V gZaV" X^ c Xdc aV [dgbV YZ gZegZhZciVg ad [ZbZc^cd n ad bVhXja^" cd! n Zh! Zc XdchZXjZcX^V! igVch[dgbVWaZ# 8dc[dgbZ V ZhiV edh^W^a^YVY! hZ hjhi^ijn Za i gb^cd ¸Xg^iZg^d¹ edg ¸gZXdbZc" YVX^ c¹! Xdc Za Ãc YZ hjWgVnVg aV ^ck^iVX^ c Va XVbW^d# 8dc gZheZXid V aVh gZXdbZcYVX^dcZh! ZhiV kZgh^ c bZ" _dgV adh ZcjcX^VYdh Z ^cigdYjXZ Ydh b{h# AV eg^bZgV ]VXZ gZ[ZgZcX^V Va hZm^hbd Zc aVh ^b{\ZcZh0 aV hZ\jcYV Va aZc\jV" _Z cd kZgWVa! Xdc Za Ãc YZ Zmea^X^iVg Za eVeZa YZ aVh ZmegZh^d" cZh XdgedgVaZh! adh \Zhidh! aVh ZcidcVX^dcZh n adh bdYdh YZ aV Xdbjc^XVX^ c bZY^VciZ adh XjVaZh hZ ejZYZc gZ[dgoVg adh hZci^Ydh b{h Y^hXg^b^cVidg^dh n kZaVYdh YZa hZm^hbd# Cd edYZbdh ^\cdgVg fjZ aV Zm^hiZcX^V YZ ^chigjbZcidh aZ\VaZh eVgV XdbWVi^g aV Y^hXg^b^cVX^ c ]VX^V aVh bj_ZgZh cd ]V h^\c^ÃXVYd Za ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid gZVa YZ aV dWhZgkVcX^V d gZheZid Va YZgZX]d YZ ^\jVaYVY VciZ aV aZn n aVh dedgij" c^YVYZh# 9Zhej h YZ aV ejWa^XVX^ c YZ aV 9ZXaVgVX^ c Jc^" kZghVa YZ adh 9ZgZX]dh =jbVcdh n aV 8dckZcX^ c hdWgZ aV :a^b^cVX^ c YZ IdYVh aVh ;dgbVh YZ 9^hXg^b^cVX^ c Xdc" igV aV Bj_Zg 8:96L! edg hjh h^\aVh Zc ^c\a h ! Za \gVc gZid h^\jZ h^ZcYd hj Vea^XVX^ c XdcXgZiV Zc aVh Y^hedh^X^dcZh adXVaZh YZ adh :hiVYdh eVgiZ YZ aV DCJ# :heZgVbdh fjZ Za egZhZciZ [daaZid h^gkV Xdbd jcV WVhZ h a^YV hdWgZ aV XjVa VednVg aV igVch[dgbVX^ c YZ jcV XjaijgV fjZ i^ZcZ jcV aVg\j h^bV YZjYV ]^hi g^XV Xdc aVh bj_ZgZh# 8DC6EG:9! >cbj_ZgZh! HIEH

,

-

:a^Vh 8gjo

A:C<J6?: N H:M>HBD

:c hj hZci^Yd b{h aaVcd! adh aZc\jV_Zh hZ YZÃcZc Xdbd h^hiZbVh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c fjZ hZ XdbedcZc YZ X Y^\dh! h bWdadh n h^\cdh! adh XjVaZh XdWgVc h^\c^ÃXVYd Zc Za Xdc" iZmid YZ aVh Xdbjc^YVYZh fjZ adh ji^a^oVc# AVh XdbeaZ_Vh [VXjaiVYZh YZ gZegZhZciVX^ c n Xdbjc^XVX^ c fjZ ^ciZgk^Z" cZc Zc Za aZc\jV_Z hdc Y^hi^ci^kVh YZ adh hZgZh ]jbVcdh n jcV YZ aVh XaVkZh YZa YZhVggdaad YZ cjZhigV ZheZX^Z# 6 igVk h YZ aV eVaVWgV! kZgWVa d ZhXg^iV! aVh hdX^ZYVYZh igVchb^iZc ^YZVh! hZci^b^Zcidh! bdYdh YZ eZchVg n ZhfjZbVh YZ eZg" XZeX^ c n kVadgVX^ c! eZgeZijVcYd hjh jhdh n XdhijbWgZh n Xdchda^YVcYd aVh gZaVX^dcZh ZcigZ aZc\jV! eZchVb^Zcid n XjaijgV# :c Za aZc\jV_Z! aV Y^hi^cX^ c ZcigZ ad [ZbZc^cd n ad bVh" Xja^cd Zc h b^hbV cd Zh ^cY^XVi^kV YZ hZm^hbd c^ YZ Y^hXg^" b^cVX^ c! nV fjZ Zc dXVh^dcZh gZhjaiV cZXZhVg^d cdbWgVg hZeVgVYVbZciZ V aVh bj_ZgZh YZ adh ]dbWgZh# 9Z ]ZX]d!

Za jhd YZa \ cZgd \gVbVi^XVa XVbW^V YZ jc ^Y^dbV V digd# Edg Z_Zbead! Zc VaZb{c Za Hda Zh jc hjhiVci^kd [ZbZc^cd n aV AjcV! bVhXja^cd# :c XVbW^d! Zc ^c\a h adh Vgi Xjadh hdc cZj" igdh! Va ^\jVa fjZ Va\jcdh hjhiVci^kdh# :c Za XVhd YZ aV aZc\jV ZheV daV idYdh adh hjhiVci^kdh edhZZc \ cZgd \gVbVi^XVa! eZgd cd idYdh VajYZc V gZVa^YVYZh hZmjVYVh# :a hZm^hbd hZ egdYjXZ XjVcYd ZhiVh Y^hi^cX^dcZh hZ idg" cVc _Zg{gfj^XVh n ZmXajnZciZh! kVadgVcYd V jcV YZ aVh eVg" iZh hdWgZ aV digV# :a egdWaZbV hZ jW^XV Zc aVh hdX^ZYVYZh n XjaijgVh XjVcYd V aV gZegZhZciVX^ c n h^\c^ÃXVX^ c YZ ad bVhXja^cd hZ aZ Vh^\cV jc kVadg hjeZg^dg n jc^kZghVa fjZ ^ck^h^W^a^oV n YZhXVa^ÃXV ad [ZbZc^cd# :c Y^X]dh XVhdh! adh h^hiZbVh a^c\ hi^Xdh egZhZciVc jcV bVgXVYV ei^XV bVh" Xja^cV! fjZ hZ ]V YZcdb^cVYd VcYgdXZcig^hbd# :hiV eVaV" WgV YZg^kV YZa \g^Z\d VcYgdh ]dbWgZ Z ^bea^XV aV egZkVaZc" X^V YZ aV b^gVYV bVhXja^cV! XZcigVYV Zc aV Xdch^YZgVX^ c YZ fjZ Za ]dbWgZ Zh Za bdYZad! aV bZY^YV n aV gZegZhZciVX^ c YZ aV ]jbVc^YVY# IVa k^h^ c egdk^ZcZ YZ jcV [VahV ^YZV hZ\ c aV XjVa hZ _jhi^ÃXV aV YZh^\jVaYVY YZ \ cZgd Xdbd gZhjaiVYd YZ aVh Y^[ZgZcX^Vh W^da \^XVh n aVh [jcX^dcZh gZegdYjXi^kVh YZ ]dbWgZh n bj_ZgZh# K^h^ c fjZ ]V h^Yd Xdchigj^YV V igVk h YZa aZc\jV_Z bZY^VciZ Zmea^XVX^dcZh fjZ gZÄZ_Vc Za eZhd YZ Y^X]Vh XgZZcX^Vh! XjnV ^cÄjZcX^V hZ bVc^ÃZhiV V hj kZo Zc aV bZciVa^YVY n aV bVcZgV YZ hZci^g n VXijVg YZ adh hZgZh ]jbVcdh#

.

BngcV K^Yg^d ?{jgZ\j^

:a VcYgdXZcig^hbd ]V Xdchda^YVYd jcV k^h^ c fjZ hZ\bZc" iV Za eVeZa YZ aVh bj_ZgZh n adh ]dbWgZh hZ\ c adh gdaZh fjZ YZWZc Xjbea^g Zc Y^kZghdh {bW^idh YZ aV k^YV e Wa^XV n aV k^YV eg^kVYV# 6h ! aVh bj_ZgZh hZ a^\Vc ^cYZ[ZXi^WaZbZciZ Xdc aV bViZgc^YVY! aV k^YV ci^bV YZ aVh [Vb^a^Vh n Za bjcYd YZ aVh ZbdX^dcZh! b^ZcigVh fjZ adh ]dbWgZh hZ XdcX^WZc Xdbd egdkZZYdgZh! gVX^dcVaZh n Vgfj^iZXidh YZa dgYZc hdX^Va n aV k^YV e Wa^XV# AV k^h^ c VcYgdX cig^XV iVbW^ c ^bedcZ jc i^ed YZ bVh" Xja^c^YVY fjZ VcjaV Za gZXdcdX^b^Zcid YZ aV Y^kZgh^YVY hd" X^Va! Vjc ZcigZ adh egde^dh ]dbWgZh# :a bdYZad bVhXja^cd fjZ VeVgZXZ Xdbd gZegZhZciVX^ c YZ aV ]jbVc^YVY gZ cZ jc Xdc_jcid YZ Vig^Wjidh egdidi e^Xdh YZ X^ZgiV XdcY^X^ c hd" X^Va! egZ[ZgZcX^Vh hZmjVaZh! XgZYd gZa^\^dhd n VeVg^ZcX^V [ h^XV# 6h ! aV gZegZhZciVX^ c YZ aV Ã\jgV bVhXja^cV hZ Y^hi^c\jZ edg hZg _dkZc! _Z[Z YZ [Vb^a^V! egd[Zh^dcVa! [ h^XVbZciZ Veid!

WaVcXd n ]ZiZgdhZmjVa# 9Z V] fjZ idYVh VfjZaaVh eZghdcVh fjZ cd XjbeaZc Xdc Y^X]dh Vig^Wjidh eZghdcVh Xdc Y^hXV" eVX^YVY! VYjaiVh bVndgZh! edWgZh! dWgZgdh! ]dbdhZmjVaZh Z ^cY \ZcVh! ZcigZ digdh hdc ^ck^h^W^a^oVYVh d Zhi^\bVi^oVYVh Xdc ZmegZh^dcZh a^c\ hi^XVh d ^b{\ZcZh fjZ gZ[jZgoVc aV k^" \ZcX^V YZ ZhiZgZdi^edh hZm^hiVh XaVgVbZciZ Y^hXg^b^cVidg^dh#

&%

6YZb{h! Zm^hiZ jcV Y^hXg^b^cVX^ c YZ hZ\jcYd dgYZc V aVh bj_ZgZh fjZ Xdck^kZc Xdc ]dbWgZh V hj kZo Y^hXg^b^cVYdh# :c hjbV! hZ ejZYZ VÃgbVg fjZ Za hZm^hbd Zc Za aZc\jV_Z Zh ZmegZh^ c YZ XdckZcX^dcZh hdX^VaZh Xdchigj^YVh Zc idgcd V aVh ZmeZg^ZcX^Vh! bZchV_Zh n Y^hXjghdh fjZ hZ \ZhiVc Zc jcV hdX^ZYVY n Zhi^\bVi^oVc aVh [dgbVh YZ hZg n VXijVg YZ bj_ZgZh n ]dbWgZh! YZhXdcdX^ZcYd Za XVg{XiZg hdX^Va Z ]^h" i g^Xd YZ aVh ^YZci^YVYZh# IVaZh XdcXZeX^dcZh hdc gZXgZV" YVh Zc aV Xdbjc^XVX^ c Xdi^Y^VcV! \ZcZgVabZciZ h^c iZcZg XdcX^ZcX^V YZ Zaad! edg ad fjZ X^gXjaVc Xdbd ZmegZh^dcZh YZa hZci^Yd Xdb c# Edg Zaad Zh cZXZhVg^d ]VXZg XdcX^ZcX^V YZ adh jhdh hZm^hiVh YZa aZc\jV_Z n egdbdkZg [dgbVh VaiZg" cVi^kVh YZ ZmegZh^ c n Xdbjc^XVX^ c# :c ZhiV iZh^ijgV! Za^b^cVg Za hZm^hbd Zc Za aZc\jV_Z eZg" h^\jZ Ydh dW_Zi^kdh/ k^h^W^a^oVg V aVh bj_ZgZh n aV Y^kZgh^" YVY hdX^Va! n Zfj^a^WgVg aVh Vh^bZig Vh YZ \ cZgd# :a eg^bZgd ^bea^XV Zk^iVg ZmegZh^dcZh hZm^hiVh fjZ YZcdiVc YZhegZX^d! hjWdgY^cVX^ c d g^Y^Xja^oVX^ c YZ aVh bj_ZgZh! n gZVÃgbVg hj XdchigjXX^ c Xdbd eZghdcVh VXi^kVh! ^cYZeZcY^ZciZh! Xdch" X^ZciZh YZ hjh YZWZgZh n YZgZX]dh Zc aVh Zh[ZgVh e Wa^XV n eg^kVYV# :a hZ\jcYd XdggZhedcYZ V aV [jcX^ c bdYZaVYdgV YZa aZc\jV_Z! fjZ ^cX^YZ Zc adh ZhfjZbVh YZ eZgXZeX^ c YZ aV gZVa^YVY! n Xdc Zaad egZiZcYZ Xdcig^Wj^g V [dg_Vg jcV hdX^ZYVY fjZ gZXdcdoXV Z ^ciZ\gZ aV Y^kZgh^YVY! aV ^\jVaYVY n aV Zfj^YVY YZ \ cZgd# :a iZmid fjZ i^ZcZ Zc hjh bVcdh egdedcZ! ejZh! jcV hZg^Z YZ gZXdbZcYVX^dcZh YZ ji^a^YVY eg{Xi^XV eVgV igVch" [dgbVg! YZ bVcZgV YZa^WZgVYV n XdchX^ZciZ! adh jhdh hZm^h" iVh YZa aZc\jV_Z! Z ^cigdYjX^g Zc aV hdX^ZYVY [dgbVh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c ^cXajnZciZh! VÃcZh Xdc aVh cjZkVh n Y^kZghVh gZVa^YVYZh YZ aVh bj_ZgZh n adh ]dbWgZh YZa h^\ad MM>#

# JHD 9:A <:CwG>8D JC>K:GH6A

>

Jc WjZc c bZgd YZ hjhiVci^kdh Zc ZheV da hdc ji^a^oVYdh Xdc Za \ cZgd \gVbVi^XVa bVhXja^cd Xdbd jc^kZghVa eVgV gZ[Zg^ghZ V aV idiVa^YVY YZ aVh eZghdcVh! Xdc ad fjZ hZ ^c" XjggZ Zc Za Zggdg YZ gZ[dgoVg aV VhdX^VX^ c YZa ¸idYd¹ Xdc adh ]dbWgZh# :m^hiZc Y^[ZgZciZh deX^dcZh fjZ hZ ejZYZc ji^a^oVg eVgV ]VWaVg d gZ[Zg^ghZ V XdaZXi^kdh! \gjedh d eajgVaZh [dgbVYdh edg bj_ZgZh n ]dbWgZh h^c ^cXjgg^g Zc jc jhd hZm^hiV d

&&

Y^hXg^b^cVidg^d! Xdbd edg Z_Zbead! ji^a^oVg hjhiVci^kdh Xd" aZXi^kdh cd hZmjVYdh! aVh eVaVWgVh ¸eZghdcVh d eZghdcVa¹0 hjhi^ij^g Za \gjed gZegZhZciVYd edg hjh [jcX^dcZh d gZXjgg^g V aV YdWaZ [dgbV [ZbZc^cd"bVhXja^cd/ :megZh^ c hZm^hiV

6aiZgcVi^kV cd hZm^hiV

:a ]dbWgZ ]V XgZVYd h^hiZbVh°

AV ]jbVc^YVY ]V XgZVYd h^hiZbVh°

Adh YZgZX]dh YZa ]dbWgZ°

Adh YZgZX]dh ]jbVcdh°

C^ dh YZ aV XVaaZ°

AV \ZciZ Zc h^ijVX^ c YZ XVaaZ°

Adh igVWV_VYdgZh

:a eZghdcVa VhVaVg^VYd

AVh Zc[ZgbZgVh

:a eZghdcVa YZ Zc[ZgbZg V

>># JHD 9: 67HIG68IDH Digd Zggdg bjn Xdb c Zc Za jhd hZm^hiV YZa aZc\jV_Z Zh ]VXZg gZ[ZgZcX^V V adh XVg\dh Xdbd h^ idYVh aVh eZghdcVh fjZ adh dXjeVc [jZgVc ]dbWgZh! ^ck^h^W^a^oVcYd V aVh bj" _ZgZh# EVgV XdggZ\^g Zhid hZ gZXdb^ZcYV ji^a^oVg VWhigVXidh/ :megZh^ c hZm^hiV

6aiZgcVi^kV cd hZm^hiV

:ck^Vg adh YdXjbZcidh V adh XddgY^cVYdgZh°

:ck^Vg adh YdXjbZcidh V aVh XddgY^cVX^dcZh°

:h gZhedchVW^a^YVY YZ XVYV _Z[Z YZ YZeVgiVbZcid°

:h gZhedchVW^a^YVY YZ aVh _Z[VijgVh YZ YZeVgiVbZcid°

HZ kVc V gZjc^g idYdh adh Y^gZXidgZh°

HZ kVc V gZjc^g adh n aVh i^ijaVgZh YZ aVh Y^gZXX^dcZh°

H^ cd hZ XdcdXZ Za hZmd YZ aV eZghdcV V fj^Zc hZ ]VXZ gZ[ZgZcX^V! Zk^iZ Za jhd YZ adh egdcdbWgZh bVhXja^cdh n ji^a^XZ aVh eVaVWgVh ¸fj^Zc¹ d ¸fj^ZcZh¹/

&'

:megZh^ c hZm^hiV

6aiZgcVi^kV cd hZm^hiV

HZg{ Za _jZo Za fjZ ad YZiZgb^cZ°

Fj^Zc _jo\jZ YZiZgb^cVg{°

:a hjeZgk^hdg Zb^i^g{ hj de^c^ c°

Fj^Zc hjeZgk^hZ Zb^i^g{ hj de^c^ c°

IgVh aV eaVcZVX^ c! adh VYb^c^higVYdgZh ^c^X^Vg{c Za egdXZhd°

IgVh aV eaVcZVX^ c! fj^ZcZh VYb^c^higZc ^c^X^Vg{c Za egdXZhd°

>>># JHD 9: 6GIÏ8JADH N EGDCDB7G:H Adh Vgi Xjadh hZ ejZYZc ji^a^oVg eVgV ZcjcX^Vg aV Y^[ZgZcX^V" X^ c YZ \ cZgd h^c gZeZi^g Za hjhiVci^kd# :h gZXdbZcYVWaZ VaiZgcVg n Xj^YVg aV XdcXdgYVcX^V ZcigZ Za ai^bd Vgi Xjad Xdc Za hjhiVci^kd/ :megZh^ c hZm^hiV

6aiZgcVi^kV cd hZm^hiV

Adh igVWV_VYdgZh YZWZc eZgbVcZXZg Zc hj h^i^d YZ igVWV_d°

Adh n aVh igVWV_VYdgVh YZWZc eZgbVcZXZg Zc hj h^i^d YZ igVWV_d°

Adh jhjVg^dh bdgdhdh YZWZc°

AVh n adh jhjVg^dh bdgdhdh YZWZc°

Digd jhd cd hZm^hiV YZa aZc\jV_Z ad edYZbdh gZVa^oVg Va hjhi^ij^g Za \Zc g^Xd bVhXja^cd edg adh egdcdbWgZh ¸cdh¹! ¸cjZhigd¹! ¸cjZhigV¹! ¸cjZhigdh¹ d ¸cjZhigVh¹! iVa n Xdbd hZ bjZhigV V Xdci^cjVX^ c/ :megZh^ c hZm^hiV

6aiZgcVi^kV cd hZm^hiV

:h WjZcd eVgV Za W^ZcZhiVg YZa ]dbWgZ###

:h WjZcd eVgV Za W^ZcZhiVg YZ aV ]jbVc^YVY d Zh WjZcd eVgV cjZhigd W^ZcZhiVg#

&(

&)

BngcV K^Yg^d ?{jgZ\j^

JcV VaiZgcVi^kV eVgV Zk^iVg aVh \ZcZgVa^oVX^dcZh bVhXja^" cVh! Zh gZXjgg^g V [dgbVh ^beZghdcVaZh Va ji^a^oVg Za kZgWd Zc iZgXZgV eZghdcVa YZa h^c\jaVg egZXZY^YV edg Za egdcdbWgZ h^c ZheZX^ÃXVg Zc fj^ c gZXVZ aV VXX^ c# IVbW^ c hZ ejZYZ ji^a^oVg aV iZgXZgV eZghdcV YZa eajgVa! Xdbd V Xdci^cjVX^ c hZ Z_Zbea^ÃXV#

:megZh^ c hZm^hiV

6 adh k^h^iVciZh aZh gZXdbZcYVbdh ji^a^oVg hj iVg_ZiV XdggZXiVbZciZ#

6aiZgcVi^kV cd hZm^hiV GZXdbZcYVbdh fjZ ji^a^XZ hj iVg_ZiV XdggZXiVbZciZ# HZ gZXdb^ZcYV jc jhd XdggZXid YZ aV iVg_ZiV#

>K# :A JHD 9: 9>6<DC6A:H N

E6GwCI:H>H :C ADH KD86I>KDH

8jVcYd hZ YZhXdcdoXV h^ Za bZchV_Z hZg{ gZX^W^Yd edg jc ]dbWgZ d jcV bj_Zg jhZ aVh Y^V\dcVaZh d Za eVg ciZh^h Zc adh kdXVi^kdh/'

:megZh^ c hZm^hiV

6aiZgcVi^kV cd hZm^hiV

:hi^bVYd/

:hi^bVYV$d/

>ciZgZhVYd/

>ciZgZhVYd V /

HjhiVci^kd d VY_Zi^kd Xdc Za fjZ hZ aaVbV V Va\j^Zc#

'

&*

K# JHD 9: IÏIJADH 6869wB>8DH N D8JE68>DC:H

Jc Zggdg \ZcZgVa^oVYd Zh bZcX^dcVg adh i ijadh VXVY b^Xdh n aVh dXjeVX^dcZh Zc bVhXja^cd# :k^iZ Za jhd YZa bVhXja^cd XjVcYd hZ gZÃZgVc V aVh bj_ZgZh# :megZh^ c hZm^hiV

6aiZgcVi^kV cd hZm^hiV

AV b Y^Xd IZgZhV EZgVaiV°

AV b Y^XV IZgZhV EZgVaiV°

IZgZhV EZgVaiV! VhZhdg YZa egZh^YZciZ°

IZgZhV EZgVaiV! VhZhdgV YZa egZh^YZciZ°

IVbW^ c ]Vn fjZ Zk^iVg Za jhd ZmXajh^kd YZa \ cZgd \gV" bVi^XVa [ZbZc^cd eVgV aVh egd[Zh^dcZh igVY^X^dcVabZciZ VhdX^VYVh Xdc aVh bj_ZgZh# JcV deX^ c Zh VciZedcZg aV eVaVWgV ¸eZghdcVa¹ Va hjhiVci^kd/ :megZh^ c hZm^hiV

:megZh^ c cd hZm^hiV

AVh hZXgZiVg^Vh°

:a eZghdcVa hZXgZiVg^Va°

AVh Zc[ZgbZgVh°

:a eZghdcVa YZ Zc[ZgbZg V°

AVh iZgVe^hiVh°

:a eZghdcVa YZ iZgVe^V°

:c \gVb{i^XV cd Zm^hiZc hjhiVci^kdh ^ckVg^VWaZh# AV [Zb^" c^oVX^ c YZ aVh eVaVWgVh Zhi{ YZiZgb^cVYV edg adh XVbW^dh Zc aV gZVa^YVY hdX^Va n Zc Za XdchZchd YZ aV Xdbjc^YVY YZ ]VWaVciZh# Edg Zaad! Zk^iZ Za jhd ZmXajh^kd YZa bVhXja^cd eVgV cdbWgZh fjZ i^ZcZc hj XdggZhedcY^ZciZ \ cZgd [ZbZc^cd! n jhZ adh Vgi Xjadh n XdcXdgYVcX^Vh XdggZhedcY^ZciZh/ :megZh^ c hZm^hiV

:megZh^ c cd hZm^hiV

AV hZcVYdg BVngV =Zgc{cYZo

AV hZcVYdgV BVngV =Zgc{cYZo

AV _jZo BVngV =Zgc{cYZo

AV _jZoV BVngV =Zgc{cYZo

AV _Z[Z YZ hZXX^ c BVngV =Zgc{cYZo

AV _Z[V YZ hZXX^ c BVngV =Zgc{cYZo

&+

&,

BngcV K^Yg^d ?{jgZ\j^

K># JHD 9: A6H ;DGB6H 9: 8DGI:HÏ6

=Vn jc hZm^hbd dXjaid Zc aVh [dgbVh YZ XdgiZh V! nV fjZ gZ\jaVgbZciZ hZ ZbeaZV ¸hZ dg^iV$hZ dgV¹ eVgV gZ[Zg^ghZ V aV bj_Zg hdaiZgV d XVhVYV! gZheZXi^kVbZciZ0 cd dWhiVciZ! eVgV Za ]dbWgZ hZ ]V ji^a^oVYd ¸hZ dg¹ Xdc ^cYZeZcYZcX^V YZ hj ZhiVYd X^k^a# :c cjZhigd aZc\jV_Z adh ]dbWgZh Y^h" edcZc YZ eZghdcVa^YVY n gZheZid Zc h b^hbdh! b^ZcigVh fjZ aVh bj_ZgZh ad VYfj^ZgZc edg hj gZaVX^ c Xdc hidh Zh YZX^g! h^ Zhi{ XVhVYV d edg eVgZciZhXd # 6h^b^hbd! Za i gb^cd ¸hZ dgV¹ hjZaZ ji^a^oVghZ eVgV YZ" cdiVg jcV gZaVX^ c YZ hjWdgY^cVX^ c n egde^ZYVY Zc gZaV" X^ c Xdc Za Zhedhd! ZbeaZVcYd edg Z_Zbead ¸HZ dgV YZ E gZo¹ d ¸HZ dgV E gZo¹! h^ijVX^ c ^cZm^hiZciZ Zc Za XVhd YZ adh ]dbWgZh XVhVYdh# :c XdchZXjZcX^V! eVgV Zk^iVg aV egZhZgkVX^ c YZ aVh YZh" ^\jVaYVYZh n Vh^bZig Vh ZcigZ bj_ZgZh n ]dbWgZh Zc aVh [dg" bVh YZ XdgiZh V! hZ hj\^ZgZ ji^a^oVg Za i gb^cd ¸hZ dgV¹ h^c Y^hi^cX^ c YZ ZYVY d ZhiVYd X^k^a! V bVcZgV YZ jc kdXVWad YZ gZheZid eVgV idYVh aVh bj_ZgZh! XjVcYd Za XdciZmid YZ aVh [dgbVh YZ XdgiZh V ad eZgb^iV n iVa Xdbd hZ ]VXZ Zc digdh eV hZh# 6h^b^hbd! Va gZ[Zg^ghZ V jcV bj_Zg XVhVYV! cd YZWZ ji^a^oVghZ Za VeZaa^Yd YZ hj X cnj\Z c^ jhVghZ aV egZed" h^X^ c ¸YZ¹#

:megZh^ c hZm^hiV

6aiZgcVi^kV cd hZm^hiV

HZ dgV YZ E gZo d HZ dgV E gZo d HZ dgV :g^`V < bZo YZ E gZo

:g^`V < bZo d HZ dgV < bZo

8jVcYd hZ Y^g^\Z jcV ^ck^iVX^ c V jcV eVgZ_V! hjZaZ Zb" eaZVghZ ¸Hg# E gZo n ZhedhV¹ d ¸Hg# n HgV# E gZo¹! ad XjVa hdhaVnV Za ]ZX]d YZ fjZ aV bj_Zg Zh jcV eZghdcV h^c\j" aVg! ^cYZeZcY^ZciZbZciZ YZ aV gZaVX^ c bVg^iVa# :c Zhidh XVhdh hZ gZXdb^ZcYV ^cXaj^g Za cdbWgZ n VeZaa^Yd YZ aVh eZghdcVh! VciZXZY^Yd edg aV VWgZk^VijgV ¸HgV#¹ d ¸Hg#¹! d W^Zc gZ[Zg^ghZ h^beaZbZciZ Va cdbWgZ YZ XVYV jcd YZ adh X cnj\Zh! Xdbd hZ bjZhigV V Xdci^cjVX^ c#

&-

:megZh^ c hZm^hiV

6aiZgcVi^kV cd hZm^hiV

Hg# E gZo n ZhedhV d Hg# n HgV# E gZo

HgV# < bZo n Hg# E gZo d HgV# :g^`V < bZo n Hg# EZYgd E gZo d :g^`V < bZo n EZYgd E gZo

K>># JHD 9: A6 6GGD76

Cd ji^a^XZ aV VggdWV ¶5¶ eVgV YZh^\cVg YZ bVcZgV ^cY^h" i^ciV V ]dbWgZh n$d bj_ZgZh0 cd Zh jc h^\cd a^c\ hi^Xd n Zc i gb^cdh YZ jc aZc\jV_Z ^cXajnZciZ cjZhigd ^Y^dbV Zh g^Xd Zc kdXVWadh eVgV gZ"XgZVg aV ^\jVaYVY n Zfj^YVY ZcigZ aVh eZghdcVh# Jhd ^cXdggZXid

6aiZgcVi^kV cd hZm^hiV

;jcX^dcVg^5h°

;jcX^dcVg^Vh n [jcX^dcVg^dh°

9^gZXidg5h°

:a XjZged Y^gZXi^kd°

BVZhig5h°

AVh n adh bVZhigdh°

K>>># H><C>;>869DH H:M>HI6H

JcV YZ aVh Y^bZch^dcZh Zc aVh fjZ Za hZm^hbd hZ Xg^h" iVa^oV Zh V igVk h YZa h^\c^ÃXVYd fjZ aZ Vig^Wj^bdh V X^ZgiVh eVaVWgVh d ZmegZh^dcZh! Xjnd hZci^Yd Zmea X^iV d ^bea X^iV" bZciZ gZ[jZgoV XdcXZeX^dcZh fjZ Xdbd hZ ]V ^cY^XVYd hdc VcYgdX cig^XVh! edgfjZ dXjaiVc aV egZhZcX^V YZ ad [Z" bZc^cd Z ^chi^ijX^dcVa^oV ad bVhXja^cd! Xdbd gZ[ZgZciZ eg^cX^eVa# :a hZm^hbd Zc Za a m^Xd hZ egdYjXZ ZheZX ÃXVbZciZ XjVcYd hZ ji^a^oVc eVaVWgVh Xjndh h^\c^ÃXVYdh ]VXZc gZ" [ZgZcX^V V adh Vig^Wjidh [ h^Xdh n bdgVaZh Zc [jcX^ c YZ adh ZhiZgZdi^edh YZ \ cZgd# :hidh h^\c^ÃXVYdh XdcY^X^dcVc n YZiZgb^cVc Za eZchVb^Zcid n aVh XdcYjXiVh YZ adh ]VWaVc" iZh VciZ hj gZVa^YVY Xdi^Y^VcV#

&.

BngcV K^Yg^d ?{jgZ\j^

6 Xdci^cjVX^ c! h^gkV YZ bjZhigV Za h^\j^ZciZ a^hiVYd YZ eVaVWgVh fjZ ZmegZhVc XgZZcX^Vh d ZhiZgZdi^edh hZm^hiVh fjZ hjZaZc ji^a^oVghZ Zc aV [Vb^a^V! aV ZhXjZaV! adh XZcigdh YZ igVWV_d! adh bZY^dh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^ c! VcjcX^dh ejWa^X^" iVg^dh! XVcX^dcZh! X]^hiZh! [gVhZh ]ZX]Vh! gZ[gVcZh d Y^X]dh!

XjZcidh! ZiX iZgV#

9Z ^\jVa bVcZgV! Za aZc\jV_Z hZm^hiV Y^hXg^b^cV V adh \gj" edh fjZ cd XjbeaZc Xdc adh Vig^Wjidh Vh^\cVYdh Va ]db" WgZ Xdbd gZegZhZciVX^ c YZ aV ]jbVc^YVY! iVaZh Xdbd \gjedh ic^Xdh! eZghdcVh Xdc egZ[ZgZcX^V hZmjVa Y^hi^ciV V aV ]ZiZgdhZmjVa! eZghdcVh fjZ k^kZc Xdc K>= h^YV! VYjaidh bVndgZh! b^\gVciZh! \gjedh gZa^\^dhdh n eZghdcVh Xdc Y^h" XVeVX^YVY# Bj_ZgZh

=dbWgZh

6kZcijgZgV/ egdhi^ijiV

6kZcijgZgd/ dhVYd! kVa^ZciZ! Vgg^Zh\VYd

Bj_ZgojZaV/ egdhi^ijiV

=dbWgZojZad/ ]dbWgZX^aad

Bj_Zg e Wa^XV/ egdhi^ijiV

=dbWgZ e Wa^Xd/ Za fjZ ^ciZgk^ZcZ Zc adh cZ\dX^dh! aV eda i^XV

HdaiZgV/ VcYV WjhXVcYd! fjZYVYV

HdaiZgd/ XdY^X^VYd

'%

:h ^bedgiVciZ ZggVY^XVg adh i gb^cdh eZndgVi^kdh fjZ hZ jhVc Zc Za aZc\jV_Z Xdb c eVgV Zhi^\bVi^oVg V Zhidh \gjedh! gZÃg^ cYdadh Xdc Za gZheZid fjZ bZgZXZc#

Jhd ^cXdggZXid

6aiZgcVi^kV cd hZm^hiV

B^cdg Vh ic^XVh Adh ^cY \ZcVh

AVh n adh ^cY \ZcVh AVh Xdbjc^YVYZh ^cY \ZcVh Adh ejZWadh ^cY \ZcVh

AVh bVg^bVX]Vh Adh YZhk^VYdh AVh idgi^aaZgVh

EZghdcVh Xdc egZ[ZgZcX^V hZmjVa Y^hi^ciV V aV ]ZiZgdhZmjVa AZhW^VcVh

AVh kZhi^YVh

EZghdcVh igVkZhi^h EZghdcVh igVch\ cZgd

Adh Zc[Zgbdh YZ h^YV Adh h^Ydhdh

EZghdcVh fjZ k^kZc Xdc K>= h^YV EZghdcVh Xdc K>= h^YV

Adh k^Z_^idh Adh VcX^Vcdh AVh eZghdcVh YZ aV iZgXZgV ZYVY

EZghdcVh VYjaiVh bVndgZh

Adh bd_VYdh Adh WgVXZgdh

EZghdcVh b^\gVciZh

AVh hZXiVh gZa^\^dhVh

<gjedh gZa^\^dhdh

Adh Y^hXVeVX^iVYdh EZghdcVh Xdc XVeVX^YVYZh Y^[ZgZciZh Adh b^cjhk{a^Ydh

EZghdcVh Xdc Y^hXVeVX^YVY

>M# JHD 9: >BÌ<:C:H CD H:M>HI6H

AVh ^b{\ZcZh iVbW^ c hdc eVgiZ YZa aZc\jV_Z n gZegd" YjXZc d Vbea Vc aV XVg\V hZm^hiV Zc Za jhd YZa b^hbd# :c aV bVndg V YZ adh XVhdh! aVh ^b{\ZcZh fjZ hZ ji^a^oVc Zc aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZh! e Wa^XVh n eg^kVYVh! bjZhigVc/

'&

BngcV K^Yg^d ?{jgZ\j^

JcV Y^k^h^ c YZa igVWV_d ZcigZ ]dbWgZh n bj_ZgZh/ VfjZaadh Zc aV ZXdcdb V! adh YZedgiZh! aV eda i^XV n aVh bj_ZgZh Zc aV XVhV d Zc ZbeaZdh hjWdgY^cVYdh! Xj^YVc" Yd V adh YZb{h# Jc bdYZad [ h^Xd YZ bj_Zg YdcYZ aVh egdiV\dc^hiVh hdc _ kZcZh! WaVcXVh! YZa\VYVh n g^XVh! egZdXjeVYVh h ad edg hj VheZXid [ h^Xd n YZhkVadg^oVYVh Zc hjh XVeVX^YVYZh ^ciZaZXijVaZh# Bj_ZgZh Xdbd dW_Zidh hZmjVaZh VhdX^VYVh V aV ejWa^X^" YVY YZ idYd i^ed YZ egdYjXidh # Bj_ZgZh fjZ Xdbe^iZc Xdc digVh bj_ZgZh edg aV hZYjX" X^ c n VegdWVX^ c bVhXja^cV# Bj_ZgZh Xdbd aVh c^XVh gZhedchVWaZh YZ aV hVajY hZmjVa n gZegdYjXi^kV! Vh Xdbd YZa Xj^YVYd YZ c^ Vh! c^ dh n Y^[ZgZciZh ^ciZ\gVciZh YZ aV [Vb^a^V# Bj_ZgZh gZ"k^Xi^b^oVYVh Zc h^ijVX^dcZh #YZ k^daZcX^V d egdXjgVX^ c YZ _jhi^X^V# 8dbd hZ dWhZgkV! YZ [dgbV gZ^iZgVYV! hZ gZegdYjXZc ZhiZgZdi^edh fjZ Zc aV bVndg V YZ adh XVhdh gZ[jZgoVc gZ" aVX^dcZh YZh^\jVaZh n hZh\dh hZm^hiVh Zc aVh XdcXZeX^dcZh YZ ad ]jbVcd# 6a\jcdh Xg^iZg^dh fjZ cdh ejZYZc dg^ZciVg Zc Za jhd cd Y^hXg^b^cVidg^d YZa bViZg^Va k^hjVa Xdc Za fjZ igVWV_Vbdh ejZYZc hZg/

''

EgZhZciVg V bj_ZgZh n ]dbWgZh eVgi^X^eVcYd Zc VXi^k^" YVYZh YZ bVcZgV a^WgZ YZ ZhiZgZdi^edh n YZ bVcZgV Zfj^iVi^kV# EgZhZciVg V adh ]dbWgZh Zc iVgZVh Ydb hi^XVh! Xj^YVc" Yd V aVh c^ Vh! c^ dh j digdh ^ciZ\gVciZh YZ aV [Vb^a^V# EgZhZciVg V bj_ZgZh n ]dbWgZh gZVa^oVcYd igVWV_d Ydb h" i^Xd d ji^a^oVcYd egdYjXidh VhdX^VYdh V ZhiV VXi^k^YVY# 9ZhVhdX^Vg V aVh bj_ZgZh YZ adh eVeZaZh Ydb hi^Xdh n YZ aVh ZhigViZ\^Vh YZ Xdchjbd YZ idYd i^ed YZ egdYjX" idh d ZhigViZ\^Vh YZ bVg`Zi^c\# EgZhZciVg V aVh bj_ZgZh Zc Za bjcYd e Wa^Xd! aV k^YV ZXdc b^XV n aV eVgi^X^eVX^ c eda i^XV# >cXaj^g YZ [dgbV Zfj^iVi^kV V aVh bj_ZgZh n V adh ]dbWgZh Zc ZheVX^dh egd[Zh^dcVaZh egZhi^\^VYdh hdX^Va n ZXdc b^" XVbZciZ# BdhigVg V aV bj_Zg Xdc YZhZdh n kdajciVYZh egde^Vh# :a^b^cVg aV egZhZciVX^ c YZ aVh bj_ZgZh Xdbd gZXdb" eZchVh YZa m^id bVhXja^cd d YZ hjh eg{Xi^XVh YZ Xdc" hjbd# BdhigVg aV Y^kZgh^YVY YZ bj_ZgZh fjZ Zm^hiZ#

M# A:C<J6?: <:HIJ6A

8Vh^ aV idiVa^YVY YZ aV Xdbjc^XVX^ c ZcigZ adh hZgZh ]jbV" cdh ^cXajnZ d hZ VXdbeV V YZ \Zhidh! h^\cdh XdgedgVaZh n ZmegZh^dcZh cd kZgWVaZh# Cd ]Vn gZ\aVh fjZ ^cY^fjZc X bd ZmegZhVgcdh \ZhijVa" bZciZ h^c hZm^hbd! nV fjZ bjX]dh YZ adh \Zhidh VYfj^Z" gZc hZci^Yd Zc Za XdciZmid ZheZX ÃXd YZ aV Xdbjc^XVX^ c# Cd dWhiVciZ! Zh ^bedgiVciZ gZeVgVg Zc kVg^Vh ZmegZh^dcZh XVg\VYVh YZ hZm^hbd! iVaZh Xdbd/ :a jhd n VWjhd YZ aV ^b^iVX^ c YZ idcdh V[Zb^cVYdh Xdc Za Ãc YZ g^Y^Xja^oVg n Zhi^\bVi^oVg V aVh bj_ZgZh n V aVh eZghdcVh ]dbdhZmjVaZh# AV eg{Xi^XV bVhXja^cV YZ Zk^iVg Za XdciVXid k^hjVa Xdc aVh bj_ZgZh fjZ ^ciZ\gVc jc \gjed b^mid gZhiVcYd ^bedg" iVcX^V V hj eVgi^X^eVX^ c# AV ZmVaiVX^ c YZ aV \Zc^iVa^YVY [{a^XV Xdbd h bWdad YZ edYZg d gZVÃgbVX^ c YZ Ydb^c^d# EVgV XdbWVi^g ZhiVh eg{Xi^XVh Zh cZXZhVg^d idbVg Xdc" X^ZcX^V n gZÄZm^dcVg hdWgZ Za jhd YZa gZeZgidg^d \ZhijVa Va bdbZcid YZ igVchb^i^g cjZhigVh ^YZVh n de^c^dcZh Zc aV ^ciZgVXX^ c hdX^Va Xdi^Y^VcV#

'(

IZcZbdh aV ZmeZXiVi^kV YZ fjZ aVh &% gZXdbZcYVX^d" cZh eVgV Za jhd cd hZm^hiV YZa aZc\jV_Z h^gkVc Xdbd jc bVeV eVgV igVch^iVg ]VX^V jcV cjZkV k^h^ c YZa \ cZgd \gV" bVi^XVa! YZ adh VWhigVXidh! Vgi Xjadh! egdcdbWgZh! ^b{\ZcZh n YZ idYdh adh ZaZbZcidh fjZ ZhigjXijgVc n ]VXZc [jcX^d" cVg cjZhigd h^hiZbV a^c\ hi^Xd#

BngcV K^Yg^d ?{jgZ\j^

6h^b^hbd! Zm]dgiVbdh V idbVg XdcX^ZcX^V YZ aV ^cÄjZc" X^V fjZ aV ^ciZgVXX^ c Xdi^Y^VcV eVgaVciZ i^ZcZ Zc aV gZegd" YjXX^ c YZa hZm^hbd n aV Y^hXg^b^cVX^ c fjZ iVcid aVXZgVc aV Xdck^kZcX^V hdX^Va n ]jbVcV! ZheZX^VabZciZ Zc ^chi^ijX^d" cZh fjZ ]Vc h^Yd XgZVYVh eVgV kZaVg edg Za W^Zc e Wa^Xd#

')

<ADH6G>D

6cYgdXZcig^hbd Dg\Vc^oVX^ c YZa dgYZc h^bW a^Xd! hjh ZhigjXijgVh ZXdc b^" XVh n hdX^dXjaijgVaZh V eVgi^g YZ aV ^YZV YZa ]dbWgZ Xdbd hj_Zid XZcigVa n Ydb^cVciZ# 9^hXg^b^cVX^ c XdcigV aV bj_Zg 9Z VXjZgYd Xdc aV 8dckZcX^ c hdWgZ aV :a^b^cVX^ c YZ Id" YVh aVh ;dgbVh YZ 9^hXg^b^cVX^ c XdcigV aV Bj_Zg 8:96L !

Zh ¸idYV Y^hi^cX^ c! ZmXajh^ c d gZhig^XX^ c WVhVYV Zc Za hZmd fjZ iZc\V edg dW_Zid d edg gZhjaiVYd bZcdhXVWVg d VcjaVg Za gZXdcdX^b^Zcid! \dXZ d Z_ZgX^X^d edg aV bj_Zg! ^cYZeZc" Y^ZciZbZciZ YZ hj ZhiVYd X^k^a! hdWgZ aV WVhZ YZ aV ^\jVaYVY YZa ]dbWgZ n aV bj_Zg! YZ adh YZgZX]dh ]jbVcdh n aVh a^" WZgiVYZh [jcYVbZciVaZh Zc aVh Zh[ZgVh eda i^XVh! ZXdc b^XV! hdX^Va! XjaijgVa n X^k^a d Zc XjVafj^Zg digV Zh[ZgV¹# 9^hXg^b^cVX^ c Y^gZXiV :h aV eg{Xi^XV YZ YZhegZX^d! VcjaVX^ c! bZcdhXVWd! gZhig^X" X^ c YZa gZXdcdX^b^Zcid! \dXZ d Z_ZgX^X^d YZ adh YZgZX]dh ]jbVcdh n YZ aVh a^WZgiVYZh [jcYVbZciVaZh! fjZ V\gZYZ V eZghdcVh d V \gjedh Zc eVgi^XjaVg# 9^hXg^b^cVX^ c ^cY^gZXiV 8dch^hiZ Zc VXi^ijYZh n eg{Xi^XVh fjZ egdeV\Vc ^YZVh! iZd" g Vh d h bWdadh YZ hjeZg^dg^YVY YZ Va\ c \gjed d fjZ Va^Zc" iVc Za YZhegZX^d ]VX^V eZghdcVh d \gjedh YZiZgb^cVYdh# 6jc XjVcYd Za dW_Zid ^cbZY^Vid n iVc\^WaZ cd hZV VcjaVg d a^b^iVg Za VXXZhd YZ aVh eZghdcVh n adh \gjedh V adh YZgZX]dh n V aVh dedgijc^YVYZh! h Xdcig^WjnZ V gZXgZVg aVh XdcY^X^dcZh hdX^VaZh n XjaijgVaZh fjZ aZ\^i^bVc hj ZmXajh^ c# IVbW^ c hZ Xdch^YZgV Y^hXg^b^cVX^ c ^cY^gZXiV VfjZaaV fjZ [VkdgZXZ aV cZ\VX^ c YZ YZgZX]dh n dedgijc^YVYZh Va ZhiVWaZXZg XdcY^X^dcZh fjZ cd ejZYZ Xjbea^g jcV eVgiZ ZheZX ÃXV YZ aV edWaVX^ c#

'*

< cZgd 9ZhYZ Za ejcid YZ k^hiV \gVbVi^XVa! Za \ cZgd Zh jcV XViZ" \dg V fjZ eZgb^iZ XaVh^ÃXVg adh cdbWgZh Zc bVhXja^cdh n [ZbZc^cdh! n fjZ Zc ZheV da cd h^ZbegZ hZ VhdX^V Xdc aV gZ[ZgZcX^V ZmigVa^c\ hi^XV Va hZmd cVijgVa# :c Za aZc\jV_Z hdX^da \^Xd XdciZbedg{cZd! gZÃZgZ Va Xdc" _jcid YZ ^YZVh! XgZZcX^Vh! gZegZhZciVX^dcZh n Vig^WjX^dcZh hdX^VaZh Xdchigj^YVh Zc XVYV XjaijgV! idbVcYd Xdbd WVhZ aV Y^[ZgZcX^V hZmjVa# =dbd[dW^V :h aV VkZgh^ c! b^ZYd d ^cidaZgVcX^V ]VX^V aVh eZghdcVh fjZ cd XjbeaZc Xdc Za eVeZa ZhiVWaZX^Yd eVgV XVYV jcd YZ adh \ cZgdh# AZc\jV_Z hZm^hiV 6fjZaaVh ZmegZh^dcZh YZ aV Xdbjc^XVX^ c ]jbVcV fjZ ^c" k^h^W^a^oVc V aVh bj_ZgZh! aVh hjWdgY^cVc! aVh ]jb^aaVc n ZhiZ" gZdi^eVc# HZm^hbd :h aV Y^hXg^b^cVX^ c ]VX^V aVh eZghdcVh YZ jc hZmd edg Xdch^YZgVgad ^c[Zg^dg Va digd# 6ajYZ V jc Xdc_jcid YZ cdX^d" cZh! ZmegZh^dcZh n eg{Xi^XVh hdX^VaZh fjZ! Xdc WVhZ Zc aV Y^[ZgZcX^V hZmjVa! aZ\^i^bVc n VÃVcoVc aV YZh^\jVaYVY hdX^Va ZcigZ aVh eZghdcVh# Fj^ZcZh ]Vc h^Yd ]^hi g^XVbZciZ Y^h" Xg^b^cVYVh hdc aVh bj_ZgZh#

'+

CDGB6I>K>969 7ÌH>86 HD7G: :A JHD CD H:M>HI6 9:A A:C<J6?:

8dchi^ijX^ c Eda i^XV YZad :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh BZm^XVcdh!

Vgi Xjadh & n )# AZn ;ZYZgVa eVgV EgZkZc^g n :a^b^cVg aV 9^hXg^b^cVX^ c!

Vgi Xjadh ) n .! B m^Xd! '%%)# 8dckZcX^ c hdWgZ aV :a^b^cVX^ c YZ IdYVh aVh ;dgbVh YZ 9^hXg^b^cVX^ c XdcigV aV Bj_Zg 8:96L ! DCJ! &.,.# GZhdajX^ c &)#& VegdWVYV edg aV 8dc[ZgZcX^V <ZcZgVa YZ aV JC:H8D! Zc hj k^\ h^bd XjVgiV gZjc^ c! VeVgiVYd & YZa e{ggV[d '! DCJ! &.-,# GZhdajX^ c &%.! VegdWVYV edg aV 8dc[ZgZcX^V <ZcZgVa YZ aV JC:H8D! Zc hj k^\ h^bd fj^ciV gZjc^ c! e{ggV[d (!

DCJ! &.-.# 8dckZc^d &*. YZ aV Dg\Vc^oVX^ c >ciZgcVX^dcVa YZa IgV" WV_d hdWgZ aV gZVYVeiVX^ c egd[Zh^dcVa n Za ZbeaZd YZ aVh eZghdcVh Xdc Y^hXVeVX^YVY! Vgi Xjad )! D>I! &.-(#

',

'-

BngcV K^Yg^d ?{jgZ\j^

7>7A>D<G6;Ï6

7^Wa^d\gV[ V ji^a^oVYV YjgVciZ aV ^ciZ\gVX^ c YZ aV hZ\jcYV ZY^X^ c#

7Zc\dZX]ZV BZgXZYZh# HZm^hbd n VcYgdXZcig^hbd Zc adh iZmidh VYb^c^higVi^kdh cdgbVi^kdh# Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ 6aXVa{# 8VaZgd ;Zgc{cYZo BVg V YZ adh Ìc\ZaZh# HZm^hbd a^c\ hi^Xd/ Vc{a^h^h n egdejZhiVh VciZ aV Y^hXg^b^cVX^ c hZmjVa Zc Za aZc" \jV_Z# CVgXZV! BVYg^Y!&...# 8DC6EG:9 &% 8g^iZg^dh W{h^Xdh eVgV Za^b^cVg Za aZc\jV_Z hZm^hiV Zc aV VYb^c^higVX^ c e Wa^XV [ZYZgVa# Xda# ¸IZmidh YZa 8VgVXda¹ c b# &# B m^Xd! '%%,# AdbVh! 8Vgadh ª>\jVaZh d Y^[ZgZciZh4 < cZgd! Y^[ZgZcX^V hZmjVa! aZc" \jV_Z n ZYjXVX^ c# EV^Y h! 7VgXZadcV! &...#

'.

9>G:8IDG>D

EG:H>9:C8>6 9:A 8DC6EG:9 N 9: HJ ?JCI6 9: <D7>:GCD EZgaV EVig^X^V 7jhiVbVciZ 8dgdcV ?JCI6 9: <D7>:GCD 9Vc^Za ;gVcX^hXd 8VWZoV YZ KVXV =Zgc{cYZo! 9^dc^h^d 6gijgd E gZo ?{XdbZ ;g^X^dcZ! BVjg^X^d =Zgc{cYZo Ìk^aV! <j^aaZgbd 7ZgcVa B^gVcYV! EVig^X^V :he^cdhV IdggZh! B^\jZa 8VgWdcZaa H{cX]Zo! 6gijgd 9 Vo 7ZiVcXdjgi! Da^k^V ?dVccV <Vaa HdcVWZcY! AdjgYZh 6g^oeZ HX]adhhZg! BVg V YZa GdX^d <VgX V <Vni{c! >hVWZa Eg^hX^aV KZgV =Zgc{cYZo! MVk^Zg 6cidc^d 6WgZj H^ZggV! 6aZ_VcYgd AjXVh DgdoXd GjW^d! ?dh 6cidc^d >oVodaV A^XZV! HZg\^d BZY^cV <dco{aZo! HVbjZa 6aXdXZg ;adgZh! :b^a^d ?Vk^Zg BVgi cZo BdgVaZh 6H6B7A:6 8DCHJAI>K6 GdhV BVg V ÌakVgZo YZ AVgV! ;gVcX^hXd ?Vk^Zg GVc\Za <dco{aZo! GdWZgid ?Vk^Zg 7aVcXVgiZ E^bZciZa! ?dh Aj h 7jZcY V =Z\Zl^hX]! GZcZZ 9Vn{c H]VWdi! BVg^d Aj^h ;jZciZh 6aXVa{! Da^k^V ?dVccV <Vaa HdcVWZcY! GdWZgid <ji^ ggZo A eZo! ?jY^i :hiZg 7d`hZg B^hhZh YZ A^lZgVci! 6gijgd 9 Vo 7ZiVcXdjgi! >hVWZa <VgYZV :he^cd! BVg V 6c\ a^XV AjcV EVggV! 8dkVYdc\V E gZo K^aaZ\Vh! ?Zh h :YjVgYd IdaZYVcd AVcYZgd! 6aZ_VcYgd Fj^ciZgd CdkZaaV! HVcYgV ?^b cZo AdoV! Gdn 8Vbedh :hfjZggV! 6Yg^VcV Dgi^o DgiZ\V! Gd\Za^d =Zgc{cYZo A eZo

(%

9>G:8IDG>D 8DC6EG:9

H:8G:I6G>6 Iw8C>86 N 9>G:8IDG6 9: 8DDG9>C68>ÓC I:GG>IDG>6A : >CI:G>CHI>IJ8>DC6A CViVa^V ;ZgcVcYV <dco{aZo IdaZYVcd 9>G:88>ÓC <:C:G6A 69?JCI6 9: :HIJ9>DH! A:<>HA68>ÓC N EDAÏI>86H EÖ7A>86H HZg\^d 6aWZgid 8Vbedh 8]VX c :cXVg\VYd YZ YZheVX]d 9>G:88>ÓC <:C:G6A 69?JCI6 9: K>C8JA68>ÓC! EGD<G6B6H :9J86I>KDH N 9>KJA<68>ÓC ?dh Idb{h GdbZgd GjkVaXVWV :cXVg\VYd YZ YZheVX]d 9>G:8IDG6 <:C:G6A 69?JCI6 9: FJ:?6H N G:8A6B68>DC:H K^abV GVb gZo HVci^V\d 9>G:8IDG 9: 69B>C>HIG68>ÓC N ;>C6CO6H ?dg\Z K^kZh IgZ_d I>IJA6G 9:A EGD<G6B6 :C B6I:G>6 9: 9>H8G>B>C68>ÓC EDG EG:;:G:C8>6 H:MJ6A N K>= 6abV 6aYVcV <VgX V

(&

&% gZXdbZcYVX^dcZh eVgV Za jhd cd hZm^hiV YZa aZc\jV_Z! Xda# ¸IZmidh YZa XVgVXda¹! c b# &! hZ ^beg^b^ YjgVciZ dXijWgZ YZ '%%.

Zc >begZhdgV n :cXjVYZgcVYdgV Egd\gZhd H6 YZ 8K! HVc AdgZcod IZodcXd '))! Xda# EVgV_Z HVc ?jVc! YZa# >oiVeVaVeV! %.-(%! B m^Xd! 9;# 9^hZ d n [dgbVX^ c/ Atril, excelencia editorial. :a i^gV_Z Xdchi YZ ,!*%% Z_ZbeaVgZh# :a Xj^YVYd YZ aV ZY^X^ c Zhijkd V XVg\d YZ aV 9^gZXX^ c <ZcZgVa 6Y_jciV YZ K^cXjaVX^ c!

Egd\gVbVh :YjXVi^kdh n 9^kja\VX^ c YZa 8DC6EG:9

('