Berlin City Research by Valentina Scalia

BERLIN, BRANDENBURG

CONTENTS TOPOGRAPHY

HYDROLOGY

CLIMATE

TRANSPORT

DEMOGRAPHICS

URBAN HISTORY

ECONOMY

URBAN LANDSCAPE

SPATIAL PLANNING

MODERNISM

PHYSICAL PLANNING

URBAN DESIGN

MIXED-USED DEVELOPMENT

19TH CENTURY BERLIN TENEMENT TYPOLOGY

RESEARCH TEAM Aparajita A Bhatt aparajita.bhatt@utexas.edu

Chia-Fen Ho chiafenho@utexas.edu

Clara P Restrepo crestrepo@utexas.edu

Jingrong Zhao jingrong.zhao@utexas.edu

Kaleigh Sawyer ksawyer31@utexas.edu

Ke Chen dll.carlchen@utexas.edu

Miao Feng miao_0419@hotmail.com

Natalie A Cap natalie.h@utexas.edu

Panchajanya Gudigar panchugudigar@gmail.com

Ruifeng Zhou zrf120959590@gmail.com

Samy Moskol samy.moskol@gmail.com

Sijin Sun sunsijin@utexas.edu

Valentina Scalia Virla vscalia@utexas.edu

Xue Yang xy3332@utexas.edu

TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF BERLIN

EFFECTS OF NORTH EUROPEAN PLAIN ON BERLIN’S TOPOGRAPHY

The northern third of the country, where Berlin is situated, lies in the North European Plain, with flat terrain crossed by northward-flowing watercourses. Making Berlin a roughly flat terrain. Due to its location in the European Plain, it is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city’s area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes. Water sources combined with flat terrain engenders great scope for horizontal growth of Berlin (or sprawl)

Map 1 showing territorial boundry of Germany

THE NORTHERN EUROPEAN PLAIN Germany’s geological location in the forested uplands of central Germany and European region has a considerable the low-lying lands of northern Germany impact on the topography of Berlin city. traversed by some of Europe’s major rivers such as the Rhine, Danube and Germany is located in west-central Elbe. Europe, that stretches from the Alps, across the North European Plain to the With its irregular, elongated shape, North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Germany is Germany provides an excellent example second largest by population in Europe of a recurring sequence of landforms. A and is seventh largest by area covering plain dotted with lakes, moors, marshes, an area of 357,021 km2, consisting of and heaths retreats from the sea and 349,223 km2 of land and 7,798 km2 of reaches inland, where it becomes a waters. landscape of hills crisscrossed by streams, rivers, and valleys. These hills lead Elevation in Germany ranges from upward, gradually forming high plateaus around 2900 meters in mountains of Alps and woodlands and eventually climaxing (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,962 in spectacular mountain ranges. meters) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the north. Between lie the 4

The borough of Spandau lies partly within the Berlin Glacial Valley and partly on the Nauen Plain, which stretches to the west of Berlin. The highest elevations in Berlin are the Teufelsberg and the Müggelberge in the city’s outskirts, and the Kreuzberg is the highest elevation in the center. While the latter measures 66 m (217 ft) above sea level, the former are both about 115 m (377 ft) above sea level.

Northeastern part of Germany is in an area of low-lying marshy woodlands. The Berlin–Warsaw Urstromtal (ice age glacial valley) is in between the low Barnim Plateau to the north and the Teltow Plateau to the south of Berlin. The Spree follows in this valley now. In Spandau, Berlin’s westernmost borough, the Spree empties into the river Havel, which flows from north to south through western Berlin. The course of the Havel is more like a chain of lakes, the largest being the Tegeler See and Großer Wannsee. A series of lakes also feeds into the upper Spree, which flows through the Großer Müggelsee in eastern Berlin. Substantial parts of present-day Berlin extend onto the low plateaus on both sides of the Spree Valley. Large parts of the boroughs, Reinickendorf and Pankow lie on the Barnim Plateau, while most of the boroughs— Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, SteglitzZehlendorf, Tempelhof-Schöneberg, and Neukölln—lie on the Teltow Plateau. Map 2 showing the topography of Berlin

ARTIFICAL LANDFORM

MORPHOLOGY GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

THE DEVIL’S MOUNTAIN

THE WEICHSELIAN GLACIATION

Near Grunewald, a dense, leafy forest in Berlin’s west end, lies Teufelsberg, an artificial hill made from bombedout World War II rubble whose name, in German, means “Devil’s Mountain.” At the top lies a former NSA listening station, which was run by British and American intelligence officers before the fall of the Berlin Wall.

The present relief of the earth’s surface in Berlin was predominantly the result of the Weichselian glaciation, the most recent of the three great quaternary inland glaciations, which has determined the morphology of the city.

The history of Teufelsberg is anything but dull. Underneath the hill, which is located in the former British sector of West Berlin, is the rubble of a Nazi military technical college that was never finished (the war got in the way). Construction started on the listening station in October 1963, and efforts to listen in on Warsaw Pact communications lasted throughout the Cold War.

The low-lying Warsaw-Berlin Glacial Spillway with its Panke Valley branch, which consists predominantly of sandy and gravelly deposits. Valley has neighbouring Barnim Plateau to the north; and the Teltow Plateau with the Nauen Plate to the south. Both plateaus are covered in large parts by the thick glacial till and boulder clay of the ground moraines. The morphological appearance is supplemented by the depression of the Havel chain of lakes. The loose sediments with average 150 m thickness is often filled with groundwater almost up to the terrain surface, are of special significance for the water supply and for the foundations of buildings.

Map 3 satellite image of Teufelsberg

Picture 1 an ariel view of Teufelsberg

GLACIAL DEPOSITS AS REPOSITORY OF WATER FOR BERLIN

They form the freshwater stock from which Berlin draws all the water for the public water supply. Numerous waterworks and other pumping facilities have lowered the groundwater in Berlin, for more than 100 years in some areas. The tertiary rupelium layer at a depth of 150 to 200 m is about 80 m thick, and constitutes a hydraulic barrier against the deeper saltwater tier. Due to the alternation of aquifers and aquitards , the freshwater stock in the

Berlin area is broken down into four separate hydraulic aquifers (Limberg, Thierbach 2002). The second aquifer – largely a Saale-Glaciation-era aquifer – is known as the Main Aquifer, since it supplies the predominant share of the public water supply. The fifth aquifer is in the saltwater tier under the rupelium. Panke Valley Aquifer is situated above the Main Groundwater Aquifer, separated from it by the glacial till of the ground moraine.

Map 4 showing topography and waterbodies of Berlin

GEOLOGICAL MAP OF BERLIN The following units characterize the municipal area geomorphologically, which was formed by the Weichselian Glaciation stage, the most recent glacial stage, during its Brandenburg substage: Barnim Plateau, with the Panke Valley Warsaw-Berlin Glacial Spillway Teltow Plateau

Figure 1 showing the hydrogeological cross section of Berlin

The Barnim Plateau, a Weichselian Glaciation ground moraine plate, is located in the northern part. Here, the ground moraine, interspersed with meltwater sands of the Weichselian Glaciation stage, determines the surface. The Weichselian Glaciation ground moraine is largely directly underlain by the ground moraine of the Saalian Glaciation. However, there are also meltwater sands in considerable quantity which separate these two ground moraines. In the Hermsdorf neighborhood of Reinickendorf Borough, there is a small area where tertiary layers, usually appearing in the deeper underground, are pushed by salt tectonics just below the surface. Under a shallow sand cover there lies the rupelium of the lower oligocene. In the northwest, the plateau is bisected by the Panke Valley with its valley-sand deposits, running coarsely northeast to southwest.

Figure 2 showing the hydrogeological cross section of Berlin 6

The Warsaw-Berlin Glacial Spillway, which runs coarsely from east to west, and is characterized by great thickness (up to about 50 m) of accumulated glacio-fluvial, and also some fluvial sands and gravels, occupies the

Map 5 showing the geological map of Berlin

central portion of this area. Locally, rubble horizons and till residues are embedded. Locally, this covers sands of glacial valleys of younger holocene sediments (sands, peat and peat clay mixed with organic material), sometimes of considerable thickness. The southern area is occupied by the Teltow plateau, also a Weichselian Glaciation ground-moraine plate. Here, the ground moraine, interspersed with meltwater sands of the Weichselian Glaciation stage, determines the surface in the eastern part of the area. The Weichselian Glaciation ground moraine is in some parts underlain directly by the ground moraine of the Saalian Glaciation. However, there are also meltwater sands in considerable

quantity which separate the two ground moraines on. The western part is predominantly characterized by thick sequences of meltwater sand.

LEAD AND CADMIUM IN SOIL AND ITS EFFECTS Heavy Metals in the Environment Heavy metals are natural components of soil. Most elements are only present in minimal, insignificant eco-toxicological concentrations in undisturbed locations in the greater Berlin area. A few heavy metals are important as trace elements for physiological processes in plants and animals. Heavy metals are introduced into the eco-system by the manufacture and use of materials containing heavy metals as well as the disposal of this waste. Soil is contaminated by material from the air and by direct depositing of pollutants. The accumulation of contaminants is aided by the capability of soil to bind them with clay minerals or organic substances, for example. Lead and cadmium are widely distributed in the environment and are considered particularly toxic elements. Their accumulation has multiple effects on the usability and functions of soil in the eco-system. EFFECTS OF CADMIUM Cadmium is an especially toxic heavy metal that is very mobile in soil. Even minimal amounts in soil that has a low pH or humus level will result in cadmium uptake into plants. Levels exceeding guidelines for foodstuffs or feeds can result.

EFFECTS OF LEAD Lead is less mobile and is absorbed by plant roots only in exceptional cases. Contaminated soil can result in pollution by both elements onto the surfaces of plants. Even minimal contents in soil can negatively effect plant growth and damage soil organisms. Heavy metal soil contamination is particularly problematic because they are not degraded in soil. Heavy metals in soil cannot be permanently eliminated. At best they can be locally reduced by a redistribution in the ecosystem or removed from circulation by immobilization. PRECAUTIONS FOR FUTURE PLANNING OF BERLIN Very high lead or cadmium levels in playgrounds, allotment gardens and other areas can cause health risks for small children by oral ingestion. If heavy metal contamination exceeds the binding capability of the soil, there is a danger that heavy metal compounds can flow with percolation (seepage) into the groundwater.

Map 6 showing the lead and cadmium content in soin at the center of Berlin

SOIL PROTECTION AS ENVISIONED BY SENATE FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT The map below shows the sections differentiated according to five soilprotection categories. In addition, each protection category is distinguished by graduations of color intensity (shading) into the three imperviousness classes: 0 - 5 %, >5 - <30 % and 30 - 100 %. MAXIMUM PROTECTION LEVEL

contribution of the soils to maintaining the water balance, or for their filtration and buffering capacity. Soils with forest utilization account for the major share of the areas in this protection category, followed by residential areas, farmland and allotment gardens.

The areas of the highest protection category are concentrated primarily in near-natural sections with rare plant communities or outstanding remnants of the Ice Age in the outer areas of the city. Examples of sections with the highest protection category and with an additional main emphasis on the archival function are primarily the Ice-Age-characterized arenic dystric cambisols (brown earth turned to gley) associated with the podzoluvisols in the Frohnau Forest, and the arenic dystric cambisols associated with luvisols and gleyic cambisols in Gatow, which are used as farmland. For the most part, these sections are forests, mixed stands of meadowland and scrubland. They also include agricultural sections VERY HIGH PROTECTION LEVEL All sections with a high degree of efficiency with respect to yield function, regulatory function for the water balance or buffering and filtration function, or a medium degree of efficiency as a rare plant location, together with an archive function, are assigned to this protection category. HIGH PROTECTION LEVEL This category of soils deserving special protection is based on the high 8

Map 7 showing recommended soil protection levels in Berlin as per the Senate for Urban development.

GLOSSARY

Borough- a town or district that is an administrative unit, in particular. Marshy-characteristic of or resembling a marsh; waterlogged. Plateau-an area of relatively level high ground. Morphology- the external structure of rocks in relation to the development of erosional forms or topographic features Glacial-a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles.

REFERENCES. LIST OF MAPS Map 1 showing territorial boundary of Germany Reference taken from Google earth application Map 2 showing the topography of Berlin Reference taken -http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/planen/index_en.shtml Map 3 satellite image of Teufelsberg Reference taken -from Google earth application Map 4 showing topography and waterbodies of Berlin Reference taken -http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/planen/index_en.shtml Map 5 showing the geological map of Berlin Reference taken -http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/planen/index_en.shtml Map 6 showing the lead and cadmium content in soin at the center of Berlin Reference taken -http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/planen/index_en.shtml Map 7 showing recommended soil protection levels in Berlin as per the Senate for Urban development. Reference taken -http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/planen/index_en.shtml LIST OF PICTURES Picture 1 an ariel view of Teufelsberg Reference taken from - https://in.pinterest.com/pin/54324739230241761/ LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 showing the hydrogeological cross section of Berlin Reference taken from - http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/planen/index_en.shtml Figure 2 showing the hydrogeological cross section of Berlin Reference taken from - http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/planen/index_en.shtml LITERATURE REFERENCES

http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/planen/index_en.shtml http://www.photius.com/countries/Germany/geography/germany_geography_topography.html http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Germany-TOPOGRAPHY.html http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/take-a-tour-of-teufelsberg-berlins-abandoned-nsa-listening-station

TOPOGRAPHY & HYDROLOGY OVERALL INTRODUCTION

Berlin is situated in the WarsawBerlin glacial valley, a landscape formed in the Ice Age, with an abundance of natural lakes and running water. The rivers Spree and Havel flow through Berlin as chains of regulated slow-flowing lakes (average 34.7 m3/s), and the flow is further reduced during summer. Thus the rivers do not act as a major source of water supply for the city. Berlin can however make extensive use of the groundwater aquifer underlying the city. Formed during the last ice age over 10,000 years ago and part of the Berlin-Warsaw glacial valley, the valley stratum consists of sand gravel, marley, till and clay and

provides good quality groundwater for almost all of Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s potable use. In Berlin, domestic consumption is the highest use of water, making up 72% of total water consumption. Industrial and commercial utilities consume around 15% and the rest is supplied to the surrounding areas. SURFACE WATER The prerequisite for a watermanagement planning process and a management system for water resources oriented toward the principles of sustainability is that the knowledge of surface runoff and percolation, and of new groundwater formation, be as precise as possible.

Fig.02: Water System in Berlin Fig.03: Water Balance in Vegetation Areas and Impervious Coverage Areas

The map of Surface Runoff (Fig.01) shows that in the inner-city areas connected to the wastewater/sewage system, an average of about 250 mm/ yr. is fed to the wastewater system. Peaks values are more than 350 mm/ yr. In outlying areas connected to the wastewater/sewage system, the values are around 100 mm/yr. -It is important for the prevention of water pollution to be able to assess the amount of surface water flowing into the local bodies of water, since the precipitation water carries a

Fig.01: Surface Runoff from Precipitation

considerable pollutant load into those bodies of water with it; -It is important for the protection of groundwater to have knowledge of the seepage capacity of the soils, since the transportation of substances from contaminated soils occurs largely via seepage water, -It is important for conservation and landscape management to assess the water availability for vegetation from new groundwater formation and capillary water rising from the groundwater surface.

GROUND WATER DEFINITIONS Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth’s surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. source: (Wikipedia)

Fig.07: Total Runoff from Precipitation

Fig.04: LocGround water system

WATER SUPPLY: Exact knowledge of the current groundwater levels, and hence also of groundwater stocks, is imperative for the State of Berlin, since all the water for the public water supply of Berlin is obtained from groundwater. This groundwater is pumped at nine waterworks, almost entirely within the territory of the city. Only the Stolpe Waterworks on the northern outskirts obtains water from Brandenburg, but also supplies Berlin with approx. 9% of the city’s total intake. Moreover, groundwater reserves are tapped for individual use and for process water, as well as for major construction projects, groundwater rehabilitation measures and heatingrelated purposes. Numerous instances of soil and groundwater contamination are known in Berlin, and they can only be rehabilitated on the basis of exact knowledge of groundwater conditions.

Fig.05: Location of the nine waterworks which supply Berlin with drinking water

Fig.06: Water consumption in Berlin with respect to various sectors

The map of Total Runoff (Fig.07) shows that the total runoff for the highly impervious inner-city areas (inside the Urban-Rail Ring Line) is in the range of 350-450 mm/yr.; the values are even higher in the very dense center-city area and in some industrial areas. Here, only

about 150 mm/yr. (Fig.08) evaporate, referenced to the precipitation measurements (at 1 m height), which are about 10-15 % less than ground-level precipitation. The less densely built-up areas in the outskirts of the city show runoffs of 250-350 mm/yr. Compared with the runoffs of the previous areas on the outskirts, or in the areas surrounding Berlin, where the values are approx. 150 mm/yr., Berlin can be considered an island of greatly increased runoff. The reduction of the evaporation due to imperviousness and lack of vegetation - as shown in the map Evaporation (Fig.08) - leads to runoff double or triple the natural runoff. Groundwater net consumption occurs only in a few areas characterized by low precipitation and simultaneously low depth to the water table, which produces negative runoff formation values, since here, the vegetation is fed by groundwater, and can evaporate more of it than can subsequently be supplied by precipitation. Conclusion: The effect of the reduced permeability of the soil caused by the high degree of impervious coverage in the inner city is to a large extent counteracted by the effect of reduced evaporation, so that innercity percolation capacities are higher than initially assumed, and reach almost “natural” levels.The Extent of impervious coverage is only secondarily important for percolation capacity; of primary importance is the actual degree of connection to the wastewater/sewage system. The reduction of evaporation due to impervious coverage in lowdensity areas with simultaneously low degrees of connection to the wastewater/sewage system causes the percolation capacities in these areas to be the highest, and approximately double those of “natural” percolation.

Fig.08: Evaporation from Precipitation

BERLIN WATER WORKS or BWB

Fig.09

In principle, the Berlin Water Works or Berlin Wasserbetriebe (BWB) – the water utility in Berlin – relies exclusively on groundwater for its water supply operations. The raw water is extracted from depths of between 30 and 170 meters through 800 deep wells and is then transported to the waterworks. In 2009, the BWB abstracted approximately 205 million m3 of raw water for its supplies (BWB, 2010). The overall discharge of the waterworks for drinking water purposes has dropped by over 45 % in Berlin over the past twenty years (Fig. 9). In 1989, 378 million cu. m. Were discharged, as opposed to only 219 million cu. m in 2002. In 2003, the discharge increased slightly to 226 million cu. m because of the very dry summer, only to drop again to 205 million cu. m. By 2008. The restructuring of groundwater use after 1990 led to a considerable change in groundwater management in Berlin. In the western part of the city, drinking water consumption dropped by 40 %, in the eastern part, the decline was even higher, at 60 %. The result was an overall rise water table, especially in south-eastern Berlin, in the area of the discharge wells of the BWB. Groundwater levels increased by 0.5 to 1 m in large parts of the glacial spillway; near the waterworks, the rise was as much as 3 m. The BWB currently still operates only nine waterworks to supply drinking water, down from sixteen during the nineties. To reduce the risk of ground water pollution, the wells are located in water conservation areas, in which certain uses are banned.

Fig.11:Groundwater Rise in the Glacial Spillway between 1989-2012

areas of Brandenburg. The quantity of groundwater being pumped there into the Spree River is decreasing because of the decline in brown coal extraction, and it will decrease further.

Fig.11:Groundwayer temperature

GROUND WATER TEMPERATURE: The ground water temperature in the Berlin metropolitan area is significantly anthropogenically influenced. The temperature measurements carried out since the 1980s for the near surface groundwater of the State of Berlin show that the average temperature has increased more than 4 °C over the thinly populated surroundings outside the city. They also indicate that this temperature is increasingly apparent even at depths greater than 20 m.

GROUND WATER POLLUTION: Berlin is situated in the Warsaw-Berlin glacial valley, a landscape formed in the Ice Age, with an abundance of natural lakes and running water. But in terms of feeder streams and precipitation, the metropolitan area of Berlin suffers from a water shortage. The lakes are shallow, the rivers are slow-running and, especially in summer, carry little water. This makes Berlin’s bodies of water ecologically very sensitive systems. The water supply and wastewater disposal for the city of Berlin depends in large measure on influences from the brown coal open-cast mining

The quantity of groundwater being pumped there into the Spree River is decreasing because of the decline in brown coal extraction, and it will decrease further. The shortage of surface and groundwater resources in Berlin and their vulnerability mean that there is a special need for sustainable water resource management. This must apply both to the quantity and quality of the water. In the future, water must be used only in such a way that it becomes available again, in a short cycle, for drinking and industrial purposes. In terms of water use, sustainability means: -Extraction of the water within the confines of the city; -Minimizing the quantity of water used; -Groundwater withdrawal must be proportional to replenishment and recharge; -There is a direct correlation between drinking water use and surface water quality; this requires particular efforts with respect to pollution control of the water bodies;

-Consequently, the standard of wastewater treatment must be particularly high; treated wastewater must be used to boost the rate of flow of the bodies of water; -a high degree of storm water retention in the area. GROUND WATER RISE: As a rule in Berlin, the groundwater incline, and hence, too, the flow direction, is from the Barnim and Teltow Plateaus and the Nauen Plate toward the receiving bodies, the Spree and Havel Rivers. Depression cones have formed around the wells at those waterworks in operation during the measurement period, and have sunk the phreatic surface below the level of the neighboring surface waters. Thus, in addition to inflowing groundwater from the shore side, the water pumped here also includes groundwater formed by infiltration (bank-filtered water) from these surface waters.In May 2012, too, the potentiometric surface, which has been lowered in Berlin by drinking-water discharge over the past hundred years, was at a relatively high level compared to 1989. The groundwater rise in the glacial valley of more than half a meter resp. more than one meter for this period of time is shown on the map (Fig. 11).

THE RIVER HAVEL: The Havel is a river in north-eastern Germany, flowing through the German states of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Berlin and Saxony-Anhalt. It is a right tributary of the Elbe river and 325 kilometers long. It provides an important link in the waterway connections between the east and west of Germany, and beyond.

Fig.12

LAKES AND RIVERS

THE RIVER SPREE: The Spree is a river that flows through the Saxony, Brandenburg and Berlin states of Germany, and in the Ústí nad Labem region of the Czech Republic. Approximately 400 kilometers in length, it is a left bank tributary of the River Havel, which itself flows into the Elbe and then the North Sea. It is the river on which the original center of Berlin was built. On its route through Berlin, the river passes Berlin Cathedral, the Reichstag and the Schloss Charlottenburg, the renowned Museum Island and the Badeschiff -- a floating swimming pool moored in the Spree. Berlin Glacial Valley Walk covers a total of 59 km, making it by far the longest of these 20 Green Walks in Berlin. It runs from Berlin‘s north-west to the south-east, from the “Falkenhagener Feld” neighborhood in rural Spandau to Hessenwinkel, near Rahnsdorf. The walk follows the river across the city, the medieval town centers of Spandau and Köpenick – and, right in the middle, vibrant downtown Berlin. Thanks to far-sighted landscape planning, the walk even leads through the heart of the government quarter, passing close by the Chancellery and Reichstag Parliament Building. The glacial valley in the walks name evokes the route’s geological location.

Fig.13 Location of River Spree

The Havel Lakes Walk follows the route of the spreading river “Havel” from bridge “Glienicker Brücke” past the lake “Wannsee” landing stages to the jetties along the Aalemannufer in Spandau. The walk crosses two main landscapes: the Teltow plateau’s soft, rolling hills in the south and the surprisingly level plain of the Warsaw-Berlin glacial valley to the north. In Spandau, the route crosses the river to follow the western river bank. Here, over the last years especially, new waterside paths have been constructed. As the industry previously on the waterfront has re-located to “interior” sites, many new residential and green areas have also been created, particularly in the locality of Hakenfelde. THE LAKE MUEGGELSEE: The Lake Mueggelsee is the largest of the Berlin lakes by area, with an area of 7.4 square kilometers, a length of 4.3 kilometers and a breadth of 2.6 kilometers.The Lake itself is 8 meters deep at its deepest point. The River Spree flows into the lake via the smaller Kleiner Müggelsee.

REFERENCES: Fig.01: Surface Runoff from Precipitation, web,http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin. de/umwelt/umweltatlas/ekc213.htm Fig.02: Water System in Berlin, web, https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Berlin Fig.03: Water Balance in Vegetation Areas and Impervious Coverage Areas, web, http://www. stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/umwelt/umweltatlas/ edc213_05.htm Fig.04: Ground water system, web, http://water. usgs.gov/edu/earthgwdecline.html Fig.16 Location of River Havel

Fig.05: Location of the nine waterworks which supply Berlin with drinking water, web, http:// www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/umwelt/ umweltatlas/edp212_01.htm Fig.06: Water consumption in Berlin with respect to various sectors, web, http://www. switchurbanwater.eu/outputs/pdfs/w6-1_gen_ dem_d6.1.6_case_study_-_berlin.pdf Fig.07: Total Runoff from Precipitation, Fig,08: Evaporation from Precipitation,web, http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/umwelt/ umweltatlas/ekc213.htm

Fig.17 The River Havel

Fig,09: Raw Water Discharge by th Berlin Wter Utility,web, http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin. de/umwelt/umweltatlas/e_text/ekd211.pdf Fig,10: Groundwayer temperature ,web, http:// www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/umwelt// umweltatlas/e_text/eko212.pdf Fig,11: Groundwater Rise in the Glacial Spillway between 1989-2012,web, http:// www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/umwelt// umweltatlas/e_text/eko212.pdf Fig.12-Fig.19, web, Google image

Fig.18 The River Havel

Fig.13 The River Spree

Fig.19 The Lake Mueggelsee

Fig.14 The River Spree

Fig.15 Location of The Lake Muggelsee

CLIMATE OVERALL INTRODUCTION Berlin has a Maritime temperate climate (Cfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system. There are significant influences of mild continental climate due to its inland position, with frosts being common in winter and there being larger temperature differences between seasons than typical for many oceanic climates. Furthermore, Berlin is classified as a temperate continental climate (Dc) under the Trewartha climate scheme. Summers are warm and sometimes humid with average high temperatures of 22–25 °C (72–77 °F) and lows of

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12–14 °C (54–57 °F). Winters are cool with average high temperatures of 3 °C (37 °F) and lows of −2 to 0 °C (28 to 32 °F). Spring and autumn are generally chilly to mild. Berlin’s built-up area creates a micro-climate, with heat stored by the city’s buildings and pavement. Temperatures can be 4 °C (7 °F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas. Annual precipitation is 570 millimeters (22 in) with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Snowfall mainly occurs from December through March.

Berlin

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WIND STATISTICS

AIR TEMPERATURE

In general, although the night temperature distributions are more expressive for evaluating the climatic potentials of relief and loading of areas, they also show the characteristic differences in the noon hours (02:00 p.m.) according to area distribution. Sealed areas as well as open spaces with lawns are heated strongly during the day, the reason for which is the intensive solar irradiation, the lack of shading as well as the strong heating of the ground level air layer. The temperatures that occur here can lie between 30 Â°C and 32 Â°C, which represent the highest values in the scope of the modeled summer situation.

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The forest areas as well as larger inner-city green areas, like the Great Zoo show at this time about 3 K lower temperatures in their parts having trees.

In the regional standard, the wind conditions in Berlin are determined through the situation in the transition between continental and more oceanic climate. Certainly the west - to northwest winds correspond to the oceanic component with mainly less polluted sea air. The east - to southeast winds correspond to the continental component with lower wind speeds and above all the higher pollutant concentration in the winter. Within the city boundaries however, small scale elements, like temperature - and pressure differences between different city structures also influence the wind currents.

The most frequent wind direction is west with 21 % of all hours, followed by southwest with 16 %. At both wind directions wind speeds > 4 m/s appear with the most frequency. North and north east are represented as wind directions of least frequency.

The lowest values are encountered over water surfaces owing to their specific heat capacity, they behave very homogeneously and act for compensating the climate during the day.

AIR TEMPERATURE AT 4AM

In the urban areas, cooling is reduced considerably by the presence of heatstoring materials like concrete and stone. For one thing, the quantity of heat stored during the day causes the temperature not to decline so strongly. Moreover, the low wind speeds of turbulent and latent heat currents, which might otherwise remove warm air, are reduced. The urban areas thus continue to remain warmer on the whole. The temperature differences at the unbuilt city limits or the surroundings can be more than 8 K in the early morning hours. These high horizontal differences are not quite achieved in the neighborhood to the inner-city open spaces, sometimes, there is also a negative effect on the green areas from the built areas.

The mean wind speed (averaged over the year) is greatest at the most frequent wind directions (west and southwest). Winds from the southeast display, on average, the lowest wind speeds. The annual course of the wind speed has its maximum in the winter and its minimum in the summer months.

Emission-climatologically unfavorable weather conditions with wind speeds < 2 m/s and/or lulls have been registered The distribution of the wind directions at 18 %. As mentioned, in the winter the for the Berlin region is representative frequency distribution shifts in favor of for both day - as well as night hours. higher wind speeds. AIR TEMPERATURE AT 2PM

[5]

RADIATION

The radiation temperature at 02:00 p.m. shows that the characteristic of this parameter is controlled mainly by the solar irradiation. In doing so, arable land and pastures as well as sealed areas show the highest values. In forest areas the lowest radiation temperature is present owing to the shadow effect of the crown cover. In the settlement areas, a small-scale mosaic of high and low temperatures is calculated owing to the buildings, sealed areas and trees being present close to one another. The value level over water bodies lies between that of the forest and settlement areas. The reason for this is the high specific heat capacity of water, its special kind of radiation absorption and the turbulent mixing processes taking place in the water body. At the time of 04:00 a.m. the radiation temperature is primarily controlled via the (long-wave) heat radiation from the different surface structures. While doing so, the highest values are determined within the densely built settlement areas, which can be traced back to the high construction volume and its heat emission in the night hours. A little less is the radiation temperature over the water surfaces, which are now partly emitting the heat stored during the day. The lowest values are present over the pastures and arable lands, because their surface simultaneously also show the highest night cooling. Similar to air temperature, the radiation temperature is higher in the forest areas in the night hours than over open spaces, but still less than in the settlement areas. The possible total difference between the highest (dense block construction) and the lowest values (open spaces) for the radiation temperature lies in the night hours is around 9.5 ° Kelvin (K).

RADIATION TEMPERATURE AT 4AM

RADIATION TEMPERATURE AT 2PM

[6]

HEAT ISLAND EFFECT

[7]

CITY HEAT ISLAND A major part of the settlement areas lies in the effective area of these cold air origin areas, which continue till the height of the Brandenburg Straße beyond the A 100. In addition, the settlement areas with greenery are indicated as built areas with function relevant for climate. A night heat island effect is not observed here, because the air temperature at 04:00 a.m. lies below the average value of all the investigated settlement areas in the city. In the surroundings of Diana lake,

Koenig lake and Hubertus lake, the heat dissipation of the water areas is mapped in a light over-heating within the block areas. This increases on the whole in the direction of Hohenzollerndamm and A 100, whereby a moderate heat island effect dominates to the east of A 100. Individual construction blocks then become apparent with a strong overheating at Kurfürstendamm. +

WIND FLOW

On a large surface, the Cold Air Volume Flow shows a high to very high value level and reaches far in the eastern surrounding development, the reason for which is the intensive origin of cold air in the area of Grunewald. This is favored additionally by cold air outflows, which occur at slopes of more than 1 ° inclination over the eastern Grünewald. Mainly the adjacent strongly green settlement areas are favored by a very high volume flow. Owing to their low surface roughness and their own cold air production, these development structures can already be considered in themselves as positively relevant for the climate. Towards the east, the volume flow shows an even higher value till the A 100 and after that reduces to a moderate level. The reason for this is the gradually increasing construction density and the higher temperature level, which weaken the Cold Air Volume Flow. It goes back to a lower value to the east of Brandenburger Straße.

WIND FLOW AT 4AM

WIND SPEED BY DAY

Furthermore, surface structures are prominent in the map, which let the cold air penetrate far in the development. These are less built areas with pronounced vegetation. To the north of the section shown, the green axis Diana lake - Koenig lake - Halen lake emerges to this effect as cold air pathway with a very high Cold Air Volume Flow in the context of the adjacent track areas. To the south, the green complex Sommerbad Wilmersdorf-Friedhof Wilmersdorf/ Fennsee can be recognized as the air exchange area. The high to very high volume flow continues beyond the Uhlandstraße till the public park Wilmersdorf and illustrates the pathway potential of such green structures. WIND FLOW AT 10PM

[8]

WIND SPEED AT NIGHT

[9]

A r qua ty has mproved cons derab y n Ber n n recent years; however, espec a y dur ng unfavorab e meteoro og ca s tuat ons, a r po ut on cond t ons may occur wh ch endanger the hea th of Ber n’s peop e. In Ber n, motor veh c e traffic has for some years been a ma or cause not on y of no se po ut on, but a so of a r po ut on n mportant prob em areas, espec a y s nce the shares of other a r po ut on sources n Ber n have been cons derab y reduced. As a resu t, many amb t ous European a r qua ty eve s have a ready been met n Ber n.

AIR QUALITY

nto one of the source groups “domest c heat ng” or “sma bus ness”. However, some groups of ndustr a p ants, such as those for the recyc ng and remova of wastes, have shown a remarkab e ncrease n em ss ons s nce the m d-’90s. In the area of domest c heat ng, wh ch covers not on y apartments, but a so sma er stores, doctors’ pract ces etc., An mpress ve decrease n em ss ons has been ach eved, thanks to an ncrease n p pe ne-based energy sources, nstead of the former y predom nant brown coa . Th s s espec a y obv ous w th regard to the former ead parameter for a r po ut on, su fur d ox de (SO2). The energy-or ented rehab tat on of the o d bu d ng stock, sponsored by the state of Ber n s nce 1990 n an exemp ary manner, has contr buted to th s cons derab y.

Nonethe ess, for some po utants, the ascerta ned concentrat on va ues n the near-ground a r are st above the estab shed m ts for certa n po utants, at east some of the t me.

49600

48000

46400

13°40'

44800

43200

41600

40000

38400

36800

35200

33600

32000

30400

28800

13°30'

38800

Chaussee

27200

25600

24000

22400

13°20'

20800

19200

17600

16000

14400

12800

11200

13°10'

9600

8000

38800

3200

[10]

6400

STREET AIR POLLUTION

36400

Str.

Hobrechtsfelder

Chaussee

Hobrechtsfelder

36400

Viereck-

Brunswicken-

Hörsten-

Chaussee

Mewes-

Str.

weg

Long-Term Development of the Air-Quality of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

weg Str.

Viereck-

weg

weg Malmedyer

Str.

Eupener

Wiltberg-

weg

str.

Chaussee

6 Str.

Schalauer

Str.

weg

Hörsten-

Röbell-

Groll-

Str.

weg

Schmetstorpweg

Sudauer

Str.

Viereck-

Str.

Weg

Sudauer

Röntgentaler

Nadrauer

weg

str. Wiltberg-

Str.

Pölnitz-

Am Röbell-

Berg

Zepernicker

Sandhaus

Schönerlinder

Vorwerk

Total Emissions 2008/2009

Am Stener

Buch

weg

Röntgentaler

Sandhaus

Str.

Schwanebecker

Alt-

Buch

str.

Posseberg

Str.

Am Posseberg

Wiltberg-

Karower

Damm

Arkenberger

Str.

Alt-

Chaussee

GroscurthHobrechtsfelder

34000

Schwanebecker str.

Str.

Walter-Friedrich-

Franz-Schmidt-

Str.

34000

str.

Chaussee

Str.

Siedlungsstr. Siedlungsstr.

Str. Groscurth-

Georg-Benjamin-

Str.

Wolfgang-

Str.

Robert-RössleBruno-Apitz-

Str.

Georg-Benjamin-

Am Posseberg

(t/km² a)

Theodor-Brugsch-

Heinz-

Theodor-Brugsch-

Hobrechtsfelder

Walter-Friedrich-Str.

Chaussee

Lindenberger

Walter-Friedrich-

Chaussee

Dählingsberg

Wolfgang-Heinz-

Str.

Friedrich-Richter-

Str.

Ernst-Ludwig-Heim-

Weg

str.

Schönerlinder

Str.

Ernst-Busch-

Schönerlinder

Str. Friedrich-Richter-

Friedrich-Richter-

Max-Burghardt-

Pfannschmidt-

Str.

Kare-

Schönerlinder

str.

Str.

Achilles-

Ballon-

Siedlungs-

platz

str.

Erekweg

weg Forken-

str.

ring

Busonistr.

Karower

weg

damm

str.

Achtrutenberg

Lanzelot-

str.

Rutenzeile

Busonistr.

Str.

Mate-

Wotan-

str.

Bucher

zeile

Karow

5.0

1.0

Ingwäonen-

str.

Bedeweg

str.

Str.

str.

str. Rübländer-

str.

weg

Lanker Str.

Weg

weg

Alt-

Strömann-

Str.

Hagen-

Hohen

Karow

str.

Lanker

str.

Gatter-

Str.

Feld

Grundacker-

Str.

weg

Drei-Linien-

Hagen-

Sägebock-

Lanker

Hohen

Str.

Alt-

Chaussee

Strömann-

Str. 58 Str.

Ingwäonen-

Str.

Spinola-

str.

Boenke-

Lieben-

Streckfuß-

str.

Kreuzburger

Kerkow-

str.

SpinolaStr.

Kiebitzpfuhl

Boenke-

Am str.

Lieben-

Rybniker str.

Steinauer

60 Str. Str.

62 Str.

str.

Sieg-

Nette-

Str.

63 Str.

str.

64 Str.

Str.

str.

Str.

Nordische

Str.

burger

allee

Blanken-

Str.

allee

Damm

Str.

Ahorn-

str.

Str.

Klagenfurter

Str.

str.

Str.

Georgenstr.

str.

Str.

Weg

Str.

Str. 4

Str.

Mühlen-

Fliess

stege

Str.

Hans-

JürgenStr.

199

50.0

100.0

> 100.0

200.0

> 200.0

500.0

10.0 20.0

29200

Str.

Ziegel-

str.

Str.

2 Bundesstraße

Margaretenaue

Str.

182

> 50.0

weg

Str.

str.

Georgenstr.

42 Str.

str.

Blankenburger

Park-

Str.

Parkstr.

str.

182

Schäfer-

Str.

str.

Mühlen-

Str.

Zimbel-

stege

Str.

str.

Okarina-

Rudelsburg-

str.

Ziegel-

str.

stege

Oboensteig

Heinersdorfer

weg

Fagott-

Krug-

Ziegel-

Schäfer-

Gernroder

Georgen-

Okertal-

str.

> 20.0

2 Bundesstr.

Lindenberger

Weg

str. Mittel-

Str.

Priesterstege

str.

5.0

> 10.0

Str.

Rudelsburgstr.

Str.

Burgwall-

Trift-

Jungborn-

Ludwig-Quidde-

Lautentaler

Rudelsburg-

str.

Ilsenburg-

2.0

Str.

Weg

Str. Str. 24

KirchSuderoder

str.

Bahnhof44

Str.

Margaretenaue

Str.

Jungborn-

str.

2.0

Str. 26

Kastanien-

Berliner

Str.

Kirschgarten

Bahnhof-

ring

Str.

Vogesenstr.

weg

Bunzlauer

str.

Gravensteinstr. 163 Str.

Str.

Villacher

Lindenberger Karower

Blankenburg

Brocken-

ring

52°36'

Str.

str.

Alt-

str.

Einsiedel-

Str.

Str. Harzburger

Garten-

18 Str.

Bahnhof-

Pasewalker

Hubertus-

str. 100

86 Str.

89 Str.

Str.

Böttner-

str. Böttner-

Streckfuß-

str.

Boenke-

Gravensteinstr.

allee

Str. 166

Str. 87

str.

164

165

Str.

Flaischlen-

str.

Str. str.

Edda-

Rudelsburg-

Ditfurter

Ludwig-Quidde-

str.

Str.

Stephanus-

Str.

str.

str. Eifel-

Thaler

str.

gärten

Kalvinisten-

weg

Garten-

str.

Haupt-

Str.

Le Pavillon-

Stadt-

Woda

Saupé-

Chartron-

Kalvinisten-

Elfen30 Str.

Schwarzwald-

Rhön-

str.

Herwigstr.

str.

Pank-

Str.

Rosenthaler

Hartmut-

Ferdinand-Buisson-

Bahnhof-

Str. Blankenburger

1.0

Weg

Einsiedel-

Str.

Treseburger

Str.

Rüdiger-

Str.

str. Ewest-

str.

weg

Str.

Str. 160

Str.

Kirschgarten

weg

199

Str.

Luchgraben

Str.

Urbacher

Sulzer

Str.

La Famille-

Posaunen-

Str.

str.

Str.

Tuba-

str.

Str.

str.

Gutenfels-

Heimburg-

Le Bonheur-

Str.

199

damm weg

str. Laake

str.

31600

str.

weg

Siverstorp-

der

Str.

str.

Rheinfels-

Oberon-

Freischütz-

Scharfenstein-

Str.

Marien-

Harfen-

Wackenberg-

str.

Str.

str.

Franken-

Str.

Str. August-Siebke-

Dr.-Markus-

Zither-

str.

Akkordeon-

0.1

str.

damm

Str.

str.

34 Tarnowitzer-

Str.

167

166

August-Siebke-

Berliner

Chantieweg

Königstein-

73 Str.

Str.

Okarina-

Schmiedebankplatz

Hofzeichen-

Str.

Weg

Str.

Gellert-

str.

Bahnhof-

str.

Kattowitzer

Str.

Zimbel-

Schönhauser

0.1

Achilles-

Feld

str.

Str.

weg

str.

Rupert-

Bucher str.

str. Trift-

Trift-

str.

weg

Elfenallee

str.

Str.

29200

steig

weg

str.

Beuthener

str.

Str.

Park-

Viktoria-

EbenrotHadu-

Kappgraben

Zum

Hofzeichen-

Str. str.

str.

Str.

Tichauer

Str.

str.

179 Str.

Baltrum-

weg Rupert-

Schräger

str.

Nahe-

Wolkenstein-

Frankenstein-

Hentze-

str. str.

Chamisso-

Str.

Kappgraben

weg

Zum

zeile

Münchehagen-

Zum Kappgraben Hofzeichendamm

Str. Siverstorp-

Neustädter

weg

Str.

str.

Str.

Boenkestr.

76A

Str.

str.

ring

Str.

ring

weg str.

Hauptstr.

Park-

str.

Schönerlinder

Str.

Tomaten-

Töpper-

171

Le Pavillon-

weg

str.

Str.

Tal

Chaussee

Weg

103 Kerner-

Krontaler

86 101

Str.

77A

str.

weg

Baltrumstr.

Str.

Stadtgärten

Siedlungs-

Hadu-

Swantewit-

Krähenfuß-

Achilles-

str.

Weg

str.

str. Danewend

Str.

Str.147

Nerthus-

Elsebrocken

Weg

Amsel-

Danewendplatz Busoni-

Bahnhof-

Flora-

Str.

str.

Beerbaum-

Halbe-Hufen-

Heimfried-

Frundsberg-

Bohrerzeile

Gewanne-

Str.

str.

Krontaler

Str.

Gravenstein-

52°36'

Gewanneweg

Str.

Sandberg-

Löns-

175 Str.

weg

Haupt-

str.

Teichberg-

str.

Leobschützer

Pankgrafen-

Bucher

Str. Bucher

str.

Weg

str.

Achilles-

180

Str.

Trift-

str.

Mühlen-

Achtrutenberg

Schönerlinder

MöserStr.

Str.

str.

Weg

weg

Erek-

Blanchardstr.

Erek-

Weg Kurze-Enden-

179

Str.

Vien-

str.

Röländer

Str.

Martha-Fontane-

Jean-Calas-

31600

Elli-

An der

str.

Str.

str.

Florentine-

Str.

Pankower

Str.

Haupt-

Ring

Schilf-

Allee

Löffler-

Kundt-

Weg

Str.

str. Str.

Str. Str.

Str.

Golliner

Str. Rabensteiner

Borkheider

Belziger

Ring

Str.

Flämingstr.

Märkische

Allee

str.

Kemberger

str.

Wuhletal-

Str.

Wuhletal-

Wolfener

Str.

Trusetaler

Str.

WuhletalStr.

Märkische

Damm

Str.

Liebensteiner

Str.

Schleusinger

Allee

Trusetaler

Oberweißbacher

Str.

Sella-Hasse-

Str.

Ring Ring

Ring

Str.

Parsteiner

Ring

Str.

Ringenwalder

Hohensaatener

Brodowiner

Str.

Str. Teupitzer

Str.

Stendaler

Str.

Torgauer Str. Str.

Torgauer

Böhlerner

Str.

Louis-Lewin-

Str. Louis-Lewin-

Str.

Siedlergärten

weg

str.

Leisniger

heide

Hönower

Str.

Hermelin-

Str.

Taxus-

weg

Landsberger

str.

Str.

rain

Grieben-

Str.

weg

An den

Flora-

str. Str.

Hönower

str.

Wachholder-

Lemke-

Feld-

Str.

weg

str.

weg

str.

rain

weg

Bremer

Marder-

Str.

Hamburger

Feld-

Kleeacker-

Pfarrhufenweg

Daffinger-

Tizian-

Bremer

Schongauer

str.

Terwesten-

Flora-

str.

gärten

gärten Dürer-

Rembrandt-

Bisam-

Dürer-

str.

weg Spitzmaus-

Lemkestr.

str.

Rubensstr. str.

str.

Landsberger

Rembrandt-

Str.

str.

Liszt-

Landsberger

str.

Str.

Schubert-

StraußLandsberger

Str.

Lortzing-

Str. Rahnsdorfer

Str.

Hochwieser Blaustern-

Balsaminen-

Georginen-

weg

str.

Str.

Weg Zipser

Lavendel-

Str. Karlsruher

Str.

str.

KressenStr.

str.

Summter

Str.

Weitzgründer

Str. Durlacher

Str. Wicken-

str.

Iffland-

str.

Schrobsdorff-

str.

Mirower

Hultschiner

Str.

Pilgramer

Lehnitz-

Str.

str.

Damm

Str.

Summter

Rüstern-

str.

Mechthild-

Str. allee

allee

weg

Weg

Heidestr.

Ullrich-

Lessing-

Weg

Ruhlsdorfer

str.

Verlängerte

allee

Attinghausen-

Wildenbruch-

str.

Str.

str.

Lehnitz-

str.

Golzower

Str.

promenade

Str.

str.

Donath-

Wilhelm-Blos-

Erich-Baron-

Pilgramer

str.

Str.

Str. Mirower

Weg

Semliner

Thorwaldsen-

str.

Kumberger Walde

Weg Weg

Str.

platz Birken

str.

Mühlen-

Str.

str.

Genoveva-

KGA str.

Wolfsgarten

Str. Geschwister-Scholl-

Fischerweg

Hamburger

Alter

weg

str.

Goldmannpark

Hartleben-

weg

Damm

allee

Fürstenwalder

Fichtenau promenade

str.

Str.

str.

Störitzsee-

str.

Försterei Rahnsdorf

Damm

Straße

Fürstenwalder

Kalksee-

damm

str.

weg

str.

Möllensee-

Peetzsee-

Werlsee-

Fichtenau

Str.

Flakensee-

Löcknitz-

Müggelseestr.

str.

damm

str.

Fichtenau

Str.

Karutzseeweg

[11] Long-Term Deve opment of A rQua ty http://www.stadtentw ck ung.Ber n.de/ umwe t/umwe tat as/ek312.htm

nach

Stienitzseestr.

str. Straße

Str.

Karl-Pokern-

Dreiser-

Damm

Müggelsee-

Weg

Str.

Steig

weg

Pfad

Gang

Weg Kageler

Wald-

Hangelsberger

Herzfelder

Vogelsdorfer

Grasehorst-

Str.

weg

Allee Luther-

Str.

str.

Linden-

Spree-

Haselwinkel

Kanal-

Wald-

str.

Kanal-

str.

Im Inselstr.

str.

Haselwinkel

Str. zeile

Triglawbrücke

str.

Triglawstr.

Kiesgrund

Ahorn-

str.

Neuhelgoländer

Feld-

Schönhorst

Duchrother

Rehborner

Kallbacher

Linden-

str.

Siedlung

Bogen-

Str.

EichenWald-

weg

Walloch str.

weg

str.

Insel am

Berg-

Schönhorster

Müggelheimer

Lettweiler-

str.

Wiesenstr.

str. Zu den

Schönhorster

Dämeritz-

Str.

Wiesen

Düne

HirseländerRaumbacher

Wildbusch

Bürgerheide

Zum Kiesgrund

Luther-

ring

weg

Lerchen41

Rialto-

Grenz-

str.

ring

Hubertus-

Tongruben-

Allee

str.

Wolfgang-Steinitz-

str.

Biberpelz-

weg

der

str.

Müggelhort

Lagunen-

BauerAm

Str.

Winkel weg

weg

Schwanen-

weg

str.

Seidenbienen-

Str.

weg

Lerchen-

Hubertus-

weg

Weg

weg

Fähre

Damm

str.

Fahlenberg-

Str. 36

Zur

Hinter

weg

Müggelheimer

Grenzberge-

weg Müggelspree-

546

Rialto-

Schleien-

Kuckucks-

545

weg

Elster-

Birken-

Himmelswiese

str.

Weg

Fürstenwalder

546

gasse

Krug-

Bauersee

der

Rehwinkel

12400

str.

Str.

Allee

Drossel-

Bachstelzen-

Rotkelchen-

Str.

see

Insel am

Rialto-

Zum

Am Zur

str.

Weg

Weichselmünder

Finken-

lake

Forstmeister-

Rialtoring

Str.

Neuhelgoland (Gaststätte)

zum Straße

Müggelheimer

Fürstenwalder

Beiersdorfer

Petershagener

Dannenreicher

Hortwinkeler

Hohenbinder

Blossiner

str.

Weg

Str.

Schonungsberg

475

Fangschleuser

Grätzwalder Str.

Heideland-

Weg

Fussweg

Grünheider

Schonungsberg

Weg

str.

Steig

str.

Steinhöfeler

Kolpiner

Grätzwalder

Saarower Weg

steig

weg

Dorf-

573

Küstergarten

Eichberg-

Ukelei-

ring gang

Str.

Dorf-

Weg

Str.

Bänken

weg

Rhedaer

Str.

str.

Hochland-

Pluto-

Weg

567

Walde

Schönblicker

fang

Stieggarten

Müggelhort

perle Müggelsee-

Damm

str.

weg

Str.

Walde

Str.

KGA Siedlung am

Finkenherd

str.

Blumes-

Wiebelskircher

Kirch-

am Siedlung KGA

574

KGA Mühlenwiese-

Dorfstr.

Dorf-

Allee

weg

Richard-Hilliges-

Str.

Paul-Rahn-

Insel Entenwall

Müggelhort

str.

Erkner-

Str.

sprung

weg

str.

Weg

Richard-Hörnke-

Str.

Siedlung zum

str.

Eichberg-

LassalleLangfuhrer

Grünheider

Schönblicker

Heideland-

str. Weg

str.

Hochland-

Weg

Fürstenwalder

Schonungs-

Zeesener

Langewahler

Saarower

Weg

Güttlander

Weg

Lachs-

Forellen-

pfad

Schettkat-

Kalkberge-

Str.

str.

weg

Frankenberg-

Mühlen-

Stieggarten

str.

Weg

Fredersdorfer Weg

Pluto-

Nickelswalder

Woltersdorfer

weg

Herzfelder

schleuser

Lassalle-

Wiesen-

str.

Fang-

Berghofer

Mönchsheimer

Wiebelskircher

Fichtenauer

Brücken-

Mühlen-

stieg

Hecht-

Insel Kelchsecke

Müggelhort Straße

weg

fliess

Mühlen-

Straße nach Alter

Buriger

str.

Steig

Str.

Zeile

Erkner-

Weg

Waldschütz-

Fürstenwalder

Springeberger

Mönchsheimer

Allee

Quappen-

Aal-

Müggelhort

zum

weg

Bauernheide-

Weg

Hechtstr.

str.

werder

Hohenberger

weg Steinfurther

Püttberge-

weg

Müggelwerder-

den

Müggelwerder-

Müggel-

Straße

Saum

Mühlenfliess

weg See-

weg

An See-

Weg

Steig

Weg

pfad

Weg

Freienbrinker

Damm

str. str.

wiesen

Küster-

Steig

Hegemeister

Fürstenwalder

Str.

Scharnweber-

nach

str. str.

str.

Julius-Hart-

Str.

Karl-Frank-

Rahnsdorfer

str.

Nawrocki-

12400

Grünelinder

Albert-Schweitzer-

Breest-

Klut-

Drachholz-

Alter

Str.

Werlsee-

str.

Str.

allee

Str.

str.

allee

Kastanien-

Albert-Schweitzer-

Scharnweber-

Gang

Grillen-

Ingrid-GoltzscheSchwarz-Str.

Grünfließer

Jastrower

Weg

Jastrower

weg

Str.

Birken-

Goldmannpark

Schmaler

Linden-

Heuweg

Steig

Friedrichshagener Str.

14800

Fischerweg

str.

Bahnhofstr. str.

str.

Borgmann-

Kiekebuschstr.

Weinberg-

Zur Güterbahn

str.

Kurzer Fürstenwalder

Bruno-Wille-

burger weg Marienwerder-

Damm

Gang Liebstadter

Stiller-

weg

Bellevue-

Generalshof

Weg

Gilgen-

Weg

Fürstenwalder

Weg

zeile

str.

Weg Löbauer

Seelenbinder-

str.

Str.

Damm

Mühl-

Langerhans-

str.

promenade

Wiesen-

Löbauer

str.

Oetting-

Angersteinweg

Dahlwitzer

str. ParkWasserstr.

Damm

Fürstenwalder

Wiesenrain

str.

Str.

str.

Wiesenrain

Annen-

str.

Linden-

str.

Erpeweg

Hirschgarten-

Mandrellaplatz

Puchanstr.

Puchan-

Friedrichshagener

Seelenbinder-

allee

Hirschsprung

str.

Kinzer-

str.

Joachim-

Müllroser

Schöneicher

str.

Gelnitz-

str.

Seelenbinder-

Cardinalplatz

Cardinal-

weg

Brösener

Hinter

Thürnagel-

Parrisius-

Allee

Wuhlheide

Eiselen-

Str.

Damm

der

weg Heu-

dem

str.

Slaby-

Heu-

Dahlwitzer Landstr.

Schöneicher Str.

Dr.-Jacoby-

Kurpark

Weg

str.

Str.

Ravensteiner

Erpetaler

hof Wolfsgarten-

Haupt-

weg

str.

Str.

Hämmerling-

Waldow-

Mahlsdorfer

str.

Waldburg-

Heuweg

Alte Kaulsdorfer

str.

zeile

Slabystr.

Köpenicker

platz

weg

Weg

str.

Raben

Hoernle-

Mahlsdorfer

Däumlings-

Semliner

Schönecker

Weg weg str.

Rotkäppchen-

Zu den sieben

Str.

weg

Str.

str.

Str.

Allee

Kepler-

Schmale

heide

str.

Linden-

str.

Mozart-

str.

Mittel-

Schmaus-

Essen-

damm

Stelling-

Elckner-

Geschwister-Scholl-Str.

Uhlenhorster

Str.

Frau-Holle-

str.

Str.

Elseneck

Hämmerli

Filehner

Güldenauer

str.

weg

Schubert-

Kottmeier-

Lübecker

str.

Rautendelein-

Verlängerte

Heuweg

Str.

str.

heide

Kaulsdorfer

Heidekrug-

Köpenicker

str.

Schneewittchen-

Mittel-

Janitzky-

Bahndamm

str.

Promenade

str.

SterntalerAschenbrödel-

Dornröschen-

Str.

Frieden-

Wupatzsee-

Wuhlheide str.

Landstr.

Erpetaler

Glasberger

str.

Str.

Steig

Weg

Hirte-

str.

Schlüter-

Begas-

Ravenstein-

Kiekemaler

Drake-

Allee

Weg

str.

Kantstr.

Hultschiner

Rauch-

allee

Vierradener Wille-

Summter

Kastanien-

str.

Eberlein-

str.

Uhland-

allee

Kaulsdorfer

Str.

Mechthild-

Wuhle

Str.

Eiben-

Gasag

4 Wiesengrund Str.

str.

3 Wiesengrund Str.

Wiesengrund

Str.

str.

Str.

Akazien-

Landstr.

str.

Gohliser

Louis-Lewin-

Str.

Gielsdorfer

weg

weg weg

Barnim

weg

Osterpfad

Eis-

Weg

Kressen-

weg

str. weg

weg

Parler-

str.

17200

Str.

allee

Ebereschen-

str.

Str.

Kohlis-

Str.

Pflanzgarten-

Wongrowitzer

Wirsitzer

Gehsener

Hoernle-

str.

Steffelbauer-

Waschbären-

Mittenwalder

Teupitzer

Oschatzter

Gasse

Lil-DagoverGasse

Heidenauer

Adele-

Peter-Weiss-

Albert-KuntzJohannes-

Str.

Mark-Twain-

Str.

Lichtenhainer

Schönewalder Str.

Str.

Nossener

Frohburger

Str.

str.

Mittweidaer

Nossener

Jenaer

Glauchauer

str.

weg

Baltenring

Nossener

Str.

str.

Str. Telemann-

Schönherr-

Str.

Ernst-Haeckel-

weg

122

Str.

str.

Briesener

Str.

Ridbacher

Weg

Uslarer

Str.

Erich-Kästner-

Reissiger-

Uckermarkstr.

str.

Baltenring

Schönherr-

str.

Str.

str.

Telemann-

Kainz-

Briesener

Tolstoi-

Ridbacher

Ohser-

Simrockplatz

Uckermark-

Heinrich-Grüber-

Weg Ernst-Haeckel-

Kraetke-

str.

Am Im

str.

Str.

Briesener

str.

Weg

Siegfried-

Melanchthon-

Nentwig-

Hönower

Flora-

str.

Hannsdorfer

Hosemann-

Landre-

Lehne-

Briesener

Lemke-

Lohengrinstr. Kornfeld

str.

Str.

Weg

str. Kuhnau-

weg

Mozart-

Weg

Str.

Kornfeld

Stepenitzer

Waldow-

Blumberger

Finkenwalder

Frettchen-

Neuenhagener

str.

Str.

Brachet-

steig

Theodor-

Kethelitz-

Damm

Röbeler

Weg

Str.

Str. Steffenshagener

Weg

Str.

Nebel-

Hornungs-

Str.

str.

Rosa-Valetti-

Parler-

Pilgramer

Blumberger

Str.

Zossener

Prötzeler

Damm

Ludwigsfelder

Str.

Weg

Luckenwalder

Allee

Pfad

Weg

Amselhainer

Michendorfer

Kyritzer

Pritzhagener

Bollersdorfer

Hasenholzer

Trappenfelder

Str.

Suhler

str.

Str.

Carola-Neher-

John-Heartfield-

Etkar-Andre-

Ring

Str.

Irmfried-

Str.

Siegmar-

Erich-Kästner-

Hans-Fallada-

Ringelnatz-

Garzauer

Str.

Peter-Edel-

Joachim-

Str.

Kummerower

Garzauer

Maxie-Wander-

Ernst-Bloch-

Lily-Braun-

str.

Ring

Str.

str.

Str.

Hellersdorfer

Ring

Peter-Huchel-

Str.

Bodo-Uhse-

Tollense-

Str. Teterower

Parchimer

Heinrich-Grüberstr.

Steig

Stöwe-

Hertwigswalder

Heinrich-Grüber-

Bredereck-

Str.

Ring-

Franzburger

Pölitzer

str.

Myslowitzer

Dorfweg

Str.

Feldberg

Str.

Möwen-

Str.

str.

Chemnitzer

Windthorst-

Reetzer

Königshütter

str.

Penkuner

Lassaner

Str. Str.

str.

Str. Holbein-

Str. Striegauer Str.

Büllinger

Jurek-Becker-Str

Weg

Lassalle-

Str.

Waldenburger

Adolf-Menzel-

Elsenborner Gärten

Kaulsdorfer

Adolf-Menzel-

str.

Waldenburger

Heese-

str.

Finken-

str.

Wald-

str.

Fichten-

str.

GrenzStr.

str.

Wald-

Chemnitzer

Birken-

Pariser

Str.

str.

Gerhart-Hauptmann-

str.

Weitzgründer

str.

Str.

str.

Buchen-

Wald-

Arndt-

Kaulsdorfer

str.

Eichen-

Klopstock-

Scharnauer

Wieland-

Str.

str.

Lessing-

str.

str. BirkenBirken-

Herder-

str. Klopstock-

Langer

Haupt-

Erich-Baron-

allee

Rosegger-

Winkler-

Weg

str.

Str.

Rheinstein

Biesenhorster

Wate-

Str.

Rotdorn-

str.

Bergedorfer

str.

Seestr.

Str.

den

Marien-

allee

Str.

Rüstern-

Erich-Baron-

Weg

Arndt-

Wald-

KGA

Rheinstein

str.

KGA

weg

Weg

Biesdorfer

str.

Bütower str.

str.

Herwegh-

Str.

Wald-

str.

Str.

Weizen-

weg Köpenicker

Weg

Karlsburger

weg

Fortuna-

Alberich-

Bahn-

Langer

Haupt-

Schwaben-

Weg

weg

An der

str.

Königswinter-

str.

An der

Rheingold-

Köpenicker

Waldow-

pfad

Wieland-

Marat-

Prignitz-

Otto-Nagel-

Str.

str.

Oberfeld-

Eckermann-

Blumberger

str.

Ring

Str.

weg

str.

Wuhle-

steig

weg

Damm

Buckower

str. weg

Str.

Luise-Zietz-

Roggen-

Weg

Marat-

Str.

str.

str. Prignitz-

Otto-NagelStr.

Warener

Eckermannstr.

Oberfeldstr.

Marat-

Prignitz-

pfad

Otto-Nagel-

Eckermann-

Hafer-

Gersten-

Garben-

Ähren-

Brebacher

Oberfeld-

str.

Str.

Weg

weg

Püttlinger

Braunsdorfstr.

Post

Brebacher

Wildrosen-

Hinter der

str. Mozart-

Braunsdorf-

str.

Oberfeld-

sprung

damm

Friedhofsweg

Blumberger

Walsheimer

Str.

Stawes-

Str.

Weg

Biesdorfer

Str.

Köpenicker

Arno-Philippsthal-Str.

Tychyer

allee

Lötschberg-

Garten-

Str.

Gladauer

Graben-

Minsker

Köpenicker Str.

Wulkower

Str.

sprung

Am Waldberg

allee

Lauchhammer-

Wulkower

Dramburger

Lenbach-

Arnsberger

Dornacher

Graben-

Lammersdorfer

Allee

Wuhle

str.

Köpenicker

Schwaben-

Str.

Tiefland-

weg

Weg

allee

str.

Kaulsdorfer

Weseler

Lenbach-

Waldberg

Beruner

Str.

str.

Str.

Str. str.

Str. weg

Roßmäßler-

Kötztinger

Brehm-

Horter-

Ursula-Goetze-

weg

Str.

str.

Römerweg

Str.

Weg

Str.

allee

Cäsarstr.

Str.

Johannes-Zoschke-

Rudolf-Grosse-

Neuwieder

Grafenauer

str.

Weg

Arber-

Zwieseler

Str.

str. Königswinter-

allee

Alberich-

Allee

Falkstätter

str.

Wald-

Str.

Jäger-

str.

weg

str.

Str.

Drachenfels-

Str. Münsterwalder

Gundelfinger

Roedern-

str.

Königswinter-

Biesenhorster

Alberich-

Nordheimer

Drossel-

Drausnitzer

Waldow-

Str.

Birkenwerder

Weg

Köpenicker

allee Treskow-

Str.

BausdorfWickenweg

str.

Winkler-

Kohlis-

Unter

Pflanzgarten-

Dammheide-

Steig

Str.

Str. Birnbaumer

Str.

Treskow-

str.

Str.

Park-

str.

Sadowa-

str.

Hirsch-

Kleinschewsky-

Eitelsdorfer

str.

Str.

Marien-

str.

Str.

Weiden-

Seebad-

Str.

str.

Gehsener Zum Wuhleblick str.

Rombiner Weg

Bach-

gestell str.

Weg

Ifflandstr.

Zipser

str.

allee

Honnefer

Karlsburger

Theatergasse

weg

str.

Rheingold-

str.

Finken-

Eichhorn-

Tiefland-

Waldow-

Andernacher

Kressen-

str.

Paul-Wegener-

Wongrowitzer

Argenauer

Hämmerling-

Birnbaumer

Rathenau-

Damm

Heribald-

allee

Loreley-

weg

Str.

weg Str.

Str.

Weg

weg

weg Schlochauer

Vorstadt-

str.

Hellersdorfer

Str. weg

Altweg

Marzahn

Auersbergweg

weg Fichtelberg-

Althans-

Salander-

der

Hornet-

flug

Allee

weide

str.

Geissen-

str.

weg

Amanlis-

Blumen-

wiese

str.

Charlottenstr.

weg

Weg

Marat-

Ketschendorfer

str.

Kosmonauten

weg

Burghard-

Diethelm-

str.

Str.

Hanna-

str.

Rotraud-

Hiltrud-

Fridolin-

str.

Allee der Weg

steig

Str.

Weg

Chaussee

Winninger

Weg

Str.

Gülser

Eugen-Rothweg

Thurandt-

Weg

weg

Klüsserather

Beilsteiner

Kürenzer

Allee

Loefer

Hatzenporter

Luise-Zietz-

Lütztal-

Marzahner

Chaussee

Str.

str.

Märkische

Gensinger

str.

Haydn-

Marzahner

Str.

Löwenberger

Meta-

Ernstroder

Weg

str.

Str.

str.

Marie-Curie-

Archenhold-

Allee

Robert-Uhrig-

Ribbecker

Kraetke-

Str.

Weitling-

Eitel-

Alte

Walter-Felsenstein-

Str.

Str. Karl-Holtz-

str.

steig

Str.

Ludwig-Renn-

Str. Str.

Grundig-

Stolzenhagener

Str.

Lea-

Weg

Groh-

Stolzenhagener

Zühlsdorfer

Schönagel-

Promenade

Franz-StenzerStr.

Mühlenbecker

Kosmonauten

Pöhlberg-

weg

Marzahn

Neufahrwasserweg

Neufahrwasser-

Alt-

Schmeding

Boskoop-

weg

str.

Allee der Kosmonauten

Sterckmann-

str.

Schmeding

weg

Blumenbach-

weg

Scheibenberg-

Schragenfeld-

Manks-

Parker-

weg

Auersberg-

Str. weg

Ring

Märkische

Kosmonauten

str. Kosmonauten

Allee der

Siegfriedstr. Siegfriedstr.

str.

str. str. Dietlinde-

Dankwart-

str.

Kriemhild-

Volker-

Gernot-

Rhinstr.

Gunther-

Str.

Hagen-

str.

RhinStr.

Str.

Allee

Rosenfelder

str.

Str.

str.

Charlotten-

str.

Str.

str.

Str.

Harnack-

Albert-Hößler-

Wartenberg-

Tasdorfer

Schulze-Boysen-

Coppi-

str.

Str.

str.

str. Schreiberhauer

str.

Wönnich-

Gisela-

str.

Maximilian-

Klausdorfer

Märkische

Str.

str.

Klettwitzer

Str.

Wolfener

Detlev-

Boxberger

Märkische Str.

Georg-Knorr-

Str.

Paul-Schwenk-

Arendsee-

Themarer

Martha-

Dahme-

str.

Allee

Murtzaner

Langhoff-

str.

Siegfried-

str.

Str.

Rosenbecker

Eichhorster

Ring

Str.

Schorfheide-

Str.

weg

Allee

Jacob-Engel-

Georg-Förster-

Klandorfer

Marie-Elisabeth-von-Humboldt-

Johann-

weg

Elisabeth-Schiemann-

Spinat-

Eichhorster

str.

Stege-

Hausvater-

Str.

Köthener

Str.

Hohenschönhauser

Str.

Schkopauer

str.

ring

Märkische

Bruno-Baum-

Schwalben-

str.

Str. Str.

Bernhard-Bästlein-

Elli-VoigtStr.

Str.

Elli-Voigt-

Bernhard-Bästlein-

Paul-Junius-

Str.

Am 15

Paul-

Paul-Zobel-

Möllendorffstr.

Paul-Junius-

Paul-Zobel-

Str. 15 Str.

str.

Str.

weg

str.

Str. aue

str.

Plonz-

Kuborn-

Park-

Rudolf-Reusch-

str.

Wotan-

Möllendorff-

Rathaus-

str.

Rusche-

Str.

Magdalenen-

Alfred-

Str.

Bürgerheim-

Str.

John-Sieg-

Siegfried-

Atzpodien-

Hubertus-

VoigtJung-

str.

Bahnhofstr.

str.

Gryphius-

Bidenswinkel

Philosophenweg

Heringer

Str.

str.

Gabelsbergerstr.

Samariter-

Str.

Waldeyer-

str.

Mainzer

Kinzig-

Müggel-

Colbestr.

str.

Finow-

Dosse-

Weichsel-

Müggel-

str.

Jessner-

Knorrpromenade

Gürtelstr.

Döringstr.

Böcklinstr.

str.

Lenbach-

Helmerding-

Holtei-

Str.

Neue

Kynast-

Hultschiner

Krummhübler

Matkowsky-

Wörlitzer

weg

Str.

Str. 10

142

Str.

str. Str. Str.

Goecke-

Küstriner

Str.

Neustrelitzer

Große-Leege-

Str.

Mittel-

Altenhofer

Wasserwerk

str.

Str.

str. Buggenhagen-

Str.

Rudolf-

Str.

Rudolf-Seiffert-

Franz-Jacob-

Str.

Rudolf-Seiffert-

Str. James-Hobrecht-

August-Lindemann-

Str.

str.

Am str.

Weiden-

Schilf

weg Hagenower

Fennpfuhl-

ring

Schweriner Str.

Genossenschaftsweg

Str.

str.

Lindenberger

str.

Dorf-

Str.

Prendener

Str.

Dorf-

Str.

ring

Röttken-

Str.

ring

Wartenberger

Privatstr. Privatstr.

Str.

Wartenberger

Str.

str.

str. str.

Tita-

Gembitzer

str.

Meusebach-

Döhrendahl-

Biesterfelder

Papendick-

Str.

Seefelder

Str.

Heckelberger

Leuenberger

Str.

Ring

156

Str.

Große-Leege-

Ferdinand-Schultze-

str.

Käthe-

Degner-

Str.

Hohengraper

Sulzfelder

strand

str.

str. Str.

Oranke-

Faulen

str. str.

Marie-Luise-

Annemarie-

str.

Augusta-

Herta-

Klara-

strand Str.

str.

weg str.

str.

Chamier-

Friedhof-

str.

Linden-

Scharnweber-

Degner-

Gropius-

Str.

Fritz-Lesch-

Schöneicher

Str.

str.

Str. Fritz-Lesch-

str.

Gensler-

str.

Karl-Vesper-

Str.

Erich-

Arthur-Weisbrodt-

str.

Str.

Innung Zur Waage Zur Viehhof

Richard-Ermisch-

str.

Allee

str.

Weg Trierer

Park-

Hansa-

Markfried-

Str. Lemgoer

10 Weg

See

str.

Bizet-

str.

Rostocker

Str.

Str. Ribnitzer

Borner

Str.

Darßer

weg

Perler gärten

Waxweiler-

Weg

206

Polcher

Perler Str.

Roelcke-

str.

Herbert-

str.

Hosemannstr.

Mandel-

Eisler-

Str.

Thomas-Mann-

HannsWeg

Thomas-Mann-Str.

str.

Weg

Pieskower

Greifswalder

Hanns-Eisler-

weg Steengraven-

weg

str.

Str.

Kniprode-

Süderbrok-

str. str.

str.

Werner-Kube-

Kniprode-

str.

Cyanen-

Str. Hans-Otto-

weg

Schneeglöckchen-

Oderbruch-

Schneeglöckchenstr.

Kniprodestr.

str. Hübner-

Koppen-

Thaer-

str. Liebig-

Auer-

Str.

Zelle-

str.

Str. der Pariser Kommune

Weg

Ludwig-Pick-

Fritz-Schiff-

str.

Kommune Pariser

Liebig-

Proskauer

Str.

str.

Str.

str.

Straße der

Lasdehner

Fredersdorfer

Kommune

Kadiner

Niederbarnim-

Str.

str.

Warschauer

der Straße

Str.

Bahnhof

Str.

Gabriel-Max-

Wriezener Am

Str.

Gärtner-

Simon-Dach-

Konitzer Str.

str.

Seume-

Dirschauer

Str.

Niemannstr.

Mariane-von-Rantzau-

Haasestr.

Str. Str.

Platz

Str.

Schule

Mildred-Harnack-

str.

Weg

str.

Hedwig-Wachenheim-

Adolf-

str.

Str.

Dannecker-

Planitz-

Myslowitzer

Mädewalder

str.

Kuhnau-

An der

Tamara-Danz-

str.

Modersohn-

str.

Str.

Pariser

Kreutziger-

str.

Gebrüder-Grimm-

Allee

RingZur

str.

Str.

str. Weg

Ettersburger

str.

Scharnweber-

Goyastr.

Friesicke-

Woelckstr.

Albertinen-

str. str.

Park-

Roelckestr.

Tasso-

Gubitz-

Behaim-

Börne-

str.

Str.

str.

Lichtenberger

DorfChaussee

pfad steig

str.

Fasolt-

Str.

Grimselpfad

Hödur-

Wildstrubel-

Sarner

str.

Schneehorn-

weg

Str.

ring

RingZur

Str. 16

Hibiskus-

allee

str.

Tronje-

Froschkönig-

Muspel-

str.

Blankenburger

Lokistr.

Königskinder-

weg

str.

Hilde-

weg

Heimdall-

Promenade Prenzlauer

str.

Promenade

Eremiten-

Figaro-

Indrastr.

Waffenschmied-

Aida-

Zampa-

Prenzlauer

Berliner

Str.

str.

Str.

Kurze

Max-Koska-

Tal-

str.

Heinersdorfer

Str.

str.

Goethe-

str.

Str.

Glassbrennerstr.

Str.

Wisbyer

str.

Kuglerstr.

Allee

Varnhagen-

Goethe-

str.

Meyerheim-

str.

Gudvanger

Duncker-

Prenzlauer

Sült-

Allee

Gubitz-

str.

Trachtenbrodt-

Sodtke-

Str.

Preußstr.

Gubitz-

Hosemann-

str.

Str.

Senefelder

Diesterweg-

Ella-Kaystr.

Bötzowstr.

str.

Str. Esmarch-

Wins-

Hans-Otto-

Bötzow-

Garten

Friedrichshain

Schweizer

Greifswalder

Barnimstr.

Büsching-

str. Moll-

Str.

weg

str.

Str. Strausberger

Berolina-

Str.

Weydemeyer-

Str.

Friedrichsberger

Schul-

Str.

Fürstenwalder

str.

Blumenstr.

Lebuser str.

Neue

str.

str. Koppenstr.

Andreas-

Koppen-

str.

An Michaelbrücke der

Hönower

str.

Flora-

Hörselberg-

Str.

Mehlbeeren-

Str.

Gutenberg-

Bauerwitzer

str.

Faust-

Kraut-

Birkensteinweg

Weber-

str.

weg

Str.

str.

Kötteritz-

Bachrain

hang

Augarten

Andreas-

str.

Str.

Treskow-

Seifertweg

Brekowweg

Tierpark

str.

Ulmen-

Jäger-

Sadowa-

str.

Str. Grunow-

str.

Spitzweg-

str.

Str.

Argenauer Bahnhof

Weiskopff-

Götzkeweg

Ernst-Bloch-Str.

str.

Beerfelder

Rahnsdorfer

str.

Jahn-

Wolfsberger

Str.

Köpenicker

Eich-

str.

Zoche-

ring

Holbein-

allee

Banater Str.

Langenbeck-

Volta-

Levensauer

Werbellin-

Elsen-

str.

Sadowa-

Allee

BahnhofWuhlheide Am

gestell

Wuhlheide

str.

Dahlwitzer

Finkelsteinstr.

Clara-

Ridbacher

Ludwigsluster

Hugo-Distler-

Windbergweg

Str.

Ring

Str.

str.

Str.

Birken-

Scharnweber-

Bruno-Bürgel-

Str.

Hellersdorfer

Str.

Rägeliner

Iglauer

str.

weg

Str.

Kiefern-

str.

Ostend-

Single emissions inform about the different polluter groups domestic fuel, industry and motor vehicle traffic, whereas the total emissions provide information about the sum of these emissions.

Heribaldstr.

Ledebour-

Str.

AhornEichenhof-

Rastatter

Pilsener

str. Seebad-

Kieler

tal

61 str.

Str.

Karl-

Grunow-

Müller-

str.

Neudammer

Str.

Schlehdorn

Str.

str.

Gustav-

str.

Rahnsdorfer

str.

Immortellen-

steig Str.

Bruchsaler

Freiburger

Frieden-

str.

Jäger-

Str.

52°30'

str.

Margareten-

Großmann-

Goldregen-

Phlox-

str.

Ahorn-

Allee

Lübecker

Ring

Aue

weg

Str.

Schwaben-

Dramburger

Weg Scharnauer

Dahlwitzer

allee

Feldberger

garten

Mosbacher

weg

pfad

steig

Butterblumen-

Mieltschiner

Badener

str.

Moosbruch

Damerauer

Kastanien-

Grüne

Pfingst-

Kressenweg

Mannheimer

str.

Buchenhainer

Ginsterweg

Str.

Koppen-

Str.

Schillingbrücke

Klingenthaler

Schneeberger

Ring

An der

Ring

Carola-Neher-

Kommune

Auerbacher

An der Schutzbepflanzung

Stollberger

Pariser

Str.

Heidenauer

Aue

Str.

str.

Rathener

rosen-

Apfelwickler

Pollnower

Weidenbruch

sprung

weg

Köpenicker

str.

Dubick-

Industry

19600

Str.

Elsen-

Mai-

Heuet-

Str.

Deutschhofer

Hadubrand-

Adele-Sandrock-

Brodersen-

weg

str.

Beruner

Linden-

str.

Gerald-

weg

Str.

Landsberger

Str.

Luther-

str.

Arnfried-

weg

Hadubrand-

steig

HasenWiesengrund-

Domestic Fuel

Traffic

weg

str.

Alt-

Eis-

Str.

Eschen-

Bergedorfer

Wuhle

str. Wiesengrundstr.

Niederfeld

Str.

str.

Weg

Str.

Graubündener

str.

An der

Rheinstein

Riesaer

Str.

Ulmen-

weg

Gerald-

KGA

Hochwald-

Agaven-

str.

allee

str.

Segelfalter-

str.

weg

Rapsweißling-

Graben-

str.

Zimmermann-

Rheinischen

weg str.

str.

Landvogt-

Landsberger

Mahlsdorf

Mosbacher

Wernitzer

str.

Str.

der

Gaußstr.

Lichtenhainer

Dorf-

Haltoner Str.

weg

str.

Stolzenfels-

Eich-

Bisam-

str.

str. Pfalzgrafen-

Bach-

str.

Friesacker

Weg

Striegauer

Gerda-

gestell

str.

weg

Donizetti-

str.

Hummel-

Pestalozzi-

str.

Feuerfalter-

weg

Kohlweißling-

Brachfelder

Wetterstern-

Stachelbart-

Rauhkopf-

str.

Balzerplatz

Arnfried-

Heizhaus

Str.

Viertel

Str.

Ehrenfels-

str.

Murmeltier-

Kaulbach-

Verdi-

Beethoven-

[10] C mate Ana ys s Map http://www.stadtentw ck ung.Ber n.de/ umwe t/umwe tat as/ekb410.htm

Emissions in t/km² a 1989 -2009 (Bars from left to right, Values from top to bottom)

weg weg

str.

Händel-

str.

Beethoven-

Proportion of the Total Emissions for each Polluter Group per Grid:

Str.

str.

weg

WildkatzenSeidenschwanz-

Löwe-

str.

Donizetti-

Str. Fritz-Reuter-

Str.

Nora-

Balzer-

str.

Allee

Rheinsteinstr.

str.

Schillerfalter-

str.

Lokschuppen

Rhenser

Andernacher Str.

Ingelheimer

Carlsgarten

Wuhle-

str.

Tierpark

Franz-Mett-

Markt-

Alten

Str.

Wuhlheide

Kottmeier-

14800

MauswieselRingeltauben-

weg

Thorner

str.

Weg

weg

Weg

Str.

Waplitzer

Str.

weg

Bodenmaiser

Marksburgstr.

Sinziger

Lahnsteiner

str.

weg

Str.

Oybin-

Grieben-

str. Str.

weg

Erdmännchenweg

Menzel-

str.

Wodan-

Treskow-

Wiesel-

Alt-

Heer-

Bergedorfer allee

platz

Hobeck-

Graffplatz

Stralsunder

Schwarzbärenweg

Braunbären-

Greifen-

Weg

Teichsängerweg

str.

Weg

Str.

Rogauer

Heer-

allee

Schwaben-

allee

Rolands-

Str.

Godesberger

Rheinstein-

Birken-

Eichen-

Elsen-

Ehrenfels-

Stolzenfels-

str.

Hirtschulz-

str.

Hamster-

Hornsteiner

Str.

str.

Eschelberger

str.

gasse

Str.

Kolberger

Str.

Walter-Leistikow-

Frans-Hals-Str.

Str.

weg

Anton-von-Werner-

Mieltschiner

Hirsinger

Dankrat-

Balzer-

Altonaer

Marderweg

rain

Albrecht-Dürer-

Str.

Aue

Strehlener

Str.

Habsheimer

Heese-

Str.

Bopparder

str.

Möwenweg

Grüne

Achard-

Honsfelder

Binsengrund

Str.

Köpenicker Str.

weg

Schul-

str.

Str.

Alfelder

Heidekrautweg

str.

Bülten

Platz Straubinger

Klara-Schabbel-

Str.

weg

Rahne-

str.

Steffenshagener

HohenseeRosenhagener

Str.

weg

Lenbach-

Sudermann-

str.

Leopold-

Höh

Alpenveilchenweg

horst

grund

Garziner

Str.

str.

Klara-Schabbel-

allee

Albert-Kuntz-

Str.

Dorf-

AlfredKowalkeStr.

str.

Kurze

Mühlen-

Habichts-

weg

str. Dukatenfalter-

Mohrenfalter-

Husumer Str.

17200

Str.

Gensinger

Charlotten-

Sonntag-

str.

Heidefalter-

Str.

Lissaer

Str.

str.

Str.

Ring

Str.

Kreuzschnabel-

str.

Platz

Pirol-

Gleiwitzer

Römer-

weg

Rheinpfalz-

Köpenicker

eck

Wiesen-

str.

Giese-

ZanderKranold-

Doss-

Bausdorf-

Kaulsdorf

Möwen-

str.

weg Distelfalter-

Str.

Zauchwitzer

Dohlen-

Walslebener

Stader

str.

Weg

Paul-

str.

Paulinenauer

Str.

Pirol-

Str.

Robert-Siewert-

Römer-

Str.

treptower

Hohenschönhauser

Wilhelm-Guddorf-

Str.

Aurora- falter-

Str.

Schackelster

Str.

str.

Brascheweg

Str.

str.

Helsingforser

Str.

Schrodaer

Debenzer

Zwieseler Str.

weg

Gregorovius-

Finsterberger

Weg

Wilhelmsmühlen-

str.

Auf der

weg

Faltern

platz Rosenhag

weg

Feld-

Albrecht-Dürer-

Kleeacker-

Str. str.

Linderhof-

Markgrafen-

str.

August-

Alt-

weg Möwen-

Lobelienweg

Zu den

Guthmann-

Str.

Lupinenfeld

Lübzer

Dirschauer

weg Wuhle-

Aurikelweg weg

Zitronenfalter-

Rosenhag

Ernst-Haeckel-

str.

Georg-

Str.

Karl-

Biesdorf

Grüne

Pfingst-

weg

Eisfalter-

Uslarer

Karlshafener

Str.

str.

Schmidt-

Weg

Brodauer

str.

Augenfalter-

Str.

gehölz

str.

Werner-

22000

Lübecker

Str.

Str. Str.

Bauerwitzer

Gülzower

Wall-

Dorf-

str.

Kleiner-HeufalterWeg weg

Str.

Feierabendweg

str.

Ludwig-Turek-

Rudolf-Virchow-

Stettiner

Hamburger Str.

Str.

weg

Str.

Burggrafen-

Hamann-

Str.

Weg

Zernsdorfer

Str.

str.

Apollofalter-

Am Heinrich-Grüber-

Greifswalder

Str.

Ring Wildrosen-

Str.

Tolkmitt-

Slaby-

Robert-Koch-

Str.

Kaulsdorfer Brücke Münsterberger

Senziger

Alt-

Lauinger

str.

Str.

Jänschwalder

Geithainer

Roßweiner

Str.

weg

Weg

Str.

Sudermann-

Ludwigsluster

Str.

Gülzower

Str.

Güstrower

str.

Ferdinand-

Biesdorf

Linden-

Str.

weg

steig

Str.

Koserower

Str.

Altentreptower

Str.

Elsterwerdaer Platz

Weg

Forster

Str.

Str. Waldheimer

Rand-

weg

Str.

Iselbergplatz

Gülzower

Gadebuscher Str.

Ludwigsluster Rügenwalder

Wasserwegbrücke (Wuhle)

Str.

Weg

Dingolfinger

weg

Haltoner

Iselberg-

str.

Altentreptower

Dillinger

Frankenholzer

Park-

Budapester

Str.

Weg

Boizenburger Str.

Alten-

weg

weg Str. Südliche BlumenbergerDamm-Brücke

promenade

str.

Wilhelmsbrücker

Brandorfer

Str.

Parchimer

Str.

Parchimer Str.

ErntedankWuhlgarten-

Nord-

Weg

Beethoven-

Weißenhöher

Baggersee-

Str.

Am Schloßhof

weg

Parchimer

str.

Holzmarkt-

Waldbacher

Schul-

str.

Str.

weg

Rund-

Heringsdorfer

Gadebuscher

Rathaus-

str.

Deutschmeister-

Str.

str.

Alt-

Weißenhöher

Budsiner

Schmellwitzer

Str.

Boizenburger

Glaschke-

Gubener

Marchlewski-

Weg

Friedrichsfelde

Bruchgraben-

str.

Lubminer

Str.

Am Tierpark

Alfred-Kowalke-

Str.

Rosslauer

Str.

Waldbacher

Beethoven-

Alt-

Str.

str.

Rummelsburger

Str.

Branitzer

Döbelner

KreppfuhlSchleipfuhl-

str.

Werner-

Str.

Promenade weg

str.

Köpitzer

Str.

Massower

Spaten-

Ähren-

Weg

Kulmsee-

Str.

Friedrichsfelde

Str.

Mais-

Allee

Spitze

Am Stadtpark

str.

Str.

Petersburger

Str.

Zornstr.

Lion-FeuchtwangerLionFeuchtwangerWeg

Märkische

Pettenkofer-

Am Stadtpark

Rhododendron-

str.

Gesche-

Janusz-Korczak-

str.

Str.

str.

Str.

Bentschener

Str.

Reiler

Valviger

Gensinger

Str.

Schul-

felder

Paul-

str.

Zachert-

Feininger-

Tollense-

Str.

str.

Str.

Alm

Seddiner

felder Rosen- Rosen

Einbecker

str.

Bietzke-

Str.

229.73 686.48 26.24 23.72 19.93

Str.

Karree

Annaburger

Str.

Ingolstädter

Strindberg-

Ludwigsluster Str.

Eilenburger

Hoyerswerdaer

Schwarzheider Branitzer

Str.

str.

Ring

Bansiner

Str.

Böhlener

Hellersdorf

Teterower

Marchwitza-

Ring

Weg

Zetkin-

Bansiner

Str.

Torgauer

Ring

Zum

Chaussee

Eberhardstr.

Eckert-

Frieden-

Löwe-

KGA auf der

Südliche Rhinstraßenbrücke

Ring

Alt-

Frieda-

str.

platz

Fritz-Lang-

Marzahner

Märkische

Rusche-

Richard-Sorge-

Weitlingstr.

Irenen-

Münsterland-

Kokoschka-

Str.

str.

Str.

str.

Str. Skandinavische Egmontstr. Lichtenberger Brücke

Margareten-

str.

Landhaus-

Na umburge

Chaussee

Paul-Junius-

str.

Reiler

Str.

str.

Allee

Sophien-

Str.

Warener

Lyonel-

Str.

str.

Vulkan-

Str.

str.

Gudrun-

str.

Eduard-

Münsterland-

weg

Sensenpfad

Str.

Joachim-Ringelnatz-

Beilsteiner

Radebeuler

Marzahner

str.

Weg

str.

Fanninger-

str.

Rupprecht-

Archibald-

Cecilien-

weg

Raps-

Gohliser

Str.

weg

str.

Frankfurter

Coppi-

Buchberger

Str.

Charlotten-

Fridolin-

Str.

Matthias-

Pintsch-

str.

Str.

Ehm-Welk-

str.

Hirse-

Str.

Schkeuditzer

Böhlener

Sandrock-

Str.

Hermsdorfer

Str.

Tschudi-

Str.

Martin-Riesenburger-

Str.

str.

Ehm-Welk-

Kummerower

Forsthaus

Str.

Öseler

Weissenfelser

str.

Weißenseer

Mais-

Buschiner

str.

Torgauer

Str.

Str. Bobrowski-

Adorfer

Oelsnitzer

Str.

Erich-KästnerLuzin-

Cecilien-

Str.

Stollberger

Str.

Grottkauer

Str. Grottkauer

Ring

Sonnenkieker

str.

Ring

Sebnitzer

Str.

Weg

Str.

Neue

Feldberger

Str.

Naumburger

Str.

str.

JoachimRingelnatzStr.

Joachim-Ringelnatz-

Ring

Biesdorfer

Lappiner

Peter WeissPlatz Str.

Alice-Salomon-PlatzNelly-Sachs-

Mylauer

Auerbacher

Str.

HansFalladaStr.

Buckower

str.

Marchwitza-

Str.

Weg

Rhin-

Alte Rhin-

Frank-Zappa-

Str.

Vulkan-

Weisbachstr.

Wilhelm-Stolze-

Frieden-

Hausburg-

Str.

Richard-Sorge-Str.

Eberty-

str.

der

Str.

KokoschkaPlatz

Fritz-LangGasse Platz

Str.

Platz

Str.

Mettlacher

Dudweiler-

weg

Garzauer

Eltzbach-

Quedlinburger

Str. Henny-Porten-

Kurt-WeilPlatz Janusz-KorczakKurt-Weill-

Str.

Senftenberger

Cottbusser Str.

Spremberger

Str.

weg

Inge-

weg Kornmandel-

Schönburger

Str.

Weg

Siegfried-

Judith-Auer-

Otto-Marquardt-

Str.

str.

Freia-

Schott-

Roedeliusplatz

str.

Str.

str.

Str.

str.

Virchowstr.

str.

Petersburger

Barnim-

Bona-Peiser-Weg

Str.

Hofheimer

Witzenhauser

weg

Str.

Zechliner

Str.

Walter-Friedländer-

Hermann-Blankenstein-

Höchste

Eberty-

Langenbeck-

Otto-Ostrowski-

Hausburg-

Str.

str.

weg

Str.

Buchberger Hauff-

str.

Alt-

Cottbusser

Str.

str.

Weg

Str.

Arneburger

Str.

Völklinger

Wurzener

Jerichower

Neuruppiner

Str.

weg

Christel-

Annen-

str.

Ring

Dingelstädter

Gensler-

Str.

Normannen-

John-Sieg-

str.

Gothaer

Fercher

Eisenacher

Str.

str.

Biesdorfer

Ketschendorfer

Eitel-

Zerbster

Havelländer

Str.

Küllstedter

Altenhofer

Biesenthaler

Verdener

Storkower

Ortlieb-

Rüdiger-

str.

Hoener-

Bleckmann-

Dotti-

Allee

kirchstr.

Str.

Kyritzer

Str.

Gothaer

Fercher

Str.

Alwine-

weg

Eltzbach-

Kunzeweg

Normannen-

Frankfurter

Mauritius-

weg

Str.

Tangermünder

Str.

Ring Havelländer

Str.

Ring

Eisenacher

str.

steig

Str. Kröver

24400

Teupitzer

Mittenwalder

Kastanien-

134

Treffurter

133

Str.

Neustrelitzer

Str.

Neustrelitzer

Liebenwalder

Plauener Str.

Joachimsthaler Str.

Schalkauer

Plauener

Str.

Neustrelitzer

Joachimsthaler

Sandino-

Kosmonauten

Cecilien-

Ruwer-

Zossener

Str.

Luckenwalder

Kyritzer

Allee

Str.

weg

158

Str.

Str. Strausberger

Weißenseer

Simon-Bolivar-

Virchowstr.

Str.

der

Luckenwalder

Allee

Hasenholzer

Stendaler

str.

Str.

Arends-

Str.

Fritz-Riedel-

Straße

Str.

Hasenholzer

Alte Hellersdorfer

str.

Str.

Ferdinand-Schulze-

Danziger

damm

Weg

Ring

Grenzgraben-

Wassergrund-

Str.

Ernst-Fürstenberg-

damm

Ring

Str.

str.

Conrad-Blenkle-

der

weg

Zossener

Str.

Prötzeler

Str.

Altlandsberger Platz

Krummenseer

str.

Kienberg-

str.

Helios-

Elisabeth-

Charlotten-

Allee

steig

str.

Str.

Marzahner

Prötzeler

Str.

Rhin-

Ferdinand-Schulze-

Bahnhof-

Indira-Gandhi-

Str. Otto-Brahm-

str.

Str.

Weg

Spitzmühler

Zinndorfer

Bärenstein-

str.

Schragenfeld-

Kienberg-

Adersleber

str.

Allee der

Kosmonauten

Thurandt-

Str.

str.

Str.

str.

Gärtnerstr.

strand

Klausdorfer

Hennickendorfer

Hirschfelder

Mühle

Marzahn

str.

Steg

Fichtelberg-

Kosmonauten

str.

Str.

Weg

Kröver

Park-

Containerbahnhof

str.

Kaskel-

Hirschberger

Annemirlplatz

Allee

Brodowiner

weg

str.

Rhin-

weg

Adalbert-

str.

Wollenberger

allee

Str.

Syringen-

str.

Str.

weg

str.

Otto-Rosenberg-

str.

Oranke-

Margarete-

platz

Bitterfelder

Oswald-

steig

Mutziger

Benfelder

Str.

str.

Str.

Norbert-

str.

Hedwig-

Wartenberger Str.

Sabinen-

Str.

str.

Str.

str.

Linden-

Str.

Indira-Gandhi-

Str.

platz

Passower

Lukas-

Wartenberger

Naugarder

Brommy-

Wartiner

str.

Str.

str.

Str.

str.

Str.

Manteuffel-

Str.

str.

Str.

Christophstr. Str.

Edgar-

See

Piesporter

str.

Str.

str.

Wiesen-

str.

CarolineHerschelPlatz str.

Str.

str.

Kölpiner

Str.

Smetana-

Str.

str.

Str. Glatzer

Helenenhof

Str.

Merseburger

Bernburger

Köthener

Dessauer

Luch

Str.

Faulen

Str.

Giers-

str.

Str.

str.

Trave-

Str.

str.

Str.

Ring

Landsberger Allee

der

Blenheim-

Blenheimstr.

Auersberg-

str.

Vierlanden-

steig

weg

str.

aue

Wismarplatz

Str. Revaler

Allee

str. Oder-

Weser-

Wühlisch-

Rudolf-

Bornitz-

platz

Kunzeweg

str.

Scharnweber-

Krossener

str.

Str. Str.

Rother-

Str.

Ring

Welse-

pfad

Wartiner

Str.

str.

Borodin-

Rossinistr.

str.

Hendrich-

Rutnik-

Gotlinde-

str.

Frankfurter

Simplon-

Libauer

Platz

Rosenbecker

Farmergasse

Radieschen-

Breiten

Ürziger Str.

Mahler-

Str.

Kopernikus-

Revaler

Helsingforser

Pflanzergasse

Picasso-

Wittlicher

Weg

Herbert-Baum-

Parkstr.

Smetana-

Tor

Boxhagener

str.

Str.

Hohensaatener

str.

Schönagel-

str.

Dompfaffen-

Teterower

Bornitz-

platz

Development of emissions 1989 - 1994 - 2002 - 2004/2005 - 2008/2009:

Ring

Ringenwalder Ringenwalder

Str.

Parsteiner

Glambecker

Stange-

Oppermann-

Hinter

Blenheim-

Gravensteiner Hänfling-

Annenstr.

Allee der

Merler Josef-Orlopp-

Str.

Loeperplatz

str.

Samariter-

str.

Liebig-

Frankfurter

Str.

Grünberger

Comeniusplatz

Torell-

Ostbahn

Helen-Ernst-

Tamara-Danz-

see

Luch

Liebermann-

Neumagener

Trarbacher

Neuzeller

str.

Max-Steinke-

Str.

Ring

Grumsiner

Damm

Str.

str.

Ruwer-

Str.

Auen

Biesenbrower

Str.

Promenade

str.

Allee

Hildegard-Jadamowitz-

str.

Pillauer

Str.

WandaKallenbach-

Gehren-

Welse-

zeile

str.

Paul-Zobel-

Josef-Orlopp-

Scheffel-

Str.

Eldenaer Brücke

Kielblockstr.

Str.

O2-Platz

str.

str. str.

Str.

Helen-Ernst-

Valeska-Gert-

Glambecker

Blumberger

Gensinger

Raoul-Wallenberg-

Alt-

Marzahn

grund

Fastolfsteg steg Str.

Märkische Allee

Allee der

Str.

Wedekind-

Postbahnhof

Allee

Lea-Grundig-

Rudolf-Leonhard-

Dahmeweg

Allee

Herzberg-

str.

Welt

Jammer

Dolziger

Str.

HerrmannMax-

Jan-Petersen-

Str.

Rebhuhn-

Kiebitz-

Str.

Hagebuttenhecke

Harberts-

Str.

Boschpoler

Herzberg-

langen

Eldenaer

Schwarzburger

Str.

Dessau-

Str.

Frank-Schweitzer-

Frank-Zappa-

Landsberger

52°30'

Steinbrechgang

Lake

Rode-

Krummen

Odernheimer

Klafter-

str.

Str.

Zur Drachenwiese

Wollgrasweg

str.

Odernheimer

der

10000

Str.

Hirseländer

Müggelturm

Müggelland-

weg

Weg

Becherbacher

Pelzlake-

weg

str.

Staudernheimer

Siefersheimer

Bauernwäldchen

Abtweiler

str.

GersweilerStr.

Meisenheimer

Gersweiler-

Str.

Weg

Geinsheimer

Weg

Geinsheimer

Weg

Str.

Gosener Wolfsteiner

aue

str.

Müggelheim

Weg

Enkenbacher

Str.

Weg

Hirseländer-

Str.

weg

Odernheimer

Johann-Jacob-Baeyer-

Alt-

Heisterbach-

Birkweiler-

Damm

Müggelheim

Weg

Alt-

Hornbacher

Str.

Appelbacher

Weg

Wiesbacher

zur

Weg

Straße

Weg

Großen

Krampenburg

R Weg

Krampe

Weg

Gang

Krampenburger

weg

Weg

Damm

Rodenbacher

Landstr. Weg

Alsenzer

See

Meisenheimer

L angen

Reichweiler

Mittelbrunner

Berghauser

Weg

Zur

Weg

Elmsteiner

Eppenbrunner

Darsteiner

Enkenbacher

Str. Weg

str.

weg

Str.

Odernheimer

Müggelberg

Annweiler-

Norheimer

Weg

Ludwigshöhe-

Baldur-

str.

Seddiner

str.

Müggelheimer

Str.

Pfalz-Zweibrücker

Grünstadter

Duchrother

Str.

Tongruben-

Tongrubenweg

Hirseländer-

Str.

Kirstein-

zum

str.

Weg

Kirstein-

str.

Triglaw-

Müggelland-

Damm

Philipp-Jacob-Rauch-

Wodan-

Zum

Glottertaler

10000

Gosener

Winter-

Ortolf-

Weg

Steig

Horchheimer

Landstr.

Winter-

Rinntaler Steig

Steig

weg

Steig

Quitten-

weg

Steilhang

Str.

weg

Neue Fahlenbergbrücke

weg

Steig

Gosener weg

weg

Chaussee

Mirabellen-

Glienicker

Str.

str.

Weiden- Mittel-

Winter-

Langen

Schönefelder

Rinntaler Erlenbacher

Münchweiler

str.

weg

179

Krampenburger

zur

Str.

Reben-

Langschan-

Weg

zur

Straße

Puten-

Klarpfuhl

Kapaunen-

Steig

Horchheimer

Krampenburg

Straße

weg

Molch-

Ortolf-

Brigitten-

Hallgarter

weg

Andreas-Hermes-

Rhodeländer-

Str.

weg

Sobernheimer

weg

Weg Altrader

weg

Rhodeländer-

Steig

Weg

weg

Timmendorfer

Knoll183 Str.

Kücken-

kehre

Pfauen-

Hallgarter

Weg

Langschanweg

Waldrand

Nikolaus-Ehlen-

148

Schrimmer

Str.

Str. weg

Ontario-

199

Schneehuhn-

weg

Weg

Str.

steig

weg

Puten-

Klein-

gang

Leghorn-

Weg

Ziethener

Espenpfuhl

Rhodeländer-

Weg steig

Welsumer-

See

weg

52°24'

Sport-

52°24' Gockel-

Landstr.

Waßmannsdorfer

weg

Krampenburg

promenade

RehfeldVetschauer

Am Langen

weg

Schappach-

str.

Karolinenhof-

Vetschauer

Fehrower Steig

Tre ppendorfer

Weg

dorfer

zur

Bieb ers

Straße

weg

Weg

Allee

Weg

weg

Ragower

Allee

Weg

100 ha

See

Weg

allee

Adler-

Langen

Karolinenhof-

Weg

Aschaffenburger

Schappach-

7600

Steig

Peitzer

Allee

str.

Sieke-

weg

allee

str.

Rohrwall-

Krugauer

Zerkwitzer

Lübbenauer

str.

See

str.

Karolinenhofweg

Str.

Krampenburg

str.

7600

Radduscher

Striesower

Str.

Sielower

Scale: 1 : 50 000

Weg Füssener

Vetschauer

Pretschner

Str.

Krimnitzer

Zaucher

Weg

Str.

str.

Rohrwall-

Str.

Weg

25 ha

Str.

str.

Nusche-

0,5

1,5

2,5

3,5

4,5

5 km

5 ha

Seeblick

Str.

Windwall-

Adler-

Tutzinger

gestell

Miersdorfer

0 33

Jagen str.

weg

weg Zum

pfad

Zu den

Jagen

Weisel-

str.

GodbersenLindenstr.

Seddin-

promenade

weg

Imker-

Siedlung

Seddinsee

Wernsdorfer

Seddin-

Oder-Spree-Kanal

gestell Alt-

Schmöckwitz

Alt-

Oder-Spree-Kanal

Lindenstr.

Beuten-

5200

Schmöckwitz

Str.

Damm

Wernsdorfer

Published by:

Senate Department of Urban Development:

Conception:

III F 1 Environmental Atlas in connection with SenGesUmV III D 2 (Air Quality Management)

Data:

Emission register domestic fuel, industry and motor vehicle-traffic for the years 1989, 1994, 2002, 2004/2005 and 2008/2009, Senate Department for Health, Environment and Consumer Protection - III D 24

Map Construction:

Janina Seemann; Cornelia Nitzsche - Geoinfo, III F under application of the Information System Urban and Environment (ISU) Berlin

Communication

Str.

Wernsdorfer

Schmöckwitzwerder

Schmöckwitzer

Schmöckwitzwerder

Süd

Str.

2800

Damm

2800

Jackyallee

allee

Str.

allee

Colour Concept:

III F 1

End of Work:

July 2011

Argo-

Based on Map:

Schmöckwitzer

Fähr-

Blockmap 1:5.000 (ISU 5), as of 31.12.2010

Böhm-

This map is copyright protected. Reprinting or any other form of reproduction only with prior permission.

ring

Moßkopf-

allee

Zeuthener Weg allee

Moßkopf-

Ebel-

ring

Updated Edition 2011 Internet-Adress:

NOx

49600

48000

46400

44800

13°40'

43200

41600

40000

38400

36800

35200

33600

13°30'

32000

30400

28800

27200

25600

24000

22400

13°20'

20800

19200

17600

16000

14400

12800

11200

8000

13°10'

9600

6400

400 4800

400 3200

[4] Re at ve Frequency of Hour y Averages for W nd D rect on and Speed at the Stat on Tempe hof A rport 19751990, Measurement He ght 10 m. http://www.stadtentw ck ung.Ber n.de/ umwe t/umwe tat as/ed403_02.htm

Ludwig-Renn-

Sella-Hasse-

Str.

Paul-

Str.

Weg

Pekrun-

Str.

Frank-Schweitzer-

Allee

Allendorfer Weg Weg

Allee

Meeraner

str.

Str.

Neue

Zum

Str.

Wartenberger

Str.

Paul-Oestreich-Str.

Alfred-JungStr.

Hermann-Blankenstein-

Rinderauktionshalle

Schreiner-

anger

Str.

Malchower

Bertricher Weg

Mayener Weg

Gäbler-

Jadamowitz-

Bahnhof

Karree

der

Maten-

Kelberger Weg

Neumagener

Tal-

Hardangerstr.

Blechen-

str.

Platz

Wriezener

Rudolf-Seiffert-

Str.

Zur

Bänsch-

Rigaer

Wriezener

Str.

graben

Str.

Wettersee-

Franz-Mehringstr.

Str.

Ostbahnhof

Mühlen-

zeile

DGZ-Ring

Hildegard-

Singer-

Lange

Stralauer

Platz

str.

Maten-

Str.

DGZ-Ring

Itten-Str. Johannes-

str.

Müncheberger

Str.

Erich-Steinfurth-

str.

Köpenicker

Wrangel-

Str.

Börse

trift

weg

platz

Sitzendorfer

Allee

Str.

Bitterfelder

Alfred-Döblin-

Raoul-Wallenberg-

Zühlsdorfer

Basdorfer

Franz-Stenzer-

Wiesenburger

Str.

Georg-Knorr-

Landsberger

Witzenhauser

Str.

Allendorfer

Annenstr.

Str.

str.

Str.

Schleusinger

Mehrower

Felsenstein-

Walter-

Str.

Weg

Bürknersfelder

Dingelstädter

Str.

Witzenhauser Str.

Str.

Reinhardsbrunner

str.

Trusetaler

Str.

Bitterfelder

Ring

Str.

158

Worbiser

Kosmonauten Str.

Bersarin-

Weiden-

Graudenzer

Andreasstr.

Lange

Paula-Thiede-Ufer Schillingbrücke

Str.

Hornoer

Hornoer Ring

Schwarze-Pumpe-

Str.

150

Plauener

Sollstedter

Str.

Herzberg-

Str.

Paul-Junius-

Marktflagge

Vieh-

Eldenaer

str.

Platz

weg

Rüdersdorfer

Kleine

Markusstr.

weg

Erich-Nehlhans-

Zur

Str.

Junius-Str.

Str.

> 500.0

str.

Ring

Coswiger

Paul-Junius-

Str.

RudolfSeiffert-

Str.

26800

Havemann-

Str.

Belziger

Str.

Mehrower

Premnitzer

Ring

Str.

str.

TheobaldRoderichplatz

Marzahner

Str.

109

Str. Plauener

Str.

Elli-VoigtStr.

Bernhard-Bästlein-

str.

Mattern-

Straßmann-

Mühsam-

Markusstr.

Kleine

Rüdicken-

Seidenberger

Kurt-Exner-Str.

str.

Ebeling-

Str.

Bernhard-Bästlein-

Platz

Str.

Georg-Lehning-

Max-Brunnow-

Storkower

Str.

str. steiner

Raben-

Borkheider Str.

Liebensteiner

Str.

Dietrich-

Benno-

Str.

155

Str.

Liebenwalder

Str.

Seiffert-

Gustav-Zahnke-

Str.

Zur

str.

Allee

Leunaer

Ring

Schkopauer

Hohenschönhauser Gehrenseebrücke

str.

ChristianJosef-Höhn-

str.

Gehrensee-

Marzahner

str.

Str.

Poelchau-

Anton-Saefkow-

Karl-Lade-

Ernst-Reinke-

anger

Pablo-

Rotkamp

str.

Eschenstr.

Singer-

Kleine

Str.

Vincent-van-Gogh-

Str.

DGZ-Ring

Kochhann-

str.

Petersburger

Lichtenberger

Str.

Bühring-

der

Kochhann-

Weiden-

Krugwiesen

str.

str. Lothar-

str.

Str.

Heiligenstadter

Heldburger

Str.

Landsberger

Allee

Str.

str.

Karl-Marx-

Str.

Piesporter

Diestelmeyer-

Palisaden-

Weg

ring

den

Arnim-

Anna-Ebermann-

Str.

Weg Str.

Ring Str.

Lichtenauer

Lössauer

Schleizer

Str.

str.

Max-Brunnow-

Wabnitz-Str.

Golliner

Havemann-

Wörlitzer

Niemegker

Str.

Pyramiden-

str. Chrysanthemen-

Kuttner-

Str.

Agnesstr.

str.

Pufendorf-

str.

Allee Blumen-

Klützer

Str.

weg

allee

Str.

Barther

Ahrenshooper

Borner

Str.

steg

Str.

Nachtalben-

weg

Wustrower

Privatstr.

Str.

Wigandstaler

weg

Landsberger

Allee

Heidenfeldstr.

Brauerei

str.

Palisaden-

Blumenstr.

Str.

Wiecker

Zingster

Str.

weg

Str.

Landsberger

str.

Neue

Grevesmühlener Str.

Str.

weg

Egon-Erwin-Kisch-

Hechtgraben

Preunel-

Industriebahn

Landsberger Allee

Platz der

Vereinten Nationen

str.

Strausberger Platz

Syringen-

str. Rudi-Arndt-

Hermann-Blankenstein-

Blumenstr.

Kröpeliner

Crivitzer

Str.

Doberaner

Gäbler-

Asta-Nielsen-

Selma-Lagerlöf-

Herbert-Tschäpe-

Syringen-

Str.

Paul-Heyse-

Cothenius-

str.

Gottfried-

Josef-Höhn-

Paul-Koenig-

str.

Str.

Plauener

OleanderStr. Str.

Heinz-Bartsch-

Langenbeckstr.

str.

Wittenberger

Fläming-

Str.

Wuhletal-

Röttken-

Privatstr.

Leuenberger

Gärtner-

Str.

Erich-Boltze-

Str.

Margarete-Sommer-

str.

str. Fläming-

Ring

Str.

Wuhletal-

zeile

7 Privatstr.

Seefelder

HauptStr.

Konrad-Wolf-

Str. str.

Schöneicher

Große-Leege-

Str.

Platz

Zechliner

Fläming-

Geraer

Greizer

Geraer

Str.

NordWartiner

Mahrzahner

str.

Str.

Weg

An der

Weg

Prenzlauer str.

MatenRüdicken-

Privatstr.

6 Privatstr.

str.

Str.

str.

Freienwalder

Strausberger

Str.

Passower

Privatstr.

Str.

str.

Käthe-

Waldow-

Küstriner Str.

Str.

Landsberger

Hohenwalder

Str.

Biesenbrower Str.

str.

Wriezener

Werneuchener

Strausberger

Reichenberger

Gasse

str.

Str.

Allee

weg

Chaussee

Havemann-

str.

Rüdickenstr.

Privatstr.

Str.

Gerzlower

Niehofer

platz

Manet-

str.

Str.

anger

Dorf-

Ahrenshooper

Heimenstein

steig

Zellinger

Obernburger

Str.

Pasteur-

str.

Rot-

Privatstr.

Rackwitzer

Tamseler

str.

Käthe-

str.

Oranke-

Roedern-

str.

Sandino-

weg

Weidenröschen-

str.

Geraer

Hellersdorfer

str.

Welse-

Str.

Otto-Marquardt-

Str.

Hohenschönhauser

str.

weg

Ahrensfelder

Weg

weg den

Pfennigkraut-

Klandorfer

Schwarzwurzel-

Dorfstr.

Hellersdorfer Str.

Labkraut-

Weg

Lattich-

str. Str. Wartiner

str.

Randow-

Seehausener

Rüdickenstr.

Privatstr.

Str.

Königswalder

Elfriede-

platz

str.

Str.

Steig

Steller-

str.

Maiglöckchen-

Frieden-

str.

Falkenberger

Chaussee

anger

Schwanenblumen-

weg

David-Friedländer-

Markus-Herz-

Ahrensfelder

Str.

Privatstr.

Str.

Str. Drossener

Elsa-

Obersee-

Waldow-

Manet-

Obersee-

Str.

Berkenbrücker

Altenhofer

Konrad-WolfStr.

Platz

Dörfer-

Dohm-

Julius-Mayen-

weg

Warnitzer

Konrad-Wolf-

Weg

weg

Sigrid-

Str.

Wein-

Ring

Berl

Wustrower

weg

Lichtelfen-

Str.

weg

str.

Privatstr.

Falkenberger

str.

Hansa-

Suermondt-

Berta-

Gertrud-

weg Oranke-

Roedern-

Ochtum-

weg

Hausvater-

Dorf-

Chaussee

str.

allee

Oranke-

str. Hansa-

str.

Altenescher

Syringen-

Friedrichshain

Weg

251

str.

Hansa-

Oranke-

str.

Eisler-

Stedinger-

Str.

Weg Dasburger

250

Str. Falkenberger

Str.

Hansa-

Str.

str.

Otto-Brahm-

Chopin-

Puccini-

Hanns-

Str.

Chaussee

Str.

kamp

Privatstr.

Str.

Else-Jahn-

str.

platz

Gounodstr.

str.

Gounod-

Str.

Weg

Rudolf-Schwarz-

Heinz-Kapelle-

Str.

Neue

Feldtmann-

Neumagener

Falkenberger

Busch-

str.

Solon-

Meyerbeer-

Gounodstr. Meyerbeer-

Thomas-Mann-Str.

Pieskower

Konrad-Wolf-

str.

Str.

str.

Weg

Brodenbacher

Str.

Caseler Str.

Allee

Bizet-

str.

Str.

Michelangelo-

Pieskower

Einstein-

Walter-Str.

Luch

schafts-

str.

Str.

Breiten

Prerower

Bernkasteler

Garten-

Berliner

str. Str.

Berliner Gürtel-

str.

Thomas-Mann-

Storkower

Str.

Georgenkirch-

str.

Zingster

Helgi-

Ring-

weg

Zur

Forchheimer

Str.

str.

Wegenerstr.

platz

Str.

str.

Anton-Saefkow-

Str.

Liselotte-Herrmann-

Käthe-Niederkirchner-

str.

Zingster

Iris-

steig

Retzbacher

Romain-Roland-

str.

Str.

Clematis-

weg

str.

Weg

Str.

Indra-

Str.

Graacher

Wehlener

str.

Große See-

str.

promenade

Pistorius-

str.

Cohn-

Ostsee-

str.

Michaelbrücke

Berl

Uller-

Muspel-

An den Feldtmann-

str.

Liebermann- Joe-MayPlatz str.

platz

str.

Schönstr.

Schön-

platz

Str.

Erich-Weinert-

Str.

Olga-BenarioPrestes-Str.

Lichtenberg-

Eugen-Schönhaar-

Demminer

Platz Str.

Mirbach-

Str.

Paul-Grasse-

Ostsee-

Str.

Rietze-

Grell-

Bernhard-John-Schehr-

Danziger

19600

Zum

Schwarzelfen-

Alpnacher

steig

Pasedag-

str.

Weg

Hunsrück-

RoelckePistorius-

Eilveser

Lehder-

Str.

Schieritz-

str.

Lilli-Henoch-

Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-

Pasteur-

Kletter-platz

Biesenbrower

Ahrenshooper

Wartenberger

Darßer

Bitburger

Kyllburger

Soonwald-

246

Roelckestr.

str.

Streu-

str.

Str.

weg

str.

Str. str.

str. Str.

Hufeland-

Weydemeyer-

Weg

Klützer

Barther

Bundenbacher

Charlottenburger

Langhans-

str.

Paul-Grasse-

Georg-Blank-

Erich-Weinert-

str.

Str.

Allee

Egon-Erwin-Kisch-

weg

Karlstadter

Weg

Retzbacher

Str.

See-

Amalien-

Gustav-Adolf-

Str.

str. Streu-

Lindenhoek-

Str.

str.

Fröbelplatz

Berg

Graaler

Str.

Große

Str.

Gustav-Adolf-

Str.

RudolfBaschant-Str.

Str.

Str. Jacobsohn-

LehderGustav-Adolf-

Ostsee-

Küsel-

Grell-

Diesterweg-

Fröbel-

22000

Str.

Nachtalben-

Morschacher Weg

Dettelbacher

Hassfurter

245

Weg

Str. str.

SchmohlHolzkircher

WilhelmWagenfeld-Str.Bayer-Str.

str.

Frieda-Sedlitzstr. Hamburger Platz Pistorius-

str.

Langhans-

str.

Str.

str.

Chodowiecki-

Jablonski-

Christburger

Demminer

Str.

Grevesmühlener

Str.

Bogen

Bitburger

Trift

Wartenberger

weg

Gutshof

Str.

Woldegker

Neubrandenburger

Str.

Saaler

Str.

210 13

Privatstr.

Str.

Pistorius-

Charlottenburger

Brauhaus-

str.

Str.

str.

Zelter-

WichertKanzow-

Danziger

Wiecker

Dierhagener

Bogen

Günter-Litfin-

str.

Steinberg Am

str.

Hertha-

Krüger-

str.

Hiddenseer

Weg

Darßer

str.

Marienburger

Str.

Rostocker

Chaussee

Malchower

Feldtmann-

str.

Str.

Thies-

Str.

str.

Spiekermann-

Ahlbecker

Ribnitzer

Malchower

Jötun-

weg

Darßer

Nüßler-

allee

Gehring-

Treskow-

str.

graben

Str.

Hechtgraben

Weg

weg

str.

weg

Gnomenplatz

Zur Ring-

Steinberg

Stubbenkammer-

Str.

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Str.

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steig

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allee

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Malchower

Ring-

Fennpfuhl-

Dorf-

Str.

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Str.

Doberaner Hohenschönhauser

Reriker

str.

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weg

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Rennbahn-

Str.

Warnemünder

Däumlingweg

weg

Jötun-

Axen-

str.

Lindwurm-

Osa-

Wischberge-

Malchower weg

Wischberge-

Str.

Str. Obersteiner 56

Ernst-Barlach-

weg

Aschenbrödelweg

weg

str.

weg

Niflheimweg

Ortnit-

Str.

Bromelien-

Eiger-

platz

Ostara-

Weg

str.

24400

weg

Berliner

Str.

weg

Weg Schächentaler

Mime-

Str.

Wasserturm

Muspel-

Str.

Blankenburger

Graben

weg

str.

Uller-

Runen-

weg

Grimsel-

Romain-Roland-

Malchower

str. Semirami-

Genossen-

Egon-Erwin-Kisch-

Str.

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weg

Weg

Kandertaler

Str.

str. Eremitenstr.

str.

Str.

6 4

weg Str. weg

Weg

Hagenower

Weg

bart-

Froschkönig-

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str.

steig

str.

Zum

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zeile

str.

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Ring

Weg

weg Weg

Str.

Erda-

pfad

str.

Str.

11 allee Aladin-

str.

Zellerfelder

str.

Margaretenhöhe

Würtz-

Wartenberger Märchen-

Nase-

Frau-Holle-

Hauff31

Str.

Perchta-

weg

Str.

Sigurd-

Birkholzer

weg

Fuchs-

Zwerg-

Str.

Blankenburger

platz

str.

Neukirch-

Rothenbachstr.

Schneewittchen-

Dornröschen-

Isegrim-

Sieben-Raben-

Reinickestr.

Sleipner-

Donar-

Zeiler

Str.

str.

Asgardfeuchten Am

Romain-Roland-

Paracelsus-

Str.

str.

Fro-

str.

Figaro-

ring

Vesalius-

str.

Astrid-

Heinersdorfer

Winkel

str.

Midgard-

Rotkäppchen-

Andersen4

Iduna-

Rothenbach-

Weg

Laudaer

Str.

2 Bundesstraße

str.

Str.

Pasewalker

Str.

Märchen-

Rübezahl-

str.

Str.4

Ingeborg-

Sleipner-

Neukirch-

Tinius-

str.

26800

Str.2 Str.3

Str.5

str.

Birkholzer

Weg

Kol. Margaretenhöhe

Str. str.

Str.1

Frithjof-

Sleipner-

Iduna-

Str.

str.

Fafner-

str.

Str.

str.

Sigrun-

allee

str.

Dechert-

Pflasterweg

Blankenburger

Ricarda-

Pflasterweg

Str.

Helmine-

Pasewalker

str.

Hasseroder Str.

[3] Ber n W nd Stat st cs (StaBer nTege A rport) https://www.w ndfinder.com/ w ndstat st cs/ber n-tege

[9] Near Ground W nd Speeds by Day & at N ght http://www.stadtentw ck ung.Ber n.de/ umwe t/umwe tat as/ek403.htm

Weg

str.

BielckenUhlen-

PM2.5

[2] 30-Year C mato og ca Informat on http://wor dweather.wmo. nt/en/c ty. htm ?c tyId=59

Environmental Atlas

weg

Dran-

weg

Pölnitz-

Schönerlinder

PM10.0

[1] Europe Koppen Map https://commons.w k med a.org/w k / F e:Europe_Koppen_Map.png

[5] Ground- eve A r Temperature 02:00 Meanwh e, motor veh c e traffic s p.m. and 04:00 a.m. the ma n cause of severa po utants, http://www.stadtentw ck ung.Ber n.de/ such as part cu ates and ox des of umwe t/umwe tat as/ekb410.htm n trogen. In 2009, road traffic a one The tota amount of a ndustr a accounted for more than 40 % of the [6] Rad at on Temperature 02:00 p.m. p ants requ r ng a perm t has decreased n tr c ox de em ss ons n Ber n, wh e and 04:00 a.m. s gn ficant y s nce 1989. Part y, th s s ndustr a p ants caused ess than 35 % http://www.stadtentw ck ung.Ber n.de/ based on c osures of compan es, due of the tota of these em ss ons. S nce the umwe t/umwe tat as/ekb410.htm to the changed po t ca and econom c po ut on em tted by road traffic enters s tuat on. Other reduct ons n the the atmosphere c ose to the ground [7] C mate Ana ys s Map number of p ants are of stat st ca (or “c ose to the nose”), t contr butes http://www.stadtentw ck ung.Ber n.de/ nature, s nce due to the changed ega to a much greater degree to a r umwe t/umwe tat as/ekb410.htm A as regu at ons, mandatory author zatEnv ononmen a po ut on than do po utants from hEnv ghonmen a A as has been abo shed for a arge number smokestacks, wh ch have a ready been [8] Ground eve W nd F e d and Co d Long T m D opm n o h Long T m D opm n o h Qu o N oggreat nO d NO A Qu o Su pho A D ordVo SO ume flow 10:00 p.m. and 04:00 of sma er p ants. The em ss ons ofA these y d uted by the t me they reach p ants have s nce then been categor zed ground eve . a.m http://www.stadtentw ck ung.Ber n.de/ umwe t/umwe tat as/ekb410.htm 4800

S nce 1989, a em ss ons have been great y reduced, w th reduct ons of between 73% for NOx and 95% for su fur d ox de.

RESOURCES:

http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de

03.12.02. 5

SO2

[11]

TRANSPORTATION IN BERLIN MOBILITY IN BERLIN Berlin is a hub between the east and the west. Over the years and especially during the last century, Berlin has gone through radical transformations and some of these events have left their imprint on the structure of the city. It has also had huge impacts on Berlin’s citizens and the way that they use the city, as well as how they work in the city and how they move through and around it. The city serves as a major node for both domestic and internation rail, and air traffic. At the scale of the inner city, Berlin has a complex and layered system of traffic that connects the city. The growth and development of the city is intricately intertwined throughout its history with the growth pattern and shape of its road

and rail infrastructure. The “radial starfish” shape of development is in part due to the dense residential expansions along the rail spurs in between the fingers of green landscape of forests and farms. For a city the size of Berlin, the modes of transport are surprisingly varied with less mechanization than similar European Cities1. The five most common commuting methods are walking, cycling, public transportation including rail and busses, private cars and ride sharing. The diagrams on the right show how much of the populace from each neighborhood or district commute that way every day. On average, Berliners make four out of ten journeys on foot or by bicycle2. The importance of non-motorized transportation facilities in urban traffic planning is correspondingly high2. The average person in Berlin makes an estimated three trips per day, with about 70 minutes spent in traffic on each trip2.

HISTORY + DEVELOPMENT The history of Berlin, especially the division of the city following World War II, has had a profound impact on the development pattern of its transit and the amount of variation in communte methods. In 1865, Berlin’s first tram line opened between Brandenburg Gate and Charlottenburg. The tram was horse powered and the system would not be electrified until 1881, after the system had gained popularity and spread to paths which criss-crossed the city. The U-Bahn opened its first line in 1902, and was quickly developed in the following years to stretch across the city. The Autobahn was first connected to Berlin in 1935. The network expanded greatly across the nation until it was abandoned towards the end of World War II. Berlin’s post-World War II history led to a dual history for transit, divided into East and West sectors. The infamous Berlin Wall that completely divided the city is prosaically referred to as a Sektorengrenze, or “sector boundary”. The divided transportation lines are shown in the map to the left. The Autobahn was also unevenly developed during the cold war. West Germany maintained and repaired its system while East Germany largely neglected it. While the division of the city is no longer apparent in the contemporary systems, with the exception of the trams in the East, it has still shaped the traffic patterns through the city. After the fall of the wall, the city quickly organized the reconnection of the transportation network. The U-Bahn, which had been well developed in West Berlin to replace the tram system, was largely absent from East Berlin. Stations for the U-Bahn in East Berlin during the Cold War were reffered to as “ghost stations” because the West Berlin trains would not stop there. These stations were quickly re-opened in 1989.

^ MAP OF THE SEPARATE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS OF EAST AND WEST BERLIN DURING THE BERLIN WALL ERA

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s local public transport network is unter the regional transit authority named Verkehrsverbund BerlinBrandenburg (VBB), a common undertaking of the two federal states (Bundesland) Berlin and Brandenburg, plus the counties and cities of the Land of Brandenburg. The VBB is the planning authority for regional transport, awards service contracts to private and public companies, and sets the tariffs. The cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transit networks consists of several separate networks, with heavy and light rail transport with five different and incompatible electrification systems. These include the U-Bahn and S-Bahn urban rail systems, regional railway services, a tramway system, a bus network and a number of ferry services. There are a large number of common interchange stations between the different modes2. U-BAHN: The U-Bahn is an urban rapid transit rail system, and is entirely within the city borders. Whilst the majority of the system is underground, significant sections operate on elevated tracks or at street level. It is operated by the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG), the city owned municipal transport operator, and uses the common public transport tariff managed by the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (VBB). The U-Bahn now comprises nine lines with 173 stations and a total length of 147 kilometers (91.3 mi). Trains run every two to five minutes during peak

hours, every five minutes for the rest of the day and every ten minutes in the evening and on Sunday. They travel 132 million km (83 million mi), carrying 400 million passengers, over the year. S-BAHN: The S-Bahn has aspects of both rapid transit and commuter rail operation. Historically it developed from commuter services provided by main line railway operators, but now runs on tracks that are separate from, but often parallel to, other trains. Most of the system is operated at ground level, but there are significant sections of elevated tracks and tunnels. It has a somewhat longer average distance between stations than the U-Bahn, and it also serves some of the closer suburbs in Brandenburg. The S-Bahn now comprises 15 routes with 166 stations and a total length of 331 kilometers (205.7 mi). TRAMS: Berlin has a tram network comprising 22 tram lines serving 377 tram stops and measuring 293.78 kilometers (182.55 mi) in length. Prior to the division of Berlin, tram lines existed throughout the city, but all the tram lines in the former West Berlin had been replaced by bus or U-Bahn services by 1967. However East Berlin retained its tram lines, and the current network is still predominantly in that area, although there have been a few extensions back across the old border.

BUSSES: Berlin has a network of 149 daytime bus routes serving 2634 bus stops and with a total route length of 1,675 kilometers (1,041 mi). 17 routes are designated as part of the MetroNetz, which provides a high frequency service in areas poorly served by the U-Bahn and S-Bahn. REGIONAL RAIL: Berlin is the center of a system of regional trains operated by Deutsche Bahn, which operate to destinations within the Berlin-Brandenburg suburban area beyond the range of the S-Bahn. There are two kinds of regional trains, the frequently stopping Regionalbahn (RB), and the faster Regional-Express (RE). Unlike the S-Bahn, the network of regional trains does not have its own segregated tracks, but rather shares tracks with longer distance passenger and freight services. Within Berlin, regional services stop less frequently than S-Bahn services, especially where they run parallel to U-Bahn or S-Bahn lines.

PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION PRIVATELY OWNED CARS: In 2006, 1.416 million motor vehicles were registered in the city. With 416 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants (587/1000 in Germany), Berlin as a German state and as a major European city has one of the lowest numbers of cars per capital. CYCLING: Well over 1,000 km of cycling facilities have been provided for cyclists in Berlin. Of these, 662 km are purposebuilt bike paths and 174 km are pavement markings (lanes) for cyclists. The effects are clearly apparent. For years, traffic surveys have continually shown increasing figures for cycle traffic at numerous locations. In the downtown area, inhabitants even make more journeys on foot than they do by car.

SOURCES 1. The BerlinStrategy | Urban Development Concept Berlin 2030. Berlin: Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment, 2015. Senatsverwaltung Für Stadtentwicklung Und Umwelt. Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment. Web. 06 Sept. 2016. 2. Mobility in Berlin. Berlin: Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment, 2015. Senatsverwaltung Für Stadtentwicklung Und Umwelt. Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment. Web. 06 Sept. 2016. 3.“Transport in Berlin.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 08 Sept. 2016. 4.“Development of Public Transport System in Berlin Timeline.” Timetoast. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Sept. 2016.

DEMOGRAPHICS:

INTERNATIONAL BERLIN

Source: Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office, 2016 - Data from 2015

source:Population City. Retrieved September 9th, 2016. http://population.city/Germany/Berlin/

2015: MICRO-CENSUS:

3.485.900

Source: Statistik. Berlin. Retrieved September 7th from: https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de

: ~3.502.000 People 24

IMMIGRATION:

3.000.000 2.500.000 2.000.000 1.500.000 1.000.000 500.000

Source: New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 9th, 2016. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/

~2030

~2020

2013

2000

1990 1989: The Fall of the Wall

1980

3.500.000

1970

3.421.800

1910

2013: LAST CENSUS:

1920

4.000.000

1960

4.500.000

1900

1. With 6 million residents, the capital region of Berlin-Brandenburg is the second largest metropolitan area in Germany. 2. With its more than 3.5 million residents, Berlin is the largest city in Germany. 3. Berlin is a young and international city: more than 40% of the population is younger than 35 years of age. 4. In 2015, 182,000 people moved to Berlin. 5. 114,000 of the new residents came from another country. 6. About 139,000 people moved away from the city. 7. In 2015 Berlin’s population increased about 50,000 residents. 8. Roughly 38,000 children were born.

1950

SUMMARY

Where do the new Berliners live?

WHO ARE WE?

1890

Therefore, we, the individuals responsible for reshaping the lifestyle of a significant part of the population of a city should always take the time to get to know the people for whom we are creating for.

1940

It is important to remember that the purpose of urban planning and design is to accommodate, as comfortably as possible, the people who work, move and dwell in any given city.

• People from 189 nations live and work in Berlin, and almost 2 million residents speak at least two languages. • 16% of the students at Berlin’s higher education institutions come from abroad. Most hail from Turkey, China, Poland, Russia, France, the USA and Italy. • Berlin is centrally located in Europe with excellent international connections. • Excellent networking through 17 international sister cities and other types of city cooperation, approximately 160 diplomatic representations, international business groups, chambers of commerce and organizations • Many interlinked opportunities for funding and subsidies from various institutions.

1930

WHO LIVES IN BERLIN?

1.7

51%

49%

15 to 45

A EM

45 to 65

Unemployed

90%

54%

LABOR FORCE: 1.828.200 people

Households

Types of households with children: Source: Statistik. Berlin. Retrieved September 7th from: https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de

People per household

46%

Married couples

Multi-person household

13% Communities

32%

BERLIN

50 40 30

Single mothers 5%

-2.3 GERMANY

20 10

4000

EDUCATION

2000

Stateless

-2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 : Berlin, a success story. Facts. Figures. Statistics.

0.00

11%

In Universities

Vocational Trainees Art Colleges

Public Service

6000

Australia

Single fathers

PROFESSIONALS

Liberal Arts

8000

Asia

Utility

10000

America

Agriculture

Africa

Craft

Europe

Industry and Trade

50%

BIRTH RATE

IMMIGRATION: NATURALIZATIONS

LIFEFORMS

Less than

65+

HOUSEHOLD IZ

AV .S

AGE GROUPS

Employed

GENDER

100

Colleges

Of the total population are

CURRENT STUDENTS

Administration Colleges

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000 120000

CHANGE IN POPULATION Growth and shrinkage have never been a matter of a pure city-country divide and will not become that either in future. However, the economically strongest agglomerations in the West, such as Munich, Stuttgart or Hamburg, are still more likely to be characterized by stable or even increasing population numbers. The contrast is particularly stark in the east of Germany. Except for Berlin,

AVERAGE AGE it is mainly Leipzig and Dresden that are still among the few â&#x20AC;&#x17E;islands of stabilityâ&#x20AC;&#x153; in the states of former East Germany. But the decline is even more pronounced in many rural areas, such as in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt and parts of Brandenburg. Here, the population is expected to decline by around 20% by 2030.

No region in Germany is exempt from demographic aging. But there are great differences between sub-regions. Overall, the mean age will rise from currently 43.7 years to approx. 47.1 years in 2030. There will be fewer and fewer young people, and more and more older people. Causes include the low birth rate following Reunification, the outmigration of younger people and the disproportionately higher increase in life expectancy after 1990.

Thus, in 2030 the mean age in most regions of East Germany will be over 50 years. Only some major cities are exceptions. The biggest increases are recorded among those older than 80 years. Their numbers will go up by around 60 % by 2030. This will create new challenges, for example, for health care and care facilities.

CHANGE IN HOUSEHOLD SIZE

CHANGE IN WORKING POPULATION

The population will decline by 2030, but the number of households will increase slightly. At the same time, the trend towards smaller households is continuing. The average household size is currently dropping from 2.03 to 1.9. The number of families will decrease by 15 % to 20 %, and there are more and more older single people. The states of former East Germany will see no increase in small households. The exception is the metropolitan

The total labor force will decline slightly across Germany by 2030. In West Germany, their number will remain constant, but in the states of former East Germany it will decline substantially. However, there are major differences between regions. Where the labor force remains stable, this can be achieved only through more migration. Thus, for regions it is becoming increasingly important to offer the working population and companies attractive locations and conditions. This means the labor force is declining,

area of Berlin. But the decline in families affects all regions. What does this mean for housing markets? Apart from regions with continued high demand, rising rents and land values, there are also more frequently regions with relaxed housing markets. What is more, there is a shift in the types of demand. There is a greater need for age-appropriate housing.

while the number of older employed people is going up. By 2030, the strong age groups from the 1960s will increasingly represent older and finally the oldest workers. In many regions, one in two workers will be older than 45 years. As a result, continuing education will become more and more important. Suggestions: education can be shortened, and the labor market participation of women increased. In addition, more should be done to improve migrantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; integration in the 27 labor markets.

URBAN HISTORY • 1237: Berlin founded • 1443 to 1451: The first Berliner Stadtschloss was built on the embankment of the river Spree • 1530: The Tiergarten park began when Elector Joachim I donated the property for use as a royal game preserve • 1576: Bubonic plague killed about 6,000 people in the city • 1618 to 1648: The Thirty Years’ War1/3 of the houses were damaged, and the city lost half of its population • 1647: Unter den Linden- a boulevard with six rows of trees between the Tiergarten Park and the Palace • 1674 and after: The Dorotheenstadt was built in a bow of the river Spree, north-west of the Spreeinsel, where the Palace was situated • 1688 and after: The Friedrichstadt was built and settled • 1791: Brandenburg Gate. Commissioned by Friedrich Wilhelm II as a sign of peace • 1894: the Reichstag parliament building was completed • 1740: redesign of Tiergarten park (now open to public) in the English landscape style begins • 1740-1786: Frederick the Great builds Berlin State Opera, the Royal Library (now the State Library of Berlin), and Sanssouci Palace • 1806: Napoleon captures Berlin, French troops marched into Berlin • 1809: The first elections for the Berlin parliament took place, in which only the wealthy could vote • 1810: The Berlin University (now the Humboldt University) was founded • 1814: The French were defeated • 1815: Battle of Waterloo with Prussian

THE MEDIEVAL CITY c. 1200 - c. 1400

troops from Potsdam and Berlin participating. Berlin becomes part of the Province of Brandenburg • 1827 - 1843: Berlin is the capital of the Province of Brandenburg • 1848: “March Revolutions” led by liberals demanding German national unity, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly • 1861: Wilhelm I (1861–1888) appoints liberal ministers and built the city hall, Das Rote Rathaus • 1840-1880 population grew nearly 350%. City also expanded in size as several outlying suburbs were incorporated • 1882 Hobrecht Plan prescribes street layour for future growth • 1920 Greater Berlin Act increases area of Berlin by 1300% to 883 km2, and divides city into 20 boroughs • 1940-45 Berlin is bombed by Allied Forces in WWII • 1944-1990 Berlin is divided into East and West Berlin, with West Berlin divided into three sectors: French, English, and American • 1961 Berlin Wall built along East-West border • 1989 Berlin Wall torn down • 1990 Reunification • 2001 Borough Reform reduces number of boroughs to 12

The original Slavic town of Berlin was on the eastern bank of the Spree, approximately where the Nikolaiviertel now stands (although the pseudomediaeval buildings there are postwar facsimiles). The first German settlers probably reached the area in the 11th or 12th centuries. They founded a second town, called Cölln, on the island in the Spree now known as the Spreeinsel or Museum Island. In the 12th century the area came under German rule as part of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, founded by Albert the Bear in 1157. It was under the Margraves of Brandenburg (who ruled from the town of Brandenburg an der Havel), that Old Berlin and Cölln received their first town charters in the 13th century. The year 1237 was later taken as the year of founding. As German settlement increased, the Slavic character of the town faded and the two settlements merged into the German town of Berlin-Cölln; they formally merged in 1432. Albert the Bear also bequeathed to Berlin the emblem of the bear, which has appeared on its coat of arms ever since. By the year 1400 Berlin and Cölln had 8,000 inhabitants. A great town center fire in 1380 damaged most written records of those early years, as did the great devastation of the Thirty Years War 1618-1648.

MARGRAVIATE OF BRANDENBURG c. 1400 - 1700 In 1415, Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. Subsequent members of the Hohenzollern family ruled until 1918 in Berlin, first as electors of Brandenburg, then as kings of Prussia, and finally as German emperors. When Berlin became the residence of the Hohenzollerns, it had to give up its Hanseatic League free city status. Its main economical activity changed from trade to the production of luxurious goods for the court. • 1443 to 1451: The first Berliner Stadtschloss was built on the embankment of the river Spree. At that time Berlin-Cölln had about 8,000 inhabitants. Population figures rose fast, leading to poverty. • 1448: The inhabitants of Berlin rebelled in the “Berlin Indignation” against the construction of a new royal palace by Elector Frederick II Irontooth. This protest was not successful, however, and the citizenry lost many of its political and economic privileges. • 1451: Berlin became the royal residence of the Brandenburg electors, and Berlin had to give up its status as a free Hanseatic city. • 1510: 100 Jews were accused of stealing and desecrating hosts. 38 of them were burned to death; others were banished, losing their possessions, only to be returned by later margraves. • 1530: The Tiergarten park began when Elector Joachim I donated the property for use as a royal game preserve; it was opened to the public in the mid-17th century; it ceased being

a hunting park in 1740 when the job of redesigning it in the English landscape style began. • 1539: The electors and Berlin officially became Lutheran. • 1540: Joachim II introduced the Protestant Reformation in Brandenburg and secularized church possessions. He used the money to pay for his projects, like building an avenue, the Kurfürstendamm, between his hunting castle Grunewald and his palace, the Berliner Stadtschloss. • 1576, Bubonic plague killed about 6,000 people in the city. • c. 1600: Berlin-Cölln had 12,000 inhabitants. • 1618 to 1648: The Thirty Years’ War had devastating consequences for Berlin. A third of the houses were damaged, and the city lost half of its population. • 1640: Frederick William, known as the “Great Elector”, succeeded his father George William as Elector of Brandenburg. Later he initiated a policy of promoting immigration and religious toleration. Over the following decades, Berlin expanded greatly in area and population with the founding of the new suburbs of Friedrichswerder and Dorotheenstadt. During his government Berlin reached 20,000 inhabitants and became significant among the cities in Central Europe for the first time. He also developed a standing army • 1647: The boulevard Unter den Linden with six rows of trees was laid down between the Tiergarten park and the Palace.

• 1671: Fifty Jewish families from Austria were given a home in Berlin. With the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, Frederick William invited the French Calvinist Huguenots to Brandenburg. More than 15,000 Huguenots came, of whom 6,000 settled in Berlin. By 1687 they comprise 20% of the population, and many were bankers, industrialists and investors. • 1674 and after: The Dorotheenstadt was built in a bow of the river Spree, north-west of the Spreeinsel (Spree Island), where the Palace was situated. • 1688 and after: The Friedrichstadt was built and settled. • c. 1700: Many refugees from Bohemia, Poland, and Salzburg had arrived.

KINGDOM OF PRUSSIA 1701 - 1871

In 1415, Fredrick I represented the area in the Holy Roman Empire and in 1440 his son Fredrick II established Berlin as the capital of the region and his successors eventually established Berlin as the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia and the German Empire. This royal family, known as the Hohenzollern family, ruled the area until 1918 when the Weimar Republic came to power at the end of World War I. Throughout the 17th -19th century Berlin developed as a center of enlightenment and tolerance. Fredrick William, known as the Great Elector, promoted policies to re-populate the city after half of the population was lost during the 30 Years War (1618-1648). He offered asylum to French Huguenots (Protestants) and encouraged immigration from Poland and Bohemia. By 1700, approximately 20% of Berlin’s residents were French, which had an important impact on the culture of the city. Many immigrants were skilled workers who contributed to the country’s technical and industrial base. In 1740, Friedrich II, known as Frederick the Great (1740-1786) came to power. Fredrick the great was known as a ‘philosopher on the throne’ who interacted with important figures such as Voltaire and Kant. During his rule, important buildings for the arts were constructed in Berlin and Potsdam including the Berlin State Opera, the Royal Library (now the State Library of Berlin), and Sanssouci Palace.

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND RAPID GROWTH

During the Industrial Revolution, the city's economy and population expanded, and Berlin became an important transportation and trade hub. The population grew from 322,000 in 1840 to 1,122,000 in 1880. During this time the city also expanded in size as several outlying suburbs were incorporated into the city. As Berlin grew to become the largest industrial city in Germany, leaders recognized the need for urban planning. The Hobrecht Plan of 1862 prescribed the street layout for future growth, which included housing blocks of approximately the same size without right angles and orbital distributor roads to connect to main radial roads. This plan led to very dense development especially in the city's core and provided regular open spaces and public squares.

GREATER BERLIN ACT

Further expansion occurred following World War I when the Greater Berlin Act brought together more suburbs and rural communities. The Act increased the area of Berlin thirteen-fold to 883 square kilometers. This area with a population of nearly 4 million was then divided into 20 boroughs, which allowed for efficient town planning and provided an important foundation for Berlin’s rise as a cultural center in the early 20th century. By 1922 Berlin was the second biggest inland harbor in the world with an extensive electric railway system called the S-Bahn that connected Berlin to neighboring cities and villages. During the 1920’s, Berlin reached a cultural peak with a rich salon and coffee house culture that included famous architects, scientists, and writers such as Albert Einstein, Walter Gropius, and Bertolt Brecht. Friedrichstrasse became a vibrant shopping street during the Roaring 20’s.

WWI - COLD WAR

Following the Great Depression, the German economy suffered and the Nazi party came to power. Hitler became chancellor in 1933 and over the following ten years destroyed Berlin's Jewish community, reducing it from 160,000 to 1200 people. Thirty-three percent of Berlin was destroyed by the WWII. As part of the peace agreement, the city was divided into four sectors that largely followed the boundaries of the 20 boroughs defined earlier in the century. The French, British, and American sectors became West Berlin and the Soviet sector became East Berlin. East Berlin was home to the most historic areas of the city and continued as the capital of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). West Berlin was physically separated from the rest of West Germany, and the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany was moved to Bonn. In 1961 a wall was built to prevent passage between the two German states. In 1989 the wall came down and by 1990 the two German states reunited and Berlin was reinstated as the capital of the unified country.

AFTER THE WALL Following the reunification of East and West Berlin, the German Bundestag (national parliament) voted to relocate the capital back to Berlin. In 1999, the Bundestag sat for their first meeting in the restored Reichstag building, designed by Sir Norman Foster. The new glass dome of the Reichstag became a symbol for the democratic republic which along with the adjacent new government district on the bank of the Spree River was one of several important development projects during the 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. The redevelopment of Potsdamer Platz was another major project that bridged the eastern and western parts of the city and showcased new ideas in architecture and urban design. Potsdamer Platz is a popular tourist destination, but it has been the subject of criticism because the land was sold by the government to four large investors which resulted in the construction of a very commercial environment. Despite the boom in construction, the unified city has faced economic problems including an unemployment rate of 19.4%. In 2001, Berlin borough reform reduced the number of boroughs from 23 to 12 to make management of the city more cost effective. Boroughs continue to play an important role in the city as each has its own unique character and Berlinerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s often identify more with their borough than with the city as a whole. With a current population of 3.5 million, the city has less people than it did before WWII. However, the population is growing as Soviet immigrants and young European creative professionals are moving to the city to enjoy the vibrant cultural life, innovative urban design, high quality of life and low cost of living. Tourism is also a major industry in Berlin because of the interesting history and architecture, the 2,500 parks and green spaces, and the nightlife.

CURRENT DISTRICTS

Berlin's cityscape is composed of a mosaic of districts, each with its own character. Their appearance is defined by the building profiles and characteristic open spaces. Street design, position, and incorporation of squares into the street grid also play an important role. Distinctive regional landscape features are the basis for district identities. Inner city districts The heavily built-up residential areas created during the German Empire dominate here, broken up in part by the rebuilding carried out during the postwar years. There is shortage of green recreation areas and the high volume of traffic causes harmful emissions. The inner city fringe This is characterised by what is on the whole a relaxed and heterogeneous structure composed of residential areas built during a variety of eras, industrial estates, large infrastructure sites, and the green areas provided by the inner park ring. Suburbs Small housing estates, detached and terraced houses with gardens and large residential complexes determine the city landscape here. The occasional village structure is still preserved. In the suburban quarters of the eastern districts in particular, there is still a large number of distinctive open space structures and plenty of gardens planted with local vegetation.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobrecht-Plan http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/ umwelt/landschaftsplanung/stadtland/ en/stadtfreirsys.shtml#tiergarten http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/ umwelt/landschaftsplanung/stadtland/ en/stadtquart.shtml http://people.umass.edu/latour/Germany/ljennings/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Berlin

BERLIN’S ECONOMY, PAST AND PRESENT SAMY MOSKOL

BERLIN: ECONOMY AND POLITICS INTERTWINED The Berlin of 1880, the Berlin of 1900, the Berlin of 1920, the Berlin of 1940, and the Berlins of every other interval until present day, were wildly different from one another. Its economy has expanded and contracted rapidly overtime. The main reason it developed in the first place was due to it’s association with Prussian dominance. After the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, Berlin was solidified as the capital, and its suceeding periods of economic growth and decline were intertwined with Germany’s periods of political rise and defeat.

nies were rampant with corruption, with “fronts whose major function was to bilk unsophisticated investors.” By 1874, 61 banks, 116 industrial enterprises, and 4 railroad companies declared bankrupty (22). Bismarck responded by shifting from a policy of liberalism to protectionism. This included high tariffs for international trade, and state subsidies for national manufacturers (25). THE MODERN INDUSTRIAL CITY

Berlin’s rapid industrialization was part of a broader phenomenon that had already changed the economic structure of Great Britain and parts of the United States. With Berlin becoming a center of rail transportation, the railroad manufacturing and electrical industries, GERMAN UNIFICATION OF 1871 along with other heavy industry, flourished in the 1880s and ‘90s. Berlin also The initial rise of Berlin is directly boasted a very efficient textile industry related to German unification, which and food production industry. Notable Berlin’s economy rapidly expanded could not have occurred without the firms included Siemens & Halske, which following the consolidation of the Gerambitions of Otto Von Bismarck, a began as an electrical telegraph comman state in 1871. Berlin’s population Prussian statesman that wielded inpany, and eventually expanded to other rose drastically, accepting immigrants credible amounts of power from 1860 from eastern regions with their sites set ventures in electrical engineering. The to 1890. Present-day Germany in the on new opportunities. David Clay Large company developed the Siemensstadt early to mid 19th century was a decensite, a self-sustaining industrial area in compares Berlin in 1871 to a casino tralized network of states, remnants Spandau which included Wernerwerks town, or a gold rush town. Population of the Holy Roman Empire, that were increase occurred alongside a boom to I and II (Siemens). Allgemeine Elektricnot united culturally or politically. From the German economy. “Competition for itäts-Gesellschaft (AEG), founded in the 1840s onward, Prussia led a per1887, also rose to prominence during development sites quickly turned the sistent movement to unify the German environs of Berlin into a vast sandbox for this period, producing electrical equipstates. By 1867, Bismarck established real estate speculators” (Large 10). The ment. Berlin became a world leader in the North German Confederation with engineering and technology, a center of elimination of internal tariffs between Berlin as the capital. In 1871, Prussia, innovation for a number of fields (AEG). previous German states, the liberalizafighting alongside the South GerBerlin’s industrial fervency is perhaps tion of rules governing banks and joint man states, defeated France in the stock companies, and the insertion of 5 best epitomized by the 1896 Great Franco-Prussian War. This gave south billion gold marks from war reparations Industrial Exposition, which included German states the impetus to join with with France, set Berlin on a path of rapid representation from 23 industry groups, Prussia. Together they made up the and showcased steam engines, synthetic urbanization and development (12). newly formed German Empire, with Berlin was “awash in investment funds”- dyes, pianos, a sausage machine, and a Berlin being maintained as the capital. large telescope among others (Large 82, from 1871 to 1872, 780 new companies Berlin’s early economic success is very Evans) were founded. Berlin was home to closely tied to its association with the As Berlin became heavily industrialized, Germany’s three most influential banks Prussian state. As Bismarck aggressivefactories became a dominant part of and journalism industry, with the Berlin ly and dominantly expanded Prussian Berlin’s landscape. In 1895, 20,000 emTageblatt (12). New streets were laid influence, Berlin’s importance rose. out, new housing developments quickly Top left: Berlin in 1871. Top right: Otto Von BisUpon unification, Berlin resembled a rose. Rental prices rose quickly for tenmarck had an immense role in shaping Germa“giant mining camp,” awash in quick emants that were kept in squalid condi- ny’s political makeup. Bottom left: Siemenstadt, opportunity, and it’s economy jumptions. Berlin quickly became overbuilt, Siemen’s industrial living complex, is a UNESCO started. and a bit “hollow.” Joint stock compaheritage site today. RAPID GROWTH

ployees worked at factories with 50 or more people. By 1907, 70,000 did (Large 99). Labor was increasingly routinized, and working conditions were highly regimented, slowly improving from the 1870s, but still a far cry from decent. Berlin’s industrial character continued uninturrupted until the onset of World War I in 1914. Young men would be drafted for combat. This negatively impacted firms that depended on their labor (127). However, eventually, many soldiers who were highly skilled industrial workers were recalled to help with the war production effort, as Germany’s economy transitioned to a focus on wartime production (129). When the Central Powers lost to the Allied Powers in 1918, Germany was required to pay 132 billion marks in reparations. John Maynard Keynes and other economists viewed the amount as too harsh (Wikipedia). The amount of these reparations would be highly debated by economists decades later in analyzing the causes of social unrest, and as the Weimar RepubWorld War II. lic became increasingly unpopular. By 1924, the period of hyperinflation ended WHEELBARROWS OF MARKS when Germany struck a deal with the U.S., making reparations more affordGermany funded their military during able, and introducing a new currency, WWI not through taxation but through the Rentenmark, which was backed by borrowing. As the cost of war greatly bonds, indexed to the gold standard, outweighed the profits, Germany accrued large sums of debt (Fergusson 11). and were effectively the same as marks with 12 less zeros (Encyclopedia BritWhile expanding the circulation of the tanica). For a brief period, Berlin enmark through loans, and not restricting the available amount through taxes, the joyed a stable, and vibrant local scene. government unbeknownst to them con- It became known for being a center of tributed to the onset of inflation (12). the European counterculture, a beacon for communists, artists and misfits alike. German mark began to gradually lose value. From 1914 to 1918, the mark’s val- This relative prosperity would be shortlived however, as Germany was on the ue halved, and by 1919 it halved again. verge of a recession in 1927. When the By 1920, the cost of living had risen nine times what it had been in 1914, but Great Depression hit in 1929, extremist political factions would start to make the mark was one-fourtieth of its 1914 inroads. value. By 1923, German citizens were experiencing “wheelbarrow inflation,” in which not even their life savings would afford them a coffee (2). As prices rose, many requested that more marks be printed, in order to purchase the items they viewed as being more expensive, rather than reinstating the mark purchasing power, and inflation continued (4). These policies caused widespread

NAZI ECONOMICS Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party gained popularity in the mid 1920s and was elected chancellor in 1933 . He often equated economic issues with nationalistic ones in a way that implied that economic development was relevant only in the sense that it supported the German people. His policies could be seen as Keynesian, embarking on public-works programs, and protected industry from foreign competitors (Mises). It was highly interventionist, with the ultimate goal of making Germany a self-sufficient producer. For Hitler, economic considerations were secondary to considerations protecting the “master race.” National Socialism itself promotes the idea that Germans were equal among one another, but superior to other races. In the late 1930s, Hitler shifted the economy to focus on wartime preperations, expanding armament and aviation industries (Book, 181). During World War Two, industry shifted once again to war productions. with additional production supplemented by forced labor camps in the hinterland. The Battle of Berlin marks the conclusion of the war on the western front- as tides shifted in 1945 in favor of the Allied forces, Berlin was severely bombed. Half of the inner city was destroyed, and with high death tolls, decimated infrastructure, and massive destruction, Berlin was in shambles (Remme). Left: German hyperinflation rapidly reduced the value of the mark to a point of worthlessness in the early 1920s. Top right: Under the Nazi regime, existing industrial infrastructure was used to expand production of military equipment. Bottom right: With marks virtually worthless in the early 1920s, they littered the streets, and could not be stored.

BERLIN DIVIDED

sector benefitted immensley from being able to export goods to formerly After World War II, Berlin was divided East German locales (44). West Berlin into West Berlin, which was a de facto in general was rather tolerable of the part of West Germany, controlled by political shift. East Berlin, however, the US, France, and Great Britain, was stuck in limbo, as the government and East Berlin-the capital of East struggled to transition the publically Germany, controlled by the USSR. (The owned industrial centers to viable Economist). In the 1950s, most firms, private sector owners (44). Most GDRincluding Siemens and AEG, left their era industy collapsed as it could not headquarters in Berlin, regardless of if compete with Western markets. Despite they were in the east or west portions, high rates of unemployment, the as the city was percieved as being too rebuilding of East Berlin’s infrastructure unstable. Both sides received large network created many jobs. The capital sums of subsidies from their respective relocated from Bonn to Berlin in 1999, spheres. East Berlin, where most of the which provided further government historic core was located, continued investment and stimulus to the economy. to rely economically on state and Traces of Berlin’s industrial past remain, bureaucratic functions, albeit for the as Siemens and other firms continue to German Democratic Republic. The manufacture in Berlin, but the economy socialist government also subsidized today has slowly shifted toward a low-skilled manufacturing, but it was service sector focus. Communications, non-competitive and unresponsive advertising, life sciences, and to market changes and generally biotechnology are among the fastest unsuccesful. While the population of growing fields (The Economist). Berlin’s the GDR dropped from 18.4 million economy has been less quick, however, to 16.4 million, from its inception to to bounce back then in previous the fall of the Berlin Wall, East Berlin moments in it’s history. Nearly half of was the only area in the GDR to gain Berliners are on public welfare, and there population (Elger 43). West Germany is no private venture capital. According provided deep incentives for firms to a study by the Cologne Institute for to locate in West Berlin, to outweigh Economic Research, Berlin is the only the increased transportation costs capital city in Europe to be a drag on its of moving there. These incentives nation’s gross domestic product. While encouraged the predominance of lowEngland would be 11% poorer without skilled manufacturing jobs in West London for instance, Germany would be Berlin, making it “over-industrialized” .2% richer without Berlin. The scars of and out of balance (43). The island effect the Cold War have created a challenge isolated West Berlin economically, and for Berlin (Petzinger). Berlin’s economic despite the deep subsidies, (by the late strategy today can be summed up by 1980s it was recieving 20 billion DM Mayor Klaus Wowereit’s phrasing in the per year), it still struggled to maintain a mid 2000s that Berlin is “poor but sexy.” sustainable economy (42). Furthermore, It has become a mecca for tech startups the Berlin Wall itself restricted natural and artists, attracted to relatively cheap urban growth and expansion, as well as rents and popular amentiies. The success economic expansion. of this strategy has led to it’s reinvention into the “European Silicon Valley,” with REUNIFICATION a $35 million investment from Bill Gates, and $19 million from Sequoia Capital, among others, into tech innovation start When the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, it was ups. (Neate)Berlin has embraced it’s the symbolic end of the Cold War, the weaknesses in an innovative way to be a end of East and West Germany, and the global competitor once again. end of East and West Berlin. When the SOURCES wall fell, West Berlin’s manufacturing 36

Large, David Clay. “Berlin.” Basic Books: 2001. AEG History- http://www.aeg-ie.com/ download/web_aeg_history_e.pdf Siemens,” The Spandau-Nonnendamm industrial estate is officially named Siemensstadt” Book, Tommy. “The Urban Field of Berlin: Expansion, Isolation, Reconstruction.” Human Geography Vol. 77. No. 3. 1995. Ellger, Cristof. “Berlin: Legacies of Division and Problems of Unification.” The Geographical Journal. Vol. 158, No. 1. (Mar 1992). Encyclopedia Brittanica, “Dawes Plan.” https://www.britannica.com/event/ Dawes-Plan Fergusson, Adam. “When Money Dies: The Nightmare of Defecit Spending.” Public Affairs: 2010. Large, David Clay. “Berlin: A Modern History.” 2001. Neate, Rupert. “Berlin’s Poor but Sexy Appeal turning city into ‘European Silicon Vallley.” The Guardian: January 3, 2014. Petzinger, Jill. “Berlin is the only capital city in Europe that is a drag on its country’s economy.” Quartz: August 10, 2016. Remme, Tillman, BBC. “The Battle for Berlin in World War Two.” March 3, 2010. Rockwell, Llewellyn. “Hitler’s Economics.” Mises Institute. The Economist, “Poor but Sexy.”

Top: Children from East Berlin stand where a piece of the Berlin Wall once wast, in 1990. Bottom: This truck recently drove through the streets of London, encouraging start-ups to move to Berlin.

LANDSCAPE URBANISM // STADTLANDSCHAFT

Fig 1: Forest and meadow belt around Berlin, with radial connections.

INTRODUCTION The role of landscape and open spaces in Berlin has evolved over the last two centuries in its typology, aesthetic and function. Transforming from its decorative role under the Prussian Empire in the 1800s, it is now a key planning strategy for growth as recommended by the after its completion, the dead of Strategie Stadtlandschaft Berlin 2020. the March Revolution of 1848 were interred here. The City Council also HISTORICAL CONTEXT acquired land and approved plans for the Humboldthain and Treptower Park In 1840, under the Prussian Empire, respectively. the only recreational spaces available In June 1870, the Berlin City Council to 322,000 Berliners were the Unter approved the establishment of a den Linden and Großer Tiergarten. special “Park Deputation”, and The few city squares that existed the appointment of a City Public were reserved for the purpose of Gardens Director. The period between representation. 1870-1877 saw the completion of As a response to the greatly various park facilities that had been increasing population of Berlin, initiated before 1870. It also saw the the Royal Gardens Director of the expansion of existing parks such as Prussian Ministry Peter Joseph Lenné the Friedrichshain, Humboldthain and submitted his plan for “the Projected Treptower Park. It was in this period that Decorative and Border Strips of twenty-four streets and avenues with Berlin, with the Adjoining Area” to tree plantations, twenty-five schools certify additional recreational areas with gymnastics facilities, and three in additional to remodeling and institutions with bathing facilities were rebuilding three landscape parks in constructed. the city. As Berlin’s population reached the Between 1848 and 1870 as an 1 million mark, the criticism of the effect of rapid industrialization, social, sanitary and urban-planning the population of Berlin had risen problems of the housing structure led to from 428,000 inhabitants in 1850 to proposals for improvements in all areas 800,000 inhabitants in 1870, within of urban planning including the demand the same area. This led to extremely for recreational facilities. crowded and socially untenable living The urban green spaces of that era, conditions. called “people’s gardens”, were It was during this time that the first seen mainly as places of exercise, municipal green space of 34 ha, the recuperation, of sociable conversation, Friedrichshain was built. Immediately and also of the enjoyment of nature,

as well as spaces for formation and refinement of manners. The period between 1877 and 1909 saw an increased demand for more sports fields and playgrounds of which there were only five at the time. Between 1910-1920, to counteract the social and sanitary problems in housing, a citywide urban planning structure was demanded for Berlin, with functional zoning, structured construction zones, a citywide traffic plan, and a citywide open-space plan. In 1909, these demands led to a competition for the establishment of a land-use plan for Greater Berlin. The reform movements caused a rejection of the largely representative “decorative green spaces” in favor of “sanitary” and social green space in the cities such as the Schillerpark. The modern garden architects tried to create space functionally designed to permit popular possession of parks for exercise, play and sports, and also for cultural performances (music, theater, etc.). In response to the dearth of playgrounds, Erwin Barth, the public gardens director of Charlottenburg restructured existing, usually representative city squares as “garden squares” with integrated playing areas.

Germany’s defeat in World War I and the revolutionary events of 1918 brought an end to the monarchy and led to the formation of the Weimar Republic in 1919. In 1920, the new municipality of Greater Berlin was established with 3.8 million inhabitants. In order to find jobs for the large number of unemployed people after the defeat in World War I and the subsequent disbanding of the army, the influx of many refugees and the worldwide economic crisis, Berlin’s Mayor Gustav Böss established an emergency program in 1921, jointly funded by the national, state and municipal governments. The program included the construction of fortythree major projects for playgrounds, sports fields and parks. By 1924, the twelve of the largest projects had been completed. These included Volkspark Jungfernheide, Volks- und Waldpark Wuhlheide, Volkspark Mariendorf and Volkspark Tempelhofer Feld (Tempelhof Field Public Park). A turning point in the protection of landscape came with ‘The Law for the Conservation of Trees and the Opening of Riverside Pathways in the Interests of Public Health’ of July 22, 1922 which set new standards for spatial policy in the Weimar Republic, providing legal protection for parks.

In accordance with the new construction code of 1925, the Urban Planning Department, headed by Councilman Martin Wagner from 1926 to 1933, drafted a general development plan for the city, which provided the basis for a number of projects, including the 1929 design for a general open-space system by Koeppen and Wagner. The calculation foundations for this were provided by Wagner’s 1915 dissertation at the Royal Technical College of Berlin: “The Sanitary Green Spaces of Cities: A Contribution to the Open-Space Theory.” The General Open Space Plan tried to apply an ideal open-space system to Berlin. A greenbelt and major green strips formed a large networked system of forests, heaths, sewage farms, meadow hollows and parks. Green connections created cohesion between allotment gardens, cemeteries, river valleys and greened streams, and chains of lakes, with major consideration given to their natural conditions. During the war years after 1941, air raid shelters were built in green spaces [e.g., the surface bunkers in the Humboldthain and Friedrichshain]. The “war measures” included production of vegetables and fruit in the garden centers and tree nurseries. On January 30, 1937 Adolf Hitler appointed Albert Speer as general construction inspector for the reconstruction of Berlin. His main project was the 120 m wide east-west

axis and an equally wide north-south axis, at the intersection of which a large basin, 1,200 m x 400 m, was to be installed, and beside it a “Great Hall of the People,” with a height of almost 300 m. Other than the razing of some lots, no part of this project was ever realized. The office of the general construction inspector also issued the Natural Green-Space Plan for Berlin, developed by Hentzen in 1937, under which the beautiful natural landscapes were to be interconnected, and a coherent green system created. The Grunewald Forest was to be redesigned as a scenically landscaped recreational park. AFTERMATH OF WWII As a result of World War II, 338,000 apartments were totally destroyed (one third of the total stock), one hundred thousand dwellings were damaged considerably, and 80 million cu.m of rubble lay in the city. Of the former population of 4.4 million, only 2.8 million inhabitants were left. That part of the green spaces and parks that had not already been destroyed were clearcut by the people afterwards for fuel. Around 2,200 ha of green spaces were destroyed.

Fig 3: Map of Open Spaces in the Municipality of Berlin and Surrounding Areas (1929).

2020 20 Main Green Routes Strategy Berlin Cityscape

1999 Inner City Map

Adopted in West Germany.

1990 Reunification of Germany

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Landscape as a tool to design the future.

1960 Overall Green Spac Plan

Cemetries & memorials for Soviet soldiers are built.

1945 - early 1950s Landscape projects result from effects of war

Hans Scharoun proposes ‘Stadtlandschaft’

1946 Kollectiv Plan

Green spaces serve as air raid shelters as in Humboldthain & Friedrichshain. Production of fruits & vegetables in garden centers & nurseries.

1939-1945 Response to War

Developed by Hentzen under the Albert Speer Plan.

1937 Natural Green Space Plan

Martin Wagner

1926-1933 General Open Space Plan

1927 Volkspark Tempelhofer Feld 1932 Volks- und Waldpark Wuhlheide

Fig 2: Historic Timeline (Evolving Role of Green Spaces in Berlin) 1840-2020.

1924 Volkspark Mariendorf

1923 Volkspark Jungfernheide

Comissioned by Gustav Böss Three playgrounds,sports fields and parks are built.

1921 Emergency Program

1920 New Municipality of Greater Berlin

established.

1919 Weimer Republic

Victoriapark

Two playgrounds are built.

1914

Extension to

1913 Schiller Park

GDR & FRG NAZI GERMANY (ALLIED OCCUPIED GERMANY) Infrastructural Rebuilding the city: green spaces: Germany is divided into East Source of employment and West Germany.

GERMAN REICH

Functional green spaces:

1911 Administrative Association of Greater Berlin

1909 Land Use Plan for Greater Berlin

1894 Victoriapark

1888 Treptown Park

established.

1879 Humboldthain Park

Sanitary and social green spaces:

1870 Parks Deputation

1849

First municiapl green; dead were interred.

1848 Friedrichshain

1843 Invalidenpark

1840

DUTCHY OF PRUSSIA Decorative spaces: Unter den Linden Großer Tiergarten

DIVISION OF GERMANY As a consequence of the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, Germany was split into two global blocs between the Allies in the west and Soviets in the east. Two independent states emerged; the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Berlin too, was split and post war reconstruction on both sides took independent course. Fig 4: Hans Scharoun’s Kollectivplan 1946.

Fig 5: Post WWII division of Berlin into East and West Berlin.

Fig 6: Berlin Green Space and Recreation System.

Fig 7: Overall Green-Space Plan of the West Berlin Boroughs.

POST WAR RECONSTRUCTION When the Red Army took Berlin in May 1945, almost a quarter of the buildings were destroyed or badly damaged. Urban reconstruction became a major priority. The few available resources and uncertainty about Berlin’s political status (divided as it was, into four quarters, American, Soviet, French, British) further delayed new building program. Learning from the pre-war Bahaus theory, a group of architects led by Hans Scharoun developed a ‘Kollectivplan’ in 1946. Their proposal for a ‘Stadlandschaft’ or urban landscape envisioned an entirely new city , built around residential units of 4,000 to 5,000 residents each. It’s basic principles were that of modernism, proposing separation of homes, commerce and family. By virtually abandoning the destroyed city, it offered a complete break with history - with the immediate Nazi and past as well as the nineteenth -century industrial city. It’s line of orientation would be the natural landscape of the Spree River Valley. Hans Scharoun proposed a “ribbon city” spread along the River Spree in an urban landscape and linked by a network of high-capacity highways, according to a band pattern and a system of concentric ring roads that would substitute the previous system of

axis and radial connections. STRATEGIES FOR EAST BERLIN The projects undertaken in East Berlin upto 1950 resulted directly or indirectly from the effects of the war, namely; a) elimination of the rubble; the rubble-mountain concept, including a planting concept with the goal of raising the heights at the edge of the glacial spillway, in order to accentuate the landscape (bunker hills in the Friedrichshain, the Oderbruchstraße landfill, and the Biesdorfer Berg), b) temporary greening of cleared-out plots, c) restoration or new landscaping of formerly greened city squares, including Dönhofplatz, Kollwitzplatz; Nordmarkplatz, Helmholtzplatz and Teutoburger Platz, d) new design of the Volkspark Friedrichshain with rubble mountains, and of the Stadtpark Lichtenberg, e) greening of the Pankeaue (meadows along narrow Panke river), f) new construction of the Friedrichsfelde Memorial and g) design of the Schlosspark Niederschönhausen. At this time, the Soviet soldiers’ cemeteries designed as memorials were built in Treptower Park and Schönholzer Heide.

STRATEGIES FOR WEST BERLIN A major focus of the work in West Berlin was an emergency green program, including the restoration of the Großer Tiergarten and the Humboldthain. Along the inner-city Spree and the canals within the city, former loading streets and their harbors were changed into green spaces. By 1970, 150 km of the total of 290 km of waterways had been greened. An overall green space plan was adopted in 1960 directing the development of the city center structured not with separate green spaces, but with an interconnected network of major green strips, which were, wherever possible, to incorporate existing green and sports facilities, take into account existing scenic contexts, and restore those that had been lost. They were planned to be three to four kilometers apart from one another, and were to connect the city center with the surrounding areas. Secondary green strips were to connect the major green strips with pedestrian pathways. Until 1970, the overall green-space plan constituted the basis for open-space development.

„Schöne Stadt“

„Produktive Landschaft“

„Urbane Natur“

Fig 8: Images from Strategie Stadtlandschaft Berlin 2020.

PLANNING AHEAD

and spatially. Public spaces (city squares, city gardens, pocket parks, city parks, With the German reunification on tree-lined street areas and front yards) October 3, 1990 the two city sectors are to have high use value. The basic of Berlin were brought together again, unit of private open space is the “Berlin and as of January 1, 1991, a common courtyard,” in its wide variety of forms. administration for the entire city was The types of open space, such as open created. After over fifty years, a spatialresidential-area green space, extensive policy guideline planning procedure transportation-proximate green space, was developed for the entire city. or spontaneously greened areas, which The landscape programme includes have arisen in the postwar era, are to be the sub-plans “The Ecosystem and assigned to the categories of public and Environmental Protection,” “The private open space. Protection of Biotopes and Species,” With the compilation of the Urban “The Landscape Scenery” and Development Concept 2020 in the “Recreation and the Use of Open year 2000 new priorities in urban green Space.” space development were set. The The landscape programme proposes rising importance of climate change, an “inner park ring” around the densely the drop of building activity compared developed city center, which essentially to the 1990´s and the reduction of consists of existing public parks, funds for the development of public allotment gardens and cemeteries, urban green spaces were important supplemented by new parks. Similarly, at concerns. Future strategies focus more the edge of the developed urban area, on the conservation, maintenance and the landscape programme provides for interconnection of existing parks and a second park ring. These parks and green spaces than on the development green spaces are interconnected along of new ones. the rivers, canals and rail lines. During the past years on the basis of The concept known as the Inner-City the landscape program and the General Master Plan is an endeavor to further Urban Mitigation plan new parks and develop the identities of the historic green spaces were developed as center in eastern Berlin and the western compensation for interference in nature downtown area structurally, creatively due to construction. Similarly, projects such as green spaces on rivers and 40

canals were completed. An example of this is the Pankegrünzug (green corridor at Panke) as a compensation for the construction of the Federal Information Service Building on the neighbouring plot. The river Panke is an important part of the north- south- green on an axis and plays a significant role in the interconnection and development of Berlin’s urban bank side green spaces. The renaturation of the rivulet Wuhle is a significant step towards the accessibility of the bank side areas and the enrichment of Berlin’s biodiversity. The interconnection of Berlin’s green spaces and recreational areas is one of the key aspects of the Open Space and Urban Green Space Commission. The project “20 grüne Hauptwege” (20 green main routes) describes strategies for the interconnection of green routes through Berlin’s parks and living environments. Currently the Strategy Berlin Cityscape is being developed. It explores the aspects of Urban Nature, City Beautification and Urban Agriculture. The strategy describes the development of urban green spaces relative to changes and trends in society and how they can contribute to the quality of urban life and the preservation of diverse urban landscapes.

Fig 9: 20 grüne Hauptwege.

Fig 10: System of Open Spaces in Berlin.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ILLUSTRATIONS

The Resilient City: How Modern Cities Recover from Disaster edited by Lawrence J. Vale, Thomas J. Campanella. Copywright 2005 Oxford University Press, Inc.

Fig 1: http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin. de/umwelt/stadtgruen/geschichte/en/ stadtgruen/1870_1920/index.shtml

Strategie Stadtlandschaft Berlin natürlich urban produktiv Berlin, Dezember 2014 ISBN 978-3-88961-332-5

Fig 2: Original artwork by author, Aparajita A Bhatt.

Planning Perspectives 18 (2003) 147–176 Rudolf Schwarz and the concept of Stadtlandschaft. Central Europe Review Vol 1 No 21 15 November 1999 http://www.ce-review.org/99/21/gomez21.html Art in Berlin since 1945 https://sites.google.com/site/artberlin1945/ reconstruction-et-separation Harvard Mellon Urban Initiative 2016 Stadtlandschaft Berlin http://mellonurbanism.harvard.edu/portfolio_ page/stadtlandschaft-berlin/ The History of Berlin’s Urban Green Space http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/ umwelt/stadtgruen/geschichte/en/stadtgruen/ gesamtberlin_1990/1990_bis_1999/index.shtml History of Germany https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ Germany_(1945–90)

Fig 3: http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin. de/umwelt/stadtgruen/geschichte/en/ stadtgruen/1920_1948/1920_bis_1935/index. shtml Fig 4: https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/567101778050745124/ Fig 5: http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin. de/umwelt/stadtgruen/geschichte/en/ stadtgruen/1920_1948/1935_bis_1948/index. shtml Fig 6: http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/ umwelt/stadtgruen/geschichte/en/stadtgruen/ ostberlin_1948_1990/bis_1950/index.shtml Fig 7: http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/ umwelt/stadtgruen/geschichte/en/stadtgruen/ ostberlin_1948_1990/bis_1950/index.shtml Fig 8: http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/umwelt/ landschaftsplanung/strategie_stadtlandschaft/ download/Strategie-Stadtlandschaft-Berlin.pdf Fig 9: http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/umwelt/ berlin_move/en/hauptwege/index.shtml Fig 10: http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/umwelt/ landschaftsplanung/stadtland/sp/stadtfreirsys. shtml

SPATIAL PLANNING POLITICAL Berlin’s urban space division is entirely due to political and military occupation.600 thousand houses were completely destroyed and Berlin’s population from 3 million 400 thousand to 93 year left 2 million 800 thousand people after theSecond World War. The whole of Germany was occupied by the four victorious nations. “Cold war” makes the Berlin city’s separation more serious. The contradiction between the two major political and military groups on the expansion of the scope of the respective land and the impact forces is becoming increasingly acute. Berlin space division from four parts to be two parts, rather than the spatial segmentation more profoundly, the social identity of Berlin citizen’s recognizance. Berlin’s East and Wast Division was further obtained after the law and the substance of the curing. 1994 West Germany and East Germany announced the founding of each country. After the day, the city of Berlin in two parts of the complete separation in urban planning and development, there is little contact with the government in two Berlin.

ECONOMIC The regional policies of the former West Germany have evolved from the postWar reconstruction to the promotion of economic development mainly in agricultural areas and the revitalization of declining industrial areas. The amendment of the Basic Law in 1969 resulted in a framework requiring the federal government to cooperate with the state government and to provide financial assistance for the improvement of regional economic structures. The federal government has been providing direct and indirect assistance, establishing the framework encompassing such factors as the region subject to assistance, the overall objectives, and the type of annual financial assistance granted to each state. Implementation is left to the states. Following the unification of the East and the West, emphasis has been on assistance to the former East German states. Recent development includes the determination on January 1, 2007 of regions subject to assistance for the 2006-2013 period, which corresponds to the period covered by the EUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s regional policy.

In 1997 the two side Berlin of social development or imbalance can be seen from the figure that the long-term unemployed people in the Berlin area. The distribution of the contrast was still east Berlin people the number of long-term unemployed accounted for a small proportion of the district but the unemployment rate is the fastest growing area concentrated in the development trend This is German income comparison, the of the East Berlin Berlin again suture in the area of social development has a deepest part of the color is more than 120% or more than the average income long way to go, did not see the end. level, the most shallow is less than 80%

This figure is the German child rearing rate comparison, you can see the difference is quite obvious in 90s.

This is the German projected population growth , negative growth is blue

TRANSPORTATION SEPARATION OF THE CITY – SEPARATION OF MOBILITY FATE OF A SEPARATED CITY: • MOST CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE EASTERN AND WESTERN PART OF THE CITY WERE CUT • URBAN AND TRANSPORT PLANNING POLITICALLY MOTIVATED • DEVELOPMENT OF (LATER) PARTLY CONFLICTING STRUCTURES 2002 • RADIAL INTERCITY ROAD • CONCENTRIC GRID DISTRICT ROAD • DENSE URBAN BRANCHES ROAD

2015 • NO MAJOR CHANGES IN THE OVERALL STRUCTURE. • DECREASED HIGH-GRADE ROADS IN CENTRAL

THE UNITED BERLIN: Catching up to European urban and transport trends Population losses and motorization increases Turn of the century lead to transformation of trends.

MODERNIST ZONING

RESIDENTIAL ANALYSIS 0

2000 4000 6000 M

W1: Traditional building blocks (Schรถneberg)

Residential Land W1 GFZ>1.5 Residential Land W2 GFZ<1.5

(GFZ >1.5)

Residential Land W3 GFZ>0.8

(GFZ >1.5) Residential Land W4 GFZ>0.4

(GFZ >1.5)

The Land Use Plan distinguishes between four categories of residential land (W1, W2, W3, W4), depending on housing density and structural characteristics. W1,as defined by the Land Use Plan, comprises mainly the densely built-

up older quarters of the inner city. W2 is in three to five story linear housing developments; inter-war and large postwar housing estates, including some high rise or large scale residential buildings. The lower density categories W3 and W4 can be modified by the attribution of a landscape character.

W4: Single family housing (Kaulsdorf)

The four categories of residential land are distinguished by their structural characteristics and their building density (floor space ratio). The floor space ratio (GFZ) describes the ratio between the gross floor space (all floors) of every building in a certain area and the size of this area. The Land Use Plan is based on the existing density pattern, in concentric rings gradually decreasing from the city center to the periphery.

Urban center District center

LEISURE ANALYSIS 0

2000 4000 6000 M

District center

Urban space with the highest urbanization Urban district with higher urbanization

Mixed building land, M1 Mixed building land, M2 Green area Water Woodland Retail concentration

The leisure area includes two main categories, which are artificial areas and natural areas. People can shop and enjoy some service in M1 and M2 areas. People can enjoy natural environment in Green area or Water area. The definition of major retail centers in

M1: Part of the western city center, near the Land Use Plan, combined with the the Zoo zoning category of the surrounding area, visualizes the distribution of different types of urban centers Within the city of Berlin. Major centers are shown within mixed building land M1, district centers within mixed building land M2, local centers within mixed building land M2 or residential land.

Green area in inner city

WORK ANALYSIS 0

Commercial / Industrial Land Mixed building land, M1 Mixed building land, M2 Community facilities

M1 includes publicservices and utilities, which are not given a separate zoning allocation within these areas. The character of M2 may be represented in Local Development Plans as mixed use areas or as a small scale mixture of other zoning categories such as housing and manufacturing. The zoning category “commercial / industrial land” of the Land Use Plan refers to existing manufacturing areas

2000 4000 6000 M

in the inner city as well as to large scale industries on the outskirts of the city and includes a land reserve for future growth. The zoning category “land for community facilities“ refers to sites reserved for universities, cultural institutions, major hospitals,schools of further education, sports facilities and other public facilities

Commercial / industrial land: Marienfelde

M1: city center (Schützenstraße)

The Land Use Plan allocates areas for office development mainly in central parts of the inner city, where demand is greatest and where there are still sufficient land reserves to last for a long period of time. Abandoned or underused industrial sites are to be recycled for new intensive uses. In addition, the Land Use Plan allocates sub-

stantial new areas for a wide range of industrial and commercial activities, to provide space for a diversification of the economy and for the necessary processes of economic change and development.

PHYSICAL PLANNING

BERLIN AND THE PHYSICAL APPROACH Berlin provides a contemporary example of a plan illustrating the physical approach. The Planwerk Innenstadt, drawn up in 1996, was eventually adopted by the Berlin Senat on 18 May 1999. The opening of the Berlin wall in 1989 revealed the two seperate cities which had developed under two very different socio-political structures over 50 years. Planwerk Innenstadt was seen as one way of integrating the two cities into one, re-creating and strengthening relationships between the two city centers to re-expose a common history and future through the use of bold strategies concepts. Planwerk WHAT IS PHYSICAL PLANNING?

This is not a comprehensive definition, but off the cuff, physical planning is Physical planning refers to the active urban design on a large scale. Today, process of organizing the structures and planning has expanded to include so function to ensure orderly and effective many more aspects such as planning as sitting (or location) of land uses. It policy and financing, so planning today encompasses deliberate determination is not so much intrinsically based on of spatial patterns with an aim of the physical environment like it used to achieving the most optimum level of be. If you want to learn about physical land utilization in a sustainable manner. planning, look back in history to our first planners. Not to say physical planning doesn’t occur anymore, but its a good place to start.

aims to create an alternative public spaces. The plan aims to express Berlin’s identity, improve the conditions for living and for retail, culture, hotels and services. It proposes to do this through qualitative improvements and in-fill projects applying the theory of ‘critical reconstruction’ which allows traces of historical development patterns to become exposed, thus ensuring that the redeveloped structure does not disown any phase of Berlin’s development history. The kinds of questions dealt with through the public Stadforum illustrate the physical planning tradition at work. These included: re-examining post-war design in the east and west; analysis of public spaces and traffic in the inner city; and new development and building types - public, open and green spaces. Criticies of the master plan see it as a means of destabilizing present building and land-use arrangements and reimposing the pre-war street layout with

no regard for the existing residents. They stress the historical significance of Berlin - the international conflict between two systems in the second half of the twentieth century which should be made perceptible for present-day tourists and future generations. This plan is based on a concept of history which sees the post-war historical period as abnormal, historical and ultimately destructive. The optimism surrounding re-unification which inspired the 1992 spatial development plan for the whole of Berlin was short-lives. The predictions for new build and private investment foundered on a collapsing economy and increasing unemployment rates. Berlin uses physical planning to protect tangible memories of the history of the divided city in the future structure. The physical planning of post-1945 Birmingham reflected assumptions about the immigrant communities which are now being explored for the first time.

PERIMETER BLOCKS A perimeter block is a type of city block which is built up on all sides surrounding a central space that is semi-private. They may contain a mixture of uses, with commercial or retail functions on the ground floor. Perimeter blocks are a key component of many European cities and are an urban form that allows very high urban densities to be achieved without high-rise buildings.

The discussion on “as-needed” block subdivision was very interesting. Unfortunately this organic process of street addition is outlawed virtually everywhere today. The comparison of block infill strategies across the world was also fascinating. True, many of the “Mietskaserne” in Berlin (and similar apartment buildings elsewhere in Central/Eastern Europe) saw their courtyards overrun with unpleasant uses (privies, loud workshops, massive laundry-drying operations), but by the early 20th century they had improved substantially: interior gardens and plazas frequently replaced the old noxious uses. These “perimeter block” or courtyardstyle buildings were often outfitted with enticing human-scale features: balconies, lavish mass-produced architectural figures and ornaments, ground-floor shops, street trees, etc.

Even today, the old Mietskaserne in Central/Eastern Europe are incredibly The perimeter block is one of the charming. Even if dilapidated and defining orthodoxies of current urban battered, you can tell many residents design wisdom. It has formed the core of urban design thinking for the past 30 find the blocks comfortable: flowerpots years and has now been institutionalised and greenery spill forth from all the balconies, old ladies tend to little in official guidance. gardens, bikes, chairs, and other household objects clutter up the courtyards, men smoke, chat, and play games in the courtyard portals, children run around and play ball, little flashes of music and gentle chatter filter down to your ears as you wander through the maze of perimeter blocks, and so on.

PUBLIC SPACE If the definition of placemaking is to “infuse identity into a three-dimensional space,” then the practice characterizes a holistic approach to a site. In urban centers, success is often measured by how busy a place is with people, both local and from elsewhere, and whether a sense of place can be discerned.

SIDEWALKS

Berlin’s sidewalks offer a healthy mix of sidewalk cafes and retail shops. Street performers appear in all public spaces throughout the city, including sidewalks. Bike lanes and an extensive public transportation system lead to an intensive use of these spaces. Historic Successful placemaking is rooted Berlin’s 1862 zoning and fire regulations in quality of the space, scale, and required the height of buildings not to programming. The secret to the success exceed the width of streets, typically of Berlin’s urban spaces is a commitment five-story constructions. This resulted to creating truly public spaces that in wide, airy sidewalks, where an ideal serve as living rooms for all. The driving street life can naturally unfold. factor of all well-designed placemaking initiatives is a focus on improving A typical Berlin sidewalk in the quality of life. Thus, the process focuses Prenzlauer Berg neighborhood, for on employing the right tools that will instance. features a healthy mix of activate public space in order to create temporary offerings for the pedestrian public outdoor living rooms. There are and passerby: sidewalk cafes, retan vast differences between experiencing shops, plantings, and street performers, the grand public spaces at Potsdamer among other amenities. Residents will Platz as opposed to visiting smallerplant unsightly sidewalk edges with scale sites in neighborhoods, such as flowers. Cafes often feature unusual Berlin Mitte, Kreuzberg, Spandau, and furniture, such as straw bales turned Preuzlauer Berg with its more intimately cozy seating or lovingly hand-painted scaled public spaces including benches that invite the customer to sidewalks, public plazas, landmarks, and sit and repose in comfort. On many parks. Outstanding places at all scales of Berlin’s popular neighborhood can be found throughout Berlin. Several sidewalks, it is often the private initiative unique urban design typologies make that creates a comfort zone appreciated Berlin so very special, in particular its by all, amounting to what’s been termed sidewalk culture, courtyards, plazas, and German gemutlichkeit. What’s good for landmarks. the eye turns into good business as well.

COURTYARD Courtyards are a typical feature of Berlin’s architecture. They usually offer an intimate scale and the advantage of quiet, protected zones off the street. where one can enjoy a sense of privacy and comfort in a car-free zone. A prominent example are the sensitively renovated historic Hackesche HOfe with its web of eight mixed-use interconnected courtyards Lined by small retail boutiques and eateries, narrow passages. and public art features that enhance the experience throughout the complex. Of particular renown is Hof 1 with its Klinker-glazed facings of commercially produced tiles, beautifully arranged by local craftsmen in geometric patterns. Also of note is the Rosenhof passage and cafe, created by architect Hinrich Baller. Tacheles, near Alexanderplatz, was a 1980s hot spot for squatters protesting developers who boarded up habitable buildings. Tacheles is the only former squatter site that remains and is now a statesponsored studio building and center for the arts. The funky courtyard features a sculptors’ metal shop gallery, as well as an array of graffiti, underground sculptures, and hip seating. Its charm lies in its welcoming, low-key atmosphere.

PLAZAS Many of the larger cultural attractions are fronted by or feature public plazas, where visitors and tourists mix with the locals. They provide an ideal playground for street performers and other public spectacles. Potsdamer Platz, and the SONY Center in particular, features numerous attractive plazas-essentially hard-scape pocket parks-that provide access to this large-scale new private development with its mixed-use arrangement of office, retail, restaurants, and cultural attractions. Noteworthy is the Berlin Wall memorial site, a popular tourist and street per-former spot. Attractions for children and families include a LEGOLAND Discovery Center with a giant LEGO giraffe on the fronting plaza, and a playground that doubles as a grouping of public sculptures.

opportunities. Berlin’s public spaces at Potsdamer Ten million people annually visit the Platz are major examples indicative of 36,000-square-foot Forum, whose the siting of many American artists/ central covered plaza is spanned by a architects in prominent public spaces. 200-foot high, 920-ton tent like roof. The The Daimler public art collection Forum provides public space 365 days a demonstrates an international outlook, year at all hours of the day. A mixture of corporate prestige, and serves as draw free open-space options combined with and highlight for international cultural retail serve to bring life to the square. tour-ism. Notably, Daimler’s outdoor SONY “sells” its corporate image collection is exclusively comprised of by offering high-tech entertainment, American blue-chip artists, including such as large-scale plasma screens to Keith Haring, Jeff Koons (Balloon showcase Berlin, events, and movies. Flower), Robert Rauschenberg, and A movie theater complex draws large Mark di Suvero (Galileo). Throughout crowds that add to the life in the square. the Daimler development, public plazas Public seating conveniently surrounds tend to be vast and void of pedestrians, the large, round, central water feature. indicating a failure of Renzo Piano’s In addition to eateries and retail, SONY’s master plan to design spaces that Forum offers ample free public seating attract the visiting public.

Throughout the city, public and private investments on all scales have created a vibrant cosmopolitan center that attracts visitors and new residents from Germany and all over the world to Berlin. Particularly among artists, Berlin ranks high as a potential place of residence. Thanks to continued low-rent opportunities, artists and cultural outlets continue to move there. This factor alone significantly contributes to Berlin’s cultural vibrancy. Berlin’s creative/cultural economy is thriving. In addition to Berlin’s official cultural agenda that serves the capital of Germany, cultural life is complemented by a booming subculture, comprised of alternative, nonprofit, and commercial spaces, and a highly popular indoor and outdoor cafe and pub culture; a healthy presence of street performers add to the mix. Free access and use of public space combined with public art features further enhance the quality of life. The dominating presence of the pedestrian and bicyclist throughout the city and its streetscape is aided by Berlin’s latest innovation to improve air quality: rerouting through-traffic on tangential roads and an extension of zones with parking fees for cars that do not adhere to the highest environmental standards. Thus, environmental policy and public health go hand in hand with revitalized and more attractive neighborhoods.

URBAN DESIGN URBAN DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT ZONING:HOUSTON

Houston Skycrapers

Houston is one of the biggest cities in USA and it doesn’t have zoning ordinances. Many private properties have legal requirements and there is a Subdivision Ordinance “regulating very specific development activities, but in a non-comprehensive manner” (see Wilson, Cribbs and Goren, http://www.wcglaw.com/). There is a general division of land, the urban and suburban, and regulations that specify how lots are subdivided, standard setbacks, and parking requirements.

language that would repeal any zoning ordinance on the book as well as a second referendum where was set that in case of any future proposed zoning ordinance should be preceded by a six month period of debate and hearings, and it got 79 percent in favor.

The Reasons why that 79 percent were against zoning are first to protect property rights, to gives owners the ability to choose how their land is developed, to avoid segregation, to maximizes a property’s potential, to REASON WHY THERE HAS NOT keeps housing, business and consumer BEEN A CONVENTIONAL ZONING costs down due to availability of REGULATION IN HOUSTON developable land, to removes strain on taxpayers to pay for costs associated One of the reasons why there has not with zoning, to allows for mixed use been a conventional zoning regulation development, putting residences, work in Houston is because Houston Property and shopping in proximity. Rights Association have submitted the signatures necessary for a referendum to amend the Houston charter with

Houston Big Neighborhoods

TIMELINE

comprehensively amended for first time. Distinction made between “urban” The following timeline has Key Houston and “suburban” Houston (inside/ Planning Dates and it comes from the outside the 610-loop). The “Special Planning and Development Department Building Line Requirement area” tool web page(http://www.houstontx.gov/ for neighborhood protection (called planning/AboutPD/pd_history.html) “prevailing building line” at the time) was included as part of the Chapter 42 1913, March 1: Development plan rewrite. for Houston. There was no Planning Department or Planning Commission at As a parenthesis is important to say the time. that the distinction made between “urban” and “suburban” is a freeway 1921: City Engineer J.C. McVea reports that forms a 38-mile-long loop around that Houston suffers from three critical the downtown sector of city of Houston, planning problems: no major street colloquially known as The loop or plan, no zoning ordinance, and limited Interstate 610. In addition to that, the power to review subdivision platting. “Special Building Line Requirement area” permit preservation of the 1942: The Planning Department character of existing blocks faces in produced Houston’s first “Major Street residential neighborhoods. Plan,” now known as the “Major Thoroughfare and Freeway Plan” and 2007, October 10: Parks and Open revised annually. Spaces amendment to Chapter 42 passed, requiring builders to dedicate 1948, November 2: Zoning fails for third land or pay a fee in-lieu-of land time at citywide straw poll dedication in proportion to the size of their development. 1962, November 6: Zoning fails for fourth time at citywide straw poll 2009, January 28: Prohibited Yard Parking ordinance passed, prohibiting 1982, June 22: Chapter 42 created by homeowners from parking vehicles on city ordinance to govern development. unimproved surfaces in their front or Houston has mandatory development side yards. The Loop-Interstate 610 rules for the first time. 2009, August 19: Transit-Corridor 1984, February 28: Department of City amendment to Chapter 42 passed, Planning is renamed “Department of incentivizing pedestrian-friendly Planning & Development”. development along METRO’s light rail corridors. 1989, May 17: Off-Street parking ordinance passed 2010, October 13: Amendments to the Historic Preservation Ordinance, 1991, December 4: Tree and Shrub Chapter 33, passed creating permanent ordinance passed. protections for historic properties in historic districts. 1991, December 11: Cell Tower ordinance passed regulating the 2010, December 21: amendments to location of cell towers. Chapter 42 passed creating a section known as the Residential Buffering 1992, June 10: Hotel/Motel ordinance Ordinance to provide buffering passed regulating the location of hotels requirements when a development in residential areas. is proposed that is over 75 feet in height and is located along a local or 1993, November 2: Zoning fails for fifth collector street and abuts single family time at citywide referendum. residential. 1999, March 24: Chapter 42

2007, October 10: Parks and Open Spaces amendment to Chapter 42 passed, requiring builders to dedicate

land or pay a fee in-lieu-of land dedication in proportion to the size of their development. 2009, January 28: Prohibited Yard Parking ordinance passed, prohibiting homeowners from parking vehicles on unimproved surfaces in their front or side yards. 2009, August 19: Transit-Corridor amendment to Chapter 42 passed, incentivizing pedestrian-friendly development along METRO’s light rail corridors. 2010, October 13: Amendments to the Historic Preservation Ordinance, Chapter 33, passed creating permanent protections for historic properties in historic districts. 2010, December 21: amendments to Chapter 42 passed creating a section known as the Residential Buffering Ordinance to provide buffering requirements when a development is proposed that is over 75 feet in height and is located along a local or collector street and abuts single family residential.

The Loop-Interstate 610

Special building line requirement area

limit certain uses, even if they do not dictate specific areas where those uses must go.

The Woodlands Villages Map

Artificial turf was installed at the plaza at CityCentre to better withstand heavy foot traffic. (CityCentre).

Houston is a city where a lot of things happen. Its economy keeps growing and there is a balance in the distribution of services that are needed in every neighborhood. The following text from Patrick J. Kiger a Journalist from Washington DC that explains why Houston is economically sustainable, The Tasting Room, which offers wines, wealthy and it preserves neighborhoods pizza, and live music, is a ground-floor character. tenant at the CityCentre mixed-use deBut in Houston, the lone major city in the United States that never has enacted zoning, the actual landscape hardly matches that dire hypothetical scenario. “If you drive around Houston after you’ve been to other major cities, you’ll find that, in many ways, we look very similar,” says Patrick Walsh, the city’s planning director. “We have commercial corridors with a lot of activity and a mix of uses; residential neighborhoods that are distinct and fairly uniform.”

velopment. (CityCentre)

THE WOODLANDS-PLANNED COMMUNITY

MONTROSE NEIGHBORHOOD

Hines Market Square is a mixed-use

Houston works without what locals development in downtown Houston’s jokingly call “the Z word,” Walsh (the historic district. (Hines) city’s planning director) and others explain, because even though the city lacks formal zoning, it is not an anythinggoes environment in which developers have complete, unfettered freedom. Instead, over the years, the city has devised other restraints, including ordinances that regulate design and

Developers have found new opportunities to build different projects that take advantage of the market, the places, the culture such as “Planned Communities or planned cities” that are usually build in undeveloped areas. An example of that is The Woodlands project, the population was 107,769 as of a January 2014 estimate, and It is 28 miles (45 km) north of Houston. It won a Special Award for Excellence in 1994 from the Urban Land Institute.

General View-The Woodlands Community

Montrose is a residential neighborhood that has a diverse area with renovated mansions, bungalows with wide porches, and cottages located along tree-lined boulevards. Montrose is a major cultural hub as a result of no zoning regulation.

The Woodlands College Park High School

An hourly motel operates a block from a Baptist church in Houston, which lacks zoning laws

CAMBODIA, PHNOM PENH- A CITY WITHOUT ZONING

Photo: Steve Campbell, Chronicle A house owned by the Killion family is being encroached on by a new roller coaster being built on the Kemah Boardwak.

NEGATIVE ASPECTS The aversion to regulations have also led to problems like angry residents that hire a lawyer to fight their cause. Rowdy cantinas, rock-crushing operations and commercial dumps appear in residential neighborhoods. Condo towers appear next to schools and a pay-by-the-hour motel could operate in the same block that a church. Another example is a Roller Coaster next to a residential neighborhood. However Houston regulates land through deed restrictions, typically crafted by the developer of a subdivision.

Roller Coaster neighborhood overview.

The capital of Cambodia, Phnom Penh is the largest and fastest growing city in the country with over two million inhabitants. In recent years it has seen unprecedented rates of growth in the economy, population and urbanization, however there is yet to be any regulations to ensure sustainable development. Without a comprehensive master plan for the capital city, there is no official zoning or building code requirements, which puts the future of the city in the hands of the private sector instead of the residents who are at risk of losing their city of water. In Phnom Penh, factories are built next to schools and residential areas, local transportation routes are overwhelmed by the increase of traffic and deteriorate, and lakes are being filled in for more land leaving the city susceptible to constant flooding. By 2030 it is expected that almost half of the population of Cambodia will be living in urban areas, Phnom Penh being by far the largest. Without access to basic services and infrastructure laid out by zoning regulations in an urban master plan, the quality of life and efficiency of the city will decrease as urban development continues. (see http:// www.sustainablecitiescollective.com/).

CONCLUSION In my opinion, Houston creates a system that, despite its difficulties, is an example of how to organize a city in a different way. As a result, it has allowed the construction of projects that are completely unique in terms of the mix and flexibility in their use of space. In addition, Houston is constantly growing, and its land ordinances help to embrace the changes and new demands of society.

URBAN MIXED-USE PLANS

vertically in the building, or area.

MIXED USE POLICY The German land use planning system operates at three levels: federal government, federal states and local government. The Building Code, amended in 1993, is the most import federal Act in relation to urban development. A series of hierarchical policies and plans are binding on future land use development. At the municipal level, a legally binding land use plan (BBP) is produced and, finally, there is a building and planning control permit, which is normally granted by the lowest authority as long as the proposal does not contravene the regulation under public law.

For example, the BBP for SchĂśneberg, south-west of the Mitte (center) in Berlin, has a legally binding control requiring ground-floor uses to be either retail, culture or restaurants. This plan, adopted in March 1995, requires an average residential density of 20% in buildings or areas depending on the developer and development, and that buildings over five stories have to have residential use only from that level.

The federal law dates from the 1920s with spatial planning and building use. These principles are enshrined in the 1993 Federal Building Code (known as the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Blue Bookâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;), which sets standards of residential use and zoning for uses. MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT Mixed-use development is a type of urban development that blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or industrial uses, where those functions are physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections. Mixed-use development can take the form of a single building, a city block, or entire neighborhoods.

Traditionally, human settlements have developed in mixed-use patterns. However, with industrialization as well as the invention of the skyscraper, governmental zoning regulations were introduced to separate different functions, such as manufacturing, from residential areas. In the United States, the heyday of separate-use zoning in the U.S. was after World War II, but since the 1990s, mixed-use zoning has once again become desirable as the benefits are recognized.

Normal mixed use service orientated areas are located in central Berlin. These uses have catchment areas of the whole city and region, or other states such as Brandenburg. At the Berlin state level the plans set out the mixed use areas in a hierarchical structure identifying higher percentages of residential use and services uses. Normally the BBPs (local plans) set out only the area that should be designated for mixed uses, but how the plans are implemented is dependent on individual developers and buildings. The mixed structure can be defined either horizontally or

DUAL USE

MIXED USE AREAS

CURRENT MIXED-USE

Areas can be designate into Public / Special Uses, Utilities Areas, Commercial / Industrial Uses, Mixed Uses with commercial character and Traffic Areas according to actual use. Simultaneously, these areas can also be characterized in green and open space use categories according to the type of their vegetation cover. “Dual use” is used to describe areas with these uses. A sports field is marked as a Utilities site and Sports Use at the same time. A median strip may be recorded either as a Traffic Area or as Fallows. However, for some other uses, no dual use is allowed, since building use by definition, due to its high intensity, either excludes green use, or else may intrinsically include a large green or open space share.

The Mixed Use Areas may be similar to primarily residential areas in appearance. However, the housing is more strongly interspersed with commercial and service enterprises (department stores, offices, etc.), Cultural facilities and small businesses. In exceptional cases, housing may account for as much as two thirds of the area, but as a rule, commercial, service enterprises and other small businesses predominate.

Map 06.01 Actual Use of Built-up Areas shows the different use categories by their shares of the built-up area of Berlin and their distribution throughout the city area (as of December 31, 2005-12-). Figure 5 elucidates the distribution of the use shares further. The Mixed Use Areas account for approx. 5% following housing (more than the half of the builtup area), Public Facilities (16%), SmallBusiness and Industrial Areas (12%) and Traffic Areas without the roadways (6%).

The followings are examples of the application of dual use: • The ascertainment of ecologically relevant urban stocks of federal vegetation or forest-like stocks on low intensity traffic areas, or commercial or utilities sites; • The ascertainment of public needs and special uses, which also exhibit the character of green use, such as borough horticultural offices, the field experimental fields of universities, or sports fields; or • The ascertainment of linear stands of vegetation along rail lines, waterways and roads.

In some cases, Mixed Use Areas are characterized by a high share of retail enterprises, tradespeople, or small businesses, or extensively used commercial space and the associated sheds, workshops or warehouse/ storage areas, while residential use is clearly secondary, and accounts for only one third Map 06.01 Actual Use of Built-up Areas or at most half of such an area. If such areas are underused, they may be inter- (Source: http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/umwelt/umweltatlas/ekd601.htm) spersed with fallow areas. 100% The negative impact of commercial use on neighboring residential areas usually ranges between minimal and moderate, but is in some cases high.

90% 80%

Other built-up area uses (without roads)

Public/ special uses

70%

Commercial/ industrial/ largescale retail uses

60%

Core area uses

50%

Mixed area uses

40%

Housing areas

30% 20%

10% 0%

Figure 5

(Source: http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/umwelt/umweltatlas/edd601_07.htm#Abb5)

In the distribution of the use categories of built-up areas within the urban area, characteristic structures can be recognized. It is evident that purely residential or commercial areas exist in the outskirts areas much more frequently than within the City Rail Circle Line while the Mixed Area use category is more heavily represented in the City Rail Circle Line than within the outskirts areas. One often finds Mixed Areas and scattered Core Areas in the old village centers in various parts of the city. In the central boroughs of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg and Mitte, the largest shares of the original mix of uses are most clearly apparent. They are the boroughs with by far the largest Mixed Use shares (15 % and 13 %).

LAND USE PLAN (FNP) The zoning map of the Land Use Plan delineates land for building purposes, community facilities, supply and disposal plants, transportation, open spaces, lakes and water courses and areas set aside for the protection of the environment. In addition the plan includes a number of written policies. Furthermore, the zoning map includes additional information (based on other than planning legislation) affecting the use of land, such as nature conservation areas and contaminated soils. (Map Source: http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin.de/ planes/fnp/pix/fnp/fnp_ak_feb_2016.pdf)

MIXED-USE IN LAND USE PLAN

The Land Use Plan is guided by a few strategic objectives of city development including “Balanced mix of urban land uses in all parts of the city”. As approved by the City Council, the Land Use Plan consists of written policies together with the zoning map. In the fourth policy, “Encouragement of dual uses” is mentioned again. Specifically, “to save ground space, land allocated for public facilities shall be put to more than one use, wherever possible. Land allocated for sports, whether included in a community facility or in a green area, shall be open to schools and to other users alike.” Mixed building land, M1 Mixed building land, M2

MIXED-USE IN LOCAL PLANS

MIXED BUILDING LAND M1 MIXED BUILDING LAND M2 The Land Use Plan distinguishes between two categories of areas zoned for mixed uses, depending on their particular character and density of use. Intensively used high density areas in the city or district centers are classified as mixed building land M1. This includes public services and utilities, which are not given a separate zoning allocation within M1 areas. Mixed building land M1, as classified by the Land Use Plan, includes the two main centers of the city, a number of other central office and shopping locations in the inner city, the major district centers and a number of attractive locations for similar uses adjoining the inner rings of the urban electric railway and the motorway. The building block shown here is located in the eastern city center. It comprises mainly offices, but also a hotel, shops and a number of flats for city dwellers. Density and intensity of use are high: FSR (floor space ratio) 4.5; GSR (ground space ratio) 0.8; 120 inhabitants/ha; 900 jobs/ha. The mixed use category M1 usually encompasses retailing uses of citywide importance as well as major offices for private and public administrations and important cultural institutions. The illustration shows the conspicuous new building of the Berlin Chamber of Commerce and Industry, a well-known theatre and a new shopping arcade on Kurfürstendamm in the western city center. Even in these central locations it is expected, if at all possible, to provide some residential flats in new developments. Building density is very high: FSR 3.8; GSR 0.7; 20 inhabitants/ha; 800 jobs/ha.

Areas of moderate density, which are less centrally located and less intensively used, are classified by the Land Use Plan as mixed building land M2. Their specific character may be represented in Local Development Plans as mixed use areas or as a small scale mixture of other zoning categories such as housing and manufacturing. Mixed building land M2, as defined by the Land Use Plan, encompasses a wide range of different types of areas intended for a mixture of uses (industry, commerce, services, housing...), Including the traditional mixed areas in the inner city, along major roads and in central locations outside the inner city. This is illustrated by the building complex „Hackesche Höfe“ in the Central District of Berlin, where a mixture of old and new buildings are used for housing, offices, shops and cultural institutions in a high density environment: FSR (floor space ratio) 4.0; GSR (ground space ratio) 0.7; 320 inhabitants/ha; 400 jobs/ha.. Apart from the mixed use areas of the inner city, the category M2 comprises many of the older local centers and villages such as Karow (Pankow district) shown here. In these areas, the existing mixture of uses will generally be retained. The old agricultural buildings offer themselves to small scale industries, services or housing. Conflicts between different uses will have to be solved by appropriate technical means. Mixed building land of this type is usually characterized by comparatively low density figures: FSR 1.2 - 1.6; GSR 0.6; BMZ (ratio of building volume to site area) 6.0.

The Land Use Plan acts as a framework for Local Development Plans. Under the guidance of the Land Use Plan, Local Development Plans can go further into details and make modifications according to certain situations. The encouragement of mixed uses also apply to Local Development Plans. For example, where the Land Use Plan shows special building land with capital functions (H), a Local Development Plan will have to acknowledge the priority of these functions. But in agreement with the federal government, suitable parts of the area for residential or mixed uses may be designated in the Local Development Plan. For another example, generally areas allocated by the Land Use Plan for industrial/commercial uses must not be designated for other purposes in a Local Development Plan (apart from minor boundary adjustments). However, in exceptional cases where special justification has been done, a Local Development Plan may also designate areas for mixed uses, public utilities or largescale retailing (even larger than 3 ha), if they are compatible with their surroundings and won’t lead to negative repercussions on the settlement structure and on the hierarchy of urban centers.

2 1 Part of the eastern city center (Schützenstraße) 2 Central City District (Hackesche Höfe) 3 Central part of the village of Karow (Pankow)

References: 1 http://www.stadtentwicklung.Berlin. de/planen/index_en.shtml 2 Reclaiming the City: Mixed use development, Andy Coupland, London : E & FN Spon, 1997. 3

Berlin’s old baroque buildings were massively overcrowded even in the 1860s, and sanitary conditions were catastrophic. With few toilets, people relieved themselves in public if necessary and disposed of wastewater and excrement in the street gutters, where thick, stinking filth made crossing any road an adventure.

19TH CENTURY BERLIN TENEMENT TYPOLOGY

were often incredibly shabby, poorly designed, unsanitary, and cramped.

INTRODUCTION The tenement is a type of multilevel building that existed in Europe in the Ancient Rome, and in the Middle Ages, consisting of a great number of smaller or bigger flats. Above the shops there were small rooms that accommodated the servants and other retainers of important persons. Tenements without sanitation were built in the 19th century for the millions of poor immigrants in New York, so in USA- even today – the word is equal with bad quality of the building. When the middle class people in New York, slowly (at the end of the 19th century) got accustomed to the multilevel houses, their buildings were called “apartment buildings”. But “apartment house or building” can mean a set of rental flats or a set of cooperative or privately owned flats as well. “In contrast to these apartment houses which were simply personal suites within great houses, the apartment house as it is known today first appeared in Paris and other large European cities in the 18th century, when tall blocks of flats for middle-class tenants began appearing. “ By the mid-19th century, large numbers of inexpensive tenements were under construction to house swelling numbers of industrial laborers in cities and towns across Europe and in the United States These buildings

In anthropology and archaeology, the Urban Revolution is the process by which small, kin-based, non literate agricultural villages were transformed into large, socially complex, urban societies.

BACKGROUND From the middle of the 19th century, the private sector had reacted to the enormous population growth and the related extreme housing shortage in Berlin by setting up real estate companies and erecting profitoriented tenement buildings.

Relief came in the form of an underground sewage system, a “radial system” that used pressure pipes and pumping stations to direct wastewater to sewage irrigation fields at the city’s outskirts. The before and after effect was astonishing: By 1900, Berlin was considered the cleanest large city in Europe.

Growth of population in Berlin between 1849 and 1993

This period of industrial blossom marks the transition from an agricultural society towards an urban industrial society with workers as an emerging new class.

In 1849 Berlin’s population was around 412 000, but by 1880 it had passed the 1 million mark. They were led here by the jobs they found in the industrial era. By 1914, Berlin became the most densely populated city of Europe with 1.84 million people living in it. In 1860 The Hobrecht’s Plan was applied and as a result ruler-straight streets sprang up, always at 90-degree angles, and along them kilometers of tenement houses with no front yards. The owners of these square-shaped lots squeezed in as many apartments as they could behind grand, decorated facades, nesting as many as seven buildings behind one another and leaving inner courtyards of just precisely the mandatory 28 square meters (300 square feet) necessary to use a fire extinguisher.

TENEMENTS IN BERLIN In German, the term corresponding to tenement is Mietskaserne, “rental barracks” and theywere especially built in Berlin. They were built between 1860 and 1914, during a great increase of population, in a broad ring enclosing the old city center, called the Wilhelmian Ring. The buildings are almost 5 stories high, because of the mandated maximum height. Related to the the width of the street, but generally the maximum, 72 feet. In Berlin the wealthy lived in the front buildings that faced onto the streets, while the rest of the population squeezed together in the rear buildings, as well as the buildings’ damp cellars and drafty attics. To help make the rent, the poor many families took in boarders as well. Photos from the early years of the 20th century show tiny rooms chock full of beds, often with six people or even more living in a single room, with laundry drying on lines and clothes stacked in the corners. One missionary in the city reported in 1871 of a building in which 250 families lived, with 36 families along a single corridor.

FUNCTIONAL ARRANGEMENT The ground floor is devoted to shops, stables, coach houses, and the porter‘s quarters. Sometimes the ground floor was used for stores or cabarets.

BUILDING TYPOLOGY

no running water. The first place in which the new Berlin began to unfold was in the area around the city palace on the boulevard Unter den Linden. Once people had lived in the upper stories of these buildings, while stores and workshops at street level produced and sold day-to-day items, but now a modern city developed here, a place where people worked, governed and went out, but hardly anyone lived.

A tenement block can be divided into some different separate buildings. Some of these buildings share the same shape. In the left are five typical types of tenements. These five tenements can be seen as separate buildings which have their own transportation and plans. The U shaped type of the tenement contained in the front street side of the building two big flats, with the kitchen at the side of the staircase and with a long corridor. The kitchen is connected with the living room by this long corridor. From the staircases which are positioned on the side wings of the building it was accessed the other small apartments in the back. The L type of the tenement building it uses one level for one flat.

INHABITANTS The apartments themselves are of every variety and size, to meet the wants of the diversified positions of the inhabitants of this metropolis. Some are of sufficient grandeur and sumptuousness to rival the interior of the more pretending hotels, while others dwindle to the means of the most economical bachelor or money-saving grisette. The consequences of the epidemic diseases among the working class determined the philanthropic bourgeois to make noble efforts on behalf of the health of their workers. Societies were founded, books were written, laws debated and passed, in order to close the sources of the ever-recurring epidemics. The housing conditions were examined and attempts of remedy were made.

In Germany the palaces received their officers and civil servants into a constant going and ongoing. The stock exchange In the time when cities missed the public employees drove to work with their transport, the function of the tenement own wagons or by cab; errand boys was rather special because tenants had with “express” written on their red caps to find space within their tenements for positioned themselves on the most advantageous corners. Students strolled their horses and coaches. In the inner through the university grounds, savoring courtyard, one could find the handpump wells as the early tenements had the atmosphere of the academic quarter before going in. 62

GENERIC TYPOLOGY This apartment block represents a generic building typology, which was developed in the late 19th and early 20th century in Berlin. It consists of a front building, two side-wings and one cross-building. The construction, positioning of load-bearing walls and location of staircases allows for a great variety of number and sizes of apartments. Whilst in this case one storey is subdivided into 10 apartments, the same storey could also be partitioned into 2 very large apartments or a variety of smaller and larger apartments. Building typology

Generic typology

width and number of these buildings.

TENEMENT BLOCK The Building Ordinance of 1853 resulted from discussions (in the 1840s) between the city authority and landowners. The Building Ordinance adopted in 1853 regulated the growing trend of developing tenements at the highest possible density. It determined the building line (`Fluchtlinie’) and required that backyard buildings be accessed by a 2.5 m-wide entrance gate through the street-facing building to allow access to fire engines (HauSermann and Siebel 1996). Minimum backyard dimensions were 5.6 m * 5.6 m to allow a fire engine to turn (Rodenstein 1988, 110). The Ordinance determined the building height according to street width. In streets of a 15 m width the Ordinance permitted buildings to reach a height of 11.3 m. In wider streets, this could increase. A revised Building Ordinance in 1887 reduced the maximum permitted number of occupants per property of 20 m * 56 m (the assumed standard plot size) from 325 to 167 people, and increased the minimum dimensions of backyards from 32 sqm (5.6 m * 5.6 m) to 60 sqm (Treue 1969, 38). However, the increased minimum backyard dimensions had little impact on the quality of tenements as by this time most tenements were being built with larger than minimum backyards (Berning et al. 1994, 3). The 1871 and 1897 Building Ordinances did not revise the backyard size. The plan intended street blocks to be 120-150 m * 75 m, in the urban expansion that followed they were three to four times this size allowing for multiple backyard buildings.

The 1862 Building Plan contains a street hierarchy of three levels: 56.4 m-wide ring roads; 33.84-45.12 m-wide connecting streets; and 18.8 m-wide side streets. The plan intended street blocks to be 120-150 m * 75 m, in the urban expansion that followed they were three to four times this size allowing for multiple backyard buildings. Standard plot sizes of 20 m street-facing width and 56 m depth resulted from the so-called ‘Hobrechtplan’. Hegemann (1930) mentions that plots of 20 m X 56 m existed before the 1862 Building Plan and suggests that the 1862 Plan allowed Layout of Geist and Kurvers’ tenement typolofor even deeper properties. In reality, gies, from left to right: Type One (first two diaplot dimensions throughout Berlin’s grams), Type Two (second two diagrams), Type tenement districts varied considerably. Three (last diagram). Geist and Kiirvers (1984) provide building plans for tenements on a range of plot shapes and sizes, for instance 16.3 m X 40.4 m, 24 m X 52 m and 30.5 m X 28.6 m. Becker and Jacob (1992) in turn show how, around 1886, parts of the district of Moabit developed on plots of no more than 16.7 m * 37.5 m. By contrast, the atypical plot dimensions of the infamous Meyer’s Hof, developed in 1873 with its six parallel tenement buildings, was eight times this size, namely 39.8m X 141.32m. On the basis of deep plots, three types emerged at the intersection of the 1853 building regulations and the subdivisions under the 1862 Plan for Berlin. Three tenement types are as follows: 1. One or more courtyards surrounded by side and back buildings. On narrow plots the variation of this type is a building only on one side, the courtyard the facing either onto the courtyard next door, or less attractively on to the bare fire wall of the neighboring tenement. 2. Long narrow side buildings stretching from the street-facing

The particular typology that shaped Berlin’s ‘Wilhelmine ring’, the fairly uniform tenement districts from 1871 onwards, is one of a property or builtup plot forming one component in a continuous building mass. It meet the street in a uniform frontage, one building distinguished from the next only by detailing on the facade. This lends Berlin a similar uniformity and public face to that described for Edinburgh. Once tenement development is complete, property boundaries and the perimeter walls of buildings are seldom visible. Image of the late 19th century, when entire districts had reached building saturation, give evidence of an extremely dense building mass covering large blocks and uniformly limiting public access to the well defend street and occasional urban square. The majority of urban space is built up, but is hidden behind decorative facades.

COURTYARD The “Closed Courtyard” residential type is the area type with the greatest degree of building density and sealing. It is certified only for West Berlin; for technical reasons, blocks of this type in East Berlin have been assigned to the area type “Courtyard.” The “Closed Courtyard” area type has a five to sixstory block structure, and was built within the Urban Rail ring during the late Imperial Era, in such a way as to permit maximum utilization of the lots. Often, there are several courtyards. As a rule, they are completely enclosed by buildings, are interconnected only by passages, and in some cases reduced to air-shaft size. The courtyards are in some cases used commercially; generally, however, they only serve as entry-ways to the lateral sides and rear buildings, and as waste-bin placement areas. The courtyards are almost complete, sealed – and in case of commercial use, completely. Asphalt and concrete predominate. The Area Type “Courtyard” is used to designate blocks which were primarily built within the Urban Rail ring for the fast-growing Berlin population between 1870 and 1918; they consist predominantly of closed, five-story block buildings, largely old buildings with lateral and/or rear wings. There are also commercial and factory buildings, public-utility buildings, and renovated or new buildings at the block edges, without rear buildings. The courtyards are multi-sided, but only seldom enclosed by high buildings on all sides. They are often only separated by walls or fences from neighboring courtyards, so that they merge together to form winding block interiors, making them somewhat sunnier and more open than is the case for the “Closed Courtyard” type.

In East Berlin “closed-courtyard”type blocks have for technical reasons been classified under the category “Courtyard.” The “Courtyard” Area Type is characterized by a mixture of residential buildings with a considerable amount of work space. Even larger commercial enterprises, which need more extensive open space for storage purposes, delivery, parking etc., can be found in this area type. The “Courtyard” type has a somewhat lower building density and degree of sealing than the “Closed Courtyard” type. In better residential areas, the courtyards contain old trees, paved pathways and beautifully tended decorative garden-beds. In poorer residential areas, the share of completely paved and minimally planted courtyards is greater.

Closed Courtyard

Even larger commercial enterprises, which need more extensive open space for storage purposes, delivery, parking etc., can be found in this area type. The “Courtyard” type has a somewhat lower building density and degree of sealing than the “Closed Courtyard” type. In better residential areas, the courtyards contain old trees, paved pathways and beautifully tended decorative gardenbeds. In poorer residential areas, the share of completely paved and minimally planted courtyards is greater. The “Decorative and Garden Courtyard” Area Type is characterized by four-storey block buildings. Often, front yards exist. This area type arose in the suburbs of Berlin outside the Urban Rail ring during the Imperial Era. The buildings have either lateral or rear buildings, but generally not both. A characteristic feature is a sunny block interior, which is typically landscaped. On average, a third of the lot is covered by buildings, and another quarter is sealed with such surfacing types as asphalt, concrete or concrete plates. The Decorative and Garden Courtyards vary considerably in terms of space and facilities. Generally, four original types are distinguished:

Courtyard

Decorative and Garden Courtyard

One version probably resulted from closing the empty sites at the edges of older building areas. Here, the typical dominant “Decorative and Garden Courtyard”-type four-storey block buildings are interrupted by occasional older two to three-storey town houses at the block edge; in some cases, they are somewhat recessed, and have a front yard. The yards of the old townhouses, but also those of the newer Decorative and Garden Courtyard houses, are or have been commercially used, and hence for the most part have low, one or two-storey shed-like rear buildings at the edges of the yards. However, since the entrances and courtyards are usually closed off by wooden-plank fences, a solidly closed street front is

created. The high share of commercial use of the courtyards means that on average, one third of the courtyard land is paved, often with old pavement types, so that spontaneous vegetation can grow along its edges. The share of the individually tended gardens is very high in those courtyards which are not used commercially. The structure of these courtyards is strongly endangered today, since their commercial use is increasingly being abandoned, and the sheds are often torn down in the course of construction and modernization. The second version consists of a typical four-storey front building house with correspondingly high lateral wings. The blocks show a block interior which is coherent and serrated, and subdivided only by fences. The courtyards are generally not used commercially. In the squares between the building wings, they are typically equipped with paved walkways and edged by decorative flower-beds. The block interiors are mostly used as garden, with fruit-trees and many other high, old trees and flower-beds, lawns and benches. The third version consists of complexes with front and rear buildings, but no lateral wings. Between them is a courtyard which, together with several other such courtyards, yields a long block interior. The courtyards often have flowerbeds and fruit-trees. This version never covers an entire block. The fourth version of semi-open block buildings consists of large, four-storey blocks of rental apartments with cube-like floor plans. The individual houses are separated from each other by walkways. Even the middle of the block usually contains only a narrow passage-like open area which is planted decoratively, but is hardly utilizable. This version is represented by only a few blocks in Friedenau and Steglitz.

BERLIN, BRANDENBURG