BROADWAY www.18broadway.com
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An Idea
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Water
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Food
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Shelter
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Energy
Š 2009 All Rights Reserved Printed October 12, 2009
Imagine a place where... WATER runs clear FOOD is abundant SHELTER is resourceful ENERGY is endless
Come to 18Broadway to explore ideas and learn about ways to make our world cleaner and more plentiful.
the beginning of a conversation In the fall of 2008, DST Systems decided it wanted to do something special with a block of land located in downtown Kansas City’s Crossroads District, at 18th and Broadway. The initial conversation started with the idea of creating a series of rain gardens in the spirit of Kansas City’s 10,000 Rain Gardens initiative. It would be a place where people could come to see rain gardens in action, and learn how to build and plant a rain garden at home. DST met with planners and designers at 360 Architecture. As the conversation evolved, so did the flow of ideas and the notion that this site could serve as an environmental showcase and demostration project. It could embrace what it means to live “green” in the context of how we dwell.
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the possibilities of one city block. 18Broadway encompasses the wider notion of our stewardship of the environment. It will showcase and combine in one location best practices for water, food, shelter and energy, demonstrating the possibilities of conservation and sustainability we can all recognize and practice daily. In the process it will focus on the relationships and interdependence of systems in the context of city and regional development aspirations. As a demonstration project, 18Broadway has far-reaching implications. It will further goals already recognized by the city in the area of stormwater management, as outlined in the Water Department’s Overflow Control Program, and take advantage of emerging technologies and initiatives through pilot programs with Kansas City Power & Light in the area of energy conservation. Perhaps most importantly, it will be a place where these emerging technologies can be measured and researched. It will be a place where we can answer the questions: Does this work? How well does this solve the issue at hand? It will become, ultimately, a living laboratory.
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In the spirit of creating a living laboratory, 18 projects are envisioned as part of the development. These have been catergorized according to their function: water, food, shelter and energy.
SEE INSET
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WATER
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BROADWAY STORM PLANTERS
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18TH STREET SWALES
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RAIN GARDENS
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ALLEY SWALES
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BROADWAY COURT
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CURB BUMP-OUT SWALES
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PARKING LOT SWALES
FOOD 8
DEMONSTRATION GARDEN
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PRODUCTION GARDEN
SHELTER 10
SUSTAINABLE HOUSING* (SEE INSET BELOW]
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GREEN ROOF (ABOVE PARKING STALLS)*
ENERGY 12
GLASS RECYCLING
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BIO-DIESEL STATION*
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COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS STATION*
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ETHANOL STATION*
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ELECTRIC CHARGING STATION*
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PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER
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PHOTOVOLTAIC POWERED SITE LIGHTING*
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*POSSIBLE LATER-PHASE PROJECTS
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7 6 POSSIBLE LATER-PHASE HOUSING PROJECTS
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IF ALL THE EARTH’S WATER FIT INTO A GALLON JUG, THE FRESH WATER AVAILABLE FOR THE WORLD WOULD EQUAL ONLY ABOUT A TEASPOON. S O U R C E : ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DST SYSTEMS, INC.
WATER In a typical Kansas City rainstorm, more than 5,000 cubic feet of water falls onto the 18Broadway site and the paved surfaces that surround it—totaling nearly a million gallons a year. In the initial downpour of a rain storm (called the “first flush”), pollutants deposited on paved and other surfaces are dislodged and drawn into the flow of rain water runoff. Biofiltration is a natural way to reduce pollutants in storm water before run off flows into the storm sewer systems and ultimately to lakes, rivers or streams. The 18Broadway project utilizes a series of storm water management systems to capture, purify and reuse this storm water, diverting it from Kansas City’s storm sewer system. Rain gardens and swales have significant filtering capabilities. As storm water flows through the swales, solid particles settle out; plants in the swale act as a natural filter to help remove contaminants in the water. The biofiltration systems at 18Broadway are designed to retain 100 percent of “first flush” rainfalls. Clean water is then directed to a 40,000-gallon underground cistern storage system, where it is UVtreated and pumped back out as needed for irrigation of 18Broadway’s community gardens. www.18broadway.com
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FOLLOW THE R C
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west rain garden strip
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A Water Quality Event is a reference to 90% of Kansas City’s rain measure 1.37 inches. H G storms, which H H
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RAINDROP THE CONCEPT OF 18BROADWAY
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We look to capture and clean runoff water beyond our site for 90% of the rainstorms that occur throughout the year.
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Rainfall from Broadway enters storm planters where it is cleaned and a small amount retained. The excess is channeled through the sidewalk via covered channels into a rain garden.
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Water entering from the Broadway planters and 19th Street trenches is cleaned and stored in a rain garden. Excess water flows over a weir, or small dam, and cascades to the next rain garden.
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Rainfall from 18th Street flows through the sidewalk via covered channels into 18th Street swale.
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Rainfall from rooftops flows into planters. Overflow from planters runs into 18th Street swale.
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The 18th Street swale collects water from 18th Street and rooftops. The water is cleaned and conveyed to alley swales.
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Alley swales clean and convey water to lowermost rain garden, which provides minor detention and helps regulate flow.
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Curb bump-outs are swales that capture rainfall, filter it and release clean water while helping to control street traffic.
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Rainfall from 19th Street flows through sidewalk trenches into rain garden.
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Water is pumped from the last rain garden to an underground cistern by a photovoltaic-powered pump.
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Water from the cistern is used for irrigation of the community garden and site vegetation.
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Parking lot rainfall will migrate to swales with the capacity to clean and reduce water flow through infiltration and minor retention.
THE STRATEGIES EMPLOYED ON THIS SITE PROVIDE A PRECEDENT FOR EACH GREEN COMPONENT DESCRIBED IN KANSAS CITY’S OVERFLOW CONTROL PROGRAM.
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+ bump-outs + parking islands + pocket parks + rooftops
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+ permeable systems + cisterns for collecting water + street planters and soil trenches
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BROADWAY PLANTERS
Stormwater runoff from the street flows downhill along the existing curb until it reaches the planter. A 12-inch-wide trench drain channels the runoff into the planter. Stormwater is allowed to pond to a depth of 7 inches before infiltrating through the soil at a rate of approximately 4 inches per hour. During large storm events, water may enter at a faster rate than it can infiltrate. In that case, the additional water is piped into the rain gardens or flows to the next consecutive planter. The primary purpose of the stormwater planter is to capture and reduce the flow of water and clean the water that does not infiltrate so that it enters the storm drain system clean. 14
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18TH STREET SWALE
A swale is a vegetated filter, also referred to as a biofiltration swale or bio-swale. As stormwater flows through the swale, solid particles settle out. Plants in the swale act as a natural filter to help remove contaminates in the water. Swales are planted with erosion-resistant and flood-tolerant grasses that have the capacity to retain pollutants and slow stormwater.
PORTLAND, OR
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RAIN GARDENS
A rain garden is a shallow filtration basin strategically placed to catch runoff from roads, parking lots, driveways and roofs. Planted with deep-rooted vegitation, rain gardens facilitate evaporation, filter pollutants, and allows water to be slowly absorbed by the soil. This bio-retention concept is based on the hydrologic function of forest habitat, in which the forest produces a spongy litter layer that soaks up water and allows it to slowly penetrate the soil layer.
HALLMARK , KANSAS CITY 16
DST SYSTEMS, INC.
VANCOUVER, BC
ALLEY SWALE The alley swale, similar to the 18th Street swale, is a linear bio-retention system. This porous depressed box (or trapezoidal ditch) will soak up 12 inches of water within three days. The alley swale will have the ability to hold some water and slow the flow from the 18th Street swale and the alley runoff as water flows toward the lowermost rain garden.
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DISCOVERY CENTER
OREGON HEALTH SCIENCES UNIVERSITY
PARKING LOT SWALE
Parking lot swales collect and treat parking lot stormwater runoff by percolating it through vegetation to buried sand filters before discharging clean stormwater. Pervious paving and underground stormwater filters are used to treat stormwater runoff at site locations that cannot drain by sloping to a swale.
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CURB BUMP-OUT SWALE
Curb bump-out swales are a bio-filtering extension of a curb into a street, driving lane or parking area. They preform a multi-function service of filtering and slowing stormwater runoff, calming and directing traffic patterns, and beautifying streetscapes with lush vegetation. Bump-outs are one of the green stormwater strategies called for in the Kansas City Overflow Control Program.
SW 12TH AVENUE, PORTLAND, OR www.18broadway.com
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BROADWAY COURT
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The Broadway Court at the northwest corner of the site is a plaza that provides the perfect vantage point to view the conservation principles of 18Broadway. While providing a shaded place of rest, the plaza is also the release location of a rain garden recharge fountain. From the fountain a small flow of water, supplied from
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storage system, will help ensure that the rain garden along Broadway will remain green and lush during dry spells. The fountain is controlled to shut down after dark, so the energy consumption of the pumps can be used for site lighting. The energy consumption of the entire site is offset by a grid-tied photovoltaic array to maintain a net-zero energy footprint over a year’s timeframe.
CONCEPT SKETCH www.18broadway.com
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IMAGINE A HALF-ACRE FEEDING 40 PEOPLE A DAY.
FOOD The rain gardens and swales lining the perimeter of the site at 18Broadway will provide a unique opportunity to harvest and redirect rainwater for irrigation of a community garden. The first of these gardens will go under cultivation in the spring of 2010. The demonstration gardens at the northwest corner of the site will serve to educate visitors on a variety of home gardening techniques. The production gardens at the southeast corner of the site will be devoted to intensive high-production gardening. The produce harvested from the gardens will be delivered to Harvesters Community Food Network of Kansas City.
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VOLUNTEER COMMUNITY GARDENS
DST COMMUNITY GARDEN
In the initial phase of garden cultivation, the southeast corner of the site at 18Broadway will be dedicated to high-production gardening. The 12- by 4-foot raised beds will be tended by volunteers and produce will be donated to Harvesters Community Food Network. The beds will be planted with successive single crops from spring through late summer. For example, one bed may be sown with lettuce in the spring and harvested in time to plant tomatoes in late May. 24
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The demonstration garden area near the Broadway Court will encourage visitors to consider the benefits of growing some of their own fruits and vegetables, and show them different ways they might approach this. For example, one area will feature in-ground gardening and another will feature raised beds. One bed might be planted with a single crop and another with several crops to help people understand the level of production they might expect with each approach. The site also will feature free-standing pots to show it’s possible to grow vegetables or herbs—or even miniature fruit trees—in a limited space, such as a patio or balcony.
DEMONSTRATION GARDENS
HARVESTERS COMMUNITY FOOD NETWORK www.18broadway.com
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IMAGINE YOUR METER RUNNING BACKWARDS
SHELTER While the urban environment provides efficient use of space by virtue of its dense human population, the intense concentration of energy consumption and waste streams can strain urban infrastructure. A lot of discussion about improving energy use focuses on transportation solutions, but commercial and residential building development represent even greater opportunities to impact energy use. Construction and building use account for an estimated 72 percent of electricity consumption in the United States (US Energy Information Administration). A future phase of 18Broadway could explore housing development that is resourceful in construction, modest in energy use and environmentally appropriate to the site itself. The goal is to drastically reduce operating costs while providing a healthy and energy-efficient home environment for occupants.
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Net-zero average annual energy use can be accomplished with on-site energy generation. As energy is generated, a second electric meter can record the energy being pushed back onto the electricity grid. When annual grid energy used equals energy pushed onto the grid, a net-zero performance is reached. On-site renewable energy system options include: photovoltaic arrays, which directly convert sunlight to electricity; solar thermal systems, which preheat domestic water; and wind turbines, which convert mechanical energy to electricity. Even if not installed on day one, the building can be “future-proofed� to accommodate future energy generation systems.
ENERGY INDEPENDENCE
PHOTO CREDIT: OREGON DOT 28
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PASSIVE SYSTEMS
Passive systems are energy-reducing building elements that don’t require mechanical means to implement. These systems include, but are certainly not limited to, natural ventilation, solar heating of air and water, high-efficiency envelopes and green roofs. Often a minimal investment can provide huge benefits. By designing just with the sun in mind, it is possible to reduce heating and cooling loads by from 10 to even 40 percent. (Source: City of San Jose, California)
PASSIVE SOLAR DIAGRAM
GEOTHERMAL GROUND SOURCE LOOP DIAGRAM
ACTIVE SYSTEMS
Active building systems use efficient mechanical methods to reduce, and potentially replace, energy consumption. These systems can include: smart utility grids; motion-activated and daylight-sensing light fixtures; tankless water heating; gray water (redirected sanitary water) systems; geothermal ground-loop heat exchangers; wind turbines; and photovoltaic solar arrays. While a geothermal ground-source heat pump runs on electricity, it nonetheless allows you to receive $2.50-$3 worth of heating/cooling for every dollar you spend. [Source: Citizens Electric Corporation, A Touchstone Energy Cooperative, August 2009]
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SMART BUILDING
“Smart building” controls provide instantaneous detailed feedback on energy performance to the building’s energy systems and its occupants. Studies show energy use goes down by 15 to 20 percent when occupants have real-time feedback on energy use. [Source: “The Effectiveness of Feedback on Energy Consumption,” Sarah Darby, University of Oxford Environmental Change Institute, 2006] Several super-efficient heating and air-conditioning systems can be demonstrated in this project and their performance can be tracked. All this can be analyzed to establish their real-world viability as financial investments. Fresh air delivery/energy recovery systems and the use of finish materials that do not off-gas toxic chemicals can also provide a healthier and more comfortable environment for people.
18BROADWAY HOUSING CONCEPT, 360 ARCHITECTURE 30
DST SYSTEMS, INC.
Green roofs come in all sizes and provide several benefits. Some are thin, low weight, low maintenance and do not support foot traffic. Others can be great places for people and provide for a wide variety of plants and surfaces. Green roofs retain 64 to 95 percent of average rainfall; protect and prolong the life of the roof membrane; reduce energy loads by insulating the roof and through the cooling effect of the transpiration of the rooftop plants; capture and filter stormwater; expand habitat for birds; and reduce urban heat-island effects. There are two classes of green roofs. “Extensive” green roofs support sedum vegetation and other drought-tolerant plants without irrigation, and are less than 6 inches deep. “Intensive” green roofs can support tall grass and shrubs at 12 inches deep, even crops and orchard trees with a growing medium of several feet.
GREEN ROOF
AUSTENBURG, SWEDEN
AUSTENBURG, SWEDEN www.18broadway.com
THE MERIWETHER, PORTLAND, OR 31
18BROADWAY HOUSING CONCEPT, 360 ARCHITECTURE
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1 GARAGE ROOF VEGETABLE GARDENS
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2 RAINWATER CISTERN
L.E.D. LIGHTING THROUGHOUT
3 RECLAIMED WOOD RAIL/PRIVACY SCREEN
LOCAL MATERIALS THROUGHOUT
4 GREEN WALL SYSTEM
RADIANT FLOOR9HEATING/COOLING
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GEOTHERMAL HEATING/COOLING
6 CENTER PITCHED SHED ROOF (FOR RAIN WATER CAPTURE)
HIGH EFFICIENCY FIREPLACE
7 EXTENDED SOFFIT FOR SUN SHADING
LOW V.O.C. FINISHES ENERGY STAR MINIMUM APPLIANCES
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OPERABLE WINDOWS FOR CROSS VENTILATION
10 RECLAIMED MASONRY VENEER 11 RECLAIMED WOOD SIDING 12 CLERESTORY WINDOWS FOR DAYLIGHTING
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SUSTAINABLE LIVING A future phase at 18Broadway could demonstrate resourceful housing that integrates into the established bio-features of Phase I. A holistic approach to systems, material selection and implementation can provide huge benefits with minimal investment. The goal with this future phase will be to design housing that is energy self-sufficient, to integrate gardens or green spaces with the architecture and to maximize the use of natural resources on the site, including rain and sunlight.
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THE SUN BEAMS TO EARTH MORE ENERGY EVERY HOUR THAN THE WHOLE WORLD USES IN ONE YEAR. S O U R C E: N AT I O N A L G E O G R A P H I C
ENERGY One goal of 18Broadway is to create a net-zero energy use site. One way this will be achieved is through grid-tied, on-site power generation. In the initial phase, it will replace over a year’s time the energy needed to run the irrigation pump and sidewalk LED lighting. A system that puts power back to the electrical grid provides more functionality and eliminates the need for battery storage maintenance.
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PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER
Irrigation of the community gardens will require about 1 inch of water per three-week drought. Electric pumps will supply water from a cistern located below the lowermost rain garden up to a series of hydrants distributed throughout the garden. Approximately 180 square feet of photovoltaic solar panels will be needed to generate power to pump water during the day. When the water pumps are not in operation, the array can produce enough power to charge an electric car. Future phases of 18Broadway may include an electric charging station as well as other alternative energy resources. As demand increases for electric charging stations, the photovoltaic array can be expanded to meet this need (see page 39). 36
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HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE
VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE
WIND TURBINE Wind turbines generally fall into two types of categories: horizontal axis and vertical axis. Horizontal axis turbines are the most recognized with propeller blades that rotate around a center shaft. They are most efficient in straight-line wind conditions. Vertical axis turbines have their rotating shaft oriented vertically and are known to date back to 200 BC. Vertical axis turbines are most efficient in variable wind direction locations. www.18broadway.com
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TRANSPORTATION C
The project envisions stations for each of the following alternative fuels.
BIODIESEL Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oils and animal fats or recycled restaurant grease. It usually produces fewer air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel. Biodiesel can be used in its pure form (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel. Common blends include B2 (2 percent biodiesel), B5 and B20. Use of blends above B5 require a simple modification to a diesel-powered vehicle. According to the US Department of Energy, production and use of biodiesel instead of petroleum diesel reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 78 percent. Additionally, for every unit of energy required to produce a gallon of biodiesel, more than three units of energy are gained. [Source: National Biodiesel Board]
COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS Natural gas is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels. It can be used in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG) to fuel cars and trucks. Dedicated natural gas vehicles are designed to run on natural gas only, while dual-fuel or bi-fuel vehicles can also run on gasoline or diesel. Natural gas vehicles are not produced commercially in large numbers—the Honda GX CNG is the only natural gas vehicle currently available in the U.S. However, conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles can be retrofitted for CNG.
ETHANOL Ethanol can be brewed at home with a micro-fueler, water, power, yeast and sugar. Most vehicles can run on a 10 percent ethanol/gasoline (E10) blend. Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) are designed to run on an 85 percent (E85) blend. Consumer-targeted micro-fuelers have recently come on the market that can make a gallon of ethanol from about 10 gallons of sugar.
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CONCEPTS ELECTRIC CHARGING STATION Electricity can be used to power electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles directly from the power grid. Vehicles that run on electricity produce no tailpipe emissions. The only emissions that can be attributed to electricity are those generated in the production process at the power plant. Electricity is ideal for short-range driving. Electric fueling costs often are the equivalent to gasoline at $1.50 per gallon. Major auto makers and several startups are planning or producing electric-powered vehicles. Parking stalls can be equipped with an electrical power port, unmetered or metered for “pay at the pump� capability. At 18Broadway, cars could be charged from the photovoltaic system provided for water pump and site lighting.
CHARGING STATION, SAN JOSE, CA PHOTO CREDIT: KIM SMITH/GENERAL MOTORS
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RECYCLING & COMPACTORS
Kansas City has a very successful curbside recycling program, but glass is excluded and remains one of the most difficult consumer materials to recycle. A new company called Ripple Glass is providing a great solution by partnering with local manufacturing companies to recycle glass into fiberglass insulation. 18Broadway will host one of Ripple Glass’s containers and will provide a conveinent drop-off location for downtown Kansas City and the Crossroads District.
RIPPLE GLASS
Solar compactors use the sun’s energy to compact trash at the point of disposal, dramatically increasing capacity by five times within the same footprint as ordinary receptacles. Increased capacity reduces collection trips and can cut related fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent.
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The city is an ecosystem—from the cars, roads, buildings, sewer systems, towers and power lines to the parks greenways, streams, landscaped lawns and undeveloped lots. 18 Broadway is designed with a vision that, in an urban ecosystem, man-made elements can exist in greater balance and harmony with natural elements.
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A place... to see ideas put into practice to learn to live to explore to research
BROADWAY
18Broadway is a demonstration project initiated by DST Systems in collaboration with 360 Architecture, Patti Banks Associates, TapanAm Associates and Tilt.