ARCHAEOLOGICAL GUIDE PERU >>> Tourist
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2 Beatrice Velarde
Walter Silvera / PROMPERU
ARCHAEOLOGICAL GUIDE
Tourist
3 Walter Wust
Michael Tweddle / PROMPERU
Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU
Esta es una publicación de Editorial Team: Direction: César A. Vega Text and Research: Cárlos Del Águila, Fernando Fujita Additional texts: Pepe Alva Edition: Ketty Ordoñez Design and layout: Luisa Julián /Equipo Inkafotos Cartography: Inkafotos team Coordinations: Rosario Rojas Prepress and Printing: xxx Photography: Cárlos Del Águila, Mylene D’Auriol, Alejandro Balaguer, Rodrigo Cabrera, Omar Carbajal, Luis Gamero, Walter Hupiu, Chris Kleihege, Wilfredo Loayza, Mayu Mohanna, Archivo PromPerú, Jacques Rostand, Daniel Silva, Walter Silvera, Magalí del Solar, Michael Tweddle, Archivo Renzo Uccelli, César A. Vega, Beatrice Velarde, Walter Wust, Willian Zanatta. Inkafotos Ediciones Calle Brigadieres 1008, dpto. 403, Urb. Neptuno, Lima 33 Teléfono: (01) 998-528-456 E-mail: vega@inkafotos.com www.inkafotos.com (c) Peru Export and Tourism Promotion Board. Hecho en el Depósito legal en la Biblioteca Nacional de Perú Nº xxxxxxxxxx ISBN: xxxx-xxx-xx Todos los derechos reservados de acuerdo con el D.L. 882 (Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor).
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Beatrice Velarde
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7 CĂŠsar A. Vega
8 CĂŠsar A. Vega
Presentation
Peru is recognised Worldwide for its great historical legacy. As a testimony of the great civilizations and powerful kingdoms that populated ancient Peru, prevail along all our territory archaeological remains that impress Peruvians and foreigners and they are still researchers’ matter of study, who try to figure out the enigmas of those remote periods. According to the marketing research, most tourists who visit Peru do it motivated by the idea of knowing about its culture and history. The tourist today is interested in knowing about countries that preserve their history, their culture in harmony with their environment, considering “authenticity” as a principal attractive. It is just authenticity what Peru can offer our visitors. Thanks to the devoted task of our archaeologists and researchers, three great geographical espaces, that received the prehispanic cultures, have been identified: the fertile north, the arid south and an intermediate region dominated by the central coast of Peru. The remains left by these civilizations are inumerable, the ones which due to their important and historical richness, take part of the most relevant tourist tours of our country. Ceramics, textiles, metals, human rests successfully conserved and monumental buildings take part of our past legacy. PromPerú, which is an effort to promote archaeological and cultural tourism, puts this Archaeological Guide at your disposal, the one which by means of a variety of theme routes starting from its archaeological monuments, offers an unforgetable journey alternative.
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11 CĂŠsar A. Vega
Prehispanic cultures of Peru
What Archaeology says about the Andean World
stand out for their hierarchization,
As a consequence of an increase in the
uniqueness. They are proof of it. The
archaeological and historical research,
present guide offers a new way of
Peru is considered nowadays as one of
knowing Peru, from its archaeological
the fewest focus of complex civilization
monuments, venturing in the thematic
in the world. In the last years, from their
variety of the set out routes.
monumentality
and
ideological
scientific interpretations, studious have warned a peculiar, multiethnical, diverse and considerably developed universe,
Autonomous Cultures of Peru
to an extent of getting the landscapes
The territory that the andes mountain
transformed and transversely and
range dominates, permits to generate
longitudinally
through
diverse ecological levels, on which,
three great geographical areas: the
the ancient Peruvian settler took part
fertile north, the arid south and an
by understanding, experimenting and
intermediate region dominated by the
transforming it rationally. This is a first
central coast of Peru.
great lesson that the archaeological
The advance in Archaeology, as
interpretation lets us perceive. In this
a
territorial variety, we have extreme
discipline
connected
of
social
sciences,
has allowed to see new complex
landscapes,
interpretative
the
dry deserts such as Sechura and
origin of civilizations, as well as to
Paracas, to the most canyoning such
characterize an attractive research
as Conchucos, Huaylas, Colca and
area in the world. Among the Peruvian
Urubamba; from fabulous oasis, as
archaeological
cultures
a result of the peculiar fenomena of
or formations such as Caral, ChavĂn,
hillocks such as Lachay, Malanche and
Paracas, Nasca, Moche, Wari, Chincha,
Atiquipa, to the very varied, nearby
ChimĂş, Tiahuanaco and the Incas,
ecological levels such as the valleys
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speeches
about
evidences,
from
the
very
arid
13 Beatrice Velarde
14 Alejandro Balaguer / PROMPERU
Prehispanic cultures of Peru
of Santa, Chillón, Tambo and Ilo;
the same time, from the understanding
and from the high rugged accidents
of the social processes in a transversely
such as the circum-lake region of
way, that means, along these three
Altiplano, to the wooded, cloudy,
Macro Regions. And the wise Tello
humid lush groves such as the region
was not mistaken. The archaeological
of Chacha, Huánuco, including, the
research and the latest discoveries are
amazing savannahs of the Amazon.
showing and confirming little by little
All these spaces were, no doubt, used
his statements.
successfully by the ancient Peruvian.
From this focus, we will present
In this context, we can understand the
different archaeological routes, some
andean civilizatory process in different
of them are working with significant
ways: from the theorization of the
success.
origin of civilization in the world, where
Along the current guide, we will know
Bandurria, Caral, Chavín and Kotosh,
the North, the World of the Moche, and
just to mention some of them, take a
through them, we will know about their
fundamental role in its explanation; or
ancestors and heirs. A tour along their
even from the particular understanding
principal monuments and museums
of explaining processes from the
that hold their treasures. It will be an
regional scope, in which, we will find
excellent starting point so that we can
innumerable
the
discover later other destinations such
explanation of them. Julio César Tello
specifications
in
as the late complexes of the Chimú
Rojas, the “father of the Peruvian
and Lambayeque realms. We also
archaeology”, had perceived it along
have Gold as a leading thread, which
all his studies and expeditions, and he
is an integrative element of the route
had proposed a complex explaining
that lets us appreciate the different
formula starting from cultural trunks
uses and works of this precious metal
involving the current Northern, Central
that the ancient Peruvians knew how to
and Southern Macro Regions, and at
handle. What is more, from the feline
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Prehispanic cultures of Peru
figure, it is developed an interesting
Cities, they let us have a more integral
route that permits to explain the
background of the monumentality
fundamental roles that this amazing
and cultural complexity that the andes
animal
precolonial
settlers were able to reach through an
ideology. We will have a similar model
over 15 thousand-year accumulated
in the South Region, where the Feline’s
experience.
South Route, permits to link different
The material transformation, the use
cultures,
expansive
of resources and the rational use of
developments, the ones which used
space are lessons that must let us
this element to explain their origins.
identify with a cultural heritage which
Finally, along these three regions, the
is real evidence of what Peruvians are
routes of The Origins and the Andean
able to do.
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played
in
periods
the
and
17 CĂŠsar A. Vega
CONTENTS Routes of the prehispanic cultures
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The Origin Route
24 28 34 40 46 50
Chavín de Huántar Caral Bandurria El Paraíso Paracas
North Archaeological Route
Moche Route
Tumbas Reales Museum Huaca Rajada Pampa Grande Huacas del Sol y de la Luna El Brujo Complex San José de Moro
56 58 60 64 68 72 76 80
Others of importance: Túcume Batán Grande Chan Chan Huaca El Dragón
84 88 92 96
The Cloudy Town Route
Karajía Kuélap Revash Macro La Jalca- Jalca Grande Museum Leymebamba Museum Laguna de los Cóndores La Congona
Center Archaeological Route
138
140 142 146 150
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route / Archaeological Lima
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102 104 108 112 116 120 124 128 132
Huaca Pucllana Huallamarca Mateo Salado
Maranga Paramonga Puruchuco Cajamarquilla Pachacรกmac
South Archaeological Route
Feline Route
Nasca Lines Cantayoc Paradones Cahuachi Saywite Choquequirao Limatambo Cusco City Pikillacta Chinchero Maras Ollantaytambo Machu Picchu Tipรณn /Oropesa Andahuaylillas Raqchi Pucarรก Sillustani
The Imperial Cities Route
154 158 162 166 170 178 180 184 188 186 190 200 204 208 212 216 220 224 228 232 236 240 244 248 252
Cajamarca Marcahuamachuco Wiracochapampa Wari Huanucopampa Vilcashuamรกn
258 262 266 270 274 278 282
Others of importance: Chan Chan Cajamarquilla Pachacรกmac Pikillacta
92 166 170 216
Participatory Archaeological Tourism
Willian Zanatta
286
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Tumbes Piura Amazonas
Amotape
LAURICOCHA PAIJANENSE
Amazon
Puno Arequipa Moquegua Tacna
Loreto San Martín Ucayali Madre de Dios
Jaywa PUENTE Pacaicasa
Omagua Shipibo Amahuaca Amuesha Campa
COLLPA LUPAQA Puquina Collagua ARICA
Hupa-Iya Nazarátegui
TRAPICHE
TIWANAKU
PUKARA
NASCA Waru
HUARPA
Rancha Qasawirka TOPARÁ (Necrópolis) Chanapata Wichqana Muyu Orqo PARACAS Marcavalle
3000
20
WANCA CHACHA CHINCHA INCA
MOCHE Cajamarca 1-3 Higueras RECUAY LIMA Salinar Layzón Sajara Patac HUARAZ Baños de Boza Huaca Prieta Galgada Kotosh-Mito Áspero-CARAL Bandurria Paraíso
VICUS
Jambelí
b.C. XX
Piqui CHILCA Otuma
a.C.
Tumbes Tallán CHACHA SICHES
III
9000
Junín, Pasco Ica, Ayacucho Huancavelica Apurímac Cusco
CHAVÍN (Cupusnique, Ancón) GUAÑAPE
III
5000
Lambayeque La Libertad Cajamarca Huánuco Áncash, Lima
CHORRERA Ñañañique
VI
X
Arid South
WARI EMPIRE
X
0
Fertile North
Andes South Central
TAWANTINSUYO EMPIRE
XVI
XIII
Central Andes
Northern Andes
CHIMOR LAMBAYEQUE Chupachu CAJAMARCA CHANCAY
centuries
Principal cultures of Peru
Cusipata
Shakimu
QALUYO
Tutishcainyo
Awari Chinchorro ASANA IV ASANA I
?
Chronology according to John H. Rowe
Years
Chronology according to Luis G. Lumbreras
1532 Tawantinsuyo Empire
Late Horizon
Late Intermediate
1200 Wari Empire
Medium Horizon
a.C.
Regional States
500 Regional Development
Early Intermediate
100 0
Early Horizon
2000 Archaic
Initial Period
b.C.
Formative
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
1470
3000 5000
Lithic
Pre-ceramic
9000
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Routes of prehispanic cultures The Origin Route 1 2 3 4 5
Chavín de Huántar Caral Bandurria Paraíso Paracas
North Archaeological Route Moche Route 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Tumbas Reales Museum Huaca Rajada Pampa Grande Huaca del Sol y de la Luna El Brujo Complex San José de Moro Túcume Batán Grande Chan Chan Huaca El Dragón
The Cloudy Town Route 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Karajía Kuélap Revash Macro La Jalca Leymebamba Museum Laguna de los Cóndores La Congona
Center Archaeological Route The Metropolis Ancients’ Route 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
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Huaca Pucllana Huallamarca Mateo Salado Maranga Paramonga Puruchuco Cajamarquilla Pachacámac
South Archaeological Route Feline Route 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
Nasca Lines Cantayoc Paredones Cahuachi Saywite Choquequirao Limatambo Cusco City Pikillacta Chinchero Maras Ollantaytambo Machu Picchu Tipón / Oropesa Andahuaylillas Raqchi Pucara Sillustani
Route of the Imperial Cities 50 51 52 53 54 55
Cajamarca Marcahuamachuco Wiracochapampa Wari Huanucopampa Vilcashuamán
Others of importance 30 31 40 14
Cajamarquilla Pachacámac Pikillacta Chan Chan
COLOMBIA
ECUADOR
TUMBES
IQUITOS
PIURA
CHICLAYO
6
7
YURIMAGUAS
16
12 13 8
CHACHAPOYAS 17 19 18 20 50 23 21 22
BRASIL
11 CAJAMARCA 10 15 51 52 14 TRUJILLO 9
PUCALLPA
CHIMBOTE HUARAZ
28 HUACHO
1
54
HUÁNUCO
2 3
4 29 26 30 27 LIMA 24 25 31
PACIFIC OCEAN
5
HUANCAYO 44 43 53 AYACUCHO 37 42 41 CUSCO 36 39 45 38 55 40 46 ABANCAY 47
ICA 32 33 35 34 NASCA
48 JULIACA 49 PUNO
N International limit Regional limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port Airdrome Archaeological center
AREQUIPA
BOLIVIA
0
100
200 km
CHILE
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The Origin Route
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Chris Kleihege
Chavín de Huántar, Caral, Bandurria, El Paraíso, and Paracas.
This route has the aim of standing out the places that characterize the Andes complex civilization origins and according to several interpretative hypothesis, they point out the places and evolution of the first human groups who gave birth to the great adventure of the Andean civilization, extended along the territory of what is currently Peru. The places where you can see these beginnings are: Chavín de Huántar, Caral, Bandurria, El Paraíso and Paracas.
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The Origin Route 1 Chavín de Huántar The archaeological monument of Chavín, consists of a series of solid-look buildings that belonged to temples, due to the religious role that was played there.
2 Caral Caral-Supe represents the most ancient civilization of America, developed almost simultaneously with the ones of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India y China. It is a city that belongs to the pre-ceramic period.
3 Bandurria At present, it is being recovered to put a value on it. It stands out the domestic sector (Sector I) that was the first identified area in the archaeological site and its research defined the small-village character of Bandurria.
4 El Paraíso Chuquitanta was a religious, political and administrative center of a society of farmers and fishermen. The archaeological site has an extension of 50 hectares. It consists of nine great structures with a great ceremonial square in the central part.
5 Paracas It is a Group of cemeteries and necropolis associated to Paracas culture. It is presented as a sacred space, very connected to nature (Nature Reserve) whose water gathers a series of hydrobiotic resources.
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TIME LINE 2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
200
Paracas
Caral Bandurria
b.C.
Chavín
CHIMBOTE
a.C.
ÁNCASH HUARAZ
1
BARRANCA
N
2 3
HUACHO
LIMA 4
LIMA
PACIFIC OCEAN
PISCO
Detailed area
5
ICA
ICA NASCA
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
The Origin Route 1 Chavín de Huántar 2 Caral 3 Bandurria 4 El Paraíso 5 Paracas 0
50
100
27
150 km
The Origin Route
Chavín de Huántar
César A. Vega
Chavín is one of the most studied archaeological sites of the Peruvian archaeology. Research has even permited identified it as an occupation place that goes back to the Archaic period, even earlier, in the Lithic period.
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Chavín de Huántar
CHAVÍN DE HUÁNTAR
Other names: Castillo de Chavín
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 261156.89 N 8939415.94
Google Earth W 77 10' 36'', S 9 35' 46''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Huántar District: Chavín de Huántar
Province: Wari Region: Ancash
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Iquitos, 104
Huaraz, 3 091
Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399
Chavín, 3 141
TIME LINE b.C. 2000
1750
1250
1500
1000
750
500
250
a.C. 0
250
500
750
Chavín de Huántar 1800 b.C.
200 b.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Fluvial or Maritime
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
By Plane
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has a site museum and the Museo Nacional de Chavín.
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30 CĂŠsar A. Vega
LLAMELLÍN
YUNGAY
PAUCAS
CHACAS CARHUAZ
HUARI
JANGAS
NATIONAL PARK HUASCARÁN
HUÁNTAR
HUARAZ
SAN MARCOS
Río t San a
ANCASH
LLATA
1
CHAVÍN DE HUÁNTAR
RECUAY CÁTAC
LA UNIÓN HUALLANCA
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
1 Chavín de Huántar
CONOCOCHA
CHIQUIÁN 0
10
20
30
40km
The impressiveness and mystery of Chavín, considered to be the magicreligious center of the most advanced civilization of the preinca age, was built approximately in 1800 b.C. Being given its declension in 200 b.C., within the period known as Formative. Chavín archaeological monument, located in Huantar, Ancash province of Wari, is composed by a set of solid appearance buildings that belonged to temples, due to the religious role that they played. These constructions had a strong batter on its walls, the one which gave them a pyramidal profile. Those buildings were made progressively by adding platforms to their original structures. Chavín is one of the most studied archaeological zones of the Peruvian archaeology. Research has even permitted identified it as an occupation place that goes back to the Archaic period, even earlier, in the Lithic period (research in La Banda).
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Chavín de Huántar
CARAZ
The Origin Route of high quality iconographic vessels in a systematic and organized way. It is also notable the lanz贸n gallery which constitutes a central point in almost all the ceremonial complex and holds the monolith The Lanz贸n, represented by a feline in an aggressive attitude. Other remarkable galleries are: The Cantilever gallery, which is the biggest, and the Conches gallery, where 21 strombus offerings, carved some of them, were recently identified and they were used as important ritual musical instruments.
C茅sar A. Vega
What calls attention the most is the well-defined functionality of its ceremonial center, the one which is preferably ritual, standing out a set of underground galleries that store offerings brought from different parts of the Andean territory. The most important and studied is the Offering Gallery, investigated since the late 60s by the archaeologist Luis Lumbreras. This has allowed to identify different ethnical groups that gave offerings to the temple, in a very complex ritual that included the intentional breaking
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Chavín was developed in the narrow valley of Callejón de Conchucos, formed by the Mosna river, which is fed with the thaws from the White mountain range and leads its water towards the Marañón river. Two mountainous chains separate Chavín from the sea: the White and the Black nountain ranges; and there are two other mountainous chains that separate it from the Amazon jungle: the central, which rises between the Marañón and the Huallaga basins, and the eastern, which establishes the water separation between the Huallaga and the Ucayali rivers. This geographical situation creates serious Communication difficulties among the villages which are settled there, whose relative proximity is measured by the irregularity of the ground. Chavín is located in a crucial east-west and north-south connection point of an extensive territory. It is a sort of “road knot” of a region that covers the coast and the highlands of Lambayeque, La Libertad, Cajamarca, Ancash, Huánuco and Lima. Furthermore, from Chavín, you can reach the Amazon jungle by following the course of the Marañón river. According to Antonio Raimondi (1873: 205), in the XIX Century, he kept on the export of maize to Huaraz and Huamalies (Huánuco) and flour to Huánuco and Cerro de Pasco, in the same way, as a coastal man, he went there to get cattle every year. He also remarks that there is gold in the district of Uco, near the mouth of the Marañón. Chavín is located over an alluvial terrace, associated to a greater river, the Pukcha, that flows down from the south, and a tributary, the Wacheqsa, that flows down abruptly from the White Mountain Range, whose eastern foothills hold it.
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Chavín de Huántar
César A. Vega
Geographical means
The Origin Route
Caral
Chris Kleihege
Caral-Supe represents the most ancient civilization in America. It was developed almost simultaneously with the ones of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China. It is a monumental architectural complex that belongs to the archaic period.It covers an area of approximately 66 hectares and it is believed that at a certain time, it held about 3 thousand inhabitants.
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Others names: Centro Ceremonial de Caral - Centro Ceremonial de Chupacigarro B
Caral
CARAL
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 224359.79 N 8795017.3
Google Earth W 77 31' 21'', S 10 53' 35''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Chupacigarro District: Supe
Province: Barranca Region: Lima
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768
Pacific Ocean, 0
Caral, 357
Huaraz, 3 091
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 2600 2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
200
a.C. 0
200
400
600
800
Caral 2500 b.C.
1600 b.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has an interpretation center and an archaeological office.
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The Origin Route ceremonial type that presents in its evidences a great deal of information of the first settlers’ lifestyle of this zone, preferably fishermen and shellfish collectors, apart from being connected to rituals associated to music and fire. The constructions of Caral complex are of different magnitude and functions. So far, 6 pyramidal buildings have been identified and a set of middle-sized and small-sized constructions such as temples, residential areas, public squares, amphitheatres, warehouses, a circular coliseum, tombs, altars and streets. In accordance with its main researchers,
Chris Kleihege
For about a decade, the result of some archaeological research, has led to the conclusion that the buildings of Caral, located in Supe valley in Lima, represent the most ancient civilization in America. It was developed almost simultaneously with the ones of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China. Visitors and students can admire this complex that belongs to the archaic period and covers an area of approximately 66 hectares. It is believed that at a certain time, it held about 3 thousand inhabitants. The research in Caral has determined that it is a monumental complex of
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Caral
COCHAS
N
Río Pativilca
PATIVILCA
PARAMONGA
BARRANCA
SUPE
SUPE PORT
Río Sup
2 CARAL
e
COCHAMARCA
LIMA
PACIFIC OCEAN VÉGUETA HUAURA
HUACHO 0
10
Río Huaura
20km
SAYÁN
D
OA
commanded by the archaeologist Ruth Shady, the buildings in Caral, that occupy 66 hectares, have a core zone and an outlying ones. In the core zone, you can appreciate the pyramidal constructions, a sunken circular Square, two areas for massive public meetings, apart from the officials’ domestic and storing units, and an amphitheater. Meanwhile, in the outlying zone, there are groups of houses along the valley. It is amazing to see how they made
AR
AN
RIC
ME
2 Caral
NA
PA
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
LOMAS DE LACHAY NATIONAL RESERVE
great buildings with the bag system (Shicras), filled with pebbles, creating such solid enough, antiseismic stuff that let them raise great platforms. This is the most remarkable of the site. What is more, it was an experimental place of sea product processing as well as the beginnings of plant and animals’ domestication. That is why it takes part of the route, for being the most extensive and studied place about the origins of civilization in Peru.
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Luis Gamero / PROMPERU
Chris Kleihege
The Origin Route
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The lack of water of the river Supe for most of the year and the scarce soil land suggest interesting questions about the support of the great ceremonial civic centers of early dating. It is evident that the geographical conditions, apparently unfavourable at present, wouldn’t have been like that then. Being Supe a small valley, without much gradient, they could have taken advantage of the water of the river by means of small irrigation channels, furthermore, the freatic layer is very close to the surface. Nowadays, some lagoons and ponds can even be formed in some depressions, covered with vegetation. In the drought period, the plantations are watered by means of channels fed by the reception wells of this water source from the subsoil. The natural resources are very rich and varied. The valley gives life to a dense natural vegetation, which still exists in some strongholds, called «riverside mount», the one which is a real wood tangled by tree and herbaceous plants, such as huarango, caña brava, annato, guava, pacae, etc. It has a typically coastal flora, which holds a variety of birds, viscachas and deers that used to cover great extensions of the valley a few years ago. On the other hand, the hills of the andean chain, have a border with both banks of the valley, turning into hillocks during the winter Season and they are still used by the settlers, who get through them in order to look for deers and viscachas. It is possible that in the past, they covered a much larger extension offering vegetable and animal resources, as well as the extensive swamps that are still there.
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Caral
César A. Vega
Geographical means
The Origin Route
Bandurria
CĂŠsar A. Vega
Bandurria is an extensive ceremonial center, spread along 54 hectares. It has its origins in the Archaic period. At present, a group of researchers are working there to make it worthwhile.
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Bandurria
BANDURRIA GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 217293.53 N 8762078.5
Google Earth W 77 35' 19'', S 11 11' 12''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Playa Chica District: Huacho
Province: Huaura Region: Lima
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768
Bandurria, 28 Pacific Ocean, 0
Huaraz, 3 091
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 2600 2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
a.C. 0
200
400
600
Bandurria 1430 b.C.
2500 b.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It presents minimal signposting and an archaeological campsite.
41
CĂŠsar A. Vega
The Origin Route
identified whose investigation defined the village character of this important place. This sector belongs to an up to five meter-deep densely domestic occupation that has residential structures and remains of food and daily activities that have been accumulated throughout the time. Unfortunately, Santa Rosa irrigation destroyed two thirds of this zone, and devastated archaeological evidence.
CĂŠsar A. Vega
Bandurria archaeological site, is located at 141 kilometer of Panamericana Norte highway, on the Northern-Central Coast and consists of an extensive ceremonial center, spread along 54 hectares. It has its origins in the Archaic period. At present, a group of researchers are working there to make it worthwhile. Bandurria is composed by a domestic sector (Sector I), which was the first
42
Bandurria
PATIVILCA
N
BARRANCA
SUPE
SUPE PORT
CAUJUL Río S
COCHAMARCA
CARAL
upe
NAVAN
LIMA HUAURA
HUACHO
SAYÁN
N PA AM
3
D
OA
AR
N ICA
Bandurria
ER
PACIFIC OCEAN
Río Huaura
20km
ay nc
3
ha
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
LOMAS DE LACHAY NATIONAL RESERVE
oC
10
Bandurria
Rí
0
HUARAL CHANCAY
On the other hand, the sector of Monumental architecture (Sector II) exists, composed by main mounds that represent a very pronounced relief, with an average height from 10 to 15 meters. You can also observe that the sides of several of these mounds are quite regular, denoting the presence of underlying structures. It is probable that several sides of these mounds present terraced façades, and these projections constitute platforms detached to their mounds. In addition to these rounds, there are several emerges of ash hills and shell hills located in open, flat spaces that are around them associated with small stone alignments that must belong to emerging walls too, the ones which would indicate the connection of housing areas (maybe, elite residences), with the pyramids and buildings of the monumental area. The mounds and pyramids were built by using as main raw material pebbles Joint with mud mortar to raise the Retailing walls of the platforms and the stairs of the pyramids. The use of pebbles, is singular and distintive of Bandurria, as the other contemporary archaeological sites related to this place were built by using
43
The Origin Route north coast of Peru. The “shicra” is a knitted bag as a net by using vegetal fibers (reed or totora). It was used to hold a large quantity of earth and stones. On the other hand, in Bandurria the stuff was placed directly by using grave, rubble and sand. (Chu Barrera 2008).
César A. Vega
blocks of carved stones. Though, in the neighbouring site of Áspero, there is a constructional phase, in which, pebble was also used as raw material. Another distinctive element of Bandurria is the absence of “shicras” as a platform stuff technique, which was commonly used by contemporary sites of the central, north-central and
44
The first humans who settled the Peruvian territory by 12 000 b.C. Found an ecosystem different from the current one. Around the year 3 800 b.C., The cold current of the Pacific, the Humboldt current, approaches the Peruvian coast and rises until latitude 5° south, transforming the Peruvian coast weather from tropical to mild, attracting at the same time, very close to the beach cold water fish such as anchovy, that became the basis of food of the coast villages in that historical period. For some researchers such as Michael Moseley, it was the fish abundance, brought by the Humboldt current, that allowed the sedentarism of the human groups on the coast of Peru, before the use of agriculture as a means of subsistence (Moseley 1975). This proposal has been accepted by many other researchers, such as the Peruvian archaeologist Alejandro Chu, who reaffirms that the subsistence base don fishing and marine collection, permitted the construction of permanente settlemens and the emerge of monumental architecture, postulating Bandurria as one of the first and the most ancient (Chu Barrera 2008). However, as the same archaeologist reports, they also used and consumed other crops, but they couldn’t compete with the marine products. These crops were fruit, tubers, mate (pumpkin) and especially cotton, which was used to knit nets and fishing string.
45
Bandurria
CĂŠsar A. Vega
Geographical means
The Origin Route
Ceremonial Center ParaĂso -Chuquitanta-
Walter Hupiu
ParaĂso has an extension of 50 hectares and consists of nine great structures with a large ceremonial square in the central part. The main temple reaches up to 5 m high and in its height period, about 1800 years b.C. It was lit up and perhaps with polychromed walls.
46
Paraíso
PARAÍSO
Other names: Chuquitanta
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 269309.75 N 8677653.22
Google Earth W 77 07' 06'', S 11 57' 14''
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: Chillón
Province: Lima Region: Lima
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Paraíso, 73 Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Huaraz, 3 091
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 2600 2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
200
a.C. 0
200
400
600
800
Paraíso 2500 b.C.
1600 b.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has no services.
47
Walter Hupiu
The Origin Route
Located in Lima district of Chillon, Chuquitanta was a religious, political and administrative center of a society of farmers and fishermen at the end of the late Archaid period. The archaeological site is formed by a group of eight buildings in and extension of 50 hectares and it has nine great structures with a great ceremonial square in the central part. The main temple is more than 400 m long and, 100 m wide and its stone walls, reach up to 5 m high. In its height period, about 1800 years b.C. It was plastered and possibly with polychromed murals.
48
A few years ago, Chuquitanta temple was considered to be the most ancient sanctuary on the Peruvian coast, but 2001, it was known the antiquity of Caral Main Temple, 2600 b.C. However, due to its monumentality, its particular architecture on stone and because of its special floor, it deserves to be included in this tour as everything indicates that this place hasn’t been thoroughly assessed and it could show older evidences than the current ones, becoming in this way, in one of the foundational sites of the central coast culture origins.
HUAURA
HUACHO
Río Huaura
SAYÁN
Rí
oC
ha nc ay
LOMAS DE LACHAY NATIONAL RESERVE
Paraíso
ACOS
N
illó n
HUARAL
Río
Ch
CHANCAY
PACIFIC OCEAN
TRAPICHE
ANCÓN SANTA ROSA
0
10
YANGAS
LIMA
20km
Provincial limit Capital regional Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
4
Paraíso
4
PARAÍSO
CHOSICA
LIMA CIENEGUILLA
Geographical means The inhabitants of Paraíso, settled down in a coastal valley which was very bountiful for agriculture and a few kilometres away from the sea. That’s why their main activity was fishing, especially shell collecting. The enormous abundance of this resource, allowed them to support such a large population that it held and give them economic stability. Weaving and basketry were two activities broadly spread in Paraíso, in general, in all the pre-ceramic places. The rugs are all made of white or brown cotton. Sometimes, they are both mixed up getting a decorative aspect. Farming was an activity that completed the marine diet. They grew butter bean, bean and pumpkin, and mainly: cotton. The collection of wild fruit, roots and tubers, as well as the hunt of wild animals, close the circle of this well balanced diet they were fed with.
49
The Origin Route
Paracas
Jacques Rostand / PROMPERU
It is a set of cemeteries and necropolises from the Formative period associated to Paracas Culture. It presents itself as a sacred place. It is linked to nature. In its water, there are a series of hydrobiotic resources that differ the peninsula considerably from the whole coastal desert.
50
Paracas
PARACAS
Other names: Necrópolis de Arena Blanca, Cabeza Larga, Warikayan and Cerro Colorado
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 362190.08 N 8466588.89
Google Earth W 76 16' 31'', S 13 52' 02''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Bahía Paracas District: Paracas
Province: Pisco Region: Ica
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399
Paracas, 26 Pacific Ocean, 0
Huaraz, 3 091
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 400
300
200
100
a.C. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Paracas 200 b.C.
600 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESIBILIDAD
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has an on-site museum and a visit circuit.
51
The Origin Route of hydrobiotic resources that differ the peninsula considerably from the whole coastal desert. In these cemeteries, the men from Paracas culture were identified in two well-defined phases: Paracas Caverns and Paracas Necropolis. The first ones had bottle-shaped burials, with a tubular entrance and gathering real mausoleums of bundles where the instruments related to vessel offerings with very representative post - firing stand out. The second phase, Necropolis, presents more superficial structures, defined by their pebble and/or caliche walls, gathering a large number of better prepared bundles.
Jacques Rostand / PROMPERU
Paracas magnificence and history are necessarily associated with the scientist Julio C. Tello, known as “The father of Peruvian archaeologyâ€?, who discovered this set of cemeteries and necropolises from the Formative period connected to Paracas culture. It was doctor Tello, who between the years 1925 and 1930, identified and characterized this culture, famous for its beautiful polychrom mantles, which were given to know worldwide. Paracas, located in the bay of the same name, in the iqueĂąa province of Pisco, presents itself as a sacred place. It is linked to nature, as it is part of a Nature Reserve, whose water meets a series
52
Paracas
SAN CLEMENTE PISCO
N
HUMAY
SAN ANDRÉS
PARACAS 5
GUADALUPE
PACIFIC OCEAN
ICA PARACAS NATIONAL RESERVE
10
20km
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
5
Paracas
Archivo PROMPERU
0
53
The Origin Route studies establish along the whole Paracas peninsula, a remarkable sector of Paracas early evidences and Pre Paracas that still need to be investigated.
Jacques Rostand / PROMPERU
In this case, about 476 funerary packets have been identified, the ones which are wrapped up with fine textiles that represent a notable iconography of this culture. Archaeological
54
Paracas society occupied the valleys of Chincha, Pisco, Ica and RĂo Grande on the south coast of Peru. This zone is a deserted territory, with hot dry weather in summer, and slightly humid in winter. The society survived thanks to the fishing, hunting fruit and shell collecting and the growing of their valleys. To counteract the limitations that the environment offered for the development of agriculture, the Paracas used an agricultural technique known as hollows or sunken fields. This technique consisted of digging a hole till humid ground was reached, which was necessary to grow. Additionally, irrigation channels, which started from a water inlet, located in the upper part of the valley to the rest of it, were built. Paracas National Reserve is a unique place on the Peruvian coast due to its exceptional biological diversity, generated by the Humboldt current and the coastal outcrop, making of this sea one of the most productive and rich in the world. In this natural space, we can find 216 species of birds, more than 180 species of fish and 20 species of cetaceans. Furthermore, the reserve also has cultural and historical values that are evident in 114 registered archaeological sites, which are the testimonies of the successful interaction between the ancient inhabitants of Paracas and the sea. Paracas National Reserve is the only protected national area of Peru that keeps a sample of the coastal marine ecosystem and it was declared Ramsar Site by the wetland Convention, of International importance in 1991.
55
Paracas
CĂŠsar A. Vega
Geographical means
Archaeological North Route
56
Michael Tweddle / PROMPERU
The archaeological richness in the north of Peru has canalized a fluent tourist current with the aim of letting know the monumental and artistic richness of other cultures different from the Inca, the ones which settled down in this area of the country. It is true that the referent of the Moche Route is being implemented successfully in this region, it is also valuable the Cloudy Wood, which was the ecological place, chosen by Chachapoyas prehispanic society to establish their domains by the year 1000 a.C. There, recent works on the monumental architecture are preparing the conditions to become a new pole of tourist attraction in the archaeological field. For this reason, it is interesting to intertwine the existing routes, to offer them to the thousands of tourists that arrive in this region.
57
Moche Route 6
Tumbas Reales Museum This is perhaps the principal thematic museum that exists in our country. It houses the collections recovered from the place Huaca Rajada, in charge of the archaeologist Walter Alva.
7
Huaca Rajada It is a monument made of adobe bricks that belongs to the period of the Regional Developments expressed by Moche culture.
8
Pampa Grande It is an extensive monumental complex of the Regional Development period and it spreads until Wari period.
9
Huacas del Sol y de la Luna In this monumental group stands out two truncated pyramids or with platforms, with sacred spaces in their interior.
10
El Brujo Complex Famous walls that represent scenes and iconographies of a religious worship sustained in the vital element of human blood.
11
San José de Moro It stands out the priestess’ tomb of San José de Moro, the one which shows an impressive funeral trousseau which gave support to the study of the iconographic interpretation.
Other important places 12
Túcume
13
Batán Grande
14
Chan Chan
15
Huaca El Dragón
58
All the splendor and richness of this civilization is present in this archaeological tour that selects Moche culture’s principal height sites, the one which was developed from 100 b.C. to 300 a.C. This period corresponds to the Regional Developments in the Andes. It is amazing the funerary evidences of great complexity and ritualism and the representations of embossed friezes of gods and the Moche governors’ special scenes. In this route, we can find important places such as the Tumbas Reales de Sipán Museum, Huaca Rajada, Pampa Grande, Huacas del Sol y de la Luna, El Brujo Complex and San José de Moro.
TIME LINE 1200
b.C.
1000
800
600
400
a.C.
200
0
200
400
600
Sipán - Huaca Rajada El Brujo - San José de Moro Pampa Grande
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Túcume Huacas del Sol y de la Luna Chan Chan - El Dragón
N
LAMBAYEQUE
Detailed area
TÚCUME 12 6
LAMBAYEQUE CHICLAYO
8
13 7
GUADALUPE
CHONGOYAPE
ZAÑA 11
PACIFIC OCEAN MAGDALENA DE CAO
CAJAMARCA
10 14 15
HUANCHACO TRUJILLO
9
LA LIBERTAD
MOCHE
Moche Route Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Tumbas Reales Huaca Rajada Pampa Grande Sol y Luna El Brujo San José de Moro Túcume Batán Grande Chan Chan Huaca El Dragón
0
25
50
75 59
100 km
Moche Route
Tumbas Reales de Sipán Museum
César A. Vega
It holds the collections that were recoverered in Huaca Rajada place. In the mid-1980s, the news of a scandalous pillage, forced the specialists of the Brünning Museum to perform works of archaeological rescue, the ones which allowed to identify one of the most amazing funerary contexts that has been identified in the world.
60
Tumbas Reales de Sipรกn
MUSEO NACIONAL TUMBAS REALES DE SIPร N GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 621648.55 N 9258717.12
Google Earth W 79 53' 58'', S 6 42' 19''
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: Lambayeque
Province: Lambayeque Region: Lambayeque
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768
Tumbas Reales, 18 Pacific Ocean, 0
Huaraz, 3 091
Cusco, 3 399
Meters Above Sea Level
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 400
300
200
100
a.C. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Sipรกn 0
600 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has a museum, a research center and craft workshops.
61
Moche Route
Daniel Silva / PROMPERU Michael Tweddle / PROMPERU
Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU
This is perhaps, the principal theme museum in the country. Its spectacular architecture looks like Moche pyramids. It holds the collections that were recovered in Huaca Rajada place, in charge of the archaeologist Walter Alva. Remember that in the mid-1980s, the news of scandalous pillage forced the specialists of the Brünning Museum to perform works of archaeological rescue, the ones which allowed to identify one of the most amazing funerary contexts that has been identified in the world. In this way, two big mausoleums have been able to be recovered: The “old” and the “new” Lord of Sipán. All these evidences that have been conserved and restored, are shown permanently in this museum, which is especially prepared for these wonderful pieces. The beginning of the tour Moche Route, might well start from this point, as a starting place to understand the whole complexity of Moche society.
62
Tumbas Reales de Sipán
LAMBAYEQUE BATÁN GRANDE
MÓRROPE
TÚCUME
FERREÑAFE
N
6
LAMBAYEQUE SAN JOSÉ
PACIFIC OCEAN 10 Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
Río
PIMENTEL
20
30km
ETEN PORT
e
u Req
ZAÑA
6
Tumbas Reales
CHÉRREPE
CHEPÉN
Walter Silvera / PROMPERU
0
CHICLAYO
63
Moche Route
Huaca Rajada, Sipรกn
Walter Wust / PROMPERU
This archaeological site has this name because of the cut it suffered during an old pillage: Huaca Rajada. Later, it was modified by muchik: Sipรกn, as it is known now.
64
Huaca Rajada
HUACA RAJADA, SIPÁN GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 0654542 N 9247980
Google Earth W 79 36'06'', S 6 48' 05''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Huaca Rajada District: Zaña
Province: Chiclayo Region: Lambayeque
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Huaca Rajada, 92 Pacific Ocean, 0
Huaraz, 3 091
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 400
300
200
100
a.C. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Huaca Rajada 0
600 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It also has a small information center assossiated to the Museo de Tumbas Reales, located in the city of Lambayeque.
65
Moche Route
Walter Wust
This archaeological site has this name because of the cut it suffered before with the aim of being pillaged -Huaca Rajada-, which was modified by the name in muchik language, SipĂĄn, as it is known at present. This monument or pyramid is composed by adobe brick constructions, with several architectural spaces and volumes such as squares, terraces that belonged to the Regional Development period represented by Moche Culture (Âą 0 to 600 a.C.). The one that outstands of Huaca Rajada is the presence of a series of tombs of ancient local Moche lords, as it was the beginning of one of the best stages of archaeological research on the North Coast, from then and on, they have found many intact tombs. The site museum Huaca Rajada - SipĂĄn, has been built next to the archaeological zone. It was designed in base of the most modern museography techniques regarding to exhibition, conservation, restoration and safety. The place includes a laboratory, basic services and a police station. It takes part of the Moche Route, for being a resting place of a lineage of Moche governors, the one which allows, from its archaeological research, to rebuild many representative aspects of this prehispanic society.
66
Huaca Rajada
N
FERREÑAFE LAMBAYEQUE
TUMÁN
CHICLAYO
SAN JOSÉ
LAMBAYEQUE PÁTAPO
7
PIMENTEL
Río
e
u Req
Huaca Rajada CAYALTÍ ETEN PORT
PACIFIC OCEAN
ZAÑA MOCUPE
10 Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
20
PACANGA
30km 7
Huaca Rajada
GUADALUPE
CHEPÉN Río
JEQUETEPEQUE
ue
peq
ete
u Jeq
SAN JOSÉ
SAN PEDRO DE LLOC
Beatrice Velarde
CHÉRREPE 0
67
Moche Route
Pampa Grande
Beatrice Velarde
It is an extensive monumental complex of the Regional Development period and it spreads until Wari period (Âą 0 to 800 a.C.). Perhaps it is the largest site of Moche society.
68
Pampa Grande
PAMPA GRANDE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 668613.17 N 9252241.12
Google Earth W 79 28' 28'', S 6 45' 45''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Pampa Grande District: Chongoyape
Province: Chiclayo Region: Lambayeque
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768
Pampa Grande, 210 Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Huaraz, 3 091
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 200
100
a.C. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Pampa Grande 0
800 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has no services.
69
Walter Wust
Moche Route
70
LAMBAYEQUE
N
CHONGOYAPE
FERREÑAFE LAMBAYEQUE SAN JOSÉ
CHICLAYO
PIMENTEL
Río
TUMÁN
PÁTAPO 8
Pampa Grande
e
u Req
CAYALTÍ
ETEN PORT
PACIFIC OCEAN
ZAÑA MOCUPE
CHÉRREPE 0
10 Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
20
PACANGA
30km 8 Pampa Grande
GUADALUPE
CHEPÉN Río
JEQUETEPEQUE
ue
peq
ete
u Jeq
SAN JOSÉ PACASMAYO
SAN PEDRO DE LLOC
71
Pampa Grande
The amazing monumentality of this archaeological complex is near the wells of water that are Lambayeque valley basin, where the Moches developed irrigation channel systems for their use. It is considered that Pampa Grande was an extensive monumental complex of the Regional Development period and it Spreads until Wari period (± 0 to 800 a.C.). Perhaps it is the largest site of Moche society. It was composed by large places made of stone and adobe brick. The central part, is fortified, and represents the civic-ceremonial sector, the one which has the two largest pyramid buildings of the complex. The first one has an area of 140 sqm and is 35 m high. The other one has an area of 70 sqm and is 37 m high. This complex also presents two large sectors or domestic areas full of stone and mud structures, forming real neighbourhoods adjacent to the civic-ceremonial sector. It takes part of Moche Route for its extention, monumentality and because it is extensive evidence of a settlement of this culture.
Moche Route
Huacas del Sol y de la Luna
CĂŠsar A. Vega
The research performed at the Huacas del Sol y la Luna complex, have determined that they were the center of power of the mochicas, whose extension area covers about 60 hectares.
72
Huacas del Sol y de la Luna
HUACAS DEL SOL Y DE LA LUNA GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17L E 721216.82 Google Earth N 9100468.71 W 78 59' 26'', S 8 08' 05'' ALTITUDE
Spot: La Campiña District: Moche
Province: Trujillo Region: La Libertad
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Huacas del Sol y de la Luna, 36 Pacific Ocean, 0
Huaraz, 3 091
Cusco, 3 399
Meters Above Sea Level
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 1000
750
500
250
a.C. 0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
Huacas del Sol y de la Luna 800 b.C.
1600 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has an information center on site, as well as signage in its visit tour.
73
Moche Route as Huacas del Sol y de La Luna. At present, the del Sol pyramid has an implementation programme of investigation and conservation, but it still has a restricted tour only to scientists; but the Huaca de la Luna is the one that has a larger investigated, consolidated and conserved exhibition area, which has generated a wide visit tour for everybody. The thing that attracts the attention the most is the exhibition of varied polychromed fritzes representing gods and divinities of the Moche’s religious world. It takes part of the Moche Route for the monumentality of its fritzes, furthermore, because it is one of the principal representative and investigated places of this culture.
César A. Vega
The research performed at the Huacas del Sol y de la Luna complex, have determined that they were the center of power of the mochicas, whose extensión area covers about 60 hectares. This monumental complex is composed by several terraced pyramids made by adobe bricks, squares, roads, with a large occupation that started from the Formative period (± 800 b.C.) to the Transitional period (± 1600 a.C.), but the most notable belongs to the Regional Development period with Moche Culture (± 0 to 800 a.C.). The things that outstand in this complex are the two truncated pyramids, with platforms, sacred spaces inside, and with a series of important redesignings that have been known for many years
74
ASCOPE
PAIJÁN CHOCOPE
Río
ama
Chic
CHICAMA
MAGDALENA DE CAO
LA LIBERTAD
SANTIAGO DE CAO
TRUJILLO
HUANCHACO
9
PACIFIC OCEAN
SALAVERRY 0
10 Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
20
30km 9
Huacas del Sol y de la Luna
VIRÚ N CHAO
75
Huacas del Sol y de la Luna
Walter Wust CHICAMA
Moche Route
El Brujo Archaeological Complex
Daniel Silva / PROMPERU
The thing that outstands in this monumental complex is the presence of not only the famous walls, that represent iconographic scenes of a religious worship supported in the vital element of human blood, but also for the latest findings related to female characters of Moche elite.
76
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 687014.05 N 9124833.62
Google Earth W 79 18' 13'', S 7 54' 54''
ALTITUDE
Spot: El Brujo District: Magadalena de Cao
Province: Ascope Region: La Libertad
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768
El Brujo, 10 Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Huaraz, 3 091
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 200
100
a.C. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
El Brujo 0
600 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has a system of small information centers in the same place, as well as an acceptable signposting in its visit circuit. The Cao Museum has recently been implemented.
77
El Brujo
EL BRUJO ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX
Moche Route represent iconographic scenes of a religious worship supported in the vital element of human blood, which is a characteristic of Moche culture, but also for the latest findings related to female characters of Moche elite. This is a topic that is recently being investigated. It seems to be that one of these women was of the highest class because of her skin decorated with paint and tatoos, apart from a magnificent trousseau and objects she was buried with. This woman, called the Lady of Cao, is shown at the redesigned Museum, where you can also see Moche’s textiles and ceramics. It takes part of the Moche Route, because it also stands out another place of complex iconographic representation in its polychromed fritzes.
Daniel Silva / PROMPERU
This mythical archaeological complex is composed by the Huaca Prieta in the south extreme, the Huaca Cao Viejo and the Huaca El Brujo, which are the most remarkable buildings in this part of the north of Peru. It is composed by several terraced pyramids made of abobe brick, and public spaces with a large occupation that starts from the Lithic (± 20000 b.C.), Archaic (± 6000 to 2000 b.C.) with the important site of Huaca Prieta, and its occupation reaches until the colonial period (± 1532 to 1821 a.C.). But the most notable occupation, currently known of this part of the country belongs to the Regional Developments period with Moche Culture (± 0 to 600 a.C.) with the monumental complex of El Brujo. The thing that outstands of this monumental complex is the presence of not only the famous walls that
78
N CHICAMA
ASCOPE
PAIJÁN CHOCOPE
LA LIBERTAD
10
SANTIAGO DE CAO HUANCHACO
0
10 Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
ama
Chic
CHICAMA
MAGDALENA DE CAO
PACIFIC OCEAN
Río
20
TRUJILLO
30km 10
El Brujo
SALAVERRY
VIRÚ
79 CHAO
El Brujo
Walter Wust
SAN PEDRO DE LLOC
Moche Route
San JosĂŠ de Moro
Mylene D’Auriol
From all the tombs, the most remarkable is the priestess of San JosĂŠ de Moro tomb, the one which not only has an impressive funerary trousseau, but it also gave more support to the study of the iconographic interpretation related to the matter of genre which had never been registered or published before up to the moment of its finding.
80
San José de Moro
SAN JOSÉ DE MORO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 672500.19 N 9205872.61
Google Earth W 79 26' 16'', S 7 10' 57''
ALTITUDE
Spot: San José de Moro District: Guadalupe
Province: Pacasmayo Region: La Libertad
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
San José del Moro, 122 Pacific Ocean, 0
Huaraz, 3 091
Cusco, 3 399
Meters Above Sea Level
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 200
100
a.C. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
San José del Moro 0
600 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellente
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has a system of small information centres in the same place, as well as an acceptable signposting in its visit circuit.
81
Moche Route mounds dating from prehispanic periods. The most important findings have been great chamber tombs, two of them contained the priestesses of the “Sacrifice Ceremony”, through the excavations performed in 1991 and 1992. Everything indicates that it is about a woman who took part in the sacrifice rituals by presenting a vase that contained the victims’ blood. Her presence symbolize reproduction in her society.
Mylene D’Auriol
San José de Moro is a small community located on the bank of the river Chamán in Jequetepeque valley, to the north of the city of Chepén, which is a region of La Libertad, on the Peruvian northern coast. This place holds one of the most important cemeteries and ceremonial centres of Moche society and subsequent cultures. This archaeological site is an extensive hill that rises over the farming fields of the area, on which you can find several
82
SAN JOSÉ PIMENTEL
MONSEFÚ
SAN JOSÉ
San José de Moro
TUMÁN
CHICLAYO
PÁTAPO OYOTÚN
CAYALTÍ
REQUE
NANCHOC
ZAÑA PUERTO ETÉN
MOCUPE
BOLÍVAR
N PACANGA
CHÉRREPE
11
GUADALUPE
PACIFIC OCEAN
CHEPÉN Río
JEQUETEPEQUE
Je
TEMBLADERA e
equ
tep que
Gallito Ciego dam
SAN JOSÉ 10
20
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
30km 11
SAN PEDRO DE LLOC
San José de Moro
LA LIBERTAD CHICAMA
Mylene D’Auriol
0
PACASMAYO
83
Moche Route, other important
TĂşcume
Daniel Silva / PROMPERU
The monumentality is given by great pyramids made of adobe tricks, platforms, stuff, finish with adobe bricks and quincha structures, plaster that some time was painted contrasting with the green of Pomac wood and the agricultural zones.
84
Other names: Túcume, Huaca Larga, Huaca de las cornisas, Illimo, Mochumí, Pomac, Huaca el oro, Cerro Purgatorio
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 628078 N 9279301
Google Earth W 79 50'40" S 6 30'50"
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: Túcume
Province: Lambayeque Region: Lambayeque
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Túcume, 60
Huaraz, 3 091
Pacific Ocean, 0
Cusco, 3 399
Meters Above Sea Level
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 200
a.C. 0
100
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
Complejo Arqueológico Túcume 700 a.C.
1350 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has one of the best on-site museums of America and a good craft center. It also has nearby accommodation at all prices.
85
Túcume
TÚCUME
Moche Route, other important Antonio. In the center, it is located the Sacred Mountain known as La Raya or Purgatorio hill. It has a beautiful view of the valley. Furthermore, it is surrounded by 26 pyramidal buildings made of adobe tricks that had different
Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU
Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU
The Pyramids of Tucume are one of the principal monumental centres of the northern region of the country. The archaeological complex has an extension of 220 hectares. It is surrounded by fertile farming areas and by the hamlets of la Raya and San
86
wide. It had a local importance for the Chimús and then for the Incas, who used it as a center of political power, by building successive superimposed temples such as the Ave Mítica Temple and the Inca Temple. Furthermore, it is the Inca Temple which is located in the central upper part, superimposed over the Ave Mítica Temple in Huaca Larga. It presents a corridor where an Inca administrator burial was discovered with two male companions and 16 weaver women.
LAMBAYEQUE BATÁN GRANDE
MÓRROPE
TÚCUME
12
FERREÑAFE
N
LAMBAYEQUE SAN JOSÉ
PACIFIC OCEAN 0
10 Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
CHICLAYO
PIMENTEL
20
30km
ETEN PORT
Río
e
u Req
ZAÑA
12
Túcume
CHÉRREPE
CHEPÉN
87
Túcume
functions, from ritual and housing to big warehouses. The construction of these pyramids or huacas started in the VII century being the year 700 a.C. When the first “Callac” buildings were founded, descendants from Naylamp. In its surroundings we can see other huacas such as: Huaca Larga, Las Estacas, La Raya, Del Pueblo, Las Balsas, Huacal; los Gavilanes and las Grandes, etc. Among them, it stands out Huaca Larga which is 280 m long and 30 m
Moche Route, other important
Batán Grande
Magalí del Solar / PROMPERU
It is believed that it was the development center of Lambayeque or Sicán culture. The development of this culture took place by the year 750 a.C., having as influence and background the local Mochica culture, as well as contemporary cultures from other regions, such as Cajamarca and Wari.
88
Batán Grande
BATÁN GRANDE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 648900 N 9281787
Google Earth W 79.653433° S 6.495866°
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: Pitipo
Province: Ferreñafe Region: Lambayeque
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Batán Grande, 50
Huaraz, 3 091
Pacific Ocean, 0
Cusco, 3 399
Meters Above Sea Level
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 200
a.C. 0
100
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
Batán Grande 750 a.C.
1350 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICIOS It has a modern museum in the form of truncated pyramid, guided service, cafe and shops regards.
89
Moche Route, other important
Daniel Silva / PROMPERU
This 20 -pyramid- mud archaeological complex is distributed in an area of 46 sqkm, inside Batán Grande farm. It is believed that it was the development center of Lambayeque or Sicán Culture (muchik word that means “house or temple of the moon”). The development of this culture took place by the year 750 a.C., having as influence and background the local Mochica culture, as well as contemporary cultures from other regions, such as Cajamarca and Wari. It is composed by the huacas Botija, Colorada, Horno de los Ingenieros, Huaca Loro, La Merced, El Santillo, Las Abejas, La Ventana, Rodillona, La Facho, Cholope, Arena, Corte, hmong others. According to the archaeological investigation works that started in 1978 in the place, Sicán culture can be divided into three periods: Early Sicán (750 - 900 a.C.), Middle (900 - 1100 a.C.) and Late (1100 - 1375 a.C.). In its moment of great height, it took control of the most part of the Peruvian northern coast, in a distance of more than 400 kilometers, that go from the current city of Trujillo (La Libertad) to the province of Sullana (Piura). The evidences point out that the development of a basically religious art that moved around a god and lord of Sicán. Among this, the technology in metal and ceramic works are especially notable. 90% of the golden pieces that were found in Lambayeque culture, come from this complex.
90
JAYANCA
N
BATÁN GRANDE 13
TÚCUME
MÓRROPE CHONGOYAPE
FERREÑAFE
LAMBAYEQUE
PACIFIC OCEAN
SAN JOSÉ
CHICLAYO
TUMÁN
PIMENTEL
e
u Req
ZAÑA
ETEN PORT Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
Río
13
Batán Grande
CHÉRREPE 0
10
20
30km
91
Batán Grande
Mayu Mohanna / PROMPERU
LAMBAYEQUE
Moche Route, other important
Chan Chan
CĂŠsar A. Vega
This is the largest mud complex of Iberoamerica. It consists of a group of small cities. It is located at 25 meters above the sea level, getting close to the sea shore, in a place called sunken chacras or totora huachaques in an approximate area of 5,60 sqkm.
92
Chan Chan
CHAN CHAN GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 712190 N 9103435
Google Earth W 79 04'28" S 8 06'34"
ALTITUDE
Spot: Chan Chan District: Huanchaco
Province: Trujillo Region: La Libertad
Huascar谩n mountain, 6 768
Chan Chan, 25 Pacific Ocean, 0
Huaraz, 3 091
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 50
a.C. 0
50
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
Huaca El Drag贸n 1100 a.C.
1450 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has a relatively modern information center and some more information points.
93
Moche Route, other important Chan are orthogonal, being the servant and the craftman areas, built-up ones that locate around the palaces. It seems that the palaces were built just for the use of a great Lord, being built and abandoned when this one died. Only stayed his relatives and servants, the ones who would keep the benefits of the dead monark’s ‘properties’. Some researchers state that after the Inca conquest, Chan Chan was pillaged and destroyed -approximately in the year 1470- and when the Spaniards, commanded by Pizarro, arrived, it was just a devastated city, without the bright and splendour that it once had . At the moment, great efforts are being made to put a value on it. Its complexity and size make Chan Chan one of the principal landmarks of this proposed route.
César A. Vega
This complex is considered to be the largest mud city of Iberoamerica. It consists of a group of small cities. It is located at 25 m above the sea level, getting close to the sea shore, in a place called sunken chacras or totora huachaques in an approximate area of 5,60 sqkm. The date of construction is in the Regional State period and culturally Chimú (1100 to 1470 a.C.) with small Inca occupations in some sectors; as constructive material, they used claying mud (got from the huachaques and from the hillocks?) to form big fences of mud walls that demarcate inside a palace, a funeral area associated to the founder; administrative areas and warehouses, worship areas, rooms, public areas, corridors and streets, with beautiful naturalistic fritzes. Maybe they were plastered and lively painted. The floors of the buildings of Chan
94
N CHICAMA
PAIJÁN
ASCOPE
Río
CHOCOPE
ama
Chic
CHICAMA MAGDALENA DE CAO
PACIFIC OCEAN
LA LIBERTAD
SANTIAGO DE CAO HUANCHACO 14
0
10 Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
20
30km
TRUJILLO
14
Chan Chan
SALAVERRY
VIRÚ
95 CHAO
Chan Chan
César A. Vega
SAN PEDRO DE LLOC
Moche Route, other important
Huaca El Drag贸n
Magal铆 del Solar / PROMPERU
This huaca has been called El Drag贸n because of the importante and notoriety of a high relief figure that exists in one of the principal walls. This figure is double-headed, it looks like a dragon, with a great number of legs, the same as a centipede.
96
Huaca El Dragรณn
HUACA EL DRAGร N
Other names: Huaca Arco Iris
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17L E 715070 N 9106737
Google Earth W 79 02'56" S 8 04'35"
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: La Esperanza
Province: Trujillo Region: La Libertad
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768
Huaca El Dragรณn, 80 Pacific Ocean, 0
Huaraz, 3 091
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 50
a.C. 0
50
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
Huaca El Dragรณn 1100 a.C.
1450 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It is signposted properly and has basic services.
97
Moche Route, other important the development of regional cultures’ period that are between the Horizonts Chavín and Tiahuanaco. The presence of 14 store rooms or “colcas”, stand out as spaces associated to the building, where seeds and other products were kept. About decoration, its walls show mud high relief figures, with zoomorphic and anthropomorphic representations. What is more, 25 wooden idols (balsa stick, chonta, carob tree) have been found. They have a hunchback aspect, with shell inlay in different parts of the body. They were possibly used as amulets. This huaca has been called El Dragón because of the importante and notoriety of a high relief figure that exists in one of the principal walls.
Wilfredo Loayza / PROMPERU
It is one of the most important buildings of the Moche valley. It is a truncated pyramidal structure. It is considered to be the first settlement of Wari culture in the Moche valley. It consists of a total area of 3 245 sqm, 59 m long, 55 m wide and 10 m high. It is an adobe brick and mud building that allows to appreciate the high grade of development that Wari reached in engineering as all the structure is antiseismic. It is supposed that originally it must have had three floors and one of its functions was to perform religious celebrations in honour to the rainbow or other natural fenomenal related to rain and soil fertility. The american researcher Richard Schaedell considers that the place is 1100 years old, being located in
98
Huaca El Dragón
César A. Vega
SAN PEDRO DE LLOC
N CHICAMA
PAIJÁN
ASCOPE
Río
CHOCOPE
CHICAMA
MAGDALENA DE CAO
PACIFIC OCEAN
ama
Chic
LA LIBERTAD
El Brujo SANTIAGO DE CAO 15
HUANCHACO
TRUJILLO 15
Huaca El Dragón
SALAVERRY
VIRÚ 0
10
20
30km
CHAO César A. Vega
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
99
Heinz Plengue / PROMPERU
Moche Route
Geographical means The cultural societies that were developed in the valleys of the northern coast of Peru, such as Moche, Chimú, Vicus, initially occupied the valleys of Moche, Chicama and Virú, among others, in La Libertad. Then they covered an area of influence from the valley of Piura (in the north) to the valley of Nepeña (in the south). This scenery has an arid-deserted geography, with valleys of great agricultural potencial, due to the presence of rivers that come down from the andes and were used by the different human settlements that were located there. No doubt, the desert plains on the coast wouldn’t have any life possibilities if there weren’t rivers that come down from the Western mountain range of the Andes bringing water of life that was well used by settlers of this zone by developing hydraulic systems of irrigation that are still admired nowadays. We can’t put aside the importance that the Pacific Ocean had in the feeding of these civilizations. It is source of life and a generator of symbology and religion, in addition to its civilization process.
100
101
Daniel Silva / PROMPERU
The Cloudy Town Route 16
Karaj铆a It is 1 000 years old, it takes part of Chipuric archaeological complex, characterized by the unique way of burial in the world of their deads.
17
Ku茅lap It had a political, religious, administrative military role, composed by two platforms over which raised a populated center with passages, accesses and grounds.
18
Revash It is a funeral center that belonged to an archaeological complex parallel to Chachapoyas culture composed by up to three-storey buildings.
19
Macro It is a pre-inca residential complex composed by five platforms that support huts and towers built with stones and mud mortar in a 3 hectares area.
20
La Jalca - Jalca Grande Museum This museum has several materials, part of Chachapoyas, Inca evidences and a group of early colonial materials.
21
Leymebamba Museum It houses more than 200 mummies and their funeral offerings, recovered in 1997 in Laguna de los C贸ndores by means of an emergency archaeological projectect.
22
Laguna de los C贸ndores This archaeological complex is composed by six mausoleums with characteristics of Chachapoyas and Inca cultures and decorated with cave paintings.
23
La Congona This residential complex built with cut stones and placed in a symmetrical form with mud mortar. We can appreciate external decoration with rhomboid ornamentation and square niches inside.
102
The proposal of this route is the archaeological circuit that has as a topic of connection the development of Chachapoyas culture in Amazonas city, which was developed in the Regional State Period (1200 - 1470 a.C.), in the Cloudy Forest region in the northern jungle of Peru. The cloudy town route is characterized by presenting an impressive chullpas system, sarcophagus and mausoleums, apart form villages with circular buildings, whose main representative is the archaeological complex Kuélap. The places that are being discovered in this route are Karajía, Kuélap, Revash, Macro, La Jalca - Jalca Grande Museum, Leymebamba Museum, Mausoleums of Laguna de los Cóndores and La Congona. TIME LINE 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
800
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
Karajía - Kuélap Los Cóndores - La Congona Revash - Macro
La Jalca - Leymebamba
Detailed area
AMAZONAS
BAGUA GRANDE
N
MOYOBAMBA
16
LUYA
17 18
19
CHACHAPOYAS 20
TARAPOTO
LA JALCA
SANTO TOMÁS 21 LEYMEBAMBA 23
CHICLAYO
22
CAJAMARCA
SAN MARTÍN
The Cloudy Town Route
PACIFIC OCEAN
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
TRUJILLO
0
25
50
75
100 km
16 Karajía 17 Kuélap 18 Revash 19 Macro 20 La Jalca - Museum 21 Leymebamba Museum 22 Laguna de los Cóndores 23 La Congona
103
1600
The Town of the Clouds Route
KarajĂa
Walter Hupiu / PROMPERU
The sarcophaguses, known by the settlers as Purunmachos, are associated to Chachapoyas culture with 1000 years of antiquity; take part of the archaeological complex of Chipuric.
104
Other names: Purunmachos
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 168926.38 S 9309510.76 S
Google Earth W 77 59'29'', S 6 14'18''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Karajía District: Conilla
Province: Luya Region: Amazonas
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Karajía, 2 600 Amazonas, 2 236 Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 100
a.C. 0
100
200
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
Karajía 1200 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has neither a type of infrastructure nor service.
105
Karajía
KARAJÍA SARCOPHAGUS
The Town of the Clouds Route laterally joined in groups of 4 to 8, leaning back to the rock. They are big 2 m high antropomorphic capsules, made of clay, mixed with sticks and stones. They only show the head and part of the chest and made in a compact way. No doubt, they form part of the Route of Chachas for being a representative icon of Chachapoyas culture.
Luis Gamero / PROMPERU
The sarcophaguses are on the gully of KarajĂa or CarajĂa, at 200 meters high. They are known by the settlers as Purunmachos, are associated to Chachapoyas culture. With 1 000 years of antiquity, take part of the archaeological complex of Chipuric. They characterize for the unique way of burying their deaths. These amazing sarcophaguses are
106
NUEVA CAJAMARCA
PEDRO RUÍZ CHURUJA
16
JERUSALÉN
VALERA
LAMUD
COLCAMAR
RIOJA
AMAZONAS
LUYA
LONYA CHICO
YURACYACU
CHACHAPOYAS MENDOZA
TINGO
Rí n ñó
ara oM
LA JALCA
SANTO TOMÁS
OMIA
LIMABAMBA
YERBABUENA
MILPUC
LEYMEBAMBA BALSAS
CELENDÍN
mba
30 km
yaba
20
Hua
10
16
Karajía Río
0
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
107
Karajía
Walter Hupiu / PROMPERU
JUMBILLA N
The Town of the Clouds Route
KuĂŠlap
CĂŠsar A. Vega
Belonging to Chachapoyas culture and with very important features, it had political, religious, administrative and military functions. It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route because it is the biggest settlement in its genre, and thanks to its conservation, we can imagine the real functioning of its structures.
108
Otros nombres: Purunmachos
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 176585.28 N 9289509.02
Google Earth W 77 55'24'', S 6 25' 03''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Kuélap District: Tingo
Province: Luya Region: Amazonas
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Kuélap, 3 000 Iquitos, 104 Amazonas, 2 236 Pacific Ocean, 0 TIME LINE b.C. 100
a.C. 0
200
100
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
Kuélap 1200 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has an interpretation center, guarding and visit circuit.
109
Kuélap
KUÉLAP ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX
The Town of the Clouds Route 400 buildings of circular floor, some ornaments with rhombus and zig-zag fritzes frisos in mosaic form, typical of Chachapoyas culture. In the highest level that faces the precipice, it is the “Tower” which is 6,40 m high and 9 m wide and “El Tintero”, a circular tower in an inverted cone shape. One of the most impressive details of Kuélap is its extensive wall up to 20 m high and 680 m long. It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route because it is the biggest settlement in its genre, and thanks to its conservation, we can imagine the real functioning of its structures.
César A. Vega
Belonging to Chachapoyas culture (± 1200 to 1470 a.C.) and with very important features, Kuélap complex had political, religious, administrative and military functions. The platform Spreads along by almost 600 meters and flanked by a 19 meter - high wall. Amazingly built on the cliff of a rocky promontory at more than 2 000 high, Kuélap is composed by two platforms on which was settled a populated center with landscapes, accesses and circular floor precincts, the ones which are located in two sectors called Pueblo Alto and Pueblo Bajo. In its interior, it is composed by more than
110
NUEVA CAJAMARCA
PEDRO RUÍZ CHURUJA
JERUSALÉN
VALERA
LAMUD
COLCAMAR
RIOJA
AMAZONAS
LUYA LONYA CHICO
CHACHAPOYAS MENDOZA
TINGO LA JALCA
n
ñó SANTO TOMÁS
OMIA
LIMABAMBA
ara
oM Rí
17
YURACYACU
Kuélap
JUMBILLA N
YERBABUENA
MILPUC
LEYMEBAMBA BALSAS
mba
30 km
yaba
20
Hua
10
17
Kuélap Río
0
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
César A. Vega
CELENDÍN
111
Revash
MagalĂ del Solar / PROMPERU
This funerary center belonged to an archaeological complex parallel to Chachapoyas culture (Âą 1200 to 1470 a.C.). It is composed by rectangular, up to three-floor constructions (Chullpas).
112
Otros nombres: Purunmachos
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 181881.39 N 9285069.91
Google Earth W 77 52'33'', S 6 27' 36''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Revash District: Santo Tomรกs
Province: Luya Region: Amazonas
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768
Iquitos, 104
Amazonas, 2 236
Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399
Revash, 2 800
TIME LINE b.C. 100
a.C. 0
100
200
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
Revash 1200 a.C.
1470 a.C.
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has no services.
113
Revash
REVASH ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX
The Town of the Clouds Route were offerings to their deaths. Most of these “funerary homes” have a gable roof and are located under the shelter of a rock. In the external walls, we can see very prominent cornices that are visible in the distance. What is more, you can also see squire, crossform or “T” shape niches. It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route, because it is a different type of mausoleums that can be visited.
Magalí del Solar / PROMPERU
The funerary set of Revash is located on the rocky formation of Cerro Carbón, located on the left margin of the valley Alto Utcubamba. Investigations have determined that it belonged to an archaeological complex parallel to Chachapoyas culture (± 1200 to 1470 a.C.). It is composed by rectangular, up to three-floor constructions (Chullpas) where remains of ropes, feathers, nets, collars, ceramics, bones, etc have been found. It seems that in its period, they
114
YURACYACU
PEDRO RUÍZ CHURUJA
JERUSALÉN
VALERA
LAMUD
AMAZONAS
LUYA LONYA CHICO COLCAMAR
RIOJA
CHACHAPOYAS MENDOZA
TINGO
Rí ñ ara
oM
LA JALCA
ón
18
SANTO TOMÁS
OMIA
LIMABAMBA
YERBABUENA
MILPUC
LEYMEBAMBA
CAJAMARCA
BALSAS
CELENDÍN
a
30 km
b bam
20
ya Hua
10
18
Revash Río
0
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
115
Revash
Magalí del Solar / PROMPERU
JUMBILLA
N
The Town of the Clouds Route
Macro
Luis Gamero / PROMPERU
Sitting on the south-east slopes of a steep spur, we find five platforms that support huts and towers built with stone and mud mortar, in an area of 3 hectares dating from the year Âą 1200 to 1470 a.C.
116
Otros nombres: Purunmachos
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 177147 S 9295197
Google Earth W 77 55'05'', S 6 22'05''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Macro District Magdalena
Province: Chachapoyas Region: Amazonas
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768
Macro, 1 894 Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104
Amazonas, 2 236
TIME LINE b.C. 100
a.C. 0
100
200
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
Macro 1200 a.C.
1470 a.C.
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has no service.
117
Macro
MACRO ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX
The Town of the Clouds Route rhombus fritzes and vaulted niches on the walls. It is estimated that it must have held 100 people in the flourishing period of Chachapoyas culture. Macro is the most important archaeological site of Magdalena district and takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route, due to its monumental value and its particular architectural features.
Luis Gamero / PROMPERU
This pre inca residential complex is located at 50 meters from the right margin of the river Utcubamba and it is settled over the south-east slope of a steep spur. In Macro we find five platforms that support huts and Powers built with stone and mortar, in an area of three hectares. In the building of this complex, dating from the year Âą 1200 to 1470 a.C. There are several platforms and remains of houses decorated with
118
YURACYACU
CHURUJA
JERUSALÉN
VALERA
LAMUD
AMAZONAS
LUYA LONYA CHICO COLCAMAR
RIOJA
CHACHAPOYAS 19
MENDOZA
TINGO
Rí ón SANTO TOMÁS
OMIA
LIMABAMBA
ñ ara
oM
LA JALCA
YERBABUENA
MILPUC
LEYMEBAMBA BALSAS
CELENDÍN
ba
30 km
m yaba
20
Hua
10
19
Macro Río
0
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
119
Macro
Luis Gamero / PROMPERU
JUMBILLA PEDRO RUÍZ
N
The Town of the Clouds Route
La Jalca - Jalca Grande Museum
Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU
This museum occupies part of the catholic temple that was one of the oldest of the Region. Its presence in the tour is basically due to its almost complete chronological cycle of the daily activities of past and present periods.
120
Otros nombres: Purunmachos
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 199515.25 N 9282599.18
Google Earth W 77 43'00'', S 6 28' 59''
ALTITUDE
Spot: La Jalca Grande District: La Jalca
Province: Chachapoyas Region: Amazonas
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768
Iquitos, 104
Amazonas, 2 236
Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399
La Jalca, 2 800
TIME LINE b.C. 100
a.C. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
La Jalca 100 a.C.
500 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has an on-site Museum.
121
La Jalca - Museum
LA JALCA
Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU
The Town of the Clouds Route
122
Chachapoyas, Inca and especially an interesting set of early colonial material; but more special is the incidence of natural material and its conservation; it is also interesting its attempts to preserve the presence of current cultural manifestations and the ones that it keeps in the region. Its presence in the tour is basically due to its almost complete chronological cycle of the daily activities of past and present periods.
JUMBILLA N
YURACYACU
PEDRO RUÍZ CHURUJA
JERUSALÉN
VALERA
LAMUD
AMAZONAS
LUYA LONYA CHICO COLCAMAR
RIOJA
CHACHAPOYAS MENDOZA
TINGO
rañ Ma
LA JALCA
ón er
riv SANTO TOMÁS
OMIA
LIMABAMBA
20
YERBABUENA
MILPUC
LEYMEBAMBA BALSAS
CELENDÍN
ba
30 km
bam
20
ya Hua
10
20
La Jalca Río
0
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Pueblo Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
123
La Jalca - Museum
This museum, which is built over the 2 800 meters above the sea level in the town of La Jalca Grande, occupies part of one of the catholic temple that was one of the oldest of the region. At any time, it was the principal settlement and was considered as the capital of the region Turing the first decades of the Colony. It was also known as San Juan de la Frontera. This museum has several materials which are part of the National Cultural Patrimony, such as the evidences of
The Town of the Clouds Route
Leymebamba Museum
Omar Carbajal / PROMPERU
The Leymebamba Museum, opened in June 2000, holds more than 200 mummies and their funerary offerings, that were recovered in 1997 on Laguna de los C贸ndores.
124
Otros nombres: Purunmachos
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 192227.18 N 9260378.77
Google Earth W 77 47'00'', S 6 40' 59''
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: Leymebamba
Province: Chachapoyas Region: Amazonas
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 La Jalca, 2 500
Iquitos, 104
Amazonas, 2 236
Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399
TIME LINE b.C. 100
a.C. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Leymebamba 100 a.C.
500 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
GRADO DE ACCESIBILIDAD Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES Community Museum, tourist lodging, research center and orchid garden.
125
Leymebamba Museum
LEYMEBAMBA MUSEUM
Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU
The Town of the Clouds Route
126
N
collection that was in danger of disappearing due to the vandalical action of huaqueros and inscrupulous visitors. From an initiative of The Bioanthropology Foundation PerúMallqui Center, the construction of the Leymebamba Museum was possible thanks to the financial help coming from a group of Austrian citizens and other private donations.
JUMBILLA
PEDRO RUÍZ CHURUJA
YURACYACU JERUSALÉN
VALERA
LAMUD
RIOJA
AMAZONAS
LUYA LONYA CHICO
CHACHAPOYAS
COLCAMAR
MENDOZA
TINGO
Rí n ñó
ara oM
LA JALCA
SANTO TOMÁS 21
OMIA
LIMABAMBA
YERBABUENA
MILPUC
LEYMEBAMBA
BALSAS
CELENDÍN
ba
30 km
bam
20
ya Hua
10
21
Leymebamba Río
0
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
127
Leymebamba Museum
The Leymebamba Museum, opened in June 2000, holds more than 200 mummies and their funerary offerings, that were recovered in 1997 on Laguna de los Cóndores by means of an emergency archaeological project led by doctor Sonia Guillén, Principal of Mallqui Center. The rescue tasks permitted to recover, for the local history, a valuable archaeological
The Town of the Clouds Route
Laguna de los C贸ndores
Beatrice Velarde / PROMPERU
Mausoleums of Chachapoyas and Inca features, decorated with cave paintings, where about a hundred funerary bundles were found together with fine textile, ceramics, wooden carvings, quipus, decorated pumpkins, crowns and several valuable objects.
128
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 202389.25 N 9241647.94
Google Earth W 77 41'40'', S 6 51' 01''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Laguna de los Cóndores District:
Province: Region: San Martín
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Iquitos, 104
Amazonas, 2 236
Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399
Laguna de los Cóndores, 3 000
TIME LINE b.C. 100
a.C. 0
100
200
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
Laguna de Los Cóndores 1200 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES Private shelter of the lagoon (owner Mr. Ullillen).
129
Laguna de los Cóndores
LAGUNA DE LOS CÓNDORES ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX Otros nombres: Purunmachos
The Town of the Clouds Route wooden carvings, quipus, decorated pumpkins, crowns and several valuable objects. We can observe an impressive lagoon where you can fish and sail by boat. It also presents typical high jungle vegetation and fauna. It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route because it represents one of the biggest recovered funerary set of this culture.
Michael Tweddle / PROMPERU
This is an amazing archaeological complex composed by six mausoleums, located around Laguna de los C贸ndores. The archaeological evidences present features of Chachapoyas and Inca Cultures (卤 1200 to 1532 a.C.) decorated with cave paintings. About one hundred of funerary bundles were found here, together with fine textiles, ceramics,
130
YURACYACU
CHURUJA
JERUSALÉN
VALERA
LAMUD
AMAZONAS
LUYA LONYA CHICO COLCAMAR
RIOJA
CHACHAPOYAS MENDOZA
TINGO
Rí ón SANTO TOMÁS
OMIA
LIMABAMBA
ñ ara
oM
LA JALCA
YERBABUENA
MILPUC
LEYMEBAMBA 22
Laguna de los Cóndores
yaba
Hua
22 Laguna de los Cóndores
Río mba
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
0
10
20
30 km
131
Laguna de los Cóndores
Beatrice Velarde / PROMPERU
JUMBILLA PEDRO RUÍZ
N
The Town of the Clouds Route
La Congona
Carlos Del Ă guila
It is a residential complex built on cut stone and placed in a symmetrical shape with mud mortar. These constructions date from the years Âą 1200 to 1532 a.C.
132
Otros nombres: Purunmachos
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 181573 N 9260579
Google Earth 6°40'51.73"S 77°52'47.50"O
ALTITUDE
Spot: San Cristobal de La Fila District: San Francisco del Yeso
Province: Luya Region: Amazonas
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 La Congona , 2 777
Iquitos, 104
Amazonas, 2 236
Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399
TIME LINE b.C. 100
a.C. 0
200
100
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
La Congona 1200 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has no services.
133
La Congona
LA CONGONA
The Town of the Clouds Route present a fine manufacture in the work of dressed stone and in the development of geometric lintels. It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route, for being one of the few almost intact evidences that are known of this type of residential complexes of the Chachapoyas societies.
Carlos Del Ă guila
It is a residential complex, near the village of Leymebamba, built on cut stone and placed in a symmetrical shape with mud mortar. These constructions date from the years Âą 1200 to 1532 a.C. We can see external decoration with rhombus ornaments and square vaulted niches inside. These constructions
134
YURACYACU
PEDRO RUÍZ CHURUJA
JERUSALÉN
VALERA
LAMUD
AMAZONAS
LUYA LONYA CHICO
RIOJA
CHACHAPOYAS
COLCAMAR
MENDOZA
TINGO
Rí ón
ñ ara
oM
LA JALCA SANTO TOMÁS
OMIA
LIMABAMBA
YERBABUENA
MILPUC
LEYMEBAMBA 23
BALSAS
CELENDÍN
mba
30 km
yaba
20
Hua
10
23
La Congona Río
0
Provincial limit Departmental capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
135
La Congona
Carlos Del Águila
JUMBILLA N
Heinz Plengue / PROMPERU
The Town of the Clouds Route
Geographical means The investigations that have been developed in the areas where cultures like the Chachapoya and others lived, are called Amazon Andes. In accordance with the archaeologist Federico Kauffmann Doig, they belong to a mixed region: Amazon for its landscape and Andean for its accidental topography, that runs from north to south by the Eastern side of the Andes. However, the cultural display was only performed between the 2 and 3 meters high andi t is evidente through the archaeological testimonies that are presented there. The most important culture of this zone is Chachapoya, which was developed on the Abiseo Basin (at about 2 000 m above the sea level), in an area surronded by the rivers Huallaga (east) and Mara帽贸n (west and north), in the current towns of Bagua and Moyabamba. The Studies and findings performed, determine that they were a set of groups such as the paellas, motillones, chilchos, chillaos and chachapoyas that lined up or separated according to the circumstances and shared the same culture.
136
137
CĂŠsar A. Vega
Central Archaeological Route
138
CĂŠsar A. Vega
The Peruvian Coast And Central Highlands have characterized for presenting abundant historical archaeological information that is being known recently. As an evidence of this, we have the principal testimonies of Qhapaq Ă‘an or Tawantinsuyo Royal Road. This makes very feasible the implementation of this route that is proposed as: the Route of the Ancient of the Metropoli / Lima archaeological.
139
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route 24
Huaca Pucllana It represents the power and political control practised by a priestly group that in their period controlled the valleys of Chancay, Chillón, Rímac and Lurín.
25
Huallamarca It is a pyramid building with an entry central ramp to the highest part of the building. The monument has been inspected and restored most of it, which permits its visit to all the areas.
26
Mateo Salado This monumental complex consists of five pyramid wall structures, the ones that present access in ramps and define vast platforms of use.
27
Maranga Most of these buildings are located inside the territory of the current Parque de las Leyendas zoo, where they have been fitted out to be visited.
28
Paramonga Among its well-preserved and principal buildings, it stands out a four-level terraced pyramid with huge proportions, built with adobe bricks on a hill.
29
Puruchuco It presents different areas that go from great walls on the nearby mountain ridges to some more rudimentary manufacturing service areas.
30
Cajamarquilla It is considered to be the second largest mud urban complex of the Central Coast after Pachacámac, with 167 hectares of extension.
31
Pachacámac Its general and particular characteristics make Pachacámac be one of the principal cities that point out this route of coastal cities.
140
This is a theme tour that consists of the principal archaeological attractions that Lima city presents. Taking always into account that the principal sites keep a very representative local identity of the prehispanic architecture of the Central Coast. Two periods dominate in this route, the Regional Developments (100 b.C. - 300 a.C.) and the Late Intermediate period (1200 - 1470 a.C.); represented by Lima and Ichsma cultures respectively. In both cases the architectural features mark their difference in the details presented in these buildings. The sites involved in this Route: Pucllana, Huallamarca, Mateo Salado, Maranga, Paramonga, Puruchuco, Cajamarquilla and Pachacámac.
TIME LINE 1000
800
b.C. 600
400
200
a.C. 0
Huallamarca
200
400
600
800
1000
Huaca Pucllana Maranga
1200
1400
1600
1800
Mateo Salado Cajamarquilla Pachacámac
Puruchuco Paramonga
28
PATIVILCA BARRANCA
HUACHO
N
Detailed area
LIMA CANTA
HUARAL
PACIFIC OCEAN
MATUCANA 2726 30 29 25 24 31
The metropolis ancients’ route Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
24 Huaca Pucllana 25 Huallamarca 26 Mateo Salado 27 Maranga 28 Paramonga 29 Puruchuco 30 Cajamarquilla 31 Pachacámac
SAN VICENTE DE CAÑETE
0
25141
50 km
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route
Huaca Pucllana
César A. Vega
It belongs to the development of Lima culture (200 -700 a.C.). It represents the power and political domain performed by a priestly group that in their period controlled the valleys of Chancay, Chillón, Rímac and Lurín.
142
Huaca Pucllana
PUCLLANA HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PARK
Other names: Huaca Pucllana
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 278640.12 N 8660306.61
Google Earth W 77 02'01'', S 12 06' 39''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Urbano District: Miraflores
Province: Lima Region: Lima
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768
Pucllana, 95 Pacific Ocean, 0 Lima, 110
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 200
100
a.C. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Huaca Pucllana 200 a.C.
700 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has an on-site Museum, visit circuit and hygienic services.
143
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route the left margin of the valley of Lima. It is composed by a monumental construction built entirely of “adobitos”, architectural feature of Lima culture, conforming high terraces at different levels which had an access by ramps. In the low part there are still some spacious places delimited by walls made of these adobe tricks and four corridors that subdivide this place into several sectors. It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for being one of the places of more archaeological intervention in the valley of Lima up to the moment.
Walter Silvera / PROMPERU
The recognised Huaca Pucllana, standing in the middle of the Limeña Metropoli, belongs to the development of Lima culture (200 - 700 a.C.). It represents the power and political domain performed by a priestly group that in their period controlled the valleys of Chancay, Chillón, Rímac and Lurín. As an archaeological center, Huaca Pucllana is associated to other sites in Lima, such as Maranga (San Miguel), Cajamarquilla (Ate) y Pachacámac (Lurín). The construction of this complex is associated to the access and control of water and the channel systems of
144
CONQUISTADORES AVE.
AVE.
DE
LE
CO
JÉ
RC
STA
ITO
0
250
AV
E.
NER
AA
500 m
ANGAMOS OESTE AVE.
JOSÉ PARDO AVE.
24 Huaca Pucllana Principal Avenue Secondary streets Archaeological place
VE. Airport, port
145
Huaca Pucllana
César A. Vega . VE ZA AC NT SA 24
ÚBLICA
AREQUIPA
MIRAFLORES
E LA REP
PASEO D
RU
N
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route
Huallamarca
CĂŠsar A. Vega
It is a piramidal building with a central access ramp to the highest part of the buildin. Its occupation dates from the end of the Formative period (800 - 100 b.C.), with a solid consistent occupation after Lima culture (100 - 600 a.C.) and then sporadically to the Wari and Ichsma.
146
Huallamarca
HUACA HUALLAMARCA
Other names: Huaca Pan de Azúcar
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 277909.04 N 8661838.19
Google Earth W 77 02'26'', S 12 05' 51''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Urbano District: San Isidro
Province: Lima Region: Lima
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Huallamarca, 96 Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104
Lima, 110
TIME LINE b.C. 800
600
a.C. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Huaca Huallamarca 800 b.C.
1470 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has an on-site Museum, visit circuit and hygienic services.
147
Walter Silvera / PROMPERU
Archivo Renzo Uccelli
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route
148
TE AVE.
RADO OES
JAVIER P
JR. O
SAN ISIDRO
JR. CH
OQUE
S AND
AVE.
25
JR. LO
DĂ N
NTIA
Z SOL
AREQUIPA
JR. PA
RRA
JORGE
ESES
AMOS
JR. LOS AL
JR. LOS CIPR
N AVE. BASADRE
HUAN
CA
ES
EL OLIVAR PARK
EL GOLF DE SAN ISIDRO
JR. JU
25 Huaca Principal Avenue Huallamarca Secondary streets Archaeological place
AN AN
TONIO
PEZET Airport, port
0
250
500 m
149
Huallamarca
The well known Huaca Huallamarca is in the heart of the limeĂąo district San Isidro and it is about an interesting pyramidal building with a central access ramp to the highest part of the building. It has been established that it was occupied from the end of the Formative period (800 - 100 b.C.), with a solid consistent occupation after Lima culture (100 - 600 a.C.) and then, it had the sporadic presence, in a form of bundle burials in the Wari (600 - 1000 a.C.) and Ichsma (1200 - 1470 a.C.) periods. The monument has been intervened and restored in a great part. This allows its visit to all the sectors. It is a truncated piramidal structure that generates open use terraces. These were reused later to place relatively important late burials. The testimonies found in the tombs of Huaca Huallamarca belong to a period that goes from the VI century a.C. To the Incas advent in the XV century a.C. In the IV Century a.C. It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for being a totally intervened building that allows to observe part of modern Lima city from the high part of the construction.
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route
Mateo Salado
Walter Hupiu
This monumental complex spreads in a 20 hectares - land that includes a perimeter of 1 400 meters. It is composed by five pyramidal wall structures, that present access ramps and that define extensive platforms of use.
150
Other names: Huaca Ascona or Cinco Cerritos
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 275353.06 N 8665267.8
Google Earth W 77 03'45'', S 12 03' 57''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Urbano District: Lima
Province: Lima Region: Lima
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 Cusco, 3 399
Mateo Salado, 98 Pacific Ocean, 0
Lima, 110
Meters Above Sea Level
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 200
100
a.C. 0
100
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
Mateo Salado 1000 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has a tourist service and restrooms.
151
Mateo Salado
MATEO SALADO ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route along the time of its occupation. It also has the remains of an epimural road, delimited by walls that must have connected this complex with Maranga Chayavilca. It also presents places and central squares, surrounded by main structures, warehouse zones and corridors that connect the different architectural zones. It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for being together with Maranga the two unique late complexes whose structures were slightly affected.
Walter Hupiu
This monumental complex has its name because of Matheus SaladĂŠ (1528-1573), a protestant Frenchman who lived in the huaca and that, in the Viceroyal time, he was accused of heretic by the Saint Inquisition Court. He was burnt at the stake. It is also known as Azcona Ruins and Five Little Hills. It spreads in a 20 hectares - land that includes a perimeter of 1 400 meters. It is composed by five pyramidal wall structures, that present access ramps and that define extensive platforms of use. The volume are very high and present successive remodelings
152
Mateo Salado
ARÍA AVE. BOLLAT
I AVE.
AVE.
BERTELLO
LORETO
LIMA
TINGO M
N
26
PLAZA DE LA BANDERA
AV E.
PUEBLO LIBRE
DEL RÍO
AVE.
MARIANO CORNEJO AVE.
BR
AS
IL
BOLIVAR AVE.
SU CR
EA
VE.
26 Principal Avenue Mateo Salado Secondary streets Archaeological place
250
500 m
Airport, port
Walter Hupiu
0
153
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route
Maranga
Walter Hupiu
This extensive monumental complex of built-up huacas, the oldest made of “adobitos” placed in the bookcase way, and the latest walls, has more than 50 pyramidal buildings reaching most of them15 meters high on average.
154
Maranga
MARANGA CHAYAVILCA ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX
Otros nombres: Huaca As
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 272760.97 N 8665501.19
Google Earth W 77 05'15'', S 12 03' 55''
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: San Miguel
Province: Lima Region: Lima
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768
Maranga, 64 Pacific Ocean,, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104
Lima, 110
TIME LINE b.C. 200
100
a.C. 0
100
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
Maranga 0
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Malo
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has an on-site Museum "Ernst Middenddorf" inside Parque de las Leyendas territory.
155
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route The northernmost part is composed by earlier buildings of Lima period, such as Huaca Middenddorf, the Huaca 21, the Huaca San Marcos, the Huaca Potosí, the Huaca Concha, among others. Some of these pyramidal buildings are ready for a tourist visit, the one which is included in the general visit to Parque de Las Leyendas. It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for being, together with Mateo Salado, the most extensive varied monumental complexes that still exist in the city.
Walter Hupiu / PROMPERU
This extensive monumental complex, also known as Maranga-Chayavilca, that was possibly the capital of Lima Culture, has 50 pyramidal buildings, the oldest made of “adobitos” placed in the bookcase way, and the latest walls, reaching most of them 15 meters high on average. Most of these buildings are located inside the lands of Parque de Las Leyendas, where they have been fitted out for their visit and to be put a value on in general. They take part of this complex, the Huaca Tres Palos, the Huaca La Palma, an Inca Palace, the Huaca Cruz Blanca, among others.
156
AVE.
Maranga
VENEZUELA
N
SAN MIGUEL
SOR
AVE
.
BOLIVA
R AVE.
ESC
JOSÉ
ARD
DE L
O AV
E.
ES
UNIVERSITARIA AVE.
CUR
CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ UNIVERSITY
A RIV
PRE
A AG ÜERO
PARQUE DE LAS LEYENDAS ZOO
AVE.
27
LA MA
R AVE.
LA MARINA AVE. 27 Principal Avenue Secondary streets Archaeological place
250
500 m
Airport, port
Walter Hupiu / PROMPERU
0
Maranga
157
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route
Paramonga
Víctor Villanueva / PROMPERU
It is a construction built in the border between the Chimú and the Ichsma in the small north of Peru. It is placed between the Regional State and the Tawantinsuyo periods. It is said that it was an important worshipping place and its name is due to Paramonga town. It isn’t known its original denomination in muchik language, though.
158
Otros nombres: Huaca As
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 189140.94 N 8820932.84
Google Earth W 77 05'15'', S 12 03' 55''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Paramonga District: Pativilca
Province: Barranca Region: Lima
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Paramonga, 17 Pacific Ocean, 0
Iquitos, 104
Lima, 110
TIME LINE b.C. 200
100
a.C. 0
100
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
Paramonga 1200 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES A small on-site Museum and hygienic services.
159
Paramonga
PARAMONGA ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENT
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route soldier”: (...) and another day he went to sleep in a big town called Parmunga, which is close to the sea, has a Fortified House, with five blind fences, painted inside and outside, with its well dressed façades, in the same way as in Spain, with two tigers (pumas?) at the main door (...)”. It hasn’t suffered major modifications from the beginning of the XIX century, consequently, it allows to see original architectural details in its high part. It is believed that it has a floor in a Feline shape and its surrounding walls in three levels, effectively look like a fortified place. It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route, for being one of the monuments located at the entrance of Lima next to Panamericana Highway.
César A. Vega
This construction was built in the border between the Chimú and the Ichsma in the small north of Peru. It is placed between the Regional State (1200 1470 a.C.) and the Tawantinsuyo (1470 - 1532 a.C.) periods. It is said that it was an important worshipping place and its name is due to Paramonga town. It isn’t known its original denomination in muchik language, though, which was the one that was spoken on the northern coast before the Conquest. Commonly called “Fortaleza”, it owes this nickname to one of its principal well preserved buildings, which is a terraced pyramid with 4 levels of large proportions, built of adobe bricks on a hill. It looks like a medieval European castle. According to ancient chroniclers, like Miguel de Estete, the “chronicler
160
Paramonga
N ca
vil
ati oP
Rí 28
LIMA PAN
AME
RICA
NA R
OAD
PARAMONGA
PACIFIC OCEAN 28 Paramonga
PATIVILCA
District Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port 1
2 km
César A. Vega
0
161
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route
Puruchuco
Walter Silvera / PROMPERU
This palacelike construction of the Late period (XV - XVI century a.C.), made of adobe tricks on a rectangular floor terrain, with Horizontal structures without artificial volume/ pyramidal.
162
Puruchuco
PURUCHUCO ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE
Otros nombres: Huaca As
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 289242.36 N 8667215.04
Google Earth W 76 56'10'', S 12 02' 59''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Urbano District: Ate
Province: Lima Region: Lima
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399
Puruchuco, 324 Pacific Ocean, 0 Lima, 110
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 100
50
a.C. 0
50
1400
1450
1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
Puruchuco 1450 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES On-site Museum, visit circuit, recreational areas for children, hygienic services.
163
Walter Silvera / PROMPERU
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route
164
This archaeological complex raised on wall had another name before: Vista Alegre, for being inside the limits of the farm that has the same name. However, at the moment of getting a fair name in accordance with its prehispanic legacy, it was chosen the name of Puruchuco, due to the proximity of the palace with another archaeological site located on a farm that belonged to Fransiscan priests that corresponded to the name of Puruchuca. Researchers have determined that this palace like construction of the Late period (XV - XVI century a.C.), made in base of wall on a rectangular floor terrain, with horizontal structures without artificial volume/pyramidal. This place presents different sectors that go from great walls on the crest of the nearby hills, to some more rudimentary (stone and mud) sectors of manufacturing service. The outstanding building is the one that has been completely restored and belonged to a local curaca who ruled this part of the valley. The characteristics and architectural details such as its vaulted niches, benches and accesses, remark its particularity in comparison of other buildings of the same period. Another non-restored sector is the one that is known as Puruchuca, located to the south of the boundary of the spur that arranges these settlements.
ASTU ET STRE RIAS .
AVE
US
IND
OC AR HU
RA
DO ARA
AL TRI
E.
OS DE L ING ROS EET
STR 500 m
VE.
EA
ENIE
250
ESTADIO MONUMENTAL
Í AV
HIR
SEP
0
29
PROLONGACIÓN JAVIER PRADO AVE.
LÁS
NICO
ATE - VITARTE
E.
N AV
LÓ AYL
IER
JAV
ST OE
29 Principal Avenue Secondary streets Archaeological place
Puruchuco
D
PRA
Airport, port
165
Puruchuco
Walter Silvera / PROMPERU
N
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route
Cajamarquilla
Walter Hupiu / PROMPERU
This archaeological site was built by the end of the Early Intermediate period, by the year 600 a.C., during the period of predominance in the valley of Lima culture. It is considered the second largest urban mud complex of the Central Coast after PachacĂĄmac.
166
Cajamarquilla
CAJAMARQUILLA ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX
Otros nombres: Huaca As
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 292136.46 N 8674331.59
Google Earth W 76 54'33'', S 11 59' 09''
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: Lurigancho
Province: Lima Region: Lima
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768
Cajamarquilla, 395 Pacific Ocean, 0 Lima, 110
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 200
0
a.C. 200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Cajamarquilla 600 a.C.
1450 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES The Entrance is managed from Puruchuco on-site Museum.
167
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route streets, squares, extensive yards and some sectors of considerable height composed by piramidal buildings typical of this period. In the few archaeological interventions that this complex has had, contexts solidly characteristic of Lima and Ichsma cultures have been found. They are represented in burials and deposit zones. It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for Keeling its amazing monumentality reflexed in the extension of the wall buildings, from which, some of them have been intervened for a better presentation.
Walter Hupiu / PROMPERU
The impressiveness of this archaeological site has its origins at the end of the Early Intermediate period, by the year 600 a.C., during the period of domain in the valley of Lima culture, with its 167 hectares of extension, it is considered the second largest urban mud complex of the Central Coast after Pachacamac. The importance of Cajamarquilla as a political-urban center was increasing in accordance with the centurias, and by the year 1100 a.C. (Late Intermediate), it went on growing till it got its current configuration. Here you can see an extensive urban zone with
168
nnnn
Cajamarquilla
30
N
Principal avenue Cajamarquilla Secondary streets Archaeological place Railroad Airport, port
30
C
RQ
MA
A AJ
.
VE
AA
L UIL
LURIGANCHO LAS
TOR
RES
AVE
.
n nnn nnn n n nn RÍM n nn RÍO nnn RAMIRO PRIALÉ ROAD n n OAD nnn AL R nnn ENTR n C n nnnnn 250 500 m nnnnn nnnnnn n n n n n nnnnn
0
Walter Hupiu / PROMPERU
AC
169
n
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route
Pachacámac
César A. Vega
The constructive material, in early periods, was mud in the form of “adobitos” and walls and adobe bricks in later periods. Inside the places, you can see relatively public spaces, pyramidal temples with access ramps and fences, like del Sol temple and the principal which is Viejo or Pachacámac temple.
170
Pachacámac
PACHACÁMAC ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE
Otros nombres: Huaca As
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 292954.22 N 8643611.29
Google Earth W 76 54'08'', S 12 15' 29''
ALTITUDE
Spot: Pachacámac District: Lurín
Province: Lima Region: Lima
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Pachacámac, 34 Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104
Lima, 110
TIME LINE b.C. 200
0
a.C. 200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Pachacámac 600 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES On-site Museum, visit circuit and hygienic services.
171
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route earlier periods and walls and adobe bricks in the later periods. Inside the places, you can see relatively public spaces (e.g. Los Peregrinos Square), piramidal temples with access ramps and fences, like del Sol temple and the principal which is Viejo or Pachacámac temple. Although it seems that the occupation of the zone starts in very early periods such as the Archaic and Formative, it is in the Regional Development (± 0 - 600 a.C.) when Pachacámac starts having importance at a regional level until the Wari empire period (± 600 - 900 a.C.)
César A. Vega
The religious importance of Pachacámac archaeological complex as god-oracle in the Andean World was Sorong during the first centuries of the colony until its transfiguration into Pachacamilla Christ. The prestige of this divinity went beyond frontiers as the years went by. Pachacámac complex is composed by two extensive fences that hold a series of places, being the main areas the ones which are between the two ways of Panamericana Sur highway (‘old’ and ‘new’). The constructive material was mud in the form of “adobitos” in
172
LURÍN
PANAMER IC
IGHWAY ANA SUR OLD H 31
PA
NA
PACIFIC OCEAN
Principal Avenue Secondary streets Archaeological place
Airport, port
ME
RIC
AN
AS
UR
31 Pachacámac
0
0.5 km
1 km
173
Pachacámac
César A. Vega .
VE
AA
LIM
N
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route associated to the priests. In that period, the zone had more ideological power even with the Inca or Tawantinsuyo occupation (± 1470 - 1532 a.C.), who made some reforms and built del Sol Temple and Allaqwasi or las Mamaconas Temple. Due to its generales and particular features, Pachacámac is one of the principal Archaeological Complex that take part of the Ancient of the Metropoli.
Archivo PROMPERU
when it reaches a multiregional level in almost all the Andean area. Between both periods the Pintado Temple was built as an annexed structure to the Viejo Temple. Then, during the Wari Empire fall, Pachacámac had one of its most dramatic changes, the nearby areas to the principal temples were restricted and the small temples (palaces?) called Pyramid with Ramps (C.R.) appear as symbols of power of the Ichsma elite that seemed to be
174
175
Pachacamac
Walter Silvera / PROMPERU
Carlos Sala / PROMPERU
The Metropolis Ancients’ Route
Geographical means Between the years 200 and 700 a.C . The valley of Lima had a conjunction of ecosystems that made ideal for the formation of cultures, in spite of being in the middle of the Coastal desert. There used to be woods of guarangos, taras, molles and several fruit trees. The large Lumber of irrigation ditches and open channels formed their own riverside wood. What is more, the wetlands spread in the mouths of the Rivers, overall, in the southern zone of Lima, in the current districts of Chorrillos and Villa el Salvador until the delta of the river Lurín. In the sea, there were a great abundance of resources and its exploitation permitted a great development of the civilizations that settled down there. The inhabitants of the coast populated hillocks and valleys, until they formed very complex worship and housing centers, the ones that gave origin to immense ceremonial centres such as Huacoy on the Chillón river, Garagay and the Florida on the Rímac river, Manchay in Lurín, Chancay, Supe and many other valleys of the north and the south.
176
177
Carlos Sala / PROMPERU
South Archaeological Route
178
CĂŠsar A. Vega
The south of Peru, tends to identify as a territory full of contradictions and incredible potenciality. It is a region where you can see the magesty of the Andes mountain range, as well as the sparkling aridity of the coastal desert, whose principal tourist destination are the geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa. But the south is also scenery of the social complexity focus of the prehispanic period. It is the altiplano region, with abundant information about the origins of the Andean divinity Pan of sticks and originary source of the Inca ethnia of Cusco. In this way, we propose: The Feline Route.
179
Feline Route 32
Nasca Lines
38
33
Cantayoc
39
Paredones
40
Cahuachi
41
Some researchers consider it as the “first capital” of Nasca culture.
36
Saywite
Choquequirao This is a 2 hectares stone complex built at the beginning of the XVI century.
180
Chinchero The famous neo-typical colonial costumes that characterize the folklore of Cusco come from this zone.
42
Maras Here we find the most famous salt mines of the region, worked since past periods.
The most remarkably known is a sculptural monolithic model.
37
Pikillacta It is a fortified city with streets that lead to productive areas, warehouses, residencies, etc.
It is represented by a group of walls made of clay and compressed mud.
35
Cusco City Archaeological evidences that send us back to the origin and past splendour of the expired Incas.
Underground channel network connected to the phreatic layer.
34
Limatambo Qhapaq Ñan station set up by auxiliary structures made of stone and Andean terraces.
Several geoglyphs that represent geometric, natural, abstract figures.
43
Ollantaytambo It is a small pre-hispanic city with remainings of Tawantinsuyu.
44 8
Machu Picchu It is a kind of residency and property of the first Inca emperor.
45 9
Tip贸n/Oropesa It is a small pre-hispanic settlement with Inca characteristics.
46 10
Andahuaylillas It is a strategic point related with the store and redistribution of production.
47
Raqchi These are atypical structures made of very high mud walls, according to their period.
48
Pucar谩 It is famous for its glazed, semi-glazed or painted in green crafts, among them we find the famous 'toritos'.
49
Sillustani The most interesting are the mausoleums or 'chullpas' made of stone.
181
Feline Route This tour links from the feline iconographic presence in the archaeological collections, as well as in the same places along the whole southern territory that covers the current cities of Ica, Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Apurímac, Cusco and Puno. This feline presence predominates in the Late Periods and specially in the Inca period, but there are still some exponents in the earlier period. The feline, constitutes, one of the principal representatives of the Andean rituality. In case of the south, this one spreads, develops and connects with the foundational origins similar to the Inca ethnia, the one which had the feline as the symbol of their beginnings. The different forms of representation are given not only in its ceramics and trinkets or textilery, but in the lythic sculptural representations associated to the principal buildings, or to the closeness of its sacred paqarinas. The feline is also present in the planning of Cusco city, the one which makes of this issue, an attractive proposal to establish this tour. The places involved in this original Route are: Nasca Lines (Ica), Cantayoc (Ica), Paredones (Ica), Cahuachi (Ica), Saywite (Apurímac), Choquequirao (Cusco), Limatambo (Cusco), Anta (Cusco), Cusco (Cusco), Pikillacta (Cusco), Chincheros (Cusco), Maras (Cusco), Ollantaytambo (Cusco), Machu Picchu (Cusco), Tipón/Oropesa (Cusco), Andahuaylillas (Cusco), CHINCHA ALTA Raqchi (Cusco), Pucará (Puno) and PISCO Sillustani (Puno). ICA
ICA PALPA 32 35
PACIFIC OCEAN
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port Airdrome
182
Feline Route 32 Nasca Lines 33 Cantayoc 34 Paredones 35 Cahuachi 36 Saywite 37 Choquequirao
38 Limatambo 39 Cusco City 40 Pikillacta 41 Chinchero 42 Maras 43 Ollantaytambo
44 Machu Picchu 45 Tipón /Oropesa 46 Andahuaylillas 47 Raqchi 48 Pucará 49 Sillustani
33 34 NASCA
TIME LINE 6000
5800
b.C. 800
600
400
200
a.C. 0
Nasca / Cahuachi
200
400
Cantayoc
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Paredones Pikillacta / Ollantaytambo / Machu Picchu
Saywite / Choquequirao / Sillustani Limatambo / Cusco / Chinchero / Maras / Tipón / Oropesa / Andahuaylillas / Raqchi / Pucará
CUSCO
44
AYACUCHO
37
ABANCAY
AYACUCHO
43
OLLANTAYTAMBO 36
15
URUBAMBA
42 41 38
39 46 40 45
CUSCO
APURÍMAC
47
SICUANI
PUNO
48
PUCARÁ
JULIACA 49
PUNO
LAGO TITICACA
N Detailed area
0
25
50
75
100 km
183
Feline Route
Nasca Lines
CĂŠsar A. Vega
The geoglyphs are diverse, from trapezoids, rectangles and triangles among other geometrical figures until naturalist and abstract such as hands and spirals, going through animals, humans and plants.
184
Other names: Geoglifos de Nasca, Líneas de la Pampa de Jumana
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 485412 N 8372158
Google Earth W 75 08’06” S 14 43’01”
ALTITUDE
Spot: Pampa de Jumana District: Diversos
Province: Nasca / Palpa Region: Ica
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Nasca, 450 Pacific Ocean, 0
Huaraz, 3 091
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
a.C. 0
1000
2000
Nasca 6000 b.C.
600 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES In this zone we can find two observatories or viewpoints, one is metallic and the other is natural, in both of them there are two small souvenir stands.
185
Nasca Lines
NASCA LINES
César A. Vega
Feline Route
186
scientist Paul Kosok performed some investigstions in the place. However, the deepest investigation works started in 1946 when the geoglyphs caught the interest of the German doctor María Reiche, who devoted to their studies until the end of her life. The surface is composed by a soft
César A. Vega
César A. Vega
These famous huge geoglyphs are located at about 450 meters above the sea level, in a plain arid zone or esplanade. The first informs about these lines date from 1927, as a result of the first works of the Peruvian Archaeologis Mejía Xespe. Then, in 1939, the American
the Archaic (± 6000 b.C.), but it is notable the presence of geoglyphs in the Formative (± 2000 to 100 b.C.) with the Paracas, until the end of the Regional Development (±100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.) with the occupation of the zone by the Wari Empire. But there is hardly anything from that occupation to the present. Nasca Lines need to be investigated more in order to be conserved and preserved, as it is the only example of this type of patrimony in Iberoamerica, which in the year 1994, was declared as Cultural Patrimony of Humanity.
SANTA CRUZ RÍO GRANDE
OTOCA
PALPA LLIPATA
rande
32
Río G
NASCA
ICA
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airdrome
32
Nasca Lines
N
0
10
20km
187
Nasca Lines
alluvial cone with reddish material (due to the iron oxide on some stones) on layers of clay land; the “cleaning” of sco i P Río this reddish surface, allows to perceive the yellowish beige bottom, the one which was used as part of the working technique to make the geoglyphs. The variety of these geoglyphs is LOS MOLINOS amazing, from trapezoids, rectangles and triangles among other geometrical figures, until naturalist and abstract such as hands and spirals, going ICA through animals, humans and plants. The human occupation of the zone could have started by the end of
Feline Route
Cantayoc Aqueduct
CĂŠsar A. Vega
The aqueducts are a net of underground channels connected to the freatic napa at hundreds of kilometers towards the East, built by the Nasca society (Âą100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.), and they are still in use.
188
Cantayoc Aqueduct
CANTAYOC AQUEDUCT GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 509572 N 8360877
Google Earth W 74 54’36” S 14 49’35”
ALTITUDE
Spot: Cantayoc District: Nasca
Province: Nasca Region: Ica
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Cantayoc, 620 Pacific Ocean, 0
Huaraz, 3 091
Cusco, 3 399
Meters Above Sea Level
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 200
100
a.C. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Cantayoc 100 b.C.
600 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has no resources in its area but its proximity to the city makes up for the lack of services.
189
CĂŠsar A. Vega
Feline Route
190
NOS
The construction of Cantayoc aqueducts started with the location of freatic napa. Then, a channel or ditch at certain angle of depth was made. After that, the necessary branches were performed and finally, before they were covered, the necessary vents or “eyes” were made not only as air columns so that the water could run but they also worked as maintenance points. In order to keep it, more investigation is needed. Its importante lies in the fact that it is an integral part of Nasca city and it is still in use and it can be appreciated.
SANTA CRUZ OTOCA
RÍO GRANDE
PALPA LLIPATA
NASCA
ICA
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airdrome
33
SANTA LUCÍA
Río Nasca
33
Cantayoc
N 0
10
20 km
191
Cantayoc Aqueduct
These amazing aqueducts are about 620 meters above the sea level on the Leith side of the river known as Nasca. It seems that the occupation took place in the Regional Developments represented locally by Nasca culture (±100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.), and they are still in use. This group is represented by a net of underground channels connected to the freatic napa at hundreds of kilometers towards the east, with which, it is shown the Nascas’ knowledge about aquiferous technique.
Feline Route
Paredones
Rodrigo Cabrera
This group is represented by a set of beaten compressed mud walls that are popularly known as “paredones� (thick walls), distributed in levelling terraces. It is located in the outskirts of Ica city.
192
Paredones
PAREDONES GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 507139 N 8359205
Google Earth W 74 56’05” S 14 50’28”
ALTITUD
Spot: Paredones District: Nasca
Province: Nasca Region: Ica
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Paredones, 600 Pacific Ocean, 0
Huaraz, 3 091
Cusco, 3 399
Meters Above Sea Level
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 500
250
a.C. 0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
Paredones 100 b.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has no resources in its area but its proximity to the city makes up for the lack of services.
193
Rodrigo Cabrera
Rodrigo Cabrera
Feline Route
This archaeological complex is located at about 600 meters above the sea level on the southern skirt of a slight spur of a hill to the Routh of Nasca city. It is practically placed in an urban area. It seems that the occupation of
194
Paredones took place in the Regional Developments represented locally by Nasca culture (Âą100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.) but it is notable the occupation in the Regional States with Ica culture (Âą 900 to 1250 a.C.) and with the
NOS
vigilance tower and others. In some places you can still see the signs of some walls together with cut stones, and in others, the stones present the joint completed united and well fitted, typical of the inca architecture. This place presents seven sectors, being the best conserved and the most important, sectors IV, V y VII; they present delimited paths for their visit and conservation. Its importance lies in the fact that it is an integral part of Nasca city and it is near the aqueducts.
SANTA CRUZ
PALPA
OTOCA
RÍO GRANDE LLIPATA
NASCA 34
ICA
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airdrome
SANTA LUCÍA
Río Nasca
34
Paredones
N
0
10
20 km
195
Paredones
incorporation to the II empire or Tawantinsuyo (±1250 to 1532 a.C.). This group is represented by a set of beaten compressed mud walls that are popularly known as “paredones” (thick walls), distributed in levelling terraces. Its architecture uses rectangular adobe bricks on a base of cut stone. It presents a urban planning with common characteristics to these settlements such as a large square of trapezoid floor as a central element, buildings of administrative type, warehouses, barracks, ceremonial or sacrifice area,
Feline Route
Cahuachi
CĂŠsar A. Vega
Its greatest occupation took place the first centurias of the Regional Developments period, represented locally by Nasca culture (Âą100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.), with the group of great pyramids, squares, built with adobe bricks and stucco.
196
Cahuachi
CAHUACHI
Other names: Kawachi, Kahuachi.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 487658 N 8361867
Google Earth W 75 06’58” S 14 49’07”
ALTITUDe
Spot: Cahuachi District: Nasca
Province: Nasca Region: Ica
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Cahuachi, 400 Pacific Ocean, 0
Huaraz, 3 091
Cusco, 3 399
Meters Above Sea Level
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
a.C. 0
1000
2000
Cahuachi 6000 b.C.
600 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has no resources in its area.
197
Feline Route the first centuries of the Regional Developments period, represented locally by Nasca culture (±100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.), with a group of great pyramids, squares, built with adobe bricks and stucco. The splendour period of Cahuachi is related with the apparent height of the geoglyphs of Jumana pampa or Nasca Lines. It needs to be investigated more to be conserved, its belonging lies on its monumentality and for having been one of the principal sites of the Nasca. Some researchers consider it as the “first capital” of this culture.
César A. Vega
This important archaeological complex is located at 400 meters above the sea level on the left side of the river known as Nasca. The occupation of the zone goes from the Archaic (± 6000 b.C.) and it goes up to now with eventual occupations of hunters and collectors’ campsites; but the massive occupation starts by the end of the Formative period represented Paracas culture (± 2000 to 100 b.C.) with some structures, burials and ceramic, Necropolis or Late Ocucaje stile, and it goes at least by the end of the first Empire or Wari manifested in the deposit site. The largest occupation took place
198
SANTA CRUZ
PALPA
OTOCA
RÍO GRANDE LLIPATA
35
NASCA
ICA SANTA LUCÍA
Río Nasca
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airdrome
35
Cahuachi
N 0
10
20 km
199
Cahuachi
César A. Vega
NOS
Feline Route
Saywite
CĂŠsar A. Vega
The stone of Saywite is famous because on it, you can observe the cosmogony and the religion of the last years of our Autonomous Development, planning and architecture. It is located at about 3 500 meters above the sea level on the top of hillock, at 45 kilometers on the way Abancay - Cusco.
200
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 737797 N 8501285
Google Earth W 72 48’09” S 13 32’49”
ALTITUDE
Spot: Saywite District: Curahuasi
Province: Abancay Region: Apurímac
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Saywite, 3 500 Huaraz, 3 091
Cusco, 3 399
Pacific Ocean, 0
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 250
a.C. 0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
Saywite 1200 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has no resources in its area.
201
Saywite
SAYWITE
Feline Route that represent the geography and environment of the zone. We also found stops and fountains built in an area of 1 900 m. The sector II, the steps and fountain area, is characterized by a succession of 9 fountains, associated to a stone staircase. The sector III is the area of minor monoliths and fountains. Regarding to sector IV, it is the area of possible constructions in the shape of truncated pyramids. The sector V, also called Ushno Sector, is a rectangular shape platform of 18 x 34 m where religious activities took place, observation and sun worship. Finally the sector VI, called Intihuatana, is a stone block carved of several forms. It was probably an astronomic observatory. Its location, as well as its tourist and scientific atractive, make Saywite one of the jewelry of the route.
C茅sar A. Vega
It is about an archaeological complex with structures and architecture, with nearby platforms; but the most notable and known is a sculptural monolithic scale model that still remains in the place. It is famous because in it, you can observe the cosmogony and the religi贸n of the last years of our Autonomous Development, apart from the urban planning and architecture. The stone of Saywite, as it is known, it was identified by an expedition in charge of Julio C. Tello, who performed a mould of plaster and then casting in cement at an exhibition at the Museo de la Naci贸n. This archaeological complex that covers 60 hectares, in the place called Qonchaca, is clasified into six sectors. The sector I, is the area of the principal monolith, which is the maximum expression of the complex. This monolith has an egg shape and it is 2,5 m high with carved elements
202
Río
Saywite
N
c
ríma
Apu
CACHORA
LIMATAMBO CURAHUASI
ANTA
36
ABANCAY
APURÍMAC PICHIRHUA
CIRCA
CHACNA CHACOCHE
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airdrome
PROGRESO
36
Saywite
CHUQUIBAMBILLA
OROPESA 0
10
20 km
Walter Silvera / PROMPERU
LUCRE
203
Feline Route
Choquequirao
Renzo Uccelli / PROMPERU
This inca archaeological complex at the beginning of the XVI Century, built on base of stone. Archaeologists presume that it is about one of the many lost cities in Vilcabamba, where the Incas took refuge in 1536.
204
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 730243 N 8518381
Google Earth W 72 52’26.11” S 13 23’36.11”
ALTITUDE
Spot: District:
Province: La Convención Region: Cusco
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Choquequirao, 3 050 Huaraz, 3 091
Cusco, 3 399
Pacific Ocean, 0
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 250
a.C. 0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
Choquequirao 1200 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES Along the route are rest areas and restrooms. In the archaeological complex are INC campsite area and showers.
205
Choquequirao
CHOQUEQUIRAO
Feline Route by the topograpgy of the place. They had different functions and they communicated by means of pedestrian accesses to the main square. You can appreciate a complex hydraulic system destinated probably to domestic, ceremonial and agricultural use. Having into account the geographical location of Choquequirao in comparison to other complexes of the same period, It seems that it had the function of being an inca enclave towards the hot valleys of the river ApurĂmac. Its inhabitants devoted to the intensive agriculture and performed ceremonias where water was an important worshipping element. Furthermore, it was a storing place of several products coming from other zones as well as a restinga place hmong the valleys of ApurĂmac, Vilcabamba and Vilcanota.
Renzo Uccelli / PROMPERU
The inca archaeological complex at the beginning of the XVI century, built on base of stones, occupies an extension of 2 hectares. Archaeologists presume that it is about one of the many lost cities in Vilcabamba, where the Incas took refuge in 1536. Choquequirao is an extraordinary complex that was built in the last years of the Inca Empire (1471 - 1527 a.C.). It was possibly, one of the control points for the Entrance to the Vilcabamba region, and an administrative core with political, social and economic functions. It consists of nine architectonic groups made of stone and a system of 180 platforms, apart from residential houses, administrative, craftmen, irrigation systerm, among other constructions built in base of stone. The sectors that from it are defined
206
AGUAS CALIENTES
WILLOC
MACHU PICCHU HISTORIC SANCTUARY
URUBAMBA
CUSCO
37
CHINCHERO
rímac
Río Apu
LIMATAMBO
CACHORA
ANTA CURAHUASI
CUSCO
ABANCAY HUANOQUITE
37
Choquequirao
TAMBOBAMBA PROGRESO 0
OROPESA
10
20 km
Renzo Uccelli / PROMPERU
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport
207
Choquequirao
N
Feline Route
Limatambo
Rodrigo Cabrera
It is related to one of the stops of Qhapaq Ă‘an. Limatambo is conformed by late auxiliary stone structures and an important walking infrastructure and andenes or growing terraces.
208
Limatambo
LIMATAMBO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 776786 N 8508375
Google Earth W 72 26’38” S 13 28’47”
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: Limatambo
Province: Anta Region: Cusco
Nevado Huascarán, 6 768 Huaraz, 3 091
Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Limatambo, 2 700 Cusco, 3 399
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 25
a.C. 0
25
50
1450
1475
1500
1525
1550
1575
Limatambo 1470 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Complejo Monumental Necrópolis Tumba Principal
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has no services in its area.
209
Luis Gamero / PROMPERU
Feline Route
This place is located at 2 700 meters above the sea level on the way Abancay - Cusco. It has an apparently long human occupation. This ancient settlement with colonial airs, is related to one of the stops of Qhapaq Ñan, or Inca Road that joined all the regions of Tahuantinsuyo. It is also known by the name of Tarawasi. The historic tradition points out that this place wes ordered to be built by the Inca Pachacútec with the aimof establishing a restinga tambo in the zone, on the way to Chinchaysuyo. The archaeological complex of Limatambo is considered to be an Inca ceremonial center, located on the principal way Chinchaysuyo, built with andesita stone, carved and refined in cushioned polygon form, whose external parameters, of fine ending, have an aesthetics disposition of stones forming rosettes.
210
In the lower extreme of the complex principal wall, superimposed on the base of the prehispanic construction, are the remains of a colonial farmhouse. In the hose in ruins, still prevails, a channel system made by the Incas in the original construction. As in Ollantaytambo or Koricancha, you can appreciate the Spanish custom of superimposing the constructions over the Incas’ monuments. This archaeological complex is composed by late auxiliary stone structures, an important walking infrastructure and andenes or growing terraces. Limatambo needs more research to get its longed conservation. The belonging to this route lies on being part of the way Qhapaq Ñan and being close to the archaeoturistic way that is proposed here.
AGUAS CALIENTES
Limatambo
Rodrigo Cabrera
N
WILLOC
MACHU PICCHU HISTORIC SANCTUARY
URUBAMBA
CUSCO CHINCHERO LIMATAMBO
CACHORA
38
ANTA
CUSCO
CURAHUASI
ABANCAY HUANOQUITE PACARITAMBO 38
Río
Limatambo
Ap ac
TAMBOBAMBA
urím
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport
PROGRESO 0
10
20 km
211 OROPESA
OMAC
Feline Route
Cusco City
CĂŠsar A. Vega
Capital of Tawantinsuyo, in this city we have archaeological evidences that send us back to the origin and the preterit splendour of the defunct Incas. At the same time, it is one of the fewest cities of Peru that still have the colonialism as part of its daily life and the traces of Tawantinsuyo.
212
Cusco City
CUSCO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 19L E 177519 N 8503759
Google Earth W 71 58’43” S 13 31’00”
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: Cusco
Province: Cusco Region: Cusco
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Huaraz, 3 091
Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399 Cusco, 3 399
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 25
a.C. 0
25
50
1450
1475
1500
1525
1550
1575
Cusco 1470 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TIPO DE ASENTAMIENTO Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has services at all prices.
213
Feline Route to the geographic, politic and sacred center of the Empire that was Cusco. The urban design of Cusco evokes the silhouette of a crouched puma and in it converged the Incas’ road net that ran along the 40 000 sqkm of the inca territory from North to South. Because of its historical and archaeological value, Cusco was declared Patrimony of Humanity in 1983. In Pachacútec’s time, the center of the city was organized around the double Squire of Huacaypata and Cusipata (at present San Francisco and Main Squares). These squares were surrounded by imperial palaces and temples, among the ones, stand out for their importante and richness, the Coricancha. To the north-east of Huacapata Squire, it was probably, Pachacútec Palace (Casana), from which there are still some pieces of wall.
César A. Vega
The impressive city of Cusco, “the navel of the world” as the Incas used to call it, is located at 3 500 meters above the sea level inside a protected trough in the province of the same name. In the capital of the second Empire or Tawantinsuyo, we have archaeological evidences that send us back to the origin and splendor of the Inca culture, as well as the constructions that are surrounded such as Saqsaywaman or Q’enqo, of less Late periods corresponding to the Regional Developments. According to Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, its urban design reflects the four-part structure of organization of the inca territory and it was divided into two pairs of neighbourhoods corresponding to the four suyos of the empire (Chinchaysuyo, Antisuyo, Cuntisuyo and Collasuyo). The territories that incorporated to the inca domains were being ascribed according to its orientation regarding
214
TRES CRUCES
CUSCO
WILLOC
URUBAMBA
OLLANTAYTAMBO
PAUCARTAMBO CALCA
MACHU PICCHU HISTORIC SANCTUARY CHINCHERO
COLQUEPATA
PÍSAC
LIMATAMBO CURAHUASI
CAY
ANTA
CUSCO
39
OROPESA
N
HUANOQUITE
URCOS
PACARITAMBO
PARURO
39
Cusco City
ACOMAYO Río Apurímac
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport
0
10
20 km
OMACHA
215 OROPESA
Cusco City
César A. Vega
AGUAS CALIENTES
Feline Route
Pikillacta
CĂŠsar A. Vega
It is a fortified city. Inside, you can identify streets that connect large productive areas, warehouses, administrative and residential areas. It is one of the principal ancient cities of Cusco and Peru.
216
Other names: Piquillakta, Piki Llacta, Mohina, Muyuna, Muyna.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 19L E 206152 N 8493173
Google Earth W 71 42’49” S 13 36’56”
ALTITUDE
Spot: Pikillaqta District: Cusco
Province: Quispicanchi Region: Cusco
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Pikillaqta, 3 350
Huaraz, 3 091
Cusco, 3 399
Pacific Ocean, 0
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 200
a.C. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Pikillaqta 500 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has no services.
217
Pikillacta
PIKILLAQTA
César A. Vega
César A. Vega
Feline Route
218
has its origin during the height of the first Empire or Wari (± 600 to 1000 a.C.) and in accordance with some archaeologists and ethnohistorians, the mythical characters of Manco Qapaq, Mama Oqllo and Mama Warko existed, the ones who must have come from this place. This is one of the landmarks that remark this route, maybe, as important as the proper city of Cusco, as it would be the origin of the Inca ethnia that centuries later would turn into an empire.
TRES CRUCES WILLOC
N
CUSCO
URUBAMBA
OLLANTAYTAMBO
CALCA CHINCHERO
PAUCARTAMBO
COLQUEPATA
PÍSAC
LIMATAMBO
ANTA
CUSCO
CCARHUAYO
OROPESA
CCATAC
40
HUANOQUITE PACARITAMBO Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport
OROPESA
40
ANDAHUAYLILLAS
URCOS
PARURO
Pikillacta
ACOMAYO
CUSIPATA
ACCHA 0
10
20 km
219
Pikillacta
It is located at 3 350 meters above the sea level and at about 30 km to the south of Cusco. The archaeological complex of Pikillacta is a fortified city with only two accesses, probably defensive. Inside, you can identify streets that connect large productive areas, warehouses, administrative and residential areas, etc. Its design and construction is orthogonal very similar to the “new” sectors of Wari city. Investigations have determined that Pikillacta is one of the principal ancient cities of Cusco and Peru. It
Feline Route
Chinchero
CĂŠsar A. Vega
The famous neo-typical colonial costumes that characterize the current folklore of Cusco, come from this zone, as well as many of the people who are employed as bearers in the route that goes from this zone to Qhapaq Ă‘an.
220
Chinchero
CHINCHERO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 819369 N 8517148
Google Earth W 72 03’06” S 13 23’42”
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: Chinchero
Province: Urubamba Region: Cusco
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Chinchero, 3 750 Huaraz, 3 091 Pacific Ocean, 0
Cusco, 3 399
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 25
a.C. 0
25
50
1450
1475
1500
1525
1550
1575
Chinchero 1470 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has no services. Handicraft fair and souvenir sales.
221
César A. Vega
César A. Vega
Feline Route
222
more, the famous neo-typical colonial costumes that characterize the current folklore of Cusco, come from this zone, as well as many of the people who are employed as bearers in the route that goes from this zone to Qhapaq Ñan. It also stands out the church that was built during the years of the colony, where you can appreciate beautiful paintings from the Escuela Cusqueña. On Sundays, there is a fair where traders and peasants exchange their products, even by using barter (exchange).
TRES CRUCES
AGUAS CALIENTES
CUSCO
WILLOC OLLANTAYTAMBO
URUBAMBA
PAUCARTAMBO CALCA
MACHU PICCHU HISTORIC SANCTUARY 41
CHINCHERO
COLQUEPATA
PÍSAC
LIMATAMBO
ANTA
N
CUSCO
HUANOQUITE PACARITAMBO
OROPESA
ANDAHUAYLILLAS
URCOS
PARURO
41
Chinchero
ACOMAYO Río Apurímac
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport
OROPESA
0
10
20 km
OMACHA
223
Chinchero
The settlement of Chinchero, located at about 3 750 meters above the sea level, is just 30 km to the north-east of the city of Cusco. It was probably built by Túpac Inca Yupanqui in 1480, as a restinga palace. It is composed by a set of pre-columbian wall structures, places, andean terraces, stops, worship places, hmong others. It is perhaps, one of the archaeological complexes that is in perfect conditions in Cusco. Chinchero is also related to one of the stops of Qhapaq Ñan. What is
Feline Route
Maras
CĂŠsar A. Vega
Maras belongs to an occupation of Tawantinsuyo and a clear colonial occupation that has been restored recently as part of the recreation and fundamentation of the historical, regional and national identity.
224
Maras
MARAS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 808058 N 8524014
Google Earth W 72 09’22” S 13 19’58”
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: Maras
Province: Urubamba Region: Cusco
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Huaraz, 3 091
Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Maras, 3 550 Cusco, 3 399
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 25
a.C. 0
25
50
1450
1475
1500
1525
1550
1575
Maras 1470 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has restrooms and souvenir sales.
225
Jorge Sarmiento / PROMPERU
Carlos Sala / PROMPERU
Feline Route
226
ORA
a sea that disappeared in prehistoric times, leaving as remains sodium chloride and fossils. To the west side, you can find the famous Andean terraces of Moray, which, according to some researchers, had been a genetics experimentation center of native especies such as maize, but the fact is that it was and it is still an area of production. This set of sites must be considered as a Cultural Spot, and one of the most important for the region. That is why, this is a important route.
N
CUSCO TRES CRUCES
AGUAS CALIENTES WILLOC
URUBAMBA
OLLANTAYTAMBO MACHU PICCHU HISTORIC SANCTUARY
CALCA
42
COLQUEPATA
PÍSAC
CHINCHERO LIMATAMBO
ANTA CUSCO
42
HUANOQUITE
Maras
ANDAHUAYLILLAS
PACARITAMBO
Río
PARURO
c
ma
urí
Ap
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport
OROPESA
0
10
20 km
ACOMAYO
OMACHA
227
Maras
The settlement of Maras rises at 3 550 meters above the sea level. It is located 48 km to the north-west of the city of Cusco. It belongs to an occupation of Tawantinsuyo (it is probably much older, though) and a clear colonial occupation. It has been restored recently as part of the recreation and fundamentation of the historical, regional and national identity. To the north-east of Maras, we can find the most famous salines of the region. It is a zone that has been exploited from remote times and was formed by the evaporation of the salty water of
Feline Route
Ollantaytambo
Beatrice Velarde
This is a small prehispanic city with remainders of Tawantinsuyo that rearranged the space, rechannel the water from the stream, reorganized the road system and widen the Andean terrace system. This management of space goes from the East, at the end of the stream, to the west, in the joint with the river Urubamba.
228
Ollantaytambo
OLLANTAYTAMBO
Other names: Ollantaytampu
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 796525 N 8532618
Google Earth W 72 15’48” S 13 15’31”
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: Ollantaytambo
Province: Urubamba Region: Cusco
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Ollantaytambo, 2 900
Huaraz, 3 091
Cusco, 3 399
Pacific Ocean, 0
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 200
a.C. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Ollantaytambo 500 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has services at all prices.
229
Feline Route a curious simbiosis with the Inca architecture, which is in particular in the gardens or orchards inside the houses. At present, the motorway that comes from the city of Cusco practically reaches the main Squire of Ollantaytambo, and if you want to go on till Machu Picchu, you must usually go down until the right side of the river, where you can take the train. From this point, you can also take one of the roads of Qhapaq Ă‘an to this small famous city. These reasons, make this place turn into one of the principal landmarks of this route.
CĂŠsar A. Vega
This archaeological complex is located 60 kilometers to the northwest of the city of Cusco, and it is placed at 2 900 meters above the sea level in an alluvial cone of a fertile gully. We could say that it is a small prehispanic city with remainders of Tawantinsuyo that rearranged the space, rechannel the water of the stream, reorganized the road system and widen the Andean terrace system. This management of space goes from the east, at the end of the stream, to the west, in the joint with the river Urubamba. We can also appreciate that it has a colonial occupation that hasn’t disappeared as in other places; the colonial structures have created
230
CUSCO
HUAYOPATA
AGUAS CALIENTES WILLOC
43
MACHU PICCHU HISTORIC SANCTUARY
URUBAMBA
OLLANTAYTAMBO
CALCA CHINCHERO
CACHORA
PÍSAC
LIMATAMBO
ANTA CUSCO Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport
OROPESA
43
Ollantaytambo HUANOQUITE
ANDAHUAYLILLAS
PACARITAMBO
PARURO 0
10
20 km
231
Ollantaytambo
Beatrice Velarde
MANU NATIONAL PARK
OCOBAMBA
N
Feline Route
Machu Picchu
César A. Vega
It is a citadel surrounded by andean terraces, in the middle of a dry wood or high jungle. It is believed that it was a kind of residence or property of the first Inca Emperor, Pachacútec, but this hasn’t been proved yet.
232
Machu Picchu
MACHU PICCHU
Other names: Maqchu Piqchu, Machu Pichu, Machu Pichuq
UBIGEO 18L E 765992 N 8543491
Google Earth W 72 32’43” S 13 09’48”
ALTITUDE
Spot: Machupicchu District: Machupicchu
Province: Urubamba Region: Cusco
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Huaraz, 3 091
Pacific Ocean, 0
Cusco, 3 399
Meters Above Sea Level
Machu Picchu, 2 460 Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 200
a.C. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Machu Picchu 500 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has services at all prices.
233
Feline Route kind of residence or property of the first Inca Emperor, Pachacútec, but it hasn’t been proved yet. Together with Choquequirao and other places, represent the magnificence of Tawantinsuyo. The form of having access to this Inca site is by two ways. The ancient way, following the route of Qhapaq Ñan and the modern one is by train. For being a very visited place, and one of the best conserved, it is considered as integral part of this tour.
César A. Vega
Considered as one of the seven wonders in the modern world, this citadel is located at 2 460 meters above the sea level on an artificial esplanade or ‘pata’ 112,5 km to the north-east of the city of Cusco. It is a citadel surrounded by andean terraces, in the middle of a dry wood or high jungle. Inside, you can see extensive yards or ‘canchas’ that remark the presence of the Incas’ typical places, ‘kallankas’, warehouses, corridors, steps and accesses. It is believed that it was a
234
OCOBAMBA HUAYOPATA
CUSCO
N
LARES
AGUAS CALIENTES
MACHU PICCHU HISTORIC SANCTUARY Apu
ríma
CACHORA
TRES
WILLOC
44
Río
Machu Picchu
César A. Vega
QUILLABAMBA
URUBAMBA
OLLANTAYTAMBO
CO CHINCHERO
c
LIMATAMBO CURAHUASI
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport
ANTA CUSCO
ORO
44
Machu Picchu HUANOQUITE
ANDAHUAY
PACARITAMBO
0
10
20 km
235
Feline Route
Tipón / Oropesa
Mylene D’Auriol
This is a small prehispanic settlement with Inca characteristics, furthermore, you can observe in its surroundings archaeological evidences typical of a cultural spot such as the andean terraces and the channels of irrigation that are still in use.
236
Other names: Tipón or Quispicanchi
UBIGEO 19L E 200514 N 8494505
Google Earth W 71 46’05” S 13 35’54”
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: Oropesa
Province: Quispicanchi Region: Cusco
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Huaraz, 3 091
Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Oropesa, 3 300 Cusco, 3 399
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 25
a.C. 0
25
50
1450
1475
1500
1525
1550
1575
Oropesa 1470 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has a guide service. Restrooms.
237
Tipón / Oropesa
OROPESA
Feline Route evidences typical of a cultural spot such as the andean terraces and the channels of irrigation that are still in use. There, you can also see Colonial and Republican evidences, such as the farmhouse located in Tipón, which is now the regional seat of the programme Qhapaq Ñan.
César A. Vega
This small settlement of Oropesa is located 24 km to the south-west of the city of Cusco at 3 300 meters above the sea level, over an esplanade together with Quispicanchis or Tipón inside the nearby gully. It is a prehispanic settlement with Inca characteristics, furthermore, you can observe in its surroundings archaeological
238
WILLOC
N
CUSCO
URUBAMBA
OLLANTAYTAMBO
CALCA CHINCHERO
ANTA
PAUCARTAMBO
COLQUEPATA
PÍSAC
CUSCO
CCARHUAYO
OROPESA
CCATAC
45
HUANOQUITE
ANDAHUAYLILLAS
URCOS
PACARITAMBO Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport
45
PARURO
Tipón / Oropesa
ACOMAYO
CUSIPATA
ACCHA 0
10
20 km
239 OROPESA
Tipón / Oropesa
Mylene D’Auriol
TRES CRUCES
Feline Route
Andahuaylillas
CĂŠsar A. Vega
It also seems to have originally been an Inca Llaqta that had a strategic point related with the Collection and redistribution of the production; At the same time, it is considered to be important for its near position to a junction of several roads.
240
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 19L E 210427 N 8486717
Google Earth W 71 40’39” S 13 40’28”
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: Andahuaylillas
Province: Quispicanchi Region: Cusco
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Huaraz, 3 091
Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Andahuaylillas, 3 200 Cusco, 3 399
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 25
a.C. 0
25
50
1450
1475
1500
1525
1550
1575
Andahuaylillas 1470 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has services at all prices.
241
Andahuaylillas
ANDAHUAYLILLAS
Feline Route
Carlos Sala / PROMPERU
The beautiful population of Andahuaylillas is located 35 km to the Routh-east of the city of Cusco at 3 200 meters above the sea level. It also seems to have originally been an Inca Llaqta that had a strategic point related to the collection and redistribution of the production; at the same time, it is considered to be important for its near position to a junction of several roads. In Andahuaylillas it is notable the colonial presence, the one that was important in its time for the colonial, commercial administration, as well as for the catholic administration because of its temples, especially San Pedro which is considered as an artistic piece of jewellery and considered as the ‘Sixtine Chapel of America’. This church was built over some important Inca building, possibly a “Waka” as it has been found on its foundations cut andesita, which is typical of the Inca architecture. What is more, around it, some constructions have been found, such as the Portada, of transicional architecture (transition from the Inca to the colonial) on the western side of the church, with sculptures of two quadrupeds on its lintel. For these reasons, it is considered important and worthy to visit it in this route.
242
N
WILLOC
CUSCO OLLANTAYTAMBO
URUBAMBA CALCA
PAUCARTAMBO
COLQUEPATA
CHINCHERO PÍSAC LIMATAMBO
ANTA
CUSCO
HUANOQUITE
CCARHUAYO
OROPESA ANDAHUAYLILLAS 46
CCATAC
URCOS
PACARITAMBO
PARURO Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport
46
Andahuaylillas
ACOMAYO
CUSIPATA
ACCHA 0
10
20 km
243 OROPESA
Andahuaylillas
Carlos Sala / PROMPERU
TRES CRUCES
Feline Route
Raqchi
Luis Gamero / PROMPERU
It is a series of atypical structures for the inca planning. They are made of mud on walls, very high in accordance with the period and at the same time long; up to now, it is believed that it is linked to Wiraqocha worshiping which is one of the first gods that the Incas adopted in their ethnical formation.
244
Other names: Urcos
R a q c hi
RAQCHI
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 19L E 244197 N 8431709
Google Earth W 71 22’12” S 14 10’27”
ALTITUDE
Spot: District: San Pedro
Province: Canchis Region: Cusco
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Raqchi, 3 480 Huaraz, 3 091 Pacific Ocean, 0
Cusco, 3 399
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 25
a.C. 0
25
50
1450
1475
1500
1525
1550
1575
Raqchi 1470 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TIPO DE ASENTAMIENTO Abrigo Rocoso Pintura Rupestre Aldea Centro Religioso
Complejo Monumental Necrópolis Tumba Principal
Monumento Ciudad Prehispánica Área Monumental
Centro Histórico Paraje Cultural Ciudad Colonial
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has services at all prices.
245
Feline Route functions including agricultural terraces, “kanchas”, “wayranas”, “qolqas”, varied temples, religious sources, etc.; it was possible an important tambo on the route to Collasuyo. Inside all the complex, it highlightens the presence of the one called del denominado “Wiraqocha temple”. According to the tradition, it was ordered to be built by Inca Wiraqocha as a tribute to the Andeans’ invisible superior God: Apu Kon Titi Wiraqocha. It is one of the least visited places of the zone, but one of the most important.
César A. Vega
At kilometer 123 of the highway to Puno, we find Raqchi, located at 3 480 meters above the sea level. It holds a series of atypical structures for the inca planning. They are made of mud on walls, very high in accordance with the period and at the same time long; up to now, it is believed that it is linked to Wiraqocha worshiping which is one of the first gods that the Incas adopted in their ethnical formation. Evidences found in this place, point out that Raqchi was a complex settlement with multiple constructions of several
246
SCO
ANDAHUAYLILLAS
PARURO ACOMAYO
CUSIPATA
R a q c hi
TAMBO
CCARHUAYO CCATAC
CUSCO COMBAPATA
OMACHA
YANAOCA
47
SICUANI
LIVITACA
LANGUI
N LAYO
EL DESCANSO
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport
Lgo Languilayo SANTA ROSA
47
RAQCHI MACARI
ACCOCUNCA
0
10
20 km
Beatrice Velarde
E
OROPESA
247
Feline Route
Pucará
César A. Vega
Apart from its archaeological sites, Pucará is famous for its glazed or semiglazed handicratf, painted in green, especially for its famous ‘toritos’.
248
Other names: Pukara, Pucara, Puqara
Pucará
PUCARÁ
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 19L E 353216 N 8335258
Google Earth W 70 22’03” S 15 02’34”
ALTITUDE
Spot: Pucará District: Pucará
Province: Lampa Region: Puno
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Pucará, 4 200 Huaraz, 3 091 Pacific Ocean, 0
Cusco, 3 399
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 25
a.C. 0
25
50
1450
1475
1500
1525
1550
1575
Pucará 1470 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has the Museo Lítico de Pucará, a parking area.
249
Feline Route away from the locality, it is the archaeological complex Kalasaya, considered to be the ceremonial center of Pucará culture. It was risen around the year 200 b.C., and it reached its height between the years 250 b.C. and 380 a.C. There, you can distinguish two sectors: a ceremonial area composed by nine pyramids and the other is urban. For those rehaznos, it must be included in the Feline’s itinerary.
César A. Vega
This population is located at 4 200 meters above the sea level, 106 km to the north of Puno. There you can find the Lithic Museum of Pucará, where you can see a Group of lithic sculptures such as monoliths, steles and zoomorphic sculptures, ceramics and other objects. Furthermore, Pucará is famous for its pottery, especially for its famous “Toritos”. Aproximately one kilometer
250
PUTINA
N PUCARÁ
PUNO
48
ARAPA
Lago Arapa
PALCA
LAMPA PARATIA
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport
JULIACA
PUSI
48
PUCARÁ
Lago Titicaca PUNO 0
10
20 km
251
Pucará
César A. Vega
AZÁNGARO
Feline Route
Sillustani
Renzo Uccelli / PROMPERU
The mausoleums or ‘chullpas’ made of stone and that are in almost all the postcards that we observe for Puno region, are the most interesting. These tombs Could belong to the Regional States period, represented by the Kolla (± 1200 a.C.).
252
Sillustani
SILLUSTANI GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 19L E 377292 N 8261351
Google Earth W 70 12’35” S 15 41’48”
ALTITUDE
Spot: Sillustani District:
Province: Region: Puno
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Sillustani, 3 900 Huaraz, 3 091 Pacific Ocean, 0
Cusco, 3 399
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 100
a.C. 0
100
200
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
Sillustani 1200 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
Fluvial or Maritime
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has services and handicraft sales.
253
Feline Route risen to hold the funerary remains of the principal authorities of the ancient settlers, the Kolla (Âą 1200 a.C.). Some of them reach up to 12 meters high and they characterize because its low part is less than its higher part. A little distance from the archaeological complex, you can find the Site Museum, where there are several pieces from the cultures Colla, Tiahuanaco and Inca. For these reasons, Sillustani is included in this route.
Archivo Renzo Uccelli
This settlement is located at 3 900 meters above the sea level on a soft hillock and on the Eastern peninsula of the lagoon Umayo, 34 km to the north of the city of Puno. As well as in other sides of the highlands and in some places of the coast, it goes from the lithic (Âą 12000 b.C.) with campsites and workshops to the Formative with Qaluyo (Âą 1000 b.C.). This place is well known for its chullpas, that are circular stone towers
254
PUTINA
ARAPA
Lago Arapa
PALCA
LAMPA N
PUSI PARATIA
JULIACA
PUNO CABANILLA 49
Lago Titicaca
Lagunas Lagunillas PUNO
CHUCUITO ACORA Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport
49
SAN ANTONIO DE ESQUILACHE
SILLUSTANI LARAQUERI
0
10
20 km
255
Sillustani
Archivo Renzo Uccelli
AZÁNGARO
Heinz Plengue / PROMPERU
Feline Route
Geographical means The area of Cusco, has a landscape of strong contrasts, where high alignments of mountains, combine with dilated altiplanos and plateaus of soft relief. As well as deep valleys and canyons, furthermore, part of the high jungle where man got used to. In Cusco the Incas knew perfectly about the physical nature of the territory, according to some chroniclers, they made maps in relief made of clay, marking on them the geographical accidents of a space about which they set up population sensus and production records. The historian Luis Valcárcel points out that the Inca expeditions, whenthey reached a province, they proceded to make up a map, meanwhile, Waldemar Espinosa in his book about “The Incas”, he mentions that they made up maps of stone or material about foreign regions; with a clear intention of exploiting the resources. The control of the geographical space in the Inca period is also shown in the extensive road nets that ran the Empitre in different directions, reaching an extension of 40 000 km.
256
257
Carlos Sala / PROMPERU
Imperial Cities Route
258
CĂŠsar A. Vega
This is a route refered to the principal urban centres of the Andean area and that are associated mainly to the first and second Imperial development in this part of the American Continent. The visit of this Imperial Cities Route will allow to admire a notable monumental patrimony that outstand due to the successful planning and rational use of the natural ecosystems. We can even remark that the extension of these evidences overcome in some cases the principal European urban centres. This makes our monumental patrimony a valuable option of patrimonial management and social use of the different prehispanic buildings that exist and are necessary to study and conserve. The sites involved on this route are: Cajamarca, Marcahuamachuco, Wiracochapampa, Wari, Huanucopampa and VilcashuamĂĄn. Other important places of this route are: Cajamarquilla, PachacĂĄmac, Pikillacta and Chan Chan.
259
the Imperial Cities Route 50
Cajamarca This place is located in the historical center of the same city, where the Spaniards settled directly modifying its architectural program, but we can still observe some Inca’s evidences.
51
Marcahuamachuco It seems to be that by the year 500 a.C. It was the largest urban center of all the northern highlands. At present, some studies are being developed to put it in value.
52
Wiracochapampa It is clearly a great city that possibly belonged to the end of the (Wari) empire and was built by the year 900 a.C.
53
Wari It is located in a semi-arid open area in the North-east of Ayacucho city and to the South-west of the village of Quinua, at about 3 000 meters above the sea level.
54
Huanucopampa In this occupied space there are a large amount of kallankas (The Incas’ typical architecture), depots (collcas) for food and clothes among others.
55
Vilcashuamán The work of several chroniclers (e.g. Waman Poma y Pedro Cieza) mention it since the beginning of conquest and the colony as one of the most opulent and luxurious Inca’s Llaqtas.
Other important places 30
Cajamarquilla
View page 166
31
Pachacámac
View page 170
40
Pikillacta
View page 216
260 14
Chan Chan
View page 92
TIME LINE 2100
b.C. 1800
1500
1200
900
600
300
Cajamarca
a.C. 0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
Marcahumachuco Wari
Wiracochapampa Huanucopampa
CAJAMARCA CAJAMARCA 50
N
51 52 14
HUAMACHUCO
TRUJILLO
PACIFIC OCEAN
54
LIMA
HUÁNUCO
30 31
Detailed area AYACUCHO
CUSCO 55
Route of the Imperial Cities Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
53
APURÍMAC
50 Cajamarca 514 Marcahuamachuco 52 Wiracochapampa 53 Wari 54 Huanucopampa 55 Vilcashuamán 30 Cajamarquilla 31 Pachacamac 40 Pikillacta 14 Chan Chan 0
50
100
150 km
261
40
The Imperial Cities Route
Cajamarca
CĂŠsar A. Vega
In the historical center of the city, you can see Inca evidences such as the Rescue Room on the block 7 of Amalia Puga street, the designs of Qhapaq Ă‘an, The Inca Bath, where Atahualpa stayed before he was captured. It is probably the main square now.
262
Cajamarca
CAJAMARCA GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 774285 N 9208035
Google Earth W 78 31'03" S 7 09'25"
ALTITUDE
Spot: Cajamarca District: Cajamarca
Province: Cajamarca Region: Cajamarca
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 Cusco, 3 399
Cajamarca, 2 720 Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 2200
2000
200
a.C. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Cajamarca 2000 b.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Fluvial or Maritime
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
By Plane
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has several handicraft centers. it also has in association, nearby lodges at all prices.
263
The Imperial Cities Route Spanish occupation, the destruction of th Inca Llaqta to to turn it into the city of San Antonio de Cajamarca. For being an important part of our history, and for its legacy, is one of the principal landmarks of this cultural route. The Inca bath is located 6,40 km away from the Center of the City andi t connects the city with two possible branches of Qhapaq Ñan that are still in use. One of the tangible examples of an inca city that you can still admire, in spite of the transformations suffered during centuries, that’s why it is important for this route.
Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU
Evidences of an Inca urbe are located in the historical center of the same city of Cajamarca, where the Spaniards settled down, modifying its architectural programme, but you can still observe Inca evidences, such as the Rescue Room on the block 7 of Amalia Puga street, the designs of Qhapaq Ñan, The Inca Bath, where Atahualpa stayed before he was captured. It is probably the main square of Cajamarca now. What you can now see is the remainder of what one was an Inca llaqta (Second Empire) that occupied a zone of the Cajamarca. After Atahualpa’s death and during the first years of the
264
SUCHUBAMBA
N
BAMBAMARCA
LEYMEBAMBA
CELENDÍN LUCMAPAMPA
SAN PABLO
CAJAMARCA
NAMORA SAN JUAN
MATARÁ
SAN MARCOS
ñón Mara
50
MAGDALENA
Río
CHETILLA
ENCAÑADA
BOLÍVAR
CONTUMAZÁ CASCAS a
Río
am Chic
HUARANCHAL
0
10
20
30
40km
Provincial limit 50 Regional capital Cajamarca ProvincialCAJABAMBA capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
265
Cajamarca
César A. Vega
CHOTA
The Imperial Cities Route
Marcahuamachuco
Luis Yupanqui
It is composed by a series of places marked by walls made of quarried Stones placed in double facing of two or three floors. They contain public areas and aparently domestic with a large occupation that appears to be originated since 400 a.C.
266
Other names: Markawamachuku, Markawamachuco
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 822628 N 9138417
Google Earth W 78 04'32" S 7 47'16"
ALTITUDE
Spot: Marcahuamachuco District: Huamachuco
Province: Sรกnchez Carriรณn Region: La Libertad
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 Cusco, 3 399
Marcahuamachuco, 3 200 Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 600
400
200
a.C. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Marcahuamachuco 400 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Fluvial or Maritime
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
By Plane
Car trai
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has no proper infrastructure except for the Entrance and the access motorway.
267
Marcahuamachuco
MARCAHUAMACHUCO
The Imperial Cities Route public and domestic areas, with a large occupation that seems to be originary from the year 400 a.C., preceding the Wari and Inca. The occupation is given until the Inca period, but not totally and without fulfilling all its functions. All the material for the construction of this city was obtained from the nearby hills, a quarry where the stone was carefully worked and cut, in rectangular blocks, they were placed alterning their position, vertical or horizontal. This calls the attention of travellers and researchers who come to its borders. At present, some Studies are being performed to put this place in value. It is an important example of pre-urban development in the north of Peru.
Willian Zanatta
When Marcahuamachuco appeared by the year 500 a.C. It was the largest urban center of all the Northern highland. The occupied territory was limit and obstacle for the expansion of the first Empire (Wari) between the years 600 and 900 a.C. They were not able to occupy the zone and it remained imperturbable until its incorporation to the Tawantinsuyo (Âą 1450 - 1532 a.C.) The place is located at, 3 km from Huamachuco, on the highlands of La Libertad. It is at 3 700 meters above the sea level. It is composed by a series of places marked by walls made of quarried stones placed in double facing of two or three floors, being notorious several kilometres away. It contains
268
SUCHUBAMBA BAMBAMARCA
LEYMEBAMBA
CELENDÍN LUCMAPAMPA
CHETILLA
GUZMANGO
CASCAS
Río
SAN MARCOS
COTO DE CAZA SUNCHUBAMBA
ñón
CONTUMAZÁ
MATARÁ
Mara
SAN JUAN
N
Río
CAJAMARCA
LLUCHUBAMBA
ama
CAJABAMBA
Chic
SARTIMBAMBA
HUARANCHAL 51
HUAMACHUCO OTUZCO
SARÍN SITABAMBA
TRUJILLO
CACHICADÁN
MOCHE
LA LIBERTAD
VIRÚ 0
10
20
30
40km
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
51
Marcahuamachuco
CABANA
269
Marcahuamachuco
Willian Zanatta
CHOTA
The Imperial Cities Route
Wiracochapampa
Walter Silvera / PROMPERU
This city occupies an area of 500 meters; where there are a series of public and administrative spaces such as warehouses, watering network, means of communications, and places in a clear orthogonal planning.
270
Other names: Wiraqcochapampa, Huirakochapampa
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 825572 N 9138543
Google Earth W 78 02'51" S 7 47'17"
ALTITUDE
Spot: Wiracochapampa District: Huamachuco
Province: Sánchez Carrión Region: La Libertad
Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399
Wiracochapampa, 3 000
Iquitos, 104
Pacific Ocean, 0 LÍNEA DE TIEMPO b.C. 100
a.C. 0
100
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
Wiracochapampa 900 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
GRADO DE CONSERVACIÓN Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Fluvial or Maritime
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
By Plane
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES Nothing suitable in the locality, and fairly acceptable in the city.
271
Wiracochapampa
WIRACOCHAPAMPA
The Imperial Cities Route identified, maybe with the purpose of supporting the vegetal origin ceilings. Inside the construction, you can still see some traces of irrigation ditches, that carried the water for the population. This city possibly belongs to the end of the first Empire (Wari) and was built by the year 900 a.C.; It seems that they didn’t finish building the city, perhaps because of the weakness of the metropoli or due to the colapse of the Empire, the same as what happened later in Huanucopampa in the second Empire. It is one of the latest Wari cities that were built andi t is located in the Northern extreme of its expansion.
Walter Silvera / PROMPERU
It is located at 3 000 meters above the sea level on an esplanade or ramp, and it forms a triangle between the city and the place of Markahuamachuco. The city occupies an area of 500 m; in this space there are a series of public and administrative spaces such as warehouses, watering network, means of communications, and places in a clear orthogonal planning. The constructive material employed are quarried stones, generally clear sandstone balanced and fastened with small stone wedges (pachillas o paqchas), that are placed on the walls of double facing and using clay land as mortar; in some front walls some stone corbels (perhaps quartz) have been
272
SUCHUBAMBA BAMBAMARCA
LEYMEBAMBA
CELENDÍN LUCMAPAMPA
Río
MATARÁ
SAN MARCOS
COTO DE CAZA SUNCHUBAMBA
ón
CASCAS
rañ
GUZMANGO
Ma
SAN JUAN
N
CONTUMAZÁ
Río
CAJAMARCA
CHETILLA
LLUCHUBAMBA
ama
Chic
CAJABAMBA SARTIMBAMBA
HUARANCHAL 52
HUAMACHUCO OTUZCO
SARÍN SITABAMBA
TRUJILLO MOCHE
CACHICADÁN
LA LIBERTAD
VIRÚ 0
10
20
30
40km
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
52
Wiracochapampa
CABANA
273
Wiracochapampa
Walter Silvera / PROMPERU
CHOTA
The Imperial Cities Route
Wari
Carlos Sala / PROMPERU
This place is composed by a fairly multicolored, a little orthogonal core that later it adapted to this pattern by forming large streets, high perimetric walls, accesses, squares, temples, administrative areas, mausoleums, tombs, workshops, neighbourhoods.
274
Wari
WARI GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 592517 N 8555221
Google Earth W 74 08'47" S 13 04'04"
ALTITUDE
Spot: Wari District: Quinua
Province: Huamanga Region: Ayacucho
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399
Wari, 3 000
Iquitos, 104
Pacific Ocean, 0 TIME LINE b.C. 100
a.C. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Wari 500 a.C.
900 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Fluvial or Maritime
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
By Plane
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has an on-site museum, signposting and a car park.
275
The Imperial Cities Route ones with it had conflicts later. This forced its state to redesign a general policy by developing a secular form supported in a regular army. In this way it started its expansion, transformation and resource management. As part of an expansion policy, an official language was imposed, the runa simi or quechua. An oficial ideology sustained by administration and religion; an accounting system represented by the kipu, the sistematization and formalization of roads, the creation of cities as political and military centres; furthermore, the creation of military groups, the imposition of the orthogonal pattern. Wari turned into a metropoli (Âą 600 900 a.C.) until the Empire colapsed. Very little is known about what happened after the year 900 a.C. with Wari, but it seems that it was abandoned and pillaged. Practically it was never occupied.
Carlos Sala / PROMPERU
The citadel Wari is considered as the state capital of the same name. Before the Inca culture, it had become the first great andean Empire. Its occupation would have reached 2 000 hectares in its most important moment. This complex is located in a semiarid esplanade to the north-east of the city of Ayacucho and to the south-west of the town of Quinua, at about 3 000 meters above the sea level. Wari is composed by a fairly multicolored, a bit orthogonal core, that later it adapted to this pattern by forming large streets, high perimetric walls, accesses, squares, temples, administrative areas, mauloleums, tombs, workshops, neighbourhoods, etc. This characterize a city or llaqta. The origins of Wari (500 - 600 a.C.) as a city is found in a settlement Warpa which must have been the basis of its origins, together with influences by contact with Nasca y Tiwanako cultures, the
276
ac
rím
HUANTA HUANCA HUANCA
HUAMANGUILLA
LIRCAY
QUINUA
53
SAN MIGUEL
SAN PEDRO DE CACHI
N
AYACUCHO Río
AYACUCHO TOTOS
Pa m
pa
ONGOY
s
CHINCHEROS CHUSQUI
PARAS
CANGALLO
VILCASHUAMÁN CARHUANCA
HUANCAPI Provincial limit 53 Regional capital Wari Provincial capital HUANCASANCOS District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
CHILCAYOC PAICO
APONGO 0
10
20
30
40km
277
Wari
Carlos Sala / PROMPERU
pu
oA
Rí
MAYOC
ACOBAMBA
The Imperial Cities Route
Huanucopampa
Mylene D’Auriol
In this occupied space there are a large number of kallankas (typical architecture of the incas), warehouses (collcas) for food and clothes among others. It was going to be a great llaqta; but due to the Spanish invasion and the breakup of the established order made it impossible to finish and occupy this city.
278
Other names: Wanukupampa, Wanuku Viejo, Huรกnuco Viejo, Huanucomarca
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 301291.96 N 8908120.57
Google Earth W 76 48'43" S 9 52'17"
ALTITUD
Spot: Huanucopampa District: La Uniรณn
Province: Dos de Mayo Region: Huรกnuco
Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level
Cusco, 3 399
Huanucopampa, 3 700
Iquitos, 104
Pacific Ocean, 0 TIME LINE b.C. 200
a.C. 0
200
400
1440
1460
1480
1500
1520
1540
1560
1580
Huanucopampa 1470 a.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Fluvial or Maritime
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
By Plane
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES This place has minimal signposting in different areas.
279
Huanucopampa
HUANUCOPAMPA
The Imperial Cities Route Huánuco Pampa was going to turn into a great llaqta; but it seems that the Spanish invasion and the breakup of the established order didn’t make it finish and occupy this city. Huánuco Pampa had a short existente like Wiraqochapampa. The Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in the latest time, is carrying out research in the line of archaeoastronomy or paleoastronomy, as there is a hypothesis that the Inca Llaqtas, as well as other structures of the andean area, were designed in accordance with stellar, lunar and solar observations. Although it was never finished, we can say that Huánuco Pampa is an important landmark to understand the route of the Imperial cities.
Mylene D’Auriol
The city of Huánuco Pampa is at 3 700 meters above the sea level on an esplanade or ramp, where comes part of its name, covering about five hectares. This site presents between 3 500 to 4 000 visible structures. At first, the architectural programme was aimed to form four great sectors according to the Qhapaq Ñan and the Ushnu, and these sectors, at the same time, subdivided into four. Among these structures we have the large square (cancha) from which the streets start. In the occupied space, there are a large number of kallankas, a kind of stone basis on which the houses, palaces and inca temples, warehouses (collcas) for food and clothes among others were built.
280
LLATA
PARQUE NACIONAL HUASCARÁN
CHAVÍN DE HUÁNTAR
HUÁNUCO
RECUAY
LA UNIÓN
CHAVINILLO
54
HUALLANCA
HUÁNUCO
N
JESÚS
BAÑOS
CHIQUIÁN
AMBO
TICLLOS
Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
YANAHUANCA
54
Huanucopampa
CERRO DE PASCO
OYÓN 0
10
20
30
40km
281
Huanucopampa
Mylene D’Auriol
HUARAZ
The Imperial Cities Route
Vilcashuamรกn
Carlos Sala / PROMPERU
The city or llaqta of Vilcahuamรกn was used, as many Inca cities as a Tambo or collecting and distribution of material and human resources. You can observe here structures such as the Kallankas built with quarried stones, fenced places, the just mentioned ushnu and the square or trapezoid cancha.
282
Other names: Willcahuaman, Willcas Waman, Vilcas
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 613229 N 8490277
Google Earth W 73 57'11" S 13 39'13"
ALTITUDE
Spot: Vilcashuamán District: Vilcashuamán
Province: Vilcashuamán Region: Ayacucho
Huascarán mountain, 6 768
Vilcashuamán, 3 200
Cusco, 3 399
Pacific Ocean, 0
Meters Above Sea Level
Iquitos, 104
TIME LINE b.C. 600
400
200
a.C. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Vilcashuamán 500 b.C.
1532 a.C.
TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center
Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb
Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area
Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City
PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
ACCESSIBILITY
Without visible access
Pedestrian Road
Fluvial or Maritime
Asphalted road
Unpaved road
By Plane
Car trail
ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE
Excellent
Good
Regular
Bad
SERVICES It has accomodation service and basic catering.
283
Vilcashuamán
VILCASHUAMÁN
The Imperial Cities Route
Carlos Sala / PROMPERU
The citadel of Vilcashuamán is located on an esplanade, at 3 200 meters above the sea level on the left side of the riverPampas in Ayacucho. The current population live on the clear superposition of the colonial and Tawantinsuyo periods, but its origins go back at least to the Formative (± 1500 b.C. - 0 a.C.), According to the latest investigations performed by a Peruvian-Japanese project, whose evidences are under the Ushnu. The city or llaqta of Vilcashuamán, was used as many Inca cities as a Tambo or collecting and distribution of material and human resources center. You can observe here structures such as the Kallankas built with quarried Stones, fenced places, the just mentioned ushnu, the square or trapezoid cancha, etc. It also seems that it had an important meaning for the Incas, as the city was built on their rivals’ territory: the Chanka. Several chroniclers mention them in their work (e.g. Waman Poma and Pedro Cieza) they are mentioned from the beginning of the conquest and the colony as one of the most splendid and opulent Inca llaqtas. Its state of conservation, the architectural syncretism and its symbolic value make Vilcashuamán a principal component of the Imperial Cities Route.
284
ím
ur
Ap ac
LIRCAY
QUINUA
N
AYACUCHO
Río
Pa m
ONGOY
TOTOS
pa
s
CHINCHEROS CHUSQUI
PARAS
CANGALLO
AYACUCHO
55
ANDAHUAYLAS
VILCASHUAMÁN CARHUANCA
HUANCAPI
LUCANAMARCA
TURPO CHILCAYOC
HUANCASANCOS
PAICO
APONGO Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port
55
Vilcashuamán HUAYCAHUACHO
CHIPAO ANDAMARCA
SAÑAYCA
PAMPACHIN
0
10
20
30
40km
285
Vilcashuamán
Carlos Sala / PROMPERU
o Rí
MAYOC
ACOBAMBA
Participatory archaeological tourism
This is an interesting opportunity for the visitor to get involved in scientific work and at the same time, to go deeply into some knowledge additional to the conventional, that means, the one that is used to getting acquired in a traditional tourist visit. It can be understood as a different way of perceiving the culture and mechanisms that social sciences have to develop the historical discourse. The methodologies that scientists apply, can be attractive to a certain type of specialised tourist who finds more and better emotions and learning in an archaeologist’s specialised discourse and work. This type of participatory archaeological tourism can be tackled in three different forms:
1. Visits or archaeological explorations This tourist circuit that considers the visit of archaeological projects in progress apart from other sites connected to the scientific problems they face. It can be the case of being privileged spectators of the
286
archaeological findings that take place in this type of projects.
2. Archaeological Digs and Restorations This tourist circuit implies direct participation in field activities of archaeological digs and restorations, the one that includes, to take part of the field team in the different scientific tasks permanently supervised by professional archaeologists. This type of visit is the one that considers public specifically formed in these scientific activities.
3. Preliminary treatment of the findings and archaeological collections This tourist circuit allows you to participate in complementary Works of the archaeological projects such as the treatment of the findings and their preventive treatment for their subsequent study. It also allows you to participate in certain museums that devote permanently to the research of archaeological collections; this includes the learning of register techniques handling of all type of
287
288
Participatory archaeological tourism
collections. For this last thematic core, we have identified the archaeological sites that currently have projects almost permanent in progress, in terms of field works as well as material process in offices or museums, the ones mentioned bellow:
REGION
PLACE
WORKS
INFRASTRUCTURE
OTHER WORKS
TIPE OF VISIT
North Coast
Huacas del Sol y de La Luna
Excavat.
Interpretation Center
Laboratory
1,2,3
North Coast
Huaca Rajada Sipán
Excavat.
National Museum and Place
Laboratory
1,2,3
North Coast
Huaca El Brujo
Excavat.
Interpretation Center
Laboratory
1,2,3
Place Museum
Laboratory
1,3
Place Museum
Laboratory
1,2,3
Laboratory
1,2,3
North Coast
Túcume
North Coast
Chan Chan
Excavat.
North Coast
San José de Moro
Excavat.
Near North
Las Chicras
Excavat.
Laboratory
1,2,3
Near North
Caral, Áspero, Vichama
Excavat. and restorat.
Interpretation Center
Laboratory
1,2,3
Near North
Sechín
Restorat.
Place Museum
Laboratory
1,3
Central Coast
Pachacamac
Excavat.
Place Museum
Laboratory
1,2,3
Central Coast
Pucllana
Excavat.
Place Museum
Laboratory
1,2,3
Central Coast
Puruchuco
Restorat.
Place Museum
Laboratory
1,2,3
Central Coast
Cajamarquilla
Restorat.
Laboratory
1,2,3
Central Coast
Mateo Salado
Excavat. and restorat.
Laboratory
1,2,3
Central Coast
Maranga Chayavilca
Excavat. and restorat.
Laboratory
1,2,3
Place Museum
289
Participatory archaeological tourism
South Central Coast
Huaca Malena
South Central Coast
Tambo de Mora
Excavat.
South Coast
Cahuachi
Excavat. and Restorat.
South Coast
Geoglifos de Palpa
South
Place Museum
Laboratory
1,2,3
Laboratory
1,2,3
Museum
Laboratory
1,2,3
Excavat.
Museum
Laboratory
1,2,3
Chiribaya
Excavat.
Municipal Museum
Laboratory
1,2,3
South
Cerro Baul
Excavat.
South
Omo, Chen Chen
North Jungle
Kuélap
Excavat. and Restorat.
North Jungle
Pinchudos
Restorat
North Jungle
Leymebamba
North Jungle
Karajía
Central Saw
Lauricocha
Central Saw
Wari
Excavat.
Central Saw
Vilcashuamán
Excavat. and Restorat
290
Laboratory
1,2,3
Museum
Laboratory
2,3
Centro de Interpretación
Laboratory
1,2,3 1,2
Museum
Laboratory
1,2,3 1 1
Place Museum
Laboratory
1,2,3
Laboratory
1,2,3
291
292