Development and Management of Winter Canola for the Great Plains Region Canola Project Directors’ Workshop March 18, 2013
J. Ernest Minton – Associate Director of Research and Technology Transfer for KSRE and Co-Project Director Michael J. Stamm – K-State Canola Breeder and Co-Project Director
Winter Canola Acres in the Southern Great Plains (**2013 estimated; Sources: NASS, FSA) 350,000
Planted Acres
300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 2009
2010
2011
2012
Year Oklahoma
Kansas
Other (CO & TX)
2013**
Great Plains Canola Research Program
Since 1994, $2.309 million of NCRP funds invested in the region. The Project Directors allows the individual subcontractors to determine how to divide funding.
A significant amount supports the longstanding regional variety testing network. Performance testing is critical for the development, evaluation, and release of new, better-adapted winter canola varieties.
Today, the region’s highest priorities remain variety development and new crop production research.
Great Plains SACC 9/1/2007 to 8/31/2013 $472,158 31%
$1,039,192 69% SACC Funds KSU F&A Costs
Total: $1,511,826 3
Research Objectives The long-term goal of this multi-state, multidisciplinary project is to facilitate the adoption of winter canola as a viable rotational crop for the Great Plains and the southern High Plains. Researchers have the goal of significantly increasing canola production and/or acreage by developing and testing superior germplasm, improving methods of production, and transferring new knowledge to producers. The following supporting objectives guide the program.
Continue the evaluation and development of highyielding, locally adapted canola cultivars for the region Improve canola production systems in the region by addressing agronomic management issues Extend production and marketing technology for canola through appropriate, coordinated technology transfer programs
4
FY12 Project Personnel J. Ernest Minton
KSU
Co-PD, Assoc. Dir. of Research and Technology Transfer for KSRE
Michael J. Stamm
KSU
Co-PD, Associate Agronomist – Canola Breeder
Johnathon D. Holman
KSU
Associate Professor, Cropping Systems
Kraig Roozeboom
KSU
Associate Professor, Cropping Systems/Crop Production
Jerry J. Johnson
CSU
Associate Professor, Crop Production Extension Coordinator
Dipak Santra
UNL
Assistant Professor, Alternative Crops Breeding
Sangu Angadi
NMSU
Assistant Professor, Crop Physiologist
Rick Kochenower
OSU
Area Crop and Soil Extension Specialist
Paul DeLaune
TAMU – Vernon
Assistant Professor, Environmental Soil Science
Calvin Trostle
TAMU – Lubbock
Associate Professor, Extension Agronomist
5
FY12 Project Breakdown - $187,476 Institution Funding Level
CSU
KSU
UNL
NMSU
$33,000
$88,976
$10,000
$33,000
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Canola Variety Dev. National Winter Canola Variety Trial
X
X
Great Plains Canola Variety Trial
X
X
X
X
X
Early Generation Screening Nursery Canola Establishment
X
Irrigation Management
X
X
TAMUV
TAMUL
X X
Planting Date Planting Rate
OSU
X
X
X
X
X
X
Canola Forage
X
Harvest Management
X
6
Winter Canola Research
• K-State coordinates the Great Plains Canola Research Program and the National Winter Canola Variety Trial (NWCVT). • Participating locations in the 2012-2013 growing season. University research station and Great Plains Canola Research Program member Supported by the USDA - NIFA Supplemental and Alternative Crops program. NWCVT locations The NWCVT includes 50 commercial and experimental winter canola varieties from public and private entities. The NWCVT increases the visibility of winter canola across the USA.
8
9
10
2011-2012 Regional Variety Trials – lb/a NWCVT Location
State
Mean
Range
Akron
CO
Rocky Ford †
CO
3,007
2,113 – 3,832
Yellow Jacket
CO
945
607 – 1,311
Walsh †
CO
Columbia
MO
1,761
1,167 – 2,191
Clovis †
NM
2,708
1,563 – 3,930
Scottsbluff †
GPCVT Mean
Range
EGSN Mean
Range
Lost to drought
Lost to drought
Lost to drought 1,824
1,554 – 2,140
NE
769
410 – 1,318
789
506 – 1,328
Enid
OK
2,115
1,312 – 2,859
2,160
1,347 – 2,758
Goodwell †
OK
2,145
1,886 – 2,354
Chillicothe †
TX
Etter †
TX
2,003
1,198 – 2,952
Lubbock †
TX
2,368
1,292 – 3,346
†
Irrigated
2,113
1,474 – 2,656
Severe storm
Severe storm
1,984
1,309 – 2,381
2011-2012 Kansas Variety Trials – lb/a Location
Mean
Range
Andale
1,339
557 – 2,795
Belleville
3,979
3,040 – 4,846
Colby † Garden City †
2,300
Range
1,385
914 – 1,834
Mean
Range
2,049
988 – 2,936
Lost to drought
Kiowa
2,117
1,583 – 2,991
Manhattan
2,191
1,343 – 3,557
Marquette
771
345 – 1,629
Irrigated
Mean
EGSN
1-165 – 3,507
Hutchinson
†
GPCVT
NWCVT
2,465
2,013 – 2,946
Canola Planting Management: K-State Planting Date x Tillage x Variety Aug. 31
Sept. 9
Sept. 22
Oct. 3
Pictures taken October 7, 2011 13
Canola Planting Management, cont. Planting Date x Tillage x Variety Aug. 31
Sept. 9
Sept. 22
Oct. 3
Pictures taken March 9, 2012 14
Figure 1. Canola winter survival response to cultivar and tillage, 2009-10 and 2011-12.
Figure 2. Canola yield response to cultivar and tillage, 2009-10.
Figure 3. Canola winter survival response to planting date and tillage over three seasons, 2009-10 to 2011-12.
Figure 4. Canola yield response to planting date and tillage over three seasons, 2009-10 to 2011-12.
Figure 1. Grazing Treatment Effects on Winter Survival a a 100 a a b 80 c b b PRE 60 POST 40 NONE SPRING 20 0 2010
a
2000 1500
a b b
b b
1000
c
500 2009
Figure 3. Genotypic Differences in Winter Survival after Grazing 100 a
a
95 Survival (%)
2500
0 2009
90 b
85
Figure 2. Grazing Treatment Effects on Grain Yield
Yield (kg/ha)
Survival (%)
Dual purpose grain and forage crop
b
80 75 2009
2010
Griffin Wichita
2010
PRE POST NONE SPRING
4500
1400 1200
b
1000
c
800
a
4000
a
600 400
Forage Yield (lbs/A DM)
3500
ab
3000 c
2500
bc
bc c
2000
bc
bc
c
1500 1000 500
200
No
Wichita Hayed
Gr if
Gr iff
Wichita NotHayed
in
Griffin Hayed
fin
Griffin NotHayed
ne T in rit ic W al in e te r Tr iti ca Gr le iff in Ra di Gr sh iff in Tu rn W ip W i ch ic hi it a ta No Sp ne r W i ng ic hi Tr ta iti W ca in le te r Tr iti ca W le ic hi ta Ra di W sh ic hi ta Tu rn ip
0
0
Sp ri ng
1600
a
Gr iff
Grain Yield (lb/A 9% moisture)
1800
Haying Effects on Canola Hay Not-Hayed Hayed
Grain Yield Fall Stand Spring Stand Winter Survival (9% moisture) Plants m-1 row Plants m-1 row % lbs/acre 20 a 14 a 68 a 1573 a 18 b 8 b 44 b 930 b ANOVA P>F
<0.01 <0.0001 <0.0001 LSD 0.05 1.9 1.4 4.8 Letters within a column represent differences at LSD 0.05
<0.0001 104.1
bc
Companion Crop Effects on Canola Canola Fall Spring Companion Vigor Fall Stand Stand Plants-1 m Plants-1 m (0-10) row row None Spring Triticale Winter Triticale Radish Turnip
Grain Winter Yield (9% Test Survival moisture) Weight %
lbs/acre
9
a
19
ab
11
ab
63
a
1461
7
bc
19
ab
12
a
60
a
8 7 7
b c bc
21 17 17
a b b
13 a 59 8 c 48 9 bc 50 ANOVA P>F
a b b
Source of Variation <0.0001 LSD 0.05 1
<0.05 3
<0.001 2
<0.01 8
a
lb/bu 48
a
1321 ab
49
a
1296 b 1240 b 914 c
48 47 47
ab c bc
<0.0001 165
Letters within a column represent differences at LSD 0.05
19
<0.001 1
Developing cultivars tolerant to sulfonylurea herbicide carryover
No herbicide (14 DAP)
0.25x rate of Finesse PPI (14 DAP)
0.50x rate of Finesse PPI (14 DAP)
1.0x rate of Finesse PPI (14 DAP) 20
New cultivar response to carryover Figure 1. Response of KSUR21 to different rates of sulfonylurea herbicides. 100 90
Percent of Viable Plants
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.25x
0.5x
1x
2x
Rates Sumner (Finesse)
Sumner (Olympus)
KSUR21 (Finesse)
KSUR21 (Olympus)
Figure 2. Response of KSUR18 to different rates of sulfonylurea herbicides. 100 90 Percent of Viable Plants
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.25x
0.5x
1x
2x
Rates Sumner (Finesse)
Sumner (Olympus)
KSUR18 (Finesse)
KSUR18 (Olympus)
21
Other breeding interests
Glyphosate resistance. Oil quantity and quality. Mid to high oleic acid Blackleg resistance. Tolerance to winter decline syndrome. Aphid tolerance. Wide range of maturities.
Glyphosate Tolerance Study
Winter Decline Syndrome
22
Outreach/Extension
“Riley Winter Canola” published in the Journal of Plant Registrations. “Effects of planting date and tillage on winter canola” was published by the Plant Management Network. Over 300 producers and ag professionals attended the 8 th annual Canola Production Conference in Enid and Lawton, OK. KSU conducted 3 radio broadcasts and wrote 7 Department of Agronomy e-Updates on insect pests, harvest management, profitability, seeding, and varieties. KSU canola agronomists participated in 9 spring field days and 2 fall field days in 2012. Seven winter canola risk management schools were held from August 2012 to March 2013 with over 225 in attendance. KSU is conducting 8 canola tours/field days in spring 2013. Hosting the spring 2013 Great Plains Canola Association board meeting at KSU. 23
Colorado State University (1994-present)
5 variety testing locations
Akron – NWCVT Fruita – NWCVT Rocky Ford – NWCVT Walsh – NWCVT & GPCVT Yellow Jacket – NWCVT
Canola On-Farm Testing Program
Effective program for wheat Canola program plagued by drought
2011/12 – Seed of 6 cultivars for 1 acre each 2012/13 – Seed of 3 cultivars for 2 acres each 2013/14 – Seed of 1 cultivar for larger area of production
Season
Planned Sites
Actual Sites
Lost to Drought
Dryland
Irrigated
Cultivars
Yield (lb/a)
2011/12
20
13
6
3
4
6
1,738
2012/13
15
10
5
1
4
3
?
24
CSU, cont.
Agronomic research at Rocky Ford in 2012/13.
Canola irrigation study
Canola planting rate study
3 varieties plus 4 planting rates in lb/a
Outreach/Extension
3 varieties plus limited irrigation treatments
100 youth from Denver visited canola plots near Fruita Discussions with advisory boards at each center Over 75 field day participants
Critical needs
Variety testing and development Limited irrigation and leasing issues Market development 25
New Mexico State University – Clovis
Cooperator since 2009. High elevation (4,200 ft) with irrigation potential. Tremendous yield potential.
3,463 lb/a in 2009/10. 2,708 lb/a in 2011/12. Drought and late spring freezes are the biggest deterrents.
Forage potential of canola (field day on April 15). Evaluating water use patterns and water use efficiency of canola varieties under deficit irrigation management conditions. 26
Water Extraction (mm) 1 30
4
7
10
a
13
1
4
7
10
13
1
4
7
2011
10
13
c
b
Canola Wheat
50
70
0 inch
90 110 130
150 30
d
f
e
Soil depth
50 70
6 inch
90 110 130
150 30
g
i
h
50 70
12 inch
2011 season was extremely stressful with low rainfall, record cold temperatures, strong winds, and late spring frost. At all irrigation levels, wheat extracted more water than canola at the planting to regrowth and regrowth to flowering stages. Canola extracted more water than wheat in a dry year at the flowering to maturity stage.
90 110
130 150
Planting to Regrowth
Regrowth to Flowering
Flowering to Maturity
Flowering most critical stage for water demand. Root growth up until flowering and pod fill.
SeedYield (Mg ha-1)
6
2009
2010
2011
5
4 3 2
Biomass Yield (Mg ha-1)
1 Canola (DKW41-10) Canola (Rally) Wheat (TAM 111)
19 17
15
13 11 9
7
Harvest Index
5 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1.3 Oil Yield (Mg Ha-1)
Water is most limiting factor, but stresses at critical stages have been challenging.
1.1 0.9
0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Total Water Use (mm)
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
2009 – Average year with late spring blizzard 2010 – Wet year 2011 – Dry year with late spring frost
Wheat yields were generally higher than canola, but were closer to equal in 2011. Above ground biomass for canola was equal to wheat in 2009 and 2011. Harvest index similar to wheat in 2010. Oil yield was similar for the two cultivars except for 2011 because of late freeze.
Texas AgriLife Extension – Lubbock
High elevation, limited rainfall and irrigation. Excellent yield potential.
2011/12 Canola Trial – Etter, TX
Etter – 2,003 lb/a Lubbock – 2,368 lb/a
Cabbage aphids are a major concern in the spring – 3 sprays in 2012. Interest in dual-purpose, forage and grain, canola. Possibility of ADM canola crusher in Lubbock exists. Water efficient crops are desperately needed.
29
Texas AgriLife Research – Vernon
Cooperator since 1994 Excellent potential for production under irrigation (3,000 lb/a) Most producers are interested in planting canola in a rotation and future research is warranted showing benefits of canola as a rotational option.
Tillage, planting date, seeding rate, and fertility requirements. Improved glyphosate resistant varieties. Extension efforts lacking because of the loss of a specialist (OSU helps). Marketing outlets and information are needed. SDI (5 in) yield trial 2009-2010 Type
Yield
% of Mean
Safran
Hybrid
3412
124
Sitro
Hybrid
3240
117
Dynastie
Hybrid
3231
116
Wichita
OP
2559
89
Kadore
OP
2423
88
Virginia
OP
2323
84
426
15
LSD (0.05)
30
University of Nebraska-Lincoln (1994-present)
Winter survival is very critical for adaptation to western NE Panhandle.
Lack of snow cover, high winds, and geese have negatively affected survival during the winter.
New cultivars and advanced breeding lines, developed at KSU, have shown above average winter survival. Agronomic research on establishing winter canola under dryland conditions is the critical research need.
Establishment study started in 2011/12 and continued in 2012/13.
4 treatments (no-till, minimum till, stale seedbed, and full tillage). Drought reduced stands and the trial was not taken to harvest. Development of a local marketing system is the critical need for increasing canola production in western NE.
31
Oklahoma State University – Goodwell
Cooperator since 2001 High elevation, low rainfall. Biggest obstacle is stand establishment in the fall. Critical GPCVT location for variety development on the High Plains. Planting date, average yield, yield range, and coefficient of variation for NWCVT location, Goodwell, OK. Season
Planting Date
Yield
Range
CV
2001-2002
9/17/2001
1,147
631 – 1,695
27
2002-2003
9/17/2002
1,497
1,001 – 2,303
18
2003-2004
9/24/2003
1,476
291 – 2,841
22
2004-2005
9/29/2004
1,814
1,192 – 2,299
22
2006-2007
9/18/2006
2,914
2,088 – 3,808
10
2008-2009
9/17/2008
2,109
1,551 – 2,752
10
2010-2011
9/17/2010
1,690
1,000 – 2,506
21
2011-2012
9/20/2011
2,113
1,474 – 2,474
11
32
Implications
Canola acres are increasing in the southern Great Plains.
As a general rule, yield potential is greater than the national average.
Agronomic research and variety testing are fostering expansion and critical for the future.
Huge potential for winter canola acreage growth under limited irrigation. More information on winter canola water use efficiency is needed.
SACC grant funding is critical for growth in the southern Great Plains. 33
Next Steps
Maintain the level of support and increase it if possible. Continue to work with individual investigators to meet the needs for growers across the broader Great Plains region. Engage stakeholders from across a diverse region.
Utilize the Great Plains Canola Association.
Engage investigators more in writing the grant proposal. 34
Questions?