Agriculture through the city_Rennes Ville Vivrière_Catherine Darrot

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Rennes Ville Vivrière Scenarios of Food autonomy for Rennes Metropole (France)

Catherine Darrot Venice, 25th of May 2012

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Rennes Metropole

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants

Frame of this work

• Prolongements

 Rennes Metropole = Rennes (city) + 37 communes  Urbanism : a green belt preserved around the city

 An exercice for 2 promotions of Master students

«Sustainable agriculture and territorial development» 

2 years x 3 weeks x 16 students = 480 days x person = 22 month x 1 person

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants

Eating locally ?

A prospective for Rennes 2020

• Prolongements



Could everybody be fed ? (space, quantities…)



Would local (agro-industrial) jobs be destroyed ?



Who would want it ?

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants

Phases of this work

• Prolongements

 Year 1 : 2010-2011

Aims

- defining prospective scenarios for 2020 - Food model, farming model - Areas necessary to feed Rennes Metropole - Point of view of the population

 Year 2 : 2011-2012

Aims

- Defining a logistic and markteing model for those scenarios - Impact of each scenarios on jobs - Point of views and habits of the population

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Two scenarios where elaborated for this research

Food regime Farm Production Food waste

Area considered Marketing

Tendencial "Virtuous" scenario scenario Actual (2150 Moderated (1900 calories/inhabitants calories/inhabitants) Organic 30 % of the groth 20 % of the groth food ressources food ressources wasted wasted Farms + % of public and Farms private gardens, forests, flat roofs… local local

Production and food close to the reality, but everything produced and consummed locally

Designed to maximise RM’s food autonomy

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Actual situation, according to regional statistical data

Net % of the weight of Weight of food Nb of needs of Actual situation of the local production the food consumed inhabitants Rennes produced (kg/an/habitant) fed Metropole (kg) covered Cereals Vegetal fats Vegetables Potatoes Fruits Meat Eggs Dairy

18986833,3

88,0

215666

51 %

288265,4

5,5

51958

12 %

14393270,9

49,3

291888

69 %

3345395,9

21,3

157208

37 %

826213,5 26 843 491

58,5 44

14112 614 268

3% 146 %

4 386 695

6

786 146

187 %

68 236 917

89

764 936

182 %

Scenario of autonomy : 100 %

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

We adopted 8 steps in the calculation  For each scenario

Calculation Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5

Step 6 Step 7

Step 8

Content of the step Defining the average energetic needs in kcal/inhabitant Dividing those caloric needs between the main categories of food Precising the calories/gramme of each category of food, of which at least 51 g of proteins/inhabitant Deducting the weight of each type of aliment needed (in g/inhabitant) Precising the regional yields for each crops, and on the content of the ration for each type of animal breeded (then connected to the yield of each fodder needed) Deducting the area needed to feed each inhabitant (in ha/inhabitant) on the basis of the steps 4 and 5 Deducting the whole area needed (in ha) to feed the whole population of Rennes Metropole (depending on the food and production scenarion) Comparing this area with the available area (depending on the food and production scenarion)

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Step 1 and 2 : Defining the average energetic need in kcal/inhabitant

Proportion in the population of RM (%)

Average energetic needs (kcal)

Children

18.5 %

1750

Women

41.3 %

2000

Men

40.2 %

2450

Average for RM

2135 kcal/inhab.

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Step 2 : Dividing those caloric needs between the main categories of food Total of the calories consummed/day

Tendencial scenario Virtuous scenario 2 150 kcal Number 1 900 kcal Number of subof subtypes for types for Caloric Caloric each each contribution contribution aliment aliment 8 8 5,91 % 17,35 % Vegetables 3 3 8,93 % 8,93 % Vegetable fats 5 4 14,58 % 14,58 % Fruits 39,21 % 37,00 % Cereals 5 7 19,80 % 10,56 % Meat 1 2 10,11 % 8,00 % Dairy 1 1 1,47 % 3,58 % Eggs

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Step 2 : Dividing those caloric needs between the main categories of food (details) Famille d’aliment

Constituants de la famille d’aliment Légumes feuillus et à tiges : asperge, céleri, poireaux, laitue, épinards, choux…

Légumes fleurs : artichauts, choux fleur, brocolis Légumes fruits : concombre, courgette, tomate, aubergine, potiron, poivron

Légumes

Légumes racines : carotte, radis, navet, salsifis, betterave, céleri rave Légumes graines : petit pois, haricot sec, haricot vert, maïs doux Légumes bulbes : ail, échalote, oignon Légumes secs : haricot sec, lentille, petit pois Légumes tubercules : pomme de terre Fruits à noyau : abricot, cerise, pêche, prune, olives Fruits à pépins : pomme à cidre, pomme de table, poire

Fruits

Fruits à coque : amande, châtaigne, noix, noisette Baies : kiwi, cassis et myrtille, framboise, groseille Agrumes : citrons, clémentine, orange, pamplemousse

Céréales

Blé dur, blé tendre, avoine, seigle Ovins : agneaux Bovins : bœufs, veaux, vache de réforme, cheval et autres

Viandes

Porcs : porc, produits tripiers Lapins : lapin, gibier Volailles : poulet de chair, poule de réforme

Œufs Produits laitiers Graisse végétale

Œufs Lait Yaourt, fromage blanc, beurre Fromage : fromage de chèvre (50 %), fromage de vache (50 %) Crème dessert et lait gélifié Huile de Colza : 99 % Huile de tournesol :

1%

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants

Calories and weight of food needed

• Prolongements

 Step 3 : precising the calories/g, including at least 51

g/day of proteins/inhabitants

 Step 4 : Deducting the weight of each type of aliment

needed (in g/inhabitant)  Including the losses/waste  30 % in the tendential scenario  20 % in the vertuous scenario

Famille d'aliments Légumes total : Légume feuillus et à tiges Légume fleurs Légume fruit légume racine légume graine légume bulbe légume sec légume tubercule (pdt) Graisse végétale : Huile de Colza Huile de Tournesol Fruits : Fruits à noyau Fruits à pépins Fruits à coque Baies Céréale Viandes autres Ovins (100% herbe) Porcs Lapins Volailles de chair Poules de réforme Viandes bovines Bœufs bio (100% herbe) Vache de réforme Œufs Produits laitiers Chèvre 100 % herbe Vache laitière 100% herbe

NRJ quot. (kcal/j/p)

Quant.

Quot.(kg/j/p)

Teneur protéine (g/p/j)

Quant. An sans perte (kg/an)

Perte = 20 %

Quant. An avec perte (kg/an)

32,97 19,78 39,57 52,75 36,27 16,49 59,35 72,54

0,21 0,10 0,16 0,21 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,09

3,65 2,79 1,29 2,74 1,95 0,57 4,53 1,34

40582508 19500900 31811450 40907168 10816799 11020250 10926060 17360295

8116502 3900180 6362290 8181434 2163360 2204050 2185212 3472059

48699010 23401080 38173740 49088602 12980159 13224300 13111272 20832354

167,926 1,696

0,02 0,00

0,00 0,00

3661783 36988

732357 7398

4394140 44385

69,27 69,27 83,12 55,42 703

0,107 0,140 0,017 0,138 0,211

1,02 0,46 1,70 1,62 0,00

20659214 27221749 3235780 26690164 40949570

4131843 5444350 647156 5338033 8189914

24791056 32666099 3882937 32028197 49139485

19,00 76 19 68,4 7,6

0,008 0,036 0,010 0,026 0,003

1,84 7,92 2,84 6,71 0,75

1574038 6982460 1898581 4994234 554915

314808 1396492 379716 998847 110983

1888845 8378952 2278298 5993081 665898

7,36 3,20 68,02

0,004 0,002 0,047

0,98 0,43 5,82

856487 372731 9031526

171297 74546 1806305

1027785 447277 10837831

15,2

0,023

0,80

4533228

906646

5439874

136,8

0,180

5,76

34893927

6978785

41872712

Steps 3 and 4 : Example of calculation for the scenario of autonomy

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants

Step 5 : Precising the regional yields for each crops, and the content of the ration for each type of animal breeded

• Prolongements

in organic farming Proportion dans la rotation RdmtYield bio actuel (kg/ha) Rdmt(kg/ha) bio(kg/ha) Famille d'aliments Actual Expected Légumes total : 0,10 14200 15620,00 Légume feuillus et à tiges 0,06 9833 10816,30 Légume fleurs 0,12 25000 27500,00 Légume fruit 0,16 26667 29333,70 légume racine 0,11 7000 7700,00 légume graine 0,05 14333 15766,30 légume bulbe 0,18 1000 1100,00 légume sec 0,22 20000 22000,00 légume tubercule (pdt) Graisse végétale : 0,99 666,7 733,37 Huile de Colza 0,01 833,3 916,67 Huile de Tournesol Fruits : 0,25 5740 6314,00 Fruits à noyau 0,25 15166,5 16683,15 Fruits à pépins 0,3 1016,5 1118,15 Fruits à coque 0,2 4562,5 5018,75 Baies 3902 4292,20 Céréale Viandes autres 0,10 129,77 Ovins (100% herbe) 0,40 3072,64 Porcs 0,10 2203,66 Lapins 0,36 5385,58 Volailles de chair 0,04 Poules de réforme Viandes bovines 173,8036376 Bœufs bio (100% herbe) Vache de réforme 4096,008361 Œufs 0 Produits laitiers 0,10 2158,051929 Chèvre 100 % herbe 0,90 4216,032252 Vache laitière 100% herbe

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market

Animal fodders : details of calculation of the areas needed

• Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

 Fodder needed / type of animals (depending on the scenario : organic production or not)  Average regional yields of crops (depending on the scenario : organic production or not)

Animal products Pigs

Tendencial scenario Area needed to % of the calories feed those consummed animals (ha) 9,16%

Beef cow Beef (male)

22961,89

4,00%

2726,95

93408,28

0

0

0,39%

5913,48

5,88%

Milking cow Lamb Chicken Hens Rabbits Dairy (cow) Dairy (goat)

Scenario of autonomy % of the Area needed to calories feed those consummed animals (ha)

0,17% 0,73% 3,85% 0,18% 10,11%

13073,06

1,00%

14555,23

5148,05

3,60%

1112,80

0,40% 522,33

1,00%

1033,87

14774,02

7,20%

9931,78

0,80%

2520,73

Eggs

1,47%

4008,15

3,58%

2645,95

Total

31,38%

15 3896

22,14%

40 440

• Introduction • 2 scenarios

Step 6 : Food needs x area needed for each product = ha/inhabitant needed  Comments :

• Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs

• Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

  Strong impact of meat production and

consumption (more cattle = more land)

  Impact of the variability of the crops yields

depending on the scenarios (organic production or not)

  Cq : The area needed/inhabitant varies for each

scenario

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Step 7 : Deducting the whole area needed (in ha) to feed the whole population of Rennes Metropole  Different for the two scenarios

  Propsective research, based on the hypothesis of evolution of food and production models

Fixed data

Inhabitants in 2010 Increase/year)

420 000 11 111

Entry

Number of inhabitants in

2020

531 110 Source des Métropole

données

fixes:

Rennes

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants

In scenario of autonomy, which use of the urban greenways for food production ?

• Prolongements

Type of food

Public parcs and areas

Private gardens

Flat roofs

Forest

Cereals Fodder production Cereals Oil and proteic seeds Pastures and meadows

Yes

Yes

Vegetal fats Vegetables

Yes

Yes

Yes

Fruits

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Ara Riversides, bble roadsides, protected land areas Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Abstract of the virtuous scenario elaborated for Rennes Metropole in this study

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants

Area available

• Prolongements

Tendancial scenario

Scenario of autonomy

Productive areas

% used in the scénario

Total area available

34881

100%

Farm land

0

0%

442

15%

Private/public gardens

0

0%

Natural areas

0

0%

Flat roofs

(41 660 ha)

% used in the scénario

(34 881 ha)

Forest (1 113 ha)

(2 919 ha)

(2 399 ha)

(348 ha)

Productive areas

100%

34881

30%

334

40%

1177

46%

1091

60%

209

Source Cyril Bigot, 2012

+ 6,7 % = + 2400 ha environ = 5 x area needed for the potatos consummed !!

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Results

 Which food autonomy for Rennes

Metropole ?

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants

Two scenarios : areas needed

• Prolongements

Food

Vegetables Vegetal fats Fruits Cereals Meat Dairy Eggs Total area needed to feed RM's population 2020 Area necessary/inhabitant

Tendential scenario area (ha) Proportion of the area necessary (%) 3% 5 967 2% 4 682 7% 13 048 6% 10 762 72 % 135 113 8% 14 774 2% 4 008 188 356 ha 0,35 ha/inhabitant

Virtuous scenario area (ha) Proportion of the area necessary (%) 24 % 23 733 6% 6 040 16 % 15 738 12 % 11 449 26 % 25 342 13 % 12 452 3% 2 645 97 402 ha 0,18 ha/inhabitant

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants

% of food autonomy of RM

• Prolongements

Tendencial scenario

Virtuous scenario

Area needed to feed RM’s population

188 356 ha

97 402 ha

Area of urban greenways available in the scenario

35 322 ha

37 691 ha

% of food autonomy of RM allowed by the scenario

19 %

39 %

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Total areas needed for Rennes Metropole’s autonomy ?

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Logistic and market  Adapting the scenarios to the territory

- Processing - Marketing

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants

Processing

• Prolongements

 Sub-areas of Rennes metropole : autonomy for food

processing

 Defining a typology of territories : rural, dens rural,

peri-urban and dense city

 Consequence : more resilience in each territory,

limitation of food streams

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Food need / commune for each scenario

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Defining 3 sub-areas of autonomy

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Infrastructures for food processing Number of structures for food processing

Initial quantities

• Vegetables

• Based on the actual local average size

• Fats • Cereals • Meat and animal products • Diairy

Arbitrary % of food processing

• < 50 workers • < 10 km far from each farm

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements



Result for the scenario of autonomy

A partir des volumes transformés et de la taille des unités de production, le nombre d’unité par zone a été défini.

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants

Marketing

• Prolongements

Hypothesis : shopping close to your home must be possible without a car (hypothesis of energy crisis)

Step 1 : chosing the distance = 8 km

Step 2 : defining 11 zones in the metropole

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants

Marketing

• Prolongements

Step 3 : mapping the population in 2020

Rennes : high density urban zone

Peri-urban medium density

Rural areas with low population

Step 4 : creating a typology of consumption zones

Intermediary zone in rural areas

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Adapting the market offer to the demand : example

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Impact on jobs  Production  Processing  Marketing

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market

Jobs calculated in the autonomy territory in and around Rennes

11 851 jobs

• Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Production

Processing

Marketing

4 422

848

6 581

Tendancial scenario

Scenario of autonomy

Vegetables production

3 996

Polyproduction (animals + crops)

2 816

1 167

Total

6 812

1167

Of which on farm processing

12 981 jobs

5 002

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Point of views of inhabitants  Gardening urban greenways ?  Changing the food model ?  Attitude in case of a crisis ?

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model

Gardening urban greenways ?

• Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

 Base  

150 interviews in the street Indicative results

 50 % of the persons approving

food production in urban greenways would like to be personnally involved  Access to land as a limiting factor !  Social importance of food production and gardening !!!

 Issue of education ++ 

Possible innovations  By professionnals  Through networks of gardeners

Are you ready to see food gardens appear in the urban parks and greenways ?

How garderners learnt

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

Changing the food model ?

145 persons in 2012

 Variable answers  For or against the reduction of animal products consumption in Northern countries ?  Understanding personnaly the meaning of such an evolution / measure  Imposing the limitation of animal products consumption or educating toward it ? * CCP : Circuits Courts de Proximité

 All agree  « Urban food products are polluted » 

« Quality is more important than quantity»



« OK to reduce animal products in food if a public policy imposes it for a common interest»

• Introduction • 2 scenarios • Areas needed, food model • Logistic, market • Impact on jobs • Point of view of inhabitants • Prolongements

In case of a crisis (energy, economy) !!!

145 persons 2012

 Variable answers 



« I would limitate meat to preserve the quality and quantity of my food» (public in farmers shops) « I would buy less expansive things and food, I would work more, I would waste less» (public of super and hyper-markets)

 All agree 

1) Having a food garden !



2) reducing the length of the food chain (finding producers…)



3) reducing non-food consumptions to ensure the food needs

Thank you for your attention