ISSUE:005

Page 1

KDAJB: %%*

>HHJ:/ ^h Vc VccjVa hijYZci"gjc ejWa^XVi^dc [ZVijg^c\ \gVYjViZ VcY jcYZg\gVYjViZ ldg` Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ IZmVh Vi 6jhi^c HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ# >ih ^ciZci ^h id [dhiZg ^ciZgVXi^dc VcY i]Z ^ciZgX]Vc\Z d[ ^YZVh Vbdc\ hijYZcih Vh lZaa Vh id gZXdgY i]Z ^ciZaaZXijVa VXi^k^i^Zh d[ i]Z HD6#

:9>IDGH <gZ\ 6gXVc\Za^ HZi] 7dgaVcY 9Vc HnakZhiZg ?ZhhZ 6cYZghdc :a^oVWZi] 7V^gY GnVc 7jX`aZn 9dj\aVh 8VbeWZaa HiZe]Zc =Vgg^h :g^`V =jYYaZhidc ?Vc^XZ C^Xda ?dZa CdaVc 7gdd`h GdhZcWZg\ :b^an HXVg[Z 8]g^hi^cV Hd]c 9:H><C <gZ\ 6gXVc\Za^ ?dZa CdaVc 9Vc HnakZhiZg EG>CI:G A>6HDC ?Vc^XZ C^Xda ;68JAIN 69K>HDGH B^X]VZa 7ZVbVc ?Vhdc HdlZaa C^X]daZ L^ZYZbVcc

& Jc^kZgh^in HiVi^dc 6+''% HD8 )'+ 6jhi^c! IM ,-,&' ^hhjZji5\bV^a#Xdb hdV#jiZmVh#ZYj$ejWa^XVi^dch$^hhjZ$

'%%. >HHJ:/ 6aa g^\]ih gZhZgkZY# Eg^ciZY ^c 6jhi^c! IM >H7C %".,-+''-")",

E]did\gVe]n/ 8dkZg/ <gZ\ 6gXVc\Za^! HZi] 7dgaVcY! 9Vc^Za HnakZhiZg# HZXi^dc Y^k^YZgh/ <gZ\ 6gXVc\Za^ VcY 9Vc HnakZhiZg# IneZ hZi ^c ;; 9>C VcY B^c^dc# 9>C ^h V gZVa^hi hVch"hZg^[ ineZ[VXZ YZh^\cZY ^c &..* Wn 6aWZgi"?Vc Edda! VcY WVhZY jedc i]Z ZVga^Zg 9>C ineZ[VXZ [Vb^an# B^c^dc ^h Vc 6YdWZ Dg^\^" cVa ineZ[VXZ YZh^\cZY Wn GdWZgi Ha^bWVX]! Òghi gZaZVhZY ^c &..%# >i ^h ^che^gZY Wn XaVhh^XVa! daY hinaZ ineZ[VXZh d[ i]Z aViZ GZcV^hhVcXZ# I]Z [daadl^c\ eVeZgh lZgZ jhZY ^c >HHJ:/ KdajbZ %%* 8dkZg/ 9dbiVg 8dj\Vg Hbddi] &(% aW# 8dkZg# IZmi eV\Zh/ 9dbiVg 8dj\Vg KZaajb -% aW# IZmi# 9dbiVg 8dj\Vg ^h ;H8"XZgi^ÒZY VcY XdciV^ch &% edhi"XdchjbZg gZXnXaZY XdciZci#

KDAJB: %%* JIHD6 LDG@ '%%># ;DG:LDG9/ B^X]VZa A# 7ZVbVc >># HEG>C< >>># HJBB:G >K# 6JIJBC

;DG:LDG9

I]Z ^c]ZgZcian cdc"Y^hXjgh^kZ egVXi^XZh d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ! ^ciZg^dg YZh^\c! aVcYhXVeZ VgX]^iZXijgZ! jgWVc YZh^\c! VcY X^in$gZ\^dcVa eaVcc^c\ deZgViZ heVi^Vaan! i]gdj\] i^bZ VcY VXgdhh hXVaZh# GZXd\c^i^dc d[ i]^h Xdbbdc heVi^Va gZ\^bZ Vadc\ l^i] i]Z cdl jW^fj^idjh ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ Y^\^iVa YZh^\c! k^hjVa^oVi^dc! bVcj[VXijg^c\! VcY ^c[dgbVi^dc iZX]cdad\^Zh ^c i]Z YZh^\c egdXZhh ^h Vaadl^c\ i]Z \gVe]^X VcY iZX]c^XVa Y^k^h^dch WZilZZc i]ZhZ Y^hX^ea^cZh id WZ WajggZY VcY Y^hhdakZY# 8dchZfjZcian! i]Z hiVcYVgYh i]Vi Y^[[ZgZci^ViZ Y^hX^ea^cZh VgZ aZhh \gVe]^X dg [dgbVa! VcY bdgZ Ze^hiZbdad\^XVa VcY bZi]dYdad\^XVa# IdYVn! ^c[dgbVi^dc VcY egdXZhhZh cdi dcan Ódl ^ch^YZ d[ Y^hX^ea^cZh Wji WZilZZc i]Zb# ;dg bVcn hijYZcih Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ IZmVh Vi 6jhi^c HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ! V bdkZbZci idlVgYh i]Z ^ciZg"Y^hX^ea^cVgn ^h V YZh^\c ^c^i^Vi^kZ! l]ZgZ i]Z h]Vg^c\ d[ ^YZVh! ^ciZ\gVi^dc d[ hnhiZbh! VcY ^c[dgbZY \ZcZgVi^kZ egdXZhhZh egdkZh id WZ V gZhedch^kZ VcY Z[[ZXi^kZ bdYZa [dg YZh^\c# I]^h \gdl^c\ ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn VeegdVX] ^h V Y^gZXi dji\gdli] d[ hijYZci VlVgZcZhh VcY ZcZg\n! VcY jai^bViZan! ^h V gZÓZXi^dc d[ Vc ZbZg\^c\ VcY VXi^kZ YZh^\c Zi]dh/ V jc^ÒZY YZh^gZ id WZ bZVc^c\[ja VcY hjhiV^cVWaZ ^c ZkZgn eVgi d[ i]Z Wj^ai Zck^gdcbZci# >HHJ:/ ^h V hijYZci"XdcXZ^kZY! hijYZci"YZkZadeZY! VcY hijYZci"gjc ejWa^XVi^dc# >i YdZh cdi [dglVgY Vcn ^chi^iji^dcVa eZYV\d\n! VcY YdZh cdi Xdc[dgb id V eVgi^XjaVg ^YZdad\n# >chiZVY ^i iV`Zh bZVhjgZ d[ i]Z bVcn XdcXZgch! YZh^gZh! VcY Xdchi^ijZcX^Zh i]Vi ZbZg\Z l^i]^c i]Z hijYZci WdYn ZVX] nZVg# I]Z \dVa d[ >HHJ:/ ^h cdi id dg\Vc^oZ egd_ZXih ^cid V hZi d[ ^YZVh Wji id ZmigVXi VcY Xdbbjc^XViZ ^YZVh ZbWZYYZY l^i]^c ZVX] egd_ZXi# >c k^Zl^c\ i]^h ejWa^XV" i^dc! ^i ^h ^bedgiVci id jcYZghiVcY ZVX] egd_ZXi Vh V Y^hXgZZi ^ciZ\gVi^dc d[ XdcXZei VcY bViZg^Va! gVi]Zg i]Vc h^bean V XViVad\jZ d[ hjXXZhh^kZ jcYZg\gVYjViZ VcY \gVYjViZ egd_ZXih [gdb YZh^\c hijY^dh VcY XdjghZh! i]Zh^h eVeZgh VcY hijYZci Zm]^W^i^dch# 9^k^h^dch l^i]^c i]Z ejWa^XVi^dc VgZ X]gdcdad\^XVaÅcdi XViZ\dg^XVaÅVcY egd_ZXih gZegZhZci V WgZVYi] d[ YZh^\c e]^adhde]^Zh! iZX]c^fjZh! VcY XdcXZcigVi^dch# I]Z lZVk^c\ d[ `cdlaZY\Z [gdb kVg^djh heZ" X^Vai^Zh ÒcYh [dgb ^c ZVX] ^cY^k^YjVa egd_ZXi [gdb higViZ\^X Y^V\gVbh id eVgVbZig^X bdYZah# I]Z egd_ZXih gZegZhZciZY ^c i]^h ejWa^XVi^dc bVcn i^bZh Zc\V\Z i]Vi l]^X] a^Zh djih^YZ i]Z YZh^\c Y^hX^ea^cZh l]Zi]Zg ^i ^ckdakZh XdbejiZg hX^ZcXZh VcY XdbejiVi^dcVa ad\^X dg hdX^Va hX^ZcXZh VcY XjaijgVa Vci]gdedad\n# I]Z ldg` ^c >HHJ:/ %%* gZh^hih V cZVi Òi ^cid XViZ\dg^XVa dg Y^hX^ea^cVgn hX]ZbZh# HijYZcih ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ! ^ciZg^dg YZh^\c! aVcYhXVeZ VgX]^iZXijgZ! jgWVc YZh^\c! VcY X^in$gZ\^dcVa eaVcc^c\ l^aa[jaan Xgdhh WdgYZgh VcY Veegdeg^ViZ iZX]c^fjZh0 VcY jcYZgan^c\ bjX] d[ i]Z gZegZhZciZY ldg` ^h Vc ^ciZgZhi Wn Wdi] hijYZcih VcY [VXjain id YZkZade Veegdeg^ViZ gZ" hedchZh id YZh^\c egdWaZbh! gVi]Zg i]Vc id YZÒc^c\ d[ Y^hX^ea^cVgn a^b^ih# I]Z egVXi^XZ d[ YZh^\c X]VaaZc\Zh i]Z [dgbVi^dc d[ WdjcYVg^Zh# I]ZhZ ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn dkZgaVeh! i]Z aVnZg" ^c\ d[ bZi]dY VcY `cdlaZY\Z! i]Z [dgVnh ^cid jc[Vb^a^Vg iZgg^idg^Zh! VcY i]Z XdckZghVi^dch WZilZZc hijYZcih d[ Y^[[ZgZci WVX`\gdjcYh VcY YZkZade^c\ [dgZ\gdjcYh! Vaa bVg` Y^gZXi^dch idlVgYh igjZ ^ccdkVi^dc# >HHJ:/ hiVcYh Vh V gZXdgY d[ i]ZhZ ^ccdkVi^dch#

B^X]VZa AZ^\]idc 7ZVbVc 6hh^hiVci Egd[Zhhdg d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ

HEG '%

> C < % -

Heg^c\ '%%;:6IJG>C<

9:H><C >CHIGJ8IDGH

A:8IJG:H

Va 6lVY^! @]VaZY 6cYZghdc! GnVc 6gXVc\Za^! <gZ\dgn 6kZg^ii! B^X]VZa 7ZYgdh^Vc! 7g^Vc 7ZgchiZ^c! :g^c 7dgaVcY! HZi] 7dlZgh! 9Vk^Y 7gVcX]! 9Vk^Y 8VbeWZaa! 9dj\aVh 8dcVX]Z! 9Za^V 8ddeZg! 7g^iiVcn 8dm! Idb 8gjb! G^X`Zn 8jgjaaV! GdW YZ L^iiZ! 8]g^hi^cZ 9^bb^ii! 7Zc :bZch! 8]g^h <VgWZ! IVc^V <VheVgY! GdWZgi <Za[VcY! HVb <cVci! 8]VY =daaVcYZg! :kZgZii ?d]chdc! @Zk^c @dcZ! 6aZmVcYZg @jgaVcY! 6aZm^h BZVch! >Vc BZhh^c\Zg! IgZkdg B^aaZg! LVYZ B^cdg! 8]g^h C^Xda! ?Vc^XZ EVnjhdk! C^`^iV GdX]Zaa! AVjgZc GdhZcWZg\! 7gdd`h HVZco! 9Vc^Za HVjXZYd! HZg\^d HVjcYZgh! BVg\VgZi H]jbV`Zg! 9Vc^Za HaViiZgn! B^X]ZaaZ HigVc\Z! H]Vlc Hj! 9^VcV IZc\! :b^an I^ig^c\idc! 6YVb Mj! 9dc O]dj! ?^

6a[dgY! :a^oVWZi] 6abn! 9ZVc 6ad[h^c! 6ci]dcn 6aiZg! @Zk^c 6i`^chdc! H^bdc 7ZcZY^`i! B^X]VZa 7addY! ?d]c 8gV\cda^cd! :gcZhid 9Vc\Za! Jag^X] 9daa! AVggn ;V^gXadi]! 7^aa^Z ;gVc`! >ahZ <Vgg^hdc! B^X]VZa =VgebVc! Adj^hZ =VhWgdjX`! =deZ =ZnbVcc! 9Vk^Y =d^Yc! 7VgWVgV ?VX`hdc! L^aa^Vb @gZeVgi! GjhhZaa B^gd! ?jVc EVaaZgdc^! HZg\^d G^kZgV! B^\jZa GdhcZg! ?dnXZ HcnYZg! K^cXZci L^ZYZbVcc! C^X]daZ

9Vc^Za 7dc^aaV 9Vc^Za 7dc^aaV 6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY EaVcc^c\! 7d\di{! 8dajbW^V ÆBjiVi^dch [gdb 7d\di{Ç

?dVc 7jhfjZih =VgkVgY Jc^kZgh^in! <H9 ÆM 8^i^ZhÇ

H]Vccdc C^X]da <jhiV[hdc <ji]g^Z C^X]da AiY#! HZViiaZ! LVh]^c\idc ÆGZXZci Ldg`Ç

A^Vi BVg\da^h 6aZmVcYZg GdW^chdc =VgkVgY Jc^kZgh^in! <H9 ÆA^k^c\ HnhiZbhÇ

BVgXZad ;ZggVo HVd EVjad! 7gVo^a Æ6gX]^iZXijgVa 6Xi^dcÇ

B^aidc 7gV\V BB77 6gfj^iZidh! HVd EVjad! 7gVo^a ÆGZXZci Ldg`Ç

:Zgd @d^k^hid 8aVZhhdc @d^k^hid GjcZ! HidX`]dab! HlZYZc ÆBdYZgc^h^c\ BdYZgc^hbÇ

6cid^cZ E^Xdc =VgkVgY Jc^kZgh^in <H9 ÆAZVgc^c\ [dg Jide^VÇ

EZigV 7aV^hhZ >ch^YZ Djih^YZ! I]Z CZi]ZgaVcYh ÆGZXZci Ldg`Ç

:M=>7>IH IgVkZa H`ZiX]Zh/ Ldg` [gdb HijYn >c >iVan VcY HijY^d BZm^Xd

AZhhdch [gdb GdbZ/ I]Z Ldg` d[ GdWZgi KZcijg^! IdY L^aa^Vbh! I]dbVh E]^[Zg! VcY EVja AZl^h

69 HiZc\Zg/ =djhZh

BVg\VgZi HVjcYZgh 8]g^hi^cZ YZ L^iiZ GVlhdc"HVjcYZgh HX]dda IZX]c^XVa 8dbbjc^XVi^dch $ @Zk^c 6aiZg :gcZhid 8gV\cda^cd I]Z GVlhdc HVjcYZgh ZaZbZciVgn hX]dda [dg YnhaZm^X X]^aYgZc [dXjhZY dc egdk^Y^c\ V cZl bdYZa [dg ZYjXVi^dc l]^X] VYVeih id i]Z cZZYh d[ i]Z X]^aYgZc# LZ YZh^\cZY V hX]dda i]Vi VXXdbbdYViZh i]^h bdYZa i]gdj\] eZghdcVa^oZY VcY VYVeiVWaZ heVXZ! a^cZVg X^gXjaVi^dc! VcY ^ciZ\gVi^dc VcY gZ\^higVi^dc d[ i]Z Zck^gdcbZci# I]Z hX]dda ^h X]VgVXiZg^oZY Wn ild bViZg^Va VcY higjXijgVa aVc\jV\Zh# :VX] XgZViZh Vc Ze]ZbZgVa fjVa^in heZX^ÒX id i]Z egd\gVbh l^i]^c VcY i]Z aVg\Zg [jcXi^dc l^i]^c i]Z hX]dda VcY Xdbbjc^in# I]Z iVaa WVg! lgVeeZY ^c eZg[dgViZY bZiVa h`^c! XgZViZh V ejWa^X egZhZcXZ ^c i]Z Xdbbjc^in! ZmiZgcVaan! VcY V heZX^Va! a^\]i"ÒaiZgZY Xdbbdc heVXZ [dg i]Z hijYZcih! ^ciZgcVaan# I]Z WVg ^h ^ciZghZXiZY Wn V hbVaaZg"hXVaZ g^WWdc d[ d[ÒXZh VcY XaVhhgddbh# I]Z lddY XdchigjXi^dc ^h ji^a^oZY id XgZViZ V bjai^" [jcXi^dcVa lVaa i]Vi Y^k^YZh i]Z eVi]lVnh [gdb i]Z gddbh! l]^aZ heZX^ÒXVaan VYVei^c\ id i]Z cZZYh d[ i]Z gddbh# I]Z XaVhhgddbh VgZ VggVc\ZY id XgZViZ VYVeiVW^a^in ^c i]Z XZcigVa heVXZ! ^ci^bVXn ^c eZg^e]ZgVa heVXZh! VcY ZVhn VXXZhh id i]Z Zck^gdcbZci# 6aa d[ i]ZhZ YZiV^ah hjeedgi i]Z X]^aYgZcÉh cZZYh Vh i]Zn aZVgc#

8]g^h B^cdg BjhiVc\ >haVcY =diZa KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ L^aa^Vb ?VX`hdc BjhiVc\ >haVcY ^h V k^daZci! ZkZg"X]Vc\^c\ adXVi^dc# I]Z jched^aZY WZVX] VcY hjggdjcY^c\ cVijgVa iZggV^c VgZ V gZhjai d[ i]Z cVijgVa e]ZcdbZcV d[ l^cY VcY i^YZh i]Vi Xdci^cjVaan XaVh] l^i] i]Z ^haVcY# I]Z hVai aVYZc V^g VcY XdchiVci ]^\] l^cYh Xdci^cjVaan lZVg dc k^h^idgh VcY dW_ZXih dc i]Z ^haVcY# I]^h WdbWVgYbZci d[ hdjcY VcY iZmijgZ ^h V edlZg[ja [dgXZ i]Vi V Wj^aY^c\ dg V eaVXZ XVc ^hdaViZ# I]Z ^hdaVi^dc d[ hdjcYh! dg XdbeaZiZ h^aZcXZ! XVc X]Vc\Z ]dl dcZ dWhZgkZh i]Z bVcn [VXZih d[ V aVcYhXVeZ# ;dg ^chiVcXZ! ^hdaViZ V eZghdc [gdb i]Z hdjcY d[ l^cY VcY ]Z bVn hZZ Vc dg\Vc^hb i]Vi ]Z b^\]i cdi ]VkZ di]Zgl^hZ cdi^XZY# 7adX` ]^h h^\]i! VcY ]Z bVn [ZZa i]Z hVcY dc ]^h [ZZi bdgZ Y^hi^cXian# I]^h ÒkZ gddb Wdji^fjZ ]diZa VXih dc i]Z YZeg^kVi^dc d[ i]dhZ hZchZh# I]Z ]diZa ]Vh V b^c^bVa ^beVXi dc ^ih hjggdjcY^c\h VcY ^h XVeVWaZ d[ egdk^Y^c\ ^ih dlc edlZg k^V kZgi^XVa Vm^h l^cY ijgW^cZh l]^X] iV`Z VYkVciV\Z d[ i]Z cVijgVaan dXXjg^c\ l^cYh#

9dc Mj I]gZZ >ciZgkZci^dch 8dgZ AVcYhXVeZ 6gX]^iZXijgZ HijY^d $ =deZ =VhWgdjX` I]Z dW_ZXi^kZ [dg i]^h egd_ZXi lVh id dg\Vc^oZ V hZi d[ i]gZZ ^ciZgkZci^dch ^c 6jhi^cÉh O^a`Zg EVg`# I]Z eaVXZbZci d[ i]Z ^ciZgkZci^dch lVh YZiZgb^cZY i]gdj\] VcVanh^h! iV`^c\ ^cid Xdch^YZgVi^dc ^hhjZh d[ dXXjeVi^dc! iZbedgVa X]Vc\Z! VcY dlcZgh]^e# :VX] ^ciZgkZci^dc ^h id gZkdakZ VgdjcY V egd\gVb! heZX^ÒXVaan/ b^hi! eaVn! VcY ÓdVi# Bn \dVa [dg i]Z egd_ZXi lVh id XgZViZ V cdYZ d[ VXi^k^in Vadc\ i]Z cdgi]Zgc ZY\Z d[ i]Z eVg`# 7n XdcXZcigVi^c\ hZkZgVa cZl egd\gVbh ^c dcZ VgZV V cZl VgZV d[ \Vi]Zg^c\ ^h XgZViZY l]ZgZ cdcZ Zm^hiZY WZ[dgZ# I]^h cdYZ l^aa hZgkZ Vh V XdjciZged^ci id i]Z ]ZVk^an dXXje^ZY 7Vgidc Heg^c\h Edda# I]Z dg\Vc^oVi^dcVa XdcXZei d[ i]Z egd_ZXi [dXjhZh dc bVg\^cVa^oZY ZY\Zh0 i]Z heVXZh i]Vi Zm^hi dcan id Y^k^YZ Zm^hi^c\ egd\gVb# 7n eaVX^c\ i]Z cZl egd\gVb ^c i]ZhZ Y^k^Y^c\ heVXZh > XgZViZY V heVXZ l]ZgZ i]Z dXXjeVci XVc igVch^i^dc [gdb dcZ egd\gVb id i]Z cZmi l^i] a^iiaZ id cd dWhigjXi^dc#

:b^an IZc\ HbVgi 8Vg 9ZVaZgh]^e HdjcY 7j^aY^c\ $ Ja^ 9Vc\Za I]Z HbVgi 8Vg! V :jgdeZVc"WVhZY kZ]^XaZ! ]Vh hiVgiZY ZhiVWa^h]^c\ YZVaZgh]^eh ^c bV_dg X^i^Zh i]gdj\]dji i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh# I]Z HbVgi 8Vg 9ZVaZgh]^e ^ciZgVXih l^i] i]Z Xdbbjc^in i]gdj\] V ejWa^X eaVoV! XV[ ! VcY Vc Vjid gZeV^g h]de# I]Z h^iZ! ^c Ydlcidlc 6jhi^c! ^h dc H^mi] HigZZi VcY ^h ÓVc`ZY Wn H]dVa 8gZZ`# I]gdj\] bVcn bdYZa ^iZgVi^dch! > hdj\]i id XdccZXi i]Z X^in id i]Z ]^`Z" VcY"W^`Z igV^a dc H]dVa 8gZZ` i]gdj\] i]^h iZX]cdad\^XVa nZi Zck^gdcbZciVa ÆHbVgi 8Vg :meZg^ZcXZ#Ç I]Z h^iZ lVh VeegdVX]ZY [gdb i]Z eZYZhig^Vc VcY kZ]^XjaVg ZmeZg^ZcXZ! XgZVi^c\ V eaVoV idlVgYh H^mi] HigZZi VcY V XdkZgZY lVa`lVn ^cid i]Z YZVaZgh]^e [gdb i]Z eVg`^c\ VgZV# I]Z XdkZgZY lVa`lVn ]Vh V YjVa [jcXi^dc! VXi^c\ Vh V Wg^Y\Z [gdb i]Z XV[ id i]Z h]dlgddb VcY V i]gZh]daY [gdb i]Z X^in id cVijgZ# I]Z Wj^aY^c\ ZckZadeZ Vahd gZhedcYh id i]Z ejWa^X VcY eg^kViZ heVXZh! ejWa^X ZmedhZY id i]Z X^in l^i] V \aVhh [VXVYZ VcY i]Z eg^kViZ h]ZVi]ZY ^c lddY eVcZah# I]Z h]dlgddb lVh ^che^gZY Wn i]Z [ZZa^c\ d[ WZ^c\ ^c V [dgZhi# I]Z higjXijgZ ^h V ild [ddi YZZe \ajaVb igjhh! hjeedgiZY Wn i^bWZg Xdajbch ]ZaY Wn hiZZa e^c _d^cih VcY gZ^c[dgXZY Wn hiZZa WgVX^c\# I]^h \aVhh Wdm ^h egdiZXiZY [gdb i]Z hjc l^i] kVg^djh iZX]c^fjZh! hjX] Vh i^bZY h]VYZh! Vlc^c\h VcY ]dg^odciVa adjkZgh# I]Z higjXijgZ lVh ^ckZhi^\ViZY ^c V ]Va["^cX] WVn bdYZa# I]Z XdchigjXi^dc egdXZhh lVh VcVanoZY ^c gZ\VgYh id bViZg^Va^in! Wj^aY^c\ ZckZadeZ VcY dkZgVaa higjXijgZ# I]Z =K68 lVh ^ciZ\gViZY i]gdj\] i]Z YjXih ijX`ZY jcYZg i]Z lddY Óddgh [dg i]Z Òghi Óddg VcY YjXih Xdda^c\ i]Z hZXdcY Óddg [gdb dkZg]ZVY# I]^h hijY^d \VkZ V bdgZ XdbegZ]Zch^kZ jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z VgX]^iZXiÉh gdaZ Vh Vgi^hi! Wj^aYZg! VcY ]jbVc^hi#

ERUTCURTS YRAITRET smalulg 6x2 ERUTCURTS YRADNOCES stroppus leets elisnet htiw sessurt malulg 6x2 erutcurts yraitret rednu ERUTCURTS YRAMIRP s4x2 & s8x2 fo edam ssurt malulg peed ”2 SNMULOC snoitcennoc nip ta derepat & retemaid ”21

SHOAL CREEK ELEVATION 1/8” = 1’-0”

1 - Metal Roof 2 - Rigid Insulation 3 - Plywood Sheathing 4 - Gutter 5 - Metal Flashing

1 - Horizontal Louvers, 6 mm heat-treated extra-clear glass photovoltaic cells in casting resin, 2 mm 8 mm heat-treated glass

2 - Overhead glazing, laminated safety glass 3 - Galvanized steel gutter 4 - Glulam edge beam

6 - Wood Panels 7 - Wood 2x6 Studs

5 - Rainwater fast drain system 6 - Single glazing to facade: structural sealant glazing on glulam facade posts

8 - Super Glass window (3’x 6’)

7 - Glulam facade rail 8 - Timber lattice beam facade post composed of 2x8 and 2x4 glulam members 9 - Timber column held by steel pin-joints

9 - Plywood Sheathing 10 - 2 x 10 wood joists placed 24’ O.C. 11 - Primary glulam beam attached to column sides 12 - Single glazing to facade: attached to timber columns

13 14 15 16 17

-

Steel base to timber column Metal Flashing Rigid Insulation Concrete Slab Limestone 1’x1’ tiles for exterior

10 - Steel base to facade post 11 - Metal flashing 12 - Rigid Insulation 13 - HVAC System resting on foundation 14- Concrete slab

LVYZ B^aaZg 6WhigVXi^dc d[ i]Z =VcY KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ ?dnXZ GdhcZg 7Z\^cc^c\ l^i] Wa^cY Xdcidjg YgVl^c\h d[ ild ]VcYh Æ_d^cZYÇ id\Zi]Zg! V iVc\a^WaZ egd\gZhh^dc d[ Æ_d^c^c\Ç Xjab^cViZY ^c aVnZgh d[ igVXZ eVeZg WdjcY ^c gZh^c VcY XVhi ^cid Òc\Zg"_d^ciZY lVacji# :VX] igVchajXZci eaViZ gZhih ^cid V \gddkZY lVacji WVhZ# I]ZhZ eaViZh lZgZ i]Zc VWhigVXiZY V\V^c! i]^h i^bZ i]gdj\] i]Z bZY^jb d[ eVhiZa VcY ijgeZci^cZ dc kZaajb! XgZVi^c\ V cZl VggVn d[ aVcYhXVeZ! dW_ZXi VcY eZgheZXi^kZ#

>Vc BZVch GdWZgi <VheVgY Ed^ci IdlZg KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ B^X]VZa 7ZcZY^`i 6 ÆidlZg ^c i]Z eVg`Ç ^bbZY^ViZan hZih ^ihZa[ VeVgi Vh V Wj^aY^c\ inedad\n i]Vi YZbVcYh ViiZci^dc [gdb i]Z hXVaZ d[ i]Z Y^hiVci ]dg^odc dg X^in h`na^cZ# L]Vi ^h i]Z ^beVXi d[ YZh^\c^c\ hjX] V aVg\Z egZhZcXZ Vi i]Z hXVaZ d[ i]Z Y^c^c\ gddb iVWaZ dg iZggVXZ YZX` X]V^g4 L^i] i]^h egd_ZXi lZ hdj\]i id ZmeadgZ fjZhi^dch d[ ]jbVc VcY ]dg^odc hXVaZ! ]^\]"g^hZ higjXijgZ VcY gZh^YZci^Va YZh^\c ^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi ^YZVa cVijgVa hZii^c\h 6jhi^c ]Vh id d[[Zg! i]Z 7Vgidc Heg^c\h <gZZcWZai# I]Z Vgi^XjaVi^dc d[ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc ^cY^k^YjVa jc^ih id dcZ Vcdi]Zg ^c iZgbh d[ k^Zl! a^\]i VcY iZggVXZ heVXZ hZgkZh Vh i]Z ed^ci d[ YZeVgijgZ [dg i]Z \ZcZgVi^dc d[ i]Z \ZhijgZ d[ i]Z idlZg Vh V l]daZ# I]Z gZhjai d[ i]^h Y^Vad\jZ ^c i]Z YZh^\c egdXZhh ^h V XdcYdb^c^jb i]Vi d[[Zgh Xdb[dgiVWaZ VcY jc^fjZ jc^ih i]Vi ]VkZ V hig^`^c\ egZhZcXZ [gdb V[Vg#

9Vc^Za HVZco &*) 8gVl[dgY! 7^adm^! B^hh^hh^ee^ 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $ HZg\^d EVaaZgdc^ >c i]Z lV`Z d[ =jgg^XVcZ @Vig^cV! i]Z X^in d[ 7^adm^ ]Vh eVhhZY hig^Xi cZl Wj^aY^c\ XdYZh l]^X] gZfj^gZ cZl ]djhZh id WZ Wj^ai VWdkZ Vc ZhiVWa^h]ZY ÓddY aZkZa# >c hdbZ cZ^\]Wdg]ddYh ^c i]Z X^in! i]^h igVchaViZh ^cid Òghi Óddg ]Z^\]ih d[ dkZg iZc [ZZi dg bdgZ ^[ gZh^YZcih l^h] id ^chjgZ i]Z^g ]dbZh# I]Z heVi^Va ^bea^XVi^dch d[ hjX] V gVY^XVa eda^Xn X]VaaZc\Z igVY^i^dcVa cdi^dch d[ hjWjgWVc a^k^c\/ i]Z Y^kdgXZ [gdb i]Z \gdjcY eaVcZ i]gZViZc^c\ id XdbeaZiZan jcgVkZa i]Z Xdbbjc^in [VWg^X# 6h V gZhjai! i]Z ^YZV [dg i]^h ]djhZ XZciZgZY VgdjcY i]Z ^YZV d[ V aVg\Z [gdci edgX] Vh Vc ^ciZgbZY^Vgn WZilZZc higZZi VcY h]ZaiZg/ V gZ^chiViZbZci d[ i]Z djiYddg a^k^c\ heVXZ kZgcVXjaVg id i]Z hdji]# :VX] aVcY^c\ dc i]Z hl^iX]" WVX` gVbe i]Vi gjch i]Z aZc\i] d[ i]Z ]djhZ XdggZhedcYh id Vc ^c]VW^iVWaZ djiYddg heVXZ id VaaZk^ViZ i]Z Y^hXdci^cj^in WZilZZc ^c VcY djiYddgh gZhjai^c\ [gdb ZaZkVi^c\ i]Z ]djhZ &( [ZZi ^c i]Z V^g# I]Z adc\ hade^c\ a^cZh d[ i]Z gVbe! ejcXijViZY Wn V aVcY^c\ id Xdbean l^i] 696! VgZ gZÓZXiZY ^c i]Z gdd[ l]ZgZ i]^h ejcXijVi^c\ _jcXijgZ bVg`h i]Z hZeVgVi^dc d[ ejWa^X VcY eg^kViZ egd\gVb l^i]^c i]Z ]djhZ! WZXdb^c\ Vc dg\Vc^o^c\ ZaZbZci [dg i]Z eaVc#

B^X]VZa 6kZg^ii PGZR CZl :Xdcdbn BVhiZgÉh I]Zh^h $?Vhdc HdlZaa I]^h ldg` ^YZci^ÒZh Xg^i^XVa i]gZVih id i]Z \gdli] VcY hiVW^a^in d[ Cdgi]Zgc 8Va^[dgc^VÉh bV_dg jgWVc XZciZgh VcY V\g^XjaijgVa ^cYjhign# >i egdedhZh V XdbegZ]Zch^kZ hdaji^dc i]gdj\] gZ\^dcVa eaVcc^c\! ji^a^o^c\ V kVhi WgdlcÒZaY h^iZ ^c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z HVc ;gVcX^hd 7Vn gZ\^dc Vh i]Z cZgkZ XZciZg [dg V cZl ZXdcdbn# I]Z gZjhZ d[ i]Z VgZVÉh lVhiZ higZVbh WZXdbZh eVgi d[ V hdaji^dc id i]Z gZ\^dch egdWaZbh#

9Za^V 8dcVX]Z EaVhi^`/;VciVhi^` KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ 7^aa^Z ;V^gXadi] I]^h Zci^gZ hZbZhiZg! > [dXjhZY dc V hZZb^c\an h^beaZ fjZhi^dc/ ]dl XVc V ]djhZ XgZViZY ^c V [VXidgn! l^i]dji V h^iZ! WZ\^c id VYYgZhh ^ih hjggdjcY^c\h! VcY [dgb bZVc^c\[ja gZaVi^dch]^eh l^i] ^ih Zck^gdcbZci4 kkBn egdedhVa VhhjbZh i]Vi ^[ i]ZgZ ^h id WZ V XdccZXi^dc id i]Z h^iZ i]Vi XVc WZ gZea^XViZY ^c V kVg^Zin d[ adXVi^dch! i]Zc i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc i]Z ild l^Yi]h d[ heVXZ VcY i]Z^g hjggdjcY^c\h bjhi WZ V ÓZm^WaZ dcZ# =dlZkZg! Vc VYVeiVWaZ gZaVi^dch]^e l^i] i]Z djih^YZ ^bea^Zh V h^b^aVg ad\^X dc i]Z ^ch^YZ# >i ^h egZX^hZan i]^h ÓZm^WaZ XdccZXi^dc WZilZZc i]Z ild l^Yi]h d[ heVXZ i]Vi Vaadlh i]Z bVcj[VXijgZY ]dbZ id VYYgZhh V bjai^ijYZ d[ h^iZh# >c i]^h egd_ZXi! > ^YZci^ÒZY ild X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh d[ i]Z h^iZ i]Vi ldjaY Xdcig^WjiZ id adc\"iZgb Xdhi hVk^c\h/ i]Z egZkV^a^c\ l^cY VcY i]Z Y^gZXi^dc d[ i]Z hjc# I]jh! > Xdch^YZgZY i]Vi ZVX] d[ i]Z bdYjaZh ldjaY iV`Z VYkVciV\Z d[ dcZ d[ i]ZhZ X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh# >c dgYZg [dg i]^h id WZ edhh^WaZ ^c V kVg^Zin d[ adXVi^dch! i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc i]Z ild bdYjaZh ldjaY ]VkZ id WZ ÓZm^WaZ# EaVhi^`/;VciVhi^` iV`Zh VYkVciV\Z d[ i]Z bViZg^Va egdeZgi^Zh d[ eaVhi^X! VcY d[ bdYZgc bdYZh d[ egdYjXi^dcÅ^c i]^h XVhZ gdji^c\ VcY kVXjjb [dgb^c\Åid XgZViZ V aVnZgZY hnhiZb i]Vi WgZV`h l^i] i]Z igVY^i^dcVaan a^cZVg bViZg^Va VhhZbWan d[ i]Z bVcj[VXijgZY ]dbZ# >c i]^h hnhiZb! i]Z hVbZ h]ZZi d[ bViZg^Va XVc egdk^YZ Wdi] eg^kVXn! a^\]i! VcY higjXijgZ! l^i]dji i]Z cZZY [dg hZXdcYVgn hnhiZbh hjX] Vh l^cYdlh! l^cYdl [gVbZh! VcY \aVhh # I]Z XjgkZY \ZdbZign [jcXi^dch Vh Vc VZhi]Zi^X ZaZbZci! VcY Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ egdk^YZh V h^c\aZ h]ZZi d[ bViZg^Va l^i] i]Z ediZci^Va d[ WZ^c\ hiVWaZ dc ^ih dlc# I]Z XjgkZY aVnZgh aVb^cViZ VcY YZaVb^cViZ ^c dgYZg id [dgb edX`Zih d[ ZcXadhjgZ VcY ed^cih d[ XdccZXi^dc# I]Z XdccZXi^dc WZilZZc i]Z kVg^djh aVnZghÅi]Z ed^ci d[ aVb^cVi^dcÅWZXdbZh higjXijgVa! Za^b^cVi^c\ i]Z igVY^i^dcVa hZeVgViZ aVnZg l^i] i]^h heZX^ÒX [jcXi^dc#

<gZ\ 6gXVc\Za^! 9Vk^Y 7dlZgh 9Vk^Y 7gVcX] 9Zh^\c 8dcXZei :Vgi] 7ZcX] 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $C^X]daZ L^ZYZbVcc VcY Adj @^bWVaa 8dchigjXi^dc IZVb/ 6Vgdc 6aWg^\]i! <gZ\ 6gXVc\Za^! 9Vk^Y 7dlZgh! 9Vk^Y 7gVcX]! HVcYn :lZc! ?Z[[ ;V^c! HVb <Za[VcY! 9Vc =ZgcVcYZo! A^o ?VX`hdc! C^` @dZc^\! 6aWZgi EVaVX^dh! VcY BVg^cV HidncdkV Id ^cigdYjXZ V ]VcYh"dc jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ bViZg^Vah! &' VYkVcXZY YZh^\c hijYZcih YZh^\cZY VcY XdchigjXiZY V gVbbZY"ZVgi] WZcX] ^c i]Z <daYhb^i] =Vaa 8djginVgY# I]Z gVbbZY"ZVgi] ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc lVh dcZ d[ i]gZZ XaVhh ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch i]Vi ZmeadgZY i]Z cVijgZ d[ bViZg^Vah ^c gZhedchZ id eVgi^XjaVg h^iZh# I]Z hijY^d iVj\]i Wn Adj @^bWVaa P76gX]# È--R VcY C^X]daZ L^ZYZbVcc ZmeadgZY i]Z hVbZ egd\gVb! V ]^`^c\ h]ZaiZg! ^c i]Z 7^\ I]^X`Zi CVi^dcVa EgZhZgkZ VcY i]Z CVijgZ 8dchZgkVcXn 9Vk^h BdjciV^ch Egd_ZXi! id gZkZVa i]Z ^beVXi d[ i]Z Zck^gdcbZci dc Vaa VheZXih d[ YZh^\c! ZheZX^Vaan bViZg^Vah# LZ ldjaY a^`Z id VX`cdlaZY\Z i]Z ZmeZgi \j^YVcXZ d[ H]VcZ =dai d[ IZggV 8Vhi^aad 7j^aYZgh heZX^Va^o^c\ ^c gVbbZY"ZVgi] XdchigjXi^dc! i]Z \gZVi e]nh^XVa Z[[dgih d[ i]Z hijYZcih! VcY i]Z Zci]jh^Vhb VcY \ZcZgdjh^in d[ Adj @^bWVaa! 6>6Ål^i]dji l]^X] i]^h ZmeZg^ZcXZ VcY ^ih ZmigVdgY^cVgn djiXdbZÅldjaY cZkZg ]VkZ ]VeeZcZY#

AVjgZc GdX]Zaa 7Zc 9^bb^ii 8V[ZiZg^V $ 7dd`hidgZ HijY^d BZm^Xd $ ?jVc B^g‹ I]^h XV[ZiZg^V VcY Wdd`hidgZ lVh egdedhZY Vh i]Z YZh^\c XdbedcZci d[ HijY^d BZm^Xd [dg i]Z Jc^kZgh^YVY 6jidcdbV YZ BZm^Xd Vi i]Z BZm^Xd 8^in XVbejh# Djg jcdWigjh^kZ A"h]VeZY YZh^\c d[[Zgh V gZbZYn id i]Z h^iZÉh Wjhia^c\! VgX]^iZXijgVaan ^bedh^c\ Zm^hi^c\ XdcY^i^dch# KdaXVc^X gdX` ZmigVXiZY dc"h^iZ ^h i]Z Wj^aY^c\Éh eg^cX^eVa bViZg^Va! gZ[ZgZcX^c\ Aj^h 7VggV\VcÉh dg^\^cVa aVcYhXVeZ YZh^\c [dg i]Z XVbejh# I]ZhZ gdX` lVaah VgZ gZeZViZY i]gdj\]dji i]Z ig^Vc\jaVg eaVoV Vh WZcX]Zh VcY ^c[gVhigjXijgZ! VcY Vh aVcY Vgi k^h^WaZ [gdb i]Z gdd[h! gVbeh VcY lVa`lVnh d[ i]Z hjggdjcY^c\ Wj^aY^c\h#

:b^an HXVg[Z I]Z GZXdkZgn VcY GZ":kVajVi^dc d[ i]Z CVijgZ d[ JgWVc Edhi">cYjhig^Va EVg`h :ck^gdcbZciVa GZVY^c\h $ ;gZYZg^X` HiZ^cZg

In recent years, there has been much discussion in regards to parks built on reclaimed land. The twenty-first century marks the beginning of a different type of park typology. The history of this shift can be traced through evolving beliefs about landscape and the city. This trend was especially highlighted by many of the competition entries for Parc de la Villette in Paris in the early 1980s. Presently, two large parks, the Duisburg-du-Nord Landschaftspark in Germany, designed by Peter Latz and Partners, and the Fresh Kills Park in New York City designed by James Corner and Field Operations, have occupied a place at the forefront of the discussion of landscape reclamation, or of “disturbed sites.”

Gas Works Park, Seattle, Washington, © Joe Mabel.

Duisburg-du-Nord Landschaftspark and FreshKills Park The Duisburg-du-Nord Landschaftspark is on 700 acres in Northern Germany, on the site of a former steel mill. Prior to the park’s design, the site was abandoned, used sporadically for rogue raves and the cooling tanks were used for illicit scuba diving. Peter Latz designed a large park that seeks to provide a series of program elements and environmental remediation strategies, in an abandoned and contaminated site. The proposed Fresh Kills Park on Staten Island is on the site of New York City’s longtime dump, where, besides the usual urban refuse, the the detritus from the destruction of the World Trade Center resides. The landfill is on the site of a former wetland and is now heavily contaminated with over 50 years of urban waste. The site is large, 2,200 acres, large enough to be one of only two

man-made sites visible from spaceÅthe other being the Great Wall of China. Field Operations has proposed a complex system of programmatic elements, what Corner describes as a strategy rather than a plan. Ecological systems will mitigate the contamination on the site, the former wetlands will be re-constructed, and the design will provide a large urban recreational park. These two parks have been widely publicized and discussed, both within the discourse of landscape architecture and outside of it, and with good reason. However, these two parks are not without precedent and it is curious why this type of park has now captured the public’s imagination. Most apparently, there is simply not enough land to develop inside cities. The great expanse of Central Park and Golden Gate Park is no longer possible given the current size and magnitude of most American cities. What sites are available have been abandoned for practical, financial, or safety reasons. Many urban centers grew at the end of the nineteenth century through the beginning of the twentieth century as a result of industrialization. The result of this growth in the early twentieth century is that as soon as resources had been extracted from a site, the site was hastily abandoned, with no thought to its pre-existing or future condition. The abandoned site cannot be developed as a residential core, as incidents like those at the Love Canal in the 1970s have painfully revealed. However, the reconstruction of the abandoned landscape as a recovered urban park is possible. One of the first parks to do so was Gasworks Park in Seattle, designed by Richard Haag, 1971–88. The park, on 19.1 acres on the edge of Lake Union, is the site of an abandoned gasworks. This project gained some notoriety but it remained largely a singular event in American parks. Why were more parks like Gasworks not constructed, and why are they now becoming more popular?

First, obviously some novelty value to parks on reclaimed sites existsÅthe idea of a park at an abandoned mill or a park in the geographical center of New York City’s five boroughs is certainly intriguing. Perhaps it is an interest in the macabre, in the former industrial activities of the steel mill or in the sheer volume of waste that contributed to the vast expanse of Fresh Kills. These parks are novel, but perhaps they also present some of the conscious and unconscious desires of both the practice of landscape architecture and of the public perception of “nature” and the ”environment.” In the nineteenth century, parks were designed based on the English Country Garden ideal. They were landscaped to appear “natural” and many of the early parks in America were designed in this pastoral style, framing views and creating a definitive border between the inhabited world and the “wild” and uncontrollable landscape of the New World. Frederick Law Olmsted designed many parks in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and many of the great urban parks in America can be attributed to him and to his son. Central Park, Prospect Park, Golden Gate Park, Stanley Park, and Mont Royal Park are all examples of his large urban parks. These parks are still successful today, are widely used, and are often a used as touchstone for what an urban park should be. In fact, Central Park maybe the most iconic of his parks and it has come to present the type of urban park experience many poeple would like to experience, if not what they feel entitled to. However, Field Operations’ Fresh Kills Park may soon replace Central Park as a model of and for urban park experience. While Central Park is 843 acres, Fresh Kills will be nearly triple that size. Will the novelty of Fresh Kills, its recent past as a toxic city dump, not to mention its size in relation to the cramped quarters of New York City, appeal to the public? Its success might hearld the future of the design and construction of recovered landscapes.

[1] Elizabeth K. Meyer, “Uncertain Parks: Disturbed Sites, Citezens, and Risk Society,” in Large Parks, ed. Julia Czerniak (New York City: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007), page 60.

[2] [1] Meyer, Large Parks, page 71.

[3] James Corner, “Eidetic Operations and New Landscapes” (1999), in Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Theory, ed. James Corner (New York City: Princeton Architectural Press, 2009), page 159.

[4] Alex Wall, “Programming the Urban Surface” (1999), in Recovering Landscape, page 237.

In her essay, “Uncertain Parks: Disturbed Sites, Citizens and Risk Society,” Elizabeth K. Meyer writes: The urban institution known as a the public park, once associated with landscapes affording urban dwellers respite from the world of work, consumption, and production, is now made on the detritus and the uncertain, perhaps toxic, byproducts of that realm. What is the social reception of uncertain parks that consist of circuit walks along metal boardwalks elevated above a toxic ground plane planted with heavy-metal accumulating plants? [1] Does the acceptance of parks on “disturbed sites” suggest a new transparency or that a cultural awareness has evolved within our social consciousness? These parks may now represent an evolution, conscious or not, of thought relating to the systematic destruction of our own habitat and environment. As cultural media seeks to reveal mechanisms of contemporary culture, “disturbed parks,” which revealÅand to a degree concealÅ the contamination and subsequent reclamation process, now play a parallel role in contemporary environmental and social thought. In the nineteenth century, the false “nature” of large parks such as Central Park were celebrated for their scenic qualities. Perhaps now the public’s experience of landscape now includes a desire for a reminder of our own guilt in the destruction and toxic contamination of our cities. Or perhaps, it is simply that our interest in these parks stems from our collective suburban experience of sprawl, infrastructure, and strip mallsÅmanufactured landscapes to which we know our complicity. The construction of parks on recovered land then presents some hope for our future environmental consciousness. Or as Meyer writes: What does the large park do that one of [the public’s] books, an environmental statement, scientific journal, or experimental remediation plot can’t do better? A large park on a disturbed site

provides an immersive, aesthetic, collective experience in a vast landscape, one too large to grasp at a glance and so extensive that it implicates multiple systems and processes. This somatic, haptic, and yes, aesthetic, experience transforms abstract knowledge into embodied knowledge. It has the capacity to move one to act in ways that reading might not. [2] She notes that these parks may be a catalyst for more than recreation. They may in fact present an opportunity for a paradigm shift, through the actual experience of a contaminated site, especially one as extreme and transparent as Fresh Kills. The experience of a disturbed site may provide far more thought and consideration than any one piece of written or photographic work. The park becomes a vessel of the collective guilty unconscious of the American consumer society. Or rather, the instigator of change on a leveled social plane. While the above mediums, books, environmental statements, etc, can be exclusive and accessible only to certain economic classes, a large urban park on a recovered site is accessible to everyone and available to all. Perhaps this is part of the design of Fresh Kills, defined as a strategy rather than a plan. James Corner, in his essay “Eidetic Operations and New Landscapes,” writes of this strategy: A move away from ameliorative and scenographic designs towards more productive, engendering strategies necessitates a parallel shift from appearances and meanings to more prosaic concerns for how things work, what they do, how they interact, and what agency or effects they might exercise over time. [3] Parc de la Villette, Land Art, and Reclaimation One of the first parks to use strategy for the design of a reclaimed space was Parc de la Villete in Paris. Parc de la Viillete, on the site of a former slaughterhouse in Paris, was not a Brownfield reclamation site per se, but it was a site for which it was necessary to re-invent the existing condition. [4]

Francois Mitterand conceived the Parc de la Villette and the competition for the park’s design was held in 1982. While Bernard Tschumi won the competition, his and other proposals for the park, particularity by Rem Koolhaas and the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), became seminal, influential ideas in landscape and urdban design in the 1980s. As Corner writes: The single most significant project in terms of forging a new architecture of the landscape was Bernard Tschumi’s Parc de la Villette in Paris, 1983-1990. While still highly controversial, his park reversed the traditional role of nature in the city, bringing the density, congestion, and richness of the city to the park. [5] Within architecture discourse, Tschumi and OMA’s plans for the park are relegated to the discussion of deconstruction in the late 1970s and early 1980s. More specifically OMA’s plan is driven by the deconstruction of program. As Alex Wall writes: “Rather than a fixed design, the [OMA] project offered the city a framework for developing flexible uses as needs and desires changed.” [6] OMA allowed for the growth of the park programmatically, much in the same way the landscape designers allow for the growth of vegetation throughout a park’s life-cycle. Furthermore, Tschumi’s famousÅor infamousÅ red follies that intersperse the park offer different programmatic elements. As Julia Czerniak writes in Large Parks: In 1983, Bernard Tschumi set up his park concept for la Villette in Paris as inseparable from the concept of the city, opposing Olmsted’s position, or his understanding of it, that “in the park, the city is not supposed to exist.” [7] Czerniak notes that Tschumi’s park is a departure from Olmsted’s pastoral urban parks, as he recognized the city on the periphery of the park. It is possible to argue that while Tschumi correctly recognized the urban condition on the threshold of park and city in 1982, at the time when Olmsted was

designing parks, the urban condition was far different. Olsmted designed parks as a place for recreation regardless of class as a public health issue, offering fresh air as a respite from the Dickensian conditions of urban life in the nineteenth century. [8] Both Tschumi’s and OMA’s plans for the Parc de la Villette are driven by program and by the urban condition. Instead of creating an artificial pastoral landscape, the designs sought to integrate the actual urban fabric of the city, which has many programmatic elements, into a park. The name of the park, translated from French, means Park of the City. Tschumi and OMA took this literally in their designs and this is also what is inherently problematic with their designs, specifically with OMA’s unbuilt proposal. Koolhaas approached the design for la Villette as an architect and there is little thought to the ecological implications of his design. OMA does not design, as Ian McHarg might have done, with nature. While Koolhaas investigated the programmatic possibilities of the park in a way that had not been done beforeÅconcurrent with the post-modern architectural zeitgeist of the early 1980s, which would later influence the strategy type of design of Corner’s Fresh Kills ParkÅhe was nonetheless trained as an architect; his knowledge and use of ecology was limited, if not non-existent. As Lister writes in Large Parks: The sustainable large park, and the landscape in which it lies, cannot be realized through dialectic argument but rather by creative dialog: it does not serve public space to struggle for either McHargian ecological determinism or post-modern relativism in park design. [9] She continues: “We can appreciate and understand McHarg’s deterministic approach in the context of the 1960s, when science was perceived as a global panacea. But environmental planners should not continue to follow the imperative without some critical reflection on what this means today. [10]

[5] Corner, Recovering Landscape, page 17.

[6] Wall, Recovering Landscapes, page 237.

[7] Julia Czerniak, “Speculating on Size,” in Large Parks, page 29.

[8] Meyer, Large Parks, p.61

[9] Nina-Marie Lister, “Sustainable Large Parks: Ecological Design or Designer Ecology?,” in Large Parks, p.48 [10] Ibid.

[11] www.robertsmithson.com/ essays

[12] Linda Pollak, “Matrix Landscape: Construction of Identity in the Large Park,” in Large Parks, p. 93. [13] Meyer, Large Parks, p. 63.

Yet the question must then be asked, how does one design with nature, and with a dense programmatic element? A parallel influence on landscape architecture in the 1970s was the work of conceptual artists such as Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer, and Richard Long. Robert Smithson is most renowned for his intervention in the Great Salt Lake, the Spiral Jetty. Yet as much as he is well know for this large piece, Smithson’s non-site gallery installations were possibly more useful in terms of presenting a new theory of site and display in landscape architecture. Smithson describes the non-site installations as follows: The Non-Site (an indoor earthwork) is a three dimensional logical picture that is abstract, yet it represents an actual site in N.J. (The Pine Barrens Plains).... To understand this language of sites is to appreciate the metaphor between the syntactical construct and the complex of ideas, letting the former function as a three-dimensional picture which doesn’t look like a picture. [11] This strategy can be a framework for defining the recent development of recovered sites. How does one site represent another site, which may exist metaphorically or insubstantially? How does one site represent what was there before and what will be there in the future? Smithson’s strategy of a three-dimensional abstraction of an invisible site can be applied to sites such as Fresh Kills or the Duisburg-du-Nord Landschaftspark. The recognition of a site’s former use, such as Fresh Kills’ former tenure as the city dump and as the depository of the World Trade Center, can be conceived of as a layered site/non-site. The new site is constructed as new and also as a recognition of the existing or pre-existing site. It is not a memorial, nor is it an erasure of the history of the site. This paradigm has come to define the design of recovered landscapes. Just as modernism sought to ignore the site in favor of the built object, prior landscape interventions may have ignored the site’s existing history not just its existing condition. Parc

de La Villette paid no heed to its prior incarnation as a slaughterhouse, but Fresh Kills pays tribute to the fragments of site within its site: the varied and toxic detritus of New York City. The toxicity of the site is what is concealed and the relationship of concealing and revealing this toxicity is described by Linda Pollak in Large Parks: Smithson’s Nonsite projects represent a sublime in which repressed fears of contamination have replaced earlier culture’s repressed fears of nature. These works of Smithson may be seen as a critique of the influence of a conventional notion of the sublime on the perception of the American landscape: how the narrative of the sublime, in its idealization of America’s exceptional place in the world, was a foil for expansionism, its characteristics of wildness, grandeur, and over-whelming power identified with manifestations of American nature, associated with the western frontier, as a way to promote or legitimate the violence of exploration and conquest, the appropriation of nature, and the displacement of native people. [12] Thus, the nineteenth century desire to control nature has been replaced by a twenty-first century desire to control toxic contamination. The idea of the sublime has shifted, to include a depiction of the pervasive toxic urban environment. America’s impressive urban infrastructure now becomes an expression of the sublime, of scenery. Perhaps new recovered landscapes will present a monument to American engineering and infrastructure and the innovative way in which it has been remediated. And perhaps this is appropriate, not only in the eyes of a designer, but also in the eyes of the urban park visitor. As Meyer observes: Those raised in vast, sprawling landscapes of highways, strip malls, and suburbs-spaces of mass consumption and display are not going to find meaning in either the nineteenth century rural scenery or mid-twentieth century open-space park. [13]

What is implicit in this acute observation is that the inhabitants of suburbia will find meaning in reconfigured spaces of mass-consumption and infrastructure. Perhaps that is why a project such as the Highline in New York City has captured the public’s imagination. Not only does it reconfigure familiar infrastructure in a novel and sublime way, but it also controls nature, satisfying both a nineteenth-century desire and a twenty-first. The design adds nature where it wants to and within the tightly controlled urban framework. Meyer poses some interesting questions in discussing parks on reclaimed sites and suggests an ethical agenda is imperative in these parks. Perhaps large parks can allow spatial practices that connect the personal act to the collective public disturbance, that allow park visitors to consider the difference between thinking ‘green’ and acting ‘green,’ between one’s values and behaviors. [14] This is a legitimate proposal, as many of the proposed parks on disturbed sites are the result of abandoned industrial sites which are inherently linked to production and consumption. While the recovered landscape ecologically remediates the toxicity of the landscape, the actual site will remediate public consciousness and add a narrative to the practices that have created the space in which they currently exist. As Sebastien Marot suggests: Just as the layouts of the large classical gardens can be related to the progress and ambitions of cartography, so the contemporary landscape architect becomes a special type of project manager, an exegete (or narrator) of the landscape. [15] Just as Smithson suggested the representation of the “nonsite,” Marot suggests that the importance of narrative is implicit in the landscape design. It is implicit because many of the sites now being developed do have a history, and thus do require some type of acknowledgement or narrative. And that

narrative may suggest new types of personal and public relationships, experiences, and interfaces. Conclusion The degrees of personal and public experience of recovered industrial landscapes may yet be fully determined but it is clear from the afore mentioned work, that the public experience of reclaimed space is changing dramatically, both within the landscape architecture discourse and outside of it. One facet of these recent designs is that landscape architects now evaluate their prior design strategies, both experientially and pragmatically, from an ecological position as well as from an artistic one. Secondly, designers must also re-frame the way parks are used and experienced. The scenographic qualities of a recovered landscape will vary greatly from one that is uncontaminated to one populated by abandoned buildings. And those qualities must be used to great advantage, without disguising the original premise of the site. This includes introducing new types of ecological systems and new types of visual layers and information. Thirdly, the public must also be encouraged to respond to these sites, whether it is by recreation, pure novel delight, or by a larger conscious understanding of the factors which have created and re-mediated the landscape. All three design challenges present an interesting and exciting inquiry in landscape architecture, which may prove in time not only to be a tributary of landscape architecture, but the main course itself of landscape architecture.

[14] Meyer, Large Parks, p.64.

[15] Sebastien Marot, “The Reclaiming of Sites,” in Recovering Landscape, p.49.

7g^iiVcn 8ddeZg HbVgi 8Vg 9ZVaZgh]^e >ciZg^dg HdjcY 7j^aY^c\ $ 8Vga BVii]Zlh I]Z ^cigdYjXi^dc d[ i]Z XdbeVXi VcY jgWVc"dg^ZciZY HbVgi 8Vg id Jc^iZY HiViZh ^c ?VcjVgn '%%- Wgdj\]i VWdji V gVc\Z d[ b^hXdcXZe" i^dch VWdji i]Z kZ]^XaZÉh eZg[dgbVcXZ! hV[Zin! Xdb[dgi! YjgVW^a^in! VcY dkZgVaa egVXi^XVa^in# >c dgYZg id XdbWVi i]Z X]VaaZc\Z d[ Vc jc^c[dgbZY WjnZgh bVg`Zi ^c 6jhi^c! i]Z YZh^\c [dg i]^h YZVaZg" h]^e l^aa XaZVg i]Z b^hXdcXZei^dch VcY gZkZVa HbVgi 8VgÉh fjVa^i^Zh i]gdj\] i]Z bVc^ejaVi^dc d[ hXVaZh! Wdi] aVg\Z VcY hbVaa# I]Z bV^c h]dlgddb higjXijgZ ZckZadeh ZVX] XVg ^c V gZÓZXi^kZ lgVeeZg id ZmedhZ i]Z Zci^gZ XVg Vi V \aVcXZ! l]^aZ hbVaaZg YZXdchigjXiZY eVgih d[ i]Z HbVgi 8Vg VgZ VhhZbWaZY VcY Y^heaVnZY ^c Vc ^c[dgbV" i^kZ VcY ^ccdkVi^kZ lVn# EdiZci^Va WjnZgh VgZ \j^YZY i]gdj\]dji i]Z heVXZ i]gdj\] i]Z jhZ d[ higViZ\^X h^\cV\Z VcY lVn"ÒcY^c\ YZk^XZh# I]^h YZh^\c hZZ`h id ZmedhZ i]Z HbVgi 8Vg dc bjai^eaZ aZkZah ^c dgYZg id egdbdiZ V [jaa jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z WgVcY l]^aZ Xdbbjc^XVi^c\ VcY egVXi^X^c\ hjhiV^cVWaZ XdbeVcn ^YZVah#

8]VY <cVci! 6aZmVcYZg @dcZ! B^X]ZaaZ HaViiZgn! H]Vlc HigVc\Z ?^ O]dj 8ZYVgh GZXdccZXi GZk^iVa^oZ JgWVc AVcY >chi^ijiZ 8dbeZi^i^dc '%%- $ H^bdc 6i`^chdc I]Z JgWVc AVcY >chi^ijiZ JA> <ZgVaY 9# =^cZh HijYZci JgWVc 9Zh^\c 8dbeZi^i^dc ^h Vc VccjVa! \gVYjViZ"aZkZa! ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn ZkZci i]Vi ^c '%%- Xdch^hiZY d[ bdgZ i]Vc &%% iZVbh [gdb VXgdhh i]Z cVi^dc# I]ZhZ iZVbh lZgZ X]VaaZc\ZY id YZkZade Vc jgWVc YZh^\c VcY ÒcVcX^Va [ZVh^W^a^in higViZ\n [dg V XjaijgVaan g^X] VcY ZXdcdb^XVaan YZegZhhZY VgZV# >i egdkZY id WZ V [VciVhi^X deedgijc^in [dg i]dhZ hijYn^c\ Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ IZmVh Vi 6jhi^c Vh i]Z YZh^\c h^iZ lVh ^c djg WVX`nVgY# I]Z adXVi^dc lVh V ]^hidg^X cZ^\]Wdg]ddY _jhi hdji] d[ Ydlcidlc 9VaaVh XVaaZY I]Z 8ZYVgh# I]^h cZ^\]Wdg]ddYÉh g^X] ]^hidgn ]VY WZZc hi^ÓZY i]gdj\] i^bZ YjZ id V\\gZhh^kZ ^c[gVhigjXijgZ YZkZadebZci i]Vi Xji ^i d[[ [gdb i]Z gZhi d[ i]Z gZ\^dc# Djg iZVb idd` i]^h deedgijc^in id gZXdccZXi VcY gZk^iVa^oZ i]^h cZ^\]Wdg]ddY Wn hi^iX]^c\ id\Zi]Zg i]Z hdX^Va! e]nh^XVa! VcY ZXdcdb^X [VWg^X [gdb Vc ZVga^Zg ZgV l]^aZ XVe^iVa^o^c\ dc XjggZci XjaijgVa [dgbh VcY bjai^"bdYVa igVchedgiVi^dc YZkZadebZcih# Djg Xdbea^bZciVgn ÆCVijgVa 8dccZXi^dchÇ cZildg` XdbeaZiZY V XdcXZei i]Vi egdk^YZY jh i]Z X]VcXZ id [jgi]Zg YZkZade i]Z eaVc! VcY djghZakZh! dc i]Z cVi^dcVa hiV\Z l^i] i]gZZ di]Zg cVi^dcVa iZVbh l]ZgZ XjaijgVa hZch^i^k^in! [ZVh^W^a^in! VcY hjhiV^cVW^a^in XdcXZeih lZgZ ^beZgVi^kZ id hjXXZhh# I]Z iZVb lVh hZaZXiZY Vh dcZ d[ i]Z [djg cVi^dcVa ÒcVa^hih VcY lZ ldjaY a^`Z id i]Vc` i]Z [daadl^c\ [dg i]Z deedgijc^in/ [VXjain VYk^hdgh H^bdc 6i`^chdc! 9ZVc 6abn! @ZZcVc Hb^i]! VcY >ahZ ;gVc`0 VcY egd[Zhh^dcVa VYk^hdgh! 9jVcZ =jihdc! 9Vk^Y @cdaa! VcY Idb BZgXZg0 [jcY^c\ egdk^YZY Wn B^`Z VcY 7Zihn 8d\Wjgc#

Arts District Downtown Dallas Transit Study Proposed Streetcar Line

Victory Park

City Center Main Street

West End

Farmers Market Government

Convention Center/Reunion

The Cedars

Proposed Extention

G^X`Zn 8gjb E^Zg' 7dVi]djhZ KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ ?dnXZ GdhcZg 6jhi^c ^h jc^fjZ ^c i]Z [VXi i]Vi cVijgZ VcY jgWVc YZch^in XdZm^hi dcan nVgYh VeVgi ^c i]Z Ydlcidlc XdgZ# I]Z egd_ZXi d[ V WdVi]djhZ egdk^YZY i]Z deedgijc^in id XgZViZ V bjX] cZZYZY XdccZXi^dc [gdb i]Z Wjhn jgWVc Zck^gdcbZci id i]Z igVcfj^a^in d[ i]Z aV`Z# >c i]Z E^Zg' 7dVi]djhZ! i]Z XdccZXi^dc ^h ^bea^ZY i]gdj\] i]Z egd\gVb d[ V gdl^c\ XZciZg! Wji Vahd ^h V a^iZgVa XdccZXi^dc XgZVi^c\ Vc Vm^h i]Vi aZVYh k^h^idgh [gdb Ydlcidlc higV^\]i id V add`"dji dkZg i]Z aV`Z# I]Z aVndji d[ i]Z WdVi]djhZ XViZgh id ild jhZg \gdjeh/ i]Z gdlZgh VcY i]Z eZYZhig^Vch# I]Z gdlZgh bV^can dXXjen i]Z adlZg aZkZa l]ZgZ i]Z WdVi hidgV\Z! adX`Zg gddbh! VcY ZmZgX^hZ [VX^a^i^Zh Zm^hi# I]Z Yddgh id i]Z WdVi hidgV\Z jc^ih deZc Vadc\ igVX`h id XgZViZ V XdkZgZY egZe VgZV [dg i]Z gdlZgh# I]Z eZYZhig^Vch jh^c\ i]Z ]^`Z VcY W^`Z igV^a VgZ ZcXdjgV\ZY id lVa` Vadc\ i]Z jeeZg eVi]! l]^X] aZVYh id V add`"dji id k^Zl i]Z aV`Z dg id add` Ydlc jedc i]Z gdlZgh# ;jgi]Zg! i]Z bV^c ZcigVcXZ ^h VXXZhhZY [gdb i]Z jeeZg aZkZa ZcXdjgV\^c\ ^ciZgZhiZY eZdeaZ id \Zi bdgZ ^c[dgbVi^dc dc i]Z gdl^c\ XZciZg dg eaVccZY ZkZcih#

?Vc^XZ C^Xda O^a`Zg EVg` >ciZgkZci^dch 8dgZ AVcYhXVeZ 6gX]^iZXijgZ HijY^d $ =deZ =VhWgdjX` I]^h egdedhVa XVaah [dg hZkZgVa ^ciZgkZci^dch ^c 6jhi^cÉh bdhi [gZfjZciZY gZXgZVi^dcVa VgZV/ O^a`Zg EVg`# ;^mZY ^ciZgkZci^dch ^cXajYZ Vc ^ciZg\ZcZgVi^dcVa eaVn VgZV VcY `VnV` gZciVa [VX^a^in# 9^hig^WjiZY ^chZgi^dch d[[Zg bjai^eaZ odcZh d[ egd\gVbb^c\ [dg ^c[dgbVi^dc Y^hig^Wji^dc VcY odcZh d[ gZhe^iZ [gdb i]Z IZmVh ]ZVi# >hhjZh d[ jgWVc ZXdad\n VgZ Xdch^YZgZY ^c i]Z YZh^\c hdaji^dch ^c i]Z^g gZaVi^dch]^eh l^i] Zm^hi^c\ iZggV^c VcY gZ[ZgZcXZ id cVi^kZ ]VW^iVih# 6c ZmeadgVidgn bdYZa"bV`^c\ ZmZgX^hZ ^che^gZY i]Z iZggV^c d[ ZVX] egd\gVbbVi^X VgZV#

GnVc 6cYZghdc IVc^V <VgWZ GVlhdc"HVjcYZgh HX]dda IZX]c^XVa 8dbbjc^XVi^dch $ @Zk^c 6aiZg :gcZhid 8gV\cda^cd I]Z Wg^Z[ lVh id YZkZade V cZl XVbejh [dg i]Z GVlhdc"HVjcYZgh HX]dda [dg 9nhaZm^X 8]^aYgZc ^c LZhi 6jhi^c# I]Z bV^c \dVah d[ djg egdedhVa lZgZ id [VX^a^iViZ V edh^i^kZ ^YZci^in l^i]^c i]Z YnhaZm^X X]^aY! id egdbdiZ i]Z a^WgVgn Vh V [jc VcY ZmXZei^dcVa eaVXZ Vi i]Z ]ZVgi d[ i]Z hX]dda! id Zbe]Vh^oZ i]Z XgZVi^kZ Vgih! VcY id egdk^YZ XaVhhgddbh i]Vi V[[dgY V \gZVi YZVa d[ Ă“Zm^W^a^in! l]^aZ egdk^Y^c\ V [dXjhZY aZVgc^c\ Zck^gdcbZci# ;daadl^c\ i]Z ided\gVe]n d[ i]Z h^iZ i]Z hX]dda bV^ciV^ch V b^c^bVa &"hidgn egdĂ’aZ [gdb i]Z higZZi! l]^aZ deZc^c\ je id '" hidg^Zh! Vh i]Z h^iZ hadeZh id i]Z gZVg! gZkZVa^c\ V aVg\Z djiYddg XdjginVgY Vi i]Z [dXjh# I]^h Vaadlh V b^c^bVa egZhZcXZ [gdb i]Z higZZi! nZi XgZViZh V heZX^Va ZmeZg^ZcXZ [dg ^ih jhZgh Vh i]Z h^iZ hadlan deZch [gdb l^i]^c# ;gdb higZZi aZkZa! V X]^aY ZciZgh i]Z hX]dda i]gdj\] i]Z a^WgVgnĂ…V Wg^\]ian a^i ^ciZgVXi^kZ heVXZ i]Vi ]daYh X]^aY"h^oZ Wdd`h]ZakZh i]Vi XVc WZ jhZY ^c hZkZgVa lVnh# I]Z a^WgVgn i]Zc aZVYh id i]Z 8gZVi^kZ 8dgg^Ydg l]^X] ]djhZh i]Z i]gZZ bV^c XgZVi^kZ XdbedcZcih d[ i]Z hX]dda/ bjh^X! Vgi! VcY YgVbV# I]ZhZ XaVhhgddbh VgZ \^kZc heZX^Va h^\c^Ă’XVcXZ YjZ id i]Z^g eg^k^aZ\ZY VcY ZaZkViZY k^Zl dkZg i]Z XZcigVa XdjginVgY# 6XVYZb^X XaVhhgddbh VgZ XdcĂ’\jgZY ^c eV^gh VgdjcY V XZcigVa XdgZ i]Vi egdk^YZh cVijgVa a^\]i! hidgV\Z! ji^a^i^Zh! WVi]gddbh VcY di]Zg h]VgZY VbZc^i^Zh# :VX] XaVhhgddb ]Vh ^ih dlc YZY^XViZY djiYddg heVXZ l^i] hZkZgVa dei^dch [dg XdcĂ’\jgVi^dch i]Vi Vaadl [dg i]Zb id [jcXi^dc ^cY^k^YjVaan dg Vh V eV^g# IZVX]^c\ iV`Zh eaVXZ ^c V [dXjhZY! cVijgVaan a^i heVXZ [gZZ d[ djiYddg Y^higVXi^dch! egdk^YZY Wn i]Z egdiZXi^kZ Wg^X` lVaah i]Vi h]ZaiZg i]Z XaVhhgddbh#

HVb <Za[VcY LZi $ 9gn 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $ C^X]daZ L^ZYZbVcc I]Z V^b d[ i]^h hijY^d lVh id ZmeadgZ i]Z YZh^\c VcY bViZg^Va XdchZfjZcXZh d[ Wj^aY^c\ dc V eVgi^XjaVg h^iZ# >c dgYZg id Yd hd! i]Z hVbZ egd\gVb lVh ejghjZY dc ild Y^hi^cXi h^iZh l^i] Y^[[ZgZci Xa^bViZh ^c IZmVh/ i]Z ]di VcY ]jb^Y 7^\ I]^X`Zi EgZhZgkZ ^c :Vhi IZmVh VcY i]Z iZbeZgViZ VcY Ygn 9Vk^h BdjciV^ch ^c LZhi IZmVh# I]Z egd\gVb ^h V gZbdiZ WVX`eVX`ZgÉh XVW^c i]Vi ldjaY egdk^YZ i]Z Veegdeg^ViZ Vbdjci d[ Xdb[dgi [dg V lVned^ci Yjg^c\ V bjai^"YVn ]^`Z dg ZmXjgh^dc# I]Z gZbdiZ cVijgZ d[ i]ZhZ h^iZh gZfj^gZY i]Vi i]Z higjXijgZh WZ hZa["hj[ÒX^Zci VcY eg^bVg^an gZan dc ^ih bViZg^Vah VcY XdchigjXi^dc id egdk^YZ Xdb[dgi# I]ZhZ ild egd_ZXih Xdch^YZg i]Z [jcXi^dc d[ bVhh id egdk^YZ Xdb[dgi# ;dg i]Z h]ZaiZg ^ciZcYZY [dg i]Z ]jb^Y Xa^bViZ! i]Z VWhZcXZ d[ bVhh VcY gZa^VcXZ dc a^\]ilZ^\]i XdchigjXi^dc Vaadlh [dg Vc VhhZbWan i]Vi Zc]VcXZh V^gÓdl i]gdj\] i]Z Wj^aY^c\ VcY V higjXijgZ i]Vi YdZh cdi gZiV^c ]ZVi# ;dg i]Z Ygn Xa^bViZ ^c i]Z lZhi! i]Z egd_ZXi gZa^Zh dc V bdcda^i]^X XdchigjXi^dc ^c dgYZg id gZiV^c ]ZVi ^c i]Z higjXijgZ [dg i]Z Xdda c^\]ih VcY Wj[[Zg i]Z ]ZVi \V^c Yjg^c\ i]Z ]di hjbbZg YVnh# >c VYY^i^dc id Xdb[dgi Xdch^YZgVi^dch! Wdi] egd_ZXih ViiZbei id YgVl ^che^gVi^dc [gdb i]Z eVgi^XjaVg ZmeZg^Zci^Va cVijgZ d[ ^c]VW^i^c\ i]ZhZ ild Y^heVgViZ h^iZh#

IgZkdg BZhh^c\Zg 8]^aYgZcÉh HX^ZcXZ Ldg`h]de 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $ Adj^hZ =VgebVc 6 hZg^Zh d[ ^ciZg^dg VcY ZmiZg^dg XdcY^i^dch egdk^YZY V cjbWZg d[ jc^c]^W^iZY heVXZh [dg V kVg^Zin d[ V[iZg"hX]dda VXi^k^i^Zh# I]Z dYY h]VeZ d[ i]Z h^iZ ^c[dgbZY Vc dkZgVaa kdajbZ i]Vi lVh VY_jhiZY id Y^gZXi k^h^idgh id V h^c\aZ Zcign ed^ci# Id jc^iZ i]Z egd_ZXi! Vc ZmiZg^dg XaVYY^c\ hnhiZb lgVeh Wdi] i]Z Wj^aY^c\ kdajbZ VcY i]Z eZg^bZiZg d[ i]Z h^iZ# 6 eVcZa^oZY gV^c hXgZZc hnhiZb YZÒcZh ^ciZg^dg! ZmiZg^dg! VcY XdkZgZY heVXZ# 6YY^i^dcVaan! adl lVaah Vahd [dgb ild XdjginVgYh i]Vi dkZgadd` i]Z gV^agdVY dc i]Z ZVhi h^YZ d[ i]Z h^iZ#

9Vc^Za H]jbV`Zg IZci [dg BjhiVc\ >haVcY HiViZ 7ZVX] EVg` KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ L^aa^Vb ?VX`hdc Id WZiiZg jcYZghiVcY V h^iZ! ^i ]Zaeh id heZcY i^bZ i]ZgZ! hd Vh Vc ^cigdYjXi^dc ^cid djg hijY^d [dXjh^c\ dc BjhiVc\ >haVcY HiViZ EVg`! IZmVh! lZ YZh^\cZY VcY Wj^ai WZVX] h]ZaiZgh [dg djg h^iZ k^h^i# I]Z h]ZaiZgh lZgZ id WZ djg ]dbZh [dg i]gZZ c^\]ih! ]VY id WZ edgiVWaZ! VcY lZgZ gZfj^gZY id ]VkZ Vc VXXdbbdYVi^dc [dg hiVg"\Vo^c\# I]^c`^c\ d[ V ldgb Wjggdl^c\ ^cid i]Z \gdjcY! > YZX^YZY id jhZ i]Z ea^VW^a^in d[ i]Z hVcY Vh V lVn id VcX]dg i]Z higjXijgZ VcY h]VeZ i]Z WVhZ d[ i]Z iZci# I]Z higjXijgZ Xdch^hiZY d[ Vc ZaVhi^X [VWg^X ^ciZ\gViZY l^i] V hZi d[ EK8 g^Wh XdccZXiZY l^i] gZbdkVWaZ heVXZgh# I]Z Zci^gZ higjXijgZ XdaaVehZY ^c Vc VXXdgY^dc [Vh]^dc# I]Z a^\]i [VWg^X h`^c! ^ciZcYZY id Vaadl i]Z iZci id h^i hjWian ^c ^ih Zck^gdcbZci lVh eZgbZVWaZ Zcdj\] id Vaadl a^\]i i]gdj\] Wji `ZZe i]Z hVcY djiÅi]dj\] Vi i]Z WZVX]! i]ZgZÉh hVcY ZkZgnl]ZgZ#

C^`^iV EVnjhdk 9^VcV Hj 7Vgidc Heg^c\h IdlZg KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ B^X]VZa 7ZcZY^Xi Djg YZh^\c [dg i]Z ]^\] g^hZ ^c O^a`Zg EVg` Zbeadnh adc\! haZcYZg jc^ih i]Vi Vaadl [dg bVm^bjb YVna^\]i eZcZigVi^dc l^i] ild h^YZh d[ Óddg"id"XZ^a^c\ \aVo^c\# I]Z jc^ih VgZ XajhiZgZY ^c hjX] V lVn i]Vi Vh i]Zn ha^e eVhi dcZ Vcdi]Zg jc^fjZ k^Zlh VcY cZhiaZY WVaXdc^Zh VgZ \ZcZgViZY# HiZeeZY iZggVXZh \ZcZgViZ Vc jcYjaVi^c\ h`^c Vh dcZ bdkZh kZgi^XVaan je i]Z [dgb! l]^X] ^h ejcXijViZY Wn Xdbbjc^in Vig^V i]Vi gVc\Z [gdb \VgYZch id di]Zg VbZc^i^Zh# I]ZhZ bVc^ejaVi^dch d[ i]Z [dgb hd[iZc i]Z idlZgÉh egZhZcXZ ^c i]Z aVcYhXVeZ# I]Z hnhiZb d[ deZgVWaZ h]VY^c\ hXgZZch gZYjXZh jclVciZY hjca^\]i l]^aZ egZhZgk^c\ k^Zlh# I]Z^g eViiZgc ^h YZg^kZY [gdb i]Z XVcden d[ i]Z igZZh WZadl! VcY l]Zc XadhZY! i]Z hXgZZch XgZViZ V hd[i YVeeaZY h]VYdl dc i]Z ^ciZg^dg d[ i]Z jc^ih i]Vi ZX]dZh i]Z h]VYZ d[ i]Z igZZh#

:kZgZii =daaVcYZg

Ój^Y egd\gVbbVi^X VggVc\ZbZci

HbVgi 8Vg 9ZVaZgh]^e HdjcY 7j^aY^c\ $ ?d]c 7addY I]Z cdi^dc d[ ejWa^X VcY eg^kViZ jgWVc heVXZ ^h X]VaaZc\ZY Wn ^ciZ\gVi^c\ V gZiV^a heVXZ [dg HbVgi 8Vg JH6 l^i] V eVg` Vadc\ i]Z gZYZkZade^c\ H]dVa 8gZZ` IgV^a# 6 bZX]Vc^oZY eVg`^c\ higjXijgZ deZgViZh Vh VYkZgi^h^c\ id Wjhn +i] HigZZi igV[ÒX Vh ^i hidgZh XVgh kZgi^XVaan id hVkZ \gdjcY heVXZ# I]Z Wj^aY^c\ iV`Zh [dgb Vh i]Z \gdjcY eaVcZ \a^YZh jelVgY VcY jcYjaViZh Vh eVg`heVXZ# CVijgVa YVn a^\]i^c\ ^cÒaigViZh i]Z ^ciZg^dg k^V Xjhidb XdjginVgYh VcY ]Zaeh dg\Vc^oZ i]Z ÓZm^WaZ ^ciZg^dg#

bVc^[daY X^gXjaVi^dc

i]dj\]i[ja higjXijgVa hdaji^dc

YncVb^X cZ\Vi^kZ heVXZ

^cXajh^kZ kh ZmXajh^kZ ZckZadeZ

XdbeZaa^c\ \ZcZgVi^dc d[ [dgb

8]g^h :bZch <gdl"Je =djhZ KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ 7^aa^Z ;V^gXadi] 9^\^iVa [VWg^XVi^dc iZX]cdad\n ZcVWaZh jh id gZi]^c` VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c cZl lVnh# D[iZc Xdch^YZgZY id WZ i]Z adlZhi Xdbbdc YZcdb^cVidg d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ! i]Z bVcj[VXijgZY ]djhZ ^h gZXdchigjXiZY l^i] i]Z jhZ d[ Y^\^iVa iddah id egdk^YZ V adl bV^ciZcVcXZ hjhiV^cVWaZ [ddY hdjgXZ [dg ^ih ^c]VW^iVcih# I]Z higjXijgZ d[ i]Z <gdl"Je =djhZ ^h XdchigjXiZY Zci^gZan d[ aVnZgh d[ h]ZZi bViZg^Va! ZVX] d[ l]^X] egdk^YZh heZX^ÒX [jcXi^dc id hjeedgi i]Z \gdli] d[ ]VgkZhi Xgdeh# KVg^VWaZh ^ckdak^c\ i]Z XdaaZXi^dc! Ódl! VcY hidgV\Z d[ lViZg! igVchb^hh^dc d[ a^\]i VcY k^Zl! Vh lZaa Vh hjeedgi [dg gddi higjXijgZh# I]Z \gdli] eViiZgch d[ eaVcih VgZ eaVnZY V\V^chi ZVX] di]Zg id [dgb i]Z cZXZhhVgn ]nWg^Y^oZY aVnZgh# L]^aZ Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ gZi]^c`^c\ i]Z heVi^Va ^bea^XVi^dch d[ i]Z bVcj[VXijgZY ]djhZ! i]Z <gdl"Je =djhZ hZgkZh id hjeean V ]ZVai]n [ddY hdjgXZ id i]dhZ l]d XVc aZVhi V[[dgY ^i# 6YY^i^dcVaan! ^i ^h ZfjVaan jhZ[ja Vh V [dgb d[ gVe^Y YZeadnVWaZ gZa^Z[ ]djh^c\#

@]VaZY 6a 6lVY^! 9dj\ 8VbeWZaa! Idb 8dm! GdW 8jgjaaV 8]g^h :bZch A^[Z A^cZh / <gdl^c\ Hdji] 9VaaVh JgWVc AVcY >chi^ijiZ 8dbeZi^i^dc '%%- $ H^bdc 6i`^chdc DkZg i]Z XdjghZ d[ i]Z ild lZZ` JA> XdbeZi^i^dc! djg bjai^" Y^hX^ea^cVgn iZVb egdYjXZY i]^h egdedhVa [dg i]Z adlaVcY! ]^\]lVn! VcY WgdlcĂ’ZaY h^iZh d[ i]Z 8ZYVgh cZ^\]Wdg]ddY ^c Hdji] 9VaaVh# I]Z Ă’ghi e]VhZ d[ i]Z higViZ\n ^cigdYjXZh V bV_dg Vgih eaVoV id i]Z cdgi] d[ i]Z Zm^hi^c\ a^\]i gV^a hide id XViVanoZ VcY higZc\i]Zc i]Z adXVa Vgi^hVc ZXdcdbn# I]^h eaVoV Y^gZXih YZkZadebZci cdgi]lVgY i]gdj\] V hZg^Zh d[ \gVX^djh! gZh^YZci^Va VaaZnlVnh i]Vi eaVn V eVgi ^c i]Z \gZZc ^c[gVhigjXijgZ d[ i]Z Y^hig^Xi# I]ZhZ VaaZnh XdccZXi id V gZcZlZY 7ZaaZk^Zl 6kZcjZ i]Vi Wg^Y\Zh V XdchigjXiZY lZiaVcY! gZcZlh VXXZhh id i]Z Ig^c^in G^kZg! VcY igZVih jgWVc gjc"d[[# ;jgi]ZgbdgZ! V hZXdcY a^\]i gV^a hide VcY jc^kZgh^in XZciZg gZeaVXZ V Y^k^h^kZ XVcc^c\ [VXidgn! Wdi] ^ckZhi^c\ ^c i]Z ndjc\ b^cYh d[ Hdji] 9VaaVh VcY hi^iX]^c\ cZ^\]Wdg^c\ Xdbbjc^i^Zh WVX` id\Zi]Zg#

<gZ\dgn 6gXVc\Za^ EZg;DGBVcXZ/ :Vhi IZmVh =^`^c\ H]ZaiZg 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $ C^X]daZ L^ZYZbVcc I]^h ]^`^c\ h]ZaiZg [dg [djg ^h h^iZY ^c i]Z gZbdiZ VcY ]jb^Y Æ7^\ I]^X`ZiÇ CVi^dcVa EgZhZgkZ d[ ZVhiZgc IZmVh# >i ^h Zfj^eeZY [dg hZkZc"YVn hiVnh! l^i] XdaaZXiZY lViZg [dg Yg^c`^c\ VcY lVh]^c\! hZXjgZ hidgV\Z [dg [ddY! VcY VgZVh [dg Xdd`^c\! WVi]^c\ VcY haZZe" ^c\# 9jZ id a^b^iZY gdVY VXXZhh! Vaa i]Z e^ZXZh d[ i]Z egZ"VhhZbWaZY higjXijgZ bjhi Òi ^c i]Z WZY d[ V e^X`je igjX`# L^i] cd ZaZXig^X^in ^c i]Z EgZhZgkZ! eVhh^kZ higViZ\^Zh VgZ jhZY id egdk^YZ i]ZgbVa Xdb[dgi# I]Z h`^c VcY higjXijgZ ^h bVYZ [gdb ild egZYdb^cVci adXVa gZ" hdjgXZh! XnegZhh VcY e^cZ! VcY ldg`h l^i] ad\^Xh h^b^aVg id i]dhZ d[ lddYZc WdVi"Wj^aY^c\# I]Z higjXijgVa XdcÒ\jgVi^dc Vaadlh [dg i]Z YZkZadbZci d[ V [dgb i]Vi Ój^Yan X]Vc\Zh ^c hZXi^dc dkZg ^ih aZc\i]# I]^h ^h Zmead^iZY id XgZViZ Wdi] [VkdgVWaZ VZgdYncVb^X X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh id X]VccZa V^g [dg i]ZgbVa Xdb[dgi! VcY id Zg\d" cdb^XVaan hjeedgi i]Z VXi^k^i^Zh d[ dXXjeVcih! hjX] Vh haZZe^c\! \Vi]Zg^c\! Xdd`^c\! VcY lVh]^c\# >c eaVc! i]Z Wj^aY^c\ YZÓZXih id cZhiaZ Vbdc\ Zm^hi^c\ igZZh#

“clerestory” lets in reflected southern light and works as a wind scoop

south-facing skin designed for air intake. Vertical, irregular face causes turbulence and low pressure zone forms on leeward side.

Deformation and tiling of the planking members create a texture that shades critical areas of the skin at almost all times, regardless of the sun’s position.

covered water storage on roof feeds to washroom and cooking area

north-facing skin rounded and tapered to minimize turbulence in cold winter

Eg^bVgn HigjXijgZ/ AVb^cViZY g^Wh l^i] eVcZa^oZY lddY h`^c

6aZm^h @jgaVcY ;^c\Zg ?d^ci $ GZhi 6gZV KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ ?dnXZ GdhcZg I]^h egd_ZXi WZ\Vc l^i] V hZg^Zh d[ VWhigVXi YZh^\c ZmZgX^hZh hiVgi^c\ l^i] Wa^cY Xdcidjg YgVl^c\h d[ ]VcYh _d^cZY id\Zi]Zg VcY bdk^c\ i]gdj\] V egd\gZhh^dc d[ lddY VWhigVXi^dch Wj^ai d[ _d^ciZY eanlddY e^ZXZh# I]Z YZh^\c Xjab^cViZY ^c V egd_ZXi i]Vi egdedhZY V eaVXZ [dg gZhi VcY gZ]nYgVi^dc Vadc\ i]Z ]^`Z W^`Z igV^a cdgi] d[ Idlc AV`Z# 6 hZg^Zh d[ Ã’kZ egZXVhi XdcXgZiZ haVWh VgZ Ygn hiVX`ZY id bV`Z ild lVaah# I]Z Y^[[ZgZci \ZdbZig^Zh d[ i]Z ^cY^k^YjVa haVWh! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z dg^ZciVii^dc d[ i]Z lVaah i]ZbhZakZh! VgZ jhZY id dg\Vc^oZ heVXZ VcY ZcXdjgV\Z ^ciZgVXi^dc VcY ZmeadgVi^dc# I]Z YZh^\c XgZViZh V Ã’c^iZ hnhiZb i]Vi aZVYh id V jcegZY^XiZY kVg^Zin d[ jc^fjZ heVXZh YZeZcY^c\ dc i]Z VggVc\ZbZci VcY dg\Vc^oVi^dc d[ i]Z eVgih#

6YVb I^ig^c\idc BdciZhhdg^ HX]dda ^c Hdji] 6jhi^c KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ K^cXZci HcnYZg I]^h [jaa WadX` h^iZ [dg V egdedhZY BdciZhhdg^ HX]dda ^h adXViZY Vi V ÆIÇ ^ciZghZXi^dc ^c V a^kZan gZh^YZci^Va cZ^\]Wdg]ddY# I]Z Wj^aY^c\ bVhh h]VeZh ejWa^X VcY eg^kViZ djiYddg heVXZh l]^aZ cZ\di^Vi^c\ i]Z cZ^\]Wdg]ddY hXVaZ VcY Zm^hi^c\ igZZh dc i]Z h^iZ# EVi]h `c^i i]Z hX]dda dcid i]Z h^iZ VcY YZkZade Vc ^ciZch^in d[ VXi^k^in ^ch^YZ i]Z Wj^aY^c\# 6 l^cY^c\ Xdgg^Ydg dg ^ciZg^dg ÆhigZZiÇ ^c i]Z hX]dda jc^iZh i]Z hijYZcih VcY ^h Zck^h^dcZY Vh V eaVXZ [dg Y^hXdkZgn ZfjVa id i]Z XaVhhgddbh# I]Z ]VaalVn Y^hidgih l]ZgZ i]^h higZZi ^ciZghZXih i]Z aVg\Zg X^in [VWg^X ^c i]Z XZciZg d[ i]Z h^iZ! deZc^c\ dji ^cid i]Z Xdbbdc a^WgVgn VcY XV[ZiZg^V#

7gdd`h GdhZcWZg\ O^a`Zg EVg` 8dgZ AVcYhXVeZ 6gX]^iZXijgZ HijY^d $ =deZ =VhWgdjX` EaVn! ;adVi! VcY B^hi VgZ i]gZZ ^ciZgkZci^dch ^chZgiZY Vadc\ i]Z hdji]Zgc ZY\Z d[ 6jhi^cÉh Idlc AV`Z ^c O^a`Zg EVg`# :VX] ^ciZgkZci^dc higjXijgZh i]gZZ egd\gVbh/ Vc ^ciZg\ZcZgVi^dcVa eaVn VgZV! XdbeZi^i^dc WdVi aVjcX]! VcY Xdda^c\ hiVi^dc# I]ZhZ heVXZh VgZ [dgbZY Vh V gZhedchZ id i]Z VhXg^WZY bZVc^c\h VcY heVi^Va [dgbh d[ i]Z heZX^ÒX egd\gVbh! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z hjggdjcY^c\ Xdbbjc^i^Zh! ZXdad\^XVa XdcY^i^dch! VcY i]Z iZbedgVa VcY Zkdaji^dcVgn egdXZhhZh d[ i]Z h^iZ#

HZg\^d HVjXZYd HbVgi 8Vg 9ZVaZgh]^e HdjcY 7j^aY^c\ $ Ja^ 9Vc\Za I]Z HbVgi 8Vg 9ZVaZgh]^e Egd_ZXi [dXjhZY dc XgZVi^c\ Vc ZmeZg^ZcXZ i]Vi ^cigdYjXZY i]^h ^ccdkVi^kZ ]^\]"YZbVcY kZ]^XaZ ^cid i]Z X^in# I]Z Wj^aY^c\ ZmeVcYh dc i]Z dgY^cVgn [jcXi^dch d[ V YZVaZgh]^e hjX] Vh V h]dlgddb! hZgk^XZ XZciZg! YZa^kZgn XZciZg! VcY ZbeadnZZ VgZVh id ^cXajYZ ejWa^X [jcXi^dch Vh lZaa# >i WZXdbZh V \VaaZgn heVXZ l^i] V XV[ ! V bZY^V XZciZg! ejWa^X gZhigddbh! VcY V adWWn heVXZ# I]Z \gdjcY Óddg ^h Vabdhi XdbeaZiZan \aVoZY id egdbdiZ k^hjVa XdciVXi l^i] i]Z Y^kZghZ ejWa^X egd\gVbh ^c i]Z Wj^aY^c\# I]Z jeeZg hidgn [ZVijgZh V XdbeaZiZan \aVhhZY heVXZ lgVeeZY l^i] Vc deZgVWaZ e]didkdaiV^X adjkZg h`^c i]Vi Xddah i]Z ^ch^YZ \aVhh h`^c! Vh lZaa Vh Vaadl^c\ cVijgVa kZci^aVi^dc VcY \ZcZgVi^c\ ZcZg\n [dg i]Z Wj^aY^c\#

HZi] 7dgaVcY B^aV\d 7ZVX] >ciZgkZci^dc KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ ?dnXZ GdhcZg 9jZ id i]Z ZmeVch^dc d[ i]Z Ydlcidlc gZh^YZci^Va Y^hig^Xi! i]Z X^in d[ 6jhi^c ^h ^ciZgZhiZY ^c ZmeVcY^c\ egd\gVbb^c\ Vadc\ i]Z Z i^dc edejaVg =^`Z VcY 7^`Z IgV^a# I]^h egd\gVb XVaah [dg Vc ^ciZgkZci^dc Y V Vadc\ i]Z h^iZ i]Vi l^aa ^cXajYZ WVi]gddbh! adX`Zgh! h]dlZgh VcY V Z higZiX]^c\ VgZV# @VnV` hidgV\Z VcY V bjai^"ejgedhZ ZkZci heVXZ lZgZ ^cXajYZY id VYY ÓZm^W^a^in id i]Z ^ciZgkZci^dc# Z d[ I]Z B^aV\d 7ZVX] >ciZgkZci^dc ^ciZcYh id ZaZkViZ i]Z ZmeZg^ZcXZ d[ ZmZgX^h^c\ Wn YZg^k^c\ ^ih [dgb [gdb hiVY^jb ZcigVcXZh# I]Z eaVn Vn d[ a^\]i VcY h]VYdl! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z kVg^Vi^dc d[ bViZg^Va jcYZg" [ddi ejih i]Z jhZg ^cid V Ældg`dji odcZÇ Vh i]Zn aZVkZ i]Z heVXZ# # I]Z Xdaa^Y^c\ a^cZh d[ jhZ lZgZ YZg^kZY [gdb i]Z X^in \g^Y VcY i]Z Z \ZhijgZ d[ i]Z igV^a#

7g^Vc 7ZYgdh^Vc 9dj\ 8VbeWZaa GVlhdc"HVjcYZgh HX]dda [dg 9nhaZm^X 8]^aYgZc IZX]c^XVa 8dbbjc^XVi^dch HijY^d $ @Zk^c 6aiZg :gcZhid 8gV\cda^cd 6[iZg ^ciZgk^Zl^c\ iZVX]Zgh VcY hijYZcih Vi GVlhdc"HVjcYZgh! lZ WZ\Vc V YZh^\c hZfjZcXZ i]Vi ldjaY VYYgZhh i]Z Zm^hi^c\ h^iZ VcY [VX^a^i^Zh Vh lZaa Vh V [jijgZ k^h^dc [dg i]^h hX]dda ^c LZhi 6jhi^c# 6i i]Z djihZi! lZ ]deZY id ZmegZhh i]Z ]^\]an eVgi^XjaVg! bjai^"hZchd" gn ZYjXVi^dc! i]Z cVijgVa egd\gZhh^dc d[ kVg^VWaZ XaVhh h^oZh! VcY i]Z XZaZWgVi^dc d[ hijYZci ^cY^k^YjVa^in VcY VX]^ZkZbZci# GVlhdc"HVjcYZghÉ Xdbb^ibZci id XgZVi^k^in VcY hX]dda eg^YZ ^c[dgbh i]Z ZcigVcXZ id i]Z higjXijgZ Vh V \gVYjVa YdlclVgY hadeZ eVhhZh i]Z [djg Vgi gddbh VcY \aVhh ZcXadhZY hijYZci \VaaZgn# >iÉh ]ZgZ i]Vi i]Z \ajZaVb WZVbh VcY _d^cih d[ i]Z higjXijgZ WZ\^c id eaVn V gdaZ ^c Vc ^YZci^ÒVWaZ hnhiZb d[ hjeedgi! h]VY^c\! VcY igVcheVgZcXn [dg i]Z b^YYaZ hX]dda \gVYZh VWdkZ VcY i]Z gdiVi^c\ Vgih egd\gVb WZadl# I]Z hX]dda higZiX]Zh i]Z aZc\i] d[ i]Z h^iZ id XgZViZ V cZl higZZi ZY\Z VcY ZbWZY ^ihZa[ ^c i]Z Zm^hi^c\ igZZ XdkZg _jhi d[[ i]Z bV^c WdjaZkVgY# I]Z h^i^c\ higViZ\n ^h V b^XgdXdhb d[ i]Z hX]dda! V eg^YZ[ja VcY egdb^cZci [gdciV\Z l^i] V ÓZm^WaZ VcY eZghdcVa XdgZ# 6i i]Z eg^bVgn"hX]dda aZkZa! i]Z X^gXjaVi^dc iV`Zh VYkVciV\Z d[ i]Z 6jhi^c Xa^bViZ VcY gZbV^ch djiYddgh! Zc\V\^c\ i]Z eaVn\gdjcY! ZcX^gXa^c\ daY \gdli] bVeaZ igZZh! VcY dg^Zci^c\ id V cZl! VYVei^kZan gZjhZY! bjai^"ejgedhZ heVXZ# Djg YgVl^c\ hZi dg^\^cViZY l^i] V hZg^Zh d[ X]VgXdVa bdbZci YgVl^c\h! gZVY^c\h d[ eaVXZ VcY YZiV^a i]Vi h]VeZY i]Z egd_ZXi# DcZ d[ i]Z Òghi d[ i]ZhZ YgVl^c\h YZe^XiZY V YZY^XViZY gZVY" ^c\ gddb ]jYYaZY id i]Z \gdjcY VcY deZc^c\ id V h]VgZY ^ciZg^dg \VgYZc# I]^h WZXVbZ i]Z \ZcZgVidg [dg i]Z gZVY^c\ gddb Zkdaji^dc! XdbW^c^c\ eZghdcVa Xdb[dgi l^i] V YZY^XViZY gZVY^c\ heVXZ# 6h hijYZcih \gVYjViZ [gdb @ " ' VcY bdkZ id i]Z jeeZg Óddg! i]Z egdiZXi^kZ gZVY^c\ gddb WZXdbZh bdgZ a^`Z V igZZ ]djhZ# >c i]Z b^YYaZ hX]dda! i]ZhZ igZZ ]djhZh kVgn ^c h^oZ VcY VgZ ZciZgZY [gdb i]Z ]VaalVn! h^\cVa^c\ id i]Z hijYZcih i]Vi i]Zn VgZ VWaZ id YZX^YZ l]Zc VcY ]dl id jhZ i]Zb# 6cY ÒcVaan! i]Z gZVY^c\ edYh VeeZVg ^c i]Z a^WgVgn Vh heVXZh XVgkZY dji ^c i]Z ejWa^X gZVab# I]gdj\]dji i]Z egd_ZXi! i]Z h^oZh d[ deZc^c\h XdggZhedcY id V\Z \gdjeh l]^aZ a^cZh d[ h^\]i VgZ XVgZ[jaan X]dgZd\gVe]ZY [dg i]Z iZVX]Zg# =^\] l^cYdlh VcY Vc jeeZg eaZcjb Vaadl V \gZVi YZVa d[ ^cY^gZXi a^\]i ^cid i]Z XaVhhgddbh! ]VaalVnh! VcY a^WgVgn l]^aZ gZYjX^c\ ZmiZg^dg XdcigVhih#

0.0 ft 2’

3’4”

3’10”

3’4”

3’10”

3’4”

3’4”

2’ 10”

7’4”

B B

D

7’ 4”

3’4”

C

1’ 4”

C

1’ 4”

" # & " ( & # "

D

/<

/<

/<

A

)

% & #" "# & %#'&

/<

/<

/<

HJB '%

B : G %-

HjbbZg '%%;:6IJG>C<

9:H><C >CHIGJ8IDGH

:M=>7>IH

7ZgchiZ^c! :g^c 7dYjX]! B^X]VZa 7dgaVcY! HZi] 7VYZg! HiZ[Vc <gZZclVaY! @VgV =VncZh! ?VbZh BZhh^c\Zg! IgZkdg E^ZgXZ! @Vi]Zg^cZ H]Vl! BVgXn HnakZhiZg! 9Vc^Za LZc\Zg! EZiZg L^cc! EVig^X` O]Vc\! A^f^Vd

6abn! 9ZVc 6i`^chdc! H^bdc 7ZcZY^`i! B^X]VZa GdhcZg! ?dnXZ HdlZaa! ?Vhdc

9Zh^\c :mXZaaZcXZ 6lVgY L^ccZgh/ 6XVYZb^X NZVg '%%,"'%%-

?VbZh =VncZh EVig^X` L^cc HijY^d 8]^bZg^X >cYZeZcYZci 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $ ?dnXZ GdhcZg >c i]^h *"bdci] ^cYZeZcYZci VYkVcXZY YZh^\c hijY^d! hijY^Zh Wn V ild"hijYZci iZVb ^c W^d"b^b^Xgn VcY bZX]Vcdbdge]^Xh gZhjaiZY ^c jc[dgZhZZc VkZcjZh d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa egdXZhh bVc^[Zhi^c\ jc^fjZ [dgb# I]Z ZcY gZhjai VcY egdXZhh ldg`h lZgZ Zm]^W^iZY ^c i]Z BZWVcZ <VaaZgn Vi i]Z HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ ^c i]Z Òghi hdad$eV^g hijYZci Zm]^W^i^dc# BZVci id ^c[jhZ XgZVi^k^in l^i] YZh^\c! i]Z \dVa lVh id egdYjXZ Vc ÆdW_ZXiÇ i]Vi XgZViZh eaVXZ! ejgedhZ! bZVc^c\! VcY VlZ# >i ^h i]Z iZVbÉh WZa^Z[ i]Vi i]gdj\] i]Z hijYn VcY ZbjaVi^dc d[ cVijgVa egZXZYZcih YZh^\c WdjcYVg^Zh XVc WZ ejh]ZY! ^YZVh iZhiZY! VcY YgZVbh gZVa^oZY# I]Z YZh^gZ lVh id i]^c` Ædjih^YZ i]Z WdmÇ VcY cdi a^b^i i]Z YZh^\c egdXZhh id igVY^i^dcVa i]^c`^c\ dg egZhXg^WZY egdXZYjgZh# I]^h lVh VX]^ZkZY Wn Zmead^i^c\ i]Z WdjcYVg^Zh i]Vi XVc WZ gZVX]ZY l^i] bdYZgc iZX]cdad\^Zh VcY ZmeadgVidgn YZh^\c bZi]dYh# I]Z hnci]Zh^h d[ i]Z YZh^\c hijY^Zh lZgZ iZhiZY Wn e]nh^XVaan XdchigjXi^c\ V aVg\Z hXVaZ ZmeZg^bZciVa heVXZ#

@VgV <gZZclVaY :g^c 7ZgchiZ^c GZY^hig^WjiZ 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $ H^bdc 6i`^chdc ?Vhdc HdlZaa K^Xidg^V HiVi^dc ^h i]Z bdhi Xdc\ZhiZY igVchedgiVi^dc ]jW ^c AdcYdc VcY cdi dcan ]Vh i]Z ]^\]Zhi XdbbjiZg jhZ d[ X^in hiVi^dch! Wji ^h i]Z ed^ci d[ Zcign [dg ZkZgn bdYZ d[ igVchedgiVi^dc ^c AdcYdc# IgVkZaZgh jh^c\ i]Z hjWlVn! Wjh! igV^c! VcY V^gedgi l^aa bdgZ i]Vc a^`Zan eVhh i]gdj\] K^Xidg^V HiVi^dc Vi hdbZ i^bZ Yjg^c\ i]Z^g igVkZah# Djg VeegdVX] id i]Z gZYZh^\c d[ K^Xidg^V HiVi^dc lVh dcZ d[ gZY^hig^Wji^dc# I]Z XjggZci aVndji d[ heVXZh ^h Xdc\ZhiZY! Xdc[jh^c\! VcY ^cZ[ÒX^Zci# I]Z ^ciZg^dg ^h ]VgY id cVk^\ViZÅÒcY^c\ dcZÉh lVn [gdb igV^c id hjWlVn dg Wjh ^h Vabdhi ^bedhh^WaZ ZkZc [dg i]Z bdhi hZVhdcZY igVkZaZg# DjiYddgh! i]Z Wjh iZgb^cVa ^ciZghZXih l^i] eZYZhig^Vc lVa`lVnh XgZVi^c\ YVc\Zgdjh eVi]h [dg Wdi]# I]ZgZ ^h V aVX` d[ hj[ÒX^Zci lV^i^c\ VgZVh VcY eZdeaZ bjhi aZVkZ i]Z hiVi^dc id ÒcY eaVXZh [dg gZedhZ# I]Z cZl bVhiZg eaVc bdY^ÒZh i]Z adXVi^dc d[ i]Z Wjh! iVm^ VcY hjWlVn ZcigVcXZh VaaZk^Vi^c\ i]^h higZhh VcY egdk^YZh VYY^i^dcVa heVXZh [dg eVhhZc\Zg lV^i^c\ VgZVh#

?ZhhZ 6cYZghdc HiZ[Vc 7VYZg I]ZgbVa AVW GZhZVgX] 6hh^hiVcih]^e $ LZgcZg AVc\ 7VhZY dc i]Z jg\Zci cZZY id ^begdkZ i]Z eZg[dgbVcXZ d[ djg Wj^aY^c\h! V cZl [VX^a^in [dg ZmeZg^bZciVa gZhZVgX] ^c i]Z ÒZaY d[ hjhiV^cVWaZ YZh^\c VcY XdchigjXi^dc l^aa WZ Wj^ai Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ IZmVh Vi 6jhi^c ^c ZVgan hjbbZg '%%.# I]^h ÆI]ZgbVa AVWÇ l^aa XdbeaZbZci Zm^hi^c\ hjhiV^cVWaZ gZhZVgX] VXi^k^i^Zh VcY [VX^a^i^Zh Vi i]Z HD6# >i l^aa XgZViZ V higdc\an cZZYZY eaVi[dgb [dg ZmeZg^bZciVa gZhZVgX] YZkdiZY id i]Z iZhi^c\ d[ i]Z i]ZgbVa WZ]Vk^dg d[ ^ccdkVi^kZ XdbedcZcih! hnhiZbh! VcY Wj^aY^c\h ^c ]di Xa^bViZh# ;jgi]ZgbdgZ! i]Z gZhZVgX] l^aa dXXjg Vi [jaa hXVaZ VcY ^cXajYZ Vc VcVanh^h d[ i]ZhZ hnhiZbÉh higjXijgVa VcY k^hjVa X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh# I]Z aVW ^ihZa[ l^aa WZ eaVXZY dc V hiZZa higjXijgZ i]Vi l^aa WZ ViiVX]ZY id i]Z LZhi BVaa 7j^aY^c\! VY_VXZci id <daYhb^i] =Vaa# GZhZVgX] Vhh^hiVcih]^eh Vi i]Z JIHD6 egdk^YZ hijYZcih l^i] bVcn deedgijc^i^Zh id Vhh^hi egd[Zhhdgh l]d VgZ aZVYZgh ^c i]Z^g ÒZaY d[ hX]daVgh]^e# I]^h ^h V gZX^eg^Xda gZaVi^dch]^e i]Vi Vaadlh hijYZcih id aZVgc cZl h`^aah VcY gZhZVgX] bZi]dYh VcY [jgi]Zg YZkZade i]Z^g ^ciZgZhih ^c heZX^ÒX ÒZaYh d[ hijYn#

EZiZ LZc\Zg 9VcXZ HijY^d $ HigZZi"h^YZ 8V[‚ KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ 9ZVc 6abn B^X]VZa 7ZcZY^`i I]^h hijY^d WZ\Vc l^i] i]Z \gVe]^XVa VcVanhZh d[ i]Z egdedgi^dcVa Xd]ZgZcXZ d[ eV^ci^c\h Wn G^X]VgY 9^ZWZc`dgc VcY GdWZgi Hajio`n# Ild Y^bZch^dcVa VcVanhZh lZgZ i]Zc ^ciZgedaViZY id i]gZZ Y^bZch^dcVa XdchigjXi^dch l^i] Zbe]Vh^h dc ^bea^ZY kdajbZh VcY e]ZcdbZcVa igVcheVgZcXn# I]Z ÒcVa egd_ZXi lVh id ^cXdgedgViZ i]ZhZ YZh^\c eg^cX^eaZh ^c hZgk^XZ d[ V YVcXZ hijY^d VcY higZZi XV[‚ l]^aZ VYYgZhh^c\ i]Z egdedgi^dcVa gZhig^Xi^dch d[ Vc jgWVc eVgin"lVaa XdcY^i^dc# I]Z egdedhZY Wj^aY^c\ deZch ejWa^Xan id i]Z higZZi VcY jhZh i]Z bV^c ZcigVcXZ id XVeijgZ VcY hd[iZc i]Z Vc\jaVg ^cÓZXi^dc d[ V cZ^\]Wdg^c\ Wj^aY^c\# I]Z higjXijgVa \g^Y ^h VhnbZig^XVa VcY Y^k^YZh i]Z kZgi^XVa X^gXjaVi^dc [gdb egd\gVbbZY heVXZh# I]Z XV[‚ VcY YVcXZ hijY^dh gZfj^gZ ]^\] XZ^a^c\h i]Vc i]Z bjh^X hijY^dh! d[ÒXZ! VcY adX`Zgh hd Óddg eaViZh Vi i]Z [gdci d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\ VgZ dg\Vc^oZY Vi V l^YZg ^ciZgkVa i]Vc i]Z WVX`# L]ZgZ VXdjhi^X hZeVgVi^dc ^h YZh^gZY WZilZZc YVcXZ hijY^d VcY XV[‚! VcY WZilZZc bjh^X hijY^d VcY d[ÒXZ i]^X`Zg XZ^a^c\h VgZ hXjaeiZY id XdaaZXi VcY gZijgc i]Z dkZg]ZVY heVXZ#

HZi] 7dgaVcY >YZV HidgZ 7ZgbdcYhZn 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $ H^bdc 6i`^chdc ?Vhdc HdlZaa AdcYdc VgX]^iZXi 9Vk^Y 6Y_VnZ ]Vh WgVcYZY i]Z XdcXZei d[ V a^WgVgn"Xjb"Xdbbjc^in XZciZg Vh Vc Æ>YZV HidgZ!Ç l]^X] VXi Vh VXXZhh^WaZ cZ^\]Wdg]ddY WZVXdch# I]Z >YZV HidgZ 7ZgbdcYhZn ^h bZVci id W^cY id\Zi]Zg i]Z ^cXgZVh^c\an ]^e VcY YZbd\gVe]^XVaan Y^kZghZ cZ^\]Wdg]ddY _jhi hdji] d[ AdcYdc 8^in =Vaa# I]Z VgZV hjggdjcY^c\ 7ZgbdcYhZn HigZZi ^h ]dbZ id hZc^dg X^i^oZch a^k^c\ ^c edhi"LL>> ]djh^c\ egd_ZXih Vh lZaa Vh egd[Zhh^dcVah l^i] ndjc\ X]^aYgZc a^k^c\ ^c ZmeVch^kZ ad[ih! hd i]Z egd_ZXi XVaaZY [dg V b^m^c\ d[ Y^heVgViZ egd\gVbh iVg\ZiZY id Y^[[ZgZci jhZg \gdjeh# Jca^`Z 6Y_VnZÉh hdaji^dc [dg ]^h >YZV HidgZ L]^iZX]VeZa! > X]dhZ id ZmeadYZ i]Z bdcdidcdjh Óddg eaViZh id XgZViZ V YncVb^X X^gXjaVi^dc i]Vi heVlch ^ciZgVXi^dc WZilZZc i]Z Y^kZghZ cZ^\]Wdgh d[ 7ZgbdcYhZn# I]Z ZcigVcXZ ^h hig^eeZY id ^ih ZhhZci^Va ZaZbZcih! VXi^c\ Vh Vc deZc XdkZgZY i]gZh]daY WZilZZc X^in VcY a^WgVgn# I]Z jeeZg Óddgh! dc i]Z di]Zg ]VcY! \V^c Vaa i]Z ^ciZg^dg egd\gVb l]^aZ _jii^c\ dji ha^\]ian dkZg i]Z cVggdl higZZi#

street ndsey bermo

B^X]VZa 7dYjX]! IgZkdg BZhh^c\Zg! @Vi]gnc E^ZgXZ! BVgXn H]Vl!9Vc^Za HnakZhiZg A^f^Vd O]Vc\ Hi# EZig^! @a^eeVc! HlZYZc IgVkZa! GZhZVgX] I]Zdgn $ L^a[g^ZY LVc\ 6eegdVX]^c\ Hi# EZig^ 8]jgX] ^c @a^eeVc ^h Vc ZmeZg^ZcXZ d[ hadl gZkZaVi^dc# I]gdj\] i]Z YZh^\c VcY XdchigjXi^dc d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\! H^\jgY AZlZgZcio h`^aa[jaan XgV[iZY i]Z heVXZ id gZkZVa ^ihZa[ \gVYjVaan# I]ZgZ ^h cd aVg\Z [VXVYZ dg \gVcY \ZhijgZ VccdjcX^c\ i]Z X]jgX] id i]Z higZZi0 ^i h^ih jcdWigjh^kZan WZ]^cY h]gjWh VcY igZZh# 6c jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\h WZ\^ch jcXZgZbdc^djhan! i]gdj\] XdciZbeaVi^kZ Zc\V\ZbZci l^i] i]Z ]ZY\Zh Vadc\ i]Z lVa`lVn aZVY^c\ [gdb i]Z eVg`^c\ adi id i]Z X]jgX]# I]^h ZcigVcXZ ^cid i]Z Wj^aY^c\ eajc\Zh i]Z k^h^idg ^cid hiVgia^c\ YVg`cZhh# 6 Y^hi^cXi bdbZci d[ fj^Zi [daadlh Vh dcZ WZ\^ch id jcYZghiVcY i]Z heVXZ# I]Zc i]Z gZVa^oVi^dc/ i]^h Wj^aY^c\ heZV`h ^c V kd^XZ _jhi VWdkZ V l]^heZg! V XdckZghVi^dcVa idcZ [dg i]Z k^h^idg VadcZ! cdi i]Z ldgaY djih^YZ# I]^h ^h V kd^XZ d[ fj^Zi Xdch^YZgVi^dc! d[ hjWiaZin VcY! eZg]Veh bdhi ^bedgiVcian! d[ bnhiZgn# I]^h kd^XZ Vh`h fjZhi^dch i]Vi XZaZWgViZ i]Z WZVjin d[ ^cfj^gn! gZb^cY^c\ jh i]Vi ÒcY^c\ VchlZgh! ]dlZkZg kVajVWaZ! ^h Wn cd bZVch i]Z hdaZ ejgedhZ d[ Vh`^c\ fjZhi^dch# I]^h ^h cdi Vc VgX]^iZXijgZ WVhZY dc V cdi^dc d[ Vc ^bV\^cVgn! [VcX^[ja heVXZ dg d[ Vc ^bbViZg^Va VcY lZ^\]iaZhh gZVa^in# ;gdb i]Z Wg^X` WZVg^c\ lVaah id i]Z i]Z hiZZa hjeedgi higjXijgZ! Hi# EZig^ h^ih jedc i]Z ZVgi] ^c i]Z kZgn gZVa ldgaY d[ lZ^\]i! bViZg^Vah! XdchigjXi^dc! h]VYdl! VcY a^\]i# DcZ XdjaY heZcY V \gZVi YZVa d[ i^bZ ViiZbei^c\ id YZXdYZ i]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ i]^h Wj^aY^c\# I]Z fjZhi^dch i]Vi Vg^hZ [gdb i]^h Wj^aY^c\ VgZ ZcYaZhh Wji ^che^g^c\! VcY ZkZgni]^c\ [gdb i]Z igji] d[ i]Z higjXijgZ id i]Z ^bea^XVi^dch d[ i]Z bViZg^VahÅ^beZg[ZXi Vh i]Zn VgZÅeZg[ZXian hnbWda^oZ l]Vi VgX]^iZXijgZ XVc WZ Vi ^ih bdhi jcegZiZci^djh gZVa^oVi^dc# I]Z bZVhjgZY hjgkZn VcY e]did\gVe]h d[ Hi# EZig^! @a^eeVc Wn i]Z HlZY^h] VgX]^iZXi H^\jgY AZlZgZcio lVh XVgg^ZY dji Wn V \gdje d[ \gVYjViZ hijYZcih [gdb i]Z HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ Vi I]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ IZmVh Vi 6jhi^c Yjg^c\ i]Z hjbbZg d[ '%%-# I]Z ÒcVa lZZ` d[ i]Z gZhZVgX] ig^e lVh heZci Vi i]Z HlZY^h] 6gX]^iZXijgZ 6gX]^kZh ^c HidX`]dab YdXjbZci^c\ AZlZgZcioÉh dg^\^cVa h`ZiX]Zh VcY YgVl^c\h# I]^h gZhZVgX] [dgbZY i]Z [djcYVi^dc [dg i]Z Wdd` DÉCZ^a ;dgY Bdcd\gVe] '/ Hi# EZig^# I]^h bdcd\gVe] ^cXajYZh i]Z gZegdYjXi^dc d[ bjX] ]^i]Zgid jcejWa^h]ZY VgX]^kVa bViZg^Va! ZmiZch^kZ e]did\gVe]h d[ i]Z X]jgX] Vh lZaa Vh ZhhVnh Wn i]Z L^a[g^ZY LVc\! ?VccZ 6]a^c! VcY i]Z hijYZcih# I]Z gZhZVgX] lVh \ZcZgdjhan [jcYZY Wn i]Z B^`Z VcY BVm^cZ @# BZWVcZ :cYdlZY IgVkZa^c\ HX]daVgh]^e ^c 6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY i]Z HlZY^h] HijY^Zh :mXZaaZcXZ :cYdlbZci HijYn 6WgdVY HX]daVgh]^e Vi I]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ IZmVh Vi 6jhi^c# 6YY^i^dcVaan! i]Z DÉCZ^a ;dgY ;djcYVi^dc egdk^YZY \ZcZgdjh Vhh^hiVcXZ ^c i]Z [dgb d[ V IgVkZa ;Zaadlh]^e#

0cm 10cm

30cm

60cm

100cm

0m

1m

2m

4m

0m

1m

2m

4m

0.42m

3.29m

6JI (&

JBC &.

6jijbc '%%;:6IJG>C<

9:H><C >CHIGJ8IDGH

6cYZghdc! ?ZhhZ 6gXVc\Za^! <gZ\ 7V^gY! :a^oVWZi] 7ZYgdh^Vc! 7g^Vc 7ZgchiZ^c! :g^c 7dlZgh! 9Vk^Y 7dnaZ! ?dhZe] 7jX`aZn! GnVc 8VbeWZaa! 8VbZgdc 8aVg`! ?dhZe] 8d`Zg! C^X` :X]VkVgg^V! BZa^hhV ;ancc! 8daaZZc <Vji]^Zg! HiVXn <^aa^Vb! 6aZm =Vgg^h! HiZe]Zc =Vh`^ch! ?Vhdc =j! 6aa^hdc =j^Z! L^aa^Vb ?d]chdc! @Zk^c ?jc\ Hdd! AZZ @Vb]dao! ?ZccV @Vc\! 7]j_dc @ZhhaZg! ?dgYVc @jgaVcY! 6aZm^h AZYZhbV! :YcV Addb^h! @g^hi^cV Anhhn! @VnaV BVYYdm! GVcYVaa BX9Vg^h! ?d]c EVja BX>cidh]! BV\\^Z B^cdg! 8]g^h Bdcign! BVii]Zl BddgZ! @Zk^c C^Xda! ?Vc^XZ CdaVc! ?dZa GVn! :b^an GdbZ! 7g^Vc GdhZcWZg\! 7gdd`h GjX`bVc! GjWZc GnhVkn! ?E HXVg[Z! :b^an HX]lVgio! ?dcVi]Vc H]Vc\! LZc H^bV! E]^a HiVgi! B^`Z IV\VcVh! 6aZmZg I^ig^c\idc! 6YVb IhZc\! @^bWZgan JcYZglddY! :aaZc

6abn! 9ZVc 6i`^chdc! H^bdc 8aVg`! 6eg^a 9Vc\Za! Jag^X] 9daa! AVggn ;jgadc\! @^b <Vgg^hdc! B^X]VZa =^\]idlZg! ?# 7gVciaZn @a^c\bVcc! 6ccV @gZeVgi! GjhhZaa @jWd! B^X]VZa AVc\! LZgcZg BVii]Zlh! 8Vga BVmbVc! HjhVc B^adkVcdk^X"7ZgigVb! Hb^a_V B^gd! ?jVc DÉ7g^Zc! A^Vb G^X]VgYhdc! :Y HcnYZg! K^cXZci HdlZaa! ?Vhdc LVc\! L^a[g^ZY

8]g^hi^Vc LZgi]bVcc =VgkVgY Jc^kZgh^in! <H9 ÆEaVcih VcY AVcYhXVe^c\ Vh EVgi d[ HjhiV^cVWaZ 7j^aY^c\Ç

C^Xd @^Zcoa! 9#9Zh# ViZa^Zg iZc! CZl Ndg` Æ6YkVcXZY Iddah [dg 7j^aY^c\ H^bjaVi^dcÇ

?ZVc"Aj^h 8d]Zc CZl Ndg` Jc^kZgh^in

B^X]VZa 8VaYlZaa D]^d HiViZ Jc^kZgh^in Æ;VmZh [gdb i]Z ;jijgZÇ

B^X]VZa @jWd K^h^i^c\ AZXijgZg! JIHD6 ÆHigViZ\^X 6gX]^iZXijgZh VcY 8daY LVg :ck^gdcbZcihÇ

L^aa^Vb HidggZg K^h^i^c\ Egd[Zhhdg! JIHD6 ÆI]Z GZY^hXdkZg^c\ Lg^\]i Egd_ZXiÇ

:M=>7>IH A:8IJG:H 9Zkdc EViiZghdc H87! 8]^XV\d ÆHjhiV^cVW^a^in Vh V 9g^k^c\ ;dgXZ [dg 9Zh^\cÇ

6ccV @^c\bVcc K^h^i^c\ AZXijgZg! JIHD6 Æ=Zgdh l^i] ;aVlhÇ

?Vc 8gZbZgh! E]#9# HdaVgCZmi 6<! G^bhi^c\! <ZgbVcn ÆBdYZgc IZmi^aZ 6gX]^iZXijgZÇ

7dW =Vgg^h AV`Z q ;aVid 6gX]^iZXih

?jVc Aj^h YZ aVh G^kVh Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ KVaaVYda^Y! HeV^c ÆCZl 7j^aY^c\h [dg DaY 8^i^ZhÇ

B^X]ZaaZ 6YY^c\idc! E]#9# NVaZ HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ ÆHbVgi BViZg^VahÇ

?ja^jh HX]jabVc Æ8Vcdc^XVa E]did\gVe]hÇ

?^Z =j Ih^c\]jV Jc^kZgh^in! 7Z^_^c\ Æ7Z^_^c\ HijY^d $ Danbe^Xh EaVcc^c\Ç

EdhiZgh [gdb i]Z Hdk^Zi GZkdaji^dc/ &.&,"&.'. 9Vc^ad JYdk^X`^"HZaW

(& Hl^hh HX]ddah JbWZgid 9^cYd

L]daZ :Vgi] 8ViVad\jZ 6aZmVcYgV FjVcig^aa

L^aa^Vb =j^Z IgVX`h VcY ;^ZaYh 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $ ?Vhdc HdlZaa :miZch^kZ a^bZhidcZ b^c^c\ VcY \Vh Yg^aa^c\ ^c lZhiZgc L^hZ 8djcin ]Vh XgZViZY V aVcYhXVeZ d[ ZmigVXi^dc Vh lZaa Vh V \Zdad\^X eVig^bdcn i]Vi XVc WZXdbZ V [dXVa ed^ci d[ gZ\^dcVa Zc\V\ZbZci VcY eg^YZ# GZXaVbVi^dc! i]Z VXi d[ gZ"XaV^b^c\! XVc gZcZl i]Z fjVggn VcY \gVhhaVcYh Vh ^c]VW^iZY eVg`aVcY0 i]gdj\] gZXgZVi^c\ i]^h Y^hijgWZY aVcYhXVeZ! i]Z Xdjcin XVc gZXaV^b \gZViZg hdX^Va Xd]Zh^dc WZilZZc gZh^YZcih VcY k^h^idgh# I]^h egdedhVa ^ckdakZh YZY^XVi^c\ V h^\c^ÒXVci edgi^dc d[ i]Z eVg` id i]Z Zm^hi^c\ ]^\] hX]dda V\g^XjaijgZ ZYjXVi^dc egd\gVb/ XgZVi^c\ \gVo^c\ eVhijgZh! ÒZaY hijYn VgZVh! VcY Xgde VcY dgX]VgY heVXZh# H^bjaiVcZdjhan! i]Z egdedhVa YZkZadeh i]Z fjVgg^Zh VcY ^ciZghi^i^Va heVXZh Vh bjai^hedgi Zck^gdcbZcih/ i]Z iZggV^c ^h hj^iZY id ig^Vi]adch! igV^a gjcc^c\! bdjciV^c W^`^c\! VYkZcijgZ gVX^c\! gdX`"Xa^bW^c\! VcY di]Zg lZZ`ZcY ejghj^ih# >ciZgeZcZigVi^c\ ZmiZg^dg heVXZhÅeVi]h VcY ÒZaYhÅl^aa egdk^YZ cjbZgdjh deedgijc^i^Zh [dg XdbW^c^c\ i]ZhZ jhZg \gdjeh# GZ\jaVgan gZXjgg^c\! hbVaa hXVaZ ZkZcih l^aa dkZgaVe l^i] VcY WZ ejcXijViZY Wn aVg\Z! Xdbbjc^in"hXVaZ ZkZcih#

6aa^hdc =j 8^in Gdd[ " 8VhiaZ =^aa EgZ[VW =djh^c\ IZX]c^XVa 8dbbjc^XVi^dch $ K^cXZci HcnYZg I]Z egZb^hZ d[ i]^h hijY^d gZ"ZmVb^cZY i]Z bdYZgc cdi^dc d[ VgbVijgZ Vh V higViZ\n [dg jc^[n^c\ VcY hZgk^X^c\ kVg^ZY eVgih# I]^h bdYjaVg b^mZY"]djh^c\ hnhiZb [jaan ^ciZ\gViZh bVcn iZggV^ch l]^aZ hXjaei^c\ ^ihZa[ ^cid V l]dan X^k^X Zci^in# 6 X]VaaZc\^c\! gdX`n h^iZ Vi 8VhiaZ =^aa Vi AVbVg 7djaZkVgY VcY &&i] HigZZi ^c 6jhi^c lVh V \ddY Ældghi"XVhZ hXZcVg^dÇ id iZhi i]Z egdidineZ# I]Z hiZZa [gVbZ ^h h]^[iZY Wn )* YZ\gZZh [dg hjWiaZ Y^hi^cXi^dc [gdb ^ih ^ciZgadX`^c\ ^chZgi^dch! Zkd`^c\ V YZXZ^k^c\ [ZZa d[ ^ggZ\jaVg^in ^c k^Zl# >ih jcYZgan^c\ dgYZg ZbZg\Zh VWdkZ# HaVWh XdckZg\Z Vi kZgi^XZh id [dgb V kVhi gdd[! kZ^a^c\ i]Z Xdbbjc^in WZadl VcY egdk^YZh V fj^Zian jcYjaVi^c\ iZggVXZ k^hiV i]Vi iVeZgh VlVn idlVgY ^ih adl lViZg XdaaZXi^dc ed^cih# I]Z gZhjai^c\ jc^ih XgZViZ V [gVbZldg` d[ a^\]i"ÓddYZY kVaaZnh VcY ^bedh^c\ jgWVc heVXZ#

?jc\ Hdd AZZ GZ^bZgh GVcX] GZh^YZcXZ 7j^aY^c\ KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ @^b ;jgadc\ BjhXjaVg i^hhjZh VgZ Vbdc\ i]Z WVh^X ZaZbZcih i]Vi \^kZ [dgb id i]Z ]jbVc WdYn# I]^h egd_ZXi iV`Zh i]^h [VXi Vh V WVh^h [dg ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc VcY YZh^\c! l]^aZ Vahd ViiZbei^c\ id bVe i]Z Zm^hi^c\ \ZdbZig^XVa h]VeZ d[ i]Z h^iZ# HZXdcYVg^an! i]Z Zm^hi^c\ ided\gVe]^X XdcY^i^dch VcY i]Z Y^gZXi^dcVa Xdbedh^i^dc d[ ZVX] jc^i lZgZ jhZY Vh V \j^YZ id i]Z YZh^\c d[ i]^h gZh^YZcXZ Wj^aY^c\#

8]g^h B^cdg IZmVh 8aZVc :cZg\n EVg` >ccdkVi^dc 8ZciZg 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $ LZgcZg AVc\ I]Z IZmVh 8aZVc :cZg\n EVg` >ccdkVi^dc 8ZciZg l^aa [dhiZg XgZVi^k^in VcY i]Z ZmX]Vc\Z d[ ^YZVh i]gdj\] V YZh^\c XdcXZei i]Vi ^h V bdYZa [dg hjhiV^cVWaZ iZX]cdad\n dc i]Z cVi^dcVa hXVaZ# I]Z YZh^\c d[ i]Z ^ccdkVi^dc XZciZg ^h XVgWdc cZjigVa ^c deZgVi^dc VcY ^i l^aa WZ V ]diWZY [dg ^ccdkVi^dc ^c cZl hjhiV^cVWaZ iZX]cdad\^Zh# I]Z Wj^aY^c\ ^h dg\Vc^oZY hd i]Vi XdbeVc^Zh VgZ adXViZY ^c Y^hXgZZi heVXZh gVi]Zg i]Vc ^c V Xdci^cjdjh kdajbZ Vh ^h hZZc ^c ine^XVa aVW Wj^aY^c\h# IZbeZg^c\ i]Z ]dhi^aZ IZmVh hjc l^i] V bZbWgVcZ higjXijgZ! i]Z ^ciZghi^i^Va heVXZh WZXdbZ deedgijc^i^Zh [dg bZZi^c\ heVXZh! djiYddg gddbh VcY ejWa^X eaVoVh#

@g^hi^cV Addb^h 8jhidb^oVWaZ HeZX^Va :kZcih 8Vcden KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ Jag^X] 9Vc\Za I]Z h^iZ! 6jY^idg^jb H]dgZh ^c 6jhi^c! IZmVh! VWjiih AVYn 7^gY AV`Z VcY ^h dcZ d[ 6jhi^cÉh [Vkdg^iZ djiYddg kZcjZh [dg aVg\Z"hXVaZ bjh^X ZkZcih VcY bVgVi]dc gVXZh# Ine^XVaan! i]^h h^iZ gZfj^gZh i]Vi V hiV\Z VcY gdd[ higjXijgZ WZ igjX`ZY ^c VcY Wj^ai [dg ZVX] ZkZci# I]Z X]VaaZc\Z d[ i]Z KZgi^XVa HijY^d Zci^iaZY Æ8daaVeh^WaZhÇ lVh id YZh^\c V higjXijgZ i]Vi ldjaY egdk^YZ V XdaaVeh^WaZ gdd[ [dg V eZgbVcZci hiV\Z# I]^h eVgi^XjaVg gZhedchZ \dZh WZndcY egdk^Y^c\ V XdaaVeh^WaZ gdd[ [dg dcan i]Z eZgbVcZci hiV\Z! ^chiZVY XVckVhh^c\ i]Z Zci^gZ h^iZ l^i] V '*"[ddi ]^\] XVcden# I]Z XVcden ^h hjeedgiZY Wn V hZg^Zh d[ haZcYZg Xdajbch VcY iZch^dc XVWaZh cZildg`^c\ i]Z^g lVn VXgdhh i]Z eVg` ^c V Y^VbdcY \g^Y eViiZgc# Ild dg i]gZZ i^bZh eZg nZVg! 8^in d[ 6jhi^c ZbeadnZZh ldjaY ^chiVaa aVg\Z! a^\]ilZ^\]i :I;: h]VYZ eVcZah ^c Vcn YZh^gZY eViiZgc VXgdhh i]Z \g^Y# 6 hiV\Z XVc cdl WZ ÓZm^Wan eaVXZY ^c Vcn adXVi^dc ^c i]Z eVg` YZeZcY^c\ dc l]ZgZ i]Z lViZg"i^\]i h]VYZ higjXijgZh VgZ XdcXZcigViZY# I]Z YZh^\c XgZViZh V YgVbVi^X heVXZ ÒaaZY l^i] a^\]i! bVYZ Xdadg[ja Vh ^i eVhhZh i]gdj\] 6jY^idg^jb H]dgZhÉ cZl XVcden#

B^`Z HiVgi 7^db^b^Xgn/ =ZgWVg^jb KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ 6eg^a 8aVg` :Y G^X]VgYhdc 7Z[dgZ h^iZ dg egd\gVb lZgZ \^kZc! i]^h egd_ZXi WZ\Vc Wn add`^c\ Vi eaVcih VcY Vc^bVah cVi^kZ id 6jhi^c! IZmVh# :ck^gdcbZciVa Xdcigda hnhiZbh lZgZ YZkZadeZY i]Vi jhZY higViZ\^Zh ^che^gZY Wn ild adXVa heZX^Zh/ HeVc^h] Bdhh VcY i]Z IZmVh 6aa^\Vidg A^oVgY# 7di] ^c[dgbZY i]Z hjhiV^cVWaZ [dgXZh VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ bn YZh^\c# HeVc^h] Bdhh hjgk^kZh l^i]dji V gddi hnhiZb Wn VWhdgW^c\ bd^hijgZ VcY V^g i]gdj\] hidbViV dc ^ih Æh`^c#Ç I]^h ^che^gZY V hnhiZb [dg VWhdgW^c\ bd^hijgZ [gdb i]Z V^g id Wdi] hjeean lViZg id i]Z Wj^aY^c\ VcY h^bjaiVcZdjhan YZ]jb^Y^[n ^i! Vaadl^c\ [dg cVijgVa kZci^aVi^dc# I]Z IZmVh 6aa^\Vidg A^oVgY ^h Y^jgcVa! ^i hZZ`h XddaZg Zck^gdcbZcih Yjg^c\ i]Z YVn VcY jhZh VY_VXZcX^Zh ^c ^iÉh hjggdjcY^c\h [dg iZbeZgVijgZ gZ\jaVi^dc# I]Z a^oVgY bdkZh hadlan VcY YZa^WZgViZan Yjg^c\ i]Z YVn ^c dgYZg id XdchZgkZ ZcZg\n VcY cdi dkZg]ZVi# I]Z IZmVh 6aa^\Vidg A^oVgY Vahd ]Vh V aViZgVa [daY Vadc\ ^i WdYn i]Vi Vaadlh ^i id ZmeVcY id hidgZ VcY egdXZhh [ddY [dg VYY^i^dcVa iZbeZgVijgZ gZ\jaVi^dc# A^`Z i]Z a^oVgY! i]^h Wj^aY^c\ ZhiVWa^h]Zh V Xdda Zck^gdcbZci! i]gdj\] i]Z jhZ d[ gVY^Vci Xdda^c\ l^i]^c i]Z higjXijgZ! VcY W^dbVhh id Xdda i]Z VgZVh VgdjcY i]Z Wj^aY^c\ gZYjX^c\ i]Z adVY dc i]Z eg^bVgn hnhiZbh# >ih h]VeZ"X]Vc\^c\ VW^a^i^Zh ^c[dgb i]Z deZgVi^dc d[ kZci deZc^c\h ^c i]Z Wj^aY^c\ i]Vi XVc WZ jhZY id gZ\jaViZ iZbeZgVijgZ VcY V^g ZmX]Vc\Z gViZ# H^i^c\ i]Z Wj^aY^c\ VcY \^k^c\ ^i V \ZdbZign i]Vi XdjaY YZVa eVhh^kZan l^i] 6jhi^cÉh ^ciZchZ ]ZVi lZgZ i]Z Òghi hiZeh V[iZg gZXZ^k^c\ i]Z egd\gVb# I]Z Wj^aY^c\ [dgb lZci i]gdj\] hZkZgVa ^iZgVi^dch id dg\Vc^oZ egd\gVb VcY ZmeZg^Zci^Va fjVa^i^Zh# I]Z dg^\^cVa cVggdl [dgb i]Vi hj^iZY 6jhi^cÉh hdaVg XdcY^i^dch lVh deZcZY je ha^\]ian id Vaadl [dg V i]^c Vig^jb egdk^Y^c\ [dg X^gXjaVi^dc VcY V hiVX` [dg eVhh^kZ kZci^aVi^dc# Dc i]Z cdgi] [VXVYZ! l]ZgZ egd\gVb YZiZgb^cZY i]Z cZZY id XVe^iVa^oZ dc i]Z k^Zl VcY egdk^YZ Z[[ZXi^kZ YVn a^\]i^c\! aVg\Z deZc^c\h lZgZ bVYZ ^c i]Z h`^c# >ih [jcXi^dcVa edgiVah VgZ eaVXZY dcan dc i]Z Wdiidb ild hidg^Zh VgdjcY i]Z aZXijgZ ]Vaa VcY a^WgVgn hj[ÒX^Zci id kZci^aViZ i]Z cdgi]Zgc egd\gVb#

@^bWZgan IhZc\ BdidgTEVg` 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $?Vhdc HdlZaa L^i] +!%%% W^\"g^\ igjX`h eVhh^c\ i]gdj\] i]Z X^in YV^an [gdb adXVa V\\gZ\ViZ fjVgg^Zh VcY bdidg^hih igVkZa^c\ id i]Z VgZVÉh 6I; eVg`h VcY aV`Z[gdci VbZc^i^Zh! 7g^Y\ZedgiÅadXViZY -% b^aZh cdgi]lZhi d[ 9VaaVh";dgi Ldgi]ÅZmeZg^ZcXZh cdi^XZVWaZ kZ]^XjaVg igV[ÒX# I]Z igV[ÒX l^aa ^cXgZVhZ Vh i]Z egdedhZY IgVchIZmVh 8dgg^Ydg bV`Zh lVn VcY Vh i]Z idlc ejh]Zh [dg bdgZ aZ^hjgZ kZcjZh# I]^h igjX` hide$igVkZa eaVoV gZhedcYh id i]ZhZ ^hhjZh Wn egdk^Y^c\ WVh^X igVkZa cZXZhh^i^Zh! Wji jca^`Z i]Z XjggZci Wj^aY^c\ inedad\n! ^i ^cXdgedgViZh gZhe^iZ ZaZbZcih [djcY Vi V \gZZc eVg`# I]ZgZ[dgZ! i]Z cdi^dc d[ V ÆeaVoV!Ç Vh i]Z bZZi^c\ \gdjcYh d[ X^in VcY cVijgZ! bVc VcY bVX]^cZ! VcY kVg^djh hdX^Va \gdjeh Xdaa^Y^c\! eaVnh V XgjX^Va gdaZ ^c i]Z ZmeZg^ZcXZ d[ BdidgTEVg` Vh V eaVXZ# 6 \^Vci dkZg]Vc\ ZcXVehjaViZh ^i Vaa! XgZVi^c\ Vc ^Xdc^X ^bV\Z Vi i]Z ]^\]lVn aZkZa#

GnVc 7jX`aZn! C^X` 8d`Zg ?Vc^XZ C^Xda CdgY]VkcZc/ I]Z HjhiV^cVWaZ 8^in d[ i]Z ;jijgZ 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $ 9ZVc 6abn CdgY]VkcZc ^h V '%%"]ZXiVgZ ]VgWdg d[ 8deZc]V\Zc! 9ZcbVg`# I]^h egd_ZXi WaZcYh i]Z bjai^[VXZiZY ^ciZg[VXZh d[ V \gdl^c\ jgWVc VgZV l^i]^c V hZg^Zh d[ [dgbVa hig^Vi^dch WVhZY dc VXi^kZ$eVhh^kZ egd\gVbb^c\# I]Z eVhh^kZ odcZh Vbea^[n aVcY$lViZg gZaVi^dch]^eh l]^aZ i]Z VXi^kZ odcZh dg\Vc^oZ [jcXi^dcVa Y^VaZXi^Xh gZaVi^c\ id ^ch^YZg$djih^YZg jhZg \gdjeh# I]^h higViZ\n hZgkZh id ZmedhZ VcY ^ciZ\gViZ i]Z XdbeaZm Y^X]didb^Zh ^c]ZgZci id i]Z jc^fjZ h^iZ# 6h CdgY]VkcZc bVijgZh [gdb ^ih ^cYjhig^Va ]Zg^iV\Z! i]Z h^iZ higViZ\n ÒcYh gZ[ZgZcXZ ^c i]Z aVg\Zg XdcY^i^dch d[ 9ZcbVg` i]gdj\] hdX^Vaan Zfj^iVWaZ ]djh^c\ inedad\^Zh! igVchedgiVi^dc ]^ZgVgX]n l]^X] eg^dg^i^oZh W^XnXa^hih! ]^hidg^XVa gZ[ZgZcXZh id b^a^iVgn [dgi^ÒXVi^dch ^c [dgbVa YZh^\c d[ cZl aVcY! VcY ZhiVWa^h]bZci d[ deZc heVXZ ^c a^cZ l^i] cVi^dcVa egdedgi^dch# >c YZh^\c^c\ i]Z ÆI]Z HjhiV^cVWaZ 8^in d[ i]Z ;jijgZÇ! ZXdad\^XVaan" hZch^i^kZ bZVhjgZh VgZ dkZgiÅegda^[ZgVi^dc VcY ZmedhjgZ X]VgVXiZg^oZ i]Z ^cXajh^dc d[ XaZVch^c\ VcY igZVibZci hnhiZbh# HjX] dhiZciVi^djh \ZhijgZh hZgkZ id fjZhi^dc i]Z ^beVXi d[ idjg^hb VcY Vc ZkZg"^cXgZVh^c\ edejaVi^dc dc 8deZc]V\Zc#

9Vk^Y 7dlZgh '%% BdYh 6YkVcXZY K^hjVa 8dbbjc^XVi^dch $ GjhhZaa @gZeVgi K^hjVa Xdbbjc^XVi^dc ^c VgX]^iZXijgVa egVXi^XZ ]Vh i]Z ediZci^Va id \d WZndcY WVh^X gZegZhZciVi^dc# >i ^h V idda [dg XdckZn^c\ VcY XdcXZ^k^c\ V gVc\Z d[ ^YZVh [gdb i]Z iZX]c^XVa id i]Z ZmeZg^Zci^Va# I]Z XdjghZ Æ'%% BdYhÇ lVh YZh^\cZY id ZmeVcY Wdi] i]Z XgV[i d[ gZegZhZciVi^dc! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ Vc ^iZgVi^kZ YZh^\c egdXZhh i]gdj\] bV`^c\ VcY hZZ^c\# :VX] Vhh^\cbZci Æ'%% A^cZh!Ç Æ'%% 8jih!Ç Æ'%% ;daYh!Ç Æ'%% EaVcZh!Ç ZiX# gZegZhZcih Wdi] V Òc^h]ZY egdYjXi VcY V hiVgi^c\ ed^ci [dg i]Z cZmi ^iZgVi^dc# :VX] bdY^ÒXVi^dc lVh VcVanoZY VcY hijY^ZY Vi kVgn^c\ hXVaZh VcY XdcY^i^dch! i]Zc gZXdgYZY! ZmeVcYZY! dg bdY^ÒZY nZi V\V^c# I]ZgZ VgZ hZkZgVa i]gZVYh d[ ^YZVh gjcc^c\ i]gdj\] ZVX] d[ i]ZhZ ldg`h! Wji bdhi ^bedgi ^h i]Vi d[ i]Z ^ciZghi^i^Va VcY i]Z ediZci^Va ^i XdciV^ch#

UHFODLPHG F\SUXV ZRRG UDLOLQJ EROWHG WR ZHOGHG VWHHOUDLOLQJ SRVW

FDEOH DQFKRU DQG WXUQEXFNOH

6aZm <^aa^Vb 6YVb I^ig^c\idc

¯ VWHHO °F¹ FKDQQHO ZHOGHG WR VWHHO UDLOLQJ SRVW EUDLGHG VWHHO FDEOH

H]gZkZedgi IZX]c^XVa 8dbbjc^XVi^dch $ B^X]VZa <Vgg^hdc I]Z cZl XZciZg [dg 8dbbjc^in GZcZlVa >ciZgcVi^dcVa ^h V h^\cedhi! V gdVY bVe VcY V kZg^iVWaZ gdaZ bdYZa [dg i]Z ÆgZ"\gdl^c\Ç d[ H]gZkZedgi! Adj^h^VcV# >ih VgX]^iZXijgZ ]Zaeh YZbdchigViZ i]Vi edh^i^kZ X]Vc\Z VcY gZ"\gdli] l^aa dXXjg ^c H]gZkZedgi i]gdj\] i]Z ]VgY ldg` VcY he^g^i d[ ^ih X^i^oZch! i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ cZl eZghdcVa gZaVi^dch]^eh! i]Z h]Vg^c\ d[ ^YZVh VcY i]Z gZXdccZXi^c\ d[ H]gZkZedgiÉh XjaijgZ VcY eVhi# 6YY^i^dcVaan! i]gdj\] i]Z gZ" \gZZc^c\ d[ H]gZkZedgi! ^i ZhiVWa^h]Zh cZl adXVa [ddY ZXdcdb^Zh# 6c VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ [ddY! igVch[dgbVi^dc! VcY XdaaVWdgVi^dc ^h cdi bVYZ je d[ bjijVaan ZmXajh^kZ eVgih# >chiZVY! i]Z Wajgg^c\ d[ i]Z ine^XVa WdjcYVg^Zh d[ jhZ! heVXZ! VcY [dgb bV`Zh [dg V bdgZ YncVb^X! ^ciZgXdccZXiZY! VcY hjhiV^cVWaZ Wj^aY^c\#

PXVFDGLQH JUDSH YLQH FXUWDLQ °VNLQ¹

partially enclosed breakout spaces for small to medium size groups large conference room

computer counter staircase that can be used for informal group presentations sunken/quiet area for individuals with view to courtyard

informal and adjustable breakout, gathering and learning spaces- employs thougthfully placed blackboard/ bulletin boards for problem solving and sharing.

¯ VWHHO EUDLGHG FDEOH DWWDFKHG WR WKUHDGHG VWHHO WXUQEXFNOHV VWHHO SODWH ZHOGHG WR VWHHO °,± VHFWLRQ ZHOGHG VWHHO °VWUXW± EROWHG ZDWHU VSULQNOHU V\VWHP

VWHHO DQFKRU ZHOGHG WR SODWH ¯ VWHHO SODWH EROWHG WR FRQFUHWH IRRWLQJ JUDSH YLQH EHGV DQG JDUGHQ

HiZe]Zc =Vgg^h 8daaVeh^WaZ 8d[[ZZ HiVcY KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ Ja^ 9Vc\Za I]^h egd_ZXi YZVai l^i] i]Z ^hhjZ d[ Xd[[ZZ [VX^a^i^Zh ^c i]Z adWWn d[ <daYhb^i] =Vaa# Æ8daaVeh^WaZhÇ WZ^c\ i]Z hijY^dÉh i]ZbZ! V gZfj^gZbZci d[ i]Z Xd[[ZZ hiVcY lVh i]Vi ^i ]VkZ Vc VXi^kZ hiViZ Vh V Xd[[ZZ hiVcY VcY V XadhZY hiViZ i]Vi dXXje^ZY h^\c^ÒXVcian aZhh heVXZ# >c i]Z XdaaVehZY hiViZ i]Z Xd[[ZZ hiVcY lVh id Vaadl [dg ÓZm^WaZ jhZ d[ i]Z adWWn! ^cXajY^c\ ÒcVa gZk^Zlh# I]Z egd_ZXi Vahd gZfj^gZY i]Z YZh^\c d[ XdaaVeh^WaZ hZVi^c\ l^i] i]Z hVbZ ÓZm^W^a^in d[ jhZh ^c b^cY# Ild XVhZh d[ XVW^cZih VcY Zfj^ebZci cZhi id\Zi]Zg ^c i]Z XdaaVehZY hiViZ#k I]Z hiVcY! Vh dcZ d[ i]Z XVhZh d[ XVW^cZih! ha^YZh Vadc\ igVX`h ^c i]Z Óddg id V edh^i^dc i]Vi Vaadlh [dg Z[ÒX^Zci deZgVi^dc d[ i]Z hiVcY Wn V h^c\aZ WVg^hiV# I]Z hZVi^c\ jc^ih Vahd cZhi ^cid i]Z WVnh XgZViZY Wn i]Z Xdajbch a^c^c\ i]Z lVaah d[ i]Z adWWn! gZea^XVi^c\ i]Z ild [ddi Wn ild [ddi XjWZh i]Vi XjggZcian Zm^hi ^c i]Z heVXZ# >c i]Z^g ZmeVcYZY hiViZ! ild X]V^gh VcY V Xd[[ZZ iVWaZ VgZ XgZViZY [gdb dcZ XjWZ#

?Vhdc ?d]c EVja =Vh`^ch 6c\ad"8Vi]da^X HdX^Va^hi BdYZgc 6gX]^iZXijgZ/ Hi EVja! 7dl 8dbbdc BZi]dYdad\^Zh ^c 6gX]^iZXijgVa =^hidgn $ 8]g^hide]Zg Adc\

St Paul, Bow Common was one of the first radically modern British church buildings. It was the realization of three modern concepts of society, liturgy and architecture. In part, this is an investigation of the nature of correspondence between texts and buildings. In particular it expands the consideration beyond architectural writing. It is also part of a larger dialogue concerning the relationship between the liturgical movement and modern ecclesial architecture. This provides an analytical framework for the reading of church buildings somewhat deeper than the symbolic causality previously offered. Also established is a criteria for a more holistic consideration of what a “modern” church should entail. What follows is an abridged form of the whole work.

[1] Robert Maguire, “Church Design Since 1950,” Ecclesiology Today 27 (Jan. 2002), 6.

[2] The beginning of Maguire and Murray’s architectural practice is described in Sheila Wheeler, “Setting Up in Practice,” Architects’ Journal 153, no. 3 (20 Jan. 1971), 121-162.

Modern ecclesial architecture developed concurrently with the modern Liturgical Movement. This correlation leads to conclusions of explicit causality between the two. The liturgical reformer erroneously sees in modern architectural form an analogous break from hierarchical tradition. The architect sees in modern liturgical reform the justification for formal experiments and the realization of a communal psychological experience. It is thought that any modern church can be understood in modern theological terms, even if there is not an expressly theological aspect to the architect’s work. The problem with these statements is twofold. First, they are fundamentally contrary to the thoughts of those involved with both the liturgical movement and the modern architectural movement in the middle of the twentieth-century. The liturgical movement was not about an emphasis on the participation of the congregation, but a renewed emphasis on the sacramental rite around which the community is formed. Second, architecture here is considered only in terms of symbolic form. The remedy is the holistic consideration of what the church is to be in light of three interrelated, if sometimes contradictory, intellectual traditions: the social, the liturgical and the architectural. In the case of Saint Paul, Bow Common, the social tradition of Anglo-Catholic Socialism, the liturgical reforms of the Liturgical Movement, and the post-war, post-Festival British Modernist Architecture provide the content of the triad. These three movements appear to be contradictory on the surface, but their connections follow a pattern established by their antecedents in the early nineteenth century. St Paul, Bow Common was the result of an active collaboration between three individuals from three different but sympathetic intellectual and spiritual traditions: the anarchist Anglo-Catholic Socialist vicar Father Gresham Kirkby, the “oddball High Church Anglican designer”[1] Keith Murray, and the “rebellious Roman Catholic” modernist architect Robert Maguire. Each was a relatively young but prominent and vocal member of their respective fields at the beginning of the collaboration.[2]

St Paul, Bow Common, exterior. Photograph by Martin Charles for English Heritage.

Origins of the Social / Architectural Pattern in the English Church 1833-1884 From its origins in the Oxford Movement, AngloCatholicism was closely related to an architectural response to liturgy and the rise of Socialism in England. There were those in the movement who were concerned with the expressive implications of the doctrine, specifically the architects John Mason Neale and Benjamin Webb and the Cambridge Camden Society. The Oxford Movement declined as many of its leaders converted to Roman Catholicism. Those that remained in the Anglican Communion found difficulty in securing positions and often ended up in the less desirable, lower-class parishes. Thus the center of Anglo-Catholicism shifted from intellectual Oxford to the East End. The corresponding shift from scholarly priests in the universities to pastoral priests in the workingclass parishes facilitated the eventual association of Anglo-Catholicism with Socialism. The connection between Christianity, especially of the high Ritualist persuasion, and Socialism is perhaps unexpected. But at least in England, Socialism was introduced out of the Anglo-Catholic tradition by its architects. William Morris, the founder of the Socialist League, was a student of the Oxford Movement architect George Edmund Street. Liturgical Ritualism, Socialist ideology and modern architecture did not subsequently develop in a unified manner. But their common origins established a sympathetic pattern for their later convergence. The Liturgical Movement Comes To England 1935-1945

re-arrangement early modernism carried with it would certainly have been attractive to AngloCatholic Socialists, but the Anglo-Catholic Socialists were not building new churches.[5] They were located in the impoverished working-class areas of London’s East End which was well-stocked with old churches. The involvement of Christian Socialists in church building in the 1930s was not as clients or architects but as artists and craftsmen in the service of the church.

[3] James F. White and Nathan D. Mitchell, Roman Catholic Worship: Trent to Today (Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 2003).

The work of Eric Gill merits attention because he was instrumental in the association of the design of a church building with liturgical reform in England. He repeats the pattern of combining the aesthetic, liturgical and social concerns in church building. For Gill, the only concern in the design of the church was the centrality of the altar. With the publication of the 1938 essay “Mass for the Masses” in the Christian Socialist journal The Cross and Plough, the centrality of the altar becomes for Gill the essence of the church: “The altar is the centre of the church; it is indeed the church itself.”[6] From this ontological definition, the article proposed the correct generative process for the church building. Almost immediately after the article was published, Eric Gill was commissioned to build a church that followed the programme outlined in “Mass for the Masses.” The church was Saint Peter, Gorleston-onSea, also of 1938. Liturgically, the plan followed the emphasis on the centrality of the Eucharist to the fellowship with the physical centrality of the altar to the plan.

[6] Eric Gill, “Mass for the Masses” in Sacred & Secular &c (London : J.M. Dent & Sons for Hague & Gill, 1940), 150. Originally Eric Gill “Mass for the Masses,” The Cross and the Plough: The Organ of the Catholic Land Associations of England and Wales, 1938, vol. 4.

Modern British Architecture: Post-War Reconstruction 1941-1951

The Liturgical Movement describes a period of scholarship in the Roman Catholic Church with the aim of reform of its worship. Liturgical reform is a relatively constant reality with distinct periods of accelerated effort.[3] The movement in the early twentieth century that led up to the 1960s was particularly productive.

The first V-1 impact in London occurred on 13 June 1944 and 10 blocks north of Saint Paul, Bow Common. The East End was particularly susceptible to bomb damage and the area immediately around Saint Paul, Bow Common was a focal point for the redevelopment efforts.

When John Summerson listed exemplar English modernist buildings of the 1930s no churches were included.[4] The political component and social

It was in the post-war reconstruction context that Robert Maguire was educated as an architect. While a student at the Architectural Association

[4] John Summerson, Introduction to Trevor Dannatt, Modern Architecture in Britain (London: Batsford, 1959), 11-28.

[5] John Salmon and Michael Yelton, Anglican Church-Building in London 1915-1945 (Reading: Spire Books, 2007), 10.

[7] Robert Maguire, “Annual Lecture 1995: Continuity and Modernity in the Holy Place,” Architectural History 39 (1996).

[8] Elain Harwood, “Liturgy and Architecture: Liturgical Reform and the Development of the Centralised Eucharistic Space,” Twentieth Century Architecture no. 3 (1998), 70.

[9] Maguire, “Continuity and Modernity in the Holy Place,” 11

[10] Lee Sorensen, “Rudolf Wittkower,” Dictionary of Art Historians, www. dictionaryofarthistorians.org/ wittkowerr.htm, (accessed 6 Dec. 2008).

[11] Mary Banham and Bevis Hillier, ed., A Tonic to the Nation: The Festival of Britain 1951 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1976), 58-61.

[12] Maguire, “Church Design Since 1950,” 4.

[13] Ruth Kenyon, “Town in To-morrow’s Christendom,” in Prospect for Christendom: Essays in Catholic Social Reconstruction, Maurice B Reckitt, ed. (London: Faber and Faber, 1945).

[14] Harwood, “Liturgy and Architecture,” 70.

[15] Maguire, “Church Design Since 1950,” 13.

[16] Kenneth Leech, “Father Gresham Kirkby,” Obituary, The Guardian, 22 Aug. 2006, http:// www.guardian.co.uk/news/2006/ aug/22/guardianobituaries. religion (accessed 6 Dec. 2008).

from 1948–53, Maguire was indoctrinated in a particular version of modernism received from Sir John Summerson, Rudolf Wittkower, Robert Jordan, and engineer Felix Samuely.[7] This education stressed a theoretical base for architecture. In 1949 Rudolf Wittkower published Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism. On one level, its content raised the awareness of Renaissance centrally planned churches. It has been suggested that in this the liturgical movement discovered its “perfect architectural justification.”[8] The churches Wittkower describes, however, were incompatible with the interests of the liturgical movement. He pointed out that the new churches created a liturgical conundrum as to where to place the altar. Maguire provided insight into his reading of Architectural Principles: “There are some simple rules. The presiding minister cannot greet people who are behind him: that rules out central altars, those images of perfection beloved by those who have read Wittkover [sic] too hastily.”[9] Wittkower’s influence was less about this particular formal model and more about an understanding of the relationship between principles and architecture.[10] The Festival of Britain was one of the significant events in the reconstruction of London and in the introduction of the modernist style to England. The Festival had a strong architectural and design component from its beginning.[11] Most of the attention was paid to the monumental architecture of the South Bank Exhibits. But there was also a “Live Architecture” exhibit which consisted of a newly completed housing estate planned and designed on modern principles. Landsbury was a catalyst and a model for future redevelopment. Landsbury included a new modernist church. Trinity Congregational Church by Cecil Handisyde was a replacement of destroyed churches and provided a model of the church as a “centre for social life.” Its design reflected the modernist aesthetic of the Festival of Britain applied to a church. Robert Maguire described the church as “top quality for the period” but with “no new awarenessÅat least none made explicit in the buildingsÅof the nature of the life of the Church.”[12]

Like the architects, the Anglo-Catholic Socialists saw in the destruction of the war an opportunity to rebuild. And they had a theological, rather than rational urban planning, model from which to build. In 1947 Father Gresham Kirkby and Father Jack Boggis drafted the Socialist Christian Catechism. This document succinctly outlined the theological, doctrinal and scriptural basis for Christian Socialism. It called for, among other things, the destruction of existing orders and their replacement with decentralised communities.[13] When Father Kirkby was named vicar of the combined parishes of Saint Luke and Saint Paul, Bow Common in 1951, he had the opportunity to live out the Anglo-Catholic Socialist creed he helped write. He also had the opportunity to give it an architectural expression. Saint Paul, Bow Common In 1955, Murray introduced Maguire to Father Gresham Kirkby. Father Kirkby was now four years into his tenure at Saint Paul, Bow Common and the task of rebuilding the church was a high priority. Prior to this meeting, the vicar had the opportunity to travel to the continent to see some of the new churches in progress there.[14] He would also have seen at least the Festival churches less than half a mile from his own parish. With all of these he was dissatisfied; he felt he had only been offered the established church liturgy “in fancy dress.” Robert Maguire reported that the parish had been “experimenting liturgically.”[15] The result of the experiments was a worship that “followed the Roman rite, but anticipated the reforms of the Second Vatican Council by at least 10 years. ... ‘Rome will catch up with us eventually’, said Kirkby.”[16] When design began on the church for Saint Paul, Bow Common, Maguire and Murray had more than the tradition of the Liturgical Movement scholarship. They had a congregation which was already enacting its radical reforms. The design process of Saint Paul, Bow Common occurred as part of a larger discussion on the principles of modern church planning. Robert Maguire, Keith Murray and Peter Hammond formed the

New Churches Research Group in 1957. The group was interdisciplinary and collaborative, as befits the designers of Saint Paul, Bow Common. The formation of this group initiated a formal and public dialogue on the question of the modern church and established Maguire and Murray as key figures in the field. The New Churches Research Group produced two books during the design and construction of Saint Paul, Bow Common. The first was Peter Hammond’s Liturgy and Architecture, published in 1961. Highly critical of the state of modern English church building, it was an attempt to indoctrinate British church designers into the continental liturgical milieu. The second book produced by the group was a collection of essays by its members entitled Towards a Church Architecture. The contents derived from papers presented at the group’s conferences. Keith Murray’s essay “Material Fabric and Symbolic Pattern” argued that “symbolic patterns exist throughout any human society, but particular entities have characteristic patterns through which they live: the family, the law court, the parliament, the school, the church. Architecture plays a part in the symbolic pattern of each of these. Symbolic patterns are seldom thought up by a conscious procession, but they are often revived, reformed, and otherwise consciously influenced. If their meanings are made conscious, the patterns are changed.”[17] A good symbolic pattern was the part of the church, not a thing to be invented by the architect. Saint Paul, Bow Common: An Ontological Analysis Does Saint Paul, Bow Common fulfill the programme and definition of a church socially, liturgically and architecturally? The New Churches Research Group did not provide an explicit outline of the programme of the ideal Church. But the confluence of the texts in these three traditions—Anglo-Catholic Socialism, the Liturgical Movement, and early British modern architecture—suggests a particular analysis of the modern church. There are two defining features of

this analysis: it is ontological rather than psychological, and it assumes the altar is the focus and center of the church. Robert Maguire’s call to understand the meaning discovered through the inhabitation of a building makes secondary its surface symbolism. The psychological analysis of a church begins with its visual aspect as the communicator of meaning. This is how churches are usually experienced and understood. The ontological analysis begins instead with the central act and the meaning of spatial and visual relationships to the liturgy. From the altar the church is a construct that is generated from the liturgical action. The definitions of a precinct for the altar, a processional path, a place for the congregation, and so on are manifestations of the dynamic relationships generated by the liturgy. This is the significance of the plan of the church. But the plan does not tell the entire story. The spatial relationships based on that plan give definition and quality to the sacredness of a church. It is here that the symbolic patterns of sacred space operate. Finally, the material expression of the space provides a visual symbolic language. This language can either reinforce the liturgy or distract and detract from it. A visual expression that comes from the liturgy is less likely to conflict with it than one that is pre-conceived and made to accommodate the liturgy. Thus the generative narrative of the church from the altar follows the Semperian genesis of architecture from hearth (altar) to mound (plan) to roof (space) to enclosure (material expression). Altar. The precedence of the altar requires an architectural response. Maguire and Murray designed a ciborium to give the proper presence to the altar. What might be seen as an unnecessary ornament or obstruction is an integral expression of the altar’s significance. Lost and invisible in a sea of people, the altar cannot perform its unification of the church. There are also only two steps leading to the altar. Anglican rubrics of the time specified three; a third step is implied in the pattern of the stone, indicating that the congrega-

[17] Keith Murray, “Matterial Fabric and Symbolic Pattern,” in Towards a New Church Architecture, ed. Peter Hammond. (London: Architectural Press), 86.

tion is on the first step leading to the altar. In this way the significance of elevating the altar also indicates an elevation of the congregation. Encouraging the active participation of the people in the liturgy is not a matter of bringing the liturgy down to the level of the people, but bringing the people up to the liturgy. Plan. It seems a perfect solution to have the altar in the center of the church. But there are a few problems. At Gorleston-on-Sea we see the effect of the central altar to divide rather than unify the congregation. From the rear of the nave it is impossible to see the rest of the congregation in the transcept. Robert Maguire points out that the central altar creates a functional dilemma hindering the liturgy. Wittkower showed that the centrally-planned churches of the Renaissance were the reflection of humanist principles. This makes them incompatible with the anti-individualism of the Liturgical Movement and the Anglo-Catholic Socialists. The plan of Saint Paul, Bow Common meets the criteria of a central altar without compromising the function of the liturgy or misplacing its emphasis. Architecturally, the altar is given a substantial portion of the plan; it dominates without being in the geometrical center. The altar is not removed from the community in a separate area, but it is also not simply put into the area belonging to the congregation. The congregation gathers in the area of the altar. Therefore, the social implication of the altar as that around which the community is formed is reinforced by the plan. Space. If the altar and the plan are the primary acts of setting apart, the spatial enclosure gives the plan its character. Space can change dramatically the meaning of the plan. It is possible to have a centrally-planned church in a linear basilica space. Also, a centralised space does not necessarily translate to a central altar. Spatially, a dome is an extremely unifying space. But a dome over the unified people with an altar on one wall or in an adjacent apse creates a more conscious separation than distance in a single basilica volume. Figure 1 − Nested centralized spaces: cloister, atrium, tower. Diagram Š the author.

In the case of Saint Paul, Bow Common, the volumetric composition is one of nested centralised spacial archetypes (see figure 1): the cloister, centralised because it encompasses; an peristyle atrium, or the central space within the cloister; and a vertical tower which marks a central point on the earth as it extends upwards. The altar inhabits both the vertical lantern volume and rectangular atrium. It joins the domus Dei to the domus ecclesia. The combination of these spaces creates the same balance seen in the steps leading up to the altar. The peristyle atrium is a recurring spatial device in the churches of Maguire and Murray. Maguire explains that this is an archetypal form for sacred spaces. The spatial character of the first century Roman domus ecclesiae described by Gregory Dix in The Shape of the Liturgy is a peristyle atrium. [18] Material Expression. The visual evidence of modernism does not indicate that a church building conforms to the ideas of the Liturgical Movement or Anglo-Catholic Socialism. This is another reason why the material expression of the building, its immediate psychological perception, is not the primary concern. The ornament permissible in the modern church are those objects that derive from the liturgy. There is an apparent contradiction again between the simplicity (“directness” in Dix) and the “bells and smells” of the high ritual observance. It is resolved by the understanding of the function of the liturgy. All “ornament” is either derived from or directed to the liturgy. Sir Ninian Comper, one of the last Victorian Gothic Revival architects, observed, “we can learn a lesson from the simplest of our medieval churches whose fabrics were little more than a barn—hardly so fine a barn as barns then were—but which became glorious by beautiful workmanship within. To so low and plain a fabric a worthy altar has only to be added and the white-washed barn will have an atmosphere of prayer and love.”[19] Taken together, these criteria call for a relatively simple church with worthily elaborate liturgical furnishings.

Conclusions The profound achievement in Saint Paul, Bow Common is the ability to balance the church as domus ecclesia and domus Dei. What makes this balance possible is the collaborative nature of the process between three individuals who thoughtfully and intentional sought to realize the full social, liturgical and architectural implications of the church according to their respective traditions. The dialogue was not limited to the individuals. There was an accountability both to a larger circle of co-conspirators and, most importantly, to the traditions of the church throughout time. The balance between the social, liturgical and architectural requirements in design of the church was possible because the designers did not rely on a single, symbolic panacea. It is not merely formally symbolic, but indexical through its use. Like the sacraments celebrated within, it is both the sign and the reality of the church. The study of Saint Paul, Bow Common and its intellectual antecedents provides a framework for a more holistic analysis for modern churches. It also demonstrates the considerations that must be made by those who would design a church. The design of a church must go beyond surface symbolism and psychological experience. As liturgical prayer is the textual form of the liturgy, the church building must be the architectural form. It therefore must follow Romano Guardini’s criteria for prayer: “It must be simple, wholesome, and powerful. It must be closely related to actuality and not afraid to call things by their real names. In prayer we must find our entire life over again. On the other hand, it must be rich in idea and powerful images, and speak a developed but restrained language; its constructions must be clear and obvious to the simple man, stimulating to the man of culture. It must be intimately blended with an erudition which is nowise obtrusive, but which is rooted in breadth of spiritual outlook and in inward restraint of thought, volition, and emotion. And that is precisely the way in which the prayer of the liturgy has been formed.”[20]

[18] Dix, The Shape of the Liturgy, 171.

[19] Hammond, Liturgy and Architecture, 28.

[20] Romano Guardini, The Spirit of the Liturgy (New York: Herder & Herder, 1998), 35; first english (London: Sheed & Ward, 1930); originally published as Vom Geist der Liturgie (1918).

@Zk^c ?d]chdc IgVch^i HiVi^dc 6YkVcXZY IgVkZa HijY^d $ AVggn 9daa BVcn d[ :jgdeZÉh bVhh igVch^i hiVi^dch VgZ ÆodcZh d[ ^ciZgVXi^dcÇ WZilZZc XjaijgZh VcY hdX^Va XaVhhZh# EjWa^X igVch^i ^h dcZ d[ i]Z [Zl ^chiVcXZh d[ ]jbVc ^ciZgVXi^dc l]ZgZ Vc Zci^gZ gZ\^dcVa edejaVi^dc XVc WZ ZmeZg^ZcXZY ^c dcZ eaVXZ0 XdchZfjZcian! igVch^i hiVi^dch VgZ ZmXZaaZci id Zc\V\Z ejWa^X VlVgZcZhh d[ adXVa ^hhjZh# I]Z XdcÒc^c\ \Zd\gVe]^X adXVi^dc d[ 8dadgVYdÉh >ciZghiViZ ,% l^i]^c i]Z kVaaZn d[ i]Z GdX`n BdjciV^ch gZhig^Xih i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ ZmeVcY^c\ i]Z l^Yi] d[ i]Z gdVY ^c bVcn VgZVh# =dlZkZg! ^c Y^gZXi h^b^aVg^in id i]Z hnhiZbh jhZY ^c bdjciV^cdjh gZ\^dch d[ :jgdeZ! hjX] Vh ^c Hl^ioZgaVcY! i]ZgZ VgZ deedgijc^iZh [dg i]Z ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ igV^c ^c[gVhigjXijgZ# 6 igVch^i Xdgg^Ydg [gdb 9ZckZg id <gVcY ?jcXi^dc ldjaY YgVhi^XVaan Za^b^cViZ i]Z Vbdjci d[ edaajiVcih ZmeZaaZY ^cid i]Z [gV\^aZ ZXdhnhiZb Vadc\ >",%! VcY i]Z igV^c ldjaY egdk^YZ V hV[Z VcY Z[ÒX^Zci igVchedgiVi^dc [dg ldg`Zgh Xdbbji^c\ id 9ZckZg! Vh lZaa Vh igVch^i id i]Z bVcn idjg^hi bdjciV^c ViigVXi^dch# 6 bdYjaVg! egZ[VWg^XViZY! hiZZa higjXijgZ i]Vi XVc WZ ZVh^an h]^eeZY! ^chiVaaZY! VcY bdY^ÒZY Vaadlh i]Z [dgb d[ ZVX] hiVi^dc id kVgn! \^kZc ^ih h^iZÉh \Zd\gVe]^X VcY ided\gVe]^X XdcY^i^dch# L]^aZ bjX] d[ i]Z hiVi^dc XdjaY gZjhZ adXVa Y^hXVgYZY lddY! XdbedcZcih d[ i]Z hiVi^dc b^\]i WZ XdchigjXiZY jh^c\ ajbWZg [gdb igZZh i]Vi VgZ WZ^c\ gZbdkZY [gdb i]^h gZ\^dc YjZ id ^c[ZhiVi^dch d[ e^cZ WZZiaZhÅVc Ze^YZb^X i]Vi `^aah d[[ i]djhVcYh d[ igZZh ^c 8dadgVYd ZkZgn nZVg# EgdedhZY hiVi^dch VgZ adXViZY cZVg VgZVh d[ VX^Y b^cZ YgV^cV\Z dg ]ZVkn bZiVa \gdjcY lViZg aZZX]^c\ h^iZh! l]^X] VgZ gZhjai d[ i]Z bVcn VWVcYdcZY b^cZh VcY b^c^c\ h^iZh i]gdj\]dji 8dadgVYd# :VX] hiVi^dc Vahd hZgkZh Vh V odcZ [dg adXVa igZVibZcih id ViiZbei id Xji Ydlc i]Z Vbdjci d[ ]ZVkn bZiVa XdciVb^cViZh i]Vi ZciZg 8aZVg 8gZZ`! l]^X] `^aah Òh] VcY eaVci a^[Z! VcY XgZViZh egdWaZbh [dg 9ZckZgÉh Yg^c`^c\ lViZg hjeean# I]Z bZX]Vc^XVa egdXZhh d[ ÒaiZg^c\ i]Z \gdjcYlViZg ldjaY Vahd \ZcZgViZ ZcZg\n id ]Zae edlZg ZVX] hiVi^dc# I]Z egdedhVa ^h V^bZY id gZYjXZ i]Z dkZgVaa edaajiVcih [gdb kZ]^XaZh VcY VXi Vh V gZ\^dcVa XViVanhi [dg Zck^gdcbZciVa VlVgZcZhh VcY VXi^dc ^c i]Z hiViZ d[ 8dadgVYd#

GVcYVaa BVYYdm 6 EVhh^dc VcY V EgdWaZb KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ @^b ;jgadc\ I]Z egd_ZXi lVh Vc djiWj^aY^c\ ^c i]Z WVX` nVgY d[ V 7djaY^c 8gZZ` Wjc\Vadl dlcZY Wn V ÒXi^i^djh Xa^Zci l]d ]VY V eVhh^dc [dg cVi^kZ IZmVh eaVcih VcY hdV`^c\ ^c i]Z WVi]ijW# I]jh i]Z egd_ZXi! l]^X] Zmead^ih V [djcYVi^dc haVW VcY A"h]VeZ XdcXgZiZ lVaa VagZVYn dc i]Z egdeZgin! ^h V hZfjZcXZ d[ heVXZh lgVee^c\ V kd^Y i]Vi egd\gZhhZh [gdb djih^YZ id ^ch^YZ! Y^gin id XaZVc! ldg` id gZaVmVi^dc! Xadi]ZY id cV`ZY! adl id ]^\]# I]Z ]ZVgi d[ i]Z ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^h i]Z WVi]ijW# 8a^Zci/ GVja! h^c\aZ bVaZ! ]^\] hX]dda bVi] iZVX]Zg EVhh^dch/ eaVcih ZheZX^Vaan IZmVh cVi^kZ! Wji hdbZ Zmdi^Xh \Zii^c\ Y^gin cVee^c\ WZ^c\ XdccZXiZY id ]^h nVgY Vcni]^c\ i]Vi Y^hXdccZXih ]^b [gdb i]Z djiZg ldgaY EgdWaZbh/ `ZZe^c\ i]Z ]djhZ XaZVc g^\^Y hX]ZYjaZ hdbZi^bZh \j^ai ]Z YdZh Wg^c\ hX]ddaldg` ]dbZ dXXVh^dcVaan Bn gZhedchZ id GVja/ > i]^c` ndj VgZ eVhh^dcViZ VWdji ndjg XdccZXi^dc id i]Z djiYddgh dc hZkZgVa aZkZah! Wji ndj lVci id gZheZXi i]Z XaZVca^cZhh d[ ndjg ]djhZ VcY cdi bV`Z bdgZ ]djhZldg` [dg ndjghZa[ i]Vc ^h cZXZhhVgn# > hZchZ i]Vi ndjg YZh^gZ [dg hZeVgVi^dc [gdb i]Z ]djhZ ^h V adc\^c\ [dg [gZZYdb [gdb `ZZe^c\ i]^c\h XaZVc VcY dg\Vc^oZY! [dg Vh eg^kViZ Vh ndjg ]djhZ bVn VagZVYn WZ! ndj lVci Vcdi]Zg aVnZg d[ eg^kVXn# >i ^h Vahd V YZh^gZ [dg [gZZYdb [gdb `ZZe^c\ ndjg i^bZ dg\Vc^oZY VcY higjXijgZY# > i]^c` ndjg egdWaZb ^h XgZViZY ^c eVgi Wn i]Z hiVcYVgY gZaVi^dch]^e d[ WVi] id djiYddgh! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z dei^dch ine^XVaan VkV^aVWaZ [dg ]dl dcZ heZcYh i^bZ ^c i]Z WVi]# > V\gZZ i]Vi V Wj^aY^c\ XVc hdakZ ndjg egdWaZb! WZXVjhZ i]ZgZ ^h cd gZVhdc i]Vi jc^fjZ egd\gVbbVi^X [ZVijgZh VcY gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc Vaa i]ZhZ VXi^k^i^Zh XVccdi Zm^hi# > Vahd i]^c` i]Vi! [dg ndj! V hZeVgViZ Wj^aY^c\ ^h cZXZhhVgn! Wdi] WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z eaVc d[ i]Z ZmiVci ]djhZ! VcY WZXVjhZ i]Z addhZ higjXijgZ VcY Wajgg^c\ d[ i]ZhZ egd\gVbbVi^X VheZXih ^h cdi Xdch^hiZci l^i] i]Z lVn ndj lVci ndjg bV^c ]djhZ id WZ# I]^h b^\]i ZmeaV^c l]n ndj VgZ higVc\Zan ViigVXiZY id VcY h^bjaiVcZdjhan gZejahZY Wn 8]VgaZh BddgZÉh ]djhZ ^c Dg^cYV#

?dcVi]Vc HX]lVgio D^a G^\ $ ;ddY G^\ KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ GjhhZaa @gZeVgi HZi ^c i]Z edhi"eZigdaZjb [jijgZ! i]^h egd_ZXi hZZ`h id ^bV\^cZ i]Z VYVei^kZ gZjhZ d[ d[[h]dgZ d^a Yg^aa^c\ g^\h Vh hZV"WVhZY kZgi^XVa [ddY [Vgbh# D^a g^\h! l]^X] VgZ Vbdc\ i]Z aVg\Zhi VcY bdhi ZmeZch^kZ bVcbVYZ higjXijgZh! l^aa hddc WZ YZ[jcXi# I]ZgZ VgZ XjggZcian dkZg (!%%% d[[h]dgZ d^a g^\h ^c deZgVi^dc ldgaYl^YZ! VcY l]^aZ ^i ]Vh WZZc VX`cdlaZY\ZY i]Vi d^a egdYjXi^dc ^h VagZVYn dc i]Z YZXa^cZ! VcY l^aa a^`Zan XZVhZ dkZg i]Z cZmi Ò[in nZVgh! W^aa^dch d[ YdaaVgh VgZ Xdci^cj^c\ id WZ ^ckZhiZY ^c i]Z ^c[gVhigjXijgZ id [ZZY djg jcYn^c\ VYY^Xi^dc id d^a# IV`^c\ V [gZh] add` Vi i]Z h^oZ VcY adXVi^dc d[ d^a g^\h gZkZVah i]Vi i]ZhZ higjXijgZh VgZ ^YZVaan edh^i^dcZY id ]VgcZhh V l^YZ gVc\Z d[ VaiZgcVi^kZ ZcZg\n gZhdjgXZh# Jh^c\ ]nYgdedc^X! VZgdedc^X! VcY ZkVedgVi^kZ YZhVa^c^oVi^dc iZX]cdad\^Zh XjggZcian WZ^c\ YZkZadeZY [dg kZgi^XVa [ddY [Vgbh! YZXdbb^hh^dcZY d^a g^\h VgZ VWaZ id [jcXi^dc Vh XVgWdc cZjigVa [ddY [Vgbh Vi hZV! edlZgZY Zci^gZan Wn l^cY! hdaVg! i^YVa! VcY W^dbVhh ZcZg\n egdYjXi^dc# I]Z bdhi ^bbZY^ViZ ^beVXi d[ Xa^bViZ X]Vc\ZÅWgdj\]i dc Wn i]Z dkZgjhZ d[ [dhh^a [jZah ^c i]Z YZkZadeZY ldgaYÅ^h i]Z \gdl^c\ [ddY Xg^h^h ^c i]Z YZkZade^c\ ldgaY# L]^aZ i]Z \adWVa edejaVi^dc Xdci^cjZh id \gdl ZmedcZci^Vaan! cZVgan iZc b^aa^dc ]ZXiVgZh d[ [dgbZgan [Zgi^aZ [VgbaVcY VgZ ZgdYZY dg VWVcYdcZY ZVX] nZVg ^c i]Z YZkZade^c\ ldgaY YjZ id i]Z X]Vc\^c\ Xa^bViZ VcY ^begdeZg [Vgb^c\ egVXi^XZh# I]Z bdW^a^in d[ d^a g^\h l^aa Vaadl i]ZhZ cZl kZgi^XVa [ddY [Vgbh id WZ gZedh^i^dcZY d[[ i]Z XdVhia^cZh d[ hdbZ d[ i]Z bdhi ^bedkZg^h]ZY cVi^dch! VcY Z[[ZXi^kZan V^Y ^c [ZZY aVg\Z edgi^dch d[ i]Z edejaVi^dc cd adc\Zg VWaZ id [Vgb [dg i]ZbhZakZh# L^i] i]Z ]Zae d[ ]neZg"Z[ÒX^Zci ^cYddg"[Vgb^c\ iZX]cdad\n! ^i ^h Zhi^bViZY i]Vi V h^c\aZ d^a g^\ l^aa WZ VWaZ id ]djhZ dkZg &#+ b^aa^dc hfjVgZ [ZZi d[ ]nYgdedc^X VcY VZgdedc^X Xgdeh VcY egdk^YZ [ddY [dg je id '%!%%% eZdeaZ ^c i]Z YZkZade^c\ ldgaY#

BVii]Zl Bdcign A7? <gVhhaVcYh 9ncVb^X H]ZaiZgh 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $ ?Vhdc HdlZaa I]Z A7? <gVhhaVcY 9ncVb^X H]ZaiZgh jhZ VgX]^iZXijgZ Vh Wdi] V XViVanhi [dg XgZVi^c\ \gVhhaVcY Xd]Zh^dc VcY V gZVXi^dcVgn ZaZbZci id egdbdiZ [jijgZ YZX^h^dch VcY XdccZXi^dch id i]Z hjggdjcY^c\ Xdbbjc^in# I]Z YZh^\c ZbZg\ZY i]gdj\] V hZg^Zh d[ bVee^c\h d[ XjaijgVa VcY ZXdad\^XVa hnhiZbh VcY e]ZcdbZcV# >chiZVY d[ VaiZg^c\ i]Z aVcYhXVeZ! i]Z h]ZaiZgh jhZ V h^beaZ gZeZViZY [dgb id VXi Vh V YVijb gZ\^hiZg^c\ i]Z cVijgVa Ódl d[ i]Z aVcY! VcY i]jh i]Zn ^YZci^[n V egd\gVb gVi]Zg i]Vc gZhedcY^c\ id dcZ# I]Z h]ZaiZgh deZgViZ Vi ild gZ\^dcVa aZkZah/ i]Zn egdk^YZ V eaVi[dgb [dg gZXgZVi^dcVa VXi^k^i^Zh hjX] Vh XVbe^c\! ]^`^c\! W^gY lViX]^c\! dg hiVg \Vo^c\! VcY i]Zn VXXdbbdYViZ hX^Zci^ÒX dg ZYjXVi^dcVa egd\gVbh a^`Z Zgdh^dc VcY hadeZ hiVW^a^oVi^dc hijY^Zh VcY hZZY \Vi]Zg^c\# I]Z A7? <gVhhaVcY H]ZaiZgh WZXdbZ Vc ZmeVch^kZ! ZmeVcY^c\! ÓZm^WaZ! cZildg`VWaZ hnhiZb! id \gdl VcY XdccZXi Vc ZhiVWa^h]ZY VcY XdbeaZm hZi d[ cdc"Xd]Zh^kZ ZaZbZcih/ i]Z eadih d[ aVcY! aV`Zh! VcY Zm^hi^c\ egd\gVbh XdaaZXi^kZan XVaaZY i]Z A7? CVi^dcVa <gVhhaVcYh#

4 5

11

10

6

2

8 7 1

12

14 3

13

9

15

0 16

0.9

1.8

Miles

?ZccV @Vb]dao :YcV AZYZhbV 8dbbjc^in GZcZlVa >ciZgcVi^dcVa IZX]c^XVa 8dbbjc^XVi^dch $ B^X]VZa <Vgg^hdc Djg VgX]^iZXijgVa ^ciZci^dch [dg i]Z 8dbbjc^in GZcZlVa >ciZgcVi^dcVa =ZVYfjVgiZgh igVchXZcYZY ^cid V hdX^Va VcY Vc jgWVc ^bea^XVi^dc# I]Z cZl 8G> gZegZhZciZY V ed^ci d[ YZeVgijgZ [gdb i]Z daY iZX]cdad\n d[ i]Z eZigdaZjb ZgV ^cid Vc ZgV d[ Zck^gdcbZciVa XdchX^djhcZhh# I]Z '*%!%%% hfjVgZ [ddi [VX^a^in l^aa hZgkZ V kVg^Zin d[ egd\gVbh ^cXajY^c\ V ]diZa! Xdc[ZgZcXZ VcY igV^c^c\ XZciZg! VjY^idg^jb! d[ÒXZh! Vh lZaa Vh V kVg^Zin d[ ejWa^X VbZc^i^Zh hjX] Vh h]dee^c\# I]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ ViiZbeih id gZhdakZ i]Z ^hhjZh d[ Xdbbjc^in Vi V kVg^Zin d[ hXVaZh l]^aZ cdi [dg\Zii^c\ i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ ^cY^k^YjVa^in l^i]^c V \gdje# I]Z hdX^Va heVXZh ]^\]a^\]i 8G>Éh ^YZV d[ bjijVaan Zc]VcX^c\ gZaVi^dch]^eh l^i]^c k^h^idgh VcY i]Z eZgbVcZci ldg` hiV[[# I]^h cZl 8G> Wj^aY^c\ iV`Zh i]Z gZfj^gZY egd\gVb WadX`h VcY ^ciZgadX`h i]Zb id [VX^a^iViZ bdkZbZci! VXi^k^in! VcY bdhi ^bedgiVcian! Y^gZXian a^c`h ldg` VcY eaVn#

E]^a H^bV EVXbVc 8]V^g KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ Ja^ 9Vc\Za I]Z EVXbVc 8]V^g ^h XdaaVeh^WaZ! bdW^aZ VcY V hV[Zin ]VoVgY# LgZhia^c\ l^i] Xdb[dgi kZghjh WVaVcXZ VcY VZhi]Zi^Xh > deiZY [dg V Xdb[dgiVWaZ X]V^g i]Vi ldjaY gZan dc V adX` id bV^ciV^c ^ih deZc edh^i^dc# >c i]Z XadhZY edh^i^dc ^i XVc WZ [jaan bdW^aZ bdk^c\ a^`Z V i^gZ VcY EVXbVc ]nWg^YÅl^i] ZVX] gdiVi^dc i]Z jcWVaVcXZY ]VakZh deZc VcY XadhZ l^i] V hcVe# >ciZcYZY id ^c]^W^i bdkZbZci l]^aZ bV^ciV^c^c\ h^bea^X^in VcY V b^c^bVa^hi [dgb! Y^hXgZiZan ZbWZYYZY l^i]^c i]Z &%% aVnZgh d[ h^c\aZ lVaa Xdggj\ViZY XVgYWdVgY VgZ ild hdX`Zi lgZcX]Zh i]Vi VgZ X]Zb^XVaan lZaYZY id V i]gZVYZY YdlZa XdciV^c^c\ )% hfjVgZ cjih# Jc[dgijcViZan! i]Z adX`^c\ bZX]Vc^hb [V^aZY VcY i]Z X]V^g WZXVbZ _Vlh [dg i]Z jc`cdl^c\ XdjX] hjg[Zg l]d YVgZY h^i jedc i]^h YVc\Zgdjh WZVhi0 ]ZcXZ i]Z cVbZ#

:g^c 7ZgchiZ^c! 8daaZZc ;ancc @Zk^c BddgZ 7Z^_^c\ HijY^d 6YkVcXZY IgVkZa HijY^d $ ;gZYZg^X] HiZ^cZg! L^a[g^ZY LVc\! B^c\ O]Vc\ I]^h eaVc gZ_ZXih 7Z^_^c\Éh bjc^X^eVa gZYZkZadebZci eaVc id Xdc" higjXi Vc Z^\]i aVcZ gdVY VcY igV^c nVgY dc i]Z lZhiZgc ]Va[ d[ i]Z h^iZ i]Vi ldjaY ^cXgZVhZ igV[ÒX Xdc\Zhi^dc! ZgVhZ i]Z jcYZg"hZgkZY jgWVc k^aaV\Z VcY [jgi]Zg ^hdaViZ i]Z cZ^\]Wdg]ddY# >chiZVY! i]^h eaVc ZbWgVXZh i]Z ^bbZchZ Y^kZgh^in d[ VXi^k^in i]Vi dXXjgh dc h^iZ VcY ViiZbeih id [dg\Z V hedciVcZdjh VcY ^ciZgVXi^kZ ejWa^X gZVab l^i] bZVc^c\[ja XdccZXi^dch WZilZZc a^k^c\ VcY ldg`^c\# I]Z higZZi ^h gZ^chiViZY Vh i]Z WVh^X e]nh^XVa VcY hdX^Va VgX]ZineZ d[ i]Z X^in Wn ^ciZ\gVi^c\ Zm^hi^c\ [VWg^X! higjXijg^c\ Vc dg\Vc^X gZ" cZlVa egdXZhh VcY XgZVi^c\ V YZchZ cZildg` d[ k^hjVaan XdccZXiZY \gZZcheVXZh# GZYZkZadebZci 8g^iZg^V/ &# >cXgZVhZ YZch^in [dg i]Z egd_ZXiZY '%*% edejaVi^dc l]^aZ ^cXgZVh" ^c\ ejWa^X \gZZcheVXZ '# GZheZXi Zm^hi^c\ hdX^Va WdjcYVg^Zh (# 8gZViZ XdccZXi^dch WZndcY h^iZ l]ZgZ edhh^WaZ )# Ji^a^oZ VY_VXZci XdbbjiZg gV^a hiVi^dc VcY di]Zg bjai^bdYVa igVch^i id gZYjXZ ^beVXi d[ VjidbdW^aZh *# 8gZViZ k^hjVa XdccZXi^dch WZilZZc cZl VcY Zm^hi^c\ \gZZcheVX" Zh id YZkZade X^k^X ^YZci^in i]gdj\] aVcYhXVeZ ZaZbZcih

7g^Vc GdbZ =ZgWVg^jb/ HigViZ\^Zh [dg HjhiV^cVW^a^in KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ 6eg^a 8aVgX` :Y G^X]VgYhdc HX^Zci^hih jhZ ]ZgWVg^jbh id hijYn kVg^Vi^dch [djcY ^c eaVci heZX^Zh VgdjcY i]Z ldgaY# I]ZhZ kVg^Vi^dch VgZ Y^gZXian gZaViZY id i]Z adXVa Xa^bViZ ^c l]^X] i]Zn VgZ [djcY# 7n jcYZghiVcY^c\ i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ Xa^bViZ dc adXVa heZX^Zh lZ XVc WZiiZg jcYZghiVcY i]Z Z[[ZXi i]Z adXVa Xa^bViZ ]Vh dc Wj^aY^c\h VcY h^iZ# 6jhi^c a^Zh dc i]Z WdjcYVgn d[ ild Xa^bVi^X gZ\^dch! i]Z Vg^Y hdji]lZhi VcY i]Z igde^XVa \ja[# I]^h hVkVccV] Xa^bViZ egdYjXZh kVg^Vi^dch ^c i]Z lVn Wdi] eaVci VcY Vc^bVa heZX^Zh eZg[dgb VcY hjgk^kZ ^c i]Z VgZV# I]Z ^ciZci d[ i]Z hijY^d lVh id jhZ i]Z gZhZVgX] d[ cVijgZ Vh V bZi]dY [dg Ã’cY^c\ deedgijc^i^Zh [dg V hjhiV^cVWaZ egd\gZhh^kZ VgX]^iZXijgZ# Ine^XVaan ]ZgWVg^jbh Yd cdi YgVl V adi d[ ejWa^X ^ciZgZhi# >i lVh cZXZhhVgn i]Vi i]Z Wj^aY^c\ YgVl ^ciZgZhi [gdb i]Z ejWa^X id ]^\]a^\]i cdi dcan i]Z ldg` WZ^c\ YdcZ ^ch^YZ i]Z ]ZgWVg^jb! Wji Vahd id ZYjXViZ i]Z ejWa^X dc Xa^bVi^X ^hhjZh#

?ZhhZ 6cYZghdc! :a^oVWZi] 7V^gY! 7g^Vc 7ZYgdh^Vc! ?dhZe] 8aVg`! HiVXn <Vji]^Zg! 6aZm^h @jgaVcY :b^an GVn Egd_ZXi^dch! 8gdhh^c\h! Inedad\^Zh 6YkVcXZY IgVkZa HijY^d $ AVggn 9daa I]Z :jgdeZ HijY^d ^h V igVkZa hijY^d i]Vi d[[Zgh hijYZcih i]Z deedgijc^in id hijYn bVcn d[ i]Z \gZVi XVcdc^XVa Vh lZaa Vh XdciZbedgVgn ldg`h d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ# HijYZcih VgZ ZmeZXiZY id `ZZe V h`ZiX]Wdd` i]Vi hZgkZh Vh V ad\ d[ i]Z^g igVkZah VcY ZmeZg^ZcXZh l]^aZ VWgdVY# I]ZhZ h`ZiX]Zh VgZ i]Zc jhZY Vh i]Z hiVgi^c\ ed^ci [dg [jgi]Zg ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc dg Vh i]Z WVh^h [dg YZh^\c ZmZgX^hZh#

Ide/ HiVXn <Vji]^Zg AZ[i VcY deedh^iZ/ :b^an GVn

7g^Vc 7ZYgdh^Vc

Ide/ 6aZm^h @jgaVcY 7diidb/ :a^oVWZi] 7V^gY

?ZhhZ 6cYZghdc

?dZ 8aVg`

6aZmZg IV\VcVh I]Z =dbZ 6WdkZ i]Z H]de KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ H^bdc 6i`^chdc AdXViZY dc V Wjhn VgiZg^Va gdVY WZilZZc V gZh^YZci^Va cZ^\]Wdg]ddY VcY i]Z XZcigVa XdbbZgX^Va Y^hig^Xi! i]Z :bZgVaY 8^in EgZhh GZh^YZcXZh gZegZhZci V bdYZa [dg i]Z gZ^ciZ\gVi^dc d[ ldg`eaVXZ VcY ]dbZ# I]gZZ Y^hi^cXi gZh^YZci^Va jc^ih Xgdlc Vc Zm^hi^c\ hiZZa VcY Wg^X` higjXijgZ l]ZgZ Xd[[ZZ \ddYh VgZ hdaY id jgWVc X^i^oZch# L]Vi lVh dcXZ eVg`^c\ ^h igVch[dgbZY ^cid V eaVoV i]Vi egZhZcih djiYddg hZVi^c\! ZciZgiV^cbZci heVXZh VcY V \ViZlVn id i]Z XgZZ` igV^a# I]Z eaVoV ^h egdiZXiZY [gdb i]Z Wjhn WdjaZkVgY Wn V hZb^"igVcheVgZci WVgg^Zg i]Vi XdciV^ch gZhigddbh! ﾃ電lZg h]de! VcY cZlhhiVcY# L]ZgZ i]Z higZZi [VXVYZ ^h ZcZg\^oZY Wn VXi^k^in! V bdgZ hZgZcZ Zck^gdcbZci ^h d[[ZgZY dc i]Z XgZZ` h^YZ# I]^h egd_ZXi V^bh id ]^\]a^\]i VcY bVm^b^oZ i]Z dei^dch VkV^aVWaZ id Vc jgWVc YlZaaZg#

BV\\^Z BX>cidh] IZmVh 8aZVc :cZg\n EVg` 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $ LZgcZg AVc\ I]^h YZh^\c [dg i]Z IZmVh 8aZVc :cZg\n EVg`! h^iZY ^c Vc ^cYjhig^Va VgZV d[ 6jhi^c cdi [Vg [gdb i]Z V^gedgi! ^h ^ciZcYZY id WZ Vc ^cXjWVidg [dg hbVaa Zck^gdcbZciVa hiVgi"je Wjh^cZhhZh VcY ]deZh id YgVl bdgZ \gZZc ^cYjhign id 6jhi^c# I]Z bV^c ZcigVcXZ \ZhijgZh dji id i]Z VY_VXZci aVlc! WZX`dc^c\ eZdeaZ ^cid i]Z Wj^aY^c\ [gdb VXgdhh XVbejh# I]Z d[ÒXZ VcY aVW l^c\h d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\ Wjggdl ^cid i]Z ZVgi] id XgZViZ V hZchZ d[ eg^kVXn [dg i]Z heVXZh l^i]^c! l]^aZ k^hjVaan XdccZXi^c\ i]Z gdd[ l^i] i]Z aVcYhXVeZ# 6c jcYjaVi^c\ gdd[ Vaadlh a^\]i id ZciZg i]gdj\] l^cYdlh dkZg]ZVY! a^\]i^c\ i]Z bV^c Xdgg^Ydgh! l]^aZ a^\]i lZaah ^aajb^cViZ VY_VXZci d[ÒXZh VcY hdX^Va heVXZh# Gdj\]an (% d[ i]Z gdd[ VgZV ^h XdkZgZY l^i] hdaVg eVcZah! ]VgkZhi^c\ i]Z hjcÉh ZcZg\n id hZgk^XZ V eZgXZciV\Z d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\Éh ZcZg\n YZbVcY# 6c ZmiZch^kZ \gZZc gdd[ XdkZgh i]Z gZbV^c^c\ VgZV! ]Zae^c\ id YZXgZVhZ ]ZVi igVch[ZgZcXZ ^cid i]Z Wj^aY^c\# AVg\Z dkZg]Vc\h h]VYZ djiYddg lVa`lVnh VcY Xdcigda i]Z ^ciZgVXi^dc WZilZZc Y^gZXi hjca^\]i VcY i]Z Óddg haVW! gZ\jaVi^c\ i]Z iZbeZgVijgZ d[ i]Z i]ZgbVa bVhh [dg kVgn^c\ hZVhdcVa i]ZgbVa cZZYh# 9jg^c\ heg^c\ VcY [Vaa! i]Z XV[ZiZg^V VcY bV^c Xdgg^Ydg VgZ cVijgVaan kZci^aViZY i]gdj\] V adjkZgZY [VXVYZ# 9jg^c\ cdgbVa gV^c ZkZcih! Vaa egZX^e^iVi^dc ^h VWhdgWZY Wn i]Z \gZZc gdd[h# >c i]Z ZkZci d[ V hidgb hjg\Z! ZmXZhh lViZg ^h Y^gZXiZY d[[ gdd[h ^cid XdjginVgYh VcY ^cid Vc jcYZg\gdjcY lViZg X^hiZgc k^Va eZgbZVWaZ \gVkZa hig^eh# I]Z hVakV\ZY lViZg ^h jhZY [dg aVcYhXVeZ ^gg^\Vi^dc#

7]j_dc @Vc\ 6jY^idg^jb H]dgZh :miZch^dc KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ Ja^ 9Vc\Za I]^h hijYn ViiZbeih id bV`Z Vc jcYZÒcZY eaVXZ egd\gVbbVi^X# 7Z[dgZ VYY^c\ i]Z cZl gZfj^gZY egd\gVb! V XdaaVeh^WaZ bjh^X kZcjZ! id i]Z VagZVYn lZaa"jhZY h^iZ! i]Z XjggZci jhZh [g^hWZZ! WVaa \VbZh! Yd\ lVa`^c\! ZiX# ]VY id WZ VXXdjciZY [dg# I]Z XdaaVeh^WaZ hiV\Z ]VY i]Z ediZci^Va id X]Vc\Z i]Z Zm^hi^c\ X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh d[ i]Z h^iZ! XVjh^c\ egdWaZbh [dg XjggZci jhZgh# I]ZgZ[dgZ! i]^h egd_ZXi [dXjhZh dc bZY^Vi^c\ i]Z WdjcYVg^Zh WZilZZc i]Z cZl egd\gVb VcY i]Z Zm^hi^c\ ]^`Z VcY W^`Z igV^a VcY deZc heVXZ# >i ^cigdYjXZh hZkZgVa gZaVi^dch]^eh id i]Z h^iZ! hjX] Vh YncVb^X$hiVWaZ! Y^gZXi^dcVa$[gZZ! VcY heZX^ÒX$Vcdcnbdjh# I]Z WVcY"h]VeZY YZh^\c deZgViZh Vh V ]nWg^Y heVXZ ^c l]^X] Wdi] YncVb^X VcY hiVWaZ VXi^k^i^Zh XdZm^hi# I]Z gdVYh VXi ^c heZX^ÒX lVnh id ZcXdjgV\Z eViiZgch d[ bdkZbZci/ gjcc^c\! W^`^c\! VcY lVa`^c\# I]Z WVcY XgZViZh Y^hi^cXi eViX]Zh WZilZZc i]Z XjgkZY gdVYh# I]Z eViX]ldg`h [jcXi^dc Vh ZmiZch^dch d[ i]Z deZc heVXZ! VcY ZVX] ]Vh Y^hi^cXi ided\gVe]^X X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh i]Vi XVc VYVei id V l^YZ gVc\Z d[ [gZZ"[dgb VXi^k^i^Zh#

:a^oVWZi] 7V^gY Idlc AV`Z EVk^a^dc 6YkVcXZY IgVkZa HijY^d $ AVggn 9daa I]^h egd_ZXi lVh XdbeaZiZY V[iZg V hZbZhiZg VWgdVY YdXjbZci^c\ V hZg^Zh d[ eVk^a^dch ^c :jgdeZ# 6jhi^c aVX`h jhZg"[g^ZcYan eVk^a^dch! ZheZX^Vaan cZVg Idlc AV`Z! l]ZgZ bVcn 6jhi^c^iZh gZ\jaVgan ÓdX` id Zc_dn i]Z djiYddgh# I]Z eVk^a^dc"a^`Z higjXijgZh XjggZcian dc i]Z igV^a VgZ daY VcY cdi eVgi^XjaVgan ^ck^i^c\! hd ^i ^h ZcXdjgV\^c\ i]Vi i]Z Idlc AV`Z ;djcYVi^dc ]Vh h]dlc V cZl l^aa^c\cZhh id ^begdkZ igV^a [VX^a^i^Zh ^c V [dglVgY"i]^c`^c\ lVn# 6 h^iZ [dg i]Z cZl eVk^a^dc lVh hZaZXiZY dc i]Z cdgi] h^YZ d[ i]Z aV`Z l]ZgZ i]Z H]dVa 8gZZ` IgV^a bZg\Zh l^i] i]Z Idlc AV`Z IgV^a! _jhi ZVhi d[ i]Z eZYZhig^Vc Wg^Y\Z# I]^h h^iZ VagZVYn XdciV^ch hZkZgVa WZcX]Zh VcY di]Zg hZVi^c\ id lViX] l^aYa^[Z VcY id iV`Z ^c i]Z \gZVi k^Zl VXgdhh i]Z aV`Z# I]Z eVk^a^dc ^h YZh^\cZY Vh Vc ZVh^an ^YZci^ÒVWaZ hXjaeijgVa dW_ZXi i]Vi XdjaY WZ jhZY ^c hZkZgVa lVnh/ Vh V h]VYZY heVXZ [dg k^Zl^c\ i]Z aV`Z! V eaVXZ id ]VkZ hbVaa ZkZcih dg \Vi]Zg^c\h! dg ZkZc V h]Zaa [dg ^begdbeij eZg[dgbVcXZh# >i ^h XdchigjXiZY d[ eZg[dgViZY 8dgiZc hiZZa! V bViZg^Va i]Vi lZVi]Zgh id Òi ^c lZaa l^i] i]Z cVijgVa hjggdjcY^c\h# >YZVaan! V hZg^Zh d[ h^b^aVg hXjaeijgVa eVk^a^dch ldjaY WZ eaVXZY Vi di]Zg gZhi hedih [dg Idlc AV`Z igV^a jhZgh#

Texas Agriculture Percentages

:b^an HXVg[Z

36.8

FjVggn ;Vgbh EVg` 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $ ?Vhdc HdlZaa

million acres of prime farmland

FjVggn ;Vgbh ^h V aVg\Z eVg` adXViZY cdgi]lZhi d[ i]Z 9VaaVh" ;i# Ldgi]! ^c i]Z ]ZVgi d[ L^hZ 8djcin! IZmVh# FjVggn ;Vgbh ^h V [dgbZg a^bZhidcZ V\\gZ\ViZ fjVggn! l]^X] i]gdj\] XVgZ[ja gZXaV^bVi^dc egdXZhhZh jh^c\ a^kZhidX` VcY V\g^XjaijgVa egVXi^XZh ]Vh WZZc gZ"^bV\^cZY Vh gZXgZVi^dcVa jgWVc [VgbaVcY# EZghdcVa V\g^XjaijgVa eadih! dg ÆVaadibZcih!Ç bVn WZ gZciZY [dg gZXgZVi^dc dg ZYjXVi^dcVa ejgedhZh# HX]ddaX]^aYgZc [gdb i]Z 9VaaVh";i# Ldgi] bZigdeaZm XVc k^h^i i]Z [Vgb VcY Zck^gdch ^c dgYZg id aZVgc bdgZ VWdji V\g^XjaijgVa [ddY egdYjXi^dc ^c i]Z^g dlc hiViZ dg id ldg` dc Vc VaadibZci aZVhZY [gdb i]Z eVg` Wn i]Z^g hX]dda dg Xdbbjc^in \gdje# FjVggn ;Vgbh d[[Zgh V jc^fjZ deedgijc^in [dg jgWVc YlZaaZgh id aZVgc bdgZ VWdji l]ZgZ i]Z^g [ddY XdbZh [gdb id Æi]^c` \adWVa VcY ZVi adXVa#Ç I]Z [Vgbh hZZ` id bV`Z V\g^XjaijgZ VcY [ddY egdYjXi^dc egdXZhhZh bdgZ igVcheVgZci#

5 2

7%

1

National

9 Greenhouse and Nursery 6 Dairy

10 Cotton

50 Cattle

State

11Poultry 3 Hay 6 Other 3 Corn 2 Wheat

cropland 40 other 3 woodland 6 pasture 41

County

A

B

C

Arable land lost to development

Organic cropland

Organic pastures Total U.S. Farms

% !

* 7 4 6 0 1 1 7 0 3 0

, 63 63

, 2 + 63 :

, 7 * 2

" 0 63 , 7

( 6

, 7

, 7 + 1

6 2 % 6 + 1 6 * 7

% !

% !

! % !

% % !

! %

!

! " !

%

!

! # !

% / 6

Vegetation Clearing Measures

Buffer Zone Measures

insects, birds, and native fauna return return to site

preliminary park access established

clover planted

trail construction:

livestock graze on clover controlled burning

select insects and birds return site cleared

preparation

public trails open

slope stabilization

over-burden distributed

+5

water distribution established

1 year

! 22 / 6

livestock

3 years

+3

establishement of preliminary crops

feed crops

8 years

native ora and fauna established agriculture production established

park access infrastructure complete

agriculture plots

9 years

multi-use recreation

12 years

park systems established

15 years

cornfield path

irrigation channel boardwalk

buffalo grazing blind

irrigation channel recreation dock

birdblind for constructed wetland and bird habitat

24

22

21

16 17 18 19

11

22

26

c

2

11

13 14 15

18 12

4

8

18

5

11

25 7

18

6

a 5

23 25

b

1

2

5

SITE PLAN park

22

9 10

1 2 3 4

Parking Park Entry Gates Restrooms Main Entry

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Boat Launch Public Beach Canoe and Boat Rental Rock Climbing Routes Horse Paddock Stables Picnic Area Zipline

13 14 15

Farm Store Farmers’ Market Demonstration Garden

16 17 18 19

Birdwatching Blind/ Wetland Reconstruction Grassland Regeneration Zone Bison-Viewing Blind

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Bison Grazing Zone Grazing Pastures Grazing for Public Livestock CornďŹ eld Walk Agriculture Processing Community Agriculture Plots Train Station

access

recreation public

regeneration

agriculture

BZa^hhV :X]VkVgg^V B^aVb GZXnXa^c\ VcY 9^hedhVa ;VX^a^in 8dgZ AVcYhXVeZ 6gX]^iZXijgZ HijY^d $ >ahZ ;gVc` I]Z egdedhZY YZh^\c [dg B^aVbÉh GZXnXa^c\ VcY 9^hedhVa ;VX^a^in ZmeVch^dc h^iZ ^h h]VeZY Wn i]Z ^bea^XVi^dch d[ i]Z ldgY Æh]^[i#Ç I]^h ''' VXgZ h^iZ l^aa iV`Z [dgb ^c i]gZZ e]VhZh VcY Vh ZVX] e]VhZ ^h XdchigjXiZY i]ZgZ l^aa WZ kZ\ZiVi^dc! igV^ah! VcY k^Zl^c\ h]ZaiZgh VYYZY# 6[iZg i]Z djiZg eZg^bZiZg d[ i]Z aVcYÒaa e]VhZ & ^h igZViZY VcY XVeeZY! bVcj[VXijgZY hd^a l^aa ide i]Z aVnZgh jcYZgcZVi]# 7Zgbh VgZ h]VeZY id XgZViZ V e]nh^XVa WVgg^Zg Vi i]Z ZY\Z d[ ZVX] e]Vh^c\ id h]^ZaY eVg` jhZgh [gdb dYdg VcY [gdb i]Z deZgVi^c\ iZgg^idgn d[ i]Z aVcYÒaa# I]Z aVcYhXVeZ h]^[ih ^c eaVcZh id [dgb kVg^djh aVnZgh gVbeZY heVXZh i]Vi VgZ XVgkZY dji [dg jhZgh id higdaa i]gdj\] VcY dXXjen# I]Z higjXijgZ d[ i]Z aVcY[dgb ^h ^cÓjZcXZY Wn ^cY^\Zcdjh VgX]^iZXijgZ! hjX] Vh i]Z 8V]d`^V bdjcYh i]Vi gZh^YZ aZhh i]Vc dcZ b^aZ [gdb i]Z ZmeVch^dc h^iZ VcY Wn i]Z Vaajk^Va eViiZgch [djcY dc i]Z Zm^hi^c\ h^iZ bVYZ Wn i]Z \Zdbdge]dad\^X egdXZhhZh# I]ZgZ[dgZ! i]Z e]nh^XVa aVcY l^aa h]^[i [gdb igVh] YZXdbedh^i^dc jcYZgcZVi] i]Z hjg[VXZ! Vh lZaa Vh h]^[i [gdb aVcYÒaa id ejWa^X eVg` id hjeean i]Z adXVa Xdbbjc^in l^i] V cZZYZY gZXgZVi^dcVa eaVXZ#

?dhZe] 7dnaZ 9VcXZ]Vaa$;^gZ]Vaa KZgi^XVa HijY^d $ GjhhZaa @gZeVgi :a 8dhb^Xd ^h Vc VaiZgcVi^kZ XVbe^c\$]diZa h^iZ dc i]Z hdji]Zgc ZY\Z d[ BVg[V! ^c LZhi IZmVh! ^c l]^X] cd [dgbVa Wj^aY^c\ ZcXadhjgZ Zm^hih# I]Z WVi]gddb! WVg! V^ghigZVb igV^aZgh! XVbe^c\ njgih! VcY iZcih Vaa ZmjYZ V XdccZXi^dc id i]Z djiYddgh i]gdj\] V b^c^bVa i]ZgbVa ZckZadeZ# I]Z egdedhZY 9VcXZ]Vaa$;^gZ]Vaa ]nWg^Y [VX^a^in ZbWgVXZh i]^h XdcY^i^dc i]gdj\] V XZaZWgVi^dc d[ i]Z inedad\^XVa ÒgZ]Vaa \VgV\Z Yddg hnhiZb i]gdj\]dji i]Z Wj^aY^c\ [VXVYZh# I]Z [dgb d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\ ^h i]Z gZhjai d[ V hZg^Zh d[ ^YZci^XVa egZ[VWg^XViZY \ajZ"aVb^cViZY lddY igjhhZh# DcZ hZi d[ igjhhZh ^h d[[hZi idlVgYh i]Z bV^c VgiZg^Va gdVY id BVg[V! ZhiVWa^h]^c\ Vc ^YZci^in [dg i]Z X^in# I]Z di]Zg ^h d[[hZi idlVgYh :a 8dhb^Xd# L]ZgZ i]Zn ^ciZghZXi! V bjX]"cZZYZY a^c` ^h XgZViZY [gdb :a 8dhb^Xd id BVg[V# >c i]^h Xdaa^h^dc d[ higjXijgZ VcY jhZg"ineZh dXXjgh i]Z YVcXZ#

8VbZgdc 8VbeWZaa LZc H]Vc\ JgWVc^o^c\ i]Z E^XijgZhfjZ! 7Z_^c\! 8]^cV 6YkVcXZY IgVkZa HijY^d $ ;gZYZg^X] HiZ^cZg! L^a[^gZY LVc\! B^c\ O]Vc\ 7Z^_^c\Éh gVe^Y jgWVc YZkZadebZci ^h cdl Xdbegdb^h^c\ ^ih ]^hidgn VcY igVY^i^dc# IdYVn! VcX^Zci k^aaV\Zh VgZ WZ^c\ gZeaVXZY l^i] ]^\] g^hZ YZkZadebZcih VcY i]Z W^XnXaZ ^h cdl igVYZY ^c [dg i]Z VjidbdW^aZ# I]^h egdedhVa V^bh id gZk^h^i 8]^cVÉh igVY^i^dc d[ e^XijgZhfjZ aVcYhXVeZ YZh^\c VcY Veean i]ZhZ VcX^Zci eg^cX^eaZh id dcZ d[ 7Z^_^c\Éh \gdl^c\ ^ccZg X^in egZX^cXih# I]Z h^iZ eaVc Vhe^gZh id ^begdkZ i]ZhZ jgWVc^o^c\ XdcY^i^dch i]gdj\] V cZildg` d[ edX`Zi eVg`h i]Vi egdk^YZ eaVXZh d[ ^YZci^in! Xdbbjc^in! gZXgZVi^dc! VcY Zck^gdcbZciVa gZa^Z[ id adXVa gZh^YZcih ^c i]Z^g YV^an a^kZh# AdXViZY _jhi ^ch^YZ i]Z I]^gY G^c\ GdVY d[ 7Z^_^c\Éh ^ccZg X^in! i]Z +' ]ZXiVgZ '* VXgZ hjeZgWadX` h^iZ Xdch^hih d[ V aVl hX]dda VcY gZhZVgX] ^chi^ijiZ dc i]Z ZVhiZgc edgi^dc d[ i]Z h^iZ VcY V hZg^Zh d[ l]daZhVaZ bVg`Zih dc i]Z lZhiZgc h^YZ#Ji^a^o^c\ i]Z dg^\^cVa V\g^XjaijgVa gdVYh! V XZcigVa^oZY eZYZhig^Vc WdjaZkVgY ÓVc`ZY Wn b^mZY jhZ Wj^aY^c\h WVhZY dc igVY^i^dcVa XdjginVgY ]djh^c\ =jidc\h ^h egdedhZY id XdccZXi VcY jc^iZ Vaa egZX^cXi gZh^YZcih# GZbdkVa d[ iZbedgVgn ]djh^c\ VcY gZdg\Vc^oVi^dc d[ l]daZhVaZ bVg`Zih l^aa egdk^YZ [dg V hV[Zg VcY ]ZVai]^Zg eaVXZ id a^kZ VcY YZhi^cVi^dc [dg YV^an XdbbZgXZ# I]Z XdbbZgX^Va Wj^aY^c\h VgZ Vahd XdccZXiZY Wn V cZildg` d[ XdjginVgYh i]Vi ZcXdjgV\Z eZYZhig^Vc VcY W^XnXaZ igVchedgi dkZg i]Z VjidbdW^aZ# I]gdj\] XVji^djh VcVanh^h VcY eaVcc^c\ d[ i]^h ^ccZg X^in egZX^cXi! i]^h egdedhVa ]Zaeh ^che^gZ 7Z^_^c\Éh [jijgZ XdjghZ d[ YZkZadebZci# 6h V l]daZ! i]Z YZh^\c ^h XdchX^djh d[ 7Z^_^c\Éh eVhi VcY igVY^i^dc l]^aZ eaVccc^c\ [dg ^ih \gdl^c\ [jijgZ# I]Z ^ciZ\gVi^dc d[ 7Z^_^c\Éh e^XijgZhfjZ ]^hidgn l^i] cZl iZX]cdad\^Zh VcY hjhiV^cVWaZ jgWVc YZh^\c iZX]c^fjZh l^aa jai^bViZan egdk^YZ V cZl hZchZ d[ Xdb[dgi! ^cY^k^YjVi^dc! VcY eaVXZ [dg i]Z X^inÉh adXVa gZh^YZcih#

DeZc LZiaVcY HnhiZb

8dcXgZiZ LZiaVcY 7Vh^ch

LViZg 8]VccZah

?d]c EVja BX9Vg^h ?dZa CdaVc 8dbbjc^in GZcZlVa >ciZgcVi^dcVa IZX]c^XVa 8dbbjc^XVi^dch $ B^X]VZa <Vgg^hdc I]^h egd_ZXi [dXjhZh dc i]Z gZ]VW^a^iVi^dc d[ Vc Zm^hi^c\ &*%!%%% hfjVgZ [ddi ]^\] g^hZ ^c i]Z ]di VcY ]jb^Y Xa^bViZ d[ H]gZkZedgi! Adj^h^VcV# Id bZZi i]Z Y^kZghZ egd\gVb gZfj^gZbZcih d[ i]Z 8dbbjc^in GZcZlVa 8ZciZg! Vc VYY^i^dcVa &%%!%%% hfjVgZ [ZZi lVh VYYZY id Vc VY_VXZci h^iZ# LZ WZa^ZkZ bdhi bdYZgc ]^\] g^hZ Wj^aY^c\h hj[[Zg [gdb kZgi^XVa Y^hXdccZXi^dch i]Vi XgZViZ hdX^Va WVgg^Zgh WZilZZc i]Z dXXjeVcih# Djg [dXjh [dg i]Z 8G8 V^bZY Vi YZkZade^c\ V Wj^aY^c\ i]Vi ldjaY Vaadl [dg cdYZh d[ ^ciZgVXi^dc WZilZZc Y^[[ZgZci jhZg ineZh# 6ahd! i]gdj\] V XVgZ[ja VggVc\ZbZci d[ i]Z heZX^ÒX egd\gVbh i]gdj\]dji i]Z Wj^aY^c\Éh aVcYhXVeZ lZ ]deZY id [VX^a^iViZ i]Z jhZgÉh VW^a^in id \Vi]Zg VcY ^ciZgVXi l^i] ZVX] di]Zg# KZgi^XVa VcY hdX^Va WVgg^Zgh ldjaY WZ Za^b^cViZY ^c dkZgaVee^c\ egd\gVbbVi^X VgZVh id hjeedgi i]Z bdhi Y^[ÒXjai [VXidgh ^c YZkZade^c\ V Xdbbjc^in/ Y^kZgh^in VcY ^ciZgVXi^dc# L^i]^c i]Z kVg^djh egd\gVbh! lZ YZkZadeZY bjai^ejgedhZ heVXZh i]Vi [jcXi^dc id hjeedgi i]Z ZkZg"X]Vc\^c\ cZZYh d[ i]Z Y^kZghZ jhZgh Vi kVg^djh i^bZh d[ YVn! lZZ` VcY nZVg# 6h i]Z [dXjh d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\ lZ YZh^\cZY V aVg\Z Vig^jb id XdccZXi i]Z Òghi ÒkZ Óddgh! ^cXajY^c\ V i]gZZ hidgZn adWWn! a^WgVgn! gZiV^a heVXZ! W^`Z hidgV\Z! d[ÒXZ heVXZ! VcY V hjWbZg\ZY \VaaZgn! l^i] Vc deZc VjY^idg^jb Vaa gZhi^c\ jcYZg V gdd["ide XdjginVgY# I]Z gdd[ d[ i]Z Vig^jb XdciV^ch aVg\Z deZc^c\h i]Vi egdk^YZ Vc VWjcYVcXZ d[ a^\]i VcY V cVijgVa kZci^c\ hnhiZb# I]Z ]Z^\]i d[ i]Z [VXVYZ [VX^c\ i]Z higZZi lVh adlZgZY [dg ild gZVhdch0 Òghi id a^b^i i]Z eZgXZ^kZY ]Z^\]i d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\ VcY hZXdcY id Vaadl cVijgVa a^\]i VcY V^gÓdl id Xdda i]Z heVXZ VcY id ]Zae bVcV\Z i]Z ]jb^Y^in# >c i]Z d[ÒXZ edgi^dc d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\ lZ lVciZY id [VX^a^iViZ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc i]gdj\] Vc deZc eaVc Vh lZaa Vh XgZVi^c\ aVg\Z deZc^c\h ^c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z Óddgh i]Vi ldjaY ]Zae kZgi^XVaan XdccZXi i]Z Y^[[ZgZci heVXZh# >c i]Z ]djh^c\ edgi^dc d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\! i]Z ine^XVa VeegdVX] d[ i]Z ]diZaÅdcZ Xdbeg^hZY d[ adc\ VjhiZgZ ]VaalVnh l^i] cd heVXZ [dg Xdc\gZ\Vi^dcÅ^h Wgd`Zc Ydlc# 6i kVg^djh adXVi^dch! i]Z Óddg ^h ejh]ZY VlVn [gdb i]Z Wj^aY^c\ VcY deZcZY je id [VX^a^iViZ \gdje ^ciZgVXi^dc VcY bdkZbZci i]gdj\]dji i]Z Wj^aY^c\# I]Z ]diZa gddbh VgZ egZ"bVcj[VXijgZY jc^ih i]Vi ldjaY WZ VhhZbWaZY d[[" h^iZ jh^c\ i]Z iZX]cdad\n VcY gZhdjgXZh d[ V gZXZcian XadhZY <B eaVci +% b^aZh VlVn! ]deZ[jaan hi^bjaVi^c\ adXVa _dW \gdli] VcY ZXdcdbn# 6YY^i^dcVaan! i]Z ]diZa gddbh Zbeadn i]Z jhZ d[ cVijgVa V^g XjggZcih bdk^c\ VXgdhh i]Z [VXZ d[ i]Z Wj^aY^c\ id ]Zae Xdda i]Z gddbh Yjg^c\ hZkZgVa bdci]h d[ i]Z nZVg#

?dgYVc @ZhhaZg VcY :aaZc JcYZglddY CdgY]VkcZc BVhiZgeaVc 6YkVcXZY HijY^d $ 9ZVc 6abn 6h eVgi d[ Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa ^YZVh XdbeZi^i^dc [dg i]Z hjhiV^cVWaZ X^in d[ i]Z [jijgZ! i]^h egd_ZXi hdj\]i id [jaÒaa i]Z bVm^bh d[ i]Z YZh^\c Wg^Z[ egdk^YZY Wn i]Z 8deZc]V\Zc 8^in VcY Edgi 9ZkZadebZci# I]Z h^iZ dXXje^Zh '%% ]ZXiVgZh ^c 8deZc]V\ZcÉh cdgi]Zgc ]VgWdg VcY ^h WVggZc hVkZ [dg hXViiZgZY VcY V\^c\ ]VgWdg ^c[gVhigjXijgZh# Djg k^h^dc [dg i]^h VgZV lVh id XgZViZ V cZl ]VgWdg X^in l]ZgZ i]Z )%!%%% [jijgZ ^c]VW^iVcih ldjaY a^kZ VcY ldg` ^c XadhZ egdm^b^in id i]Z lViZg[gdci VcY V kVg^Zin d[ cVijgVa VcY XdchigjXiZY \gZZchXVeZh# Djg XdcXZei ZkdakZY Vh Vc ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc Wj^aY^c\ inedad\n VcY i]Z fjVa^i^Zh d[ deZc heVXZ gZfj^gZY id hjeedgi VXXdbeVcn^c\ VXi^k^i^Zh# I]^h gZaVi^dch]^e lVh Vgi^XjaViZY i]gdj\] i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ cZl XVcVah d[ kVgn^c\ l^Yi] i]Vi XdggZhedcYZY id V kVg^Zin d[ egd\gVbbVi^X jhZh# 6h hjX]! XVcVah aVg\Zg ^c l^Yi] lZgZ hjggdjcYZY Wn VXi^k^i^Zh i]Vi lZgZ aVg\Zan ejWa^X VcY i]Z hbVaaZhi lZgZ hjggdjcYZY Wn bdgZ eg^kViZ VcY hZXajYZY jhZh# 7n Vaadl^c\ i]Z h^oZ d[ i]ZhZ ÆlViZg"XjihÇ id Y^XiViZ i]Z ineZh d[ egd\gVbh i]Vi XdjaY Zm^hi ^c i]Z^g egdm^b^in! V XaZVg ]^ZgVgX]n d[ jhZ ZbZg\ZY id \^kZ i]Z egd_ZXi ^YZci^in#

<gZ\dgn 6gXVc\Za^ GjWZc GjX`bVc 8]Vhh^h $ BdYjaZ/ 8VhiaZ =^aa =djh^c\ IZX]c^XVa 8dbbjc^XVi^dch $ K^cXZci HcnYZg IgZZh XVc VcX]dg i]ZbhZakZh Z[ÒX^Zcian id Vabdhi Vcn h^iZ# I]Zn jhZ V Y^hig^WjiZY cZildg` d[ VcX]dg ed^cih l^i] \gZViZg dg aZhh YZch^in YZeZcY^c\ dc adXVa l^cY VcY \gVk^in adVYh# 6Ydei^c\ V h^b^aVg higViZ\n [dg Wj^aY^c\ [djcYVi^dch XdjaY WZ Vc ZXdcdb^XVa lVn id VcX]dg higjXijgZ id X]VaaZc\^c\ hd^a VcY hadeZ XdcY^i^dch# I]^h X]Vhh^h bdYjaZ VeegdVX] id bjai^"jc^i ]djh^c\ XVc WZ ZgZXiZY dc h^iZh l^i] Y^[ÒXjai hadeZ VcY hd^a XdcY^i^dch# I]Z X]Vhh^h ]Vh WZZc gZYjXZY id V \g^Y d[ Xdajbch id l]^X] jc^ih XVc WZ ViiVX]ZY# I]^h k^gijVaan Za^b^cViZh higjXijgVa gZYjcYVcXn! VcY XgZViZh ÓZm^W^a^in id \gdje jc^ih ^c gZaVi^dc id k^Zl! cVijgVa a^\]i! ided\gVe]n! dg VY_VXZcX^Zh# 6h eVgi d[ i]Z bdYjaVg hnhiZb! V \gdjcY Æhjg[VXZÇ ^h XdchigjXiZY dkZg i]Z h^iZ id ]VcYaZ kZgi^XVa VcY ]dg^odciVa X^gXjaVi^dc# I]^h eVcZa^oZY hnhiZb ldg`h ^c XdYZeZcYVcXZ l^i] i]Z Xdajbch/ i]Z Xdajbch hjeedgi i]Z eVcZah ^c i]Z kZgi^XVa Y^gZXi^dc! l]^aZ i]Z eVcZa hjg[VXZ aViZgVaan WgVXZh i]Z Xdajbch#

An inhabitable surface As part of the modular system, a ground “surface� is constructed over the site to handle vertical and horizontal circulation. This panelized system works in codependance with the columns: the columns support the panels in the vertical direction, while the panel surface laterally braces the columns.

KD AJB : % % *

B 6 9: E DHH> 7 A: 7 N <: C : GDJH HJEEDGI ; GDB/ ;gZYZg^X` HiZ^cZg! JIHD6 6Yk^hdgn 8djcX^a JI ;g^ZcYh d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ HiZkZc BddgZ! 7VgiaZii 8dX`Z GZ\Zcih Egd[Zhhdg ^c 6gX]^iZXijgZ AVlgZcXZ HeZX`! AVlgZcXZ L# HeZX` :mXZaaZcXZ ;jcY Egd[Zhh^dcVa GZh^YZcXn Egd\gVb! C^XdaZ L^ZYZbVcc D[ÒXZ D[ 8VgZZg HZgk^XZh! 8Vgg^Z DÉBVaaZn 9Vk^Y =ZnbVcc! BVgi^c H# @ZgbVXn 8ZciZcc^Va Egd[Zhhdg 7VgWVgV =d^Yc L^a[g^ZY LVc\! DÉCZ^a ;dgY 8]V^g CVcXn @lVaaZ`! <ZcZ :YlVgY B^`Zh`V :cYdlZY 8]V^g ^c >ciZg^dg 9Zh^\c LZgcZg AVc\! 6hhdX^ViZ Egd[Zhhdg d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ ^c HjhiV^cVWaZ 9Zh^\c G^X]VgY 8aZVgn! EV\Z Hdji]ZgaVcY EV\Z ;Zaadl @Zk^c 6aiZg! H^Y L# G^X]VgYhdc Egd[Zhhdg B^X]VZa 7ZcZY^`i! =Va 7dm 8]V^g ^c JgWVc^hb

>HHJ:/ ^h Vc VccjVa hijYZci"gjc ejWa^XVi^dc [ZVijg^c\ \gVYjViZ VcY jcYZg\gVYjViZ ldg` Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ IZmVh Vi 6jhi^c HX]dda d[ 6gX]^iZXijgZ# >ih ^ciZci ^h id [dhiZg ^ciZgVXi^dc VcY i]Z ^ciZgX]Vc\Z d[ ^YZVh Vbdc\ hijYZcih Vh lZaa Vh id gZXdgY i]Z ^ciZaaZXijVa VXi^k^i^Zh d[ i]Z HD6#

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.