The Welsh and North America
The Welsh and North America Welsh and Successful in North America Today
Christian Bale Actor
Dame Shirley Bassey Singer
John Belle Architect
Michael Bogdanov Theatre Director
Kate Burton Actor
John Cale Musician
Joe Calzaghe Boxer
Hillary Clinton Former US Secretary of State
Grahame Davies Author
Geraint Wyn Davies Actor (Playing Dylan Thomas)
Duffy Singer
Menna Elfyn Poet
Richard Ellis Astronomer
David Emanuel Sir Harold Fashion Designer Evans Journalist and Broadcaster
Sir Martin Evans Discoverer of Stem Cells
Rebecca Evans Cerith Wyn Evans Soprano Singer
Daniel Evans Actor
Catrin Finch Harpist
Jasper Fforde Novelist
Ioan Gruffudd Actor
Terry Hands Theater Director
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Sylvia Ann Hewlett Writer and Economist
Peter Ho Davies Author
Sir Anthony Hopkins Actor
Rhys Ifans Actor
Jem Singer
Karl Jenkins Composer
Katherine Jenkins Mezzo-Soprano
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Charlotte Church Singer
David Gray Singer
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Sir John Houghton Scientist
Andrew Howard Actor
Jason Howard Baritone
Sion Dale Jones Actor (in Floating)
Gwyn Hughes Jones Tenor
John Owen Jones Singer (musical theatre)
Sir Tom Jones Singer
Cambridge Jones Photographer
Martyn Jones Artist
Damian Lewis Actor
Grant Llewellyn Conductor
Ross Lovegrove Designer
Guy Masterson Cerys Matthews Actor Singer
Sir Terry Matthews Entrepreneur
Robert Minhinnick Poet
Christopher Monger Director and Screenwriter
Sir Michael Moritz Entrepreneur
Mali Morris Artist
Edward Povey Artist
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Helen McCrory John Metcalf Actor Composer
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Dennis O’Neill Tenor
Only Men Aloud! Choir
Sian Phillips Actor
Lloyd Robson Poet & Author
Ian Rowlands Playwright
Super Furry Animals Rock Band
Owen Teale Actor
Paul Watkins Novelist
Llyr ^ Williams Pianist
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Catherine Zeta-Jones Actress
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Jan Morris and Twm Morus author and poet
Claire Jones Harpist’
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Jonathan Pryce Matthew Rhys Actor Actor
Carlo Rizzi Conductor
Michael Sheen Owen Sheers Poet Actor
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Stereophonics Rock Band
Sir Howard Stringer
Sara Sugarman Movie Director
Alexander Talbot Rice Artist
Bryn Terfel Bass-Baritone
Peter Thabit Jones Poet
Rachel Trezise Author
Tim Vincent TV Presenter
Ian Woosnam Golfer
Mike Young Animation Director
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* Photo by Cambridge Jones
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Roger Williams Iris Williams Playwright Singer
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Former Chairman and CEO of Sony
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The Welsh and North America Introduction This booklet is a brief history of the Welsh nation and its relationship with North America. It is the story of the important contribution that the Welsh have made to North America from the 17th century onwards and how the relationship continues to flourish today in business, tourism, academia and the arts.
Doing Business While the Welsh may have come to North America to work in mining and manufacturing, today there is very little traditional heavy industry left in Wales. Presently, there are over 150 North American companies in Wales and a growing number of Welsh companies are investing in North America. Here are just some areas where Wales now excels, frequently working closely with North American companies and research centers. For full details on business sectors and opportunities in Wales today, please contact the Welsh Government in North America (see details at back). Aircraft Maintenance Repair and Overhaul
Automotive
25% of the UK’s MRO is carried out in Wales. Major investors include Airbus, BA, GE Aviation, Raytheon, Hawker Beechcraft, and Allied Aerosystems.
There are 150 automotive companies in Wales with 16,000 employees and one third of all engines made in the UK are now made in Wales. Major investors include Ford with over 2000 employees.
Opto-electronics
Creative Media
5000 people in Wales are employed by 85 opto-electronics companies. The OpTIC Research Centre at Glyndwr University is developing the European Extremely Large Telescope. Cardiff-based IQE is a world leader in the supply of semiconductor wafer products for photonic applications and now has several bases in the USA.
The BBC is at the center of a growing cluster in South Wales producing film, TV programs, animation and games. The BBC recently opened a 170,000 sq ft studio premises in Cardiff Bay where it produces programs for a worldwide audience. Llanellibased Tinopolis, the UK’s largest regional independent, recently acquired A. Smith and Co. and BASE Productions in the USA and makes programming for most of the US’s top networks.
Diagnostics Wales has one of the largest UK clusters of in-vitro diagnostic companies including American giant Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics. RSR specialises in autoimmune thryoid diagnostics while Concateno Trichotech and Cansford Laboratories both carry out drug testing on hair samples. Microvisk will shortly launch a hand-held coagulation testing device for patients on Warfarin.
Ten Things Made in Wales today • Airbus A380 wings • Toyota Auris Hybrid engine • Sony Blu-Ray cameras • Thales Satellite Cover Glass and Cover Slides • Raytheon’s Shadow R Mk1 aircraft • Flexicare Hall Lock System • Faun Trackway Heavy Ground Mobility System • GE Healthcare’s Whatman 903 Specimen Collection Device • Ford fuel-efficient EcoBoost engine • The Raspberry Pi
Financial and Business Services Cardiff is ‘the fastest growing British city for financial services jobs’ and ‘an essential near-shoring hub for the City of London’ (FT). The financial sector now accounts for 25% of all jobs in Cardiff. Major investors include Eversheds. Deloitte, ING, Zurich, Conduit, Lloyds, AA, Centrica, Brewin Dolphin, Target, BT, PWC, Admiral, Principality, Serco, Tesco, Legal and General, and Confused.com.
Raspberry Pi
Airbus A380
The Welsh and North America
Visiting Wales UNESCO World Heritage Sites Beaumaris Castle Blaenavon Caernarfon Castle Conwy Castle Harlech Castle Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal
National Parks Brecon Beacons National Park Pembrokeshire National Park Snowdonia National Park
For a small country, Wales packs a lot in! It’s a Celtic country, part of the United Kingdom, and is about 250 km (or 180 miles) long and 90 km (or 60 miles) wide. Travelling north to south takes about 4 ½ hours. But of course you also have to account for photo, coffee, and local pub stops. There’s a lot to see: our 641 castles, 3 national parks, 10 great little steam trains, lots of colorful market towns and Cardiff, our capital city.
Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty The Anglesey Coast The Clwydian Range Gower ^ Peninsula The Llyn The Wye Valley
Great Little Trains of Wales Bala Lake Railway Brecon Mountain Railway Llanberis Lake Railway Ffestiniog Railway Snowdon Mountain Railway Talyllyn Railway Vale of Rheidol Railway Welsh Highland Railway Welshpool & Llanfair Railway Welsh Highland Heritage
Sites of the National Museum Big Pit: National Coal Museum National Museum Cardiff National Roman Legion Museum National Slate Museum National Waterfront Museum National Wool Museum St. Fagans: National History Museum
Wales’ Top Gardens Aberglasney House and Gardens Bodnant Gardens Chirk Castle Dyffryn Gardens Erddig National Botanic Gardens of Wales Penrhyn Castle Plas Newydd Powis Castle and Garden Portmeirion St. Fagans: National History Museum
Wales Millennium Centre
Three Ways To Vacation In Wales • Play golf in the shadow of a castle on one of our inspirational links golf courses or The Twenty Ten Ryder Cup Course. • Stay at Dylan’s! Spend the night in Dylan Thomas’ childhood home in Swansea, now a self catering accommodation. • Put on your walking boots and explore the 870-mile Wales Coast Path, the world’s first of its kind.
DID YOU KNOW? The National Botanic Garden of Wales is the first national botanic garden to be created in the UK for over 200 years.
The Welsh and North America
Academia There are nine universities in Wales on 12 campuses: • Aberystwyth University www.aber.ac.uk • Bangor University www.bangor.ac.uk • Cardiff University www.cardiff.ac.uk • Cardiff Metropolitan University www3.cardiffmet.ac.uk • Glyndwr University (Wrexham) www.glyndwr.ac.uk • Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama (Cardiff) www.rwcmd.ac.uk • University of South Wales (Newport, Treforest) www.southwales.ac.uk • Swansea University www.swansea.ac.uk • University of Wales Trinity St David’s (Carmarthen, Swansea, Lampeter) www.trinitysaintdavid.ac.uk
Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama. Photograph Nick Guttredge
Welsh universities have 30 centers of excellence, 91 departments rated 4-star and above for research, and 66 departments listed as excellent for teaching quality. Welsh universities have many Study Abroad programs and welcome full-time international students from over 120 countries each year onto some 5,500 courses. For further information on studying in Wales, on university centers of excellence, and on research programs, please visit the respective universities’ websites or visit www.wales.com.study. Practical information for North American students on visas, scholarships and fees can be found at the British Council’s website http://www.educationuk.org/global
Welsh Food and Drink ‘Wales is now home to some truly worldclass food festivals, restaurants, farmers’ markets and producers – part of the general renaissance of British cuisine combined with an increasing focus on fresh local produce. The country’s natural larder includes freshly caught fish, tender local lamb and a smorgasbord of cheeses. These staple ingredients are used in everything from traditional dishes to fusion creations in some of the cities’ most cosmopolitan restaurants.’ The Rough Guide to Wales. Now some of these fine Welsh food and drink products are available in stores in the USA. For a printable PDF on how to buy Welsh food and drink in the USA and for some recipes for producing your own Welsh dishes, visit http://americas.visitwales.com/news-andfeatures/food-drink
The Welsh and North America
A Brief History c.600
BCE The Celts Arrive in Britain ––
the roots of Welsh civilization
55 BCE The Romans conquer Britain c.400
CE King Arthur is born
c.440
c.530
c.1179
The Anglo-Saxons invade Britain Saint David, patron saint of Wales, is born Prince Madog is said to have discovered America
1662 Jon Miles leads Welsh Baptists
to America
1662 Welsh Quakers settle to 1700 in Pennsylvania 1701 Yale University is founded ––
named after Welsh benefactor Elihu Yale
1757 Morgan Edwards becomes
President of what is now Princeton University
1801 Thomas Jefferson becomes
President of the USA
1804 Lewis and Clark Expedition
sets off
1837 John Pierpont Morgan is born
1911 Frank Lloyd Wright builds
Taliesin
1953 Dylan Thomas dies in New York 1959 Hugh Griffiths wins Oscar for
Ben Hur
1991 Sir Anthony Hopkins wins Oscar
for Silence of the Lambs
2001 Sir Terence Matthews is
knighted
2003 Catherine Zeta-Jones wins
Oscar for Chicago
2003 Clive Granger and Robert Engle
win Nobel Prize for Economics
2004 Sir Harold Evans is knighted for
services to journalism
2004 Welsh Assembly Government
opens Wales International Center in New York 2005 Sir Howard Stringer is promoted to Chairman and CEO of Sony Corporation 2006 Sir Tom Jones is knighted 2007 Welsh scientist Sir John
Houghton shares Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore
1847 The Welsh Mormons arrive,
2007 Sir Martin Evans receives Nobel
1849 The Welsh 49ers join the
2009 National Assembly for Wales
1851 The New York Times is co-
2009 Wales is the featured nation
led by Dan Jones
great Gold Rush in California founded by George R. Jones
1851 First copy of Y Drych is
Prize for Medicine
Celebrates its 10th Birthday at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival in Washington DC
2009 Turner to Cezanne: published in New York –– oldest to 2010 Masterpieces from the Davies ethnic newspaper in the USA Collection, National Museum 1861 Jefferson Davis is elected Wales tours the United States President of Confederate States 2010 Wales hosts the Ryder Cup at the Celtic Manor Resort 1861 Many Welshmen serve in to 1865 the American Civil War, the 2011 Christian Bale wins Oscar for majority on the Union side The Fighter 1892 The Welsh immigrate through to 1943 Ellis Island
2012 The Richard Burton Diaries are
published in North America
2013 Sir Michael Moritz is knighted 2014 Wales celebrates Dylan
Thomas 100 centenary
Pentre ifan Burial Chambers, Wales
The Welsh and North America
Early Welsh Settlers THE MYTH OF THE ‘WELSH INDIANS’ In around 1179, Prince Madog and his followers are said to have sailed from Wales to today’s Mobile, Alabama, and then established communities in America, intermarrying with the native Americans. The myth of the ‘Welsh Indians’ grew over time and it was widely believed that there existed tribes of people in
America with fair hair and skin who had a rudimentary knowledge of Christianity, built fortifications and temples, and spoke a form of Welsh. When Thomas Mandan Chief Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark on their overland expedition in 1804, one of their main tasks was to search for the Welsh Indians. They failed to complete this task and the mystery of the ‘Madogwys’ has never been solved.
The Mandan Indians may be the “Welsh Indians”
COLONIALS Welsh people looking for cultural and religious freedom from English dominance were among the first to establish colonies in America. Bryn Mawr College today, Courtesy of Bryn Mawr College
1662 – Jon Miles led Welsh Baptists to Massachusetts where they established the town of Swansea. 1682 – Welsh Quakers settled in Merion, PA. 1764 – Morgan Edwards of Pontypool establisted Brown University in Providence, RI. 1757 – Morgan Edwards became President of the College of New Jersey – now Princeton University
The Boston Manuscript The Boston Manuscript is a rare ‘pocket book’ dating to the 14th century and containing the Laws of 10th century Welsh ruler Hywel Dda. The volume disappeared in the 18th century, only to re-appear in the library of the Massachusetts Historical Society in the city of Boston by 1831. The history of its trans-Atlantic crossing is a mystery, although it is probable that it was taken in the luggage of an early settler. In 2012, it was bought by the National Library of Wales and returned, 150 years later, to Wales.
THE CAROLINAS In the 18th Century, Welsh people left Pennsylvania and settled in the Carolinas in what are today Northeastern Cape Fear in Duplin County, North Carolina, and the Upper Pee Dee River Region of Marlboro County, South Carolina. These areas were known as ‘the Welsh Tract.’
Pennsylvanian Quakers
DID YOU KNOW? Harriton House near Philadelphia was built in 1704 by Welsh Quaker Rowland Ellis. He named it Bryn Mawr, a name that was later adopted by the nearby ladies college. The house has been restored to its original state and is open for visitors http:// www.harritonhouse.org/
The Welsh and North America
Going West LEWIS AND CLARK Thomas Jefferson sent his Welsh private secretary Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the uncharted territories west of the Mississippi. They used the map
of the young Welsh explorer John Evans. The Lewis and Clark expedition changed world power by opening up the interior of the continent to exploration and colonization by the US. Thomas Jefferson
THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH In 1849, after the discovery of gold in California by James Marshall, thousands of Welsh people with mining in their blood joined the
Gold Rush. Hundreds of thousands of hopeful panners flooded into the area and the output of gold roses from $5 million to $55 million in three years.
COLORADO GOLD By 1859, ‘Gregory Gulch’ was known as ‘the richest square mile in the world’ and Welsh prospectors came from Dodgeville and Cambria in Wisconsin over the Great Plains to this area of Colorado.
Before the railroad was built in 1870, they came in ox-driven covered wagons and the journey took seven months. The final 8-mile journey up the valley to Central City required crossing the river fifty-eight times, back and forth. Panning for gold
WELSH MORMANS IN UTAH Thousands of Welsh Mormons emigrated to America in the 1840’s and 50’s traveling west to join Brigham young in Utah. At this time, the Welsh
DID YOU KNOW? You can visit the Great Plains Welsh Heritage Project in Wymore, Nebraska, and discover the contribution of Welsh pioneers to the North American prairies. http://www. welshheritage.org/
Mormon convert Dan Jones established 55 Mormon branches in Wales with 3,603 members. In 1847, he sailed to America with over 2000 Welsh converts. Today it is estimated that 20% of the population of Utah is of Welsh descent.
The Welsh and North America
Farming
A typical journey for immigrant Welsh farmers in the 18th century
A large tide of Welsh immigration took place just before the American Civil War in the mid 1800’s, when Welsh farmers and their families came to populate the new lands and frontiers in the Midwest and beyond.
They settled peaceably and were soon a welcome addition to their communities. Many of the Welsh communities they helped to settle continue to celebrate their Welsh traditions:
ONEIDA COUNTY, NEW YORK Oneida Welsh farmers introduced Welsh butter into the New York market. Oneida County also became the center of Welsh-language printing in the USA. Religious books and periodicals were printed here as well as the oldest Welsh-American newspaper Y Drych (today a part of Ninnau and Y Drych).
COLUMBIA, WAUKESHA, IOWA AND WINNEBAGO COUNTIES, WISCONSIN ‘The people lived their life faithfully throughout the week – no drunkenness, murdering, breaking the Sabbath, swearing or cursing. The men were hard working in the fields and wives kept their houses clean and warm, and a hearty welcome was given
to strangers by every family throughout the neighborhood. They were excellent American citizens and strong Prohibitionists to the core.’ The Reverend JA. Jones writing in 1856 after a visit to the Welsh community of Proscairon, WI
OHIO: THE STORY OF THE ‘1818 WELSH’ On April 1, 1818, six farming families from Tregaron, Wales, were on their way to Paddy’s Run in Butler County, near Cincinnati. They had traveled along the Ohio River in flatboats and stopped overnight in the tiny community of Gallipolis.
Curiously, they never went any further and became known as the ‘1818 Welsh.’ Some say that the women in the party were so tired of traveling that they secretly cut the ropes that tethered their boats during the night.
EMPORIA, KANSAS ‘The Welsh people in Emporia and vicinity probably number several thousand souls; yet there are no Welsh paupers, no Welsh criminals, no Welsh loafers, no Welsh snobs; they are the
salt of the earth, it is a better, cleaner, kindlier town because it is the home of these people’ Emporia Gazette, February 11, 1911
The Welsh and North America
Finding work in American Industries It is often said that Wales ‘roofed and US and used for heating homes and to heated America.’ drive the railways and steamships. Before the first slate quarry opened With the birth of the Gilded Age in in the USA in 1785, nearly all the America, more skilled craftsmen left slate used for roofing in America was Wales and came to America to work imported from North Wales. in the new coal, slate, iron, tinplate, and steel industries. The roof covering on the They brought with White House was them their families, made in Pontardawe, customs, and the Wales, in the late Welsh language and 19th century set up chapels and from tenne plate cultural institutions – a product of the and formed choirs. tinplate industry. Many of these centers of Welsh coal was The roof of the Welsh settlement still, today, imported into the White House comes from Wales feel proud of their Welsh heritage.
PENNSYLVANIA Welsh coalminers and mine engineers went to Scranton and Wilkes Barre in the Lackawanna Valley, known as the ‘anthracite capital of the world.’
Welsh slate workers established quarries with names for Welsh places such as Old Bangor Quarry in Bangor, PA, and Snowdon Quarry in Slatford, PA. Thousands of Welsh steelworkers went to work for the Bethlehem Steel Corporation in Pennsylvania which made I-beams for skyscrapers and other large steel components involved in the building of roads and ships. They settled in the communities of Allentown, Reading, and Bethlehem.
Pit Ponies in a Pennsylvania coal mine
NEW YORK AND VERMONT From 1850 through the 1920s, thousands of skilled Welsh quarrymen came to work in Slate Valley in New York and Vermont. Their story is depicted today in Slate Valley Museum, Granville, NY: http://www.slatevalleymuseum.org
Slate dressing and sizing Copyright: Gwynedd Archive Services
Welsh Steelworkers made components for skyscrapers
DID YOU KNOW? From1840 onwards, skilled quarrymen from North Wales came to work the Peach Bottom Slate quarries stretching from Delta to Cardiff in Southern Pennsylvania. Their history can be traced today on numerous gravestones in Slateville Cemetery and at the Coulsontown Quarrymen’s Cottages, both in Delta, PA. Visit http://www.deltawelshheritage.com
The Welsh and North America
The Welsh in the American Civil War Industrial migrants from Wales to the USA brought with them ideas about Trade Unionism, free speech, and equal rights, which were brewing in the new industrial Wales. Many of these had also been raised in the Nonconformist tradition and had heard anti-slavery sermons preached from the pulpits of their chapels. Most of the Welsh who came to work in the new American industries settled in the northern states and became fervent supporters of Abraham Lincoln and the anti-slavery movement. Welsh soldiers joined many different regiments of the Union Army during the Civil War, notably the 97th Pennsylvania; the 117th and 146th New York; the 9th Minnesota; the 22nd Wisconsin; and the 56th Ohio.
Two union generals were born in Wales: General Joshua Owen, from Carmarthen and General William Powell from Pontypwl. General Joshua Owen, 69th Pennsylvania Infantry
General William Powell ‘When the war broke out in 1861 Gen. Powell was commissioned captain and assigned to a company in the Second regiment of West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry. Promotions for bravery followed rapidly until at the close of the war he held his commission as brevet Major General of United States Volunteers. In a skirmish at Wytheville, Va., he was badly wounded, shot through the body, from which he never fully recovered. He was taken prisoner and carried to Libby prison, in Richmond, and after six months in prison he was passed through the lines in exchange for a son of Gen. Lee.’ Extract from General Powell’s obituary in the Wheeling Daily Intelligencer December 28, 1904
Many of the Zouaves from the 146th New York were Welsh. (National Park Service)
The 48th Pennsylvania contained a large number of Welsh coalminers who were responsible for digging the great mine at the Battle of the Crater at Petersburg, Virginia, on July 30, 1864.
DID YOU KNOW? Several Welsh-language versions of the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, were printed in America at the time of the Civil War.
‘The District of Columbia, Maryland, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky are free and the Emancipation Proclamation is in force, and President Lincoln was elected with 500,000 majority. Yes, everything is changed. The freed slaves show the virtue of the improvement here. This improvement has been ratified by the legislators in eighteen or twenty states and it is certain that slavery will never again exist in the United States of America.’ From W.R Jones in Bristol, Wisconsin, to his brother in Wales, April 6, 1865 Source: The Welsh in America: Letters from the Immigrants by Alan Conway
The Welsh and North America
Ellis Island Between 1899 and 1931, 52,848 immigrants of ‘Welsh race or people’ were recorded at Ellis Island in New York.
They were part of a wave of 12 million emigrants who were hoping to find a new life in America at that time.
WELSH MEMORIES OF ELLIS ISLAND (From Ellis Island Interviews in Their Own Words by Peter Morton Coan)
‘We left from the port of Manchester. I don’t remember how we got there. But I know we left in March of 1912 because father had tried to get passage on the Titanic and it was filled, so we couldn’t get on that... The trip took nine days. My two aunts met us there. My mother’s sisters. At the harbor in New York, my aunts came on board and stayed with us children while my father and mother had to go to be examined on Ellis Island.’ Agnes Howerbend, emigrated from Blaenau Ffestiniog on the SS Campania, age 5, in 1912
‘Sometimes the seas were so rough we couldn’t go up on deck, and if they lifted that hatch up, water would pour in. In the dining room, there were long tables, and the dishes would go flying all over the place. I don’t remember seeing the Statue of Liberty. Later, my father told me about it. He had bought postcards that he showed me. When we got to Ellis Island, my father knew somebody who worked on the docks, and he vouched for us and we went through. We didn’t have to stay there. I don’t remember whether we were examined or not. All I remember is walking along with the other passengers and seeing a huge crowd of people off to one side, fenced in, men with handlebar moustaches, a lot of Welsh people, people who were being detained, and I wondered why.’ James Grouse, emigrated from Talysarn on the SS Campania, age 8, in 1913
DID YOU KNOW? Ellis Island was named for Samuel Ellis - ‘the little Welshman’ who kept a tavern on the island during the 1700’s and where local fishermen would come to quench their thirst.
The Welsh and North America
Putting Down Roots MAIN AREAS OF WELSH SETTLEMENT IN THE USA
SOME WELSH PLACE NAMES IN THE USA Bala Cynwyd, PA Bangor, AL Bangor, ME Bangor, MI Bangor, NY Bangor, PA Bangor, WI Barry, IL Barry, TX Berwyn, IL Berwyn, PA Bryn Mawr, PA Cambria, AL Cambria, NY Cambria, PA Cardiff, AL Cardiff, CO
Cardiff, IL Cardiff, IN Cardiff, MD Cardiff, NJ Cardiff, NY Cardiff, PA Cardiff, TN Cardiff, TX Cardiff by the Sea, CA Conway, AR Conway, NH Conway, SC Flint, MI Floyd, IA Gwinnett, GA Haverford, PA
Lower Merion Township, PA Merion, PA Montgomery, AL Montgomery, TN Morgantown, IN Morgantown, KY Morgantown, WV Nanty Glo, PA Narberth, PA Neath, PA Pembroke, GA Pembroke, KY Pembroke, NC Pembroke, NH Pembroke, VA Radnor, PA
St David’s, PA Swansea, AZ Swansea, CA Swansea, IL Swansea, MA Swansea, NV Swansea, SC Tredyffrin Township, PA Wales, AZ Wales, KY Wales, MA Wales, ME Wales, MN Wales, ND Wales, UT Wales, WI
WHERE THE WELSH FOUND WORK AND SETTLED Coal
Tinplate
Iron
Slate
Steel
Pennsylvania Ohio New York Vermont Illinois Indiana Tennessee Alabama
DID YOU KNOW? The Welsh Scenic Byway in Ohio is a 64 mile tour of Gallia and Jackson counties and includes Welsh settlements, farms, churches and cemeteries. http://www.dot.state.oh.us/ OhioByways/Pages/Welsh.aspx
The Welsh and North America
The Welsh in New York State FARMING IN ONEIDA COUNTY In the late 18th century, a new of Steuben and Remsen were wave of immigrants began Welsh. They had become the to come to America from largest Welsh community Wales, prompted by in the United States, crop failures, economic with 20 Welsh Chapels, depression, and a a Welsh newspaper (Y desire to escape Drych), and a Welsh tithing by the Church monthly periodical of England. The (Y Cenhadwr). They newcomers were became renowned for mainly from rural their production of farms in North Wales. excellent butter and cheese. Some of the first comers bought land ‘Utica at present is a in ‘Steuben’s Patent’ large and fine town and in Oneida County and, increasing in size very much Capel Cerrig or once there, wrote every year... There are many new Stone Church, Remsen to friends and family, roads and canals being built in every encouraging them to join corner of the country giving plenty of them. work for everyone.’ From John Lewis in Utica to his nephew in Wales By 1850, three-quarters of the Feb 28, 1832. inhabitants of the neighboring towns However, not all the Welsh were pleased with the area. ‘If it were not for the canal, many of the Welsh would be without work... The land is a desolate wilderness of uncleared timber so that it is not worth the Welsh buying it.’ William Williams writing home to Wales from Utica August 17, 1818.
Stone Church, Remsen
IRON WORKING IN THE HUDSON RIVER VALLEY During the 1830s and 1840s, The Ulster Iron Works at Saugerties actively recruited skilled Welsh iron workers. They also imported the highly efficient Welsh iron industry technology, adapting it to their use.
Company owners and their managers maintained contact with various iron works in Wales including Blaenavon Iron Works, Varteg Iron Works, and Dowlais Iron Works.
BUILDING THE ERIE CANAL Welsh people who could not make it on the land and were not skilled enough to work in the iron and slate industries found work building the Erie Canal. As settlers moved west, so it became vital to connect the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes. In 1817, the building of the Erie Canal from Albany to Buffalo was approved which would link the Hudson River with Lake Erie. The project involved building a canal
View of the Erie Canal, 1829
363 miles in length with a descent from Lake Erie of 555 feet and the installation of eighty-three locks. The work was carried out using horses, mules, wagons, wheelbarrows, hand tools, and thousands of laborers. ‘Wages on the canal are one dollar a day and thirteen to fourteen dollars a month with food and washing and half a pint of whisky a day.’ From David Richard in Utica to his brother in Wales December 11, 1818.
The Welsh and North America
The Welsh in New York State SLATE QUARRYING
Hugh G. Williams in office Granville, NY, 1928 Photo courtesy of Slate Valley Museum, Granville, N.Y.
Between 1852 and 1920, thousands of skilled slate workers left Wales and came to work in the Slate Valley of New York and Vermont
One of these was Hugh G. Williams who, in 1899, left Wales at seventeen years of age, with a grammar school education and slate quarrying skills. He joined other Welsh immigrants who were working in the slate quarries of West Pawlet, VT. He rose to the top, eventually owning and operating eight of his own quarries. He established his business office in Granville, N.Y., where he later became mayor.
CATTARAUGUS COUNTY In the late 1870s, Welsh settlement was flourishing in rural Cattaraugus County, New York. At this time, a “literary awakening” swept over the Cattaraugus Hills.
Each Welsh chapel organized a literary, ethical, and religious society and these societies sponsored competitive literary meetings.
PUBLISHING, POLITICS AND THE CIVIL WAR With the growth of the Welsh population in New York state, a thriving Welsh-language publishing business developed in the area in the second half of the 19th century. Many of the publications were political in nature. Welsh voters for the most part went over to the new Republican Party and voted overwhelmingly for its 1860 presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln. In 1860, a Welsh-language biography of Lincoln was published in Utica. Other publications printed in the area included Welsh-language translations of ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’; religious pamphlets; and periodicals and newspapers such as ‘Y Drych’
which still survives today as ‘Ninnau and Y Drych’ and is one of America’s oldest ethnic newspapers. The Harry F. Jackson Welsh Collection at Utica College today contains Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Welsh translation the largest collection of 19th and early 20th century Welsh language imprints of Central New York and one of the most complete collections of the Welsh newspapers Y Drych, Ninnau, Y Cyfaill and Y Cenhadwr Americanaidd.
DR. ROBERT EVERETT Dr. Robert Everett (1791-1875) was editor of ‘Y Cenhadwr.’ He came from Wales to Utica in 1823, and served as pastor of two chapels in Steuben from 1838 until his death. Dr. Everett was a leader of the local
abolitionist movement, and published a Welsh translation of Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1854), as well as the first WelshAmerican Hymnal (1846), both of which he printed on his own press. Dr. Robert Everett
Map of Welsh immigration to New York State CANADA Lake Ontario
Lake Erie
Rochester Buffalo Attica Cattaraugus Settlement Elmira 1840 PA
Washington Co. Slate Valley 1852 - 1920
VT
Oneida County Central New York Settlements 1795
NH
MA Ulster Co. Iron Area
NJ
CT
The Welsh and North America
Welsh Voices in the Pacific Northwest Many Welsh moved into Oregon and Washington Territory in the 1880’s. When train travel opened up the west, they found land that was cheap and abundant. Compared with the Great Plains, the land was much more like that of Wales. “They proved that a coal miner’s life was not for life, they could work successfully at other occupations.” William T. Williams, Seattle St. David’s Day Address. March 1989 [1]
Those who came had adventurous spirits. Some were lured by the prospect of riches in Yukon gold but they soon found more opportunity in rich virgin forests, farming, fishing, education, retail, construction and got to work building towns and cities to live in and prosper. When a Welshman found work at a mine, mill or dock, he could easily fill more jobs with other Welshmen by writing to Welsh newspapers both in the United States and back home.
BUILDING COMMUNITIES WITHIN CITIES
Photo of the Portland Cambrian Social Society when they were invited on board a visiting ship anchored in the Williamette River. ca. 1913
“Great steamships come to trade [in Portland]. I saw ships from Liverpool, Cardiff, and Swansea...” David W. Thomas Beavercreek Farm to a friend in Aberdare, Wales June 12, 1884 [2]
Until the arrival of the train to Portland and Tacoma, agriculture clung closely to the waterways. Many industrial side streets in Northwest Portland are still paved with cobblestones that arrived as ballast from Welsh ships coming into port, which left laden with wheat.
A Photo of Seattle Welsh Choir 1941 “The acoustics in the Old [Seattle] Welsh Church were phenomenal. For our Gymanfa Ganu [singing festival] we’d have visitors from Portland, Tacoma, Vancouver B.C. with buses lined up outside.” Hugh Parry, Center front, recalls. [1]
Many immigrants arrived speaking only Welsh and so they formed close-knit communities around friendships and their chapels as they tried to assimilate into American society. They continued to retain their customs rich Photo of a handcrafted chair which was given as first prize in the bardic at the 1890 Washington tradition of State Eisteddfod, a Welsh tournament of the arts that competition, music, and poetry. dates back centuries. The first Seattle Welsh Church, built in 1893, soon proved too small, and a larger one was built in 1907. Unfortunately, this church was also demolished in 1956 along with much of the documentation of the Welsh contributions to the Seattle community.
The Welsh and North America
Welsh Settlements in the Pacific Northwest BEAVERCREEK OREGON AND BRYN SEION WELSH CHURCH “If ever you come to these states, Oregon City is the best place... Bring every seed that you can think of...” David W. Thomas, Beavercreek Farm, to a friend in Aberdare, Wales June 12, 1884 [2]
Not far from Oregon City is the village of Beavercreek Oregon. The Welsh began settling here and encouraged friends to come from Wales and other Welsh American communities.
Photo of Bryn Selon Welsh church. In 1884 a church was erected in Beavercreek to worship in the Welsh language. The oldest remaining Welsh Church on the west coast, it continues to hold these traditions.
THE COAL MINING AND QUARRYING REGIONS OF WASHINGTON “A lot of the Welsh were bosses... the people that knew the mining they got the bosses jobs.” Carl Stelert. [3]
Captain John “Jack” Thomas Jones, shown here homesteading on Decatur Island ca. 1894, came to America in 1888 as a young man. He cut stone at the Chuckanut Quarry before turning to fishing in the Puget Sound and Alaska. Photo courtesy of Phyllis Jones
In 1883, the whole town of Nortonville, California moved to Black Diamond, Washington when a better grade of coal was found. The Welsh, who had been mining and cutting stone for centuries, brought their skills to surrounding areas to mine coal and cut sandstone at Wilkeson and Chuckanut, WA, to supply the growing cities.
BIG BEND WELSH SETTLEMENT Many attempts were made to settle self-contained Welsh colonies in the Pacific Northwest, but they proved unsuccessful, largely due to the fact that the Welsh were liked and respected and assimilated easily into American society. One last fruitless attempt to set up a colony was made in the Big Bend section of the Columbia River. “...I have taken a good deal of interest in Washington Territory for a Welsh
settlement... It is a healthy country, wealthy in its agriculture and mineral resources, the seasons are temperate... It is like the Old Country, with hills and plains and rolling prairies... Only good, diligent, energetic, brave, and determined men should come here. These are sure to succeed; but the lazy, the wastrels, the intemperate, and the sleepyheads had better stay where they are.” Richard Jones to Editor of Y Drych Welsh newspaper January 16, 1886 [2]
MARSHLAND FLATS “Around 1885 more than a dozen Welsh families, primarily dairy farmers, grew hay and potatoes on the Marshland flats [near Snohomish, WA].
William Morgan and his brother Dave built a water-powered sawmill on Marshland Road that supplied lumber to nearby farms.” David Powell [1]
William Morgan with his son near the Marshland flats WA Photo courtesy of David Powell
The Welsh and North America The Welsh in Canada: prominent Welsh-Canadians
DAVID THOMPSON - geographer Born 1770 in London Died 1857 in Montreal The Thompson River is the largest tributary of the Fraser River flowing through the south-central portion of British Columbia, Canada. It is named for this great Welsh-Canadian land geographer and explorer who mapped over 3.9 million kilometers of North America. 1957 Canadian stamp featuring David Thompson
Leslie Neilsen - actor and comedian 1926 - 2010 Leslie Neilsen was born in Regina, Saskatchewan, to a Welsh mother and a Danish father. He appeared in over one hundred films and is particularly well-known for his roles in spoof and parody movies such as Airplane! and The Naked Gun series. He was described as ‘the Olivier of spoofs’ by film critic Roger Ebert. Neilsen was inducted into both the Canada Walk of Fame and the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
GERAINT WYN DAVIES - actor Born in Swansea, Wales 1957 Emigrated to Canada in 1964 Welsh actor Geraint Wyn Davies has starred in TV favorites such as Airwolf, Forever Knight and Black Harbour. He is a gifted Shakespearean actor and has performed at the Stratford Festival and the Shaw Festival. Geraint’s stage performances include King Lear and Do Not Go Gentle in New York; Gross Indecency and My Fat Friend in Los Angeles; Cyrano and Richard III in Washington D.C; and Sleuth with Patrick Macnee in Toronto.
Geraint Wyn Davies playing Dylan Thomas in ‘Do Not Go Gentle’ by Welsh-Canadian playwright Leon Pownall
The Welsh and North America The Welsh in Canada: prominent Welsh-Canadians
SIR TERRY MATTHEWS OBE - entrepreneur Born Newport, Wales 1943 Lives in Ottawa, Canada Sir Terry emigrated to Canada in the late 1960’s and went on to become one of Canada’s most successful businessmen, establishing companies such as Mitel, Newbridge Networks, Bridgewater, DragonWave, Wesley Clover, Kanata Research Park, March Networks, Solace Systems, and the Brookstreet Resort. He was Wales’s first billionnaire and owns The Celtic Manor Resort in his hometown of Newport, Wales - host of the 2010 Ryder Cup golf tournament and the 2014 NATO Summit.
ROBERTSON DAVIES - novelist, playwright, journalist Born 1913 in Thamesville, Ontario Died Orangeville, Ontario in 1995 The award-winning author Robertson Davies published plays and essays and over ten novels, the most famous of which are in the collections that became known as The Deptford Trilogy, The Cornish Trilogy and The Salterton Trilogy. Of his use of Arthurian legend in his books, Davies said, “The Arthurian legend has been a part of my life since childhood. My father, of course, was Welsh, and the story of Arthur is very dear to the Welsh people.”
ROBERT HARRIS - painter Born Ty’n-y-Groes, Wales, 1849 Emigrated to PEI in 1856 Died 1919 Robert Harris was commissioned to paint his famous work The Fathers of Confederation in 1883 and it established him as the most renowned portrait painter in Canada in his time. More than 300 of his portraits are known to exist today and a collection of his work is housed at the Confederation centre of the Arts in Charlottetown.
DR. Margaret OLWEN MACMILLAN - author, historian and international relations specialist Born 1942 in Toronto Margaret MacMillan is the great-granddaughter of the Welsh Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Lloyd George. She is the author of numerous books including the award-winning best-seller Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World.
The Welsh and North America Prominent Welsh-Americans Elihu Yale (1648 - 1721) was a rich merchant with the East India Company. Yale University was founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School in Killingworth, Connecticut. In 1716 the school moved to New Haven, and Elihu Yale donated nine bales of goods, 417 books and a portrait and arms of King George I to the school, thus allowing it to continue. In gratitude to Elihu, the school was renamed Yale College in 1718. Francis Lewis (1713 - 1802) was born in Llandaf, Wales. He made a career representing American mercantile houses in Europe, Africa and Russia. in 1765, he moved to Whitestone, Queens. He was one of four delegates from New York State who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Francis Lewis died in relative poverty, having given most of his money to support George Washington and the American Revolution. Richard Burton (1925-1984) Welsh actor Richard Burton became Hollywood’s highest paid actor, one of Britain’s most admired Shakespearean performers and a lifelong lover of Elizabeth Taylor. The Richard Burton Diaries, edited by Professor Chris Williams of Swansea University, was published in 2012 by Yale University Press. Burton’s diaries, written between 1939 and 1983, offer a rare and fresh perspective on his and Elizabeth Taylor’s life and career, and the glamorous world of film, theatre, and celebrity that they inhabited. Available from most bookstores and from the Yale Books website: http:// yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book. asp?isbn=9780300180107
The Guggenheim Museum in New York was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
John Pierpont Morgan (1837 - 1913) had Welsh ancestors who established the Massachusetts colony in the early 17th century. After the Civil War, J.P. Morgan built his father’s firm into the biggest banking company in the USA. Morgan’s control over American and public financing was, and still is, without equal. The exquisite Morgan Library in New York City was once home to this illustrious family. Frank Lloyd Wright (1867 - 1959) was brought up in Wisconsin by his Welsh grandparents in what was known as “the Valley of the God Almighty Joneses.” Frank Lloyd Wright frequently referred to the Welsh motto “Y Gwir yn Erbyn y Byd” (”The Truth Against the World”), and he used a Welsh bardic three-pronged symbol on many of his buildings and other work. He also named two of his homes and academies after the great Welsh poet Taliesin.
DID YOU KNOW? A Dylan Thomas Walking Tour of Greenwich Village, New York can be downloaded from the internet as a printed document. Visit www.DylanThomasWalkingTour.com
Dylan and Caitlin Thomas Copyright Jeff Towns/Dylan’s Bookstore
The Welsh and North America
Family History and Genealogy There are over ten million people living in North America with Welsh last names. Williams and Jones remain among the top twenty names in both the USA and Canada.
SOME WELSH LAST NAMES IN NORTH AMERICA TODAY Beynon Bowen Cadwallader Davies Davis Edwards Ellis Evans
Floyd Griffith Griffiths Gwilym Gwyn Gwynn Gwynne
Harries Harris Hopkins Howell Howells Hughes James
Jenkins John Johns Jones Lewis Llewellyn Lloyd
Llywellyn Maddocks Merrick Morgan Morris Owen Owens
Parry Pierce Powell Preece Price Pritchard Probert
Pryce Prydderch Prytherch Pugh Reece Rees Rhys
Roberts Thomas Tudor Vaughan Walters Williams Wynn
TRACING YOUR WELSH ANCESTRY IN WALES Family Pedigree of the Gwynne family of Llwyn Hywel, Abergwili, in the county of Carmarthen and Builth Wells in the county of Radnor, mid XVII century. The National Library of Wales.
The National Library of Wales
The National Library of Wales is the main repository for family history research in Wales, holding a vast number of records from all over the country. Useful material for the family historian such as printed books paintings, maps and manuscripts can be found at the Library. Census returns, nonconformist records and tithe maps, to name but a few, are useful sources to help all family historians at some point during their research. For more information, visit the Library’s website www.llgc.org.uk.
THE WALES-OHIO PROJECT The Wales-Ohio Project is a digitized collection of Welsh Americana relating to the state of Ohio held at The National Library of Wales.The site displays more than 10,000 images of archive, manuscript and printed material, photographs and maps; the contents of The Cambrian magazine (1880-1919); and sections which chronicle the history and experiences of the Welsh settlers in Ohio in the nineteenth century. The Wales-Ohio Project has been generously funded by The phrase ‘Keeping up with the Evan E. and Elizabeth F. Davis of Oak Hill, Joneses’ was allegedly coined in Ohio. Visit http://ohio.llgc.org.uk/ 19th century New York when the wealthy Jones family from Wales continuously improved their estate while their neighbors tried in vain to keep up with them.
DID YOU KNOW?
The Welsh and North America Welsh Government offices in North America Washington D.C. Welsh Government British Embassy 3100 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington D.C., 20008 New York Welsh Government British Consulate-General 845 Third Avenue New York, NY 10022 Chicago Welsh Government British Consulate-General 625 N Michigan Avenue, Suite 2200 Chicago, IL 60611 San Francisco Welsh Government British Consulate-General 1 Sansome Street, Suite 850 San Francisco, CA 94101 For all North American enquiries please call: 202 588 6910 or email Jacci.gordon@wales-uk.com
THANKS The Welsh Government would like to thank the following for their assistance with this booklet: • BBC Wales • Carreg Gwalch • Eurig Davies • Ellis Island Immigration Museum • Dr. David Jenkins • Dr. Bill Jones • National Library of Wales • National Museum Wales • Ninnau & Y Drych • William John Parry • The Puget Sound Welsh Assoc. • Robert Roser • Slate Valley Museum, Mary Lou Willits • James W. Thomas • Upstate New York Welsh Heritage, Barbara Henry • Visit Wales • The Welsh Society of Portland, OR • The St David’s Society of Toronto • Ontario Gymanfa Ganu Association
Credits and Sources • Emmet Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations • Robert N. Dennis Collection of Stereoscopic Views, Miriam & Ira D. Wallach Divisionn of Art, Prints & Photographs, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. • The Welsh in America. Letters from the Immigrants’ by Alan Conway • I.N. Phelps Stokes Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenex and Tilden Foundations SOURCES FOR WELSH VOICES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST [1] ‘Notes from the Past: Conversations with the Welsh of Puget Sound’ [2] ‘Welsh in America Letters from the Immigrants’ by Alan Conway [3] ‘Black Diamond: Mining the Memories’ Black Diamond Historical Society
The photographs on the front and back covers are of actors and singers prominent in North America and born in Wales or of Welsh heritage.
The portraits are part of the ‘Talking Pictures’ collection by Welsh celebrity photographer Cambridge Jones, commissioned by the Welsh Government.
Front page Actors (top to bottom): Damian Lewis Rhys Ifans Helen McRory Michael Sheen Matthew Rhys Jonathan Pryce
Back page Singers (left to right): Bryn Terfel Bonnie Tyler Katherine Jenkins
This booklet is published by the Welsh Government in North America www.wales.com
Edition 3, January 2014