ENTRY #3 Veronica Acuña | Teaching Pronunciation
Consonants / Place of Articulation:
Bilabial: (From bi ´two´ + labial ´lips´). The primary constriction is at the lips (/p, b, m,
w/) Labiodental: (from labio ´lip´ + dental ´teeth´). The primary construction is between the
lower lip and upper teeth (/f, v/). Interdental: (from inter ´between´ + dental ´teeth´). The primary constriction is between
the tongue and the upper teeth (/θ, ð/) Alveolar: (from alveolar ridge). The primary constriction is between the tongue and the
alveolar ridge (t, d, s, z, n, l/) Palatal: (from palate). The primary constriction is between the tongue and the palate
(/š, Ž, Č, ĵ, r, y/) Velar: (from velum). The primary constriction is between the tongue and the velum (/ k,
g, ŋ /) Glottal: (from glottis, which refers to the space between the vocal cords). The primary constriction is at the glottis (/h/). Manner of Articulation:
Stops: Two articulations (lips, tongue, teeth, etc.) are brought together such that the
flow of air through the vocal tract is completely blocked (/p, b, t, d, k, g/) Fricatives: Two articulators are brought near each other such that the flow of air is
impeded but not completely blocked. Fricative (/f, v, θ, ð, s, z, š, Ž, h/) Affricates: Articulations corresponding to affricates are those that begin like stops and
end like fricatives (Č, ĵ) Nasals: It is one in which the airflow through the mouth is completely blocked but the velum is lowered, forcing the air through the nose (/ m, n, ŋ/)
Liquids and Glides: Both of these terms describe articulations that are mid-way between true consonants and vowels; however, they are both generally classified as consonants. Liquid is a cover term for (/l, r/). The term glide refers to an articulation in which the vocal tract is constricted, but not enough to block or impede the airflow (/w, y/). Obstruents: Consonants that have been divided into stops, fricatives, and affricates. Sonorants: Consonants that have been divided into nasals, liquids, and glides. Voicing: For any articulation corresponding to one of these consonant phonemes, the vocal cords are either vibrating (/ b, d, g, v, ð, z, Ž, ĵ, m, n, ŋ, r, l, w, y/) or not (/p, t, k, f, θ, s, š, Č, h/) Level of representation: we are able to say that two segments are identical on one level of representation yet different on another. Allophones: it occurs when a specific properties of a phoneme vary according to its position in a word. Phonological Rules: It consists on rules that essentially translate segments on one level into segments on another level.
Aspiration: In this data, /p/ has two allophones, [ph] and [p] Vowel Lengthening: It is related with the length of the vowels and consonants in a
particular segment. Vowel Nasalization: A nasalized vowel is perceived as being pronounced with the
velum lowered Assimilation: A vowel becomes more like an adjacent nasal consonant by becoming
nasalized itself. Flapping: In this data, both /t/ and /d/ become [r] (an alveolar flap) under certain circumstances. Flipping is a special case of neutralization, a process that obliterates the contrast between two segments in a particular environment. Rule Ordering:
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Consonant Cluster Reduction: It deletes a stop consonant from a cluster, or series, of
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consonants. Nasal Assimilation: it reflects the fact that a nasal segment is assimilating in place to an adjacent consonant segment.