Edition Seven 2021 by VARSITY

13 October 2021 | Volume 80 | Edition 7

When will it end? Students are fed up with the anti-woman status quo All around the world this month, university students have been speaking out against Gender Based Violence and institutional responses t o S ex u a l A s s a u l t . By Daniel P. Rossmeisl News Editor

e n d e r - B a s e d - Vi o lence (GBV), misogyny, sexual violence, and consistent institutional failure to sufficiently address these anti-women issues are not new to South Africans or to UCT students. Not only has a significant contingent of the university’s student and staff body, not to mention alumni, had to deal with these issues themselves – but the university has become a prominent advocate for change since the murder of Uyinene Mrwetyana on 24 August 2019. It is a mistake to think that these issues are solely the preserve of South African institutions. Over the past year, increasing studentled anti-GBV protests have been taking place across c a m p u s e s g l o b a l l y. Between 20 September and 6 October 2021, reported sexual assaults across the United States of America inspired several large-scaled protests on college campuses in at least seven states including: Nebraska, Iowa,

Kansas, Alabama, Michigan, Massachusetts, and Missouri. In Canada, 9,000 students at Ontario’s Western University led a walk out to protest what they call a “culture of misogyny” on campus after a series of sexual assault allegations were publicly revealed. “Western says it protects its students, but the numbers say otherwise — 30 plus girls would say otherwise,” student, speaker and GBSV survivor Teigan Elliott. These assertions are supported by surveys conducted by the Association of American Universities which - in 2019 -found that nationwide 25.9% of u nde r g raduate wo me n reported they had been sexually assaulted during their time in college. In Britain, at the University of Warwick protesting sexual harassment and violence on campus took off in response to the murder of Sarah

Source: UCT News

Everard. In general, protesters accuse their schools of neglecting to take action to protect students (especially vulnerable students) and failing to confront the perpetuation of unhealthy male-dominated culture. Others accuse institutions of only taking performative, reactive action. “Protesters accuse their schools of neglecting to take action to protect students (especially vulnerable students) and failing to confront the perpetuation of unhealthy maledominated culture.”

Unfortunately, institutional responses seem to be predictably lacking. Students from the

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University of Warwick say that poor prioritising has led to even fewer reports of sexual assaults coming out because of fear and hesitancy related to the incidents occurring outside of coronavirus regulations. Sereniti Simpson, a high school volleyball player from Charlotte, North Carolina in the United States, was told she would no longer be allowed to play because she participated in a student-led walkout protesting sexual violence held on Friday October 1. On October 6, 2021, Justice Secretary for the United Kingdom, Dominic Raab, revealed that he did not understand what misogyny is by making the point that “misogyny is absolutely wrong, whether it’s a man against a woman or a woman against a man.”

NEWS

13 October 2021 | Volume 81 | Edition 7

Page 2

Marriage for all: the Swiss say ‘yes!’

Swiss national referendum returns approval for the new same-sex rights law.

ith a majority of 64%, Swiss citizens turned out on Sunday, 26th September, to vote strongly in favour of the ‘Marriage for All’ Bill, a legislative amendment aimed at ensuring equal and protected rights to (amongst other things) marriage and adoption for same-sex partners. The Bill, initially introduced in 2013 and passed by the Swiss government in December of 2020, was finally put to a national referendum after being challenged by its opponents and will now be made law.

The new legislation regarding same-sex marriages will be considered in effect from July of 2022, according to Switzerland’s Justice Minister Karin-Keller Sutter, who stated the results of the referendum, declaring: “Whoever loves each other and wants to get married will be able to do so, regardless of whether it is two men, two women, or a man and a woman.” Switzerland has legally supported same-sex partnerships since 2007 but certain rights afforded to heterosexual couples

By Seth Meyer Staff Writer

have always been withheld. Before the passing of the ‘Marriage for All’ Bill, same-sex partners were unable to adopt a child not related to one or both of the foster parents, have access to certain fertility treatments, or the naturalization rights that heterosexual couples enjoy. The Swiss government has been steadily approving new protections and rights in favour of samesex married couples since 2007, with the passing of the ‘Marriage for All Bill’ seen as the final legislative

equalizing step for gay people in Switzerland, who will now fully enjoy the same rights and protections as any heterosexual person or couple. The results of the referendum remove Switzerland from the minority group of the few remaining European countries that do not legally recognize and protect same-sex rights. The Bill won approval from all 26 cantons of the State, with nearly two million votes cast in favour.

Soweto Pride celebration concludes a stressful third wave Wrapped in rainbow flags, the LGBTQI+ community celebrated Pride in Soweto after intense lockdown restrictions during the third wave. By Imaan Voterson News Editor

n Saturday, September 25th, hundreds of South Africans took to the streets to celebrate Pride in Soweto after a ruthless third wave within their community, due to the coronavirus pandemic. The current pandemic forced members of the LGBTQIA+ community within the country to stay home with their families and friends who refused to accept their identities and sexualities. According to News24, one of the event organisers, Siphokazi Nombande, said that there has been an increase in cases of discrimination and mental health issues due to families not accepting their relatives

when they come out. “Now we’ve got more (discrimination) cases, more mental health issues because now they need to deal with this family that does not necessarily accept them.” A member of the LGBTQIA+ community who took part in the celebrations said that he has been dealing with mental health issues ever since he came out: “I knew once I came out my family wouldn’t accept me but at the same time, I just thought they would get over it. But this was not the case because they were too embarrassed to be seen with me and treated me like the odd one out which took a toll on my mental health.”

Source: Africa News

He also said that the Soweto Pride celebrations were part of the few times where he felt free and accepted since he came out. The City of Joburg said on Twitter that they stand by the LGBTQIA+ community, stating that they aim to provide a safer space for LGBTQIA+ people, where they can exercise their freedom and become visible within the community they exist in. Despite the strain and anxiety caused by the

pandemic, according to News24, Nombande said that it was a boost for the LGBTQIA+ community to have the city of Johannesburg help sponsor the 17th annual Soweto Pride. Although the efforts for the Soweto Pride celebrations were cut down due to the coronavirus pandemic and the restrictions, the community kept their spirits high and stood proudly with their rainbow flags.

Editorial

13 October 2021 | Volume 80 | Edition 7

Page 3

Take a bow

By Lerato Botha Editor-in-Chief

t was around this time last year that I had just been elected Deputy Editor-in-Chief for VARSITY Newspaper. Having had only a year’s worth of experience on the paper as a Staff Writer, I had no idea what I was getting myself into. Then, after just a few months of working as Deputy Editor, I was hit with the sudden responsibility of having to take on the role of Editor-in-Chief in February of 2021, an even greater challenge that I had not believed myself to be ready for at the time. With that, I was quickly launched into the world of reporting with close to no leadership experience, and I was terrified. Nonetheless, I took the role in stride, and it was

through the support of the VARSITY Collective and the UCT student body, that our Newspaper managed to achieve what we have in such a short amount of time. We started off with a bang, interviewing Vice-Chancellor Phakeng in light of the UCT fires that had served to displace many of our fellow students and destroyed historical architecture and archives in the process. This act solidified the approach that we were to take this year, as a newspaper that served to represent the voices of the student body and to report on matters that concerned our student youth, ranging from the student debt crisis, to opinions on mandatory vaccinations, and the ever present issue of gender-based violence. With this we gained a lot of student support and attention, but with it came a bit of criticism, however warranted, and a multitude of learning curves. Attempting to reflect the values and opinions of such a diverse student body without a hitch was, admittedly, a bit naive on our part. However, being able to take in the opinions and critiques of our reader-

ship only served to enhance the quality of our journalism, making our stories that much more interactive with our students. We continued to centralise student issues and remained to maintain the integrity of our paper, whilst also adding our own subtle flair to this year’s operations. We updated the style of our digital copy edition format and began the process of updating our website for greater mobile accessibility. We also honed in on a particular style that can be witnessed all over our social media and underwent an organisational restructure to better keep up with the fast-paced, relevant, but quality reporting that we strive to uphold. We also went about adding an Arts & Culture section to our paper, which featured stories about South African culture and heritage, historical sites of importance, showcasing of artistic talents, and so on. But alas, the time for our 2021 team has come to a quick, but rewarding end.

Managing Editors, and the extreme dedication from Section Editors, Design Editors, Staff Writers, and all involved with Marketing, Creative Direction, Finance and the works. Despite how terrified I was to begin with and the hardships we had experienced along the way, I am walking away from this experience with immense gratitude for the way I was treated by my team and the support I have been able to receive during this fantastic opportunity, which I absolutely do not take for granted and which has opened up so many doors for me in the journalistic world.

I am also incredibly excited to see that the new team for 2022 will be retaining much of 2021’s membership, but in different capacities. Emma Sacco will be entering the role of Editor-in-Chief, whilst Micha Cerf will be stepping in as Deputy Editor-in-Chief. I wish the succeeding team nothing but the best of luck in their new roles and hope to see some new, fresh faces I do not know what added to the Collective as would have become of well to add onto the VARSITY legacy. this newspaper if not for Newspaper With that said, I the close support of my you adieu. Deputy Editor-in-Chief and bid

The Collective Editor-in-Chief - Lerato Botha Dep. Editor-in-Chief - Jeremy Simpson Branding & Marketing Manager - Nita Naidoo Finance Manager - Savannah Goncalves Creative Director - Navan Coetzee Managing Editors - Julia Rowley & Micha Cerf Deputy Managing Editor - Sane Mhloma News Editors - Daniel Rossmeisl & Imaan Voterson Features Editors - Amber Williams, Tanyaradzwa Gwenhure & Manoa Andriamihariosa Arts & Culture Editors - Nqabisa Faku & Simbarashe Mawere Opinions Editors - Emma Sacco & Maria Ortelee Design Editors - Reabetswe Khutsoane & Meriam Kakuwaezi

Applications for 2022 positions will open soon. Please keep an eye on our social media pages, or email hr@varsitynewspaper.co.za with any enquiries!

Features

13 October 2021 | Volume 80 | Edition 7

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Advocating for Africa in the age of climate consciousness The UCT Student from Lesotho who represents the interests of justice and participation for the African continent on the international stage of tackling the climate crisis. By Seth Meyers Staff Writer

oaile Monaheng is a very busy man, but when he talks about his work in the field of climate change, he immediately becomes animated. “We (Africa) are very much on the receiving end of climate change risks,” the Mandela-Rhodes Scholar and Masters student says. “And the irony behind that is that we are not the sole cause of all of these climate change risks.”

He describes himself as having been someone in the “perfect position” to do what he does, having both an appreciation for the science and politics of climate change, and the realities of the impact on the ground in areas like his native country.

sues of climate change lies in his ability to speak from an experienced perspective about problems that, on the world stage, are being predicted for the future, but in Africa, have already registered serious Reflecting on his current impacts. “And that story roles as a Masters student needs to be told,” he says with the African Climate firmly. Development Initiative, In addition to his globand representing UCT and African interests on an al advocacy, Monaheng international stage, Mo- also volunteers with local naheng laughingly says, NPO Just Share SA, an ac“You know, I read about tivist initiative to combat these diplomats in books the similar issues of cliand in my lecture slides mate change that Monaand in journals. And to be heng discusses amongst part of that history… that’s colleagues at the U7+ Allisomething for me that’s ance. “They use advocacy very powerful.” He goes on and shareholder activism to explain how critically to lead on issues of enviimportant it is for his gen- ronmental social govereration to engage with cli- nance,” he explains, “unmate crisis issues. “There’s derstanding that climate a need for youth because change is very important essentially what’s happen- and implicit in the develing now is we’re literally opment of this country, being passed the baton of in exacerbating inequality our futures,” he says. “At and injustices.” the same time, we realise “For many, these issues that youth are not taken are very real but they are seriously at that level. May- also difficult to quantify”, be because we’re radical; Monaheng says. It is hard to maybe because we think explain the significance in differently”, he said. layman’s terms or to some-

With a passion for issues of climate, Monaheng has served as an advocate for African interests at the panel discussions of the U7+ Alliance, together with several other students. “It’s a culmination of students and universities from all over the world,” he explains, “sharing knowledge, creating awareness around the world’s deepest, most grappling issues.” According to Monaheng, the recent release of the UN’S “Code Red” Report on climate change has only emphasized the severity of these issues. Originally from Lesotho, Monaheng left his home in 2013 to study in South Africa. He discovered a passion for the politics and theory of climate change impact, Monaheng believes that one privileged enough to later coming to UCT as a be insulated from these is Mandela Rhodes Scholar. his role in confronting is

Source: Koaile Monaheng

sues. Personally, Monaheng relates them to his own culture as Basotho. “The connection to the land, the environment is implicit in our very DNA,” he says. “This is something that’s in my history … the connection to climate as something that Basotho have always thought about, and I’m sure we’re not unique in that aspect, you know?” “‘The connection to the land, the environment is implicit in our very DNA.’” Looking at the way forward, in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic and the UN’s climate report, Monaheng feels more resolute than ever in his ideals. “There’s no time for neutrality. I think a lot of people tip-toe around the fact that ‘you need to tell both sides of the story’. There’s no ‘both sides’ to climate change, particularly from an African perspective. It’s about our survival. This story is continued on page 5.

Features It’s about our future.”

“‘There’s no ‘both sides’ to climate change, particularly from an African perspective. It’s about our survival. It’s about our future.’” Monaheng was recently in Milan as part of the Youth

13 October 2021 | Volume 80 | Edition 7

Conference of Parties (COP). The COP is an annual international summit on climate change between several countries, organised within the United Nations, with Monaheng representing Lesotho as an advocate for the youth. Although the UN Climate Report was on the agenda, he says most climate activists are already aware of its findings. What’s more

important is that the conference is a sign that countries and governments are working more holistically against the threat of climate change. For those looking to make a difference on the African continent, Monaheng emphasises the importance of unity: “Those of us who have the privilege to be in these spaces have to proliferate the knowledge into spaces where

Page 5

other people don’t,” he says. “We need to be humble in doing that. Climate change is going to affect every aspect of society and each individual person will be affected by climate change.” “But understand that wherever we are, we can contribute as a youth,” he adds. “Even if it’s as small as signing a petition.”

Moving towards green products: innovation from UCT and Sasol A welcome move away from fossil crude oil: how UCT is partnering with Sasol in a journey towards making sustainable fuel as climate change concerns rise. By Tanyaradzwa Gwenhure Features Editor

he University of Cape Town’s Catalyst Institute is making leaps in the world of generating green chemicals and jet fuels. They have partnered with the energy and chemical company Sasol to make use of Sasol’s cost-effectively produced iron catalyst in converting carbon dioxide and hydrogen into green fuels. First, this mouthful will be explained to uncover some of the complex processes behind dealing with climate change. “Furthering the partnership, UCT provides extensive and valuable knowledge of carbon dioxide conversion from recent research projects.” This advancement is one most welcome due to the adverse effects of fossil fuels such as crude oil. Fossil fuels are generated from the millions of years’ worth of decay of ancient plant and animal matter. The burning of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. The direct negative effects include extreme weather conditions such as extremely

Source: Sasol

dry regions prone to fires on one side of the planet, and floods that threaten livelihoods and agriculture on the other. It is important to note that this is not a Western phenomenon. Since the early 1980s, South Africa has lost R95 billion in economic costs associated with weather related disasters. Many informal settlements are vulnerable to extreme heat waves and floods. However, South Africa has developed a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy to explain how we can build resilience in the face of climate change.

in South Africa. The products are favourable since they reduce the carbon footprint of the world and the products can be repurposed elsewhere. “The University of Cape Town’s Catalyst Institute is making leaps in the world of generating green chemicals and jet fuels.”

UCT has significantly contributed its in-situ characterisation capabilities and modelling in its partnership with Sasol. In-situ characterisation can be described as a range of experiments that applies a stimulus to a sample So, what is the significance of this then observes the reactions. Furtheriron catalyst? Firstly, a catalyst is any ing the partnership, UCT provides exsubstance that increases the rate of tensive and valuable knowledge of carchemical reaction without itself being bon dioxide conversion from recent consumed. In this case, iron is a cata- research projects. lyst that is commercially produced at Sasol’s plant on a large scale. The iron UCT and Sasol’s lead in innovation catalyst converts the abundant atmo- marks a positive way forward in curbspheric “carbon dioxide and green hy- ing the adverse effects of climate drogen into a range of green chemicals change. This is a welcome move espeand jet fuel”. This process is called car- cially for the African continent, as we bon dioxide hydrogenation — an inno- face these effects more severely than vation that is now being implemented those in the Global North.

Features

13 October 2021 | Volume 80 | Edition 7

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Plant-Based vaccines in South Africa: UCT’s recent development “Unlike traditional vaccines, plant-base d vaccines are cheaper to produce, and they do not require the same level of infrastructure for production. This makes the innovation attractive and advantageous for developing countries with scarce resources, particularly in Africa.” By Manoa Andriamiharisoa Deputy Features Editor

Source: UCTNews

n September 2021, it was announced that scientists at UCT had made progress in a plantbased vaccine for COVID-19. This follows a proof of concept for producing proteins in plants from their technology platform.

“According to Margolin, the pandemic has cut funding towards plant-based research which should be “a project of its own” rather than “[a] project being run in the background”. According to Emmanuel Margolin, a postdoctoral scientist at the university, the process entails injecting a pathogen that naturally infects plants with foreign DNA under a vacuum, allowing the cells of the plants to produce the desired proteins. The conventional method of producing antigens in vaccines is through infection of mammalian cells in a laboratory, where a virus is injected into a cell and the cell is tricked into making copies of the antigen. The cells are then incubated and later purified before being packed into vials and kept in the

cold for transportation and storage. pany in Canada is currently in its third phase of clinical trials for a Unlike traditional vaccines, plant-based COVID-19 vaccine. plant-based vaccines are cheaper to produce, and they do not reIn South Korea, the government quire the same level of infrastruc- has invested a whopping $13.5 bilture for production. This makes the lion in research on this innovation. innovation attractive and advan- In South Africa, the work done by tageous for developing countries Margolin and the Biopharming Rewith scarce resources, particularly search Unit at UCT has resulted in in Africa. Vaccines manufactured patent applications to produce vacthrough plants can also overcome cines against COVID-19 and novel barriers to distribution since tradi- viruses in the future. Estimates intional vaccines have to be kept at dicate the market for plant-based a certain temperature, hence they vaccines will increase by $560 milare not always able to reach rural lion, from $40 million to $600 milcommunities with low levels of in- lion, in the next seven years. frastructure. Despite the potential that plant“Estimates indicate the market based vaccines can have in a counfor plant-based vaccines will try like South Africa, the innovation increase by $560 million, from requires capital investment in pro$40 million to $600 million, in duction facilities, as well as fundthe next seven years.” ing for further research. According to Margolin, the pandemic has cut Plant-based vaccines are current- funding towards plant-based rely not being commercialised for search which should be “a project human use yet, but the market for of its own” rather than “[a] project vaccines manufactured by plants being run in the background”. is expanding. Medicago, a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical com-

Arts & Culture

13 October 2021 | Volume 80 | Edition 7

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The tragedy of the Lovedale Press In such times where culture and heritage are becoming increasingly rare and important during our lives, it seems as though it has become less and less available. The appalling state of historical sites such as the Lovedale Press are very disheartening, requiring better efforts from leadership to preserve these important cultural artefacts. By Khumbulani Jali Varsity Contributor

nassumingly blending in with its surroundings is a simple building on a street corner in the small town of Alice, in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Many fail to recognise it as a grand site of history despite the placard outside which reads: “The earliest record of anything written by any Bantu speaking African in his own language in Southern Africa was made at the small printing press at old Lovedale.” Through the decades of its existence, it served as a hub of intellectual and cultural literary work in multitudinous African languages, batting down the old colonial myths that painted black people as unintelligent and unsophisticated beings.

“In all these cases, much discourse has been around the government and its involvement, or lack thereof, in the preservation of the country’s heritage.” Historic publications have emerged from its grounds. Imvo Zavabtsundu, the first black owned newspaper in the country, Zemk’ Iinkomo Magwalandini by WB Rubusana as well as An Epic of South African Native Life a Hundred Years Ago by Sol Plaatje, (the first novel written in English by a black South African) are just a few of them. Established in 1823 by the Lovedale Missionary Institution, the press boasts a rich history of nurturing many great minds like S.E.K Mqhayi, author of the isiXhosa novel Ityala Lamawele, activist and author Ellen Khuzwayo, and Black consciousness leaders Steve Biko and Barney Pityana nursed at related institutions like Lovedale College. The University of Fort Hare, another of these institutions, nurtured Nelson Mandela, Robert Sobukwe and Oliver Tambo, among many others. Despite the depth of its heritage, the Lovedale Press is not immune from finan-

Source: ManchesterHive

cial crisis. It once saw consistent revenue through the provision of textbooks to schools in Bantustans. However, with homelands ceasing to exist from 1994, their streams of income began to dry up. Today the press is in such dire straits that both the electricity and water have been cut, and rentals have not been paid in years.

“Through the decades of its existence, it served as a hub of intellectual and cultural literary work in multitudinous African languages. Batting down the old colonial myths that painted black people as unintelligent and unsophisticated beings.” The remaining custodians maintain it out of commitment to its historical importance, no compensation for their labours in a decade. They are also its owners, having bought press via auction in 2001 using their pensions as part of a group of 18 former employees. Now just three remain: Bishop Nqumbevu, Bulelwa Mbatyhothi, and Cebo Ntaka. They have not been alone in their plight to preserve this institution. Mwelela Cele, a writer and researcher with the New Frame, has written of its struggles to help bring the help of like minded activists. In April 2020 artists Athi-Patra Ruga and Lesoko Seabe co-founded Victory of the Word, which they define as “a fundraising and development platform committed to serving independent artists and the preservation of language both visual and written.” They started off raising funds to support the remaining custodians with their next objective being obtaining National Heritage Object status for the press. The group expressed interest in part-

nering with the Department of Basic Education to provide literature on indigenous African languages for foundation phase teaching and learning.

“It is needless to say that both of these objectives are essential not only for the custodians and the community who value it deeply, but also for the country and its leadership.” This looming threat of closure comes at a time when the Fugard Theatre and Liliesleaf Farm Museum, both important sites of culture and history in the country, have been facing similar fates due to lack of funding. The Apartheid Museum was another of the historical wonders facing extinction earlier this year. In all these cases, much discourse has been around the government and its involvement, or lack thereof, in the preservation of the country’s heritage. The owners of the Lovedale Press have appealed both the Eastern Cape’s governmental Departments of Art Culture, and Education for assistance, to no avail. They reached the same blockade when they attempted at the national level of the Department of Arts and Culture as well as the National Heritage Council. The Lovedale Press holds precious memories of South African life, knowledge and language. Of paramount importance is the need to protect the literature and heritage of the formative years of the nation. Furthermore, an additive objective would be to restore it to its former prestige as a premier printing press. It is needless to say that both of these objectives are essential not only for the custodians and the community who value it deeply, but also for the country and its leadership.

Arts & Culture

13 October 2021 | Volume 80 | Edition 7

Page 8

The Investec Cape Town Art Fair Connecting the world through various artforms: thoughts on the happenings of the first-ever digital exhibitions of the Investec Cape Town Art Fair and insights from featured artist Leila Fanner. By Silulundi Coki Varsity Contributor

n the painting “Night Swim” (the artwork pictured above), the artist depicts a woman rising from the murky waters with an expressive open palm motion, as natural for her to blossom as graciously as the lotus. In this scenario, murk represents a woman’s struggle, yet water also represents spirituality and rebirth, as well as a place to connect with nature and express heartfelt wishes. A night swim can also suggest a rooted identity and emancipated purpose to restart by embracing her body without judgment. “The very first digital art fair, the Investec Cape town art fair, was based on visual art, with the goal of portraying the message and providing information to the audience in realtime through digital media.” The artwork in question is by Leila Rose Fanner, a South African artist whose work was on display under Deepest Darkest Art Gallery, at the Investec Cape Town Art Fair from September 17th to September 19th, 2021. Fanner remarked that her work is more about a reflection of the feminine energy or essence: the creative power that also provides nurture and comfort. The Investec Cape Town Art Fair, the first digital art fair, is based on showcasing visual art, with the goal of portraying the message and providing information to the audience in real-time through digital media. Through this approach, the audience is connect-

Source: Leila Fanner

ed to the artist and their inspired imaginations, this being depicted through their artworks shown. Such art enriched the visitors’ experience throughout the duration of the novel event. The content was collected by the curators mainly in galleries, who go into great detail with symbolism and meaning whilst making it easy to understand for people who do not use ‘art’ terms to formally understand and interpret the artworks on display.

erie Véronique Reiffel featured, it was a formidable event, garnering a collaboration with miart contemporary art fair in Milan to reach a larger audience.

The narrative of art is complex and being exhibited in the digital realm is important to many budding and established artists to share their vision with the rest of the world. For Fanner, this vision is to “evoke the ethereal world of spiritual aspirations” through abDespite these efforts, local artist stract representations of the “dream Fanner remarked that a small image or unseen” world, filled with visions online, unfortunately, does not do jus- of South African flora and fauna. Her tice to the work. The way the art was work can be viewed on her website displayed online was not immersive www.leilafannerart.com and her Insenough to translate the scale of the tagram page @leilafanner.art. work nor the complexity in textures “The Art Fair tried to do justice to and depth behind each art piece. The lacklustre showcases to poten- simulate an experience of an actual tial collectors were a major point of physical event but, like most aspects of life severely affected by the Covid-19 discontent for artists, including Fanpandemic, it was just not the same.” ner, who had hoped for a prominent gathering of collectors who show apThe next physical Investec Cape preciation and consideration for an Town Art Fair will take place on 18-20 artist and their work. The presence February 2022, with the preview taking of collectors was not as widespread place on Thursday, 17 February 2022. as compared to other media sources Fanner felt like the 3 days of online which were abundant due to the imaccess was too short and puts unnecmense build-up of the event on social essary gateways in the way of spectamedia. tors. The arrangement and the presenThe Art Fair tried to do justice by tation of the 2021 digital fair can be simulating an experience of an actu- improved upon with input from paral physical event, but, like most as- ticipating artists and other successpects of life severely affected by the ful virtual fairs, which leads to many Covid-19 pandemic, it was just not the speculations of what the future holds same. With three large galleries like for the 2022 rendition of the event. Loop Gallery, SMAC Gallery, and Gal-

Arts & Culture

Page 9

13 October 2021 | Volume 80 | Edition 7

The existence and demise of customary marriage in South Africa The legal and cultural implications of customary marriage collapse. By Siviwe Cingo Staff writer

obolo has been a cultural conception and ritual that has

been

widely

contested

and debated. It is often dichotomized into being an initiator or a constraint of customary marriage. The lobolo process and practice differ across cultural contexts as well as its rules and principles. Lobolo has many additional names such as bogadi, bohali, munywalo

and

ikhazi,

partly because they carry

Source: Jozi Wire Wire

“Lobolo is thought of like the crux of the marriage, although the customary law act does not recognize it as the foundation of traditional marriage.”

varied connotations that remain indexical per cul-

Historically, lobolo was

ture. Despite all of that,

property handed over to

lobola

widely

the bride’s family in the

valued in various ethnic

form of cows. In contem-

traditions.

porary

remains The

lobolo

times,

cash

custom is a process that

predominantly used. The

involves the payment of

value of lobola due to the

lobolo, also known as a

bride’s family depends

dowry, by the groom’s

on how many children

family elders who are

the woman birthed and

sent to the bride’s home

if she has married before

to ask the bride’s family

or not, as well as whether

for the bride to marry

she is a virgin or not.

the groom. Traditionally,

Today this is still consid-

it is a custom of medi-

ered a big factor in paying

ating

lobola.

family

relations.

However,

the

Lobolo is thought of as

woman’s material status

the crux of the marriage,

and education seem to

although the customary

have increased the value

law act does not recog-

of the lobolo paid on her

nize it as the foundation

behalf. Every cow within

of traditional marriage.

the lobolo carries mean-

Lobolo is indicative that

ing and representation of

the groom will take care

the bride’s value.

of the bride, but that may not always be the case.

According to African culture and the African custom, practising lobolo

signifies

marriage.

Marriage is not recog-

initiation of the bride into

did not breach his prom-

the groom’s family.

ise in marriage. However,

nized in African culture if it is unpaid to the

the In legal terms, lobolo

held against him by his

does

the

in-laws, if he is found to

contrary, South African

customary marriage. For

be at fault for the end of

law does not recognize

it to be deemed valid,

the marriage. There are

a marriage that is not

the couple must register

rules and conditions for

legally registered regard-

under the Recognition

the retention and refund

less of whether lobolo

of Customary Marriages

of Lobolo. Furthermore,

has been paid. For the

Act

(RCMA).

the legal implication of a

marriage to be legally

Therefore,

customary

marriage collapse is that

recognized and deemed

law bounds customary

the customary marriage

existential, it must be

marriage. RCMA defines

can only be dissolved

registered

customary law as “the

auspices of the Custom-

customs

usages

The act stipulates how

ary Marriage Act of 1998.

traditionally

observed

customary marriages are

Concerning lobolo, the

among the indigenous

dissolved. Section 8(1) of

Customary Marriage Act

African peoples of South

the customary law states

of 1998 indicates that the

Africa and which form

that the marriage may

giving of lobolo should not

part of the culture of

be dissolved in court by

be prohibited, nor should

those

The

a decree of divorce on

there be any restrictions

intended

matrimonial

the condition that the

imposed on the amount

couple

payable. Also, the acts

parties

at Home Affairs under

common cause that when

purport to marry may

customary law. Although

customary

vary. A lobolo agreement

the Customary Marriages

become

negotiated

Act of 1998 recognizes

women bear the most

before a civil or Christian

customary marriages, it

brunt and could be left

ceremony or, the parties

does not mention what

in need and destitute,

might combine a lobolo

happens to lobolo when

especially in an antenup-

agreement, a traditional

the marriage ends. In

tial

wedding

some

when

with disparities of gender

and the Christian right.

nuptials disintegrate, the

rights and power that

Another option may be a

husband is permitted to

engulf it.

lobolo and a traditional

repatriate the lobolo if he

which

usually

the

ceremony

validate

money

bride’s family. On the

under

not

lobola

1998

and

people”. is

obliged

cultures,

terms

marriage

the

act.

breakdown

irretrievable.

marriages unsuccessful,

contract

marriage

Arts & Culture

13 October 2021 | Volume 80 | Edition 7

Page 10

Individualism is my Heritage

My heritage gives me a reason to go forward in pursuit of conserving my individuality - what I hold dearest to me.

By Sumona Bose Varsity Contributor

Source: Sumona Bose

he 24th of September marks the annual national celebration of Heritage Day. This day is celebrated in South Africa as a way to pay homage to our roots, cultural backgrounds and give tribute to the diversity that has kept our nation vibrant. Termed what is now known as the Rainbow Nation, South Africa’s reputation as a versatile society has experienced persistent socio-economic woes over the years that have greatly challenged this beautiful country. However, the spirit for an optimistic and amicable future remains grounded in building an equi-

table society for the present. Diversity has retained different meanings for each individual, as the occasion itself requires more than a celebration but deep introspection. Every year on this day, I have always asked myself what does it mean to me?

Indian. I was raised in Botswana while my family dispersed around the globe, identified as being part of the broader South Asian diaspora. I do not think I thought any differently then, but it was only during my early university days that I began to dig “And every year deeper into what on this day, I have my heritage meant always asked to me rather than myself what does just identifying my it mean to me?” heritage as being tied to a specific I arrived on South nationality outside African soil in the the country of my early days of 2015 origin. to start my underAs a native graduate degree at the University of Kolkata, the of Cape Town “cultural capital” (UCT). For the of India, diversity entirety of my 17 is nothing new years before then, to me, but to be a I had socialized as part of the diverse African a “foreign-born” South

society made me realize what an auspicious opportunity it is to blend in with the crowd while also standing out. Growing up in a multicultural context has always allowed me to embrace individuality. I have grown up in a household where Kolkata (the city is a central element to my personality) has had a portable ability to be present in every part of life, mundane or significant. I find the same rhythm in Cape Town in its ability to give space to identities and celebrate individualism. To stand out but still find a sense of belonging. To be not only one identity but exist within many.

“Growing up in a multicultural context has always allowed me to embrace individuality.” Heritage is more than a passport or lineage. It is carrying a unique soul, a different story and bringing a personal perspective to the table. And for me, being able to live my individualism is my heritage - a glorious legacy of being your authentic self, inspired by countless people who have adopted the same philosophy. “Heritage is more than a passport or lineage.”

Opinions

13 October 2021 | Volume 80 | Edition 7

Page 11

Vaccine mandates are not a viable option According to the Constitution, every individual is afforded the right to decide whether they want to be vaccinated. The UCT Senate’s recent decision on a vaccine mandate goes against this, and the university should rather be encouraging vaccinations through consistent and persuasive campaigning. By Asemahle Ntoyakhe Source: UCT News

n correspondence with some University of Cape Town (UCT) students and the wider community that I have spoken to, a vaccine mandate is viewed as an infraction on their right to self-autonomy. This sentiment comes in the wake of UCT’s Senate voting in favour of mandating vaccines, commencing at the start of the 2022 academic year. The decision now lies with the UCT Council. The acquisition of vaccines by the wider UCT community is paramount to the campus operating optimally and at full capacity. Students are currently disenfranchised by online learning, with economically disadvantaged students facing the

most detriment. The lack of access to resources, which could be found on campus, further accentuates this. There are no feasible alternatives with regard to working and study spaces, access to the internet and access to the library.

menting vaccine mandates. Students also argue that a vaccine mandate intrinsically separates the student body into diametrically opposed sides, which are namely: vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals.

However, there seems to be a large number of people who do not support vaccines being enforced. This conforms to the Higher Education Act 101 of 1997 (HEA), which effectively bars the Senate from sanctioning any binding recommendations without consulting the institution’s wider community. In addition, the UCT Institutional Statute essentially also prohibits the Senate from imple-

“The only viable option is for the university community to increasingly and collectively promote voluntary uptakes of vaccines through consistent, persuasive, and ethical campaigning.”

If not vaccinated, the possibility of frequent, mandatory testing of unvaccinated individuals may be indefensible and discriminatory. It is common knowl-

DISCLAIMER

edge that none of the vaccines are completely effective and that vaccinated persons may still contract Covid-19. Some students are therefore averse to the vaccines, as they would rather be afforded the choice to wait until full immunity is possible by way of the vaccines. The vaccines are available for intake, which remains an individual decision in correspondence with the constitutional provisions. Therefore, in agreement with constitutional ethos, an individual’s decision to not receive a vaccine should be voluntary and made without any undue influence. The Constitution unanimously respects and protects a decision

of such magnitude. It is therefore unambiguous that under the present circumstances, the only viable option is for the university community to increasingly and collectively promote voluntary uptakes of vaccines through consistent, persuasive, and ethical campaigning. Currently, it is uncertain whether the state can and will enforce legislation or other governmental measures in order to compel COVID19 vaccinations. If this occurred, the university would presumptively follow suit. The most effective plan of action currently, is cultivating a sense of herd-immunity within the wider UCT community.

This section of the VARSITY is a vehicle for expression, on any topic by members of the UCT community. The opinions within this section are not necessarily those of the VARSITY collective or its advertisers. Letters to the Editor need to be kept at a maximum of 300 words and can be sent to: editorial@varsitynewspaper.co.za

Opinions

13 October 2021 | Volume 80 | Edition 7

Page 12

UCT’s possible vaccine mandate is the only way to ensure a safe return to campus The UCT Council is deliberating the rollout of a Covid-19 vaccine mandate for 2022. Contrary to the claims of those opposing a positive decision, a mandate does not impose on our constitutional rights. In fact, it is the only way to return to regular student life safely. By Julia Rowley

t the end of September, the UCT Senate voted on a vaccine mandate proposal for all staff and students in 2022 - with an overwhelming 83% supporting the decision. This final decision now lies with the UCT Council. However, in the meantime, the proposal has garnered serious criticism from some members of the community. Apocalyptic claims of our rights to bodily autonomy being eroded are plentiful and false. What many do not realise is that our rights are not absolute, nor are they devoid of responsibilities. The Constitution outlines the sanctity of our rights to bodily integrity and autonomy, religious freedom and discrimination. These rights are, of course, incredibly important to living a dignified life in a democratic state. However, the Constitution also asserts that these rights are in

balance with each other - your right to bodily autonomy does not trump my right to safety and security, just because you have been afforded that right. The vaccine is safe, effective and prevents death. It also prevents Covid from being spread as easily. This is irreputable; anyone who believes otherwise and attempts to enter this debate does not have any solid ground to stand on. Your decision to be vaccinated makes your life, as well as the lives around you, safer. Your right to bodily integrity does not, and should not, come before the community’s right to security and safety. Additionally, Section 36 allows for these rights to be limited as long as it is “reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom.” At the time of publication, over 88

Source: UCT News

000 South Africans have died because of Covid-19. We all know someone who has passed away, or has faced serious side effects, from contracting the virus. In the Western Cape alone, 98.3% of Covid-19 deaths in September of people over the age of 60 were unvaccinated. It is clear that vaccination is vital in saving lives, alleviating the burdens on the healthcare system, and keeping the economy afloat. In this context, it is “reasonable and justifiable” for the university to limit our rights to bodily autonomy by implementing a vaccine mandate. A mandate such as this is done so in the interest of the public good, and this is why it is constitutionally sound. UCT’s approval would promote “dignity, equality and freedom” the dignity to return to work without the fear of contracting a life-threatening virus, the equality

DISCLAIMER

to internet access, study spaces and facilities that are conducive to studying, and the freedom to finally live a normal student life again. This constitutionally-valid mandate is the only safe way for the UCT community to return to normal life. Think of the many shared surfaces that we touch - whether they be in the bathroom, cafeteria or lecture hall. Think of those, too, who have to clean these surfaces after we’ve touched them. Many of these individuals use public transport to get to and from work, rely on overcrowded and underfunded government healthcare facilities, and live in spaces where social distancing may be difficult. Additionally, many of those in our community are at risk in some way or another, whether it is due to age or underlying health issues. This makes for a

particularly dangerous situation: as students, most of us enjoy socialising, partying, and meeting new people. Vaccination will thus allow us to live a more normal student life, and return to campus, while still protecting ourselves and those around us. A vaccine mandate will protect all the members of our community in a way that masks, social distancing and sanitizer is not able to. Our Constitution is founded on ideals that recognise and protect the dignity of those around us - a vaccine mandate is in line with these ideals. I eagerly await the Council’s decision, and I hope it is the right one. I need a vaccine mandate. UCT needs a vaccine mandate. We need a vaccine mandate.

Opinions

13 October 2021 | Volume 80 | Edition 7

Page Page13 12

Didn’t you hear? Our planet’s dying When it comes to significant moments in history our minds are captivated by the whats, the whens, and the howcomes. Sadly though, when it comes to the environment, our minds are focused elsewhere. By Josh Raynham

t is no secret that our world is dying. The number of major climate disasters has been rising in the past decade, from hurricanes to wildfires. According to studies, this new frequency of the occurrence of natural disasters is unlikely to slow down anytime soon. A study published in the Journal of Science found that the average 6-year-old will live through three times as many climate disasters as someone born in 1960 — including twice as many wildfires, two and a half times as many crop failures, and over three times more river floods. So why don’t we care? “…we are trapped in a pit of quicksand that has been slowly sinking since the birth of the human race.”

Source: Routers

In 2010, the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill revealed the vulnerability of fossil fuel infrastructure and the dangerous effects these vulnerabilities have on our environment. That same year South Africa hosted the Soccer World Cup. I still remember going to one of the first games played between Paraguay and Uruguay. I remember where we sat and that the game ended in a draw. Up until now, the only thing I knew about Deepwater was that Mark Wahlberg starred in a movie about it. Our focus on the world today seems to bypass the urgency which is needed in order for our planet

to survive. We spend our time locked into our phones, struggling to keep up with the constant surge of modernization that seems to engulf our everyday lives. The problem is that we are trapped in a pit of quicksand that has been slowly sinking since the birth of humanity. Sidetracked, we scramble to pay our bills and afford rising food costs all whilst trying to entertain ourselves in a dying world. We’re running as fast as we can, whilst our leaders keep changing direction and our scientists are egomaniacs who play the blame game with us all. Our minds have become so threatened by the

DISCLAIMER

idea that we are to blame for our Earth dying that we do not see, or perhaps do not want to see, the roots which run so much deeper than a straw in the ocean. We are stuck in a loop of not knowing what to do. Eat healthier, ride a bike, stop fishing. These are futile problems if we don’t fix the root of the issue: our society has been bred to rely on the structures which control us and who control our outlook on the environment. The sheer nature in which the world is run encapsulates the theory of globalization which has been spurred on by a sense of capitalist modernity.

The environment is a topic that will continue to be the center of the debate until humanity is wiped from the face of this earth. Sadly, I fear that the debatephase is where the topic will stay. Whilst governments can pass laws and ordinary people can use metal straws, the fact that the earth continues to turn gives people an excuse to say, “well at least the world hasn’t ended”. To change we must understand the system which we have been brought up in and realize that whilst the age of globalization waits for no man, living on a dead planet isn’t good for anyone’s health.