Intention and attention: Intension, extension, and “attension” of a notion or set

Intention and attention Intension, extension, and “attension� of a notion or set

Vasil Penchev • Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: Institute for the Study of Societies and Knowledge (Institute for Philosophical Research) • vasildinev@gmail.com 209 Bryant Hall at the University of Mississippi in Oxford, MS, USA 11:00-11:50; 19 March 2016 The 2016 Meeting of the Mississippi Philosophical Association

Prehistory and background

Philosophical phenomenology • Philosophical phenomenology starting from Brentano and Husserl introduced (or restored from scholastic philosophy) the conception about the intentionality of consciousness • Especially Husserl being a mathematician in education and early carrier linked that fundamental and definitive property of consciousness to the essence of mathematical cognition by means of the concept of “epoché”: • Consciousness addresses always something beyond itself to be able to constitute itself as what addresses

Mathematical cognition • Indeed, mathematical cognition remains open the problem whether the described and investigated objects exist or not • In other words, mathematical cognition is invariant to and thus independent of the existence (“reality”) or nonexistence of its objects • It needs only to address them consistently • “Consistently” as it is used here means only a one-to-one mapping between the set of addressees and the set of addressers • However, the addressers are often a finite number for infinitely many addressees at least in mathematics

Attention and intention • Thus attention turns out to be dual to the phenomenological “intention” in a sense: • It postulates its objects as real independently of whether they exist or not • So, the attention and intention constitutes a dual pair in dependence whether the objects at issue are declared as real or not (here “not” does not mean for them to be declared as unreal or nonexisting, but that they might be real or unreal) • Then one can speak of “attention” as the reverse operation to “epoché”

Reality • The latter takes or removes reality, and the former gives or adds reality • Thus attention being inherently linked to the problem of reality turns out to be a fundamental philosophical concept rather than only a psychological one • For example, if the operation of that philosophical “attention” is applied to any intention, one would obtain the corresponding “idea” or “eidos” (i.e. appearance as a whole) in a Platonic sense, i.e. as “reell”

Intention and intension • Furthermore, “intention” has another counterpart, “intension” in logic, mathematics, epistemology, and cognitive science • Intension is what is able to constitutes unambiguously a separated unit such as a notion, set, image, or any unit of cognition by a finite definition, i.e. by a finite set of bound variables interpretable as the logical constant of that unit • An extension as the collection of objects, each of which satisfies the definition at issue, corresponds to any intension possibly as an empty one if the definition is contradictory • The collection may include as existing as nonexisting individuals

Thesis

“Attension” • One can introduce the concept of “attension” as to any unit enumerated above, e.g. as to a notion.

• It means both all individuals of the extension as existing and their wholeness as existing, too • Thus, “attension” is relative to “intension” and “extension”, on the one hand, and to the Platonic “idea” and “eidos”, on the other hand • Furthermore, “attension” can be defined as the application of the “philosophical attention” to any explicit or implicit (e.g. contextual) intension

“Attension” • Attension complements intension to the pair of both biggest and least element of the mathematical structure of lattice extended from the intention of consciousness to the idea therefore giving both logical and ontological structure of the notion or whatever else unit • That structure orders the extension in question in a potential taxonomy (i.e. classification of genera and species), the biggest element of which, i.e. the idea of the thing defined by the extension or even that thing itself or by itself, is generated just by the philosophical attention as the corresponding attension • On the contrary, if the notion or unit is supplied as usual by any logical or ontological structure, thus its attension is implicitly certain, too

A few main arguments:

Argument 1 • Philosophical phenomenology establishes an inherent link between: (a) logic and mathematics (b) philosophy (c) psychology: • The link relates the three by means a kind of transcendental idealism in the German philosophical tradition, which Husserl called “solipsistic” in some his works • Thus a bridge for transfer and reinterpretation between notions of psychology, logic and mathematics is created under the necessary condition for those concepts to be considered as philosophical as referred to that kind of transcendental subject

Argument 2 • The initial research of Husserl about The psychological Foundation of Arithmetic (1890) leaded him to opposite conclusion in the later Logical Investigations (1900-1901), namely that psychology (and further philosophy) should be underlain rather by logic and mathematics • In fact, the initial base of that synthesis can be found even in Ancient Greece in Pythagoreanism, in the origin itself of philosophy, and a little later, in Plato’s doctrine and Euclid’s geometry • The German idealism including the subject and mind as a fundamental philosophical category had been what allowed of Husserl to add psychology in that huge synthesis

Argument 3 • The link in question is grounded in the way of cognition in logic and mathematics, philosophy, and the seen in thus psychology rather than in any reference to reality, to experienced or experimental data for the reality itself should be inferred in particular by the new approach of phenomenology • This suggests for reality not to be presupposed, but to be “bracketed” initially • The contents of consciousness is only doubled in the manner of mathematics as a one-to-one mapping of that contents into … itself in the final analysis

Argument 4 • Indeed, logic and mathematics do not connect the concept of truth, in their framework, to any confirmation by external reality • Therefore, they do not presuppose any reality, and their cognition is independent of reality as a hypothesis or premise • As to philosophy, it ought not to presuppose reality for the reality itself is its main problem (Heidegger underlay the problem of being as a deeper one) • At last, psychology should not be referred to reality as far as its object of research is just that being which seems to be opposed to and thus separated from reality, namely mind and psychics (Heidegger refuted this, the latter, and Husserl blamed him for “naturalization”)

Argument 5 • Thus logic & mathematics, philosophy, and psychology need and would share a relevant method of research, which should be independent of the hypothesis (or axiom) of reality • In particular, that method cannot be experimental or ground on any experience in reality • Indeed, any experimental method admits and even suggests some mismatch of reality and consciousness unlike the enumerated sciences • Whether reality coincides with consciousness or not should be a fundamental axiom, which generates two main pathways of cognition: either “phenomenological” or “naturalistic” (in Husserl)

Argument 6 • Logic and mathematics as the most advanced ones in that kind of cognition can suggest the extended model and interpretation where “intension” would correspond to “intention”, and “extension” to some area of reality relevant to that intension at issue • Both concepts of intension and extension just as well as that of intentionality do not presuppose “reality”, but they are consistent to it. Thus, the “property of reality” is able to be added or not axiomatically to some entities postulated to possesses it • Furthermore, the pair of intention and attention implies a counterpart of “intension”, which is naturally to be called by t he neologism “attension” as the missing member of both pair “intention – attention” and pair “intension - ???”

Argument 7 • Then “attension” is the “extension” with reality added secondarily as far as reality cannot be presupposed in phenomenological research • “Reality” can be interpreted as an additional bit of information • “Attension” is further definable by means of “extension”, to which is added a bit more with values either “real” or “unreal” • “Attension” properly is the case where that additional bit is obtained the value of “real”

Equating the transcendental to the naturalistic: The unity of mind-brain as a quantum system

Husserl’s approach to transcendentalism • Husserl, both mathematician and philosopher, was who offered a new reading of transcendentalism, mathematical in essence • The transcendental might be understood as the collection of all possibilities therefore interpreting the “condition of possibility” in thus • Mathematics accepts consistency seen as the possibility of existence as mathematical existence as well.

• The collection of all possibilities might be defined as a certain invariant shared by all possibilities at issue, obtainable by “eidetic reduction”, which is phenomenological in the sense of Husserl’s psychology, or transcendental in his philosophy

The reductions • One might say that eidetic, phenomenological and transcendental reduction are only different senses (or contexts) of one and the same meaning mapping all possibilities of a kind into their shared invariant • Then Husserl’s opposition of the phenomenological (transcendental) to the naturalistic might be further thought as the opposition of the set of all possibilities, defined by their invariant, to an arbitrary and therefore random element of the same set

Mind-brain • However, the system of mind-brain unifies somehow both aspects allowing to be described as both mind (i.e. phenomenologically and transcendentally) and brain (i.e. naturalistically) • One might even postulate that kind of duality as the essential feature of that system, necessary for its relevant definition • If that is the case, and Husserl’s approach to the transcendental and naturalistic is used, one would need a certain equation of the transcendental and the naturalistic to define relevantly the system of mind-brain

Mind-brain as a quantum system • The interpretation of the mind-brain system as a quantum system satisfies the condition for an element of a set to be equated to the set, and therefore that of the reduction whether eidetic or phenomenological, or transcendental in Husserl’s sense • Then a given mind state is associable only with the change of the probability distribution of the brain as a whole • In other words, any mind state corresponds to a certain state of the brain as a whole, but not any true part of it

What is “quantum system”?

• Quantum mechanics being only an exemplification and interpretation of a much more general set including it shares the same property, namely, the equivalence of a set to its element • Then, the term “quantum system” means it in the sense of both quantum mechanics and generalization definable by that equivalence of ‘set’ and ‘element’ • Furthermore, any element of the set is specified by the probability distribution of all elements of the set • Particularly, if all probabilities are always concentrated in an element, one can obtain the classical sense of ‘set’ shared by finite and infinite sets

Involving infinity • No finite and constructive element can satisfy that kind of equivalence • Even more, that equivalence is interpretable as a version of Dedekind’s definition of infinity • However if the axiom of choice is attached, a finite, though unknown in principle, set equivalent one-to-one to each one infinite set should exist “purely” and mathematically, i.e. only possibly, but not ever actually • That paradoxical corollary is implied by Skolem’s consideration of the “relativeness of ‘set’” (1922) • Thus infinity is decomposable to finiteness and randomness if randomness be equated to “pure” (never actual) possibility

Bohr’s complementarity • Then by interpreting in terms of mind-brain, a random element of the one half of that duality would correspond to each one element of the other • This is equivalent to the suggested by Niels Bohr conception about mind-brain complementarity as a generalization of complementarity in quantum mechanics • For example, given an element either of the brain or of the mind. All other half of duality corresponds to it, but specified by a profile (distribution) of probability for all elements of that half

Interpretation • There is a gap (discrete jump) between ‘mind’ and ‘brain’ in mindbrain, which involves complementarity, duality and holism • The brain as a material macroscopic system can be seen as an “apparatus” registering the state of mind as a probability distribution • The mind in turn can be thought as a microscopic “quantum” system, the state of which is what is registered by the brain • The mind-brain relation is probabilistic “purely” due to the gap between them without any hidden variables to determine the probability distribution as a statistics in those variables • Both mind and brain as well as both together can be interpreted as the “substance of the gap and probability distribution” as the gap is always and only a relation between them

Thank you for your kind attention!

I am expecting for your questions or comments