Asian Architecture [ARC 2213/2234] PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY
Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
NAME:
TAN KWOK SEONG
STUDENT ID:
0314700
LECTURER:
MS NOR HAYATI RAMLI
SUBMISSION DATE:
11 Nov 2014
Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
Table of Contents
Page
Abstract
3
1.0 Introduction
4
2.0 Research 2.1 Site Overview
5
2.2 Research Questions
6
2.3 Research Methods
7-8
2.4 Research Findings
9-10
2.5 Research Comparison
11-12
3.0 Analysis 3.1 Surface Runoff
13-14
3.2 Signs of Distress
15-16
3.3 Building Corrosion
17-18
4.0 Suggestions/ Solutions 4.1 Swale Drainage System
19
4.2 Reinforcement Measure
20
4.3 Pier and Stilt Foundation
21
4.4 Plantation of Greeneries
22
4.5 Sustainable Material Selection
23
5.0 Conclusion
24
6.0 References
25-26
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
Abstract The objective of this paper is to deepen our understanding on contextual architecture, mainly lakeside construction. Being situated by the shore of Lake Temenggor, Belum Rainforest Resort faces various challenges that are aroused from the lake. Lakeside buildings are bound to various by-laws and construction attention, making pre-construction planning extremely vital. In the case of Belum Rainforest Resort, challenges are identified; building corrosion, surface runoff and signs of distress are evidence of the problems. Challenges like these are crucial and must be attended as it involves the safety of visitors and sustainability of the dam (man-made lake). Reasons behind these challenges are being analysed through observations and data collection from the site itself. Signs of early distress and building corrosion are especially visible in the resort. Belum Rainforest Resort ensured measures and resolutions are taken seriously with implementations and adaptations to maintain the sustainability of the manmade lake. The introduction of a swale drainage system, proper material selections and more frequent maintenance are implemented to improve sustainability of both the lake and the resort. Existing precautions such as foundation and site context adaptations are being studied and analysed as well. Potential improvements are also being explored in the favour of helping us build towards a greener and more sustainable environment. Hence, this paper validates the significance of understanding the nature in maintaining the sustainability of the man-made lake and also the relationship between the man-made lake and Belum Rainforest Resort.
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
1.0 Introduction Adapting contextual architecture is an important practice, especially when architecture addresses Mother Nature. Living in an ever developing era, progress is inevitable. Thus making ethical and responsible decisions in promoting sustainable designs according to its contextual needs is essential in order to assure a greener future. In the case of Belum Rainforest Resort, they have paid their fair share of effort in practicing contextual architecture. Being situated in the shorelines of Temenggor Lake, the resort possesses a breathtaking views over the lake and interesting sights into the rainforest. Naturally, Belum Rainforest Resort decided to preserve their rich natural site by adopting contextual architecture, but that comes at a cost. With the lake, one of the most prominent attractions of the site, Belum Rainforest Resort had to make many appropriate considerations and measures to ensure construction will not affect sustainability of the lake and vice versa. Therefore, in this report, I will be looking into the challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort. It is important to understand Belum Rainforest Resort’s methods in successfully maintaining sustainability of the lake as failure will not only cause hazard to the visitors of Belum Rainforest Resort but also inefficiency to the dam and endanger animals nearby. Focus will be on the techniques implemented by the resort in overcoming the challenges aroused by the man-made lake.
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
2.0 Research 2.1 Site Overview Belum Rainforest Resort, located at Pulau Banding, Gerik, Malaysia, is a premiere ecotourism project developed by Emkay and completed in around mid of 2013. Pulau Banding is an island which was created due to the creation of a manmade lake, Tasik Temenggor – the result of the construction of Temenggor dam in the 1970s (May, n.d.). The Royal Belum Rainforest is reputed to be over 130million years of age and home to over 3000 flowering plants and a variety of endangered creatures such as the Malayan tiger. The resort itself was completed and furnished in two different phases. This paper will focus on the adaptations and precautions upheld by the resort in overcoming the challenges aroused from the manmade lake.
Figure 2.1: Overview of Pulau Banding (Source: http://percutian.jomaffiliate.net/percutian-di-tasik)
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
2.2 Research Questions
In the midst of completing this paper, numerous questions were raised and discussed thoroughly in order to achieve a clear objective. By narrowing down the number of questions to only three, a distinct aim is identified and a main question for the topic is produced. The three questions are as follow:-
Main Question:
What are the challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort?
Sub Question 1:
How did problems of existing man-made lake emerge and affect Belum Rainforest Resort’s construction and layout?
Sub Question 2:
What
are
the
design
influences
and
adaptations of Belum Rainforest Resort from the existing man-made lake?
Figure 2.2: A narrow and distinct aisle in Belum Rainforest Resort (Source: Author)
These three questions are very relevant to the project topic and have a seamless flow to cover all the vital points. It helps to identify the problems, to understand the problem and to explore the potential possibilities for future improvements.
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
2.3 Research Methods a) Site Analysis
An in depth site analysis was conducted from 13th Sep to 16th Sep 2014 in a large group
of
over
100
architecture students. Data such as site context and climate were collected and recorded.
Figure 2.3.1: Overview of Phase 2 Belum Rainforest Resort (Source: Author)
b) Observation and Documentation
Special attention is paid on the contextual elements as we explore the site. Flaws and construction failure are identified and documented on the spot. Photographs and quick sketches were made along the way.
Figure 2.3.2: Observation and data documentation (Source: Author)
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
c) Literature Review
Figure 2.3.3: The cover page of the 3 books used (Source: Google Books)
A total of 3 books were being referred to complete this paper. By going through these three books, a better understanding on contextual architecture is gathered and appropriated references have been made. These book explores the art of adaptation by blending its architecture with its context and ultimately promote sustainability.
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
2.4 Research Findings
In the 4day 3night site trip, findings are quite fruitful and several evidence of challenges aroused from the lake were discovered. With the resort situated so near to the manmade lake (just feet away), the resort has put itself in a tough spot as it will face several challenges to maintain sustainability.
First and foremost, being situated in the heart of Malaysia’s most historically rich rainforest, Belum Rainforest Resort is bound to obey many by-laws (MS 1525 and UBBL) and criteria set by the Malaysian government in the favour of protecting our nature reserve. Furthermore, it is also by the lake, hence the resort is also bound to more strict regulations to ensure the lake’s sustainability.
A few examples of the rules are proper zoning regulations. All constructions must be constructed away from the lake with proper safety distance, a minimum setback of 13 metres for buildings that are 5 storeys tall or less. (Roger Springman and Stephen M. Born. 1979.) Proper considerations and precautions against flood is also crucial as soil along the lake are less absorbent and flash flood might occur. Lastly, to ensure the sustainability of the lake, suitable pollution prevent must be practiced such as careful material selection for the nearby construction and carrying out frequent checking for corrosion.
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
Throughout the trip, consistent monitoring and observations were conducted to improve consistency of data collection and to produce a more accurate result. With discipline practice, numerous problems faced by Belum Rainforest Resort were distinguished.
To name a few, the more prominent challenges that can be easily identified upon arrival at the site are early signs of distress (figure 2.4.1) along the walls of the resort and building corrosion (figure 2.4.2) along the joints of the timber flooring and metal hinge.
Besides, due to back-to-back days of continuous rain while we were at the site, a less noticeable problem was identified as well. The occurrence of surface runoff (figure 2.4.3) was witnessed.
Figure 2.4.1: Early signs of
Figure 2.4.2: Subtle
Figure 2.4.3: Surface runoff
distressed walls
corrosion along joints
along the shoreline
(Source: Author)
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
2.5 Research Comparison
Here we look at a building that has a very similar context and function with Belum Rainforest Resort to have a side-to-side comparison in terms of practice and challenges. To have the closest resemblance possible, Banding Lakeside Inn, neighbouring resort of Belum Rainforest Resort, was selected for the comparison.
Resorts
Belum Rainforest Resort
Banding Lakeside Inn
(source: http://www.bigtreetours.com)
(source: http://www.agoda.com)
Materials
Majority of bamboo and concrete
Majority of concrete
Setbacks
Appx. 20m setback from shoreline
Appx. 40m setback from shoreline
Orientation
West facing
West facing
Architecture
Contextual Architecture
Urban/ Conventional
Style
Architecture
Table 2.5: Comparison of 2 similar resorts
From the table above (Table 2.5), we can easily identify the differences between the two resorts. Both situated right next to each other, sharing the almost exact context, this makes a compelling representation of the difference in good and poor practice of Contextualism.
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
Based on the table (Table 2.5), notice that Banding Lakeside, although situated in the same context of Belum Rainforest Resort, doesn’t adopt the practice of contextual architecture. Material usage are mainly concrete which is very conventional and vernacular. On the other hand, Belum Rainforest Resort made the extra effort in reaching for bambos and rammed earth for the construction of the resort, all in favour to promoting the art of contextual architecture and help maintain sustainability of its natural surroundings.
Although both resorts do not share the same ideal philosophy, both the resorts have paid their utmost efforts in obeying the regulations and by-laws imposed on buildings that are constructed near or by the lake. Both Belum Rainforest Resort and Banding Lakeside Inn satisfied the requirements of a minimum setback of 13m, since both resorts did not exceed 5 storeys. Moreover, both also shared the same orientation to make full use of its potential views and strategic sun shading techniques.
In short, in this comparison, I’ve gathered that with the practice of contextual architecture, a building is able to take greater advantage of its surrounding and also protect them at the same time which is the aim of this paper; to identify the challenges and turn them into a strength, or rather find a smart solution. For instance, Belum Rainforest Resort is able to have a shorter setback compared to Banding Lakeside Inn because it has adopted the stilt foundation method to be contextual and sustainable by elevating the suites that are by the shoreline of the lake.
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
3.0 Analysis Based on the research findings, 3 main problems are identified – Surface Runoff, Signs of Distress and Building Corrosion. In order to obtain the best solutions or provide the best suggestions, a thorough analysis must be conducted. Here I will pinpoint the source of problem and study the mechanics of it.
3.1 Surface Runoff Surface runoff, also known as overland flow, is the flow of water that occurs when excess water from rain, or other sources flows over the earth's surface. This usually occur because of over saturation of soil and when it reaches its full capacity. Sometimes it’s because rain arrives more quickly than soil can absorb. Surface runoff is a major component of the water cycle. It is the primary agent in soil erosion by water. (Robert E. Horton, 1933)
Diagram 3.1.1: Section of how surface runoff occurs (Source: http://stream2.cma.gov.cn)
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
Being situated in a humid lakeside, pouring rain water often floods the saturated soil to its full capacity. By understanding the diagram (Diagram 3.1.1), we can see how the saturated soil gets pulled towards the lake and leading to surface runoff in a sectional schematic diagram.
This occurrence will not only cause flash floods and inconvenience for the visitors but also weaken the rigidity of the soil the resort is resting on, which will weaken the sturdiness of the resort’s foundation. This is a major concern as it revolves around the safety of residents of the resort. Besides, overall contour and appearance of the fertile land will also be disrupted due to leftover clay soil that was washed to the shoreline (Figure 3.1.2). Surface runoff is one of the main factors leading to soil erosion and deposition.
Figure 3.1.2: Evidence of surface runoff (Source: Author)
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
3.2 Signs of Distress Signs of distress occurs on a building when the building is over a few decades old or is not properly constructed. Besides that, it may happen due to a shift in earth movement or improper wall installation. For places that are prone to natural disasters like the mighty earthquake, more precautions and measures are required to be applied to the specific building to resist such earth vigorous earth movement. Besides, it also lies on the level of humidity of a certain area or environment. Level of humidity will also affect the aging process of walls and increase the possibilities of an early sign of distress, which can me noticed with minor cracks running across concrete walls.
Figure 3.2.1: Ordinary building’s life cycle (Source: http://www.areadevelopment.com)
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
Considering Belum Rainforest Resort is well constructed in the construction process and situated in a land without the interference of earthquakes, it is odd to notice early signs of distress on the concrete walls of Belum Rainforest Resort, since signs of distress are usually only found in much older buildings (Figure 3.2.1). After in-depth observation, I’ve concluded that the occurrence is most probably due to the presence of soil erosion and surface runoff that was discovered earlier in this paper and also the high level of humidity.
Identifying a distressed building at its early stages is crucial. The circumstances of a heavily stressed building can collapse at any time and is very dangerous not only for the occupants of that particular building but also the passer-by. Thus carrying out appropriate measures in time is very essential once early signs of stressed is found.
In the case of Belum Rainforest Resort, early sign of distressed concrete walls are found in both phase 1 and phase 2 of the resort. (Figure 3.2.2)
Figure 3.2.2: Evidence of signs of distressed walls (Source: Author)
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
3.3 Building Corrosion Building corrosion occurs under the simultaneous presence of moisture and oxygen. Materials that are prone to corrosion are basically steel based. Iron and steel, the most commonly used metals, corrode in many media including most outdoor atmospheres. Steel is chosen mainly for its properties as strength, ease of fabrication, and cost. All steels and low-alloy steels rust in moist atmospheres but show up in different rate of metal lost due to rusting. In some circumstances, the introduction of 0.3% copper to carbon steel can help reduce the rate of corroding by one quarter or even by one half.
Situated in the middle of a rainforest, wet and humid climate is sure to promote corrosion. Understanding its context, Belum Rainforest is mainly built with concrete, timber and bamboos. But not to forget, the resort still uses metal to join the pieces of wood together. Steel hinges and joints were used throughout the resort and now it suffers from corrosion.
Figure 3.3.1: Evidence of corroded joint (Source: Author)
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
The effect caused by building corrosion is impactful that one think. Firstly, it is extremely unsustainable as it will pollute its surrounding, especially when it’s by a lake. Building corrosion is harmful as chemical debris from the infected areas may be carried by rainwater down into the lake, hence polluting the lake. Furthermore, corrosion will not only harm its surrounding nature but also endanger the lives of its occupants (resort visitors) as rusty support system (Diagram 3.3.2) may give way and be prone to a collapsible building.
Diagram 3.3.2: Process of corrosion (Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)
Figure 3.3.3: Example of a chemically polluted lake (Source: http://www.reuters.com)
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
4.0 Suggestions/ Solutions After thoroughly analysing the 3 problems found in Belum Rainforest Resort, a series of suggestions and solutions are being proposed in favour to help maintain and promote the sustainability of the manmade lake. A total of 5 solutions are found, be it existing solutions that are currently already being carried out in the resort or suggestions that are now being proposed to encourage the resort to practice - Swale Drainage System, Reinforcement Measure, Pier and Stilt Foundation, Plantation of Greeneries and Sustainable Material Selection.
4.1 Swale Drainage System The swale drainage system is a wide, shallow ditch in which water can flow to a suitable outlet. It is aimed to intercept and redirect water and provides a way to safely discharge the volume to a place beyond the problem area. This can greatly improve and reduce the effect of surface runoff as a significant amount of rainwater will not be going into the soil and cause soil erosion. The swale drainage system is now already available and being practiced in the resort.
Diagram 4.1.1: Sectional schematic diagram of a typical swale
Figure 4.1.2: Existing swale
system
system
(Source: http://www.iowadot.gov/)
(Source: Author)
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
4.2 Reinforcement Measures The stabilisation of the hillside in terms of an increase in the mechanical characteristics of the possibly unstable ground, can be effected by mainly 2 different approaches. An insertion of reinforcement elements in the ground or the improvement of the mechanical characteristics of the ground volume affected by landslide through chemical, thermal or mechanical treatment.
Based on the context of Belum Rainforest Resort, usage of chemical, thermal or mechanical treatment is less likely as these treatment may cause pollution to the lake and lead to a less sustainable environment. Hence the suggestion for the usage of reinforcement measure will be the traditional anchoring. The equilibrium of an unstable slope also can be achieved by increasing resistance to land sliding by means of the application of active forces to the unstable ground. These forces increase the normal stress and therefore resistance to friction along the creeping surface. Here, the anchors are installed at node points, fixed in a certainly stable place and are usually realised with orthogonal axes to the slope surface and therefore, at first approximately orthogonal to the surface of the creep. This will not only help reduce the effect of surface runoff, it will certainly prevent soil erosion as well.
Diagram 4.2.1: Sectional schematic diagram of an anchor based reinforcement measure (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stab_anchors.jpg/)
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
4.3 Pier and Stilt Foundation Due to surface runoffs and soil erosion, certain amount of earth movement is bound to occur in Belum Rainforest Resort. Noticeable wall cracks and early signs of distress is present in the concrete based phases of the resort. After careful observation and research, one of the best solutions to solve it is, first of course reduce the effect of surface runoff and soil erosion. But one of the other best ways to resolve the crack walls is to use a foundation that best suit such terrane; which is the Pier and Stilt foundations. In fact, this foundation method is already been practiced in the deluxe suits of Belum Rainforest Resort that is nearest to the shorelines of the lake. (Figure 4.3.1) This is an existing prove of the success in such a foundation as no sign of distress was found in this phases of buildings.
Diagram 4.3.1: Evidence of use of Pier foundation (Source: Author)
Stilt and pier supports generally are used in houses on steep hillsides, and capable of withstanding a building as tall as 4 x 4's, holding up the house on the downslope side. Stilts can even be strengthened by adding diagonal braces or plywood walls between the stilts. This not only helps to strengthen the building and eliminate stressed buildings, it separated its base from the humid and wet soil those reducing chances of corrosion underneath the building.
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
4.4 Plantation of Greeneries Plantation of greeneries is one of the most obvious and conventional way to improve sustainability of an area, or in the case of Belum Rainforest Resort, improve the suitability of the lake. Having excessive plantation of trees and greeneries will help the area in many ways. One of the most prominent reason for the plantation of greeneries is to reduce the effect of surface runoff. By reducing the effect of soil erosion and surface runoff, it will naturally lead to an improvement in lesser sign of distressed building as soil receive significantly lesser movement and disturbance. Other than that, the plants around also help absorb excess chemical leftovers in the soil, making the soil healthier and stronger as the soil will also be less humid.
Diagram 4.4.1: Shorelines overwhelmed with plantation of greeneries (Source: Author)
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
4.5 Sustainable Material Selection To ensure sustainability is well maintained, material selection plays one of the most important roles. In Belum Rainforest Resort, materials are carefully selected not just based on levels of embodied energy but also its passive movement in helping the resort to solve some of the challenges. For instance, Belum Rainforest Resort uses a lot of bamboos, timber and concrete. All these materials are conventional and most importantly vernacular and fits the context well. But the benefits go beyond that just that. The materials used in the resort are all low maintenance material, hence help save cost and energy. These materials are all rust free as well, they do not corrode and this will help maintain the sustainability of the healthy manmade lake.
But on the other hand, corrosion of building is still present in the resort despite carefully selecting the materials. They have used steel for their construction joints. A suggestion to solve such a problem is to keep a consistent check on the metal joints and ensure proper treatment and coating is applied. Besides, in a larger scale, Belum Rainforest Resort can consider to renovate the building by changing all joints to wooden interlocking. These suggestions are time consuming and costly but in the long run, it is believed to be able to compensate its loss.
Diagram 4.5: Bamboos, timber and concrete used in Belum Rainforest Resort (Source: Author)
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
5.0 Conclusion The objective of this paper is to deepen our understanding on contextual architecture, and this aim has definitely been achieved upon completion of paper. After carrying out studies on the relationship between the man-made lake and Belum Rainforest Resort, significant adaptations of design layout and measures are identified and analysed. This helped widen our knowledge in contextual architecture and also the art of adaptations. By learning the problems and solving the challenges, skills on problem solving has also been vastly improved. It has also validated the importance of maintaining sustainability in nature by promoting contextualism. Last but not least, it has also proved the significance of understanding the nature in maintaining the sustainability of the manmade lake and also the relationship between the man-made lake and Belum Rainforest Resort.
In short, here is a breakdown of the report in a table form:
Challenges Surface Runoff
Reasons
Solutions
- excess water from rain
- Swale Drainage System
- over saturation of soil
- Reinforcement measures - Plantation of Greeneries
Signs of Distress
Building Corrosion
- movement in soil
- Pier and Stilt foundation
- improper foundation
- Plantation of Greeneries
- wrong usage of material
- Sustainable Material
- Humid context
Selection
Table 5: Summary of paper
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
6.0 References Ackermann, W. (1991). <i>Man-Made Lakes: Their Problems and Environmental Effects</i> (1st ed., Vol. Geophysical Monograph Series (Book 17), p. 847). American Geophysical Union.
Adams, V. (2011, August 31). Downsides to living beside a lake/pond. Retrieved September
28,
2014,
from
http://ths.gardenweb.com/forums/load/realestate/msg0815183026150.html?33
JAMES STEVENS CURL. "contextual architecture." A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. (2000). Retrieved September 28, 2014 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-contextualarchitecture.html
"Lakes." World of Earth Science. (2003). Retrieved September 28, 2014 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3437800338.html
Lin, B. (2010, July 30). Surface Runoff. Retrieved October 28, 2014, from http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/156352/
Martin, J. (2010, February 1). Pier and Stilt Foundation. Retrieved November 9, 2014, from http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqresid/eqwood_0230.htm
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Challenges in construction and layout design to ensure sustainability of the man-made lake in Belum Rainforest Resort.
Nav, R. (2009, July 1). Corrosion as an Electrochemical Process. Retrieved November 2, 2014, from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/corrosion.html
Ray, K. (1980). <i>Contextual Architecture: Responding to Existing Style</i> (1st ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill.
Smith, R. (2010). Measures against landslides. Retrieved November 5, 2014, from http://www.planat.ch/en/knowledge-base/landslide-and-rockfall/landslide/measures-er/
Richard Longstreth. (2008). Cultural Landscapes: Balancing Nature and Heritage in Preservation Practice (1st ed) University of Minnesota Press, Minnesota.
Trisparks (Ed.). (2014, January 1). Exploring Belum. Retrieved September 28, 2014, from http://www.belumresort.com/experience_nature.html
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