outdoorsman

r~

OUTDOORSMAN

[ [

OUTDOORSMAN

Outdoorsman can be fun if you are prepared, you are unprepared. .

r

•

or impossible if

Review knife and saw safety.

Do some basic

lashings.

Use plaster of Paris to cast animal tracks.

r fl

•

Do a scavenger hunt

(leaves,

lichens,

•

Lay a trail with rocks,

•

Have scouts crawl on their bellies, hands and knees, stooped and standing up over a grassy area to allow them to see from an animal's point of view.

•

Discuss ways to tell direction without a compass.

sticks,

grass,

seeds,

rocks,

etc.

Discuss what goes into a personal first-aid kit.

r

L I

L 0

etc.).

KNOW HOW TO MSE KUli CABE FOR A KNIFE

r

r TO OPEN

Put your thumbnail in the slot of the blade. Keep the fingers away from the cutting edgs.

Pull the blade all the way open.

TO CLEAN

Drop machine oil on hinge, work blade a few times.

Hold cleaning cloth at the back of the blade, not the cutting edge.

Wipe carefully across the whole blade.

n

TO USE

k L

Sit on ground Indian fashion, not on. logs or bench.

Clench handle with your whole hand.

Always push knife avsy from you.

Keep at least an arm's length from anyone else.

Don't place thumb on blade.

TO CLOSE

Hold the handle firmly with one hand. push the blade.

With the fingers of your other hand,

The knife will close half way.

Then push the blade again.

The knife will snap shut.

Sharpening Knife - Slide blade on stone in circular motion, with pressure toward back of blade.

Turn blade over and repeat in opposite direction.

Passing Open Knife - Not a good idea. ' Close knife to pass.

Don11 carry an open knife.

Don't run blade into ground.

Don't hammer with a knife.

Don't push knife blade shut with thumb.

Don't use knife for a screwdriver.

Great River G.S.Module

-24-

"

*"

i

CAMFCRAFT

n-crnft is the1 art or skill of being a good camper.

Familiarity with the few

--•ic tools and the development of a few basic skills are important steps in be::*ji|C a good camper. Here are some suggestions to give you confidence in help-

• ,- children become good campers.

|

HOW TO USE KNIVES, SAWS, AXES, AND HATCHETS

(Worlds to Explore Handbook and Cadette Girl Scout Handbook) *• proper use of knives and hatchets is a sign of a good woodsman, and a Girl Scout .:4«jg herself on!being able to handle thei>: well and with cara. They are carried

r uae, not be piay.

They are kept in good condition, clean and sharp, and are

••4 ir such a wa^ that neither the user nor anyone near by may be injured by them. «y are never used by Girl Scouts to strip bark from any tree or to disfigure -cp»rty*

• uaing a Knife: Whittle or cut away from the body Keep the fingers behind the blade Do not carry an open knife in the hand

Keep the knife clean; boil or scald the blades before cutting food with them;

keep tho knife out of the fire

Do not hajnraer with the handle of the knife and do not drive it into a stick by

hammering on the back of it

Do not pry things open with the blade or use it as a screwdriver

Know how to sharpen the blades properly and how to keep them sharp-

knife is harder to handle than a sharp one.

A dull

A small pocket whetstone is easy

to carry.

To open a jacknife, hold it in one hand, put your other thumbnail in the slot and swing the blade out until it clicks in place

Closing the jacknife (pg 378, Worlds to Explore Handbook) Hold the handle of the jacknife in one hand witU_tb« sharp cutting side of the knife upward. With the fingers of your other hand, push the blade. The knife will close halfway.

Then push the blade again. The knife will snap shut. Always be sure your

.

fingers are away from the cutting edge.

In passing a knife (pg. 378, Worlds to Explore Handbook)

If you are using a

jacknife, close it before you pass it. If you are using other knives such as paring knives, grasp the blade along the dull edge and pass the handle to the other person. In this way you have control of the sharp edge of the knife.

Keep your knife in your pocket when you are not using it or make a lanyard or sennit of macrame and hang your knife from your belt.

:j jJsing an Ax or Hatchet • . "~ In carrying an ax or hatchet always protect the blade with a sheath or guard.

Carry an ax by grasping the handle close to the ax head with the blade down and outward.

In chopping, Gee that a clear space encircles you, both around and above you.

The chopper is responsible for others who may pass by.

Always chop wood in such a position that the ax or hatchet will not strike the body if it should slip. Your feet are apart, and your weight distributed even ly so that the axe will slip between your legs if it misses the log. Your eyes must be always on the spot ycu want to hit.

If you look at your foot when the

t.

axe is coming down, you are likely to hit that foot.

Whon dropping down a tree, a branch, or a sapling with an axe, take pains to cut away all the twigs and foliage-so that the ax will not touch anything when it is swung.

16-12

Even a small twig may deflect it and cause an injury.

[

r

In Using an Ax or Hatchet (cont) " ■ ., - .

Jl Always use a low, solid stationary chopping block or log as a base when split6.

7.

ting woodbr kindling,

.

.-. ^^'i'

:U

:* •'• «^-":"v'"-''

Do not hold a stick of wood in one hand and chop with the, other.

Be sure that the head of the ax or hatchet is on firmly.

In Using, a Saw:

r

1.

2.

J,

Palli don't push a saw.

Brace your wood so it con't move.

A sharp blade will work better than a dull one!

i c

I I L Q

Girl Scouts of Southwestern

CampA978 16-13

"

,..

■

Flrebuildintt & Methods of Cocking

The kind of fire needed for cooking depends upon many factors - ths of fuel available, weather conditions of the immediate surroundings, the ™* ol firsplaee to be used, the kinds of cooking to be dons and, perhaps most important, ths ability of the builders.

r

Allow ample time for the following:

'

- selection and gathering of the proper kind of wood,, if using wood.

• Construction of fireplace and fires,

r

- Preparation of food.

- A leisurely meal* - Proper and thorough clean-up. for amr

1.

If a ready made fire area or fireplace is not »™U»^«rt?2 •£ «£• clearing.

Have overhead clearance, too.

sod to replace later.

fl

Lj

Clear space down todirt.

Savs

Rocks (not sandstone) or green logs should be placed

2. ESorS 2LSK vfSZXtiZ pl»t7 of vfS p bucket and broom or shovel on hand.

3.

Build the fire with the wind at your back to provide draft.

6. A SiTSSSfkll- with «t.r i. eon«nl«t to tar. «« th. fir. to control flames*

9.

building or tending a fire.

,,4*4_

Pot holders should be large and in good condition Oven mitts should be in- good soadition also.

to Bttilil » fir* uaing wood:

- a ■ssrcaar-sr fa. tu.

3. if w££r i» dampfthe dri.-t wood v±U b. found « tr-«, not foundation fir* - to. thra. pi*..» of kindling to for. •» A ^ld Omn on oatoh befor* placing it again-t tind«r.

Bwak match i

6. mrtnff^'iTS;. gradu^ add progr.a.lvl, 1-rg.r pi.c« of kind ling and wood until you have the desired fire.

8,

16-17 9.

To extinguian a

lire,

eprwi co-ao,

°***14*r''

—~7

v

1

cool enough that the hand can be hsld on thea, the ashes buried.

Remains of fire should be buried or removed*

Use Just enough fuel for your cooking needs.

Firebuilding and Methods of Cooking

How to Btiild a Fire Using Charcoal *K-y

\ "./'"»

1.

Use small twigs, tiny trench candles or fire starters to begin.

2.

charcoal on top of this, Light the fire starter or twigs and add charcoal as the fire catches.

3.

Put the

Blow at base if necessary.

When the fire is ready, charcoal will be grey-white in daylight, red at

If. To^xtinguish fire, cover with sand or dirt or water. The charcoal can [ I

r

5.

6.

Keep charcoal in a dry place between using.

It absorbs moisture, and is

hard to light when damp.

_

Quick method to start the charcoal - use a charcoal chimney placed wher^ ever your fire is to be built. Using a #10 can remove the top and bottom

of it. Punch holes around the bottom with a beer can °Pen£% j*£* fS^. starters and charcoal in can. Ught starters. Coals should ignite rapidly.

1

When charcoal is ready, remove chimney with pliers. very hot.

N

P

be dried out and used again.

Warning:

it will be

How to Build a Fire Using Paper

Newspapers may be used to make a fire which will cook food. It produces consid erable smoke, but is usable and inexpensive.

The fuel is made by any of the following methods: 1.

2.

Roll paper tightly, soak in water, .1?* Roll paper, soak in water, twist tightly, let dry.

51

Soak paper in water, make into tightly compressed balls, let dry.

Fire Starters

i

Pudsies or fire kisses - cover bottom of cake pan with sawdust.

Melt

X* ^0%^paraffin. Pour over ^J^«**«~jEZ or three eighths inch.

2

When hard, cut in squares.

^Lip^ip^asket into splinters about 2 Inches long. Tie In small

££ £p ta£ inum foil or a tin box.

3.

dl enda or

ffi

*" *»• paCk ta *3"

Small pieces of waxed cartons.

How to Make Trench Candles

Place a narrow strip of cloth or twisted string (for a wick)

on the end of 6 to 10 layers of newspaper.

Roll paper tightly,

leaving 3/V' of wick extending at each end. Tie rollV|f^mJy^ string atV to 6" intervals.

Cut one inch above each tied place

and cut sections into cone shape. Pull center string to top of cone to serve as wick. Soak cut sections in melted was. When thoroughly dry these trench candles make excellent fuel to use

under ?in^ca7atoves. Bits of candles are also practical to use as tinder for starting fires when wood is damp.

16-18

HCW TO MAKE A BUDDY BURNER Select a small tin can that will fit inside

your tin can stove (a tuna fish or small

salmon can is an excellent size).

Take a

cardboard strip Ykn wider than the height of the can and roll it into a coil that fits loosely into the can.

Pour melted wax or paraffin to fill the can and let it harden. The coil of cardboard should extend over the whole surface so that, when lighted, the flame will burn over the en tire area.

HOW TO MAKE A TIN CAN STOVE

With a pair of tin shears, cut two openings in a #10 can, one for fuel and one for a

chimney (see illustration).

D

3e sure to

burn and wipe lacquer off top of can before using it for cooking.

Handle with care when hot.

HCW TO MAKE A CHARCOAL STOVE

r

Use #10 can. Cut top of can out. Use beer can opener and make two holes on either side of can to be used to secure wire for the handle.

Make holes around bottom of can

for draft.

Cut wire mesh approximately 6'1

x 8", bend ends under about 3" on each side* This is done to make the mesh stand in can

thus allowing draft underneath charcoal which is placed on mesh.

Fire can be put out safely and quickly by pouring water on partially burned charcoal.

Let dry and reuse.

L

D

SAFETY FOR USE OF CHARCOAL STOVES & BUDDY BURNERS

At least three feet should be allowed between stoves or burners. The ground where they are used should be level and clear of dried leaves and twigs.

Stoves may be very hot. Do not move unless with heavy pot holders or pliers.

HOW TO MAKE A REFLECTOR OVEN

The reflector oven may be purchased from most stores carrying camp equipment.

However it is often much more fun to make your own.

The following ideas may

help you create your own oven:

- Cut in half diagonally and line a cardboard box with aluminum foil, shiny side out. Place green sticks or wires from side to side in the middle of the box to make a shelf - cover it with foil. Brace the box at the front and back with rocks or sticks so it won't move.

- Take a sheet of heavy aluminum foil about 20" by 14". Fold in half. Open up to form a right angle. Fit two pieces of foil into each open end of the large piece of foil. Fold together the foil of the large piece and the end pieces to make the sides.

facing the fire.

and/or cans. the rack.

Anchor with a rock with the open oven

Improvise a rack to hold the fold using rocks, sticks

The heat will reflect from the foil oven down and up toward

Place sticks in the ground and line with aluminum foil, shiny side towards fix*. This makes a backdraft to reflect heat. Place food to be cooked on a rock or other base between foil and fire.

c 1

**

.

*•* , "5

'

A collapsible oven may be made from 5 cookie sheets and twelve bolts with ls nuts*

,.

m

a) two sheets serve as sides of oven when standing on end b) two sheets serve as top and bottom reflectors c) sheet is the tray c) the the fifth f

Measure carefully so sheets (b) which form a "V" fit very tightly ÂŤ* f^iTlevel. Punch holes for bolts to hold trays in place. Bolts can be

^ovti^irays ^cked flat for carrying. Strait^(^o- coat hanger) can be used to support tray (c).

Put them inati

i

a

y-

y

COOKING

For added fun in cooking try making your own utensils.

For toasting or broiling

For frying use aluminum foil wrapped around a forked stick

A few suggestions:

t. ;■•

HOW TO MAKE NCN-LIQCID FIRE STAPTr.RS:

r

Candle Kisses:

r

Break or cut household paraffin or old candles into 1" chunks.

Wrap each chunk in a piece of wax paper and twist both ends.

r Trench Candles: Cut 6-10 layers of newspaper into 4-5'* strips, rlcicts a pi^ce of twisted string or cloth for a

wick and roll into candles and tie with 3tring or twine.

Dip "candle11 into melted wax or paraffin and allow

to dry.

r 3.

Egg-Carton and Sawdust; Fill cups with sawdust cr wood shavings.

Pour ir.elt^d paraffin in each cup. A twine wick may be

.added.

OCD

I

L

4.

Fudgics:

Cover bottom of cake pan with sawdust.

Melt candle ends or paraffin.

Pour over sawdust to depth of 3/8".

When hard cut in squares and pack in aluminum foil or a tin cau.

D To waterproof matches—dip ends in clear nail polish—let dry—store in water proof container.

Giri Scouts of Southwestern Pennsylvania Training - September 1983 -40-

OUTDOOR RECIPES

Many "indoor" recipes are equally goodfoxuoutdoor cooking. Progression in food preparation like all other forms"oTTrogreasion are based on a girl1 a readiness and experience.

SIMPIE ONE POT MEAL3 (Us* one big pot or 3-lb. or 1-lb. shortening or coffee can

depending on portions to be cooked)

SLUSHING BUKXY

(Simple One-Pot Meal)

Recipe for 12

k Tablespoons margerine

4 Tablespoons flour

l(31b 3oz)or 5&OJ4 oz)cans concentrated Tomato Soup

yi lb. diced cheese Salt and pepper

2*t slices toast or crackers

Melt margerine and blend in flour. cheese and heat until melted.

Add undiluted soup and heat thoroughly.

Add

SerTB on toast.

OTHER SIMPIE CNE-PCT MEALS INCLUDED ON SEPARATE SHEET.

PCfP OF GOLD

(More advanced one-pot)

Recipe for 8

Mix 2 cups Biaquick with water to make a stiff dough.

Make balls with piece of

cheese in center of each. Heat 2 cans of tomato soup and 2 cans of milk (or water, US cans) to boiling. Add dumplings. Cover and simmer for 15 minates.

CHICKEN STEW (More advanced one-pot) Recipe for 8 Heat in large covered kettle 1 can chicken noodle soup or 1 can chicken rice soup, 1 can peas, 1 can boned chicken or equivalent ci* up chicken and 2 cups wftef\ Mix 2 cups Bisqulck with water to a stiff dough and drop by spoonsfuls onto boiling stew.

Cover and simmer 15 minutes.

RING-TUM-DIDDY (More advanced one-pot)

Recipe for 12

1 lb. bacon diced

2 (1 lb. 3 oz) can tomatoes

3 medium onions

^ Id. American cheese

2 large green peppers

Salt and pepper

2 (1 lb. 3 oa) can corn

Pry diced bacon.

Remove from pot - add onion and green pepper and saute until soft.

Add tomatoes and corn, season.

ALUMINUM FOIL COOKING GRINDERS

Bdd cheese and heat thoroughly until cheese melts.

(Wrap food portions in heavy aluminum or 2 sheets regular aluminum foil.

Cook over coals or on grate over charcoal.;

Recipe for 6

1 lb. chopped bologna or luncheon meat 2 Cups shredded American cheese

6 tablespoons mayonaise

Combine all ingredients and spread on split hamburger °* *t-dog rorLB* mA

Wrap and heat until chedse is melted.

2/3 cup pickle relish

OTHER ALUMINUM FOIL DIMNESS MAY INCLUDE:

1." Hamburger, 1 slice onion, 1 slice potato, 1 slice carrr*. (20 minutes) 2.

3.

h.

1 slice of ham or Spam, 1 ring pineapple, 1 teaspoon tr-^n sugar (10 minutes) 1 piece chicken, % tomato, 1 carrot sliced, 2 tablespoons minute rice, salt and pepper

(30 minutes

1 potato (cut large potato in half) 30 minutes

Outdoor Recipes - cont'd.

STICS COOKING

(More advanced)

MEAT ON A STICK

2 lbs. ground beef 1 egg beaten

Mix beef, egg, crumbs and season.

Using 1 tablespoon of mixture, form

Salt, and ^rp^er Tomato wedges, pieces of onion

3 inches from heat.

ft cup bread crumbs

or

small balls and thread on sticks.

Cook

greenrpepper

SIMPLE! DESSERTS COUNTRY SODAS

Insert a candy stick in whole orange which has been rolled to ™»Va it juicy..

SOME MORES

Place 1 toasted majshnw How and 1 piece chooolate bar'between graham crackers.

BANANA BOATS

Peel inner curve of banana.

Cut out 3-1 inch sections.

In cavity place a marshmallow with a square of sweet chocolate on each side. Cover with peeling or wrap in aluminum foil.

Heat slowly until .soft.

.

MOCK ANGEL FOCD CAKE

Cut unsliced dry bread in 1)4» cubes.

ijx shredded coconut or cinnamon sugar.

Roll in sweetened condensed milk-

Toast on sticks.

Roll

If bread is cut in

•ticks Vfif* x 3" it may be toasted on grate of charcoal stove.

"BAKED APPIES IN ALDMINUM FOIL Core apples, fill centers with raisins and sugar.

Wrap in foil.

Cook 15-20 min«

MORE ADVANCED DESSERTS

APPLESAUCE AND GINGERBREAD

Mix prepared .gingerbread * little stiff. Heat 2 cans applesauce to boiling in large kettle, add.gingerbread.*. Cover. Heat slowly for 34 hour. Use # recipe for 31b. Crisco can.

-

FRUIT COCKTAIL AND CAKE

Use white cake mix - follow^dnstaractlona. for Applesauce & Gingerbread cake.

• CRUSHED PINEAPPLE AND*<3INGERBREAD Prepare as applesauce and gingerbread.

-.CRUSHED PINEAPPIE AND CAKE

Add oleo and brown sugar to pineapple JUd yello%*..cake. battex^to .hot .mixture*, CHERIff FILLING AND CAKE

Use canned sour cherries- with sugar adde4*-JU3d> wMfc<»--cake SLICED PEACHES AND SPICE CAKE

Use frozen or canned peaches and spice, cake. mix.

Girl Scouts of Southwestern Pennsylvania "draining

lev. 8/7?

•

MASTER PLAN FOR ONE POT HEALS FOR TWELVE PERSONS

Into one Pot put:

3 pounds

- hamburger browned

i package - dehydrated onion*

or 2 chopped fresh

- dehydrated sweet p or 2 chopped fresh 3 cans

— tomato soup

salt and pepper

r Then add:

AMERICAN CHOP SUET if cans spaghetti

h

L Q

MACARONI BEEF 1 large package of macaroni cooked separately.

CHILI

^ cans of red k±da#y beans and chili powder

SPANISH RICE

1 large package of minute rice cookad separately

HUN'l'KH'S STEW

if cans of vegetable soup

SQUAW CORN ' 3 cans of corn and Yz pound dioed cheese

Girl Scouts of Southwestern Pennsylvania Training

V77

SPAGHETTI

1 large package of spaghetti cooked separately.

Sprinkle-

with cheese*

YOKI SPECIAL

3 cans of spaghetti and 2 cano of peas*

HUNGARIAN HOT POT if cans Campbell1 a pork and beans

A LOOK AT NATURE

'YOU WILL BE ASKED TO IDENTIFY, FIND, RETRIEVE, DRAW OR IN SOME MANNER EXHIBIT YOUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT NATURE. YOU HAVE 10 MINUTES IN WHICH TO ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK. ; â&#x20AC;˘; BOUNDARIES

LEFT - STREAM :: DO NOT CROSS THE STREAM AHEAD - ACCESS ROAD TO HIGHWAY RIGHT - HIGHWAY BEHIND - PAVILLON

r

WHEN" YOU HERE THE WHISTLE - RETURN. TO THE STARTING POINT IMMEDIATELY

[

D [>

I

L

ITEM NO.

1.

2

3/

DESCRIPTION

A stone made of sand ( 1 nugget )

'

Leaf from the tree which began as an acorn C 1-nugget; 2 nuggets if you can identify as white or black and tell how you knew)

Needle cluster-from a pine tree ( 1 nugget; 2 nuggets if you can identify and tell how you knew)

4.

Tree from which seed balls hang all winter - piece of bark ( 1 nugget )

5.

A stone not made of sand ( 1 nugget ); identify ( 2 nuggets)

6.

Identify the songs of 2 or 3 birds

7.

On the back of this paper, draw the tracks you would find in the

( 2 birds = 1 nugget; 3 birds = 2 nuggets)

snow, which were made by: a deer ( 1 nugget)

a running rabbit ( 1 nugget )

8.

Point out or bring back a sample of lichen ( 1 nugget)

9

Draw or describe the bud of the tree from which clothespins are made. It is also the favorite tree of lovers on Valentines Day.

10.

EXTRA

C 1 nugget)

NUGGETS( BRING BACK A SAMPLE OR PIECE OF EACH) :::::::

An Acorn - ( 1 nugget) A piece of MOSS ( 1 nugget)

A Wildflower ( remains of one is fine) - ( 1 nugget)

Survival ia a word which can mean many things to many people. However, in any sense of the word, it comes down to mean two things - physical skill ability and knowle In this respect, many of the activities for this theme can be made into games depending on time'and availability of space. In addition, many of these activities can

be taken *from the- Wolf and Bear Cub Scout books. You should try to include some of the following ones:'

•-•• •

WOLF BOOK : ACHIEVEMENT 1- Feats of skill 3- Keeping healthy

Electives

4 - Games 18 - Outings

BEAR BOOK: ACHIEVEMENT

3- Using rope 5- Whittling 8- Fitness

12- Protection

Electives

1 - Skies 2 - Weather

12- Nature Craft

SURVIVAL KIT ' -*? " ~ Pose the following problem to the scouts;" If you were in the woods and got lost, what are the things you would like to have with you to help you out until you are found Allow the boys to make suggestions stating the reasons why they would want the objects they suggest. Then try to help them narrow their list down to things which serve many purposes and can be carried in their pockets or in a belt pouch. Some of these could be pocket knife, rope or picture wire, compass, mirror, waterproff matches, dime,safety pins, band-aids,etc.

WATER PROOF MATCHES

Kitchen matches ( long wooden/strick anywhere variety) can be used as is or shorter

in order to fit in a container. Melt wax in a double boiler and dip the heads in the wa: to form a coating. This can be done either one at a time or in bunches. Another way to

do this is to coat each match with a layer of clear finger nail polish.

TRAIL MARKERS

Following trails dates.back to early man and is something we do everyday- for examc

highway signs. Pictured are some common markers used by hikers. You may want to have yc•_ scouts learn these at one meeting and then follow a trail you make at the next.

GROUND - TO - AIR SYMBOLS

Below are several of the international symbols used in rescue operations should be at least 10 feet across or. better for easier spotting from a plane.

The symbc

' "jziii °* "»*■

These mean "This is the way."

Turn to the left.

Warning.

I

Short distance this *ay.

3 km to

Long distance iffis way.

...3

SIGNALING

Morse code can be sent by sound, light, or flag. To get someones attention normally four A's are sent (.-.-.-.-) ,AR (.-.-.) says your done. To help the boys get started, start by wmorizing the letter E,I,S,H,T,M,0 or Enemy £s Secretly Hiding Take Morse Orders. Theae letters give the basic dot, dash letters. Start to combine them to make words in" order to learn the others •

SENDfNG A MORSE MESSAGE OUTDOORS WITH

A

SINGLE

SIGNAL

FLAG

International Morse Code Utters A I

C D i F G H

di-dah dah-dwK-dlt d«Jwdi-d*h-dit* dah-di-dit . dft dl-di-d*h-dit dah-dah-dit dUdi-di-dit

J

K L M N O P

otdelwdah-dah dah^dl-dah di-dah-di-dit dah-dah dafcdit

S T U

Ff«9 held upright

di-di-drt dah

indicates

the end ofleHer.

V

dalvdah-dah di-dah-dakdit dah-dah-di-dah di-dah-dit

W di-dah-dah dah-dl-dl-dah X Y dah-dMJah.dah Z

Swing flag to left fo *iqrwl"d*h.MUt«a figure-t- motion.

Numtrals

1 ,* ^ 5

dWah-dah-dah-dah di«dUdah-dah-dah di-di-dt-dah-dah dJ-di-di-dj-dah di-di-di-di-dit

dah.dinJi.di.dit dah-datwdi-di-dit dah>dah-dah.dah.dit

0

da>MJah.d«h.dah-dah

^ - <LoT * • Swing flag to right to indicete "dit."

The figure-^ movement will prevent th«

Rag down meant end

of e word.

flag from wrapping itself around pole.

KNOTS

Below are directions and uses for some fundamental 'knots used in camping and rescue work. If doing this in- a den, have each boy bring a 6-8 foot section of rope (not string ot twine) to use in practising.

KNOTS

THE RIGHT KNOT FOR THE RIGHT USE. The trick In knot tying is to use the right knot and to tie It correctly. The right knot holds when you want It to hold and unties quickly.

The wrong

SHEET

BEND

knot may come untied when you put a strain on it or may jam so

hard that you can't untie It.

' to Join two rop««with« SHEET BDIO. m*k«« blflht anon» dthm rop««~ hMvivoni If thay v« ofdur«r«ntthlekn«aa«a.

P«a«th««ndo<th«bUc

through and around the hlgltt. than follow th« dottad mtow 11m undw the

You can teach yourself to tie the knots by following the draw-

'

standing part la Uto bight. *

Ings carefully. Use real rope from the start-not string or twine.

Th« SHEET BEND got Its mom fro« "banding" (tying) • ""haat- (a ror>

Get hold, of a 6-foot length of 1/4-inch rope or larger Practice tying It to a post and around yourself. To be certain that you really know the knots, try to tie them in the dark.

whathar of tha mom or of dlffarantthlekMflMa. na«s; lt'« also callad • "waaw's knot."

hold»a sail tn place). Aah««tband lithe b«it knot to Ua tworepe. tc*j

Uaad toragaa to m*x.

SQUARE KNOT

BOWLINE

T* fasten th««nd of a ropa araundyour wclst with* tOWUNE. bring tharope around you. Mace til* and on the standing part. Holding on to both tnd and standing part where they cross, twist your hand ovor and toward you to form • loop In the standing part. Bring tha ropa and around tha standing part and dowa through tha loop.

1

.

*

SQUARE KNOT Is fundamantally a binding knot. Illausad for typing up bundle« and packages. Onshtpboaid ltls used for'reefing*-typing up-the sails. IMi gava It Us old nama of "reef knot.* Bsaost uaportant usa Is In first aid. (or binding up a wound with a triangular bandageorwUh a gause bandage. Ik hold* firmly whan It la Uad right.

To tla a SQUAW KNOT, hold ona ropa and In on* hand, tha other ropa and in thaothar. Twtatlaft-fcand rope and over, behind, and under tha right-hand rope end. and pull taut. Once more twist tha sama ropa and over, behind, and under, and pull taut. Whan tied correctly, tha end of each ropa lies next us

Pull taut.

Us own standing part.

.. .

•OWUNE forms a loop that will not slip, ft Is an Important rescue knot In flras, r*-—»t«- climbing, and water accidents. Laarn to Ua It around yoursalf. than aroond sbmaona alsa.

TAUT-LINE

TWO HALF HITCHES TWO HALT HITCHES Is one of the simplest knots for tying a rope-such as a clothesline or the ropa ("painter") of boat-to a pole or a ling. It forms a loop

TAUT-UNE HITCH la the bast hitch to usa for yourtant guy Unas. H fora*

loop that does not slip by Itself as long as the ropa Is taut, yet slips easi. when you push knot up or down. ltls also Important In rescue work whan a

that can be pulled tight yet which Is easily loosened again.

necessary to tie a loop on a line that U taut.

To fasten a ropa to a post with TWO HALT HITCHES, pass ona end of the ropa around tha post. Bring the rope end over and under Its own standing part and

to which you.want to attach It.

thlsflrsthalf hitch. Again bring rope end over and under tha standing part and .

':"*-' "'■» \

To tie a TAUT-LWE HITCH, pass the ropa through tha eye or around the pc

through the loop you have formed this way. Do the same once more In front of rough tha loop farmed.

HITCH

:

CLOVE

The short^ 'free part of the rope Is called the end. The rest of the rope is the standing part. When you bend the end so that it lies beside the standing part, you have a bight. By cross

ing the end over the standing part you make a loop. If you bring the end through the loop, you have made an overhand knot-or a half hitch if around a post. .All knots are made by

- combining bights, loops, or overhand taWln different ways.

Carry ropa end around tha standing part tvn:

and through the loop thus formed. Then carry tha ropa end around once •--. time and pull taut, finally adjust tha knot.

HiTCJ.

CLOVE HITCH 1. tha most Important knot fw^^\*"VU"■Sir"

. tog and finishing most lashings that hold poles and timbers togeth-r.

To attach.ropa

toapon

or raU

with

around the pole and lay U over Its own standing^^ V£ more around the pole. Finish by carrying the end under the rope

Sg7t«1hVhitch as much a. possible., "Hitch- U the nama for a for fastening a ropa to ^ot

:

FINDING YOUR WAY

EAST TO THE LEFT OF ME (ELM)- to find directions without a compass remember ELM. If it is morning and the sun is still rising, stand with your shoulder (left side) towax the sun. Your left side is then East, your right is WEST, your nose is SOUTH, and North behind you.In the afternoon, position your right shoulder to the sun or WEST, and the relationship still holds.

YES - it worJc3 with the moon also. "'

SHADOWS (A) - About mid-morning, drive a stake in the ground. At the end of its shadow drive another stake. Tie a string to the first s and with the string and a stick, draw a circle using th distance from the first stake to the second as the radi As the sun rises, the shadow will get smaller inside th circle.In the afternoon, the shadow will elongate and v reaches the circle, mark this point with a third stake, your string and stretch it from stake 2 to stake 3. Div this distance in half. Then lay the string between sta 2 and 3 as before. A line drawn from the half-way mark of the string to. stake 1 is a North-South line. The lin

\ I

will only be a few degrees of when compared to a compas

(B) - Take a thin stick and place it in the ground so t ie casts a faint shadow ( this works on overcast days as well as sunny ones). Place your watch next to the st: so that the shadow lines up with the hour hand on the v A line half-way between the hour hand and the number 12 will point south. If you have a digital watch, you have to approximate the positions on the watch.

NIGHT SKIES

(A)

The North Star,

beneath the North Pole.

Polaris, Jaes-directly

It is found by tracing"ia^l

from the two end stars of the cup to themeact^hicightes-

star above the cup - about 2-3 distances dErom0otnr:.-^ outstretched thumb to your middle finger held^=££3aim's length.

It also lies just off the end of the little

dippers handle.

Another way to find it is by the consta

Cassiopeia which looks like a spread out W or M depend! on the time of year and time of night.

(30) - Another unique way to tell directions at night fr

the stars is as follows;

drive a stake into the ground

so that it is at eye level and in an open area.

v--

"•Vi*1 • -•

*

-

Drive

another taller stake behind the first one .so that the t tips line up with a bright star. After several minutes, the star appears to move

If your, star moves up,

( really the earth is what mov

you are facing east;

moves down,

you are facing West;moves right,you are facing South; moves left,

you face north.

MOTHER NATURE

- The idea that moss grows only on the r.

side of trees

is true under certain conditions.

given enough shade and moisture,

entire tree.

However

it will grow around th

In higher elevations, deciduous trees

that loose their leaves)

( th

grow on southern slopes and pi

are found mostly on northern slopes.

A tree will be muc

bushier on the southern facing side than the northern s Likewise,

leaves tend to be smaller on the southern sid

than the northern side of a tree. in trees,

etc.

Lastly,

animals on hi

build their nests or entranceways facing

a southern exposure.

F

COMMON FIRST AID

- bleeding from open wounds should first be washed to'make sure

^

r

it is clean.

Controll of the bleeding, is by placing a cleancloth over the wound and

Pinching.-or squeezing the wound shut with pressure. The wound should be ltd above the heart until bleeding stops.

BURNS - First degree'' ( red skin) and second degree ( blisters form) burns are treat by flooding the burnt area with cold water, blot dry, and apply a sterile dressing. For severe second and third (cooked flesh) burns, the victim needs medical attention. Do not remove clothing adhering to the burnt area or floe with cold water. Cover the wound with a clean cloth and transport to a doctc

r

SHOCK - Signs are: pale skin, skin cold to touch, pulse rate increases ( over 100) and is faint, breathing shallow and quick, eyes appear sunken, vacant expression and widely dilated pupils.

c

Treatment: If no bone breakage or spinal injury, elevate feet about 12 inches,

n

lay victim on back,

cover to keep warm,

send for help.

BROKEN BONES - Do not attempt to reset: immobilize fracture with a splint and bind

to body if necessary; carry victim out of area or send" for help A

CAUTIONS

'~..*.

CHOKING - Most people recommend that you not hit someone on the back if they are

coughing and breathing normally. Hitting them could lodge the obstruction If getting breath seek medical help, Never stick fingers in mouth to dislodge particle. as easy as knocking it loose.

BLEEDING - Do not apply a tourniquet except as a last resort,

I

i.e.

the bleeding is

so bad that pressure will not stop it and the victim is in danger of bleeding to death.

The decision to apply a tourniquet is a decision to risk the serifice of a limb to save a victims life. Once on, get victim to doctor as fast as possible.

GAMES

T^

BRIDGE PASS

Two scouts stand 10 feet apart on a level surface. .One scout is the bowler and the

other is the catcher- Use a -tennis ball or something similiar. The bowler will roll the ball so that it passes through the catcher's spread legs. The catcher who stands with his back to the bowler, bends over and must catch the ball before it passes between his spread legs. Award 1-3 points to the bowler if the catcher fails and vise-versa.

Set total points at whatever limit you want.

FOOTWORK

Players start facing any direction with their feet together. On the word "GO",' eaclplayer crosses'his right foot over his left and turns slightly to the left until his right foot or toe is firm enough to allow his left foot to be placed alongside the right foot. This is repeated until the player turns completely around. Do this once slowly wit scouts so everyone understands. Then start the game where the first scout to turn around

twice wins. To make it more difficult have them do a right turn followed by a left turn followed by another right turn sequence.

BOX THE COMPASS

'

â&#x20AC;˘

>

Mark a circle 2-3 feet in diameter on a smooth flat ground. Draw a 3 inch circle ir the center of this circle ( the large one). Mark the outer circle with N,S,E,W for compass points.

Easy version of the game consists of one scout standing on the 3 inch circle facing North. He is the marker or arrow of the compass. Another boy stands about 6 feet away and is the caller. The caller calls out two directions on the compass. The marker

immediately jumps up and lands with one foot on each of hte designated positions.

r

Once this phase of the game is mastered, mark the outer circle with northeast (NE) , southeast

(SE), northwest (NW) and southwest (SW). Start the game again. After each jump the marker replaces his feet on the inner circle facing north. After three errors c losing balance, the boys switch places.

i

L D

I-

IEO

There are achievements in the Bear £ Wolf Book for knot tying. Most of these handouts will aid you in becoming profecient in those knots S. other types.

--

*** Use the KNOTS-ANO-NOT-KNOTS sheet to set up puzzles for your den. You can set a number of these as a individual competition.

EYE-OF-GOD

The Eye OF God dates to the Pueblo Indians and is a sacred decoration to bring good fortune,luck,health, £ long life. Size,color can vary as desired.

1.

Select 2 sticks of the same size £ place them to form a cross

2. Take the string or yarn for the center and tie the sticks together very

E r

tightly

in

the

cross

shape.

3.

Hold sticks

4.

Repeat the over,

5.

Change colors as you proceed if desired.

PICTURE

in one hand,keep them crossed, weave the yarn over one

leg, then under, around and across to the next leg ( See Figure). under,

around and over.

FRAME

1.

Take 4

sticks to

2.

Square

lash

2

form the

frame.

sticks together to form a

corner.

3. Continue until all 4 corners are done. Make certain that the FRAPPING IS TIGHT SO THE FRAME WILL HOLD IT»S SHAPE. MAKING

ROPE-

1. Use lengths of cord,string,yarn about 3 times longer than the length of rope you want.

Tie the

You can tie shorter pieces together.

strands together at both ends.

Hook one end of the tied strands over a doorknob,

post,etc.

Stretch the cords out straight £ put a paper tube ovet them.

Slip a pencil through the end and begin to twist the strands.

k

Hold the line taut., continue until the strands are wound very tight..

Have a helper grab the twisted stands at the center

and bring the

end with the pencil to the knob or anchor.

L

The helper should now slowly move down the strand allowing it to twist upon

itself to form a thicker rope.

When it is twisted all the way, remove the pencil £ tube. Tie the

D

loose

Fig.11

end

together.

HANKING A KOPE

Use it: To carry a ropÂŤ on your belt; to store % rope.

1. Fold one end cf rope in two loops about six or seven inches long. Size of loop* depend on lengtn of rope.

2. Wrap Ion?* end of rope evenly around the loop*, starting at A and working towara B.

3. When you get to B, stick the end of the rope ycu have *>~n wrapping through the loop.

mm*

B

4. Pull one side of A gentiy lo see which will rightcn 3 and anchor the end of the rope. Thrn pull loop tight.

5. The two tads of the rope will be un-

cven. Make them even by pulling gently on A or on or.r of rhz ends.

I

6. Roll hank between your paims to smooth it.

L

7. Hang ir on your belt.

0

Unwind it by pulling the end that did not go through the loop. Pull ie ail the wnv through the wound rope.

95

1963 Edition Junior Handbook p.

95 -28-

WHIPPING A ftOPE

r

You need: A pir.cc of rope and a piece of string or cord 12 inches long. Use brightly colored string ro decorate your

jump rope or ropes on a drawstring bag.

1. Make, a loop with one end of the string

and lay the loop along the rope with the ends of the string hanging off the end of

p

the rope.

2. Hold the string in place with your left thumb. With your right hand, wind the long end of the s-tring tigutly over the loop and around the rope. The short end will be left hanging.

3. Wind the string around the rope for at

least an inch. Wind firmly and closely but do not overlap. When you have wound far enough, tuck end you have been wind ing through loop. Held it with your left

i L

hand thumb so it does not loosen.

4. Take the other end and pull slowly.

The loop will disappear under the wind ing. Pull until the loop is halfway under the winding. Trim the ends to make a

C

neat finish.

If your whipping slips off the rope, you

did not make it tight enough. Practice

until it holds when you try to push it off.

94

1983 Edition

Joiiior Handbook p.

94

-29-

â&#x2013; â&#x20AC;˘':;<; it'

Learn To Lash Lashing is used to fasten sticks or poles together wiih binder twine, rather than with nails, it is safe to use on trees and is easily taken apart.

Good lashing is neat and attractive

SQUARE LASHING

and holds securely.

Q

Square lashing: With one end of

cord make a clove hitch around vertical stick. Bind sticks together firmly as shown, then tighten with a /rapping (winding the cord between the two stick*). Finish .tb.z lashing with a square knot.

Diagonal

lashing:

Make a dove

DIAGONAL LASHING

hitch around two 3ticks as shown.

Make three or four turns around one fork, then three or four turns around the other, pulling tightly. Frap and end as in square lashing.

h

Shter lashing: Make a dove hitch around one of the sticks. Take several turns around both sticks. Frap and

end as above.

Continuous lashing: Starting at era-

sheer lashing

ter of ccrd, make a clove hitch at one end of the long stick. Roll ends

of cord into two balls to prevent a tangle. Bring the balls from the dove hitch over the short sticks and under the long one, crossing underneath the long stick each time. Continue as shown, making sure the cord runs parallel to the long stick on top and crosses on the underside. End with a square knot.

CONTINUOUS LASHING

1963 Edition

Cadette Handbook p.

170

-32-

r

r

r

r

i

L

Q

1963 Edition Cadette Handbook P.

171

-33-

w«

r

G

ibH

P

I

i<J