Asian Architecture Case Study Paper

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA)

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture) Asian Architecture [ARC 2234] Project 1: Case Study Paper

THE INNOVATIVE ADAPTATION OF NATURE DESIGN APPROACHES OF TRADITIONAL MALAY HOUSE IN VILLA TANJUNG WAN OF BELUM RAINFOREST RESORT IN ACHIEVING THERMAL COMFORT

Name

:

Vicky Lee Wei Kee

Student ID

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0313317

Lecturer

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Pn Norhayati Ramli

Submission Date

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24th November 2015

The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………...3 1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………...4 1.1 Design-with-nature………………………………………………………………………….5 1.2 Tropical Nature Design Approaches: The Traditional Malay House Features……..6-7 1.3 Overview of Villa Tanjung Wan, Perak…………………………………………………..8 2.0 Innovative adaptation 1: Building Placement as a solution to achieve thermal comfort……..9 2.1 Building orientation…………………………………………………………………………10 2.2 Building with contour……………………………………………………………………….11 2.3 Building with landscape and context……………………………………………...….12-13 3.0 Innovative adaptation 2: Building Component as a solution to achieve thermal comfort 3.1 Built Form and Layout………………………………………………………………….14-16 3.2 Openings: Doors and windows……………………………………………………….16-17 3.3 Verandah & Balcony…………………………………………………………………...18-19 3.4 Skylight…………………………………………………………………………………..20-21 4.0 Innovative adaptation 3: Sustainable Materials as a solution to achieve thermal comfort 4.1 Types of building materials used……………………………………………………..22-23 5.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………..24 6.0 References……………………………………………………………………………………....25-26

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyze the innovative adaptation of the nature design approaches of Traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan in achieving thermal comfort in tropical climate. The Traditional Malay House is designed to cool the house through the acknowledgement of site response and its context in this hot and humid tropical regions like Malaysia. In this modern era, Traditional Vernacular Architecture is gradually replaced by modern contemporary architecture and thus loses its cultural and functions of design due to lack of awareness of nature considerations and thus causing discomfort to the user. For instance, Villa Tanjung Wan shows the effectiveness of thermal comfort level through analysis of the openings, design form and layout, as well as its materials used. An investigation on architectural design has been carried out through document analysis and comparative analysis to study the nature design approaches of Traditional Malay house and how they are being adapted innovatively in Villa Tanjung Wan. This can be seen in Villa Tanjung Wan responding to its context and climate despite of its transparency and openness features, the villa is oriented to face the incoming prevailing winds and being shaded by the surrounding trees. The villa also has high ceiling, lots of openings with minimized interior partitions that induce cross ventilation which eventually cools the interior spaces by means of natural ventilation. In conclusion, Villa Tanjung Wan has both contemporary and vernacular design features to achieve thermal comfort in in tropical climate. Designing with nature as a basis of architecture which can provide an ideal comfort level for the user in tropical context is clearly showcased in Traditional Malay House, and thus it is important to adapt the innovation of its design approaches into contemporary architecture in achieving thermal comfort.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

1.0 Introduction Geographically, Malaysia is a tropical climate country located in the equatorial doldrums, with uniform temperature from 20 째C to 30 째C, high relative humidity and copious rainfall all year round with light and variable wind flow. And this has direct impact on the design consideration of a building in achieving effective thermal comfort for its users. In this case, the traditional Malay House which is being classified as richest cultural heritage in Malaysia is extremely well designed to suit the warm and humid climate. The purpose of this research is to explore the potential of adopting and innovating this nature responsive design of the traditional Malay House into modern house like Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort for achieving better thermal performance. The research of these innovative adaptation in Villa Tanjung Wan is based on three areas of study: the building placement, building component and sustainable materials by responding to the following research questions:

1. What are the nature design approaches of Traditional Malay House to be adapted into the design concept of Villa Tanjung Wan in terms of thermal performance?

2. Responding to tropical climate, why and how does each innovative design features are adopted into the design of Villa Tanjung Wan? 3. Why is the innovative adaptation needed and how does each design features act as a solution in achieving thermal comfort in Villa Tanjung Wan?

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

1.1 Design-With-Nature The design and construction of a building can affect the natural environment both directly and indirectly; by placing buildings or paved surfaces on vegetated landscape, extracting resources to make building materials, emitting greenhouse gases in the manufacturing and transportation of materials to the site, and the consumption of energy during the operation of the building (Cairns Regional Council, 2011). Thereby, sustainable design-with nature strategies is about minimizing all these impacts on the environment by designing a building that suits the climate of that particular region, having minimal environmental impacts when constructing, and also taking into account the health and comfort of the occupants.

In this case, the energy consumption and emissions, waste and construction materials, local environment and indoor environment quality are the priorities of designing a sustainable tropical building matching its context. Thus, it is important for architects nowadays to design buildings that work with, not against with the natural environment because designing-with-nature offers the first truly holistic approach to making architecture compatible with a broad range of vital ecological concerns (Yeang, K.1995).

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

1.2 Tropical Nature Design Approaches: The traditional Malay House Features Located in the heart of South East Asia, tropical climate of Malaysia can be classified as warm-humid equatorial, obtain intense sunshine, high temperature, strong glare, high radiation levels and rainfall. Therefore, proper consideration on shading from direct glare and solar radiation as well as having adequate ventilation for cooling and reduction of humidity is crucial when designing a building. Climatic responsive building factors such as building orientation, building envelopes, openings, site context and building materials are to be consider to reduce heat gain in tropical region. In this case, the traditional Malay House which is being classified as richest cultural heritage of vernacular houses in Malaysia is extremely well designed with a deep understanding and respect for nature in adapting the local climate.

Climatic and environmental conditions is best reflected in the traditional Malay house which is often built with three notable characteristics: an elevated floor/on stilts, large roof eaves and overhangs for sun shading, and full-height fully openable windows for body level ventilation as well as east-west orientated. Moreover, the open floor plan with minimal partitions in the interior can provide effective ventilation. The surrounding natural vegetation also plays an important role in shading and cooling the interior of the house. The house is also raised on stilts to catch prevailing wind besides using light weight construction of the Malay House with low thermal-mass and good insulating properties of materials which is appropriate for thermal performance (Lim, J. Y.) These features shown in the traditional Malay House are the most effective means in designing for optimal climatic control and comfort in this hot and humid country.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

Large Roof Eaves

Fully openable windows

Open Floor Plan

Floor raised on stilts

Figure 1: Climatic Design of the traditional Malay House.

Nowadays, most of the architecture design are poor in responding to site context due to lack of awareness of vernacular and nature considerations and thus causing discomfort to the user. However, a design can be deeply rooted in the local vernacular and be quite modern and contemporary at the same time. It only takes an understanding of what constitutes the local vernacular architecture and how it designs with nature in achieving this. The architect of Villa Tanjung Wan is returning to indigenous climatic design solutions adopted in the Malay House and innovatively creating and adapting new solutions to suit the needs of modern contemporary architecture with good thermal performance at the same time.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

1.3 Overview of Villa Tanjung Wan, Perak

Figure 2: Perspective view of Villa Tanjung Wan sitting on top of a slope.

Villa Tanjung Wan is a modern contemporary retreat house in tropical context of Belum Rainforest Resort in Perak located near to Tasik Temenggor and being nestled in the tropical trees. The villa highlights the concept of having openness and transparency but secure and private at the same time as it is set into a peninsula of its own. (Belum Rainforest Resort. 2014). It is orientated to be tropically ventilated using full height glass doors, having semi-outdoor design giving an exquisite experience for user to fully embrace the contextual surrounding, blurring the difference between the interior and the exterior. The form and programme of the Villa is designed in two levels following the existing contour, sitting on top of the hill blending into the natural surroundings without much interruption to the slope and its site context.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

2.0 Innovative adaptation 1: Building Placement as a solution to achieve thermal comfort Building placement is the placement of building on site with consideration of the local’s climatic and site context. A good placement of building is able to minimize the impact of building to site and its interruption to the topography. It also determines how well a building can function as a whole in accordance to the site. For an instance, a building built in the forest should avoid the disruption of existing nature site: by avoiding excavation of landfill and also avoiding existing tree placement. This can be done by shifting building forms to empty land in order to achieve sustainability and conserving these trees and their context.

Architect Ken Yeang explained climate context as “understanding the site ecological history gives further clues as to what design strategies should be adopted�.

This suggest that the understanding towards the local contexts are crucial as it determines the choice of building materials, building form, layout and placement as well as site planning in promoting continuity between the building and its local context.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

2.1 Building Orientation

Figure 3: Optimization of building orientation for natural ventilation.

Understanding that the building orientation concerns the positioning of the building as well as the spatial arrangement of the interior. The orientation and positioning of a building is greatly influenced by the movement of sun path and wind direction of the site to catch prevailing winds and minimize solar heat gain of a building at the same time allowing sufficient natural lighting to lit the interior of the building.

Similar to the traditional Malay House which is specially designed to orientate to face East and West direction, Villa Tanjung Wan also applied the same theory in which the building is orientated along the East-West axis facing North West direction so that the majority of walls and windows of the Villa are shaded from direct solar radiation and exposure to heat while allowing maximum airflow to cool the interior. In addition, the Villa has shorter faรงade and less window on the East and West faรงade to reduce exposed vertical areas to direct solar heat gain.

Figure 4: Ground floor plan of Villa Tanjung Wan orientated to catch prevailing wind.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

2.2 Building with Contour

It is important to build with the existing site topography and context rather than molding it into something else in order to achieve the engagement in the act of cultivating the site (Frampton, 1985, p,26, p,27). The profile of the villa is placed in such a manner with the least interference to the existing slope to maintain the existing ecological and topographical patterns and also taking the best advantage of the natural slope in favor of the function of the building mass.

The building design, materials and techniques used in the villa complies the context promoting durability and adaptability to both the building and land surface. Hence, it is important to take measures to retain the soil to ensure least erosion and prevent landslide during rainstorm.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

2.3 Building with landscape and context

The Sustainability Hub of RIBA suggest that “the use of elements such as landforms, trees and hedges can help to ensure the new or modified buildings can be positive elements.” (Bell, n.d.). Being secluded away from the rest of the resort in Belum, Villa Tanjung Wan exudes a humble relationship with its natural environment. The architect designed the form and layout of the villa based on the natural landform and existing vegetation, establishing a dialogue with the terrain, maximizing potential views towards the lake and the forest.

Unlike most of the modern contemporary houses with just simply stacking boxes of floor plan, the layout of Villa Tanjung Wan is innovatively designed to have many turning corners in walls with form projected in between the trees. The projection of wall creates shaded areas and thus creating many pocket spaces taking cues from the placement of existing vegetation on site, leaving them undisturbed and original.

Figure 5: Bird’s eye view of the Villa in the tropical forest context.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

The existing vegetation on site are also employed for breeze filtering and maximize ventilation with building placed accordingly rather than blocking the passage of airflow.

The placement of the Villa within the inland creates a cooler environment not only due to transpiration of plant, reducing air moisture level but also provide shading for greater temperature reductions.

Figure 6: Ventilation aid by the landscaping of surrounding trees.

Figure 7: The corners in walls provide shading to interior spaces.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

Figure 8: The cantilevered pool is carefulled placed to avoid cutting down of existing trees.

3.0 Innovative adaptation 1: Building Component as a solution to achieve thermal comfort 3.1 Built Form and Layout The adaptation of having elongated open floor plans n the Villa is derived from that of the traditional Malay House which allows free passage of air for cross-ventilation. The programmatic functions of modern needs make the living, dining and kitchen areas to merge into one big lounge and creates minimal obstruction of the internal walls, allowing unimpeded ventilation by circulating air and removing trapped warm air from one end to another.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

Figure 9: Elongated open floor plans of Villla Tanjung Wan with minimal obstruction of internal walls.

Furthermore, the spatial organization of the villa is arranged in such a way that the longer side of the faรงade and rooms are placed facing the North and South to catch prevailing winds. In this case the reduction of heat is also enhanced by extending the roof far beyond the line of walls, with wide overhanging roof eaves provide shading to the critical east and west walls. In addition, spaces where internal heat load occur such as kitchen is detached from the rest of the areas like bedrooms to prevent internal heat gain.

Figure 10: Longer side of the faรงade and rooms are placed facing the North and South to catch prevailing winds and shorter span for East-West Faรงade to reduce exposed vertical areas.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

Figure 11: Kitchen is detached from the rest of the areas like bedrooms to prevent internal heat gain.

3.2 Openings Natural ventilation is a prior consideration in tropical climate design strategies.

Designing a building in such a way that maximizes natural ventilation will greatly reduce the need for mechanical cooling. (Cairns Regional Council. 2011).

Traditionally, full-length fully windows used in Malay House are plentiful which allows ventilation at the body level in the interior of the house. Roof ventilation is also vital in the traditional Malay House in which hot air accumulated is infiltrated out and being replaced by cool air from the outside via the roof joints or grills at the gable end roof.

Figure 12: Stacker door located at the hallway and living-dining area to induce cross ventilation.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

In modern contemporary houses like the Villa, the openings are carefully designed and well-placed to reduce direct exposure to solar radiation, avoiding windows placement on the East and West faรงade. Stacker doors and sliding doors and windows are widely used in the Villa to encourage cross ventilation and placed according to prevailing breeze as shown in Figure. In addition, heat is being radiated by means of convection air flow in which hot air rises and exits at the highest point of the clerestory window, naturally drawing cool air from the outside to replace it. The cooling of the interior is even more effective when the incoming air is being drawn from a shaded area with vegetation.

Figure 13: Direction of wind flow from the lake across the dry kitchen, dining and living area.

Figure 14: Stack and cross ventilation occurs in the Villa to cool the interior spaces.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

3.3 Verandah & Balconies Verandah is commonly used in traditional Malay House as a transitional indoor and outdoor space and also a space social contact and contemplation of nature. It is also an important extension of the house protecting walls and openings from the sun and rain and alsoprovides shaded air cushion for the most exposed facades of a house. (Aluko Adeboye, E. 2011, August, p,14).

The verandah and balconies in Villa Tanjung Wan is used as an outdoor transitional space that connects different areas as well as to encourage interaction among the users.

The common areas such as the hallway were designed as a verandah that allows cross ventilation with the cool breeze through full-height sliding doors and perforated curtain wall. For an instance, the extension of verandah from the hallway towards the corridors of the bedroom also provides sheltered transition from public to private spaces. The extensively use of verandahs surrounding the villa is to establish a connection with the outdoor environment embracing and enjoying the scenic view of nature.

The overhang of a verandah shades the windows from direct glare of sunlight hence reducing indoor heat gain and allowing window to be kept open most of the time to allow cross ventilation to occur. Even during rain storms, indoor rooms benefits from the cooling effect of rain. During sunny days, the verandah helps to cool the building envelope by mitigate heat gains in indoor spaces.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

Figure 15: Balcony (on the Left) located at the pool area and Walkway (on the Right) which connects public to private areas of the Villa.

Figure 16: Location of Balconies and Verandah in Villa Tanjung Wan.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

3.4 Skylight Skylight is the naturally light transmitting fenestration which is the innovation of modern contemporary architecture and not found in traditional Malay House. The seemingly use of skylights in Villa Tanjung Wan is due to the climatic features of Malaysia with high incidence of clear sunny skies. However, optimum use of skylight is essential to avoid uncomfortable glare and unwanted internal heat gain problems.

Skylights are implemented in the design of the Villa to allow natural lighting into the building in order to reduce energy consumption and the use of artificial lighting. Natural light was articulated into the Villa through the use of skylight and voids. The most prominent skylight is the one located at the dining area which add luminous atmosphere to the open floor plan of Villa.

However, the fixed skylight at the dining area is merely used to provide views to the natural surrounding with no means of ventilation. The direct glare and heat gain at noon can be dissipated by cross ventilation induced by the open floor plan concept and the sliding doors located at both ends of the dining-living area. Stack ventilation is also induced by the awning windows located at North-East and North-West faรงade.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

Figure 17: Skylight located at the dining area illuminate the Villa and provide scenic views to the natural context.

Figure 18: Skylight located at the gym area.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

4.0 Building Materials The building materials selection is one of the consideration during the design stage considering its substantial impact on its long-term sustainability ranging from the aesthetics and appeal of a building and its buildability and cost (Sassi, P. 2006.).

In tropical climates like Malaysia, the use of lightweight construction materials with low thermal mass and high insulation properties is clearly shown in that of the traditional Malay House which utilizes the basic post-and-lintel structure with either bamboo or timber walls and a thatched roof. With a deep understanding of the ecological balances, the Malay house is built using low-thermal-capacity building materials with low embodied energy in order to sustain an eco-friendly environment.

Diversity of modern contemporary building materials such as concrete, bricks, bamboo and glass are widely used in Villa Tanjung Wan in such a simplest and modest way which in return creating a sense of natural beauty with prior of achieving thermal comfort.

4.1 Types of building materials used Bricks: One of the main materials used in the Villa for both structural and aesthetic purpose, the bricks used for the walls of the Villa are being reused from other demolish buildings. In this case, the energy consumption for manufacturing and transporting the bricks is lowered and thus reducing the negative environmental effect. Besides, the high

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

embodied energy and low operational energy properties of bricks are considerably durable when used over a long period of time which requires low maintenance and can be recycled and reused over and over again.

Glass: The extensively use of glass is obvious in the Villa to promote the concept of openness to nature, transparency and lightness. Although glass is commonly used in many contemporary design, the cooling effect of the house is effective with proper ventilation of the interior spaces by means of cross and stack ventilation. Glass made with insulation properties functions better than a massive wall with high thermal capacity.

The traditional design feature of the Malay House with small and controlled low openings are being innovatively altered to a full height glass panels to allow the occupants to enjoy the surrounding nature and context.

Concrete: The use of concrete for the structural parts and construction of the Villa due to high humidity of the inland forest is necessary to prevent deterioration when in direct contact with weather condition and ground. The durability properties of concrete is not easily weakened by moisture, mould and pests. Similar to the properties of brick, concrete has high thermal mass which can slow down the passage of heat into the building via conduction; it absorbs heat when it is cool and releases heat when it is hot. This shows that concrete is good choice as the construction material as it consists of low embodied energy, low operational energy and recyclable.

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

5.0 Conclusion Natural’s ways and ecological balance was prevalent in the Malay house by considering the climatic adaptations into their design and hence is a good case study to develop innovative adaptations of contemporary yet sustainable modern building. The Malay vernacular architecture conveys the design which are suited to the tropical climate, geographical, social and respond to site context. The table below shows the comparison of three different design.

CONSIDERATION

TRADITIONAL MALAY HOUSE

VILLA TANJUNG WAN

CONTEMPORARY

Climatic Concern

Yes

Yes

No

Contextual Respond

Yes

Yes

No

Building Materials

Natural materials

Contemporary materials

Contemporary materials

(Low Thermal Mass)

(High Thermal Mass)

(Short life span)

Views

Restricted

Poetic Experience

Not restricted (Transparency)

Ventilation

Body Level

Floor to ceiling height openings

Both natural and mechanical passive cooling

(Natural Ventilation)

To induce cross ventilation

Public & Private

Communal

Semi-opened (Semi Private)

Isolated (Privacy)

Lighting

Dim interior

Natural Lighting (Brightly lit)

Natural Lighting Artificial Lighting

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

7.0 Referencing Alakhram, A. (Jan, 2014). ARCHITECTURE HISTORY OF MALAYSIA HOUSES. Retrieved 20 November, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/alialakhram/architecturehistory-of-malaysia-houses This website provides information about the history and characteristic of vernacular houses in Malaysia.

Aluko Adeboye, E. (2011, August). An Assignment On Thermal Comfort and the use of Verandas in Residential Buildings inAkure. Retrieved 23 November from http://sdngnet.com/Files/Lectures/FUTA-ARC10%20Applied%20Climatology/Assignments/20102011%20Assignments%20PDF/ARC-04-4318-AlukoThermal%20Comfort%20And%20The%20Use%20Of%20Verandas%20In%20Residenti al%20Buildings%20In%20Akure..pdf

Belum Rainforest Resort. (2014). Villa Tanjung Wan. Retrieved 29 September, 2015, from http://www.belumresort.com/acco_villa.html This website introduce about the poetic experience and desgin in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort.

Cairns Regional Council (2011). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from http://www.cairns.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/45642/BuildingDesign.pdf

Chen, K.W. (2009). Thesis Proposal: Issue. Retrieved 29 September, 2015, from https://pythonians.wordpress.com/category/member-threads/page/8/ This website introduce about the rediscovering of Malaysia's indigenous shelter system of Traditional Malay House in terms of climatic design, spatial organization etc.

Sahabuddin, F. (2014). Chapter 2: Malaysian Vernacular Architecture and Its Relationship to Climate. Retrieved 29 September, 2015, from

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The innovative adaptation of nature design approaches of traditional Malay House in Villa Tanjung Wan of Belum Rainforest Resort in achieving thermal comfort.

https://www.academia.edu/2377416/Chapter_2_Malaysian_Vernacular_Architecture_an d_Its_Relationship_to_Climate This website elaborates on the Malaysian vernacular architecture and its relationship to climate.

Sassi, P. (2006). Strategies for Sustainable Architecture. England: Taylor & Francis University. Retreived 24 November, 2015, from The Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE) website: https://www,aaashe.org/resources/pdf/W06Presidency sustainability.pdf

Sidharta, A. (2006). How other tropical buildings utilised openings. 25 Tropical Houses in Indonesia. Singapore: Periplud Editions.

This book provides information about the importance and ways of utilising openings in tropical building to achieve thermal comfort.

Wan. H., & Abdul. H. N. (2011). The Traditional Malay House. Kuala Lumpur. Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia.

This provides detailed investigation of traditional Malay House Features integrated to suit tropical climate in Malaysia.

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