Entry 3

ENTRY #3 Veronica Acuña | Teaching Pronunciation

Consonants / Place of Articulation: 

Bilabial: (From bi ´two´ + labial ´lips´). The primary constriction is at the lips (/p, b, m,

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w/) Labiodental: (from labio ´lip´ + dental ´teeth´). The primary construction is between the



lower lip and upper teeth (/f, v/).

Interdental: (from inter ´between´ + dental ´teeth´). The primary constriction is between

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the tongue and the upper teeth (/θ, ð/) Alveolar: (from alveolar ridge). The primary constriction is between the tongue and the

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alveolar ridge (t, d, s, z, n, l/) Palatal: (from palate). The primary constriction is between the tongue and the palate

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(/š, Ž, Č, ĵ, r, y/) Velar: (from velum). The primary constriction is between the tongue and the velum (/ k,

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g, ŋ /) Glottal: (from glottis, which refers to the space between the vocal cords). The primary constriction is at the glottis (/h/).

Manner of Articulation:

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Stops: Two articulations (lips, tongue, teeth, etc.) are brought together such that the

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flow of air through the vocal tract is completely blocked (/p, b, t, d, k, g/) Fricatives: Two articulators are brought near each other such that the flow of air is

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impeded but not completely blocked. Fricative (/f, v, θ, ð, s, z, š, Ž, h/) Affricates: Articulations corresponding to affricates are those that begin like stops and



end like fricatives (Č, ĵ) Nasals: It is one in which the airflow through the mouth is completely blocked but the velum is lowered, forcing the air through the nose (/ m, n, ŋ/)

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Liquids and Glides: Both of these terms describe articulations that are mid-way between true consonants and vowels; however, they are both generally classified as consonants. Liquid is a cover term for (/l, r/). The term glide refers to an articulation in which the vocal tract is constricted, but not enough to block or impede the airflow (/w, y/).

Obstruents: Consonants that have been divided into stops, fricatives, and affricates.

Sonorants: Consonants that have been divided into nasals, liquids, and glides.

Voicing: For any articulation corresponding to one of these consonant phonemes, the vocal cords are either vibrating (/ b, d, g, v, ð, z, Ž, ĵ, m, n, ŋ, r, l, w, y/) or not (/p, t, k, f, θ, s, š, Č, h/) Level of representation: we are able to say that two segments are identical on one level of representation yet different on another.

Allophones: it occurs when a specific properties of a phoneme vary according to its position in a word.

Phonological Rules: It consists on rules that essentially translate segments on one level into segments on another level.

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Aspiration: In this data, /p/ has two allophones, [ph] and [p] Vowel Lengthening: It is related with the length of the vowels and consonants in a



particular segment.

Vowel Nasalization: A nasalized vowel is perceived as being pronounced with the



velum lowered Assimilation: A vowel becomes more like an adjacent nasal consonant by becoming



nasalized itself.

Flapping: In this data, both /t/ and /d/ become [r] (an alveolar flap) under certain circumstances. Flipping is a special case of neutralization, a process that obliterates the contrast between two segments in a particular environment.

Rule Ordering:

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Consonant Cluster Reduction: It deletes a stop consonant from a cluster, or series, of



consonants.

Nasal Assimilation: it reflects the fact that a nasal segment is assimilating in place to an adjacent consonant segment.