Agnieszka Legucka National Defence Academy, Warsaw, Poland
Russia’s Peacekeeping Operations in the Post-Soviet Space: “Mirotvorchestvo” Applied
Peacekeeping in Theory: Russia’s Approach According to a general definition, a conflict is a process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party1. Conflict is manifested through adversarial social action involving two or more actors and the expression of differences is often accompanied by intense hostilities. Most significantly, protracted conflict arises from failure to manage an antagonistic relationship2. A special kind of conflict involves force being used by both parties to the conflict. Armed conflicts in the neighbourhood of Russia emerged during the disintegration of the USSR, when parts of former Soviet republics began to claim independence. This is when Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Transnistria decided to form independent states, thus infringing on the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova – all states with international recognition. The parties on both sides of these ethnic and political conflicts had been attempting to resolve these situations by themselves, but the management process was then joined by “third parties”: Russia, Iran, Turkey, CIS and other international organizations such as the UN and the OSCE, and, recently, also the EU. The discussed subject shall require analysis of the peacekeeping approaches adopted by Russia and its strategies implemented in the countries which have directly experienced armed conflicts – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Among many 1
James A. Wall Jr. and Ronda R. Callister, “Conflict and Its Management,” Journal of Management 21/3, (1995): 517; HoWon Jeong, Conflict Management and Resolution. Introduction) New York: Routledge 2010): 243; Louis Kriesberg and Bruce W. Dayton, Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution, (Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011): 428; Joseph S. Nye, Konflikty międzynarodowe. Wprowadzenie do teorii i historii, (Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesjonalne, 2009): 6-30. 2
Jeong, Conflict Management…, 3.
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