Vitali Pushkar-Architecture Thesis-“Urban Model” by Vitali Pushkar-Verbitsky

“Urban Model” Philadelphia, Pa Vitali Pushkar-Verbitsky Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master in Architecture in Architecture at The Savannah College of Art and Design © May 2013, Vitali Pushkar-Verbitsky The author hereby grants SCAD permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic thesis copies of document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created.

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Professor Ryan Bacha_________________________________________________________/___/_______________ Committee Member

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Urban Modelâ&#x20AC;?

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Architecture Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture in Architecture Savannah College of Art and Design By Vitali Pushkar-Verbitsky Savannah, GA May 30, 2013

Dedication

â&#x20AC;&#x153;I would like to acknowlege my parents, Oleg Verbitsky and Svetlana Pushkar. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to pursue my passions. I also would like to thank my very much LOVED fiance for being there for me and supporting me throuthout the last year, LOVE you babe.â&#x20AC;?

(Fig:1.1)

* * I II III IV V VI VII *

List Of Figures

Abstract

Principles + Goals + Justification

Context Analysis

Site Analysis

Program Analysis /Development

Schematic Design

127

Design Development

150

Conclusion

178

Bibliography

181

List of Figures 1.2 Philadelphia, PA, p.10 Web

http://www.wallsonline.org/wp-content//2012/10/Philadelphia-Penns-Land February 1, 2013)

1.3

Number of Vacancies 2000-2010 , p.12

1.4 1.5 thor

2.8.1

Kuala Lumpur International Airport ,1998, p.28

Web

http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/worlds-most-beautiful-airports/14 (February 1, 2013)

Author

Potential development diagram, p.16

Au-

2.9

Typical mixed use building , p.29

1.6

Building program change over time, p.18

Author

Plan Voisin, Paris, France, 1925 , p.30

1.7

Transportation for modulars, p.22

Author

2.10

2.1

Philadelphia, PA, p.23

Web

2.11

Markets served by modular construction, p.34

2.12

Project FROG’s Zero Energy Modular Classrooms , p.34

2.13

“LivingHome”- LEED Platinum modular home, p.35 Web

2.2

http://blog.susquehanna.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Philadelphia-Skyline.jpg (February 1, 2013)

The Urban Scheme “Metabonate”1965, p.26

http://relationalthought.wordpress.com/category/after-sprawl/ (February 1, 2013)

2.3

Nakagin capsule tower, Tokyo, Japan 1970 , p.26

2.4

Linear City, ‘Metamorphosis’, 1970 , p.27

Web

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sftrajan/840960263/ (February 1, 2013)

http://www.flickr.com/photos/beyonddc/7721660808/ (February 1, 2013)

http://hanser.ceat.okstate.edu/6083/Corbusier/Urban%20planning.htm (February 1, 2013) http://www.modular.org/htmlPage.aspx?HtmlPageId=434 (February 1, 2013)

Web

http://inhabitat.com/project-frogs-zero-energy-modular-classrooms-school-kids-in- the-art-of-green/ (February 1, 2013) http://design-milk.com/dwell-on-design-exclusive-house-tour-livinghome-santa/ (February 1, 2013)

2.14.1 United States map to Pennsylvania, p.36 http://www.image-maps.com/united_states.php?state=Pennsylvania

Web

2.5 ‘Metamorphosis’ structure, Expo 1970, p.27 Web http://architecturewithoutarchitecture.blogspot.com/2012_12_01_archive

2.14.2 Pennsylvania State and Philadelphia, p.36 http://www.image-maps.com/united_states.php?state=Pennsylvania

Web

(February 1, 2013)

2.6

Saitama Museum of Modern Art, 1979, p.27

Web

2.14.3 City of Philadelphia, p.36 http://www.image-maps.com/united_states.php?state=Pennsylvania (February 1, 2013)

Web

2.7

Japanese-German Centre, Berlin, 1987, p.28

Web

2.15

Web

ports/14 (February 1, 2013)

Living organisms “cells” diagram, p.14

http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-07.pdf (February 1, 2013)

2.8 Kuala Lumpur International Airport ,1998, p.28 Web http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/worlds-most-beautiful-air-

http://analogia.tumblr.com/page/3 (February 1, 2013)

Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_of_Modern_Art_Saitama_2010.jpg February 1, 2013) http://berlinlist.com/museum-guide/directory

(February 1, 2013)

City of Philadelphia Night View, p.38

http://www.flickr.com/photos/efigueres/2819253975/

List of Figures 2.16 t

2.17

2.18

2.19

2.20

2,21

Job Growth And Decline In Philadelphia , p.39

Web

http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Philadelphia_ Research_Initiative/Philadelphia-2012-State-of-City-Update.pdf (February 1, 2013)

Unemployment Rates By Year , p.39

Web

http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Philadelphia_ Research_Initiative/Philadelphia-2012-State-of-City-Update.pdf (February 1, 2013)

Philadelphia Population: 1950-2010, p.40

Web

http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Philadelphia_ Research_Initiative/Philadelphia-2012-State-of-City-Update.pdf (February 1, 2013)

Age Of Philadelphia Residents, p.41

Web

http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Philadelphia_ Research_Initiative/Philadelphia-2012-State-of-City-Update.pdf (February 1, 2013)

Philadelphia Population Breakdown, p.41

Web

http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Philadelphia_ Research_Initiative/Philadelphia-2012-State-of-City-Update.pdf (February 1, 2013)

Population By Neighborhood 2000-10 , p.43 Web

http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Philadelphia_ Research_Initiative/Philadelphia-2012-State-of-City-Update.pdf (February 1, 2013)

3.2.2

Pennsylvania State to Philadelphia , p.47

Web

3.2.3

City of Philadelphia, p.48

Web

3.3

City Map of Philadelphia to the project site. , p.49

Author

3.4

The Site- Present Conditions and Development, p.51

Author

3.5 3.6 3.6.1 3.7

Historical Timeline of the Site, p.52-53

Author

Views To The Site, p.55-56

Author

Views From The Site p.56-57

The Site -Panoramic View p.59-60

Author

3.8 3.9

Businesses Within the Walking Distance p.61

Author

Local Material Availability, p.63

Web

http://www.image-maps.com/united_states.php?state=Pennsylvania (February 1, 2013)

http://www.angersteins.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/materials2.jpg (February 1, 2013)

Author

3.10 Local Material Availability Within 10 Mile Radius, p.64 3.11 Univ. City and Central City Map, p.65

Author

3.12

“Welcome To University City”, p.66

Web

http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Philadelphia_ Research_Initiative/Philadelphia-2012-State-of-City-Update.pdf (February 1, 2013)

2.23

Mapping Abandonment - Philadelphia, p.44

3.13

The University City Housing, p.67

Web

http://www.universitycityhousing.com/ (February 1, 2013)

3.14

Existing Urban Conditions, p.68

Author

3.15

Bicycle Circulation in Philadelphia , p.70

Web

2.22

3.1

3.2.1

Average Household Income, p.43 Web

http://abandonedphiladelphia.com/ (February 1, 2013)

Philadelphia, PA, p45

http://www. http://somethingfortheeyes.com/2010/09/page/2/ (February 1, 2013)

United States map to Pennsylvania, p.47

Web

http://upload.philadelphia.org/en/b/b1/WalnutStreetBridge.jpg (February 1, 2013)

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6437463/Philadelphia-Bicycle-Map (February 1, 2013)

Author

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List of Figures 3.16

Average Temperatures + Relative Humidity, p.71

3.16.1 Precipitation Snow + Rain, p.71

Author

4.2

User and Space Relationship, p.83-84

Author

4.3

User and Space Relationship, p.85-86

Author

3.16.2 Heating/Cooling Degree Days , p.72

Author

3.17 Wind Direction During November â&#x20AC;&#x201C;May, p.73 Vasari 2.5 3.17.1 Wind Direction During May-September, p.73 Vasari 2.5

Software

4.4

Case Study # 1 , p.87

Web

Software

4.4.1

Case Study # 1 , p.88

Web

4.5

Case Study # 2 , p.89

Web

4.5.1

Case Study # 2 , p.90

Web

4.6

Case Study # 3 , p.91

Web

4.6.1

Case Study # 3 , p.92

Web

3.17.2 Tiles Or Slate , p.73 Software Climate Consultant 5.4 3.17.3 Natural Ventilation , p.73 Software Climate Consultant 5.4 3.17.4 Heat Gain, p.74

Software

3.17.5 Extra insulation , p.74

Software

Climate Consultant 5.4 Climate Consultant 5.4

3.17.6 High Efficiency HVAC, p.74 Climate Consultant 5.4

http://www.paulderuiter.nl/en/projectens/de-zuidkas-3/ (February 7, 2013) http://www.paulderuiter.nl/en/projectens/de-zuidkas-3/ (February 7, 2013)

http://www.evolo.us/architecture/mercedes-benz-business-center-htdstudio/ (February 7, 2013)

Software

3.17.7 Psych. Chart May-September-(Summer), p.75 Climate Consultant 5.4

Software

3.17.8 Psych. Chart September-May- (Winter), p.75 Climate Consultant 5.4

Software

4.7 Program Analysis, p.93

Author

3.18

Philadelphia, PA , p.77-78

Web

4.8

Space Evaluation, p.94

Author

3.19

Philadelphia, PA , p.79-80

Web

4.9

Adjacency Matrix , p.95-96

Author

4.10

Space Adjacency Diagram , p.97

Author

4.1

Philadelphia, PA, p.81-82

Web

4.10.1 Space Adjacency Diagram , p.97

Author

http://www.archdaily.com/83307/8-house-big/8h_image-by-jens-lindhe_01-2/ (February 7, 2013)

http://www.acpcnet.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3314 February 1, 2013)

http://hqwalls.org/walls/philadelphia_skyline_5d_winter_2008_wallpaper-other.jpg (February 1, 2013) http://somethingfortheeyes.com/2010/09/page/2/

http://www.evolo.us/architecture/mercedes-benz-business-center-htdstudio/ (February 7, 2013)

List of Figures 4.10.2 Space Adjacency Diagram , p.98

Author

4.10.3 Space Adjacency Diagram , p.98

Author

4.10.4 Space Adjacency Diagram , p.99

Author

4.10.5 Space Adjacency Diagram , p.99

4.10.6 Space Adjacency Diagram , p.100

Author

4.22.1 Diagram- Site Area Street Grid, p.114

Author

4.23

Physical Model, p.115

Author

4.24

Massing Model, p.115

Author

4.10.7 Space Adjacency Diagram , p.100

Author

4.25

Massing Model, p.116

Author

4.10.8 Main Adjacency Diagram , p.101

Author

4.26

Massing Model, p.116

Author

4.11

Pennsylvania at Night , p. 102

Web

4.27

Massing Model, p.116

Author

http://www.layoverguide.com/2012/02/philadelphia-layover.html (February 1, 2013)

4.28

Massing Model, p.116

Author

4.12

Site Dimensions and Size, p.103

Author

4.13

Aproximate SF of the Space , p.104

4.29 Second Proposal Ground Level , p.117

4.15

Site and Connectivity , p.105 Author

4.29.1 Second Proposal Second Level , p.117

Author

4.16

Concept Model of Connectivity, p.105

4.17

Physical Model, p.106 Author

4.18

Massing Model and Space Relationship, p.107

Author

4.18.1 Massing Model and Space Relationship , p.108

Author

4.22

Diagram- Downtown Street Grid, p.113

4.29.2 Second Proposal Typical Tower Level, p.118

Author

4.30

Proposed Site Plan, p.119

Author

4.31

Ground Level Floor Plan , p.120

Author

4.32

SecondLevel Floor Plan , p.121

Author

4.33

Typical Tower Level , p.122

Author

4.34

North Elevation, p.123

Author

4.34.1 South Elevation, p.123

Author

4.19.3 Typical Tower Level , p.110 Author

4.34.2 West Elevation, p.124

Author

4.20

Physical Model , p.112 Author

4.34.3 East Elevation, p.124

Author

4.21

Concept of Point of Interest

4.35

Author

4.19.1 Ground Level Floor Plan, p.109 Author 4.19.2 Second Level Floor Plan, p.109 Author

Author

3D View , p.125

p 4

List of Figures 4.36

Parametric Organic Tower Example # 1, p.126

Web

5.13

Environmental System Integration, p.149

Author

4.37

Parametric Organic Tower Example # 2, p.126

Web

6.1

Philadelphia at Night , p.151-152

Web

http://wallpapers5.com/wallpaper/Philadelphia-at-Twilight-Pennsylvania/ (February 29, 2013)

5.1

Philadelphia at Night , p.127-128

Web

6.1.1

Main Rendering , p.153-154

Author

6.2

Site and Location , p.155

Author

5.2

Illustration , p.129

Web

6.3

Site and Location , p.156

Author

6.4

Ground Level Floor Plan , p.157 Author

5.3 Photo of the Site, p.131 5.4 Construction Types, Type II-A (Spr) , p.134 5.5 Fire resistance Rating Requirements , p.135

Author

6.5

2nd Level Floor Plan , p.158

Author

Vertical Parking System , p.159

Web

Author

6.6

5.6

Recommended Parking Ratio, p.137

Author

http://www.hayabusa.org/forum/attachments/random-thoughts/42089-vertical-park ing-munich-att00048.jpg (February 29, 2013)

5.7

First Level Egress and Traveling Distances, p.138

Author

6.7

Flexibility of the Tower (SKYLOT) , p.160

Author

5.8

Second Level Egress and Traveling Distances , p.139

Author

6.8

Typical Layout of the Modulars , p.161

Author

5.9

Typical Tower Level Egress and Traveling Distances, p.140

Author

6.9

Modular Configuration on the Tower Level , p.162 Author

5.10

Proposed Concrete Structural System, p.143

Author

6.10

Modular Configuration on the Tower Level , p.162

6.11

Modular Configuration on the Tower Level , p.162 Author

5.11

Proposed Steel Structural System, p.144

Author

6.12

Typical Tower Level Layout , p.163 Author

5.12

Development Sketches, p.145

Author

6.13

Structural Section of the Modular , p.164

5.12.1 Development Sketches, p.146

Author

6.14

Modular Assembly And Transportation Process , p.165-166 Author

5.12.2 Development Sketches, p.147

Author

6.15

Detail # 1 - ETFE To ETFE Connection , p.167 Author

5.12.3 Development Sketches, p.148

Author

6.16

Detail # 2- ETFE to Concrete Slab Connection , p.167 Author

6.17

Detail # 3 - Solar Energy Collection , p.168 Author

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http://www.evolo.us/architecture/bionic-tower-combines-structure-and-ornament (February 22, 2013) http://www.evolo.us/architecture/bionic-tower-combines-structure-and-ornament (February 22, 2013) http://wallpapers5.com/wallpaper/Philadelphia-at-Twilight-Pennsylvania/ (February 22, 2013)

http://mohawkcg.com/construction1.gif (February 22, 2013)

Author

List of Figures 6.18

Structural Building Section , p.168 Author

6.19

Elevations , p.169-170 Author

6.20

Rendering- Exhibition / Gallery Space , p.171 Author

6.21

Rendering- Restaurant Space , p.172 Author

6.22

Rendering- Modular On Its Way To SKYLOT , p.173 Author

6.23

Rendering- Inside the SKYLOT , p.174

6.24

Author

Rendering- Modular on the Weekend , p.175

Author

6.25

Rendering- North Facade, p.176

Author

6.26

Final Boards , p.177-178

Author

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Urban Modelâ&#x20AC;? Vitali Pushkar-Verbitsky May 2013

The focus of this thesis is on connection and influence of the Metabolism Group and Sustainable Design and integration of the metab-

olism into a building. The Urban Model building will be developed which will be able to be modified its spaces for different users and functionalities and by doing that will response to a rapidly changing environment, financial concerns and other surrounding factors. The easily plugged in and out modular will address the flexible and multi functionality of the building, which will result in better use of the spaces and also allow a possible positive influence on the surroundings areas. The surrounding areas will benefit from large retail area, open green space, office and also living spaces. This type of building can be described as multi-functional, allowing design the to fit the needs of the site and place in which it is built.

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Chapter - I project justification • • • • • • • •

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Arguable Position Background Information Active Research Method of Research Who is the USER? Design Objectives/Project Goals Expected Outcome Relevant issues/ Limitations/ Problems

(Fig:1.2)

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Arguable Position There is a need for new, more flexible, sustainable and adaptive types of architecture for better fit and function in the rapidly developing cities in the United States. In the last decade, technology has been changing drastically and rapidly. As these changes arise, so do the needs and desires of the people and the spaces they use. In the last decade, there has been a tremendous growth of vacant and abandoned properties all over Unite States. The vast majority of those abandoned properties are located in densely populated areas of big cities. According to the United States Government Accountability Office data base report, some areas show more than 50% in growth of abandoned properties in the last ten years (Fig:1.3).1 The reasons for properties being abandoned are varied, starting from weak market, following the life cycle of the building and the it’s functionality, which was predetermined and cannot be changed feasably due to the mal-adaptive and rigid structural framework of the building2. These abandoned buildings are preventing the growth and development of the urban areas in which they are located and also have a negative influence on other aspects, such as the real estate market, the safety of the public, and the crime rate 3. The main question that guides this thesis is how can we revitalize those areas of abandoned properties and who should be responsible for it? The governmental funds are limited and the process of revitalization will have to involve the government as well as private companies, that will work together and benefit from each other.

Background Information Buildings are primarily designed for a single function and most of them cannot be modified easily and used for other functions in the future. In the last decade, there have been attempts of integration of modular architecture in the private and public sectors. The idea of modular architecture and its use is not new and can be traced as far back as the 1960’s. In 1958, architect Kisho Kurokawa proposed the idea of the Age of the Machine to the Age of Life, and has continually utilized key words of life principles such as metabolism, sustainability and symbiosis. 1 2 3

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Bob Winthrop and Rebecca Herr, Determining the Cost of Vacancies in Baltimore, Government Review (June 2011) Woodstock Institute Left Behind: Foreclosed Properties and Servicer Accountability (Chicago, IL, January 2011). John Accordino, “Addressing the Vacant and Abandoned Property Problem,” Journal of Urban Affairs 22, no. 3 (12/19/2002): 303.

(Fig:1.3) - Percentage increase in number of Vacancies between 2000 and 2010)

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These key words and ideas were focused on principles present in today’s Sustainable Design movement.4 The Metabolism Group that was first proposed by Kurokawa was continually focusing on life principles, ideas of metabolism, recycling, ecology, sustainability and symbiosis in order to implement a new styles of architecture in society. For more then 40 years, Kisho Kurokawa created Eco-friendly and sustainable projects and in 2003 he was presented with Dedalo-Minosse International Prize for his design of Kuala International Airport, which is the first and only airport in the world to receive the United Nations Green Globe certification for the airport’s environmental responsibility design5. All of his design was associated with the concept of living organism and it’s ‘cells’ and its adaptation to environmental changes. The constant adaptation and renewal of the cells allows the organism to stay healthy and functional for more extended period of time. The same implication can be associated with the building, where cells are individual spaces of various functions that can be replaced and switched out according to the urban, economical and social needs around the structure in order for better fit and function of it (Fig: 1.4). Another reason for vacant and abandoned properties is the fact that today, buildings are built with very short lifespans. The average lifespan of a building is 35 years in the US.6 After the building has outlived its lifespan and can no longer be used, the building is either abandoned or torn down due to dis-functionality. Some of the buildings are renovated and used for different purposes, however that is requiring large funds and in most cases those founds are difficult to obtain. Most of the buildings that are abandoned stay at the same stage for several years affecting the surrounding area. The primary reason for the buildings not being occupied and become derelict is the lack of planing for rebuilding and renewing downtown areas. Local government officials and community group representatives stated that first they need to distinguish among different types of vacant properties and prepare plans for rebuilding each of them without imposing costs on the community.“ 7. The government’s role in renewal of the existing urban settlements, economic situation and mortgage issues are out of the scope of this thesis. The more important and predominant problem is the poor job market in the abandoned areas, which, in most cases, limits the revitalization, and renewal of the abandoned and vacant areas. The government authorities are responsible for the development of those areas of abandoned buildings. The main question is in what way should the government do that and what is going to be the least expensive way. The solutions 4 5 6 7

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Sveiven Megan, “Ad Classics: Nakagin Capsule Tower / Kisho Kurokawa,” Arch Daily, http://www.archdaily.com/110745 (accessed September 23, 2012). Hanif Kara, “Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang, Malaysia,” ArchNet, 2007, under “2554.MAL,”http://www.googource=..&usg=AFQjCNFiFo3G (accessed October 25, 2012). John Accordino, “Addressing the Vacant and Abandoned Property Problem,” Journal of Urban Affairs 22, no. 3 (12/19/2002): 303. GAO, Additional Mortgage Servicer Actions Could Help Reduce the Frequency and Impact of Abandoned Foreclosures, GAO-11-93 (Washington, D.C.: Nov. 15, 2010) : p.17.

Individual Cell Organisms

Scenario - 1

Scenario - 2

Scenario - 3

(Fig:1.4)Living organisms â&#x20AC;&#x153;cellsâ&#x20AC;? diagram

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of tearing down or remodeling and fixing up those buildings will cost money, however the problem of vacancy will still be present due to lack of job market in the area8. Therefore, not only should the government be involved in this process but also private companies and large corporations such as; Intel, Apple and Microsoft. The government role in this process is crucial and requires them to work in conjunction with private companies to encourage the revitalization of the abandoned areas. The government role is to offer private companies and large corporations discounts on the land tax in the abandoned areas and allow them to build several Urban Model structures. At first those Urban Modules will have more work spaces and less living space to encourage job market in the area. The private companies will encourage their employees to buy and renovate properties around the Urban Model by funding the process of renovation and revitalization of the area (Fig :1.5). The government will benefit from the private companies due to the revitalization of the area. Private companies will benefit from discounts in taxes from the government. As architecture moves to the future, new technologies and materials are created to allow for better architecture and longer lifespan of the building without compromising functionality. In order to improve the lifespan of the building several guidelines can be applied: long lasting materials, multi-functional spaces, and the ability to be repaired easily without compromising the whole building.9 In the past and present, buildings are usually built from three traditional materials: timber, masonry and metal. Each of these materials suffers from it’s own set of drawbacks, design options, and limitations such as; structural performance, durability, aesthetics and lifespan. New materials are developing, which allow architects and engineers to implement more appropriate choices of materials for their projects. One of these new materials is ‘fiber reinforced polymer composite.10 This new material can be used to build buildings with better durability, resulting in less maintenance over its lifespan. These materials have a great potential for modular construction, allowing new components to be quickly assembled in the factory into independent modular units, which can be transferred to the site and thus reducing the construction costs.

8 Alan Mallach, “Depopulation, Market Collapse and Property Abandonment: Surplus Land and Buildings in Legacy Cities,” http://www.communityprogress.net, http://americanassembly.org/ sites/americanassembly.org/files/download/...Abandonment.pdf (accessed October 25, 2012). 9 W.P.S. Dias, “Useful Life of Buildings” Civil Engineering 4, no. 7 (4 June 2003): 7-9. 10 Hota Gangarao, “Advanced Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites for Sustainable Civil Infrastructures” (MA diss., Sustainability of Structures in Civil Engineering-Xiamen University, 2011), 6-7, in, http://www2.cemr.wvu.edu/...rliang/ihta/papers/5%20FINAL%20hota…(accessed October 13, 2012).

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Utilization of both the new durable materials, and modular architecture is the way to sustainably achieve a longer lifespan for the structure and thus stop the rapid growth of abandoned properties across the United States.

(Fig:1.5) - Potential development of the area due to the Urban Model

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Active Research What is it? This thesis will study and develop the Urban Model, in which a building can modify itself in response to a rapidly changing environment, financial concerns and other surrounding factors of the area in which it will be places. The design of the proposed Urban Model will follow the fundamental idea of the Metabolism Group that was proposed by the architect Kisho Kurokawa, while adding and improving it ot fit into the 21st century needs. The main core of the building will have all circulation and MEP functionality and will be the only structure that is built on site. The 3 different modular cells will have special functionality such as: Working, Living and Retail. The core of the building can be associated with a living organism, which has to renew its cells in order to continually adapt and be functional (Fig:1.6). The idea of cell adaptation works not only for living organism but could also should be applied to the building and its need to adapt and change its function according to the surrounding factors. The core of the building will be stationary and universal and can be placed in multiple locations. The modular cells can be moved to different locations and simply plugged in to the core, easily addressing new and changing programmatic requirements. Allowing the building to be flexible and mutable in function will lead to a longer lifecycle. The building will also be more sustainable due to the fact that each part of the building can be taken out and replaced by different parts without compromising the functionality of the whole building. This type of building can be described as multi-functional, allowing the design to fit the needs of the site and context in which it is built. Also, the ability to relocate various cells to a different location without changing the space can be possible. The module of various spaces can be relocated easily to New York from California and plugged in to another core system. The site for the proposed project is to be decided. The Urban Model will offer a very flexible high-rise structure, which can be changed according to the needs. This project will most likely target very busy and urban areas, which are associated with a high-rise building skyline. A goal of this thesis proposal is to create an Urban Model which will assist in revitalization of abundant city areas with more flexible and adjustable building functionality, which will also benefit in increase of lifespan of it.

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(Fig:1.6) - Building program change over time.

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Method of Research To improve and make this thesis possible, the following will be thoroughly analyzed and applied: Research analyzing and the theory behind the Age of the Machine to the Age of Life which first was proposed by architect Kisho Kurokawa in 1958. Understanding the problems and limitations of Kurokawa’s theory. Analysis of modular architecture today and its limitation and use. Analysis of new materials that will allow for the pushing of boundaries of modular construction. Research of past and present case studies on modular and flexible design. Applying new technologies and abilities of architecture to the theoretical idea of flexible functionality and the Urban Model building.

Who is the USER?

The development and construction of the new Urban Model will be done primarily in heavily dense areas and will a wide range of users.

The users for the Urban Model building can be following: •

Businessmen

•

Large corporations such as Apple, Microsoft, Intel, Starbucks and many more.

•

Families

•

Single users

•

Real estate developers/investors

The Urban Model will include spaces for wide range of users due to the multi-functionality of the building. Following several examples of the users that can facilitate the building.

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Design Objectives/Project Goals Understanding the importance and need for more flexible and sustainable architecture is the key. Our society lives in the 21st century and urban and suburban areas suffer from an overabundance of properties, which outlive their lifespan or cannot be used for their intended function anymore. The aim of this project is to redefine architecture from a single and rigid use as it is mostly used today, to a multi-functional and flexible approach using modular structures. The project will focus on urban zones in which space is very valuable while creating not only new multifunctional Urban model building which will change its functions according to the needs of the user, but also following a sustainable approach. The project will further elaborate on the revitalization of the abandoned properties and areas, which are located by creating new accommodations for small-scale businesses and shops that will serve the public in a suitable and sustainable environmentally conscious facility.

Expected Outcome: • Creating functionally flexible architecture that will mold itself to the site’s needs. • Expand the lifespan of the building due to the use of modular components that can be replaced. • Creating a dialogue between the building and the site for their mutual benefit. • In the long run, the Urban Model will potentially stop the growth of abandoned properties around it and cause the revitalization of the whole area.

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Relevant issues/ Limitations/ Problems Some of the issues for this project can be the limitations of modular structures. Also, the question of which materials to be used can be an issue. By applying extended research of different materials and techniques the goal of designing the Urban Model can be achieved. Another issue that needs to be addressed is the transportation and assembly of the modular units. The modular unit has to be light and portable in order to fit in a truck or other common means of transportation system and be lifted and assembled with a crane (Fig:1.7). The same method can be used while transporting modular units to other areas. This thesis will be challenging and will present it self with many structural and design issues that will be faced as the project progresses.

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(Fig:1.7) - Solution of transportation for modular elements on/off site.

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Chapter - II context analysis • • • • • • • • • • • •

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Context and Theoretical Approach Kisho Kurokawa Theoretical Approach Modular Architecture and Mobile Homes Mixed-use buildings Construction process- Modular Architecture Modular Architecture Application and Use Introduction to the Site History of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia Today Jobs and Unemployment Rate Demographics of Philadelphia Neighborhoods

(Fig: 2.1)

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Context and Theoretical Approach Kisho Kurokawa Theoretical Approach At the World Design Conference in Tokyo in 1960, Metabolism Group, led by Japanese philosopher and architect Kisho Kurokawa proposed a new concept of urbanism based on the principles of Age of Life in architecture. The proposed change from the Age of the Machine to the Age of Life in architecture evolved due to several reasons. One of the main reasons was World War II, which left Japan with much destruction of existing architecture. Prior to World War II, buildings were designed and built with no consideration to the surrounding environment. However, due to World War II and the destruction that it left, Kurokawa saw the potential for a better and more environmentally responsible architecture. The fast growing cities in Japan demanded a new type of architecture and Kurokawa saw the potential for the transition from Age of the Machines to Age of Life that was based on nature and its adaptation to environmental changes around it.1 Since then, Kurokawa introduced the conception of the Age of Life through out philosophies of metabolism (1960s), metamorphosis (1970s), and symbiosis (1980s and 1990s) into his architectural design. Almost forty years later, he has designed over fifty environmentally sustainable buildings using these principles. During the 1950s, the Age of the Machine was the age of human existence when its life was more valuable than a healthy environment. Thus, in order to support human social economics, new technology and structures were developed rapidly across the world. Japan, among many other countries, was greatly influenced by rapid domestic economical and industrial changes in the 1950s so called the Economic miracle.2 However, despite the economical growth of the country during the Economic Miracle, the development of heavily industrialized zones lead to substantial environmental and social problems. Consequently, the need for new ideas of improved urban planning became critical as Japan moved into the 1960s.3 At the World Design Conference in Tokyo in 1960, Metabolism Group, which included Japanese architects such as; Noboru Kawazoe, Kiyonori Kikutake and Kiyoshi Awazuthe and led by Japanese philosopher and architect Kisho Kurokawa introduce the conception of the Age of Life 1 Kisho Kurokawa from the Machine Age to the Age of Life (Book Art Ltd., 1998), p. 17-21 2 Kurokawa, Kisho. Intercultural architecture: The philosophy of symbiosis. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects, 1991. 3 Pernice, Raffaele. Urban sprawl in postwar Japan and the vision of the city based on the urban theories of the metabolism projects. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 6, no.2 (2007): 237-244.

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in architecture. Since then, Kurokawa developed the three main philosophies; metabolism, metamorphosis, and symbiosis that are supported his theory of Age of Life in architecture. Initially in the 1960s, Kurokawa focused on metabolism - a process of living cells with dynamic stability for division, transformation, and deconstruction. The architectural understanding of metabolism in nature was associated with the cell and its adaptation and growth in surrounding environment. Following this key concept and its ideas, Kurokawa proposed a new urban model based on the traditional linear plan with independent blocks of residential areas. The shape of such an urban model city resembles a multi-cellular organism (Fig: 2.2).4 Kurokawa expressed the metabolism idea of nature and cell and applied it to architecture using capsule structure, which was made of concrete as a whole unit and could be used as one fully functional living space. The building had a structural core and acted as a living organism combined from multiple capsules, which could be added subtracted and replaced as necessary. The idea of metabolism and natural cell structure can best be seen in in Nakagin Capsule Tower (Fig: 2.3).5

(Fig:2.2) - The Urban Scheme â&#x20AC;&#x153;Metabonateâ&#x20AC;?1965 4 5

(Fig:2.3) - Nakagin capsule tower, Tokyo, Japan 1970

Ibid. Kurokawa, Kisho. Kisho Kurokawa: The Architecture of Symbiosis. New York: Rizzoli, 1988.

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In the 1970s Kurokawa discussed the ideas of metamorphosis, a process of development of complex multi cell structures from a single one-cell structure. This philosophy was based on the previous theory of metabolism. However it included a new addition of a key concept of intermediate zone and mutual use of space defined by two or more cellular organisms. The main theoretical idea of metamorphosis was the use and connectivity of multiple cells throughout mutual space between them (Fig: 2.4).6 The architectural expression of the model of cell membrane was achievable through intermediate zones between different dimensions such as interior and exterior (Fig: 2.5). Architecture that was created by applying the idea of metamorphosis became a new type of architecture that brought heterogeneous elements such as penetrating facades, lattices and multilayered surfaces. One of the best examples of the architecture that was created by applying the principles of metamorphosis is the Saitama Prefectural Museum of Modern Art (Fig: 2.6), which utilizes the intermediate zone between building and the natural environment.

(Fig: 2.4) Linear City, ‘Metamorphosis’, 1970

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(Fig: 2.5) ‘Metamorphosis’ structure, Expo 1970 (Fig: 2.6) Saitama Museum of Modern Art, 1979

Kurokawa, Kisho. Kisho Kurokawa: From Metabolism to Symbiosis. London: Academy Editions, 1992.

During the 1980s and 1990s, Kurokawa developed the theory of symbiosis in architecture. The key words of this idea were closely associated with the identity, tradition, and memory of place to architecture. The main idea of symbiosis was development of architecture with respect to both vernacular traditions and technology.7 The Japanese-German Centre located in Berlin, Germany (Fig: 2.7) is an excellent example of symbiosis of Japanese past traditions and modern present architecture. In this building, the walls were derived from ancient Japanese tradition with new architectural elements that were added over time. The modern Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) designed by Kisho Kurokawa, located near Kuala and completed in 1998, is an excellent example of both metabolism and symbiosis. Metabolism is manifested in the grid pattern of the main terminal, allowing its transformation for further expansion. The symbiosis between past and present is presented through the general geometric modern style of whole complex of the airport and the hyperbolic shell of the main building that resembles a traditional Islamic dome, while the symbiosis between present and future is demonstrated through extremely spacious plan, white colors, a lot of glass and shiny floors. The symbiosis between architecture and nature is realized through the planted tropical rainforest surrounding the airport and the central garden space located in center of the Satellite building (Fig: 2.8, Fig: 2.8.1). 8

(Fig: 2.7) Japanese-German Centre, Berlin, 1987

7 8

(Fig: 2.8) Kuala Lumpur International Airport

(Fig: 2.8.1) Kuala Lumpur International Airport

Kurokawa, Kisho. Kisho Kurokawa: The Architecture of Symbiosis. New York: Rizzoli, 1988. Kisho Kurokawa, Kuala Lumpur International Airport (opus 24) (London: Axel Menges, 1999), p 10-12.

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Mixed-use buildings: Mixed used functionality that was developed throughout human history and already existed in early stages of human development. Most settlements had mixed-use areas of functionality. Most settlements had buildings that were designed to be used not only for living purposes but also for work, and together formed a mixed-use space, as we know it today. Most of the buildings were not assigned a specific function and did not have its functionality divided on room-by-room basis. The mixed use building developed due to peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s limitation of transportation and walking distances. Therefore, people lived in very dense areas and used buildings for multiple purposes to increase functionality of the area and minimize travel time. This idea of the mixed-use buildings was more strongly represented in the cities than in sub-urban areas. The mixed-use buildings almost always had some sort of business space on the first floor and living space on the second floor (Fig:2.9).9

(Fig: 2.9) - Typical mixed use building

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Dean Schwanke, Mixed-Use Development Handbook, 2nd ed. (Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute, 2003), p11-14.

The idea of mixed-use spaces and multi-functionality was weakened during the industrialization period, which transformed a human from agricultural society into industrial society. The change occurred from small houses with duel use such as, living and commercial space, into the more drastic separation of manufacturing and residences in single-function buildings on a larger scale. The results of such a separation caused people from countryside areas to migrate into the cities and areas with the factories while setting their houses around them. Thus, this new urban structure had some advantages such as limited and smaller traveling distance to work. However, some disadvantages started to appear. One of the biggest disadvantages was that many factories produced large amounts of pollution, dirt and dust, putting the health of the people living around it in great danger. This was the main factor of the development of single-use-zoning areas, which would isolate the industrial area from residential. While in Europe, those issues were addressed throughout the proposals of planned cities, which were, based on zoning and use of land.

The idea of zoning and the separation of functions was also depicted in Le Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Plan Voisin plan for the city of Paris, which involved

demolishing the center of the city and rebuilding it as a series of towers only for living purposes while the other functions such as industrial use, would be moved away (Fig: 2.10).

(Fig:2.10) Plan Voisin, Paris, France, 1925

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In United States, zoning became important with the appearance of the skyscrapers, primarily in New York City, where the first zoning regulation was implemented in 1916, which addressed building heights and also called for functional separations. This zoning for separation was also extended to commercial uses, which made the suburban style of life possible and widely accepted in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s America.10 The idea of mixed-use functions presented it self again throughout the 20th and into the 21st centuries. It became obvious to many architects and urban planers that it had many benefits and should be investigated and applied into design once again. As major cities deindustrialized and became more sustainable the need to separate the industrial from residential spaces became less needed. Also, the separation of the zones of residential use and commercial use created the issue of a car dependency, which can be argued as a positive a negative situation. Jane Jacobs, an American writer, argued in her book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities the idea of car dependency and the vitality of mixed use zones and building in urban areas for better and more productive live.11 The advantages of mix-used zones are numerous. Since mid 20th century, zoning laws have been studied and modified to ensure and address the past problems of the mixed function activities. Today, mixed zones are existing in every city and mostly defined as a center of the city or a downtown area. Those areas usually are very accessible by public transportation and incorporate commercial, public and living spaces. The idea of multi-functionality applies not only to a city area and zones but also to the single buildings. The aspects of zoning, single, multi and mix use functionality are defined as New Urbanism.12 The new urbanism offers a wide variety of ideas and city plans in which a better social life can be achieved. Today, mixed-use buildings result in street front commercial spaces on the bottom floor and living spaces on the upper floors. This ensures that retailers will always have customers for their shops, which are living right above and around them. Also the residents will always have the benefit of fast and quick access to necessities such as; groceries, drugs, household items, entertainment including movie theater and much more. However, with advantages there will always be disadvantages. Mixed used buildings and development have one huge disadvantage, 10 11 12

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Robert S. Cook and Jr, Zoning for Downtown Urban Design: How Cities Control Development (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1980),p 17-22. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Modern Library ed. (New York: Modern Library, 1993),p 12-13, 19 Tigran Haas, ed., New Urbanism and Beyond: Designing Cities for the Future (New York: Rizzoli, 2008),p 7-12.

which results in the success of the retail over the living space. While there is always someone that will rent the living space and will use it, there is no guarantee that they will use the commercial space provided at the same building, which puts the business in un-known position of success or failure. Also the construction cost for a mixed-use building is higher then for single use building due to the different codes and regulations such as egress, ADA, construction type and more. Also, due to the needs of different spaces additional cost might arise which will result in higher cost over all. The argument can be made for the need of mixed-use buildings in 21st century. Recently, many new designs for multi-functional building being created. However, this process calls more thorough investigation of functionality within the structure and its influence on the surrounding urban environment. Modular Architecture and Mobile Homes Modular buildings are becoming more and more acceptable in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architecture achieving a great quality of structure while keeping the cost low. They are usually produced off site at a factory and transported to the site for assembly. Modular buildings are combined from like units and can be constructed by connecting alike units together to achieve architecture and functional qualities for the desire space.

The units for modular building can vary in size, shape and material, giving the whole structure an amazing flexibility and varied choices.

Typically, when referring to the modules of the modular house one thinks of a six-side box. However, with todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s technology, many other forms and shapes are possible while choosing a modular structure. While manufactured off site, the units of modular building cost less to construct and also provide more environmentally responsible approach due to the minimization of the waste on construction site. Modular structures also can be referred as prefabricated buildings and are different from mobile homes in two ways. Modular structures can be any shapes or configurations as long as the structural integrity of the whole structure is sound. Another major difference is that modular structures must be constructed according to all local building codes for every specific zone for which they are built or designed. In the case of mobile home, it is required to follow the HUD (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development). The main and key point of the difference between a modular house and mobile home is that the modular is a construction method and not a building type.

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Construction process- Modular Architecture Modular components are usually produced off site on an assembly line and constructed together into one module. An individual module can take as little as one or two days and as long as couple weeks to a month to construct. The time depends on the complexity of it. After the process of assembly each module is taken to the site where they are constructed into a designed modular structure using a crane or hydraulic lifting equipment. The assembly of the structure can take as little as one day and in some cases can last couple month. Advantages: ▪

Speed of construction/faster return on investment - Modular construction allows for the building and the site work to be completed simultaneously, reducing the overall completion schedule by as much as 50%.

▪

Indoor construction - Assembly is independent of weather, which increases work efficiency and avoids damaged building material.

▪

Ability to build in remote areas - countries in which potential markets may be located far from industrial centers, such as Africa

▪

Low waste and material lost - With the same parts are constructed the manufactures know exactly how much material is needed.

▪

Environmentally friendly construction process - Modular assembly has reduced site waist in comparison to the regular construction.

▪

Flexibility - In modular building you can simply part and spaces and even floors.13

Disadvantages ▪

Space consumption on a site - Modules of the building can take a lot of space on the construction site, therefore the balance of construction and supply of new modules needs to be maintained.

▪

13 14

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Size - Due to the transportation and materials the size and shape of the modules can be limited.14

Ryan E. Smith, Prefab Architecture: a Guide to Modular Design and Construction (Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2010), p. 5-7 Ibid., p.12-14

Modular Architecture Application and Use The use and application of modular structure can be different and have many advantages to it. Modular structures can be used as long term, temporary or a permanent facility, while function of it today varies from schools and classrooms to industrial facilities and living fully functional homes (Fig: 2.11).15 The FROG’s Zero Energy Modular Classrooms Project was constructed for Watkinson School located in Connecticut. Total cost of less then two million dollars while incorporating 3,500 square feet of classroom space (Fig: 2.12). The school building is equipped with 60 PV panels which brings the cost of electricity down to zero, the building it self has a modern look to it and due to the great insulating qualities, it has huge windows which allow beneficial day lighting. 16

(Fig:2.11) Markets currently served by modular construction

(Fig: 2.12) Project FROG’s Zero Energy Modular Classrooms

15 Robert Kobet, “Modular Building and the Usgbc’s Leed™ Building Rating System,” in “6.08,” special issue, The Modular Building Institute 1, no. 6 (2008): under “17,”, www.modular.org. 16 Beth Shea, “Project Frog’s Zero Energy Modular Classrooms,” Inhabitat-Design will safe the world, http://inhabitat.com/project-frogs-zero-energy-modular-classrooms-school-kids-in-theart-of-green/ (accessed October 28, 2012).

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Another application of the modular design can be observed in private sector. One of the best examples of the use and application of modular design is LivingHome LEED Platinum modular home in Santa Monica (Fig: 2.13), California. It was designed by well-known Los Angeles architect Ray Kappe and built by developer Steve Glenn. The new structure is 2,500 square foot home, which was assembled from 11 steel frame modules. The house gained its rating not only due to the recycled materials such as steel frame of the modules but also due to the additional passive strategies that were added after the construction. The house has 2.4 kW PV system, solar water heating, and a gray water irrigation system. Natural ventilation delivers cooling while large walls of low emissivity windows offer day lighting while reducing solar gain. The house also incorporates radiant floor heating, which became a standard and common design for modern houses in Los Angeles. Another huge advantage, which comes with using modular design, is the flexibility of the interior space, which, in this case, can be changed by shifting the interior partitions to achieve the necessary configuration. 17 Glenn chose to use modular structure for his house after researching sustainable design options with modern aesthetics with consideration of economical aspect of it. Glenn stated When I started looking into the opportunities, I quickly concluded there were a lot of people like me who cared a lot about design and the environment, but who currently don’t have the time or money… 18

The utilization of modular design is vital in present and future architecture, due to the advantages tat are mentioned above.

(Fig: 2.13) LivingHome- LEED Platinum modular home in Santa Monica 17 Sheri Koones, Prefabulous + Almost Off the Grid: Your Prefabulous Path to Building an Energy-Independent Home (New York: Abrams, 2012), p32-36 18 Allyson Wendt and Russell Fortmeyer, “Modular Home Earns a Leed for Homes Platinum Rating,” Green Source The Magazine of Sustainable Design, http://greensource.construction.com/ projects/0610modular.asp (accessed October 28, 2012).

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Introduction to the Site The criteria for the site selection were as follows: a major urban development, with abandoned buildings and properties exceeding 20% of existing buildings. The location chosen for this project is Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (Fig: 2.14.1, 2.14.2, 2.14.3)

(Fig: 2.14.1) United States map to Pennsylvania

(Fig: 2.14.2) Pennsylvania State and Philadelphia (Fig: 2.14.3) City of Philadelphia

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History of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The early history of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania goes back to 1682. The founder of Philadelphia was an Englishman named William Penn that was known primarily for his real estate business. The city was founded between two major rivers: the Delaware and the Schuylkill Rivers, which provided essential transportation, exchange and economical benefits. Due to the city’s location, Pennsylvania quickly grew and established itself into one of the major cities in the US and in 1790 was also chosen as a temporary capital of the United States. After the capital moved to Washington, D.C., Philadelphia was still considered a financial center of the country. Throughout the Civil War and into the 19th century, Philadelphia was one of the major cities on the eastern seaboard that drove the economy of the United States. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the population of Philadelphia grew at a fast rate due to immigration from Europe, which were attracted by the city’s expanding industrial jobs. One of the major job sources was the Pennsylvania railroad construction, which was hiring more than 10000 workers. The US military and its branches such as the Navy and Air Force were also employing about 15000 industrial workers, and together with the appeal of higher education, Philadelphia became an economic center of the country, providing jobs and higher education for its citizens. By the mid 20th century much of the city’s housing was aging and needed to be restored and rebuilt. Unfortunately, this period of time also overlapped with the post-World War II era of suburbanization in which many middle-class families chose to leave the city for the suburbs. Due to the population decline and industrial changes, the city lost tens of thousands of jobs in the mid 20th century. By the end of 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, many historical neighborhoods had been restored and revitalized which resulted in increased attraction of population as people began to come back to the city. Not only did the returning population make a difference, but also new immigrants from Southeast Asia, South and Central Americas contributed to the revitalization of Philadelphia.19

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Barra Foundation, Philadelphia: a 300-Year History (Barra Foundation, 1982), p. 5-21

Philadelphia Today In the last 60 years Philadelphia, as many cities in the United States, was struggling to keep the job market and population growing in order to ensure the future of the city. However, on March 9, 2011, Mayor Michael Nutter made an announcement that no Philadelphia mayor had made since 1951. Philadelphia was officially growing. Not by much, less than 1 percent in the past decade, according to the 2011 Census. But it was growing all the same, even as Chicago, Baltimore, Minneapolis, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Milwaukee, Detroit, Cincinnati and Cleveland were shrinking.20 Despite Mayor Michael Nutter’s statement, Philadelphia is still having major problems including unemployment, crime rates and many more.

(Fig: 2.15) City of Philadelphia Night View 20 Larry Eichel, “Philadelphia 2011: The State of the City,” www.pewtrusts.org, http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Philadelphia_Research_Initiative/Philadelphia-City-Data-Population-Demographics.pdf (accessed November 11, 2012).

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Jobs and Unemployment Rate There has been a small change in recent years in Philadelphia’s economy and the city that once was the capital of United States and a major economical center is making a comeback, slowly but surely. Philadelphia’s economy shows the signs of positive development. However, unemployment rates remain high and the issue is still very much in contention. In the last two years Philadelphia’s economy has been in recovery mode and even though according to the Philadelphia Research Initiative poll, more residents say the city has gotten worse in the past five years than say it has gotten better21 the progress is slow and will take time. The number of jobs in the city grew by more then 5000 in 2010 and continued to grow in 2011 by another 2100 (Fig: 2.16). The new jobs that were created and added are still not noticeable by the wider public of Philadelphia, and this change for the better will take more than two years to notice. As a result of the additional jobs that were created the unemployment rates of the Philadelphia’s area went down for the first time in the last three years (Fig: 2.17).

(Fig: 2.16) Job growth and decline in Philadelphia by year.

21 Ibid.

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(Fig: 2.17) Unemployment rates by year

Demographics of Philadelphia When it comes down to the population of the city, it is usually a good indicator of the well being of a city if it’s population is constantly growing. In last several years there has been an increase in the population of Philadelphia. Philadelphia grew in population from 2000 to 2010 and according to the 2010 Census, Philadelphia grew by 8,456 people, which is 0.6 percent in the last 10 years (Fig: 2.18). Not only is the growth of the population important for the well being of the city, but also the age factor of the residents is also important. The best scenario would be to have as few elderly people as possible and have younger adults, which can work and provide the city with the energy to function. According to the 2010 Census the breakdown for Philadelphia, 16.9 % of the population are between the ages of 25-34 and 12.5 % are of ages 65 and over (Fig: 2.19). The full breakdown of the demographics for Philadelphia can be seen in (Fig: 2.20).22

(Fig: 2.18) Philadelphia population: 1950-2010

22 Larry Eichel, “Philadelphia 2011: The State of the City,” www.pewtrusts.org, http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Philadelphia_Research_Initiative/Philadelphia-City-Data-Population-Demographics.pdf (accessed November 11, 2012).

p 40

(Fig: 2.19) Age of Philadelphia residents

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(Fig: 2.20) Philadelphia population breakdown.

Neighborhoods Throughout the last ten years there have been major changes in the populations of the neighborhoods in the city of Philadelphia. According to the 2010 Census, Philadelphia is following in the steps of cities such as Detroit, having large areas of abandoned structures and buildings in the outlying areas of the city. More people are moving out of these areas due to the lack of jobs and infrastructure and are moving towards the center of the city (Fig: 2.21). Another interesting aspect of this neighborhood transformation can be observed while looking at the average household income by neighborhood (Fig: 2.22). While comparing both of those figures, it become apparent that the neighborhoods that grew in population were the ones that had higher income and the neighborhoods that decreased in population had the lowest income. According to Cartographic Modeling Lab. University of Pennsylvania there are between 40,000 and 50,000 abandoned buildings23 (Fig: 2.23). While comparing the figures: 25,26 and 27 it was expected to find most of the abandoned properties on the outlying area of the city. However, after compering the fig: 26 and 27, the conclusion can be made that the most abandoned neighborhoods are the dividers between the high income neighborhoods and low-income neighborhoods. In the long run, the Urban Model will decrease the number of abandoned buildings by connecting the low-income neighborhoods to the high-income neighborhoods by creating a new network of jobs and encouraging renovation and rebuild of the excising infrastructure in the area.

23 2012).

Patrick Kerkstra â&#x20AC;&#x153;Vacancy Victories Are Rare, but City Says Reform Is Coming,â&#x20AC;? Plan Philly, http://planphilly.com/vacancy-victories-are-rare-city-says-reform-coming (accessed October 28,

p 42

(Fig: 2.21) Population change by neighborhood 2000-2010.

p 43

(Fig: 2.22) Average household income by neighborhood

Mapping Abandonment- Philadelphia, PA There are between 40,000 and 50,000 empty and abandoned buildings in Philadelphia, however officials acknowledge that the real number could be 50 percent higher. Vacancies per neighborhood 0-95 96-276 280-591 592-1468 1469-2826

(Fig: 2.23) Mapping Abandonment - Philadelphia, PA

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Chapter - III Site Analysis • • • • • • • • • • • •

p 45

Site Location The Site - Present Condition and Future Development Historical Timeline Of The Site Views Of The Site Buildings Within Walking Distance Local Material Availability Philadelphia- The University City and the Center City Existing Urban Conditions Bike Culture In Philadelphia Philadelphia Weather (Rain and Temp) Climate Consultant Strategies Summary Of The Site Analysis

(Fig: 3.1)

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Site Location

(Fig: 3.2.1) United States map to Pennsylvania

(Fig: 3.2.2) Pennsylvania State to Philadelphia

p 47

Quick Facts:

Philadelphia is the largest city in the Pennsyl-

Area: 142.6 sq miles (369.3 km²) Founded: October 27, 1682 Population: 1,536,471 (2011)

vania and the fifth most populous city in the United States. It is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, and it is the only consolidated city county in Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 Census, the city had a population of 1,526,006.1 Philadelphia is the economic and cultural center of the Delaware Valley, home to 6 million people and the country’s fifth-largest metropolitan area. 2 The site for this project was chosen after examining an existing condition of Philadelphia and it’s abandonment areas with the most potential for redevelopment using the proposed Urban Model (Fig: 3.3).

1 “American Fact Finder”. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 4, 2012. 2 http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/ pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US24PR&prodType=table

(Fig: 3.2.3) City of Philadelphia

p 48

Site Location

(Fig: 3.3) City Map of Philadelphia zoomed in to the project site.

p 49

p 50

University City The Site

New Resid

Developm

Decommissioned Industrial Area (Potential Residential Area) (Fig: 3.4) The site- Present Conditions and Development

p 51

dential

ment

The Site - Present Condition and Future Development

The site of the project is located between the Univer-

sity City and the Center of Philadelphia. The buildable are of the project is 144,000 sf. The Urban Model, which will be built on the site, will support not only the present development of

Center City

residential area, but also will encourage future revitalization and development of the decommissioned industrial area into a residential area. The old structure, which is still present on the site, will be demolished and some materials such as brick will be reused for the construction of the new residential units.

The placement for the Urban Model was strategically se-

lected due to the close proximity to both: the center of the city of Philadelphia and to the University City. Both of those locations will be benefited by Urban Model building and its functionality. The circulation and accessibility to the site from University City is possible by foot, bicycle routs and public transportation, which will access it by bridge that is adjacent to the site. The site is also accessible from Center City by foot, bicycle and public transportation as well. The site and its Urban Model building will connect the University City and Centre City by proposing and providing functionality usable spaces for both parts, while encouraging the further development of the area.

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Historical Timeline Of The Site

1941 Built for the U.S. Marine Corps in 1941, it spent its first 24 years as a munitions and tank factory. The 721,564 sf mega building has as much floor space as half the Comcast Center. Since each floor was required to carry many multi-ton tanks and tank accessories, its walls and columns are meta-reinforced and rival City Hall in strength. The super-massive building at 734 Schuylkill Avenue has been a part of the Schuylkill waterfront for 72 years.

(Fig: 3.5) Historical Timeline of the Site

p 53

1965 In 1965, the building was donated by the to the School District of Philadelphia. They briefly named it the Trade Industrial Center but soon changed its name to the John F. Kennedy Center for Vocational Education. In the times before every high school pushed every student into college, it became home to special non-graded occupational programs for high school students who wanted to get a job when they grew up.

2001 In 2001 huge fire engulfed the structure causing all the functionality of the building to stop while becoming a vacant property. The building never has been restored and stays vacant until today.

2003 Since the fire, the building stayed vacant and have not been restored or been used to this day.

2005 In late 2005, Switzenbaum purchased the property for $12.5 million. Switzenbaum announced that the old JFK Administration building would become an ultra-luxury condominium complex. Since there was a lot of square feet to work with, it would hold 229 residential units, 32,000 square feet of office space, 6,000 square feet of retail storefronts, an Olympic-size swimming pool, large dedicated storage spaces for each residence, a 4,000-square-foot gym, 24-hour concierge service, refrigerator and freezer space for grocery deliveries, Zen room yoga studio, and a 371-car internal parking garage. On top of all that, 32 residential homes would be built on the roof, each with a private garden.

2013 According to Philadelphia city zoning in 2003 the Schuylkill Avenue area, which included many industrial structures and properties completely, suspended its functions and pending demolition. The city plans to build thousands of condos and high-class living spaces. Since year 2005 in which Switzenbaum purchased the building, nothing was done and the building still remains in the original condition.

Future

The building will be demolished while preserving the original brick and other materials, which will be reused in the construction of the living spaces and other structures in near by neighborhoods. The Urban Model will be built using local materials that are found in 100-mile radius of the site, and by that will reduce the impact on the environment.

p 54

Views Of The Site

(Fig: 3.6) - Views To The Site

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Siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Positive and Negative Views

The site has many potential for a great views and an interesting development, however the site also retain some negative views, which will be addressed in the design and orientations of the different program functionality spaces. The site of the project located on the east side of the Schuylkill River. The west side of the Schuylkill River is a location for the Penn and Drexel campuses, several medical institutions, and independent centers of scientific research. The most desirable view will be to the west side and the views of the Schuylkill River, which at night will combine the lights of the

p 56

Views Of The Site

(Fig: 3.6.1)- Views From The Site

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University City and river reflection while creating a great and mesmerizing view. The east view of the site will be facing the newly developing high-end apartment and condo complex. The northwest side will present the user with the river and the bridge, which will provide the physical connection of University City to the site and to the Center City of Philadelphia. The south side will be the least desirable view due to the presence of vacant industrial building, which are planed to be demolished in the future while applying the same language of apartments and public housing as part of the city of Philadelphia urban development plan.

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(Fig: 3.7) The Site -Panoramic View

p 59

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Map of Businesses and Public Places Within the Walking Distance

0.5 Mile 10 min

(Fig: 3.8)-Businesses and Public Places Within the Walking Distance

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1 Mile 20 min

Businesses and Public Places Within the Walking Distance Church and religious buildings: • • • • • •

Greater St Matthew Baptist Church New Temple Baptist Church Shiloh Baptist Church St Charles Senior Center Mt Horeb Holy Church Jesus Christ Church Lord

Food: • • • • • • • • • •

Old Towne & Sanna’s Betty’s Speakeasy Doobie’s Good Karma Cafe Dmitri’s Gavin’s Cafe Au Bon Pain Ringe Squash Courts Moe’s Hotdog House Vincent Giordano Prosciutto

Hotels: • • •

South Bridge Bed And Breakfast Penn Tower Hotel Inc Penn Tower Hotel

University Buildings: • • • • •

Philadelphia University Stewart Field Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Franklin Field

Public School: • • •

Chester A. Arthur School Philadelphia School Peirce School

Parks and Public Areas: • • • • •

Schuylkill River Park Fitler Square Kaskey Park The Woodlands Cemetery Marian Anderson Park

Hospitals: • • •

Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine Jefferson Methadone Clinic Hospital of the University Of PA-Cancer Center

The proposal for the Urban Model building includes residential, retail, office areas as well as public and private green spaces. The availability of multiple public places such as: hotels, restaurants, schools and religious buildings will benefit not only the Urban Model building but also will be used by the developing housing around it. Also the Urban Model and its occupants will benefit from the close proximity to other public businesses and will be able to choose between new created and the existing business on site. The streets around and in close proximity to the site are walkable and bicycle friendly streets and the circulation and movement of pedestrians will be encouraged by this factor.

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Local Material Availability

Philadelphia is the biggest city in Pennsylvania; therefore there are a lot of local building materials available. Most of the conven-

tional and traditional materials such as, Wood, brick, stone, concrete, steel, glass are available locally with in 10 mile radius of the site. The local availability will reduce the cost of the transportation of the materials to the site and minimize the carbon emission footprint on the environment. Blow is the list of local firms, which will be able to supply those materials:

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

D & S Concrete and Masonry A Marinelli & Sons Inc Cava Building Supply C. L. Presser Company Ace Welding Service VIP Building Supply Geppert Lumber Community Working Solutions, Llc. Northeast Stucco, Inc. Javier & Sons Landscaping, Inc. Mj Ward Custom Exterior & Interior, Inc. Detail Exchange, Llc* USA Building Materials Inc Tague Lumber Building Materials Distribution Nolen Building Material Kerr’s Building Materials Xia Ling Building Materials Inc Jones And Sons Construction (Fig: 3.9)-Local Material Availability

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10 MILE RADIUS

5 6

11 17

14 9

13 10 15 12 7 18

(Fig: 3.10) Local Material Availability Within 10 Mile Radius

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Center City

University City

Site

(Fig: 3.11)-Univ. City and Central City Map

Philadelphia- The University City and the Center City

University City is a commonly known name of West Philadelphia. The University of Pennsylvania has long been the leading and the

primary institution in the area and was the primary aspect in creating the name University City as part of a 1950s urban-renewal effort that was done by the city. The eastern side of University City is home to the Penn and Drexel campuses, several medical institutions, and independent centers of scientific research, 30th Street Station. The west side of the Philadelphia contains Victorian and early 20th-century housing stock and is primarily residential. The east side of the city also contains residential housing, however the industrial and commercial areas are which are present are more predominant and play a crucial role in the functionality of the city. University Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s boundaries are defined by University City District and the City of Philadelphia, are the Schuylkill River to the east and Market Street to the north; 52nd Street to the west; and Woodland Avenue, University Avenue, and Civic Center Boulevard to the south. Within these boundaries are the local neighborhoods of Cedar Park, Garden

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(Fig: 3.12)-“Welcome To University City” “Welcome To University City” - One Of Four Bridges Painted By Penn In The Spring Of 2007

Court, and others, which provide the housing for the students and the faculty3.

The placement for the Urban Model was strategically selected due to the close proximity to both: the center of the city of Philadelphia

and to the University City. Both of those locations will be benefited by Urban Model building and its functionality. The circulation and accessibility to the site from University City is possible by foot, bicycle routs and public transportation, which will access it by bridge that is adjacent to the site. The site is also accessible from Center City by foot, bicycle and public transportation as well. The site and its Urban Model building will connect the University City and Centre City by proposing and providing functionality usable spaces for both parts, while encouraging the further development of the area. 3 Nathael Popkin, “City-within-a-city? New Eastwick at 50,” HiddenCity Philadelphia,http://hiddencityphila.org/2012/02/city-within-a-city-new-eastwick-at-50/ (accessed January 23, 2013).

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Existing Urban Conditions The map of Existing Urban Conditions (Fig:29) displays the different functionality areas. On the west side of the Schuylkill River the most dominant area is devoted for the educational buildings for Drexel University, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia and the University of Philadelphia. Among the educational buildings there are several businesses and mixed-use areas mainly for the university use. The University City includes several residential areas in which the university provides housing for students. University City housing has provided Philadelphiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s University City neighborhood with quality living arrangements at competitive prices since 1967. With over 350 individual units in 85 buildings, University City Housing can provide the perfect apartment for anyone interested in living a few short blocks from either the University of Pennsylvania, Drexel or University of the Sciences in Philadelphia. Most education buildings are in walking distance from the students housing, however public transportation is available and bicycle designated roads and areas are stretched throughout the city 4.

Source: http://www.phillyapartmentco.com/neighborhoods/university_city

(Fig: 3.13) - The University City Housing 4 http://universitycityhousing.com/

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(Fig:3.14) Existing Urban Conditions

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Pennsylvania State University

Pennsylvania State University--University Park is a public institution that was founded in 1855. It has a total undergraduate enrollment of

38,954, its setting is city, and the campus size is 8,556 acres. It utilizes a semester-based academic calendar. Pennsylvania State University--University Park’s ranking in the 2013 edition of Best Colleges is National Universities, 46. Its in-state tuition and fees are $16,444 (2012-13); out-ofstate tuition and fees are $28,746 (2012-13). There is rarely a dull moment on the Pennsylvania State University—University Park campus, also known as Happy Valley. With more than 800 clubs and organizations, there are broad opportunities to get involved in campus life.

The school mascot is the Nittany Lion, and teams compete in the Division I Big 10 Conference. The football team plays in Beaver Stadium,

which is one of the largest arenas in North America with room for more than 107,000 fans. Penn State is home to a thriving Greek system with nearly 90 sororities and fraternities. About 15,000 students volunteer in THON, the largest student-run philanthropy in the world. Students raise money for pediatric cancer research and awareness throughout the year and participate in a 46-hour dance marathon—no sitting or sleeping allowed. Freshmen must live in one of five housing areas on campus. Across the street from campus is State College, a bustling small town with an array of coffee shops, restaurants, shops, and bars populated mostly by students.

Surrounded by mountains, the school is also close to skiing, snowboarding, and hiking opportunities. The land-grant institution, which

originally was offered state land in exchange for agricultural courses and research, offers highly ranked graduate programs through the College of Education and the College of Engineering. Undergraduates produce the Daily Collegian newspaper, and students get free daily copies of The New York Times, USA Today, and Centre Daily Times—the local paper—through the school’s Newspaper Readership Program, the first of its kind. Notable alumni include John Cappelletti, a Heisman Trophy winner and former NFL player; and Valerie Plame Wilson, former CIA agent and author. On fictional television show The Office, character Toby Flenderson is a Penn State graduate.

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Bike Culture In Philadelphia

Among our nation’s largest 10 cities, Philadelphia easily has the most people riding their bicycles to the work and around the city. The

data, using American Community Survey data from 2004-2009, also says Philadelphia got more people bicycling to work than all American cities except for Portland, and rank ninth nationally according to percentage of the population using bicycles (2.16 %) 5. However, the numbers and the map don’t tell the entire story. There are multiple local initiatives that aim to obtain more recent and specific data to support the need for more bicycle friendly roadways and communities.Bicycle travel is very local and what you’re going to see is higher concentrations in Center City, South and West Philly than you will in Northeast or Southwest, says John Boyle, the Bicycle Coalition’s advocacy director. It will also allow us to compare to other cities to give us an idea of what types of neighborhoods bicyclists live in. New safe bicycles lanes and roads will encourage more people to use bicycle as a primary transportation and will reduce the carbon footprint on the environment 6.

(Fig:3.15) Bicycle Circulation in Philadelphia 5 http://www.census.gov/

6 JOE PETRUCCI, “Mapping Bike Culture: Philly,” Flying Kite, http://www.flyingkitemedia.com/features/mappingbikeculture0331.aspx (accessed January 23, 2013).

p 70

Philadelphia Weather (Rain and Temp) 100 90 80 70

64 44

60 50 40 30

40 26

44 28

53 34

74 54

83 64

87 69

85 68

78 60

67 48

56 39

45 30

20 10

74% 60%

65% 69%

75% 75%

75%

74% 77%

73% 68% 71%

0 (Fig:3.16) Average temperatures + Relative Humidity

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 12” 10” 8” 6” 4” 2” 0”

p 71

8.80 6.50

3.03

2.75

2.90

3.56

3.79 0.50

(Fig:3.16.1) Precipitation Snow + Rain

4.35

3.71

0.00

3.78

3.50

3.43 0.00

0.00

3.18

0.00

2.99 0.30

3.40

3.56

Philadelphia Weather

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1200

1145 1045

1167

1000

876

800

681

600

457

400

411 211

200

0 38

200

107 154

107 237

166

400 (Fig:3.16.2) Heating/Cooling Degree Days (in hours)

Philadelphia climate is defined as a temperate zone. It never gets tremendously hot during the summer, nor extremely cold during the winter. In general the summers are warm, however the temperatures above 90 degrees are considered unusual and very unlikely. It is cold in the winter, however rarely colder then 25 degrees. It warms up for summer clothes weather by late May and stays warm until mid September. Therefore from the end of May to the mid September cooling of the spaces will be required and from September to May heating of the spaces will be the main requirement. • • •

July is the average warmest month. • The highest recorded temperature was 106°F in 1918. • The average coolest month is January.

The lowest recorded temperature was -11°F in 1934. July is the average wettest month.

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Climate Consultant Strategies

(Fig:3.17) Wind Direction During November -May

(Fig:3.17.1) Wind Direction During May-September

During the cold season (November-May) the winds that are coming from the NNW will need to be blocked to prevent the lose of heat from the space.

During the worm season (May-September) the winds that are coming from SW direction can be used for natural ventilation of the space in order to reduce the use of HVAC for cooling purposes.

(Fig:3.17.2) Tiles or slate (even on low mass wood floors) or a

(Fig:3.17.3) Good natural ventilation can reduce or eliminate air con-

stone-faced fireplace can help store winter daytime solar gain.

p 73

ditioning in warm weather, if windows are well shaded and oriented to prevailing breezes.

Climate Consultant Strategies

(Fig:3.17.4) Heat gain from equipment, lights, and occupants will

greatly reduce heating needs so keep home tight, well insulated (use ventilation in summer).

(Fig:3.17.5) Extra insulation (super insulation) might prove cost

effective, and will increase occupant comfort by keeping indoor temperatures more uniform.

Climatic Information and its importance.

Climatic information is important to this project and sev-

eral strategies need to be followed while designing the structure on the chosen site. Due to the local weather and temperatures, there are no extreme weather conditions, however the design and construction must follow the listed above strategies in order to increase energy efficiency used in the structure and comfort level (Fig:3.17.6) High Efficiency furnace (at least Energy Star) should

prove cost effective for cold month of the year.

of the individual spaces, while decreasing the cost for heating and cooling of those spaces.

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Design Strategies May Through September (Summer)

(Fig:3.17.7) During the worm month of the summer, in order for the space to be comfortable the building will have to have an natural ventilation,

fan forced ventilation, internal heat gain and sun shading of the windows.

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Design Strategies September Through May (Winter)

(Fig:3.17.8) During the cold month of the winter, in order for the space to be comfortable the building will have to have an efficient HVAC system,

internal heat gain and passive solar direct gain.

p 76

(Fig:3.18)

p 77

Summary Of The Site Analysis The selected site located on Schuylkill Avenue in the city of Philadelphia, Pa, was selected after considering all of the factors for the site selection. These factors were: an urban area, with 25% or more of the properties in a vacant stage. After considering several areas of Philadelphia, the area that was selected is the massive empty building that was built for the U.S. Marine Corps in 1941 and was used as a tank factory up until 1965 when the building was donated to the School District of Philadelphia. The building was used as an educational center up until a fire in 2001 destroyed everything inside. The structure remains intact on the site with no future use. According to Philadelphia city zoning in 2003 the Schuylkill Avenue area, which included many industrial structures and properties, completely suspended its functions and is pending demolition. The city plans to build thousands of condos and high-class living spaces.

The site of is located on the south side of the Schuylkill River. The buildable area of the

site is approximately 144,000 sf. The site is surrounded by residential housing, public and private businesses such as hotels, restaurants, schools and religious buildings, which are all located within a one-mile radius. The site is also located between University City, which includes campuses for Drexel University, the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia and the University of Philadelphia and the Center City of Philadelphia. This site will be used to construct and build the Urban Model which will not only be the connecting link between the University City and the Center City but also will encourage the construction and revitalization of the area around it. The location of the site allows for the availability of traditional materials, and most of those building materials such as wood, steel and concrete will be found within 10-mile radius of the site, which will reduce the cost of transportation.

p 78

The transportation and accessibility to the site consists of public transportation of bus-des ignated stops and also bicycle-designated lanes, which are spread throughout the city. Bicycle use is very developed in the city of Philadelphia and according to the American Community Survey data from 2004-2009, Philadelphia is the most bicycle friendly city among the top ten largest cities of United States.

Philadelphiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate is temperate and does not get too hot during the summer nor too

cold during the wintertime. The year can be divided into two distinct seasons, winter and summer. The winter season starts at the end of September where the temperatures drops below 70 degrees and lasts through May, where the temperature climbs back up above 70 degrees. The summer season starts in the end of May and lasts throughout September, where July is the warmest month. The precipitation of rain is consistent throughout the year with averages of 3-4 inches each month, while a snow averages around 3 inches during November to April.

The needs for dual season design are as follows: during the cold season of (September-

May) the building will have to have an efficient HVAC system, internal heat gain and passive solar direct gain in order for spaces to be in the comfortable zone, while in the warm season (May-September) the building will have to incorporate the following strategies of natural ventilation, fan forced ventilation, internal heat gain and sun shading of the windows for the space to be comfortable.

The location of the site and its urban surrounding is a great opportunity for the redevelop-

ment of the area and the physical linking and connection of University City and the City Center of Philadelphia.

p 79

(Fig:3.19)

p 80

Chapter - Iv program Analysis • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

p 81

Users And Space Desirable Space Quality Case Study # 1 - 8 House by BIG Case Study # 2 - De Zuidkas by Paul de Ruiter Architects Case Study # 3 - Mercedes Benz Business Center / HTDSTUDIO Program Analysis Space Evaluation Adjacency Matrix Adjacency Diagrams Site Dimensions and Size Approximate SF Of The Spaces Concept Connectivity Model First Proposal For Urban Model First Proposal For Urban Model - Summary Concept Idea of Point of Interest Existing Street Grid Second Proposal For Urban Model Proposed Site Plan Floor Plans Elevations Second Proposal For Urban Model - Summary

(Fig:4.1)

p 82

Users And Space

SINGLE USERS

FAMILIES

INVESTORS

BUSINESSMEN

LARGE CORPORATIONS

p 83

OFFICE SPACE LIVING SPACE RETAIL SPACE GALLERY SPACE RESTAURANT GREEN SPACE SUPPORT SPACE MAIN EN(Fig: 4.2)

p 84

Desirable Spatial Qualities Desirable spatial qualities (Fig:4.3) describes the general special esthetics qualities of each individual spaces that will be included within the design of the Urban Model building. Each space is described by a set of words, which are associated with that space, and by set of different images that showcase the special qualities of light texture and materiality.

OFFICE SPACE WORK MEETINGS PROGRESS DYNAMICS TEAMWORK OPPORTUNITY BUSINESS

(Fig:4.3)

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LIVING SPACE RELAXATION COMFORT PRIVATE ESCAPE ENJOY REST OWNERSHIP

RETAIL SPACE PROFIT ECONOMY EXCITEMENT MONEY PRODUCTION CLIENT BREND

GALLERY SPACE ART EXHIBITS EDUCATION HISTORY KNOWLEDGE BEAUTY EXPLORATION

RESTAURANT EXPERIENCE TASTE FOOD DRINKS PUBLIC SOCIAL FRIENDS

GREEN SPACE FREEDOM RELAXATION NATURE ENVIRONMENTAL OPPORTUNITY FRESH OPEN

SUPPORT SPACE MAIN ENHELP REMOTE SPECIFIC FUNCTION VITAL POWER SMALL

INVITING DIFFERENT OPEN LIGHT GRAND EXCLUSIVE DOMINATION

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Case Study # 1 - 8 House by BIG

(Fig:4.4)

p 87

IMPORTANCE:

The 8 House by BIG

located in Copenhagen, Denmark showcase very interesting geometrical form and structure which was achieved by clean lines while using a concrete structure. The building incorporates many public and private green spaces and green roofs. The structure and its geometry resemble a Lego like structure and also reminds the idea of the modular building technique. The following key ideas are making this project an interesting inspiration case study for the development of Urban Model building.

(Fig:4.4.1)

• • • •

Geometrical structure. Clean lines. Concrete structure. Green roof.

p 88

Case Study # 2 - De Zuidkas by Paul de Ruiter Architects

(Fig:4.5)

p 89

IMPORTANCE:

The De Zuidkas by Paul

de Ruiter Architects is an a prototype conceptual building which incorporates mixed use spaces such as: retail, living and garden spaces. The prototype is an interesting structure due to the use of materiality such as glass and exposed concrete and also the integration of the green spaces for each living space as a private Zen garden. This integration of green spaces showcases the structure in a very dynamic and natural exterior appearance. The integration of green spaces is one of the mail aspects of the Urban Model building. • Materiality. • Glass structure. (Fig:4.5.1) • Application of green spaces.

p 90

Case Study # 3 - Mercedes Benz Business Center / HTDSTUDIO

(Fig:4.6)

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IMPORTANCE:

The mixed-use Mercedes Benz

Business Center is d by Brooklyn-based HTDStudio, the new center a stacked multi-purpose building covered in green roofs. Through a strong focus on both form and function, the tower aims to minimize its footprint and impact on the surrounding city, while also improving accessibility and creating a living program. Sustainability played a crucial role in design of Mercedes Benz Business Center and manifested in solar power harvesting, rainwater collection, grey water recycling and geothermal heating and cooling. Due to its form, function and sustainable strategies it is a vital case study for design of Urban Model building. • Materiality. • Sustainability. (Fig:4.6.1) • Minimize of the footprint.

p 92

Program Analysis

OFFICE SPACE

• • • • • • •

Cubical Space Director Office Conference Room Restroom Break Room Storage Kitchen

RESTAURANT

• • • • • •

Kitchen Main Area Bar Waiting Area Storage Restroom

(Fig:4.7)

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LIVING SPACE

• • • • •

Living Room Bed Room Restroom Storage Kitchen

RETAIL SPACE

• • • •

GREEN SPACE

• Main Green Space • Public Green Space • Private Green Space

Main Space Storage Restroom Manager Office

GALLERY SPACE

• • • •

SUPPORT SPACE

• • • •

Data Room Contral Room Office Restroom

Main Space Restroom Manager Office Storage

MAIN EN-

• • • •

Lobby Information Area Waiting Area Restroom

Space Evaluation

retail space

SPACE ACTIVITY

green space

support space

living space

RELAX

green space gallery space

main entrance

office space

support space

living space

PUBLIC

PRIVATE

office space retail space

SPACE OCCUPANCY

office space gallery space

ACTIVE

restaurant retail space

PUBLIC VS. PRIVATE

restaurant main entrance

HIGH

green space restaurant

main entrance gallery space

living space

support space

LOW

(Fig:4.8)

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RESTROOM

WAITING AREA

INFORMATION AREA

LOBBY

MAIN ENTRANCE

SUPPORT SPACE

GREEN SPACE

RESTAURANT

GALLERY SPACE

RETAIL SPACE

LIVING SPACE

OFFICE SPACE

Adjacency Matrix

LOBBY

INFORMATION AREA WAITING AREA

CONTR

RESTROOM

OFFICE SPACE LIVING SPACE RETAIL SPACE GALLERY SPACE RESTAURANT GREEN SPACE SUPPORT SPACE

STORAGE

KITCHEN

BREAK ROOM

RESTROOM

DIRECTOR OFFICE

CONFERENCE ROOM

CUBICAL SPACE

MAIN ENTRANCE

ADJACENT CUBICAL SPACE

NEARBY

CONFERENCE ROOM

NOT ADJACENT

(Fig:4.9)

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DIRECTOR OFFICE

LIV

RESTROOM

BREAK ROOM

KITCHEN STORAGE

RESTROOM

RESTROOM WAITING AREA BAR

STORAGE

BED ROOM MAIN SPACE MAIN SPACE

RESTROOM MANAGER OFFICE MANAGER OFFICE

STORAGE STORAGE RESTROOM

KITCHEN RESTROOM STORAGE

PRIVATE GREEN SPACE

PUBLIC GREEN SPACE

MAIN GREEN SPACE

RESTROOM

CONTROL ROOM

OFFICE

DATA ROOM

STORAGE

BAR

WAITING AREA

PRIVATE GREEN SPACE

STORAGE

ROL ROOM RESTROOM

KITCHEN

RESTROOM

PUBLIC GREEN SPACE

KITCHEN

OFFICE

MANAGER OFFICE

MAIN SPACE MAIN SPACE

MAIN GREEN SPACE

MAIN SPACE

RESTROOM

STORAGE

MANAGER OFFICE

MAIN SPACE

KITCHEN

STORAGE

RESTROOM

BED ROOM

LIVING ROOM

DATA ROOM

VING ROOM

p 96

STORAGE

KITCHEN

BREAK ROOM

RESTROOM

director office DIRECTOR OFFICE

CONFERENCE ROOM

CUBICAL SPACE

Office Space Adjacency Diagram

cubical space

CUBICAL SPACE CONFERENCE ROOM

conference room

DIRECTOR OFFICE RESTROOM

kitchen

BREAK ROOM

break room

KITCHEN

restroom storage

STORAGE

(Fig:4.10)

KITCHEN

STORAGE

RESTROOM

bed room BED ROOM

LIVING ROOM

Living Space Adjacency Diagram

living room LIVING ROOM BED ROOM RESTROOM STORAGE KITCHEN

kitchen

storage

restroom

(Fig:4.10.1)

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RESTROOM

manager office STORAGE

MANAGER OFFICE

MAIN SPACE

Retail Space Adjacency Diagram

main space

MAIN SPACE MANAGER OFFICE STORAGE RESTROOM

storage

restroom

(Fig:4.10.2)

Gallery Space Adjacency Diagram

STORAGE

RESTROOM

MANAGER OFFICE

MAIN SPACE

manager office

main space

MAIN SPACE MANAGER OFFICE RESTROOM

storage

STORAGE

restroom

(Fig:4.10.3)

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Restaurant Space Adjacency Diagram

STORAGE

BAR

WAITING AREA

RESTROOM

KITCHEN

MAIN SPACE

bar

kitchen main space

MAIN SPACE

storage

KITCHEN RESTROOM WAITING AREA BAR

restroom

STORAGE

waiting area

(Fig:4.10.4)

PRIVATE GREEN SPACE

PUBLIC GREEN SPACE

MAIN GREEN SPACE

Green Space Adjacency Diagram

main green space

public green space

MAIN GREEN SPACE PUBLIC GREEN SPACE PRIVATE GREEN SPACE

private green space

(Fig:4.10.5)

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office RESTROOM

CONTROL ROOM

OFFICE

DATA ROOM

Support Space Adjacency Diagram

data room DATA ROOM

restroom

OFFICE CONTROL ROOM RESTROOM

control room

(Fig:4.10.6)

RESTROOM

waiting area WAITING AREA

INFORMATION AREA

LOBBY

Main Entrance Space Adjacency Diagram

Lobby

LOBBY INFORMATION AREA WAITING AREA RESTROOM

restroom information area

(Fig:4.10.7

p 100

MAIN ENTRANCE

SUPPORT SPACE

GREEN SPACE

RESTAURANT

GALLERY SPACE

support space

RETAIL SPACE

LIVING SPACE

OFFICE SPACE

Main Adjacency Diagram

green space office space

OFFICE SPACE LIVING SPACE RETAIL SPACE GALLERY SPACE

restaurant

living space

RESTAURANT GREEN SPACE SUPPORT SPACE MAIN ENTRANCE

gallery space

main entrance

retail space

(Fig:4.10.8)

p 101

(Fig:4.11)

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Site Dimensions and Size

i ylk

er v i R

250’

0’

s ck

ra T n

i a r T

0’

210

’

Parking

(Fig:4.12) Site

The selected site (Fig:4.12) has an approximate buildable area of 115,000 SF per floor.

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Site

Approximate SF Of The Spaces

OFFICE SPACE

5000 SF per unit

LIVING SPACE

RETAIL SPACE

GALLERY SPACE

1500 SF per unit 16000 SF total 55000 SF total

RESTAURANT

GREEN SPACE

SUPPORT SPACE

MAIN EN-

8000 SF total 16000 SF total

To be decided

30000 SF including circulation

(Fig:4.13) Aproximate SF Of The Spaces

p 104

Concept Connectivity Model

The concept model (Fig:4.16) of the site relationship showcase the connectivity of the Center City and University City to the Urban Model structure. The Urban Model will host multi functional Center City

University City

program and spaces, which will attract both Center City and University City users. By creating this link between the Center City and University City the Urban Model will encourage the future

Site

development of the site and the land around it for commercial (Fig:4.15)

and residential uses.

University City (Fig:4.16) Concept Model of Connectivity

p 105

Urban Model

Center City

First Proposal For Urban Model The Urban Model building will have two full floors for commercial, gallery and restaurant spaces, and three different towers which will be different in size, while the most dominant tower will contain living spaces, while the other two towers will be used for office spaces. All three towers are subject for a change in their functionality as the site and the conditions of it will change with time.

(Fig:4.17) Physical Model

p 106

Masses of Approximate Space Arrangement - 3D View

Vertical Circulation

Living Space

Support Space

Green Space Office Space Main Entrance Retail Space Gallery Space Restaurant

Living Space (Social Space) Public Green Space

(Fig:4.18) Masses of Approximate Space Arrangement - 3D View

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Masses of Approximate Space Arrangement - Section View

Support Space

Office Space

Vertical Circulation

Main Entrance

Green Space Living Space Living Space (Social Space)

Gallery Space Restaurant Retail Space

Retail Space

(Fig:4.18.1) Masses of Approximate Space Arrangement - Section View

p 108

First Proposal - Approximate Fllor Plans

(Fig:4.19.1) Ground Level

(Fig:4.19.2) Second Level

The special relationship of the first proposal for Urban Model is demonstrated in the sketches (Fig:4.19.1, 4.19.2). The ground level of the building will host the retail businesses as well as the main entrance. The second floor will host both restaurant and exaptation spaces while complimented with green spaces. The typical 3-6 floors space arrangement is demonstrated in the (Fig:4.19.3) and will host both living spaces and the office spaces. The division into three towers was made for the separation of living and working spaces. The living spaces are rotated for the better view of the river, and the office spaces rotated in the other direction. Both of those spaces will have complete privacy from one to each other due to the rotation.

p 109

First Proposal - Approximate Fllor Plans

(Fig:4.19.3) Typical 3-6 Level

After examination of the space relationship and adjacencies, the following was concluded: Positive Aspects:

Negative Aspects:

• Clear arrangement of the spaces by its functionality. • Total physical separation of office and living spaces. • An opportunity of integration of green spaces with in the structure.

• • • •

Main entrance needed to be addressed. Massive footprint of the building. Circulation through out the building and its cores. Each core will have to be physically present at the ground level.

p 110

First Proposal For Urban Model - Summary

The site for an Urban Model (Fig:4.12) building is located on the east side of the Schuylkill River, while divided by a train tracks from the

front of the river. Due to the functionality of train tracks, there will be no direct access to the river from the site, however a possibility of terrace or large platform that will cover the train tracks while functioning as a sound barrier and public observation point is possible and will be considered in design. The rquered parking for the building can be provided on the site or as an additional space which will be underground.

The approximate SF of The spaces (Fig:4.13) is not final and subject to the change during the design of the Urban Model building. Office

and living spaces are estimation per unit; therefore the total SF of those spaces will be changing and depending on the demand, which surroundings and site conditions will dictate. Retail, a gallery, restaurant and support space shows the total number of SF and most likely will not change. The green space SF will be determent due to the placement and quantity of other spaces such as: office, living and retail spaces. The circulation of the building will include the main entrance and will be around 20-25% of the total SF of the Urban Model building.

The exterior area of the building will include the privet and public green spaces. The public green spaces will be on the ground level

adjacent to the retail space and main entrance, while private areas of green space will be spread out in between the floors allowing each floor to have its own area for socialization and relaxation.

The preliminary space relationship and adjacencies can be seen in masses of approximate space arrangement (Fig:4.18) and (Fig:4.18.1).

The ground level will host the main entrance and retail areas which are defined as public spaces and placed there for wide public use of the near by neighborhoods as well as the occupants of the building it self. The second floor will host semi-public areas, such as restaurant and gallery/ exaptation spaces. The restaurant space will be used for public and also for private events such as symposiums and forms. The gallery space will be used to exhibitions of art collections and work of Universities and individuals. Both of those spaces can provide services for Penn State University as well as for Drexel University while hosting events and art associated events.

p 111

First Proposal For Urban Model - Summary

The third floor will separate the Urban Model building into three distinct towers which will be defined as private spaces, one tower will

host a living spaces and the other two will host the office spaces. The design of both types of tower will incorporate green spaces and open space between each of the floors. The living spaces will be oriented and facing with the main windows and openings to the west to maximize the positive view of the Schuylkill River and the University City, while the office spaces will be oriented in the other direction. The different orientation of two of those spaces will provide those spaces with privacy.

While the base design will involve certain number of living and office spaces, both of those types of spaces can be adjusted accordingly

to the market, site and its surrounding needs.

(Fig:4.20) Physical Model

p 112

Concept of Point of Interest

Sit e

+ +

(Fig:4.21) Site and Green Spaces

An additional take of the Urban Model space arrangement and mass was influenced by the site conditions such as the street grid and the green spaces around the site. In order to create an interest in the site and Urban Model, it is proposed to incorporate green spaces within the site. Those green spaces will be for public use and will draw people to the site from both University City and Center City.

p 113

Existing Street Grid

Building Scale

Typical Downtown Residential Lot Size

Typical New Development Residential Lot Size

(Fig:4.22) Downtown Street Grid System

140

(Fig:4.22.1)Development and Site Area Street

Typical Industrial/ University Lot Size

The angulation of the new Urban Model was influenced by the street grid, which is predominant in the site are. The conventional street

grid of the city (Fig:4.22) is a right angle grid, however when moving into the site the grid changes from 90 degree angle to a 40/140 degree angles (Fig:4.22.1), therefore the shape and angles of the new building will follow the street grid.

The building scale is very important and while the downtown city scale for an individual house is small, the new development of residen-

tial building near the site is much bigger then the conventional downtown size. The third and last scale for an existing building is the University facilities, which have the biggest scale. Together the three types of the scale have to be integrated into the design of the Urban Mode in order to seamlessly be fitted into the urban environment of the site and its surroundings.

p 114

Second Proposal For Urban Model 1

Core/ Office+Recidential Gallery

Commercial

Restaurant

While the main issues from the first proposal were studied, the second proposal incorporates one core, which will be integrated into the lobby. (Fig:4.23) Physical Model

(Fig:4.24) Massing

Recessed main entrance to highlight the importance and significance. (Fig:4.23) Physical Model

p 115

(Fig:4.24) Massing

Core

2 Core

Restaurant area and gallery will be lift up to create more green space and minimise the footprint. The lobby pushed down, exposing the core. The commercial space facade will be two stories high to give the elevation a unified view.

The restaurant area and gallery masses are modified to give a better view of the river.

(Fig:4.25) Massing

(Fig:4.26) Massing

Office+Recidential

Core Gallery

Commercial

Green Balcony Office+Recidential Restaurant

Main Entrance

Addition of office+residential spaces in form of tower. (Fig:4.27) Massing

Alternation of office / living spaces to maximise the positive view and also create green balcony terrace. (Fig:4.28) Massing

p 116

Second Proposal - Approximate Fllor Plans

(Fig:4.29) Ground Level

(Fig:4.29.1) Second Level

The second proposal for the special layout is illustrated in the above sketches (Fig:4.29-4.29.2). The ground level (Fig:4.29) will incorporate the retail areas as well as the main entrance. Multiple courtyards will be proposed as part of the design, due to the smaller footprint of the structure those courtyards can be integrated on the site with the view to the river. The second level (Fig:4.29.1) will integrate the gallery space as well as the restaurant space, while been angled and adjusted for the best view of the river. The typical levels 3-10 (Fig:4.29.2) will host the modular office and living spaces, which will include private green spaces with in them.

p 117

Second Proposal - Approximate Fllor Plans

(Fig:4.29.2) Typical 3-10 Level

After examination of the space relationship and adjacencies, the following was concluded: Positive Aspects:

Negative Aspects:

• • • •

• Office and living spaces clustered together.

Clear arrangement of the spaces by its functionality. One integrated core. Smaller footprint of the building. Green courtyards

p 118

Proposed Site Plan

Walkable Streets

Water

Green Spaces

Mixed-Use Area

proposed green space

existing commercial

(Fig:4.30) Proposed Site Plan

The proposed plan (Fig:4.30) will include; walkable streets which provide a feeling of safety and are conducive to spending time and money in a place, water features which provides aesthetic beauty, green spaces which are a tonic for any soul, providing open space for the enjoyment of the citizens and visitors of the building and surrounding neighborhoods and

existing residential

p 119

mixed-use area which provides income for the city.

Ground Level - Floor Plan

(Fig:4.31) Ground Level Floor Plan

p 120

Second Level - Floor Plan

(Fig:4.32) Second Level Floor Plan

p 121

Typical 3-10 Level - Floor Plan

(Fig:4.33) 3-10 Level Typical Floor Plan

p 122

North - South Elevations

(Fig:4.34) North Elevation

(Fig:4.34.1) South Elevation

p 123

East - West Elevations

(Fig:4.34.2) West Elevation

(Fig:4.34.3) East Elevation

p 124

Rendering

(Fig:4.35) 3D View

p 125

Second Proposal For Urban Model - Summary

The second proposal for an Urban Model was proposed while considering the site factors such as; building scale and the angle of the

existing streets. The proposed Urban Model building has to correspond in scale to both Center City building and also to the University City and also have the correct relationship to the buildings of the new residential development near the site. While the first proposal for the Urban Model was considering large footprint an three different circulation cores, the second proposal considered the same programmatic requirements, however by lifting the gallery and restaurant spaces above the ground not only the footprint of the building was minimized and better views were achieved but also more open space was created on the ground floor for the future development of the public green areas. The second proposal also included one core, which was integrated into the main lobby. This minimized the problem of the circulation through out the building, however raised the question of the separation of the main entrance and circulation of public from the secondary more private circulation of the occupants of the building.

There are several unresolved issues such as; the tower and it modularity, the structural elements of the tower and its shape and form.

During the next stage more deep investigation is needed to determent the overall shape and form of the Urban Model and its structural elements of the main building and its tower. The final proposal is to follow positive points of first and second proposal, while considering parametric and

(Fig:4.36) Parametric Organic Tower- Example # 1

(Fig:4.37) Parametric Organic Tower- Example # 2

p 126

Chapter - v schematic design • Building Code Analysis • Structure Frame Analysis • Development Sketches

p 127

(Fig:5.1)

p 128

The Urban Model building will include several different spaces and functionalities. Each of those spaces will have to follow the guidelines

and rules of IBC Code for a aspects such as occupancy load, number of exits, traveling distances and means of egress. The ground level will host the retail business, main lobby, and several service offices. The second floor of the building will host restaurant, gallery spaces, and the tower will host offices and living spaces.

The Urban Model will incorporate two main construction types, Type I-A (Spr) will be used for the construction of tower and Type II-A

(Spr) will be used for the construction of the rest of the building, including the business area, restaurant, gallery space and main lobby.

(Fig:5.2)

p 129

Occupancy Groups and Classifications Space

Square Footge

Occupancy Group

Occupant Load

Ground Lobby

3000 sf

A-3

15 sf/occupant

200

Large Retail Space

2500 sf

100sf/occupant

Small Retail Space

1000 sf

100sf/occupant

Support Spaces

2000 sf

S-2

300sf/occupant

Storage

2000 sf

S-2

300sf/occupant

Office Space -1st L

600 sf

100sf/occupent

2nd Floor Lobby

2000 sf

A-3

15sf/occupant

133

Gallery Office

500 sf

A-3

100sf/occupant

Waiting Area

500 sf

A-3

15sf/occupant

Gallery Space

8500 sf

A-3

25sf/occupant

340

Restaurant Space

5000 sf

A-2

15sf/occupant

333

Kitchen

2000 sf

200sf/occupant

Bar

1200 sf

A-2

7sf/occupant

142

Modular Office Space

1500sf/ per floor

100sf/occupant

Modular Living Space

1500sf/ per floor

R-2

200sf/occupant

Common Space

800 sf/ per floor

100sf/occupant

* Note: The building has two main floors plus an estimate 20 stories tower with sprinkle system installed. * Total Level One Occupant Load: 494 2 Exits * Total Level Two Occupant Load: 957 3 Exits * Typical Level 3-20 Occupant Load: 30 1 Exit

p 130

(Fig:5.2.1)

p 131

Occupancy Groups and Classifications Space

Max Travel Distance

Max Common Path of Travel

Largest Room With One Means of Egress

Max Dead End Corridor Width

Ground Lobby

A-3

250’

75’

49 occupants

20’

Large Retail Space

300’

100’

49 occupants

50’

Small Retail Space

300’

100’

49 occupants

50’

Support Spaces

S-2

400’

100’

29 occupants

20’

Storage

S-2

400’

100’

29 occupants

20’

Office Space -1st L

300’

100’

49 occupants

50’

2nd Floor Lobby

A-3

250’

75’

49 occupants

20’

Gallery Office

A-3

250’

75’

49 occupants

20’

Waiting Area

A-3

250’

75’

49 occupants

20’

Gallery Space

A-3

250’

49 occupants

20’

Restaurant Space

A-2

250’

75’

49 occupants

20’

Kitchen

300’

100’

49 occupants

50’

Bar

A-2

250’

75’

49 occupants

20’

Modular Office Space

300’

100’

49 occupants

50’

Modular Living Space

R-2

250’

75’

10 occupants

20’

Common Space

300’

100’

49 occupants

50’

p 132

Occupancy Groups and Classifications Space Ground Lobby

Door Width

Clear Corridor Width

Minimum Stair Width

A-3

32” min to 48”max

44” min

Large Retail Space

32” min to 48”max

36” min

Small Retail Space

32” min to 48”max

36” min

Support Spaces

S-2

32” min to 48”max

36” min

Storage

S-2

32” min to 48”max

36” min

32” min to 48”max

36” min

2nd Floor Lobby

A-3

32” min to 48”max

44” min

Gallery Office

A-3

32” min to 48”max

44” min

Waiting Area

A-3

32” min to 48”max

44” min

Gallery Space

A-3

32” min to 48”max

44” min

Restaurant Space

A-2

32” min to 48”max

44” min

32” min to 48”max

36” min

A-2

32” min to 48”max

44” min

Modular Office Space B

32” min to 48”max

36” min

Modular Living Space R-2

32” min to 48”max

36” min

32” min to 48”max

36” min

Office Space -1st L

Kitchen Bar

Common Space

* Egress components widths for doorways, corridors, ramps and other components : 0.15/occupant. * Egress components widths for stairs: 0.2”/occupant. * Total Level One Occupant Load: 494 2 Exits * Total Level Two Occupant Load: 957 3 Exits * Typical Level 3-20 Occupant Load: 30 1 Exit

p 133

Construction Type (Type I-A) The Urban Model will incorporate two main construction types, Type I-A (Spr) will

be used for the construction of tower and Type II-A (Spr) will be used for the construction of the rest of the building, including the business area, restaurant, gallery space and main lobby.

Type I-A:

The following construction type was chosen for the construction of the tower. Type

I-A construction is unlimited for the maximum height, number of stories and square footage per floor (Fig: 5.3). Type I-A construction is 3- hours rated noncombustible construction requires a fire resistance ratting of 3 hours for all the structural elements, such as columns and load bearing walls and 2 hours for floor construction ( Fig:5.5). The following elements will be included in the construction of the tower: • Structural Steel columns, beams, joist and decking must be fire protected to the values above with applied fireproofing materials or an

appropriately fire-resistive ceiling

of plaster. • Reinforced Concrete columns must be at least 12” in dimensions and loadbearing walls must be at least 6” thick. Floor slabs must be at least 5” thick incorporating both one-

(Fig: 5.3) Construction Types, Type I-A (Spr)

way and two-way joist systems. • Post tensional Concrete floor slabs must be at least 5” thick. • Precast Concrete columns must be at least 12” in dimensions and beams at least 7” deep. Loadbearing wall panels must be at least 6” thick, solid slabs may not be less then 5” thick. Hollow core slabs must be at least 8” deep and may be used without the topping. Single and double tees require application of fireproofing materials or an appropriate fire resistive plaster ceiling.

p 134

Construction Type (Type II-A) Type II-A:

The following construction type was chosen for the construction of the main first

and second floors of the Urban Model building which will include areas such as: business area, restaurant, gallery space and main lobby. The Type II-A construction is limited for the maximum height of 6 floors while square footage is limited to 112,00 and 150,000 sf per floor respectably (Fig: 5.4). Type II-A construction is 1- hours rated noncombustible construction requires a fire resistance ratting of 1 hours fire rating for floor construction, columns, and bearing walls ( Fig:5.5). • Structural Steel columns, beams, joist, and decking must be protected with fireproofing materials which there to supply the fire protection for the structural system of the building up to 1 hour. • Light Gauge Steel framing fire protection requirements vary due to the size and weight of the steel framing and the presence of the other materials such as acoustical insulation. • Reinforced Concrete must be at least 8” in diminutions and loadbearing walls must be at least 4” thick. Floor slabs must be at least 3.5” thick which can use both One-Way and Two-Way joist system for construction. • Posttensioned Concrete floor slab must be at least 3.5” thick • Precast Concrete columns must be at least 10” in diminution and beam at least 4” deep.

p 135

(Fig: 5.4) Construction Types, Type II-A (Spr)

(Fig: 5.5) Fire resistance Rating Requirements

p 136

Site Planning and Requirements

Parking: Space

Square Footge

Parking Needed

Retail Space

4000 sf

Gallery Space

8500 sf

Restaurant Space

5000 sf

Modular Office Space

1500sf/ per floor*(16)

Modular Living Space

1500sf/ per floor*(16)

The Urban Model contains many diffrent spaces with difrent functionalities, the parking for the building will include 130 parking spaces, with additional opertunaties for parking among the street. The accessible parking spaces will be provided as well and will acount for an additional 4 spaces (Fig: 5.6).

(Fig: 5.6) Recommended Parking Ratio

p 137

First Level Egress and Traveling Distances

(Fig: 5.7)

p 138

Second Level Egress and Traveling Distances

(Fig: 5.8)

p 139

Typical Tower Level Egress and Traveling Distances

(Fig: 5.9)

p 140

Structural System Analysis

The structural systems that were selected for the construction of the Urban Model are steel and site cast concrete systems. Several im-

portant criteria’s were taken into consideration such as; minimize onsite erection time, allow for the change in the building over time and create a highly irregular building form. Other criteria’s such as; time, quality control, design flexibility, sustainability and construction cost were also considered. • Time gain: The most important aspect of using steel frame construction as compared to reinforced concrete is the element of time for the onsite erection of the steel frame. Reduced time presence for the contractor on site translates to a shorter construction time for project delivery and this leads to reduced overheads during project construction. On multi story buildings the time gain can be substantial. • Quality Control: Off site prefabrication of steel members in isolated factory conditions means better quality control of manufacturing compared to pouring of the concrete frames on site with exposure to the weather elements and with reinforcement and formwork works subject to labor intensive construction processes that may affect quality. Furthermore, offsite prefabrication increases the overall speed of construction and facilitates enhanced safety. • Design flexibility: Longer spanning structural metal frames create column free areas that offer greater flexibility and functionality of floor layouts thereby facilitating sales or lettings of the completed buildings. Pipes and ducts can run easily through steel members and can also be inspected in the future whereas no such flexibility exists with concrete members. • Sustainability: Steel is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, whereas concrete is not recyclable. In the UK, when buildings using metal frames come to an end of their useful lives, approximately 86% of the steel sections are recycled to create more steel products and 13% are reused in their existing form. Recycling rates for reinforcement bars used in reinforced concrete frames are negligible. • Construction Costs: Construction costs for steel frame high rise buildings that are above 10 levels compare favorably with reinforced concrete frame high rise buildings. Although a cost premium in the order of 10-15% may be evident initially for high rise steel frame buildings, this is usually offset by the substantial reduction in the erection time of steel frame high rise buildings on site and the associated substantial overheads charges by main contractors for prolonged stay on site when slower concrete methods are used.

p 141

Structural System Comparison Positive Aspects of Steel Structure:

Positive Aspects of Concrete Structure:

• High Strength

• Excellent Fire Resistance

• High Stiffness

• Low Cost

• High Ductility

• Ability to Be Cast into Any Shape

• Speed Of Construction • Good in Tension and Compression Stresses Negative Aspects of Steel Structure: • Need in Additional Fire Protection • High Cost

Negative Aspects of Steel Structure: • More Volumetric in Size • Not Good in Tension Stress

After evaluating both concrete and steel materials for the structure, the following was concluded: the concrete structure has very good

fire resistance and does not require an additional protection, also the concrete is low cost and can save money and be casted in different shapes and forms. However concrete has several negative aspects such as size and its resistance to the tensional stresses and those aspects cannot be avoided.

Steel structure on the other hand has high strength and can span greater distances with less bracing, while its ability to handle both

tension and compression forces. Another highly evaluated aspect of steel construction its high ductility and its construction speed, both of those aspects can save money on the long run and will be a better solution for the high rise building construction.

After compering both steel and concrete structures, it was decided to move forward using the steel construction, its ability of faster con-

struction, resistance to the stress, high strength and high ductility will payoff in the long run and will subsidies steel higher prices.

p 142

Structural System Concrete

Concrete girder 42”x 60” is required to span 45’ distance.

Concrete beam 15”x 33” is required to span 30’ distance, O.c 6’.

Concrete column with 30” diameter, with unbraced height of 14’

(Fig: 5.10) Proposed Concrete Structural System

Note: An additional floor slab space will be required for the ductility.

p 143

Structural System Steel

Steel column with W14, with unbraced height of 30’

Steel beam W12x 26” is required to span 30’ distance, O.c. 6’.

Steel girder with 26” depth is required to span 45’ distance.

(Fig: 5.11) Proposed Steel Structural System

Note: No additional floor slab space will be required for the ductility.

p 144

Development Sketches

(Fig: 5.12) View From The Bridge

p 145

Development Sketches

(Fig: 5.12.1) View Of The Street (Existing building on the left and new proposed building on the right)

p 146

Development Sketches

(Fig: 5.12.2) Main Entrance With The Circular Shaft For Modular Delivery And Transportation

p 147

Development Sketches

(Fig: 5.12.3)

p 148

Environmental System Integration (Retail Section)

1 2

1- Windbelt Diagram (Fig: 5.13)

p 149

2- Typical Floor Section With Environmental Strategies.

Environmental System Integration Operable Windows- Provide occupants with fresh air, cooling and a connection to the outdoor environment.

Water Collection and Storage Tank-The water collection system will store 20,000 gallons of rain fresh water for re-use.

Daylight Sensors- Switch off electric lights when there is ample daylight, reducing lighting energy by 60%.

Exposed Concrete- Moderates indoor temperature, mass is cooled with cool night air in the summer months and absorbs excess heat throughout the day. Windbelts- Device for converting wind power to electricety. A windbelt is essentially an aeolian harp except that it exploits the motion of the string produced by the aeroelastic flutter effect to move a magnet closer and farther from one or more coils and thus induce current in the wires that make up the coil. Low-e Glass- admits 55% of visible sunlight but reflects 70% of the associated heat, reducing energy use for lighting and space cooling. Passive / Chilled Beams- Provide energy-efficient cooling on the hottest days, while reducing the use on HVAC.

Under-Floor Air Distribution- Efficiently delivers moderate temperature air directly to occupants. Personal adjustable floor vents provide control over ventilation.

p 150

Chapter - VI design development • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

p 151

“Urban Model” Introduction Site and Location Floor Plans Flexibility of the Tower (SKYLOT) Modular Arrangement and Configuration Typical Tower Level Layout Structural Section of the Modular Modular Assembly And Transportation Process Structural Details Elevations Renderings Final Boards Conclusion

(Fig:6.1)

p 152

â&#x20AC;&#x153;URBAN MODELâ&#x20AC;? Philadelphia, PA

The Urban Model is a propo s a l for a m u l t i -fu n ct i on a l b u i l d i n g ,

w hich targets abandoned and new d evel op i n g a rea s . Th e p u r p os e o f the U r b an Model is to encourage d evel op m ent a n d rev i ta l i zat i on o f are as. The program for the buil d i n g conta i n s reta i l a rea s , op en public g reen s pac es with integrati on of water feat u res , a resta u ra nt , an exhibition galler y and a f lexibl e tower wh i ch ca n ch a n ge i t s fu n c tio nality by replac ing the m odulars on ea ch fl oor l evel . T h e ch os en site fo r the Urban Model is located i n Ph i l a d el p h i a , PA a d ja cent to the Schuylkill River between Penn S tate Un i vers i t y a n d center ci t y. The o r ig ina l f unc tionality of the a rea wa s i n d u st r i a l , h owever i n t h e last five years the area was decom m i s s i on ed , wh i ch l eft t h e a rea unused. In rec ent years the area sta r ted i t s rev i ta l i zat i on by b u i l d i n g many new condos , which will not on l y s er ve t h e ci t i zen s of t h e Ph i l adelphia but als o students of Penn S tate Un i vers i t y. T h e p rop os a l of the Ur ban Model will be benef icia l i n s evera l ways : on e of t h e m a jor benefits w ill be the connec tion of Pen n S tate Un i vers i t y a n d t h e cen te r o f P hila delphia by offering us efu l s p a ces for b ot h ta rgeted a rea s . Penn State Univers ity will enj oy the ex h i b i t i on ga l l er y s p a ce, a n d t h e City o f P hiladelphia will enj oy a n ew com m erci a l a n d reta i l a rea wi t h o pe n g ree n s pac e. The Urban Mod el wi l l a l s o p rov i d e n eces s a r y a c co mmo dations for the new develo p i n g a rea wh i ch i s s u r rou n d i n g t h e site by o ffering retail, green s paces , a resta u ra nt , offi ce s p a ces a n d living units.

p 153

(Fig:6.1.1)

p 154

Site and Location

Walkable Streets Which provide a feeling of safety and are conducive to spending time and money in a place.

City of Philadelphia

Philadelphia

Pennsylvania

Mixed-Use Area

Water

Green Spaces Providing open space for the citizens and visitors of the building and surrounding neighborhoods.

Which provides aesthetic beauty.

Which provides income for the city.

2 3 1

(Fig:6.2)

p 155

Site and Location

Legend: Parking

Vehicular Circula-

Gallery Space

Pedestrian Circula-

Restaurant Space

Bicycle Circulation

Retail Space

Train Line

Modular Tower

(Fig:6.3)

p 156

Final Ground Level Floor Plan

Legend Ground Level: 1- Main Entrance 2- Tower Circulation Elevators 3- Tower Circulation Stairs 4- Sales Office 5- Main Lobby 6- Modular Loading Area 7- Modular House Lift Core 8- Egress Staircase 9- Support Space 10- Storage 11- Vertical Circulation 12- Retail Stores 13- Retail Vertical Circulation 14- Retail Main Entrance 15- Modular Offices

(Fig:6.4)

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FinalSecond Level Floor Plan

Legend 2nd Level: 1- Tower Circulation Elevators 2- 2nd Level Lobby (Open to Bellow) 3- Modular House Lift Core 4- Modular Loading Area 5- Gallery Space 6- Gallery Office 7- Egress Staircase 8- ADA- WC 9- Storage 10- Vertical Circulation 11- Kitchen 12- Bar 13- Restaurant Main Space 14- Retail Stores 15- Retail Vertical Circulation 16- Retail Main Entrance

(Fig:6.5)

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Flexibility of the Tower (SKYLOT)

Consumers are only committed to their modular units instead of a fixed house

on a specific lot. They have the freedom to move where other SKYLOTs are available. The idea of the structural frame for the SKYLOT was inspired by the robotic vertical parking system for vehicles. The same idea is applied here. However, instead of vehicles, the robotic system is adapted for modular units and its distribution into the structural frame of the tower. On the ground level, a loading area is designed to receive the modular and act as a huge elevator that delivers the units to their designated spaces and sliding them into place with a C-channel railing system, which is incorporated into each level. The SKYLOT has a fixed width of 20â&#x20AC;&#x2122; with a fixed space in the center of the lot and two slots for the modular to connect to, while creating a desirable functionality and layout. These modulars are designed to function as professional offices and residential units. Tenants may choose any floor and any view depending on the availability of space or funds. The dimensions of the modular make it possible to unplug it from the SKYLOT and take it to a desirable location for the weekend.

(Fig:6.6) Vertical Parking System

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Flexibility of the Tower (SKYLOT) 32’

60’

35’

50’ 32’

8’-6”

60’

32’

8’-6”

35’

32’

8’-6”

35’

8’-6”

35’

8’-6”

20’

Typical Lot Shape and Size

SmallSmall Living Space+ Living Space + OutdoorOutdoor Area

(Fig:6.7)

Fixed Common Space

Large Living Space Big Living Space + Outdoor Area

Small Living Space + Outdoor Area

Unit A- Living

Living / Office Space Small Living Space + Small Office Space

Big Living Space + Outdoor Area

Unit B- Office

Large LargeOffice Office SpaceSpace

Open/Green Space

Small OfficeOffice Space+ Outdoor Space

Small Living Space + Small Office Space

Large Office Space

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Typical Layout of the Modulars

4 1

5 3 3

Two Bedroom Modular

Bedroom + Kitchen Modular

Two Offices Modular

Two Offices+Kitchen Modular

1- Bedroom 2- Bathroom + Shower 3- Main Entrance 4- Storage

1- Bedroom 2- Bathroom + Shower 3- Main Entrance 4- Kitchen 5- Storage

1- Office 2- Main Entrance

1- Office 2- Bathroom + Shower 3- Kitchen 4- Main Entrance

(Fig:6.8.1)

(Fig:6.8.2)

(Fig:6.8)

161

(Fig:6.8.3)

Modular Arrangement and Configuration on the Tower Level

4 4 4

2 5

4 6

Office/ Living Lot:

Living Lot:

Office Lot:

1- Main Entrance 2- Fixed Common Space 3- Kitchen 4- Bathroom + Shower 5- Office Space 6- Bed Room 7- Conference Room

1- Main Entrance 2- Fixed Common Space 3- Kitchen 4- Bathroom + Shower 5- Wall Closet 6- Bed Room

1- Main Entrance 2- Fixed Common Space 3- Conference Area 4- Kitchen 5- Bathroom + Shower 6- Office Space

(Fig:6.9)

(Fig:6.10)

(Fig:6.11)

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32’

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”

35’

”

35’

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8’-6

Large Office Space

Typical Tower Level Layout

20’

8’-6”

32’

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35’

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35’

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(Fig:6.12)

163

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MEP Space

Structural Section of the Modular

Exterior Skin Exterior Steel Frame EMP Tubes Interior Structural Steel Frame R-40 Walls Insulation Interior Wall Finish

C-Channel Metal Rail

(Fig:6.13)

p 164

Modular Assembly And Transportation Process

Step - 1 Modular is produced and assembled at the factory and loaded to the track. Step - 2 Modular is transported to the location, unloaded and positioned into SKYLOT. Step - 3 Modular is unloaded from SKYLOT and positioned to the track for transportation. Step - 4 Modular is transported to a different location with similar SKYLOT structure or to outdoor locations.

Step - 1

(Fig:6.14)

p 165

Step - 2

Step - 3

Step - 4

p 166

Steel Sheet Bent to Shape Steel Plate Connecting to Concrete Slab

Structural Details

Triple Layer ETFE Cushion Solar Film Collector Triple Layer ETFE Cushion Steel Tube

Solar Film Collector Thermal Insulation Steel C Section Aluminum Clip

Steel Sheet Bent to Shape Aluminum Capping Strip

Steel Tube

Steel Anchoring Rod Connection Cast Steel Nude Aluminum Clip Structural Frame Tubular Member

Steel Anchoring Rod Connection

Aluminum Clip

Steel Sheet Bent to Shape Steel Plate Connecting to Concrete Slab

(Fig:6.15) Detail # 1 - ETFE To ETFE Connection

p 167

(Fig:6.16) Detail # 2- ETFE to Concrete Slab Connection

Solar Film Collector Triple Layer ETFE Cushion Steel Tube Steel Sheet Bent to Shape Aluminum Capping Strip

Rigid Thermal Insulation Rooﬁng Membrane

Fire Break Open Web Joist

Aluminium Structural Tubing ETFE Film Connection

ETFE Film Wide Flange Beam

Concrete Slab With W.W.F

Modular Unit In Place

ETFE Film

Aluminium Structural Tubing Solar Collector

ETFE Film

Rigid Thermal Insulation

PV Transperent Film

+ _-

Fire Break

Vertical Shading Louvers Steel Structural Column

Fire Break Open Web Joist

(Fig:6.17) Detail # 3 - Solar Energy Collection

Acoustical Panel Awning Windows Low E Curtain Panel Wall Vertical Shading Louvers Raised Floor On Concrete Slab Concrete Slab With W.W.F Wide Flange Beam Base Plate Cant Strip Anchor Rod Gravel Rebar Concrete Footing Min 60” Depth Drain Pipe Bearing Piles

(Fig:6.18) Structural Building Section

p 168

Elevations

North Elevation (Fig:6.19)

p 169

West Elevation

East Elevation

South Elevation

p 170

Renderings

(Fig:6.20) Exhibition / Gallery Space

p 171

Renderings

(Fig:6.21) Restaurant Space

p 172

Renderings

(Fig:6.22) Modular On Its Way To SKYLOT

p 173

Renderings

(Fig:6.23) Inside the SKYLOT

p 174

Renderings

(Fig:6.24) Modular on the Weekend

p 175

Renderings

(Fig:6.25) North Facade

p 176

Final Boards

p 177

(Fig:6.26)

p 178

Chapter -VII Conclusion • Conclusion • Bibliography

p 179

p 180

Conclusion and Summary of the Project

In conclusion, this project achieved most of the goals set forth from the beginning. The integration with the city of Philadelphia was

particularly successfulâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;in both being in dialogue with the urban fabric as well as creating a new retail destination as well as student housing between University City and City Center. The exploration of cladding systems was also successful, creating a new typology just beginning to emerge in Philadelphia. Of intermediate success was the planning of the modular units. While extremely well laid out and functional, several problems were encountered throughout the design process, which were not fully resolved, such as the exact dialogue between structure and module. The very technical details such as MEP connections were not the focus of this thesis, so this is a non-issue. The building is also successful in the variety of module configurations available, for both residential and office requirements. Capturing the view of the river was also very successful in the restaurant and gallery areas.

For this building to become a reality, several things would need to happen. Investors would have to get on board with such a new cate-

gory of building and rentable spaces. In addition, for the idea of being able to transport the module to other cities or destinations, other SKYLOT buildings would have to be already in place, which would take time and investment. Somewhat unresolved is the relationship between modules, particularly in the office category. For example, what if a company wanted to rent an entire floor? Or perhaps this building type would only rent to smaller scale companies, making a political statement against large corporations.

Further areas of inquiry would be the technical details of making a modular system work, and the actual demand for this type of living/

office situation.

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Work CIted Books • Mallach, Alan. Rebuilding America’s legacy cities: new directions for the industrial heartland. New York: American Assembly, Columbia University, 2012. Print. • Yohanis, Y, J Mondol, A Wright, and B Norton. “Real-life Energy Use In The UK: How Occupancy And Dwelling Characteristics Affect Domestic Electricity Use.” Energy and Buildings 40.6 (2008): 1053-1059. Print. • Kurokawa, Kisho. Architects and associates: the philosophy of symbiosis from the age of the machine to the age of life.. New York: Edizioni Press, 2001. Print. • Kurokawa, Kish⁻o. Intercultural architecture: the philosophy of symbiosis. London: Academy Editions, 1991. Print. • Kurokawa, Kisho. Architects and associates: the philosophy of symbiosis from the age of the machine to the age of life.. New York: Edizioni Press, 2001. Print. • Kurokawa, Kishō. Kisho Kurokawa: from metabolism to symbiosis.. London: Academy Editions ;, 1992. Print. • Kurokawa, Kishō, Dennis Sharp, Catherine Slessor, and Tomio Ōhashi.Kisho Kurokawa: Kuala Lumpur International Airport. Stuttgart: Edition Axel Menges, 1999. Print. • Jacobs, Jane. The death and life of great American cities. Vintage Books ed. New York: Vintage Books, 1992. Print. • Smith, Ryan E.. Prefab architecture a guide to modular design and construction. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. Print. • Koones, Sheri. Prefabulous + almost off the grid: your path to building an energy-independent home. New York: Abrams, 2012. Print. • Weigley, Russell Frank, Nicholas B. Wainwright, and Edwin Wolf. Philadelphia: a 300 year history. New York: W.W. Norton, 1982. Print. • Philadelphia 2011: the state of the city. Philadelphia, Pa.: Pew Charitable Trusts, 2011. Print. • Williams, James. Tarp architecture manual. Brooklyn, NY: Pratt Institute, School of Architecture, 2011. Print.

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Jornals: • Winthrop, Bob, and Rebecca Herr. “Determining the Cost of Vacancies in Baltimore.” Government Finance Review25, no. 3 (2009): 39-42. • Smith, Geoff. “Left Behind: Troubled Foreclosed Properties and Servicer Accountability in Chicago.” Woodstock Institute 23.2 (2011): 2-18. www.woodstockinst.org. Web. 18 Sept. 2012. • Accordino, John, and Gary T. Johnson. “Addressing The Vacant And Abandoned Property Problem.” Journal of Urban Affairs 22.3 (2000): 301-315. Print. • Sveiven Megan, “Ad Classics: Nakagin Capsule Tower / Kisho Kurokawa,” Arch Daily, http://www.archdaily.com/110745 • Hanif Kara, “Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang, Malaysia,” ArchNet, 2007, under “2554.MAL,”http://www.googource=..&usg=AFQjCNFiFo3G • GAO, Additional Mortgage Servicer Actions Could Help Reduce the Frequency and Impact of Abandoned Foreclosures, GAO-11-93 (Washington, D.C.: Nov. 15, 2010) : p.15-45. • Hota Gangarao, “Advanced Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites for Sustainable Civil Infrastructures” (MA diss., Sustainability of Structures in Civil Engineering-Xiamen University, 2011), • Pernice, Raffaele. Urban sprawl in postwar Japan and the vision of the city based on the urban theories of the metabolism projects. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 6, no.2 (2007): 237-244. • Bell, John. “A Mixed-Use Renaissance: A Renewed Interest in Creating a Vibrant Urban Feel in City Centers and in Suburban Settings Is Propelling Successful Mixed-Use Development. Here Are Three Projects That Blend the Best of Mixed Use.” Mortgage Banking 1 May 2004: 11-14. Print. • Alexander, Don. “The Vancouver Achievement: Urban Planning and Design.(Book Review).” Canadian Journal of Regional Science 22 June 2004: 17-22. Print. • Pitty, Suzel. “Streetwise: Suzel Pitty checks out the new products on the streets and looks at how two European cities could benefit from

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British design. (Street Furniture)..” Design Week 21 June 2001: 17-29. Print. • Wendt, Allyson . “New World earns a big green first for Long Island housing..” Real Estate Weekly 29 Sept. 2010: 4. Print. • Galambos, T. “Developments In Modern Steel Design Standards.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research 53.4 (1990): 93. Print.

Website: • “PlanPhilly | Vacancy victories are rare, but city says reform is coming.” PlanPhilly | Home. N.p., 24 June 2009. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. <http:// planphilly.com/vacancy-victories-are-rare-city-says-reform-coming>. • “ Mapping Bike Culture: Philly Scores High, More Data on the Way.” Flying Kite -- Philadelphia Development, Tech, Startups, Sustainability, Transportation and Culture. N.p., 21 Aug. 2010. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. <http://www.flyingkitemedia.com/features

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