First Chapter of the Malayalam Translation of Marxian Atheism by Sebastian Vattamattam

ssZh-¯nsâ acWhpw a\p-jysâ P\\hpw amÀIvkn-b³ \mkvXn-IX sk_m-Ìy³ Im¸³ hnhÀ¯\w sk_m-Ìy³ h«-aäw

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w

Marxian Atheism F∂ ]pkvXI-Øns‚ ]cn-`mj

^mZ¿ sk_m-Ãy≥ Im∏≥(1924 ˛ 1993) sXmSp-]p-g- Xm-eq-°n¬ tIm-Sn-°pfw {Kma-Øn¬ P\n-®p. 1944˛¬ Cutim-k-`mwK-am-bn. ]q\bn¬ ssZh-hn-⁄m-\obw ]Tn°p-∂ -Im-eØv {Ko°v, eØo≥, kwkvIrXw F∂o `mj-I-fnepw thtZm-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnepw {]mhoWyw t\Sn. tdman¬ {KntKm-dnb≥ k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂p ""{]tbm-K(praxis)hpw aX-]-camb A\y-km¬°-c-Whpw am¿Ivkns‚ kmº-Øn-I-˛-Zm¿i-\nI- Ip-dn-∏p-I-fn¬'' F∂ hnj-b-Øn-¬ tUmŒ-td‰v kºm-Zn-®p. A°m-eØv Cw•o-jn¬ e`y-a-√m-Xn-cp∂ am¿Ivkns‚ IrXn-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn P¿Ω≥, {^©v `m-jIƒ kzmb-Ø-am-°n. 1962˛¬ C¥ybn-te-bv°p- a-Sß - nb ^mZ¿ Im-∏≥ C¥y-bpsS tkmjyenÃv ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ At\z-j-W-ß-fn¬ apgp-In. Ncn-{X-Ønse tbip-hnepw `mc-Xob ]mc-º-cy-Ønepw ˛ hninjym Iogm-f-]m-c-º-cy-ß-fn¬ ˛ Hfn-™p-In-S-°p∂ hntam-NI-[m-cIƒ Is≠Øn {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ hym]r-X\m-bn. Im∏\-®s‚ BZysØ c≠p ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-emWp {]kn≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´Xv : hnizm-k-Øn¬ \n∂p hnπ-h-Øn-te-°v(1972), \mf-tØ°v Hcp- ssew-Kn-I-k-Zm-Nm-cw(1973). Cw•o-jn¬ BZy-sagp-Xnb Pokkv B‚v {^oUw (1977) hØn-°m≥ sk≥j¿jn∏n\p hnt[-b-am-°n. 1993 \h-º¿ 30-˛mw XnbXn ^mZ¿ Im-∏s\ ‘Znhy-X-bpsS hmk-ÿ-ehpw am\-h-Xo¿∞m-S-\-Øns‚ XpS°hpw HSp-°-hp’-amb `qan-bΩ Xncnsb hnfn-®p.

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w BZy]Xn-∏ns‚ BapJw

Cu {KŸ-Øn\v Bkv]Zw 1961-˛¬ tdmanse {KntKm-dn-b≥ k¿∆I-em-imebn¬ Rm≥ ka¿∏n® Kth-jW_ncpZ {]_-‘-amWv. ""{]tbm-Khpw aX-]-c-amb A\y-h¬°-cWhpw, Imƒ am¿Ivkns‚ kmº-ØnI-˛Zm¿i-\nI ssIsb-gp-Øp {]XnI-fn¬''î F∂m-bn-cp∂p hnjbw. ]n¬°mehymJym-\-ßsf B{i-bn-°msX am¿Ivkns\ a\ n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff {ia-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. AtX]Sn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®ncp-s∂-¶n¬, hntZi `mj-I-fn-ep-ff {KŸ-kq-N-\-Ifpw P¿Ω≥ aqeIrXnIfn¬ \n∂p-ff D≤-cn-Wn-Ifpw aqew, km[m-cWhmb-\-°m¿°p Zp¿{K-l-am-bn-tØm-∂n-tb-s\. XpS¿∂p-ff h¿j-ß-fn¬ AXp ]p\x]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn\p kabw Inń-b-Xp-an-√. ]n¥n-cn™p t\m°ptºmƒ, {]Im-i-\-Øn¬ h∂ Ime-Xm-akw \∑-b-v°m-bn-cp-s∂∂v C∂p tXm∂p-∂p. Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ am¿Ivkns‚ IrXn-I-fpsS Bg-ß-fnte-°n-dß - n-s®-√m\pw At±lØns‚ a\pjyZ¿i-\s - Ø-°p-dn®v Ht´sd {]`m-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øm\pw F\n-°-h-kcw e`n-®p. Aßs\ Inńb ]pXnb Dƒ°mgvNIfpsS shfn-®-Ønepw hmb\ kpK-a-am-°-W-sa∂ Dt±-iy-Ønepw {]_-‘-am-I-am\w Rm≥ ]p\x]-cn-tim-[n®p. F∂mepw Fs‚ BZy \nK-a-\-ß-fn¬ t`Z-K-Xn-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xmbn tXm∂n-bn√; ]n¬°me ]T-\-ß-ƒ Ahsb ÿncoI-cn®nt´bp-f-fp. A\yh¬°-cn-°-s∏´ a\p-jym-h-t_m-[-Øns‚ cq]-am-bn-´mWv aXsØ am¿Ivkv ho£n-®-Xv. AXv Ah-tem-I\w sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv Cu IrXn XpS-ßp-∂-Xpw. XpS¿∂p-ff c≠-≤ym-b-ß-fn¬, am¿Ikv Fßs\ aX-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ BZyw cmj{SobØns‚bpw ]n∂oSv ùXn-tIm¬-]m-Z-\-Øn-s‚bpw taJ-e-I-fn¬ Is≠-Øp∂p F∂p hnhcn-°p-∂p. kmº-ØnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ hnπ-h-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ff ]cn-h¿Ø\-amWv \mem-a-≤ym-b-Øn¬ N¿®mhnjbw. ]pXnb a\p-jy-s‚bpw Ahs‚/Ah-fpsS aXm-Xn-im-bn-bmb Ah-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw {][m\mw-i-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p A©ma-≤ym-b-Øn¬. HSp-hn-esØ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ am¿Ivkns‚ aX-kn-≤m-¥sØ hna¿i-I-ambn hnebn-cp-Øp-∂p. am¿Ivkn\v ssZhm-kvXn-XzsØ \ntj-[n-°pI F∂m¬ a\p-jys‚ AkvXn-XzsØ ka¿∞n°pI F∂m-W¿Yw. AXn-\m¬ B aX-hna¿isØ am¿Ivkn-b≥ Z¿i-\Øns‚bmsI ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ AhX-cn-∏n-°m-\mWv Rm≥ {ian-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. Cu kao-]-\-Øn\p ]n∂n¬

Hcp {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-K-W\ IqSn-bp-≠v. F-s‚-b-dn-hn¬ C¥y≥ hmb\°m¿°p a¿Ivkn-b≥ Z¿i\w hni-Zo-I-cn®p sImSp-°p∂ H‰ -]pkvX-Ihpw CXp-hsc {]Xy-£-s∏-ń-ń√. hntZ-iØp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®h-bm-I-s´, \ap-°-]-cn-Nn-X-cmb ]m›mXy Zm¿i-\n-Isc°pdn-®p-ff kqN- \ - I fpw a‰pw sIm≠p k¶o¿Æhpw ]e- t ∏mgpw Hc`n⁄hrØsØ am{Xw Dt±-in-®p-f-f-h-bp-amWv. C¥y≥ am¿IvknÃpIƒ Xß-fpsS an° IrXn-I-fnepw GwK¬kn-s‚bpw se\n-s‚bpw am¿Ivknb≥ `mjy-ßƒ AtX-]Sn ]I¿Øp-I-bmWv sNbvXn-´p-f-fXv. AXp ]e-t∏mgpw hgnsX‰n-°p-∂-Xp-amWv. Cu t]mcm-bva-°v Cu ]pkvX-I-w Hcp ]cn[nhscsb¶nepw ]cn-lm-c-am-Ip-sa∂p {]Xo-£n°p-∂p. hmb-\-°m¿°v am¿Ivkns\ apJm-apJw ImWp-hm≥ At±-lØns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂p [mc-mf-ap-≤-c-Wn-Iƒ tN¿Øn-´p≠v. Fs‚ hymJym-\-Øns‚ kXyX B aqe-hm-Iy-ß-fp-amsbmØp t\m°n ]cntim-[n-°m≥ AXp klm-bn-°pw. Bib°pg-∏-ap-≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥, am¿Iv k n- b ≥ kn≤m¥w hniZoIcn- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ n- S - b n¬ Fs‚ JWvU\]-c-amb A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ Xncp-In-t®¿°m-Xn-cn-°m-\pw hnhmZ-ß-sfm-gn-hm-°m\pw {ian-®n-´p≠v. F∂n-cn-°nepw, H-cncp∏n\p hmbn®p ckn-°m-hp∂ {KŸ-a-√nXv; ]e XhW hmbn®v [ym\n®p kzmwio-Icn-t°≠ H∂m-Wv. D≤-c-WnIƒ k¶o¿Æ-ßfpw Zp¿{Klhp-ambn tXm∂n-tb-°mw, {]tXy-In®v, am¿Ivkn-k-sØ-∏‰n H´pw ap∂-dn-hn-√mØ-h¿°v. Ah¿ D≤-c-WnIsf c≠mw hmb-\bv°p \o°n-sh-bv°p∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw \√Xv. khn-ti-j-amb Hc-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv am¿Ivkns‚ aX-kn-≤m-¥-ßsf Rm≥ hnebn-cp-Øp-∂Xv. a-\pjymkvXn-XzØn\v k¿∆m-Xn-im-bnXzØnt‚-Xmb Hcp am\-ap-s≠∂v Rm≥ hnizkn-°p-∂p. a\p-jys\ Xcw XmgvØp∂ F√m-Øn¬ \n-∂p-ap-ff \ncp]m-[nI tamN\w AXv Bhiy-s∏-Sp∂p. Cu hnizmkw tIh-esØ Bt]£n- I - a m- ° m≥ hnk- Ω - X n- ° p∂p. A\y- h - X v I rXa\p- j y≥ kz¥w {]Xn-—m-b-bn¬ kr„n® F√m ssZh-ß-sfbpw AXp X®p-Sbv°p-∂p. Cu \ne-bn¬, aX-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]e cq]-t`-Z-ßtfmSpsa∂-Xns\-°mƒ AXn-\-Sp∏w \mkv-XnI hmZ-tØm-SmWv. adph-iØv, \mkvXn-IhmZØns‚ Nne hI-t`-Z-ßƒ Cu hnizm-k-hpambn XmZmflyw {]m]n-°p-∂-Xmbpw ImWmw. hmkvXhw ]d-™m¬, aXsØ \nin- X - a mbn hna¿in- ° p- t ºmƒ t]mepw am¿Iv k n- b ≥ \mkvXn-I-hm-Z-Øn¬, AXns‚ A¥¿[m-c-bmbn, tIh-e-amb k¿∆m-

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w

Xn-im-bn-XzsØ D∂w h®p-ff Hc-t\zjWap≠v. hfsct∏¿ Cu ]pkv X IcN- \ - b n¬ Fs∂ klm- b n- ® n- ´ p≠v . F∂m¬ Cutimk`-bnse Hcp {]ikvX Zm¿i-\n-I\mb tPmk^v Zv ^n\mMvkns\-°mƒ Fs‚ IrX-⁄Xb¿ln-°p∂ thdm-cp-an-√. At±-lamWv 1959˛61 h¿j-ß-fn¬ Fs‚ Kth-j-W-Øn\p hgn-Im-´nbm-bn-cp-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ am¿§-Z¿i\hpw \nc-¥c t{]mQm-l-\hp-an-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ am¿IvknÃp hymJym-\-ß-fpsS \qem-am-e-bn¬ X∏n-Ø-S™v F\n°p hgn ap´n-tb-s\. ]e ]mT-t`-Z-ß-fn-ep-ff ssIgpØp {]Xn-Iƒ apgp-h≥ ssS∏p sNbvXp X∂-Xn\p ]pdsa kq£va-{Km-ln-bmb hna¿i\w sIm≠p hy‡-amb Bi-b-{]-I-S-\Øn\v Fs‚ ktlm-Zc ]p{Xn-bmb tagvkn Im∏≥ klm-bn-®n-´p≠v. AXn-ep-tasd hne-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-fpsS a\pjyXz]q¿Æhpw A\p-`m-h-]q¿∆hp-amb km∂n-≤y-Øm¬ F\n°p \¬Inb ]n¥p-W. am¿Ivkn-kv-‰p-Ifpw hnizm-kn-Ifpw, X-ßƒ Fhn-sS-sb√mw H∂p tNcp-s∂∂pw hntbm-Pn-°p-s∂∂pw a\- n-em°n, a\p-jys‚ k¿t∆m∂-Xm-h-iy-w a\p-jy≥Xs∂sb∂p \njvI¿jn-°p∂ Hcp kmaqly kwhn-[m\w kr„n-°p-∂-Xn-te°p kl-I-cn®p {]h¿Ønt® Xocq. AXn\v Cu {KŸw CcpIq´- s cbpw klm- b n- ° p- s a- ¶ n¬ Rm≥ IrXm¿∞-\mbn. _mwKvfq¿ Fkv. Im∏≥ Unkw_¿ 1983

D≈-S°w 1 2 3 4 5 6

kz¿§w hna¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂p aX-Øns‚ cm{„obmSnØd kmºØntIm¬]mZ\hpw Cuiztcm¬]mZ\hpw {]tbmKw ka{KkzmX{¥yØn\p th≠n ssZh-Øn-\p-a-∏p-dw ]q¿Æ a\p-jy≥ Zzbm¿∞I \mkvXn-I-hmZw

8 25 33 55 71 102

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w

1 kz¿§w hna¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂p 1918˛¬ P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ {Snb¿ F∂ Ncn-{X-{]-[m-\-amb ]´WØn¬ b-lqZZº-Xn-I-fpsS ]p{X-\mbn Imƒ am¿Ivkv P\n-®p. cm{„o-bw, -aXw, -Po-hn-Xw, Ie F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v 18˛mw \q‰m-≠nse {^m≥kn¬ {]N-cn-®n-cp∂ kzX{¥ Nn¥m-[m-c-Isf kzmwio-I-cn® Bfm-bn-cp∂p ]nXmhv ssl≥{UnIv am¿Ivkv(3, 6). temIsØ hymJym-\n-°p-∂Xnepw am‰n-Øo-¿°p-∂-Xnepw a\pjy_p≤n-°p-≈ A]m-c-amb Ignhn¬ {^©p bp‡n-hm-Zn-I-sf-t∏mse At±-lhpw hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. F¶nepw Ah-km\whsc Hcp {]tXy-I -X-c-Øn-ep-≈ ssZhhnizmkw ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-∂p. aI-\mb Imfn\p sImSp-°p∂ Hcp-]-tZ-i-Øn¬ \n∂v C°m-cyw hy‡-am-Ipw. ì""[m¿ΩnIXbv°v \s√mcp ]n≥Xp-W-bmWv efn-X-amb Cuizc -hn-izmkw. aX-{`m-¥-\mbnØocp∂ Ah-km-\-sØ-bm-fm-bncn°pw Rms\∂p \n\-°-dn-bm-a-s√m. F∂m¬ GsXm-cmƒ°pw C∂-s√-¶n¬ \msf hnizm-k-Øns‚ bYm¿∞amb Bh-iy-ap≠m-Ipw. \nco-iz-c\p-t]mepw Cuiz-ct\mSp {]m¿∞n-°m≥ \n¿_‘n°p∂ \nan-j-ß-fp-≠mhpw Pohn-X-Øn¬''(3, 7). h°o- e m- b n- c p∂ ssl≥{UnIv am¿Iv k v 1917˛¬ s{]m´- Ã ‚ v hnizmkw kzoIcn®p. Aßs\ sNbvXn-√m-cp-s∂-¶n¬ kz¥w tPm en XpS-cpI Akm≤yamIp-am-bn-cp-∂p. blqZkap-Zm-b-tØm-Sp-≈ k¿°m-cns‚ hnth-N\ - ] - c - a - mb \b-am-bn-cp∂p ImcWw. F∂m¬ At±l-Øns‚ `mcy sl≥dn-bØ blqZ hnizm-km-Nm-c-ß-fn¬ Dd®p \n∂p. Ah- c n- e qsS blq- Z - a t\m`mh- ß fpw A`nhmRv O Ifpw Hs´ms° B IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \ne-\n∂pt]mcpIbpw sNbvXp. am¿Ivkns‚ PohnXkml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ aXw \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. kvIqfn¬ At±-l-Øn\v aX-]-T\w \S-tØ-≠n-bn-cp∂p. ""hnizm-kn-Ifpw {InkvXphp-am-bp-≈ sFIy-Øns‚ Imc-Whpw kz`m-hhpw Bh-iy-I-Xbpw A\-¥-c-^-e-ßfpw''î F∂m-bn-cp∂p kvIqfn¬ \n∂p-≈ hnSp-X¬ k¿´n-^n-°-‰n-\mbn Xøm-dm-°nb {]_-‘-Øns‚ hnjbwXs∂. AXn¬ At±-l-sa-gpXn: ì""At∏mƒ am\h Ncn{Xw \sΩ {InkvXp-hp-am-bp-≈ sFIyØns‚ Bh-iy-IX ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. am{X-a-√, hy‡n-I-fpsS Ncn{Xhpw a\pjykz`m-hhpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ, a\p-jys‚ s\©n-\p-≈n¬ Znhy-XbpsSsbmcp Xos∏m-cn, \∑-tbm-Sp-≈ A`n-

hmRvO, Adn-hn\p th≠n-bp-≈ Bthiw, kXyØn\m-bp-≈ A`n-emjw, Df-f-Xmbn ≈p∏w ImWm≥ Ignbpw''(3, 11). Cu hm°p-I-ƒ°p ]n∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hnizm-k-Øns‚ Bg-a-dn-bphm≥ am¿§-sam-∂p-an-√. F∂m¬ aX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\wXs∂ tNmZyw sNbvXn-cp∂ dmUn-°¬ Nn¥Icp-ambn ]cNn-b-s∏Sm-\n-S-bm-b-tXmsS AXn\p apºv h√ hnizm-k-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, AXpw am¿Ivkn\p \„-s∏-ń-cn-°Ww. {]kvXpX Nn¥-Ic-- n¬ {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂p slK¬. At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥-bpsS Hcp c¥--®p-cp°w ChnsS tN¿Øp-sIm-f-f-s´(6). slKens\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Df-fXpw D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xpamb F√m-Øn-s‚bpw BXy-¥nI ImcWw Bi-b-amWv. Bibwî kzbw _mly-h¬°-cn®v aq¿Ø-cq]w {]m]n-®-XmWv Cu {]IrXn, AYhm ùXn-I-amb Zriy{]]-©w. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Hcp ]cn-WmaL´Øn¬ AXn- e t∂mfw A¥¿eo- \ - a m- b n- c p∂ Bibwî Bflmht_m[w t\Sn a\p-jy-cn-eqsS hy‡n\njvT Acq-]n BbnØocp-∂p. hy‡n\njvTmcq-]nbmhs´ \nb-aw, -k-∑m¿§w,- Ip-S-pw_w, kn-hn¬ kaqlw, `c-W-IqSw F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Np‰p-ap-≈ temI-Øn¬ aq¿Ø-cq]w {]m]n-°p∂p. Ch-bpsS BsI-Øp-I-bmWv hkvXp-\njvTAcq-]n. hkvXp\njvTm-cq-]nbpw hy‡n\njvTmcq-]nbpw XΩnep≈ kwL¿jw ka- \ z- b - Ø n- t ‚- X mb Hcpb¿∂ Xe- Ø n¬ ]cn- l - c n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ p. Aßs\bp≠m- I p- ∂ - X mWv slKens‚ ìtIh- e m- c q]n. tIh- e mcq]nbpsS XpS¿∂p-≈ kzbw {]Im-i\w \S-°p-∂Xp ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn ]q¿WX-tb-dp∂ aq∂p L´-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv ˛ Ie, -a-Xw, -Z¿i-\w. C{µn-b-tKm-Nc-amb kpµc -h-kvXp-°-fmbn tIh-em-cq]n Iem-kr„nI-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. {]Xo-Ißƒ, {]Xn-_nw-_-ßƒ, Io¿Ø\ßƒ, Bc-[-\m-{Iaßƒ Ch-bn-eqsS tIh-em-cq-]n-bp-ambn sFIys∏- S m- \ p- ≈ a\p- j ys‚ {ia- a mWv aXw. ssZhsØ FØn- ∏ n- S n°p∂Xn\pw ssZh-hp-ambn H∂p-tN-cp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ a\p-jy-bXv\-amWv Bcm-[\. ssZhsØ a\p-jy-t\m-SSp-∏n°p-∂-Xn\pw AXn\p Ignbpsa∂mWp Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ssZhw-Xs∂ a\p-jy-\mbn F∂p ]Tn∏n-°p∂ {InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ Xncp-h-h-Xmckn≤m-¥-amWv a\p-jy\pw ssZh-hp-am-bp-≈ sFIy-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-amb cq]w. F∂m¬ tabhpw Ata-bhpw XΩn-ep-≈ ]cn-]q¿ssWIyw CXpsIm-s≠m∂pw km≤y-a-√. X\n-°-\y-amb H∂n-t\mSp _‘-s∏-Sp-∂psh∂ t_m[w hnizm-kn°p XpS¿∂-pa\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. Aßs\

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w

Ak¥p„mh-t_m-[-sa∂p slK¬ hnfn-°p∂ Hc-h-ÿbv°v hn[n°-s∏-´-h-\mWv Xms\∂ t_m[w a\pjy-\p-≠m-Ip∂p. tabhpw Atabhpw XΩn¬ A¥- c - a n- √ m- X m- I - W - s a- ¶ n¬, a\p- j y≥ aXsØ ]n≥X≈n bYm¿∞ Zm¿i-\n-I-⁄m\w B¿÷n-°-Ww. aXw {]XoIm-ﬂ-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ Z¿i\w Bi-b-ß-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ChnsS slK¬ Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv GsX-¶nepw Z¿i\-a-√, kz¥w Z¿i-\-am-Wv. Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ Zm¿\n-I-⁄m\w t\Snb GsXm-cmƒ°pw Ata-b-amb B as‰m∂ví kz¥w Ah-t_m-[-amsW∂v Adn-bm≥ Ign-bpw. slK-ens‚ hn[n-Xo¿∏v Htc-k-abw aX-Øn\v A\p-Iq-ehpw {]XnIq-e-hp-am-Wv. tabhpw Ata-bhpw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW∂ auen-I-kXysØ aXw Bhn-jvIcn-°p-∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂n-SØv hn[n A\p-Iqe-am-Wv. B sFIy-am-hnjvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kvXqe-cq-]-ßƒ e£y-{]m-]vXn°v A]-cym-]vX-am-sW∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ hn[n {]Xn-Iq-e-hpw. aX-hn-izm-k-Øn\p aq¿Ø-cq]w \¬Ip∂ ÿm]-\-ßfpw AXp-t]mse-Xs∂ A]-cym-]vXß - f - m-Wv. AXn-\m¬ adn-IS- ° - s - ∏-tS-≠X - mb a\pjym-\y-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ Hcp cq]-amWp aXw. aX-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ slK-ens‚ Cu hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ am¿Ivkns\ Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o-\n-®p. slK-ens‚ {]Xn-`m-k-hn-⁄m-\w F∂ {KŸw, AXnse `mj anYy-bmb KqVm¿∞-I-am-sW-¶n-epw, ^e-hØmb aX-hn-a¿i--Øn-\p-X-Ip-∂ [mcm-f-am-i-b-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂ps≠∂v am¿IvkpXs∂ hy‡-am-°n-bn´p-≠v(9, 212). F∂n-cp-∂mepw, At±-l-Øn\v slK-ens‚ Bi-b-hm-Z-hp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm≥ Ignbm-Xm-hp-Ibpw {ItaW B Nn¥-I-\n¬\n∂v AI-ep-Ibpw sNbvXp. slK-ens\ hna¿i-I-ambn ]p\∏-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn\v a‰msc-°mfpw am¿Ivkns\ t{]cn-∏n-®Xv epUvhnKv t^mb¿_mlv F∂ Nn¥-I\ - mWv. temI-sa∂ {]{In-b-bp-sSbpw Xs‚ Zm¿i-\nIhyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw {]`h- ÿ m- \ Øv slK¬ Bi- b sØ {]Xn- j vTn- ® - X n- t \mSv t^mb¿_mlv hntbm-Pn-®p. F√m Nn¥bpw Xmsg \n∂v, a\p-jy\pƒs∏-sS-bp-≈ {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p XpS-ß-W-sa∂v At±lw hmZn®p. ssZhw a\p-jy-s\-b√ a\p-jy≥ kz¥w cq]-Øn¬ ssZh-sØbmWv kr„n-®Xv F∂m-bn-cp∂p aXsØ kw_-‘n® At±-l-Øns‚ {][m-\- kn-≤m¥w. a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ kØm-]-c-amb KpW-ßsf _mly-amb Hcp anYymtemI-Øn-te-°p- {]t£-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂mWv ssZh-hn-izm-k-ap-≠mIp-∂Xv. kz¥w kØ-tbm-Sp-Xs∂ Hc-\y-k-

Øtbm-sS-∂-t]mse Abmƒ _‘-s∏-Sptºmƒ AXp aX-t_m-[ambn. Abmƒ Bcm-[n-°p-∂Xv ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ \o°n-sb-SpØ kz¥w KpW-K-W-ß-sf-Ø-s∂-b-t{X. aXw Cu KpWßsf I¿Øm-hmbpw a\p-jys\ AXns‚ I¿Ω-ambpw am‰n-Øo¿°p∂p. F∂m¬, Xs‚ bYm¿∞ kØsb Hc-]-cn-tabkØ-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ {]t£-]n-°phm≥ a\p-jys\ {]m]vX-\m-°p∂ hkvXpX F¥mWv ? a\p-jys‚ hy‡n- ] - c hpw kmaq- l n- I - h p- a mb kØ- I ƒ XΩn- e p- ≈ - X mbn t^mb¿_mlv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ hyXym-k-Øn-emWv CXn-\p-Øcw ImtW-≠-Xv. hy‡n-sb-∂- \n-e-bn¬ Hcmƒ ]cn-ta-b\pw A]q¿W\p-amWv. F∂m¬ a\p-jy-Pm-Xn-bpsS Hcw-K-sa∂ \nebv°v Abmƒ km¿∆-{Xn-I\pw A]-cn-ta-bX t\Sm≥ Ign-hp-f-f-h-\p-amWv. CXt{X {]]-©m-Xn-im-bn-bmb Hc-]-cn-tab kØsb°p-dn®p Nn¥n-°m≥ Abmsf {]m]vX-\m-°p-∂Xv. A-Xn-\m¬, a\p-jys‚ ]tcm-£-amb Bflm-h-t_m-[-amWv aX-sa∂p ]d-bmw. Hcp {k„m-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ t_m[w CS-\n-e-s°-Øp-∂-Xp-sIm≠mWv AXv ]tcm-£-am-Ip-∂Xv. ]q¿W a\p-jy-\m-bn-Øo-cm≥ ]tcm-£-amb Cu Bflm-h-t_m[sØ {]Xy-£-amb Bflm-h-t_m[ambn cq]m¥c-s∏-Sp-ØWw. am\-h-cminsb apgp-h≥ kz¥w Nn¥-bnepw C—-bnepw kvt\-l-Ønepw kamt«-jn-®p-sIm≠v Xs‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Isf XcWw sNøWw. ssZh-kvt\lw a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øn\p hgn-am-d-Ww. Aßs\ t^mb¿_mlv aXsØ am\- h - h m- Z - a mbpw ssZhhn⁄m- \ sØ \c- h wi hn⁄m\ambpw Npcp°n. At±-l-sa-gpXn: ì""ssZh-Øns‚ Aeu-In-Ihpw {]Ir-Xy-Xo-Xhpw a\p-jym-XoX-hp-amb kz`mh hnti-j-ßsf a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-Øns‚ au enI LS-I-ß-fmbn \mw Npcp-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS Cu A]{K-Y-\{]-{Inb \mw GXp \ne-]m-Sn¬ \n∂p XpS-ßnsbm AhnsS-Øs∂ \sΩ ho≠p-sa-Øn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AXm-b-Xv, a\pjy≥Xs∂bmWv aX-Øns‚ BZn-a-[ym-¥-ßƒ''(12, 184). F√m Bi-b-hm-Z-hp-ap-t]-£n®v bYm¿∞temI-Øn¬ \n∂p Nn¥n®p XpS-ßm-\p-≈ Blzm-\-tØmSp am¿Ivkv Bth-i-tØmsS {]Xn-I-cn-®p. ìa\p-jy¿XΩn-ep-≈ kmaqly_‘-ßsf Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ASnÿm\XXz-am°n Ie¿∏‰ ùXnIhmZhpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb imkv{Xhpwîÿm]n-®-Xn\v am¿Ivkv t^mb¿_m-lns\ {]iw-kn-°p∂p≠v ( 9,199). I¿Ømhpw I¿Ωhpw XΩn- e p- ≈ Xmbn slK¬

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w

k¶¬]n® _‘sØ Iogvta¬ adn-®n´ t^mb¿_m-lns‚ \ne-]mSv At±lw icn-h-®p. a\pjy-\mWp I¿Øm-sh∂pw ssZh-apƒs∏sS _m°n-sb√mw Abm-fpsS I¿Ω-ßƒ am{X-am-sW-∂p-ap-≈ BibsØ kaq-l-sØ-bmsI hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\p≈ auenI {]amW-am°n. apX-em-fnØ k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ kmº-Øn-Ihpw cm{„o-bhpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb LS\Iƒ I¿Øm-hns‚ `mKw A`n-\-bn°p-Ibpw a\p-jysc shdpw I¿Ω-ambn XcwXmgvØp-Ibpw sNøp∂p- s h∂pw tkmjy- e nÃpkaq- l - Ø n¬ am{Xta Ncn- { X- Ø ns‚ bYm¿∞ I¿Øm-sh∂ ÿm\w a\p-jy\p ho≠pIn´p-I-bp-≈p F∂pw At±lw ka¿∞n-®p. Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p- tijw t^mb¿_m-lns\ hna¿i-I-ambn ]p\x]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu Nn¥m-KXn am¿Ivkns\ t{]cn-∏n®p. H∂ma-Xmbn, t^mb¿_m-lns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬, hnizmkn H‰-s∏´ hy‡nbmWv. F∂m¬ Aß-s\-sbmcp hy‡n a\-kns‚ Hcp sI´p-IY am{X-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p am¿Ivkns‚ aXw. bYm¿∞ kv{Xo]pcp-j∑m¿ kzbw t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂Xv Cg-Xq¿∂ kmaq-ly_-‘-ß-fpsS he-s°-ńse IÆn-I-fm-bn-´mWv. c≠m-a-Xmbn, ssZh-k-¶-ev]sØ t^mb¿_mlv F¥mbn shń- ® p- c p- ° ntbm B kmaq- l y- k Ø Aaq¿Ø- a mb Hcm- i bw am{X- a m- W v . Hmtcm hy‡n- b nepw a\pjyPmXn-bpsS AwK-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ A¥¿eo-\-amb, Poh-im-kv{X]-c-amb, Hcp KpW-hn-tijw am{X-am-WXv. CXp a\- n-em-°m-Ø-Xn\m¬, ìaX-hn-ImcwXs∂ Hcp kmaqtlym¬]-∂-am-sW∂p ImWm≥ t^mb¿_m-ln\p Ign-™n-√(11, 84). aq∂m-a-Xm-bn, At±lw Hcp-Xcw [ym\mflIùXnIhmZ-amWv D∂-bn-°p-∂Xv. AXv ìtemI-sØ -t\m°n-Im-WpI am{Xta sNøp-∂p-f-fp, C{µnbm\p`qXn-]-c-amb Akv XnXzsØ {]mtbm-KnI {]hr-Øn-bmbn a\- n-em-°p-∂n-√. kmaqly Pohn-X-amsI kmcmwi-Øn¬ {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-sW∂pw {]tbm-K-ØneqsS am{Xta aX-]-c-amb A\y-h¬°-cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-\m hpIbp-≈p F∂pw am¿Ivkv hmZn-®p. ìkn≤m-¥sØ anÃn-kn-k-Ønte°v \bn-°p∂ F√m ]c-ac-l-ky-ßƒ°pw \ymb-bp-‡-amb DØcw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv am\p-jn-I {]hr-Øn-bn-eq-sSbpw B {]hrØnsb a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv(11, 12). t^mb¿_m-lns‚ aX-hn-a¿iw kmcmw-i-Øn¬ slK-en-s\-Xn-cmsW-¶n¬ tUhnUv {„mhqkpw {_qtWm _mhpshdpw kmamt\y\ B- i b- h m- Z - ] m- c - º cyw ]n¥p- S - c p- I bmWp≠m- b Xv . tbiphns‚

PohnXwîF∂ IrXn-bn¬, ss__nƒ hnh-c-W-ßƒ, slK¬ hNnmcn-®-Xp-t]mse, Zm¿i-\nI {]Xo-I-ß-f-s√∂pw blq-Z -P-\-X-bpsS {]Xym-i-Isf {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ anØp-I-fm-sW∂pw ImWn-°m≥ {„mhqkv {ian-®p. Aßs\ At±lw {InkvXp-a-XsØ Hcp Iq´w anØpI-fmbn Npcp-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ Ncn{Xkz`mhw \ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ Znhy-XbpsS Bfl{]Imi\{]{In-b-bnse Hcp IÆn am{X-amWv tbip. am\-h-cm-in-bpsS samØw hnIm-kta ssZh-Øns‚ cq]w ]q¿Æ-ambn shfn-s∏-Sp-ØpI-bp-f-fp. ì a\p-jy-˛-ssZhw am\-h-cm-in-bWvî F∂v At±-l-sa-gpXn.(7, 84) {„m-hq-kns‚ IrXn-Iƒ Db¿Øn-hn´ hmZ-hn-hm-Z-ß-fn¬ ]g-a-bpsS kwc-£-I-\m-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p {_qtWm _mhph¿ ]s¶-Sp-ØXv. F¶nepw At±lhpw {InkvXpaX-Øn-s\-Xntc \nin-X-amb hna¿i-i-c-ßƒ sXmSp-Øp-hn-´p. {InkvXp-a-XsØ anØm-bn-´√ tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øn¬ cm{„ob kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ A]-Nb-tØmsS Bcw-`n® kn≥s{I-ń°v {]h-W-X-bpsS(syncretic tendmcies ˛ ]-c-kv]cw s]mcp-Ø-s∏-SmØ Bi-b-ßsf Ir{Xn-a-ambn GtIm-]n-∏n-°p∂ coXn) ]cn-WX ê-ambn-´mWv At±lw I≠Xv(7, 85). {InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ am\p-jn-I-amb D≈-S-°-tØ-°mƒ AXns‚ A]-am-\p-jmw-i-ßsf At±lw Xpd∂p Imń. temI-Ønse Zpcn-X-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw km{µo-Ir-X-amb Bhn-jvI-mcamWp {InkvXp-aXw F∂m-bn-cp∂p At±l-Øns‚ \nK-a-\w.(7) Ncn-{X-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-ń-´p-≈ hnhn[ aX-ßƒ km¿∆euIn-Iamb a\p-jy-t_m-[-Øns‚ hnIm-k-L-´-ß-fm-bn-cp-s∂∂pw Hmtcm L´Øn\pw Bt]-£nI {]m[m-\y-ta-bp-f-fp F∂pw At±lw hmZn-®p. Hcp ]Sn-IqSn IS∂v, aXw AXns‚ [¿Ωw \n¿∆-ln®p Ign-s™∂pw a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ apt∂m-´p-≈ IpXn∏n\v AXp hnLm-X-am-bnØo¿∂n-cn-°p-s∂-∂p-≈ \ne-]m-Sn-te-°v _mhp-h-dpsS aX-hn-a¿i\w hf¿∂p(1, xxiii). {it≤-b-amb Hcp hkvXp-X-bn-XmWv: slK-en\p tijw h∂, \mw ]cn- K W\s°SpØ aq∂p Nn¥- I cpw aX- Ø n\p t\sc- b p≈ B{IaWØn\p hocyw kw`-cn-®Xv a\p-jy-t\mSpw AbmfpsS `mKt[-b-tØm-Spap-≈ Bg-ta-dnb {]Xn-]-Øn-bn¬ \n∂mWv. am¿Ivkns\ kw_-‘n®pw CXp icn-Xs∂. F∂m¬ a‰p-≈h¿ ]d-™-sX√mw Bh¿Øn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v At±lw Xr]vXn-s∏-ń√. _mhphdpsS kaIm-en-IcnemcpwXs∂ C{X Bg-ta-dnb aX-hn-a¿i\w \S-Øn-bn-ń-√.

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w

aX-]-c-amb A\y-h¬°-cWw ˛ Hcp hnlK ho£Ww 1841- ˛ ¬ Xs‚ tUmIv - S ¿- _ ncp- Z - { ]- _ - ‘ - s a- g p- X n- b - t ∏m- t g°pw am¿Ivkns‚ aX-ho-£Ww ssZh-ßsf [n°-cn-°p∂ Dd® at\m`hambn Dd™p IqSn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. B {]_-‘-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI-bn¬ XØz-Nn-¥bv°pw a\pjy-ssN-X-\y-Øns‚ ]c-a-i-‡n°pw A¿∏n® kvXpXn-KoXw t]mse Hcp `mK-ap≠v: ""temIsØbmsI hio-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw k¿∆-kz-X{¥-hp-amb AXns‚ lrZ-b-Øn¬ Hcp Xp≈n c‡-sa-¶nepw XpSn-°p-∂n-StØmfw Imew XØz-Nn¥ FXn-cm-fn-I-tfmSv F∏n-°yq-d-kns‚ Cu hm°p-I-fn¬ adp-]Sn ]d-™p-tIm-t≠-bn-cn°pw: ìP\-ßƒ Bcm-[n-°p∂ ssZh-ßsf \ntj-[n-°p-∂-h-\-√, -A-h¿ ssZhßsf°p-dn®p hniz-kn-°p∂ Imcy-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-h\mWv, bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ssZh-`-‡n-bn√mØ-h≥. XXz-Nn¥ A°mcyw Xpd-∂-Sn-°p-∂p≠v. ìefn-X-am-bn ]d-™m¬, ssZhß-fpsS ]‰sØ Rm≥ shdp-°p-∂pî F∂ s{]mta-Xyq-kns‚ {]Jym-]\w XXz-Nn-¥-bpsSXs∂ hnizmk{]Jym--\-am-Wv. a\pjym-h-t_m-[-sØ k¿t∆m∂Xamb ssZhn-I-X-bm-bn-´w-Ko-I-cn°mØ BIm-i-Øn-sebpw `qan-bn-sebpw k¿∆ ssZhßƒ°psa-Xn-sc-bp-≈ AXns‚ kq{X-hmIyw IqSn-bmWnXv. thsdmcp ssZhn-I-Xbpw AXw-Ko-I-cn-bv°p-∂n-√.''(13, 14-15) ìam¿InÃvî BIp-∂-Xn\p hfsc aptºXs∂ am¿Ivkv \mkvXnI-\mbn Ign-™n-cp-s∂-∂mWv Cu hm°p-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. a\pjym-¥kp kwc-£n-°p-hm-\p-≈ Hc-h-tiym-]m-[n-bmbn ssZh\ntj[sØ At±lw IW-°m-°n-bn-cp∂p. \mkvXn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ adp-]p-dam-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ am\hhmZw. CXp ]q¿Wambn {]I-S-amIp- ∂ Xv 1844˛¬ At±lw \S- Ø nb sltK- e n- b ≥ Xm¿°nI hmZØns‚ hna¿iIamb hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-em-Wv. apºp kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse, ]camflmhpambn sFIys∏Sp-hm-\p≈ a\pjy{]b-¥-Øns‚ Hcp cq]-am-bn-´mWv slK¬ aXsØ a\ n-em-°n-b-Xv. a\p-jy≥ ]q¿WX-°mbn shºp-s∂-¶n¬ AXv, Hc¿∞Øn¬, Abmfn-t∏mƒØs∂ ]q¿W-\m-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. Abmƒ°p ssZh-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ t_m[w ssZh-Øns‚ kzbwt_m[w -X-s∂bmWv. thsdm-cp- X-c-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬, Cu ]c-am-flm-hns‚ kzbw {]Im-i-\-Ønse Hcp {]tXyI L´-amWv aXw. ]c-am-flmhv a\pjy-\nepw a\p-jy-\n-eqsSbpw as‰mcp A]-cn-ta-bXsb Cu L´-

Øn¬ {]t£]n°p∂p, AXn¬ ebn®v BflkmbqPyw t\Sm≥. ssZh-sØ-°p-dn-®p- Nn¥n-°ptºmƒ a\p-jy≥ Xs∂-°p-dn-®p-X-s∂bmWv Nn¥n-°p-∂-sX∂ Cu Bibw am¿Ivkn\p kzoIm-cy-am-bntØm- ∂ n. F∂m¬, a‰p]e Imcy- ß - f nepw At±- l Øn\v slKent\mSp hntbm-Pn-t°≠n h∂p. aX-t_m[w Aaq¿Ø-amb ]cam-flm-hns‚ kr„n-b-√, a÷bpw amwk-hp-ap-≈ kaq-l-Po-hn-bmb a\p-jys‚ kr„n-bmWv F∂v At±lw hmZn®p.(9, 217) slK-ens‚ Bi-b-hm-Z-a-\p-k-cn®v, tIh-e-amb ]c--amflm-hmWv, hy‡n-Iƒ°p ]n∂n¬ h¿Øn-®p-sIm-s≠-∂-hÆw, Ncn{XØns‚ N{Iw Xncn-°p∂Xv(9, 214). aq¿Øhy‡n-I-tfmSp _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-°m-Wp-tºmƒ Cu tIh-em-flmhv aX-ap-b¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p `n∂-as - √∂p ImWmw. thsdm-cp- X-c-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬, ssZhsØ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \n∂nd°n-hn-´-tijw AtX ssZhsØ slK¬ tIh-em-flm-hns‚ aqSp-]-S-a-Wn-bn®v ho≠pw cwK-Øp- sIm-≠p-h-cp∂p. Xs∂-bp-a-√, Ncn{XsØ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv Aaq¿Ø-amb kzbwt_m[-ambn IW-°m°-s∏-Sp∂ tIh-em-flm-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ A\y-h¬°-c-Whpw AXns\ adn-I-S-°epw bYm¿∞ temI-Øn-t∑¬ bmsXmcp kzm[o\hpan√mØ Aaq¿Ø-amb, B-i-b-]cw am{X-am-b, -Hcp {]{In-b-bmbn XpScpw(9, 212). X¬^- e - a mbn, aXw Nn¥- b n¬ am{Xw Iog- S - ° - s ∏- S p- I bpw bYm¿∞ temI-Øn¬ apt∂-t∏mse XpS-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. IqSmsX, sl-K-en-s‚ Xm¿°n-IZ¿i\w aXsØ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-I-t]mepw sNøp-∂-XmWv. Fßns\sb∂m¬ sltK-en-b≥ ]≤-Xn-bn¬ tIhem-flmhv {]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw Ncn-{X-Øns‚bpw Xm¿°nI KXnbpsS A¥n-a-êw am{X-a√ AXns‚ F√m L´-ß-fp-amWv. AXn-\m¬ Ncn{XKXn-bn¬ a\p-jy\v kw`-hn-°p∂ Hmtcm A\yh¬°-c-Whpw ]q¿Æ-amb kzbw km£m-XvIm-c-Øn-te-bv°p-≈ tIh-em-flm-hns‚ {]bm-W-Ønse Hc-h-iy-]-Sn-bmbn slK¬ ]p\x-ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p(9, 214). aX-sØbpw AXns\ adn-I-S-°p-∂-Xn-s\bpw ]‰n-bp-≈ slK-ens‚ Bi-b-ßƒ X≈n-°-f™ tijw am¿Ivkv kz¥w \ne-]mSv Cßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p: ""a\pjys‚ A\y- h ¬°- c n- ° - s ∏´ Bfl- t _m- [ - a mWv aXw. hnizmkn kz¥w bYm¿∞ kzXz-ambn Icp-Xp∂ ]cam-flmhv hmkvXh-Øn¬ Ahs‚ A\y-h¬IrX kzXzw am{X-amWv. A-Xn-\m¬ Xncn®-dn-hp-≈ Pohn-sb∂ \nebv°p a\p-jys‚ bmYm¿∞ kzXzw

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w

ÿnco-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv aX-Øn-e-√, aXsØ \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw adn-I-S-°p-∂-Xn-ep-amWv.''(9, 11) slK-ens‚ Xm¿°nIZ¿i-\-hp-ambn \S-Ønb kwhm-Z-Øn-eqsS Xs‚ \mkvXnI hmZsØ IqSp-Xemg-ap≈-Xm-°m≥ am¿Ivkn\p Ign™p. P\-Io-b-aXw a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xn-°p-a-∏p-dØv {]Xn-jvTn®n- c n- ° p∂ ssZhsØ am{X- a √ a\p- j y- \ nepw {]Ir- X n- b nepw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ tIh-em-flm-hn-s\bpw At±lw \nc-kn-®p. Hcp-X-cØnepap-≈ k¿∆m-Xn-im-bn-Øhpw, sltK-en-b≥ tIhemcq]n-bpsS A¥¿bm-an-bmb k¿∆m-Xn-im-bnØw t]mepw, At±-l-Øn\p kzoIcy-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. bYm¿∞a\p-jym-h-t_m-[-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Ønse Hcp ]Sn-bm-bn-t∏mepw aXsØ At±lw AwKo-I-cn-®n-√. am¿Ivkn-b≥ kn≤m-¥-Øn¬ auen-I-amb Cuizc\ntj[w a\p-jys‚ ]q¿W-amb kzbw]cym- ] v X X- b psS kaq- e - k - a ¿- ∞ - \ - h p- a mbn ssItIm¿Øp t]mIp-∂p. Zqco-I-cn-°-s∏-tS≠ Hc-\y-h¬°-c-W-amWv aX-sa∂p am¿Ivkn\p t\c-tØXs∂ t_m[y-am-sb-¶nepw AXns‚ kz`m-h-sØbpw D¤h-sØbpw kw_‘n®v IqSp-X¬ hy‡-amb [mc-W-bp-≠mIm≥ Iptd°mewIqSn th≠nh∂p. kaq-l-Øn-emWp aX-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ InS-°p-∂-sX∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ At±lw {ItaW FØn-t®¿∂p. Cu Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-bpsS hmNm-e-am-sbmcp hnh-c-W-an-hnsS ]I¿Ømw. ì""aXhncp-≤ -hn-a¿i--Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\anXmWv. a\p-jy≥ aXsØ-bm-Wv, aXw a\p-jy-s\-b√ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv. kzbw Is≠ØmØ As√- ¶ n¬ kzbw \„- s ∏- ´ p- t ]mb a\p- j ys‚ Bflmht_m[hpw kzbw[mcWbpamWv aXw. ]t£, temIØn\p shfn-b-n-se-hnsStbm IpØn-bn-cn°p∂ Hc-aq¿Ø kØb√ a\p-jy≥. a\p-jy≥ a\p-jy-temIw Xs∂-bmWv, cm{„am-Wv, temIw-X-s∂-bm-Wv, kaq-l-amWv. Cu cm{„hpw Cu kaq-l-hp-amWv Xe-Xn-cn™ temIm-ht_m[-amb aXsØ kr„n-°p∂Xv. CsXmcp Xe-Xn-cn™ temI-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠pXs∂. aXw Cu temI-Øns‚ s]mXpkn≤m-¥-am-Wv, hniz-hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-am-Wv, P\-Io-b-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ \ymb-im-kv{X-am-Wv, Bflm-`n-am-\-kq-N-I-amWv; AXn‚-bm-th-i-am-Wv, [m¿Ωn-ImwKo-I-c-amWv, Kwò-c-]q-c-I-am-Wv, Bizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw \oXoIcWØns‚bpw s]mXp-hmb ASn-Ø-d-bmWv. a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ t\cmb bmYm¿∞yw kzmb- Ø - a m- ° m- Ø n- S - t Ømfw aXw

Ahs‚ Znhmkz]v\-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ km£m¬°m-c-am-bn-cn°pw. AXn-\m¬ GsXmcp temI-Øns‚ Bflo-b-ku-c-`y-amtWm aXw, B temI-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ]tcm-£-amb ka-camWv aXØ-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ kacw. aX-]-c-amb kl\w Htc kabw bYm¿∞ kl-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-^-e-\hpw AXn-s\-Xnscbp≈ {]Xn-tj[-hp-amWv. aXw ASn®a¿Øs∏´-hs‚ s\Spho¿∏pw, lrZ-b-iq-\y-amb temI-Øns‚ lrZ-bhpw Bflm-hn√mØ kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS Bflm-hp-amWv. AXv P\-ßƒ°v Idp-∏m-Wv.''(9, 43) aXsØ°pdn-®p-≈ am¿Ivkns‚ Nn¥-bpsS auenILS-\bpw KXnbpw ChnsS hy‡-amWv. a\p-jy≥ aX-sØ-bm-Wv, aXw a\pjy-s\-b√ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-sX∂ t^mb¿_m-lns‚ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ \n∂mWv At±lw XpS-ßp-∂Xv. aX-Øn\v X\-Xm-sbmcp kzmb-ØX-bn-√. kaq-l-Øns‚ta¬ AXv kzX-{¥-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-an√. kzX{¥-amb AkvXn-Xz-ap-f-fXpw kzX-{¥-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xpambn a\p-jy≥ am{X-ta-bp-≈p. ]t£ aX\n¿Ωm-Xm-hmb a\p-jy≥ H‰-s∏´ hy‡ntbm a\p-jy¿°p s]mXp-hm-bp-≈ Aaq¿Ø-amb a\pjy- k z- ` m- h tam A√. Hcp {]tXyI kaq- l - Ø n¬ Pohn- ° p∂ aq¿Øa\p-jy-\m-Wbmƒ. ]t£, Abmsf-¥n\p aXsØ kr„n-°p∂p? Abmƒ Pohn-°p∂ temIw Hcp Xe-Xn-cn™ (P¿Ω≥ aqe]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w A]{`wiw kw`-hn®í F∂p-am-Imw) temI-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂. AkvXnXz-tem-]w, kl-\w,- kvt\-l-cm-ln-Xyw, A\m-fl-h-Ø, a¿±\w F∂nß-s\-bmWv Cu A]-{`-wiw hnh-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Xm≥ Pohn-°p∂ temI-Øns‚ A]w-{`wi-ßƒs°Xnscbp-≈ a\pjys‚ {]Xn-tj-[amWv aXw. {]Xn-tj[w cq]wsImf-fp-∂-tXm, BZ¿i-tbm-Ky-amb PohnXw \bn-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ Hcp k¶ev] temIsØ {]t£-]n°p∂Xn-eqsSbpw. aXm-fl-I-amb {]Xym-i-bpsS kz¿§w Cu temIw Fs¥m-s°-b-√tbm AsX-√m-amWv. Cßp Xmsg kzbw \„-s∏-´-hs\-t∏msebmWv a\p-jy-s\-¶n¬ AXyp-∂-X-ß-fn¬ Ah≥ AkvXnXz-Øns‚ ]q¿ÆXbn¬ ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°-s∏-Spw. ChnsS PohnXw ZpcnX-]q¿Wsa-¶n¬ Ahn-sS-bXv Af-h‰ B\-µ-am-bn-cn°pw. ChnsS AkvXnXzw Z-cn-{Zhpw inYn-eo-Ir-X-hp-sa¶n¬ Ahn-sS-bXv a\p-jys‚ bYm¿∞km¿∆-{XnI kØ-bp-ambn XmZmflyw {]m]n°pw. At∏mƒ aX-t_m[w \njv{In-b-amb Iog-S-ß-e-s√∂p hy‡w.

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w

AXn-t‚-Xmb coXn-b¬ AXp kr„n-]-c-hp-am-Wv. CltemI-Øn¬ Xm\\p`hn-°p∂ kIe A]-am-\-ßƒ°pw \„]cn-lm-c-ambn kpJk- º q¿Wamsbmcp temIsØ a\p- j y≥ Bhm- l n- s ®- S p- ° p∂p. Aßs\ km¥z-\-s∏´pw kzmÿyw {]m-]n®pw kaq-l-Ønse Xn∑I-fp-ambn Abmƒ s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬, X\n°p \„-s∏-´Xns‚sb√mw ]c-tam-∂X aq¿Øo-I-c-W-ambn ssZhsØ cq]-s∏-SpØp-∂-Xn-eqsS hnizmkn sNøp-∂Xv Xs‚ta¬ B[n-]Xyw sNepØp∂, tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sm-Ø, Hcp bP-am-\s\ hmgn-°p-I-bmWv. ]n∂-tßm´v Cu bP-am-\\ - m-bn-cn°pw Abmsf kr„n-°p-It- bm, kwlcn-°p-Itbm, c-£n-°p-I-tbm, in£n-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂-Xv. A[oi h¿Kßƒ CtX ssZhsØ Nqj-W-Øns‚Xpw ta[m-hn-Ø-Øn-t‚Xp-amb hyh-ÿn-Xn-Isf \oXn-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. C∆n-[-amWv _e-hms‚ B[n]-XysØ imiz-Xo-I-cn-°p∂ hnizm-k-ßfpw {]am-W-ßfpw \nb-a-ßfpw DS-se-Sp-°p-∂Xv. Aßs\ \ne-hn-ep-≈ temI-Øn-s\-Xnsc Hcp {]Xn-tj-[-ambn Db¿∂p-h∂ aXw AtXtemI-sØ ÿocnI-cn-°bpw AwKo-I-cn-°bpw sNøp∂ \ne-]m-Sn¬ sNs∂-Øp∂p. XpS-°-Øn¬ temI-Øn¬ \n∂p-≈ ]emb-\am-bn-cp∂ aXw AtX temIsØ IqSp-X¬ Ac-°n-´p-d-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ Xncn-®p-h-c-hmbn ]cnWan°p∂p. XXv^-e-ambn, atX-Xc PohnXØnse Htcm am\p-jnIm\yh¬°-c-Whpw aX-Øns‚ temIØn¬ {]Xn-^-en-°p∂p. a\pjyt\m-Sp-≈ ASn-aØwIqSn h∂p hogp∂p; kl-Po-hn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-≈ A\y-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ta¬ ]S®-h-\n¬ \n∂p-f-fXpw. Aßs\ Bcw-`-Øn¬ kam-izm-k-Øns‚ Bkv]Zambn Dt±-in-°-s∏´ aXw- Zp-cn-X-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-ambn amdp-∂p. aX-]-c-amb A\y-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ {][m\LSI-ßƒ C∆n[w Npcp-°n-∏-d-bmw: H∂-a-Xmbn, aXw sX‰mb Ah-t_m-[-Øns‚ Hcp cq]-amWv, bmYm¿∞y-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-≈ hnIe ho£-W-amWv. c≠m-aXv, Hcp-Xcw A]-l-c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-h-emWXv. F-s¥-∂m¬ a\pjy≥ Xs‚ bYm¿∞kØ X∂n-e√, ssZh-Øn-emWv At\z-jn-°p∂Xv. IqSmsX, aXw -a-\p-jym-kvXn-XzsØ CltemIPohn-X-sa∂pw ]c-temI Pohn-X-sa∂pw c≠mbn sh´nap-dn®v AXn¬ ]nf¿∏pw Ass\-Iyhpw kr„n-°p∂p. CXn-ep-tasd {][m-\-s∏´ thsdm-∂p≠v, hnizm-kn°v AbmfpsS kzmX{¥yw \„-s∏-Sp∂p. Abmƒ ssZhØns‚ ASn-a-bm-b-Xp-sIm≠p am{X-a-√, euIn-Im-[n-Im-cn-I-tfmSv Abmsf sI´n-bn-Sp∂ Nß-e-Isf AtX ssZhw _es∏Sp-Øp-∂-

Xp-sIm≠p IqSn. aX-]-c-amb A\y-h¬°-c-WsØ°pdn-®p-≈ Cu Bi-bsØ Ncn-{X-a-X-ßƒ km[q-I-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn am¿Ivkv I≠p. {InkvXpaX-Øn-s\-Xnsc At±lw \S-Øp∂ iIm-c-h¿j-Øn¬ \n∂v C°mcyw hy‡-am°pw. ì""{InkvXpaX-Øns‚ kmaqlyXXzßƒ {]mNo\ ImesØ ASn-a-ØsØ \ymbo-I-cn®p, a[y-bp-K-ß-fnse ASn-bm-bva-sb - { ]- I o¿Øn- ® p, th≠nh∂m¬ sXmgn- e mfnh¿Ka¿±- \ sØ, timI-\n¿`-c-amb apJ-`m-h-tØm-sSbmsW¶nepw, \ymbo-I-cn°m\pw AXn\p Ignbpw. {InkvXpaX-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-X-Xzßƒ `c-W-h¿§-Øn-s‚bpw a¿±n-X-h¿K-Øn-s‚bpw Bh-iyI-Xsb∏‰n {]kw-Kn-°p-∂p. a¿±n-X¿°p \¬Im-\mbn Ahbv ° p- ≈ Xv taem- f ¿ Ah- t cmSp IcpW ImWn- ° p- s a∂ `‡n]pc-k-c-amb {]Xymi am{X-amWv. {InkvXpaX-Øns‚ kmaqlyXXz-ßƒ F√m A]-am-\-ßƒ°pw ]cn--lmcw kz¿§Øn¬ \nt£-]n-®n-cn-°p∂p. X±zmcm Cu temI-Øn¬ A]am-\-ßƒ XpS-cp-∂-Xns\ \oXo-I-cn-°bpw sNøp∂p. {InkvXpaX-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-X-Xzßƒ a¿±n-X-h¿K-Øns\Xncmbp-≈ a¿±-IcpsS F√m {Iqc-Ir-Xy-ßfpw H∂p-In¬ P∑-]m-]-Øn\pw a‰p ]m]-ßƒ°pw In´p∂ \ymb-amb in£-bm-sW-t∂m- As√-¶n¬ c£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°mbn I¿Ømhp Xs‚ Ata-b⁄m-\-Øm¬ Hcp°p∂ ]co-£-IfmsWt∂m {]Jym-]n-°p∂p. {InkvXpaX-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-X-Xz-ßƒ `ocp-Xzhpw kzbw \nµbpw, A]-I¿j-X-mt_m-[hpw hnt[-b-Xzhpw, Ffn-a-bpw, Npcp-°-Øn¬ Iogmf-P-\-ß-fpsS F√m kz`mh hnti-j-ßfpw D]-tZ-in-°p∂p. Iogm-f-cmbn ssIImcyw sNø-s∏-Sm≥ Iq´m°mØ sXmgn-emfn h¿KØn-\m-hs´, ss[cyhpw Bﬂ-hn-izmkhpw A`n-am-\hpw kzmX-{¥y-t_m-[hpw `£-W-tØ-°m-fmh-iyamWv. {InkvXpaX-Øns‚ kmaqly XXz-ßƒ \oNhpw I]-S-hp-amWv. sXmgn-em-fn-h¿Ktam, hnπ-Im-cn-Ifpw. C{Xbpw {InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ kmaqlyXXz-ß-sf-∏‰n.''(13, 74-˛75) am¿Ivkv B{I-an-°p-∂-Xv, aX-sØ-b-√, AXns‚ hf-s®m-Sn°-s∏´ Ncn-{X-cq-]-ß-sf-bm-sW-∂pw, bYm¿∞ssZhsØb√, P\Iobhnizm-k-Øns‚ ssZh-sØ-bm-sW∂pw hmZn-°p-∂-Xn\p taep≤-cn-®-t]m-ep-≈ {]kvXm-h-ßƒ ˛ Ah At±-l-Øns‚ {KŸ-ß-fn¬ hnc-fa - √ Xm\pw ˛ Nnesc t{]cn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. Cu hmZ-KXn°p Xmßmbn

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w

\n¬°p∂ Hcp hkvXp-Xb - p≠v. a-\pjyal-Xz-Øn\v ssIh-cp∂ Hmtcm t\´hpw ssZhal-Xz-Øn\v hcp∂ tIm´-ambn°≠m-se-∂t- ]mse, a\pjys\ XmgvØn-s°-´p-∂-Xn-eqsS ssZhsØ Db¿Øn°m´p-∂-h-bmbn-cp∂p am¿Ivkv ]cn-N-b-s∏´ {InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ kaIm-enI cq]ßƒ. blqZaXsØ ]Wkºm-Z-\-Øn-s‚ aX-ambn hna¿in-°p-∂Xnepw am¿Ivkv H´pwXs∂ tem]w ImWn-®n√. A∂p {]Nm-c-Øn-encp∂ aX-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw BNm-c-ß-sfbpw Ipdn-®p-≈ A\p-`hw Xs‚ Nn¥sb kzm[o-\n-®n-cn-°m-sa-¶nepw At±-l-Øns‚ hna¿iw D∂wh®Xv aX-Øns‚ A¥- m-csØ Xs∂-bm-sW∂Xv kwi-bmXo-X-amWv. Imc-Ww, am¿Ivknb≥ \mkvXn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ ImX¬ aX-\n-tj-[-Øn-se-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ a\p-jys‚ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb kzm{i-b-Xz-sØbpw kzbw]cym-]vX-Xsbbpw ka¿∞n-°-en-emWv AS-ßn--bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Xs‚ bYm¿∞kqcy\mbn Xs∂-Øs∂ {]XnjvTn®v AXn\p Np‰pw Id-ßm≥ a\pjys\ {]m]vXm-\m-°p-I-bmWv am¿Ivkn-b≥ aX-hn-a¿i-\-Øns‚ D∂w. 1844˛segpXnb ëkmºØnI-Zm¿i\nI ssIsb-gpØp {]XnIfnse Hcp {]kvXmhw ChnsS {]k‡-amWv. ì""Hcmƒ X\n°pXm≥ bP-am-\-\m-Ip-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Abmƒ°p kzbw kzX- { ¥- \ mbn Icp- X m- \ m- h n- √ . F∂m¬ Abmƒ X\n°pXm≥ bP-am-\\ - m-Ip-∂Xv kz¥w \ne-\n¬∏n\v Xt∂mSp Xs∂ IS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv. A]-cs‚ HuZm-cy-Øm¬ Pohn°p-∂-h≥ kzbw Hcm-{in-X-\m-bnt´ ImWp-I-bp-≈p. F∂m¬, Fs‚ Pohn-X-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬]v am{X-a√ D¤hwXs∂ thsdm-cmƒ°v Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ, AXns‚ {]`-h-ÿm\w Abm-fm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ, Rm≥ ]q¿W-ambpw Abm-fpsS HuZmcyw sIm≠mWv Ign-bp-∂Xv. Fs‚ PohnXw Fs‚Xs∂ kr„n- b s√¶n¬ AXn\v AØ- c - s amcp _mly- t l- X p- h p≠mtb ]‰q. AXpsIm≠t{X kr„n-sb-∂ Bibw P\-ßfpsS t_m[- Ø n¬\n∂p XqsØ- d n- b m≥ {]bm- k - a p- ≈ Xv . {]IrXnbpw a\p-jy\pw kzbw \ne-\n¬°p-∂hbmsW∂v Nn¥n-°m≥ s]mXpP\m-h-t_m-[-Øn\p Ign-bp-∂n√; F¥p-sIms≠-∂m¬, AØ-ca-kvXnXzw A\p-h-`-th-Zy-amb {]tbm-KnI Pohn-X-Ønse F√m hkvXp-X-I-sfbpw JWvUn-°p∂p.''(9, 165) Cu hm°p-Iƒ°p ]n∂n¬ a\p-jys\¥mbn-cn-°-Wtam AXns\-°p-dn®v {]Xo£m\n¿`-c-amb Hcp ho£-W-ap≠v. kz¥w AkvX-

nXz-Øns‚ Dd-hn-Shpw kzPohn-X-Øns‚ inev]n-bp-am-sb-¶nte a\pjy≥ bYm¿∞ a\p-jy-\m-Ip-I-bp-≈p. AØ-c-samcp a\p-jy-k¶¬]w {k„m-hn-ep-≈ hnizm-ksØ A{]-k-‡-am-°p-sa∂p hy‡am-Wt√m. ]t£ a\p-jys‚ Cu ]q¿Wamb kzbw\njvTXXs∂ sXfn-bn-°-s∏-tS≠Xmb Hcp {]ta-b-at√ ? Xo¿®-bmbpw AsX. a\p-jy≥ kz¥w {k„m-hm-sW∂ Bibw A\p-`-h-th-Zy-amb {]mtbmKnIPohnXØns‚ F√m hkvXp-X-I-sfbpw JWvUn-°p∂pîF∂p am¿Ivkv Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw A∂p e`y-amb imkv{Xob \nK-a-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]kvXpX Bibw ka¿∞n-°m≥ At±lw {ian-°m-Xn-cp-∂n√. Hcp FXn-cm-fnsb k¶-ev]n®v Abm-fpambn \S-Øp∂ kwhm-ZØns‚ coXn-bn-emWv At±lw hmZ-ap-J-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. `qanbpsS D¤hhpw hnIm-khpw kzbw {]tNm-Zn-X-am-sW∂p hmZn-°p∂ `utam¬]-Øn-imkv{Xw `qan kr„n-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂ Bi-b-Øn\v I\Ø {]l-camWv G¬]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂ {]kvXmhtØmsS-bmWv XpS°w. AXp am{X-amWv kr„n-hm-Z-Øns‚ Htc-sbmcp {]mtbm-KnI JWvU\w F∂-t±lw ]d-bp∂p. ]n∂o-Sv, Xs‚ Cu bp‡n-bn¬ Akw-Xr-]vX-\m-bn-s´-∂-hÆw Cßs\ hmZw XpS-cp∂p: Hmtcm a\pjy\pw P\n-°p-∂Xv kz¥w amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂mWv. `uXnIm¿∞-Øn¬ t]mepw a\p-jy-cpsS AkvXn-Xz-Øn\p ImcWw Ah¿ Xs∂-bmWv. a\p-tjym¬]Øn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ A\-¥-amb ]pdtIm´p t]m°n¬ am{Xw {i≤ tI{µo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Fs‚ amXm-]nXm-°sf Bcp P\n-∏n®p F∂p tNmZn-°bp-acpXv. a\p-jy≥ D¬]mZ\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS kzbw ]p\-cp¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ {]{In-b-bn¬ Hcp Nm{In-I-KXn Ds≠∂ Imcyw BZnImcWw tXSn ]nt∂m´p t]mIp∂h¿ {i≤n-°Ww. At∏mƒ a\p-jy≥Xs∂-bmWv Ft∏mgpw B {]{In-b-bpsS I¿Ømhv F∂p a\- n-emhpw. CsXm∂pw FXn-cm-fnsb Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n√. ta¬∏-d™ Nm{In-I-KXnbpsS hmkvX-hn-IX AwKo-I-cn-°p-tºmgpw Abmƒ ]pd-tIm´p t]m°n¬ apdpsI∏nSn-°pIbpw BZya\p-jy-s\bpw {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw Bcp kr„n®p F∂p tNmZn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. B tNmZywXs∂ Aaq¿Ø-Nn-¥-bpsS D¬]- ∂ - a m- s W∂pw AsXmcp hgn- ] n- g ® tNmZy- a m- s W- ∂ p- a mWv am¿Ivkns‚ adp-]Sn. a\p-jys‚bpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw kr„n-sb-°pdn®v At\z- j n- ° p- ∂ Xv Ah- b psS D◊sb Ah- K - W n®v Aaq¿ØmibßfpsS temI-Øn¬ A`bw tXSp-∂-Xn\p Xpey-amWv.

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w

Ah-bv°kXnXz-an-s√∂p k¶¬]n-®n´v ]ns∂ AtX AkvXnXzw sXfn-bn-°m≥ {ian-°p-I-bp-amWv. Cu Aaq¿Ø Nn¥ Dt]-£n-®m¬ ]ns∂ B tNmZywXs∂ A¿∞-iq-\y-am-bn-Øocpw. A√, GXp hnt[\bpw Aaq¿Ø Nn¥bn¬ ISn®pXqßm\mWv FXn-cmfn B{K-ln°p- ∂ - s X- ¶ n¬ Abmƒ°v , kz{]Xybssÿ- c y- Ø ns‚ t]cn¬, Xs∂Øs∂ AkvXn-Xz-an-√m-Ø-h-\mbn ImtW≠n hcpw. AXm-bncn°pw Abm-fpsS tNmZyw tNmZn-°-ens‚ A¥yhpw. CXn\p adp-]-Snbmbn, a\p-jys‚bpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw D¬∏-Øn-sb-°p-dn®v \ymbambn tNmZn-°p-∂-Xn\v Ahsb AkvXn-Xz-c-ln-X-ambn ImtW-≠Xns√∂v FXn-cmfn Du∂n-∏-d-bp∂p. am¿Ivkns‚ Ah-km-\sØ DØc-Øn\v AXp-hsc Xm≥ XpS¿∂p t]m∂ hmZ-K-Xn-bp-ambn bmsXmcp ]q¿∆m-]-c-_-‘-hp-an√. ì""F{X-bm-bmepw tkmjy-enÃva\p-jys‚ ImgvN-bn¬, temIN-cn-{X-sa∂p hnfn-°-s∏Sp-∂Xp apgp-h≥ a\p-jym≤zm-\-Øn-eqsS-bp-≈ a\pjykr„nbpw a\p-jy-\p-th≠nbp≈ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Bhn¿`mhhp-a-√msX as‰m∂pa√. AXn-\m¬ Xs‚ kzbw kr„n-bpsS, D¤-h-Øns‚, kv]„hpw A\n-tj-[y-hp-amb sXfnhv Ah-\p≠v. {]mIr-XnI Pohn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ a\pjys‚bpw am\p-jnIbmYm¿∞y-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ {]Ir-Xn-bpsSbpw A¥- Ø {]mtbm-KnI Pohn-XØn¬, C-{µnbm\p`hØn¬, sXfn- b n°s∏´p Ign- ™ m¬, a\p- j y\pw {]IrXn°paXo-X-\mb Hcp A\y-k-Ø°p th≠n-bp-≈ At\z-jWw (a-\p-jy-s‚bpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw Abm-Ym¿∞ysØ G‰p ]d-bp∂ At\z-j-Ww.) {]tbm-K-Øn¬ Akm-[y-am-bnØocpw.''(9, 165-˛167) Chn-sS, Poh-im-kv{X-Øn¬\n∂p temINcn-{X-Øn-tebv°pw ka- I m- e nI a\p- j y\n¬\n∂p tkmjy- e nÃpa\p- j y- \ n- t e°pw am¿Ivkv s]s´∂p {i≤ Xncn-°p∂p. IqSmsX X\n°pXm≥ {k„mhm-sW∂v {]tbm-K-Øn¬ a\p-jy\p ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂, -C-\nbpw Dcp-hmt°≠nbn-cn-°p∂ Hcp `mhnbntebv°p \mkvXnIhmZ-Øns‚ sXfnhv am‰n hbv ° p- I bpw sNøp∂p. `mhnsb°pdn- ® p- ≈ Cu Zo¿LZ¿i\w \ymbo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmtWm? am¿Ivkn-b≥ \mkvXn-IhmZw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn \o°n-h-®n-cn-°p∂ HSp-°sØ A≤ymb-Øn¬ Cu {]iv\w \ap°p N¿® sNømw. X¬°mew aX-sØ-°pdn-®p-≈ am¿Ivkns‚ `uXn-I-hmZ]-c-amb k¶¬]w IqSp-X-em-g-Øn¬

a\- n-em-°m≥ {ian°mw. {]mtbm-KnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ a\p-jy≥ kzbw kr„n-°p-∂n-s√∂ hkvXp-X-bn¬ \n∂mWv {k„m-hn-ep-≈ hnizm-k-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-¶n¬ aX\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn-\p-≈ GI am¿§w temIsØ am‰n-Øo¿°p-IbmWv. Cu temI-Øn¬ a\p-jy\v bYm¿∞k¥p„n t\Sn-s°m-SpØmte aXw h®p\o´p∂ km¶¬]nIk¥p-„n°v AdpØn hcqØm-\mhq. ]c-tem-I-sØ-°p-dn®p≈ anYymk¶-¬]-ßsf P\n-∏n°m≥ t]mcp∂ kml-N-cy-ßƒ Zpco-I-cn-°msX kz¥w PohnXkml-N-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ AØcw k¶¬]-ßƒ ssIhn-SpI a\pjy\p km≤y-a√. AXn-\m-emWv hnπ-h-{]-h¿Ø\w Bhiy-ambnhcp-∂Xv. hnπ-h-{]-h¿Ø-\-am-Is´, ka-{K-amb kaq-l-hn-a¿iØn¬ \nt∂ P∑-sa-Sp°q. am¿Ivkv Fgp-Xp∂p, ì""AXn-\m¬, kXy-Øns‚ ]c-temIw A{]-Xy-£-s∏´pIgn™m¬∏ns∂ Cu temI-Øns‚ kXyw ÿm]n-°p-IbmWv Ncn-{X-Øns‚ [¿Ωw. a\p-jys‚ kzbw A\y-h¬°-cWw AXns‚ aXm-flI cq]-Øn¬ Xpd∂p ImWn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ Cu Ncn{X k‘n-bn¬ AXns‚ atX-X-c-cq-]w-IqSn Xpd-∂pIm´pI- b mWv Ncn- { X- Ø n\p tkh- \ - a - \ p- „ n- t °≠ XXz⁄m- \ Øns‚ ASn-b-¥n-c[¿Ωw. Aßs\ kz¿§-Øns‚ hna¿i-\w `qan-bpsS hna¿i-ambpw aX-hn-a¿iw \nb-a-Øns‚ hna¿iambpw ssZh hn⁄m-\nbhna¿iw cm{„ob hna¿i-ambpw cq]m¥-c-s∏-Sp-∂p.''(9, 44) hna¿i--Øns‚ e£yw {]tbm-K-X-e-Øn-ep-≈ A\y-h¬°-cW-Øn-t‚-Xmb LS-\-Isf shfn-®Øp sIm≠phcnI am{X-a√ Ahsb-ßs\ aX-t_m-[-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p F∂p sXfn-bn°pI IqSn-bmWv. Xs‚ F√m ]n¬°me ]T-\-ß-fnepw am¿Ivkv Cu XXz-Øn-ep-d®p \n∂p. Hmtcm L´-Ønepw Fßs\ kmº-ØnI ˛km- a q- l y˛cm{„ob kml- N - c y- ß ƒ {]Xybimkv { X- ß - f psS Cu‰n√ambn-Øo-cp∂p F∂p Nq≠n-°mWn°m\-t±lw _≤-s∏-Sp∂Xp ImWmw. Cu hgntb \S-Ønb BZy{ia-ß-fpsS ê-am-Wv blqZ{]iv\-sØ-°p-dn®v At±-l-sa-gp-Xnb c≠p teJ-\-ßƒ. Ah-bn-e-t±lw aX-]-c-amb A\y-h¬°-c-WsØ cm{„obamb A\yh¬°-c-W-am-bn-®p-cp-°p-∂p. AsX-ß-s\-sb∂v \ap-°mcmbmw.

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w 2 aX-Øns‚ cm{„obmSnØd

Hcp ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-s\∂ \ne-bv°mWv am¿Ivkv cm{„obm[n-Imc-hpambn BZy-am-bn-ń-S-™Xv. XnI®pw A[n-Imc{]a¿Ø--am-sbmcp `c-W-Iq-S-am-bn-cp∂p A∂p {]jy-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AXns‚ \SØn-∏p-Im¿ cmP-Ip-am-c-t\mSpw bmYm-ÿn-XnI eqY-d≥ k`-tbmSpw am{Xw hnt[-bXz-ap-ff Hcp]‰w k¿°m-cp-tZymKÿ-cm-bn-cp∂p. Hcp {Inkv X ob `cW- I q- S - s a∂ AXns‚ ]Z- h nbv ° v ssk≤m- ¥ nI ]n≥_ew \¬In-bn-cp-∂-tXm, cmP-tkh sNbvXn-cp∂ Iptd A-ca\thZ-⁄m-\n-Ifpw. \oXn-bp-sSbpw [m¿Ωn-I-X-bp-sSbpw ASn-Ød- b mb ssZh- X n- c p- a - \ v kwi- b - c - l n- X - a mbn hymJy- \ n- ° m≥ {]IrXn\nb-a-Øn-\p-]cn Hcp {]mam-WnIi‡n Bhn-iy-am-sW∂v Ah¿ hmZn-®p. B i‡n ssZh-Øm¬ {]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£amtbm Dd-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ `cWIqS-a-√m-sXm-∂p-an-√. Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn\p ]n∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv a\pjykz`mhw ]q¿W-ambpw Zpjn-®-Xm-sW∂ eqY-d≥ Bi-b-amWv. a\p-jy≥ ]m]n-bm-Wv. Xs‚ ]mń\p hn´m¬ Abmƒ°v C{µnbm-k‡n, kzm¿∞-X, A[n-Imctamlw F∂n-hbv°p hnt[-bam-bnt´ {]h¿Øn-°m-\mhq. a\p-jy≥ ]c-kv]cw shń-hn-gpßmXncn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ `c-W-IqSw IqSn-tb-Xo-cq. a\p-jy≥ ]m]n-bmbXpsIm≠p I¿i-\-amb in£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-tf≠nhcpw `c-W-IqSØn\v. Aßs\ sNøp-tºmƒ AXyp-∂-X-\n-b-a-Zm-Xm-hmb ssZh-sØ-bmWv AXv {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ `c-W-IqShpw ]m]-]-¶n-e-am-I-bm¬ AXns‚ A[n-Imcw a\p-jys‚ _mlyPo-hn-X-Øn-t∑¬ am{X-am-bn- Np-cp-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. hy‡n-bpsS a\- m£n-°p-ta¬ AXn-\-[n-Im-c-an√. AhnsS ssZhw am{X-amWv ]c-tam∂X \ymbm-[n-]≥. 1942˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Hcp teJ-\-Øn¬ {InkvXo-b-`-c-W-Iq-Ssa∂ Bi-bsØ am¿Ivkv hna¿in®p Xffn. {InkvXob`c-W-Iq-SØn¬ Hcm- ¥ csshcp- ≤ y- a p- s ≠∂v At±lw ÿm]n®p. kzbw {InkvXo-b-sa-∂p -hn-fn-°p∂Xn\m¬ kphn-tij{]t_m-[-\-ß-f-\pk-cn®mbncn-°-W-at√m AXp h¿Øn-t°-≠Xv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ `cW-Im-cy-ß-sfbpw ]ucPohn-X-sØ-bpw cq]s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv bp‡nb-

[n-jvTnX-amb atX-Xc\nb-a-ß-fmWv. h©n-°-s∏-´m¬ tImSXn Ibdp-∂Xv sX‰msW∂v, ëAt∏m-kvtXm-e≥í Aßs\ ]d-™n-´p-s≠¶nepw, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Icp-Xp-∂n-√. Hcp Ic-W-Ø-Sn-®m¬ at‰ IcWhpw ImWn®p sImSp-°-W-sa∂v kphn-tijw Bhiy-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠¶nepw ssItø- ‰ - Ø n- s \- X nsc \S- ] - S n- I - s f- S p- ° p- I - b mWv Ah¿ sNømdpffXv. CltemI-Øn¬ Ah¿ bp‡n\njvT-amb Ah-Im-ißƒ°p th≠n hmZn-°p∂p, \nIpXn h¿≤-\-hn¬ {]Xn-tj-[n°p∂p, hy‡nkzmX-{¥y-Øn-t∑-ep-ff ssItb-‰sØ sNdp-°p∂p. CsXm∂pw Cl-Ønse Zpcn-X-ßƒ hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ ku`m-Kyhp-ambn Xmc-X-ays∏- S p- Ø m- \ m- h n- s √∂ kphn- t ijhN- \ - ß ƒ°p \nc- ° p- ∂ - X - √ . {InkvXym-\n-If - psS an° tImSXnhyh-lm-cß - fpw knhn¬\n-ba - ß - fpw kzØn-s\-s®m-√n-bp-f-f-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ AhtcmScp-fn-s®-bvXn-´p-f-fXv Ah-cpsS \n[n CltemI-Øn-es√-∂mWpXm\pw. kok-dn-\p-f-fXp kok-dn\pw ssZh-Øn-\p-f-fXp ssZh-Øn\pw sImSp-°p-I-bm-sW∂p ]d™v {InkvXym-\nIƒ°p \nc-]-cm-[nXzw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\p-am-hn√. B hmZw icn-bm-sW-¶n¬, kph¿Wamtams\í am{X-a-√, A{X-tØmf-sa-¶nepw, kzX{¥ bp‡n-sbbpw Cu temI-Øns‚ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn-bmbn AwKo-I-cnt® ]‰q. Zm¿i-\nIhnNn-¥-\-a√msX as‰-¥mWv kzX{¥ bp‡n-bpsS {]h¿Ø\sa∂v am¿Ivkv tNmZn-°p-∂p.(13, 32˛33) Cu B¥c sshcp-≤y-Øn≥ \n∂p c£-s∏-Sp-hm≥ H‰ am¿K-tabp-ffp. {InkvXob `c-W-IqSw bp‡y-[n-jvTnX-amb kzmX{¥y-Ønepw kzX{¥Nn¥-bnepw ASn-bp-d®, atX-Xc `c-W-Iq-S-ambn cq]m-¥-cs∏´v {InkvXoba-√m-Xm-IpI. Aßs\ bp‡nsb `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bm-bn-´w-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂Xv cm{„ob Nn¥-bn¬ Hcp hnπ-h-am-bncn°pw. ì""tIm∏¿\n-°-kns‚ bYm¿∞ kuc-bp-Y-sa∂ al-Ømb I≠p]nSp-Ø-Øn\p sXm´papºpw ]nºp-ambn `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ KpcpXz\nbaw I≠p ]nSn-°-s∏´p. `c-W-IqSØn¬Øs∂bmWv AXns‚ KpcpXztI{µ-sa∂p sXfn-hmbn.''(13, 35) bp‡n-sb∂ kz¥w A®p-X-≠n\p Np‰pw Id-ßp-tºmƒ, `c-WIqSw \nb-a-]-chpw [m¿ΩnIhpw cm{„o-b-hp-amb kzmX-{¥ysØ km£m¬°-cn-°p∂ _rl-Øm-sbmcp kmh-b-h-L-S-\bm-bn-Øocp∂p. AXn¬ ]ucs\∂ \ne-bn¬ hy‡n `cWIqS-Øns‚ \nb-aa- \ p- k - c n°ptºmƒ kz¥w bp‡nbpsS, a- \ p- j y- b p- ‡ n- b p- s S,

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w

ss\k¿KnI \nb-a-ß-f-\p-k-cn°pI am{X-am-bn-cn°pw sNøp-I(13, 36). {]kvXpX teJ-\-Øn¬ cm{„o-bsØ aX-hn-ap-‡-am-°p-∂-Xn-emWv am¿Ivkns‚ Du∂¬. Cu hnNn-¥-\-ßƒ°nS-bn¬ \nb-a-Øn-s‚bpw a\p-jy-bp-‡n-bp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i-ß-ƒ H∂ptNcp∂ Hcp amXrIm`cW- I q- S m- s Ø- ° p- d n- ® p- f f Bibw At±lw hnI- k n- ∏ n- s ®- S pØp. hy‡nkzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ GsXmcp {]Im-i\hpw ASn-®-a¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ Bthiw sIm≠n-cp∂ A∂sØ {]jy≥`c-W-IqSw AØ-c-samcp Ip‰- a ‰ `c- W - I q- S - Ø ns‚ t\¿hn- ] - c o- X - a m- b n- c p∂p. AXn- \ m¬, bYm¿∞ sh√p-hn-fn- A-S-ßn-bncn°p-∂Xv `c-W-Iq-SsØ aX-Øn¬ \n∂p tamNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-e√ a\pjyPohn-Isf aX-Øn¬\n∂pw `cW-Iq-S-Øn¬\n∂pw c£n-°p-∂-Xn-em-bn-cp∂p. Cu {]iv\w ssIImcyw sNøm- \ p- f f Ah- k cw kr„n®Xv At±- l - Ø ns‚ ]gb kplrØv {_qtWm _mhp- h ¿ blq- Z - c psS tamN- \ - s Ø- ° pdns®gpXnb Hcp teJ-\-amWv. blq- Z ¿ Ah- c psS CSp- ß nb aX- ] - c - a mb ap≥hn[n- I - f n¬ ISn®pXqßp-∂n-S-tØmfw ]uc-∑msc∂ \ne-bn-ep-ff Ah-cpsS tamN\w Akm-[y-am-sW∂v _mhp-h¿ hmZn®p. {InkvXob ap≥hn-[nIsf apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°p-thmfw {InkvXob `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\pw Ahsc tamNn-∏n-°m-\m-hn-√. aX-]-c-amb kz¥w ap≥hn-[n-I-fp-t]-£n°mØnStØm-fw, `c-W-IqSw AXn-t‚Xmb ap≥hn-[n-Isf Dt]-£n-°-W-sa∂p ]d-bm≥ blq-Z¿°v Ah-Im-i-an-√-X-s∂. blq-Zcpw {InkvXym-\nIfpw Ah-cpsS aX-ß-fp-t]--£n-°p-Ibpw s]mXp am\-hnI-X-bp-sSA-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ktΩ-fn-°p-Ibpw sNbvsX-¶nte cm{„obhntamN\w km≤yamhp-I-bp-f-fp. a\p-jy-a-\-kns‚ hnIm-k-L´ßfmbnt´ aX-ßsf Ah¿ ImWm-hq. `mhn-bn¬ a\p-jysc H∂n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v imkv{Xhpw imkv{Xobat\m-`m-hhpw aXn-bm-hpw. a\p-jy-cmin aX-Øns‚ Nß-e-I-fn¬\n∂v tamNn-°-s∏-S-W-sa∂ _mhp-h-dn-s‚- hm-Z-tØmSv am¿Ivkpw tbmPn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ aXsØ hna¿i--Øn-eqsSam{Xw C√m-Xm-°m-sa∂v At±lw Icp-Xn-bn√. aX-]c-amb anYym-h-t_m[w ^e-{]-Z-ambn \n¿Ωm¿÷\w sNøm≥ AXns‚ D¤-h-Øn\p If-sam-cp-°nb Ncn-{X-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn-√m-Xm-°p-Ib-√msX thsdmcp am¿§-hp-an-√. CXp kwL-Sn-X-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\{]h¿Ø\-ß-fn-eq-sStb t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bq. Cu Bibw am¿Ivkv Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂Xv aXsØ cm{„o-b-Øn¬ \n∂p \n¿Ωm¿÷\w sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS F√m aX-t_m-[-sØbpw

kaqew ]ngp- s X- d n- b m≥ Ign- b p- s a∂ _mhphdpsS \nK- a - \ sØ hna¿in°p∂Xp hgn-bmWv. aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-ff khn-ti-jm-h-Imi-ßsf `c-W-IqSw \ndp-Ø-em-°p∂p Ft∂ aX-Øns‚ cm{„o-b\n¿Ωm¿÷-\w sIm≠¿∞-am-°p-∂p-ffp. F∂m¬ `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\v AXp \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm≥ Ign-b-W-sa-¶n¬ AXp t\ctØXs∂ aXØn¬ \n∂v hnap-‡-am-bn-cn-°Ww; F√m {]P-I-sfbpw bp‡nbpsS \ne-]m-Sn¬ \n∂p am{Xw ImWm≥ AXn\p Ign-bp-Ibpw thWw. _mhp-h-dns‚ t\m´-Øn¬ AØcw Hcp atX-X-c-cm-{„-Øn¬, aXw \ne-\n-∂m¬Øs∂ AXp kzImcy Pohn-X-Øn¬ am{X-am-bn-cn°pw. `c-W-Iq-SmsØ atX-X-ca-- m-°-W-sa∂v am¿Ivkv hmZn-s®-¶nepw AXp sIm≠p-am{Xw aX-an-√m-Xm-Ip-sa∂v At±lw hniz-kn-®n-√. DZm-l-cW- a mbn Ata- c n- ° - s s\Iy\mSp- I sf At±lw Nq≠n- ° m- W n®p. AhnsS `c-W-IqSw aX-]-c-amb hnti-jm-h-Im-i-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°mXm-bn´pw aXw XpS¿∂pw Xg®phf-cpIXs∂ sNbvXp. s]mXpPohnX-Øn¬\n∂p hy‡nPohn-X-Øns‚ kzIm-cy-X-bn-te°v ]n≥h-enbm≥ \n¿_- ≤ - a mhp- t ºm- s g√mw aXw apº- t Ø- ° m- t ftd anYym k¶¬]- ß - s f P\n- ∏ n- ° m- \ mWp km≤y- X - s b∂pw At±lw ka¿∞n®p. ChnsS, aX- \ n¿Ωm¿÷\hpw kzImcy kzØns‚ \n¿am÷\hpw XΩn¬- A- t ±lw Xmc- X - a y- s ∏- S p- Ø p∂p. kzImcykzØns\ kΩ-Xn-Zm-\-mh-ImiØn\v ap∂p-]m-[n-b-√m-Xm-°p∂-Xn-eqsSbmWv `c-W-IqSw kzImcykzØns\ d±m-°p-∂Xv. ]t£ AXpsIm≠p- a m{Xw kaq- l - Ø n¬ kzImcykzØn√mXm- I p- ∂ n- √ . AXp-t]m-se-X-s∂, aX-]-c-amb {]tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßsf `c-W-IqSw AwKo-I-cn-°m-ØXp sIm≠pam{Xw aXhpw C√m-Xm-hp-I-bn-√(9, 7˛12). aX-Øn¬\n-∂p-ff a\pjytamN-\-Øn\v `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ atX-Xco-I-cWw am{Xw t]mcm, ]ns∂tbm {]mtbm-KnIPohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v aX-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ ]ngp-sX-dn-bp-Ibpw thWw. F∂m¬ {]mtbm-KnIPohnXØnse-hnsSbmWv Cu thcp-Iƒ? `c-W-Iq-S-Øn¬Øs∂. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, aXw DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xp-Xs∂ Hcp \„t_m[-Øn¬ \n∂mWv. B \„-t_m-[-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-am-h-s´ `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ kz`mhhpw. ìaXw C\n {]Xy£-s∏-Sp-∂Xp `uXn-I-amb k¶p-Nn-X-XzØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-am-bn-´√ AXns‚ _mly-{]-Im-i-\-am-bn-´mWv(9). ChnsS {it≤-b-am-b H-∂p≠v. am¿Ivkn-b≥ ho£-W-Øn¬, aX-]-camb A\y-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ G‰hpw {]I-S-ambn shfns∏-Sp-∂Xp atX-Xc `c-W-Iq-S-ØnemWv. Ahn-sS-bm-Wt√m hnip-≤hpw

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w

Ahnip-≤hpw IqSn-°p-g-bmsX Ah-bpsS X\n-a-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. XpS¿∂v AXn-hn-ZKv[a - mb Hc-]{- K-Y\ - Ø - n-eqsS Fßs\ a\p-jy\pw atX-Xc`c-W-Iq-Shpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘-Øn¬ a\p-jy\pw ssZhhpw XΩn- e p- f f _‘w ap≥\n- g - e n°p∂p- s ≠∂v At±lw ImWn®p Xcp∂p. CXp a\-kn-em-°m≥, ]uckaq-l-sØbpw `c-W-Iq-S-sØbpw At±lw Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn®p ImWp∂p F∂p [cn®phbv°-Ww. apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ BZyL´-ß-fn¬ `c-W-Iq-Sw kmº-Øn-I-Im-cyß-fn¬ CS-s]-´n-cp-∂n-s√-∂p-Xs∂ ]dbmw. tkz—m-]-c-amb kmº-ØnI-tIm¬]m-Z\w hnImkw {]m]n-®-tXmsS A\p-Zn\ PohnXw ]c-kv]c-ta‰pap´p∂ kzImcyXm¬]-cy-ß-fpsS t]m¿°-f-ambn amdn. hy‡nIƒ°p s]mXp\∑-bn¬ Xm¬]-cy-an-√m-Xmbn. s]mXp-\∑ `c-W-IqSØn-s‚ Npa-X-e-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°s∏Sm≥ XpSßn. CØcw kmaqly_‘-ßsf kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv ]uc AYhm _q¿jzm kaq-l-sa∂ ]Zw am¿Ivkv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. aQ-cm-[njvTnX apXem-fn-Ø-Øn¬ ]uckaq-lhpw `c-W-Iq-Shpw XΩn¬ hy‡-amb AXn¿h-cºp≠v. s]mXp-Im-cy-ßƒ `c-W-Iq-SØn\p hn´p-sIm≠v, ]uckaq-l-Øn¬ hy‡n-Iƒ kzImcy Xm¬]-cy-ß-fn¬ apgp-Ip∂p. am{X-a-√, Hmtcm hy‡nbpw c≠mbn, Htc kabw _q¿jzmbpw ]uc\p-ambn ]nf-cp-∂p. _q¿jzm F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah¿ F√m-hcpw F√mh¿°p-sa-Xnsc \S-Øp∂ bp≤-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. ]uc-s\∂ \ne-bn-tem, `c-W-Iq-SØns‚ cm{„ob kaq-l-Ønse AwK-hp-am-Wh¿. F∂m¬ `c- W - I q- S w bYm¿∞- Ø n¬ s]mXp- \ - ∑ °m- b n- {]h¿Øn°p∂pt≠m? Hcn-°-ep-an-√. AXv kXy-Øn¬, h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv kzImcykzØns‚ kwc-£-I\pw htcy-Æy-h¿K-ßfpsS ssIbnse D]-I-c-W-hp-am-bn-´mWv. Cßs\ hcp-∂-Xv `cWw \S-Øp-∂-h-cpsS Fs¥-¶nepw Hcp-t±iyw aqe-a√, `c-W-Iq-SØns‚Xs∂ auenIkz`mh-Øn¬ \n∂mWv. s]mXp-Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ `cW-Iq-SØn\v kzIm-cykz-Øn-√m-Xm-t°≠n hcpw. F∂m¬, kz¥w \ne-\n¬]ns‚Xs∂ ap∂p-]m[n kzImcykzØm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ `cW-Iq-SØn\v AsX-ßs\ \ndp-Ø-em-°m≥ Ignbpw ? kzImcykzØn√m-Xm-°p-I-sb∂p ]d-™m¬ kzb-an-√m-Xm-°pI F∂m-W¿∞w. AXn-\m¬ `c-W-Iq-SØnepw `c-W-Iq-SØneq-sS-bp-amWv a\p-jy≥

kz¥w kmaq-ly-kØ km£m¬°-cn-°p-∂-sX∂ hnizmkw Xs∂ anYy-bm-Wv. C\n \Ωp°v Cu N¿®-bpsS apJy hnj-b-Øn-te°p aSßmw. atX-X-c-amb cm{„ob`c-W-Iq-Sw ]q¿ÆhnImkw {]m]n-®n-SØv a\pjy≥ Ah-t_m-[-Øn-se∂t]mse bmYm¿∞y-Ønepw Cc´-Po-hn-Xam-Wv \bn-°p-∂-Xv, H∂v kz¿Ko-bhpw at‰Xv ùan-Ihpw. ]uc-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ Abmƒ cm{„obkaq-l-Øn¬ GXm-s≠mcp kz¿Ko-bm-kvXnXzw A\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw kzb-samcp kmaqly Po-hn-bm-bn-°m-Wp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. knhn¬ kaq-l-Øn-em-I-s´, Abmƒ°p-f-fXv shdpw ùanIm-kvXn-Xz-amWv. AhnsS shdp-samcp kzImcy hy‡n-sb∂ ań¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw Xs∂bpw a‰p≈-hscbpw D]m-b-ß-fmbn am{Xw IW-°m-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. kz¿Kw `qan-°p-ta-se-∂-hÆw `c-W-IqSw ]uckaq-l-Øn\pta¬ Hcmflob aWvU-eambn \ne-sIm-f-fp-∂p. ]uckaq-l-Øns‚ khn-tijXbmW-t√m, F√m-h-cp-sa-√m-h¿°p-saXnscbp≈ bp≤w. Cu bp≤sØ `c-W-Iq-Sw Iog-S-°p-∂Xv aXw atX-Xc temI-Øns‚ k¶p-Nn-X-Xz-sØ, ]cn-an-Xn-Isf, AXn-{I-an°p-tºm-emWv. AXm-b-Xv, AXns\ AwKo-I-cn®pw ]p\x-ÿm-]n®pw AXns‚ \nb- { ¥- W - Ø n\p kzbw Iogv s ∏- S p- Ø nbpw. A\pZn\_q¿jzmPohn-X-Øn¬ a\p-jy≥ Aip-≤-\mWv. F∂m¬, Xs‚ kmaq-ly-˛-km¿h-{XnI kØsb AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ cm{„-kw-hn-[m-\Øn¬ Abmƒ km¶¬]nI k¿hm-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ ]¶p ]‰p-∂ Hcp km¶¬]n-Imw-K-amWv. B k¿hm-[n-Im-c-Øn-\m-hs´, Ab-Ym¿∞-amb Hcp k¿h{XnIXtb D-≈p-Xm-\pw(9, 14). a\p-jys‚ kmaq-lyX `c-W-Iq-S-ambn A\y-h¬-°cn°-s∏-Sp-∂Xn\memWv AtXkmaq-lyX kz¿Kk¶-¬]-ambn A\y-h¬°cn-°s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂p am¿Ivkv XpS¿∂p hmZn-°p∂p. A\p-Zn\Pohn-X-Øn¬ kz¥w kmaqlykØ km£m¬°-cn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xn-\m-emWv Abmƒ ]Icw Hcp kz¿Kobkaqlw DZv`m-h\w sNøp-∂Xv. ìa\pjy≥ kaql-Øn¬ \n∂pw X∂n¬ \n∂pw a‰p a\p-jy-cn¬ \n∂pw th¿s]-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂ kXy-Øns‚ {]Im-i-\-amWv î aXw(9,15). a\pjy\p `c-W-Iq-S-tØm-Sp-ff _‘-Øns‚ Bi-b-cq-]amWv ssZh-tØm-Sp-ff _‘w. XXv^-e-ambn, Xs‚ kmaq-ly-kØ `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-eqsS km£m¬°-cn-°m-sa∂ anYym-[m-c-Wbpw AtX kØsb kz¿Kob kaq-l-Øn¬ km£m¬°-cn-°m-sa∂ AXnepw

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w

henb anYym-k-¶-¬]hpw Htckabw Abmƒ h®p ]pe¿Øp-∂p. At∏mƒ, a\p-jy-k-Ø-bpsS cm{„o-bamb A-\y-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s∂Xn-sc-bp-ff {]Xn-tj[w am{X-a√ AtX A\y-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ {]Xn^-e-\w -Iq-Sn-bmWv aXw. C∏-d-™-Xn¬ \n∂v LS-\-bnepw KXn-hnti- j - Ø nepw aX- ] - c hpw cm{„o- b - h p- a mb A\y- h ¬°c- W - ß ƒ XΩn¬ ASpØ kam\Xbp-s≠∂p ImWmw. Ah XΩn-ep-ff apJy Ak-am-\X H∂m-atØXv Ah-t_m-[-Ønepw c≠m-a-tØXp {]mtbmKnIPohn-X-Ønepw DS-se-Sp-°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Cu c≠\yh¬°-c-W-ßfpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘-Øn¬ sshhn-[yØn¬ At`-Z-hpw, kwL¿j-Øn¬ sFIy-hpw, ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. `c-W-Iq-S-tØm-Sp-≈ a\p-jys‚ _‘-Øn\pXs∂ GXms≠mcp aXmﬂI kz`m-h-ap≠v. AXp-sIm-≠t{X ëBﬂo-bw, ëkz¿KobwíapXemb aX-]-c-amb hm°p-Iƒ `c-W-Iq-SsØ hnh-cn-°p-tºmƒ am¿Ivkn\p- ] - t bm- K n- ° m≥ Ign- b p- ∂ Xv . `cWIqS- t ØmSp a\p- j y- \ p- f f _‘sØ At±lw ìaX-Øns‚ am\p-jn-I-ambî ImX-se-∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-f-f-Xv(9, 17). ""cm{„ob`c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ AwK-ßƒ aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cn°p- ∂ Xv hy‡nPohn- X hpw kmaqlyPohn- X hpw XΩn- e p- f f ssZzXkz`mhw aqe-am-Wv. hy‡nPohn-X-Øn¬\n∂p hnZq-c-ÿamb cm{„ob Pohn-X-tØm-Sv, AXmWp Xß-fpsS bYm¿∞ PohnX-sa∂ [mc-W-bn¬, _‘-s∏-Sp∂p F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ Ah¿ aX-hn-izmkn-I-fmWv(9,20). `c-W-IqSw atX-X-c-coXn-bn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂- a\p-jys‚ A\y-h¬IrXkØsb kz¿Kw aX-Øns‚ `mj-bn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n°p∂p. C∂pw km[m- c - W °m¿ Fßs\ `c- W - I q- S sØ tam£ZmXm- h mbn ImWp- I bpw cm{„o- b m- [ n- I m- c - Ø ns‚ aq¿Øcq]-ß-fmb ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw hy‡n-I-sfbpw ]qhn´p ]qPn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ am¿Ivkv Dt±-in-°p-∂Xp hy‡-am-Ipw. Npcp- ° - Ø n¬, cm{„obm\yh¬°- c Ww atXm¬]- Ø n- b psS ImcWw am{X-a√ AXns‚ atX-X-c-amb apt∂mSn IqSn-bm-Wv. Aß-

s\-sb-¶n¬, am\-h-cm-insb aX-Øn¬\n∂p tamNn-∏n-°m≥ `c-WIq- S - Ø ns‚ aXmﬂIkz`mhw \in- ∏ n- ® m¬ t]mcm, `c- W - I q- S sØØs∂ \in-∏n-t°-≠n-bncn-°p∂p. `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-te°p hnt£]n-°-s∏´ kz¥w kmaqlykØsb a\p-jy≥ hos≠-Sp-°Ww. kz¥w kmaq-lyX \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ km£m¬°-cn-°p-tºmƒ `cW-IqSw A[n-I-∏-‰m-bn-Øocpw. ""bYm¿∞ a\pjyhy‡n Aaq¿Ø ]ucs\/]ucsb Bhmln-®n-d°n X∂n¬Øs∂ hne-bn∏n-°p-tºmƒ am{Xta a\pjy tamN\w ]q¿Øo--I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-f-fp. a\pjyhy‡nsb∂ \nebn¬ ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Ønepw, sXmgn-en-epw, _‘-ß-fnepw Ah¿ Hcp kmaqly˛km¿h{XnI kØ-bm-bn-Øo-c-Ww. kz¥w i‡n-Isf Ah¿ kmaqlyi‡n-I-fmbn Xncn-®-dn™v kwLSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw C\n-ta¬ Cu kmaqlyi‡nsb cm{„obi‡nbm°n X∂n¬ \n∂v AI-‰n-\n-dp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.''(9, 31)î

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w kqNn-X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

1. Bruno Bauer, Kritik der Geschichte der Offenbarung, Berlin, 1938, Part 1, Vol.1 2. David McLellan, Marx's Grundrisse, Macmillan, London, 1971 3. - Karl Marx: His Life and Thought, Paladin, Frogmore, 1976 4. - The Thought of Karl Marx, An Introduction, Macmillan, London, 1971 5. Enrique E. Dussel, ìReligion as Superstructure and Infrastructure, 1977, (Unpublished paper) 6. J. N. Findlay, Hegel - A Re-examination, Oxford University Press, New York, 1958 7. Jean-Yvas Calvez, La Pense de Karl Marx, Editions Du Seuil, Paris, 1956 8. Karl Marx, Capital, Everyman's Library, Dent, London, 1977 9. - Early writings, ed. T. B. Bottomore, C. A. Watts and Co., London 10. - Grundrisse, Penguin Books, London, 1973 11. - Selected Writing in Sociology and Social Philosophy, ed. T. B. Bottomore and Maximilien Rubel, Penguin Books, 1970 12. Ludwig Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity, ed. George Eliot, Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1957 13. Marx-Engels, On Religion, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1975 14. - The German Ideology, Progress Publishers, 1976 15. Shlomo Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, Cambridge, 1969

kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Z-ßƒ AXn-X-cWw sNøpI A\-\y-h¬°-cWw A\n-hm-cyX A\yh¬°-cWw Ata-bw Aaq¿Øw AkvXnXzw Bﬂ-\n-jT v (- t_m[h¬IrX)h¿Kw

Bfl-h-Ø Bibw Dä sF{µn-bX I¿Ømhv I¿Ωw tIh-ew/]camflmhv tIh-e-kXyw tIh-em-cq]n KWkØ X¿°-hn-⁄m-\w Xm¿°nIw Xm¿°nIKXn [ym\m-fl-Iw {[qho-bX \ntj-[Øns‚ \ntj[w {]Xybimkv{X-h-¿Kw {]tbmKw {]mIvN-cn{Xw {]mKvapX-em-fnØw

transcend dis-alienation necessity alienation the infinite abstract existence class-for-itself personality Idea being sensuousness subject object the absolute absolute truth absolute spirit generic being dialectics dialectical dialectical movement speculative polarity negation of negation Ideological class praxis pre-history pre-capitalism

ùtam¬]-Øn-imkv{Xw aq¿Øw tabw bp‡n hkvXp-\n-jvT-h¿Kw hkvXp-K-Xm-flmhv hkvXph¬°-cWw hn{K-l-]qP hnjbn hnjbw hy‡n\njvTmcq]n hy‡n-K-X-kØ hy‡nhmZ-w hy„n in¬]\w kØ ka-\zbw ka¿∞\w ka„n kmIeyw kmI-ey-tem]w kmam-\ym-i-b-ßƒ k¿hm-Xn-im-bnXzw km¿∆-{Xn-Ik-a-aqeyw kmh-b-h-L-S-\ kwL-hm-Z-w ÿqe-ù-Xn-I-hmZw kzbwNenXw kza-XimTyw kzbw\njvTX kzbw\n¿Wbn-°p∂ kzmb-ØX

ssZh-Øns‚ acWw a\p-jys‚ P\\w geogeny concrete the finite reason class-in-itself objective spirit objectification Fetishism subject object subjectve spirit subjective essence Individualism individual poiesis essence synthesis thesis, affirmation collectivity totality detotalization universals transcendence universal equivalence organism cllectivism crass meterialism automatic dogmatism immanence self-determining autonomy