Peace: Governance Strategies for Equity and Sustainability by VivienneTobassa

PEACE Earth Centred Equity and Sustainability

2012 Contextual Strategies in Response to Displacement Conflict, Environment, Development: Cultural Assimilation & Resettlement

Vivienne Tobassa Eggers Tara Sumer Blue Lotus Sati Deakin University 21/6/2012 Â

PEACE: Earth centred Strategies for Integrated Global Frameworks of Sustainability Culture, Government, Global Governance Constructs of Peace and Issues Concerning Sustainable Development, Human Rights, International Law with Regard to Environment or Human Impelled Displacement. AUTHOR: Vivienne Tobassa Eggers Master of Commercial Law, International Law & Human Rights Post Graduate Diploma Commerce, Commercial Law Master Arts, Writing Post Graduate Certificate Commerce Management & Sustainability Graduate Diploma International Relations

DEGREE FOR WHICH THESIS IS SUBMITTED: Master of International Relations Specialization: International Law and Human Rights This thesis is submitted as a PHD pathway research fulfillment of Masters Degree by Coursework and Major Research 15,000 words SUBMITTED THIS DAY OF: 25th June 2012 Faculty of Arts and Education

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Document Information Document Information Version: V0.1 Version Release Date: 21 June 2012 Author(s): Vivienne Tobassa Eggers Word Count: 15, 881 + reference material Status: Final Storage: Computer Title: Gibson Restriction: By copy right Document No: 33

Cover Page Illustration: Green Bird Under My House – 2010 by Tatiana Scali A tale of displaced migration to organic ‘green’ cities of hope inspired by war refugee treatment in Europe. Private Gallery, Paris France. © Published with permission 2012. Statianas111@hotmail.com. All rights reserved

© Vivienne Eggers (Vivienne Tobassa Eggers) 2012 All Rights Reserved. This document remains the author who has sole right to make any alterations and additions. Intellectual Property rights are asserted under International Convention and Australian Copy right Law. For inquiries regarding review, discussion and content of this document please contact direct vivienne.tobassa@consciousflow.com Vivienne Tobassa Eggers © 2012 PEACE Earth-‐Centred Equity and Sustainability Contextual Strategies in Response to Displacement

Acknowledgements I acknowledge Deakin University – my supervisor Dean Coldicott. Thanks to David Hundt, Sean Redmond, Mirko Bagaric, John Morss, Tim Martin, Kuihua Wang, Sylvana Marasco, Suzanne Freeman, Costas Laotides, and those lecturers in faculties of Arts and Law who supported my studies and shared relationship. Extra thanks to Katerina, Rita – especially Merrin McCracken and the other members of disabilities support – without you I would not have been able to continue my life. Thank you to all other universities who supported. I acknowledge Australia, NZ, citizens of Indonesia and State of Western Australia who have supported the access and provision of research materials. To Kerry and my Dutch Australian sisters Annemie, Drika and Joan for their Arts and ‘power’ support – I thank you. To all other countries, governments, organizations and individuals who assisted my research process – special mention to Tibetan Government and Monks in exile for background and research library in human rights, social justice and cultural values. Also to India Malaysia, China, Singapore, Germany, Spain, Canada, United States of America, United Kingdom, Sweden, France, Egypt, Kenya, Ghana, South Africa, Tanzania, Chile, Argentina, Peru, Brazil, Nepal, Slovenia and all the other countries and their citizens who interacted with me for this peace project. To my spiritual family in Lake Toba, Sumatra, Java, Bali and all of Indonesia – I say ‘peace’ to the happy people and extra heart to friends in Toba. To all my angel friends – I wish I could name you all – thank you so much for your support and love to see me through. A special tribute to the Balinese Angels and to Siwi, Darta, Andy and Wiru departed. To Ubud Goddess men and women in power circle – my “Kayini” from all over the world and those who cared and uplifted me when I collapsed. To Montrius and the Esteve family for your justice courage. To my learned legal friends in Australia and around the world who stand with integrity for justice. To Arthur Delbridge for inspiration, Bill and Aunty Helen in Mount Irvine for sharing your Christian friendship and compassion. To Georgie, Holly, Dallas, Hine Mihi and to my tribal iwi around the world. To Rachelle, Daisy, Carrie, Bri and my other little sisters. To Glebe, Bondi and Avalon communities. To London, Bristol and Glastonbury – Andy for being there with me from the early days. To Hawaii, Alaska, America, my Dutch family in Holland, to friends and supporters in Europe, Africa and South America. To Jamaica brethren and family pact. To Tatiana. To the Algerian camel riders who gave me a tent. To Carol Dingo and my Indigenous Australian family. To the sky keepers of the Himalayas – may you always know the spirit of Snow Leopard. To my friends and the people of Penang – to Azlina , Amy and Ben. To JC and the love family who ‘saved’ my life. To Janet deNeef for supporting Bali. To my Scottish, Welsh, Celtic and Irish extended family. I would keep going if I had more space – I can only say even if your name is not here – you know you are always in my heart, my blessings and gratitude. Special thanks to Karmapa, Ven. Bhagdro, HH Dalai Lama, Chief Arvol Looking Horse and Paula Horne of Wolakota Peace Foundation and to all the leaders, spiritual emissaries, environmental advocates, Indigenous elders and those who allowed me to stand with them in Gandhi Temple of the Mother Returning, Solstice 2002, World Peace and Prayer Day and who walk in peace for the preservation and sustainability of Mother Earth and her cultural heritage. George Clooney, UN Peace Ambassador and family. To workmates, friends and loved ones in IT, Music, Arts and Creative Industries – may the MUSE live

Dedication I dedicate this work to my mother, my daughter and my grand-daughter as the four generations of sacred feminine who choose this time. To my brother, sisters and extended beloved family. To my spiritual family – friends and loved ones of all species. To my colleagues and life friends Dr Elaine Nuske, Southern Cross University and to Tina Calabria for loyal friendship and love. To my father passed over. In World War II, Hitler’s occupation of Europe hung in the balance. As the allies advanced, the Germans held out in Holland, delaying the liberators while they waited for critical back up troops. At Arnhem three bridges were wired with explosives – the only passage of entry to the allies. The war was Third Reich’s. In darkness an innocuous ‘local youth’ rode his bicycle under a bridge and pulled out the cables. As allies reached the divide, only two bridges blew up. The allies got through. Battle of Arnhem is said critical to the allies winning the war and ending a reign of Nazi terror. For all of those you kept your heroic secret from – I thank you my father, for the example you have continually inspired my life service to peace. Vivienne Tobassa Eggers © 2012 PEACE Earth-‐Centred Equity and Sustainability Contextual Strategies in Response to Displacement

Table of Contents

SECTION ONE Chapter

Overview

1 2

Introduction Literature Review

2 5

Background and Situation Analysis

Page

Part A: Critical Issue Displacement Part B: Core Issue: Peace Governance

17 33

Core Issue Solutions

Page

Heterarchic Organization Heterarchic Concilience Approaches Peace Centre Clusters – Conceptual Design

42 51 54

Critical Issue Solutions

Page

Emergency Displacement Peace Resettlement

58 66

Conclusion and Bibliography

Page

Conclusion Bibliography

71 75

SECTION TWO Chapter 3 4

SECTION THREE Chapter 5 6 7

SECTION FOUR Chapter 8 9

SECTION FIVE Chapter 10

Page

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Table of Figures

Figure 1 Document Structure by Research Analysis ....................................................................................................... 4 Figure 2 Migration Model fig. 4.3 Dustmann Glitz 2011 ............................................................................................... 27 Figure 3 Optimum Authority of Intl Law in Governance 2010 ...................................................................................... 38 Figure 4 Heterarchy is Greater than Sum of its Parts – Karen Stephenson NetForm Inc. ............................................ 42 Figure 5 Example of Overlapping Adaptive Traits Inter-‐personal and Exogenic V.Eggers 2009 ................................. 45 Figure 6 Conciliation Transdisciplinary Approach ......................................................................................................... 52 Figure 7 Heterarchic Concilience Organization Example for Peace Sustainability 2012 V. Eggers ............................... 53 Figure 8 -‐ Example of Peace Centre Design .................................................................................................................. 54 Figure 9 Peace eco Cluster Node in Region .................................................................................................................. 55 Figure 10 Peace Context Drivers Sustainability Equity in Culture Vivienne Tobassa Eggers 2011 ................................ 56 Figure 11 UNCTAD 2008 ............................................................................................................................................... 59 Figure 12 UN DESA Population Division 'Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision' -‐ UNCTAD 2012 59 Figure 13 Peace Sustainability and Equity Cycle of Governance – Vivienne Tobassa Eggers 2011 ............................. 62 Figure 14 Peace Governance Framework Vivienne Tobassa 2012 ............................................................................... 65 Figure 15 Displacement Process Model V Eggers 2012 ................................................................................................ 69

Definition Boxes Box 1 Definition Source Compiled A de Sherbinin………………………………………………………………………………….18 Box 2 Dustmann Glitz fig 4.3 Migration Model .......................................................................................... 27 Box 3 Adaptive and Cultural Resilience 2012 ............................................................................................. 46 Box 4 Heterarchic Concilience Model of Governance 2012 ....................................................................... 53 Box 5 Peace Cluster Model 2007 ................................................................................................................ 55 Box 6 Peace Programme Process Cycle 2012 ............................................................................................. 61 Box 7 Peace Governance and UN Crisis Cycles ........................................................................................... 64 Box 8 Peace Model Programmes -‐ Building Livelihoods 2011 ................................................................... 69

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Summary of Thesis

SUMMARY O F THESIS S UBMITTED F OR THE D EGREE O F M ASTER O F ARTS I NTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.

Abstract to broaden international society’s context of peace governance was highlighted as The critical need early as 1994 by the United Nations Development Report. Research and collaboration resulted in the indicators for sustainable development and formal recognition of seven categories of incorporation of human security. Peace phases of prevention, keeping, and building were re-aligned to meet the needs of these human development areas - beyond the traditional model of military security. As the impact of globalization continued to adversely affect human development in third world countries, in 2000 the UN adopted Millennium Development Goals with targets to alleviate deficit across eight areas, including environment, education and development. For the millions of people who have suffered displacement due to conflict, environmental catastrophe and human development in the past decade, these goals have failed to deliver much hope for a future life of security and well being. The UNDP now calls for a new post-2015 framework “beyond the Millennium Development Goals - that reflects equity and sustainability”. This thesis paper is a PHD pathway toward development of that framework, by proposing alternate Earth-centre contextual organization, equity and sustainability strategies for one of the largest and most critical crisis ever faced by humanity in this era – those most imminently impacted and at risk: refugees, Indigenous and displaced people.

Significance Statement

The findings and solutions proposed from this report may be used by those currently seeking to explore and develop global governance and international law with regard to the United Nations Development Report 2011 mission of “building pathways for people, local communities, countries and the international community to promote environmental sustainability and equity in mutually reinforcing ways”. The UNDP report states that if global governance fails to rectify and mitigate environmental risks and “deepening social inequalities” that the plight of humanity and survival for all of human society is at risk. The strategies in this paper specifically may support the life and human integrity of millions displaced.

This research thesis discussion is situated within an Earth-centred contextual framework that facilitates the exploration of sustainability and equity governance solutions for other critical issues faced by societies pathway paper, the discussion is summary level – necessarily within the broader today. As a PHD contextual inquiry of a concilience transdisciplinary approach, yet the knowledge build is from an phase of research is to work within the contextual extensive in depth inquiry. I perceive the next governance framework defined and conduct in-depth cultural review to develop models of assimilation toward the UNDP described governance aim. Collaboration and interaction from experts and knowledge holders in all academic and societal areas is critical for a detailed review, design and validation of concepts. I anticipate that researchers may interrogate other issues within broader contextual framework to achieve holistic results, and/or to collaborate, build or refute these strategies. Researchers may also find benefit to identifying root problems by utilising method of diagnostic heterarchic concilience described.

Research Objectives

Research Thesis Statement Research Purpose and Central Issue The purpose of the research practice has been to investigate displacement as a critical peace problem of global governance. Central to this issue is that millions of displaced civilians have their fundamental human rights further discriminated or disadvantaged. This is reported due to sovereign migration laws and the inadequacy of current systemic global governance provision of ‘peace’ support for international crisis. The issue is already at crisis point with scientific predictive data expecting the number of people severely afflicted to rise by two hundred million in the wake of global climate catastrophes.

Major Associated Problems and Issues Every year millions of people are displaced due to conflict, environmental disaster and human development. Currently there are over 50 million people displaced - many in tent refugee camps around the world. Over 300 million Indigenous people are most at risk of being displaced. In 2007 it was reported that 35 million displaced are sufferers of conflict and violent crimes against humanity who have been forced to flee their homes. Only a small percentage of these people are afforded refugee status under UN international law. Over 50% of those in refugee camps are children. At least 30% are women, elderly and those vulnerable needing care. In addition to ongoing attack and threat of violent crime, these civilians are the 80% of refugees also facing AIDS and other health epidemics sweeping the camps. The UN seeks to protect ALL displaced civilians but the current systemic structure and function has failed to address and provide adequate protection, relief and resettlement. In the face of unprecedented mass displacement from global climate change, international society under UNDP impetus is seeking knowledge and ways to resolve issues of sustainability and equity. The UNDP Development Report 2011 notes the current deficit in global governance and calls for a consolidated approach to “safeguard the future of the planet and the right of future generations everywhere to live healthy and fulfilling lives”.

Research Thesis Question Statement This research thesis paper will endeavour to indentify and propose sustainability and equity solution for displacement. The paper addresses four critical questions central to peace issue of displacement: What are the major prevalent relocation and resettlement issues? What is the root or underlying cause of systemic failure by global governance to remedy the displacement crisis? How can an alternate governance structure facilitate the resolution of displacement under the UNDP target of sustainability and equity? What potential solutions for displacement and sustainable equity recovery can be explored?

Aim of Inquiry

This research thesis will discuss and report on a major issue to peace in the context of sustainability and equity. It discusses the findings of diagnostic concilience transdisciplinary analysis of global displacement. It proposes strategies forward within an alternate heterarchic governance context that the research has also assessed to mitigate the root cause of the global governance displacement issue. Note: For reference source on quoted statistics, please see body text of this document and relevant bibliography

Method of Approach A P RACTICE BASED RESEARCH J OURNEY

A description of the scoping of the research project How did I go about gathering and storing and presenting data? In the process of building knowledge and gathering research information, I spent fourteen years travelling and interacting with cultures internationally. In particular, I sought cultural information passed on through alternate traditions, lineage keepers and those who work with Earth centred causes – such as environmental advocacy, human rights and social justice equity. I followed ‘leads’ gained from talking and interacting with those ‘in the field’ and collected a data base of knowledge artefacts. These were recorded by journal and/or stored in a data-base of information. If the knowledge leads appeared to be particularly relevant to my specific interests of inquiry I would interrogate and research a deeper level of knowledge – utilising library, bookshops, 1 computer databases, web search and gathering related news media. When in the field, I also encountered many UN IGO, NGO and societal knowledge experts, whom I often interviewed informally and who also passed on ‘leads’ and/or formed ongoing relationship with me for updating of information. This was particularly relevant when I encountered conflict and insurgency crisis, my charity work and cultural research with under-developed nations and working with regional governance for sustainable development strategies, fair trade and industry – emphasis on primary production and creative industry. Outputs (concepts/designs/strategies) were also stored via computer database knowledge repository. When undertaking the research thesis, I utilised the background of information and knowledge I had gained and stored to form a context and plan for conducting the research. As a practice led activity I visited Southeast Asian countries and took temporary residence in Indonesia to immerse in cultural paradigm and gain perspective. While in Indonesia I continued the activities described earlier – this time with the formal scope of a broader contextual peace governance framework in mind.

What processes did I use in the time leading up to my knowledge claim? Research led practice (RLP) in the context of academic and intellectual spheres comprise a distinct linear phase or ‘step’ method to achieving the desired outcome. The investigative inquiry is undertaken and later, a related output from the research is produced. This tradition forms the basis of ‘practice led research’. Paramount to this model is the ideal that the seeker gains truth and knowledge first, and then passes the knowledge on in some interpretive form through an obligatory duty that may be either formally commissioned or self inspired. As Zamorski describes in Research-led Teaching and Learning in Higher Education: a Case Study: Teaching in Higher Education, this process is inherently visible in the academic student-teacher paradigm.2

Within the field of International Relations the practice led activity was confined to identification of global governance issues. Using one of the method activities described, I undertook a broad investigative reading and research inquiry to gain a high level or holistic context of the nature of global governance, an analysis of its situation within the existing governance schema and those events and influences impacting the issue of inquiry. The issue that stood apart as the most critical and the issue which discovered to be at the fundamental core of the holistic problem, were next interrogated at a deeper level of research inquiry and analysis. 3 I used a diagnostic process often adopted for identifying a root cause of symptoms or acute presentation of a disease, malfunction, crisis or other critical issue. The approach is utilised in science and engineering practitioner fields – such as medical health, engineering and safety critical systems review.4 Invariably the two issues are inextricably linked – the deeper core issue without address will continue to present crisis or issues such as those most critically visible. In the perspective of governance or management, the core issue typically lies at foundation of design – in the grand scheme or context from which governance is conducted. The critical and highly visible issue will be recurrent or inadequately resolved if the greater contextual design and management paradigm is not adjusted to support the issue resolution.

What are the stages of my research? After planning and scoping my research output, I undertook a diagnostic inter-disciplinary review of the global governance issue of peace. I respected contemporary governance definition of peace as ‘sustainability’ and social justice or equity for human civilization.5 The peace critical issue I identified at crisis point for humanity relates to displacement of people from conflict, environment disaster and human development. I next interrogated contemporary and historic knowledge and culture to understand ‘why’ peace in government is so unsustainable that it presents such severe issues of human displacement - and further risk to all society through continued environmental degradation and climate disasters. My analysis identified that deep imbalance and lack of sustainability management in global governance first appeared after a massive environmental disaster that almost brought the human species to extinction. Survivors who resettled began to change in organization pattern and a new patriarchy was formed that eradicated and prohibited any Earth centre balance sustainability. New governance paradigms formed have survived into this contemporary era without the imbalance ever being rectified. Through identification of critical issue and its fundamental root in design, I was able to establish the paradigm and context of my peace research. The next step was to conduct a critical review of International Relations multi-discipline theory, most relevantly applied to my problem inquiry. The inter-relational nature of a ‘sustainability’ issue housed at macro level of contextual strategy and remonstrated at micro level of societal function, required a pluralistic statement of the issue if it were to stay within the Earth centred paradigm of review. Consequently the next activity was to contextualise the fundamental core of the issue in an appropriate ‘alternate’ or extended paradigm from the problematic construct identified as reductionist. The matter was global and the deficit derived from a historic patterning of postWestphalia governance organization. It was appropriate to source and research an alternative example of territorial alliance similar to that of Westphalia – yet one that exhibited the ‘deficit’ qualities in the current construct. The Sri-Vijayan dynasty was selected as an Earth centred example of political organization that demonstrated evidence of sustainability in governance – cultural values ethics as the central core and driver to society.

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A broader construct of Socio-historic theory of interrogation was applied to the research discussion. My research analysis was interpretive. Having established a case for a broad or heterarchic political context, my research then discussed its relevance and examples of use in contemporary society. This comprised a cross-disciplinary introspection and discussion on corporate organization strategies that are also relevant to the proposed governance paradigm. After establishing and describing a contextual strategy for the Earth centred peace governance issue, it was necessary to then apply appropriate theories of governance relevant to function. This primarily comprised international law, based in human rights and equity justice. I reported and described this new contextual strategy and its major functional components. Concilience and transdisciplinary theories were used as tools for analysis and explanatory that I expanded to devise my own methodology theory relevant to the new peace context. From this point I was able to situate the critical issue within a new governance container to interrogate and explore dimensional facets of the relevant problems. This facilitated major areas of qualitative, logical analysis of research data into categories and description and output of meaningful interpretations from facts explored. My final stage was to assess findings and develop potential solutions or strategies forward aligning with the newly defined peace context.

In what form will I present my findings, results, outputs, final project or creation? In proposing my research thesis I present this document as a discursive report and explanatory of the research analysis and theory applied. I promulgated my realized insights and solutions concepts through discourse centred in international law and heterarchic concilience transdisciplinary sustainability theory – i.e. sustainability and equity governance of peace. I have adopted ethical and intellectual property considerations in the research activity and the production of the thesis output. These comprised receiving written permission for interviews to gain background information, respecting copyright and intellectual property provisions – and ensuring confidentiality of those sources who wished to provide background intelligence only.

References 1 Research design method and reporting approach developed from Master of Arts Writing Programme, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 2 Zamorski B 2002. Research-led Teaching and Learning in Higher Education: a case study. Teaching in Higher Education, vol. 4, pp. 411-427. (this needs to go in reference). 3 See also theoretical discussion of ‘New Global History’ IR Socio Historic perspectives in this paper 4 (Bahl Harish Bahl Neelam 2011) For example of cross discipline applied diagnostic framework see California University Production Operations paper describing methodology of diagnostic scheduling. 5 (United Nations Development Programme 2011)

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Preface A Reflective Comment on the Practice Based Research Journey

It was an evening where the dusk cloaked the land with ashen skies – heavily laden with smoke from the burning piles that spotted the landscape.

Biographical Statement

This PHD pathway thesis paper serves as a summary introduction and context of a work that has culminated from a consolidated life commitment to peace – in the context of Indigenous value – “Mother Earth” or Earth centred culture sustainability. I am a multi-racial, multi-cultural person with a ‘global spiritual family’ of relations – a heterarchic network I have inherited, developed in life and during my walking phases of mortal journey. I was born with certain extra-sensory or ‘super natural gifts’ – more recognized and normalized in tribal and Earth-centred cultures who survive today – and more harmonious to Eastern philosophies who retain the cultural values of ‘Goddess’ or Earth-centred values. Later as adult – those same cultures and tribal elders ‘recognized’ my higher spiritual essence and I was attributed a list of associated titles – central to my spiritual naming as ‘Tara Sumer Blue Lotus Sati’. Tara represents the golden primordial Buddha of creation. Sumer is the African-Persian name for the Indigo night sky of beauty. Blue Lotus is representative in most spiritual faiths as the flowering of enlightened consciousness - it survived into my Celtic lineage and western ChristianJudaic traditions. ‘Sati’ represents my power of sacred feminine – to be in the rainbow dimensions of life and move, see and cognate beyond the mortal veil or mists. To one who must grow and leave home in the wilderness and seek a livelihood in the greater world – such gifts and preparation hold a low social value in our post-Westphalian patriarchy – economically oriented toward material status and power.

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My growth curve of sustainability ‘coming to know’ includes fourteen years pro-bono and charity work with disadvantaged, Indigenous and third world societies. I have independently lived and worked amongst those in conflict, poverty and disadvantaged societies. I consequently hold ‘real’ experience of suffering beyond the scope of a visiting ‘outside’ well meaning and capable support agent who may yet not have gained the cultural feel and insight of how disadvantaged and marginalized groups organize and operate. My four recent years of relevant post-graduate multi-disciplinary academic study includes three years of law specializing in international law and human rights. To benefit and update my personal management growth and experience I undertook post graduate studies in sustainability and management prior to undertaking this MA International Relations. I place importance upon this life background immersion of ‘triple bottom line’ knowledge preparation as the basis from which solutions and strategies of the critical issue were proposed. This current paper is a PHD pathway introducing a detailed and complex study, for which preparation has required diverse and comprehensive knowledge build that cannot be achieved from one programme of specialised study. To those who have held ‘full’ lives outside of education, a PHD study is often an activity a person feels inspired or impelled to undertake. For me this impetus arose after building a lifetime of knowledge to a point where I believe I may have some expertise to contribute and give back to society for a better life experience by all. It is this paradigm from where I situate my ‘writerly self’ and present this first stage PHD pathway research thesis paper.

SECTION ONE The Research Project

Introduction Literature Review

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction Currently there are an estimated 50 million environmental or climate refugees and a further estimated 10 million refugees who have been displaced due to violent conflict. These are the official statistics of the United Nations Office for Coordination of Human Affairs who also advises in 2012 that no single international agent holds responsibility of overseeing displacement event and recovery management.1 The reasons for displacement are well documented. In essence they stem from resources; human and territorial rights. These involve disputes over access and use of natural resources such as land and water, or the need to relocate due to geographical changes that have impacted territories and resources. Most at risk are Indigenous people whose land is acquired for exploitation of natural resources and commercial development. Their territorial habitats have diminished to 6% of total land use enjoyed 200 years ago. 2 The next populations most vulnerable are poor countries and communities – largely populated and already experiencing poverty and resource issues. With escalating natural disasters, first world continents such as Europe, America and Australia are also predicted to suffer displacement in far greater numbers. Island countries and mountainous territories will not escape – ice melt, rising oceans, bush fires, heat waves, drought and resultant world food shortage.3 In summary, displacement –including its cause and its remedy - is a global crisis. With the extent of international scientific data, expert evidence and political testimony currently available surrounding displacement issues, a question naturally follows: What action is being taken towards implementing solutions, or at least preparing adaptive contingency for disaster recovery? According to world political leaders and knowledge experts who attended 2012 Rio Summit on Climate Change, Equity and Sustainability, the short answer is ‘very little’.4 The authors of United Nations Development Report

1 2 3 4

(United Nations Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs, 2012) (Manchanda Rita 2010) pp 248-291 (Smith Laurence C 2011) page pp21-25, 85-92 (Black Richard 2012)

2011 give reason of state regime; that “major power disparities” shape negative impacts on human development and sustainability.5 It appears society has a major problem. We have a world crisis that threatens the survival of human civilization and all life on the planet. We have a global governance system that fails to take action due to inability to function in agreement. In this era, never before have we experienced such a colossal issue. We are now a globalized multicultural society, but trained and conditioned in our culture and our normative society to think and pledge allegiance in territories.6 We are collectively aware of our systemic failings and look to our governments to champion solutions. But we, the voters have bound and trussed our leaders to a money tree in the village square – their primary drivers are to meet our security through economic measures of success.7 We, the voters, the knowledge experts, the scientists, the human species must collectively make changes to the way we live and organize our society – this is a crisis that requires collaborative action and cooperation.8 In a paragraph engaging the reader with emotional intelligence, it is appropriate to compound these statements to an intellectual audience – formed by the question: How can we as a governing society rationally address these issues? This research thesis paper undertakes an objective appraisal of a crisis issue of peace: displacement – and its underlying cause, the global governance deficit that currently perpetuates the problem and prevents adequate solutions being implemented. The research is summarised and discussed in the following sections. The first sections are background discussions of critical issues of displacement and generic issues that fail global peace governance for displaced people. The succeeding sections discuss alternate governance context - offering feasible provisions for the overall crisis needs and global governing goals identified by UN as ‘equity and sustainability’.9 The research discourse subsequently situates the issue of displacement within the proposed alternate paradigm and examples potential solutions that currently cannot be implemented without systemic change. 5 6 7 8 9

(United Nations Development Programme 2011) (Smith Laurence C 2011) pp17-21 (Orrell David 2012) Ch 1 (Ravago Majab-Leah V Roumasset James A & Balisacan A M 2011) pp 127-140 (United Nations Development Programme 2011) pp 17-18

As an introduction to a PHD study, the discussion of a fifteen year research is a high level summary, introducing the concepts and contextual strategy of alternative peace governance as an academic opening to intellectual legitimacy. The research analysis and subsequent document layout is depicted in the diagram that follows.

Figure 1 Document Structure by Research Analysis

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review AUTHOR’S RESEARCH STATEMENT Sustainability – even within the context of governance sets a boundless scope for field of inquiry. There are no restrictions on disciplinary input – in contrast the broader the societal input and collaboration, more holistic the multi-dimensional framework, the more resilient and robust are the likely strategies and outcomes. For this research paper to adequately address the issues central to the inquiry objectives, it is necessary to discuss only those theories that were most significant to the preparation of this paper. It should be noted that the field enquiry and research comprised a far greater knowledge build in both theory and practice.

Accepted context of ‘peace’ has shifted significantly since publishing of an extended definition of human security by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Human Development Report of 1994.10 Adoption of this report has formed an expanded approach to achieving peace culture and obligations under global governance. Research and development through UNDP has since evolved through undertaking Millennium Development Goals and recent approaches though “Sustainability and Equity Human Development Report” of 2011.11 The traditional responsibility of states toward peace was within gambit of security. This was essentially the protection of sovereignty and territorial rights from other states and outside threats. As Mats Berdal and Achim Wennmann advise in “Ending Wars, Consolidating Peace: Economic Perspectives” the recurring failure of international peacebuilding and reconstruction activities is mostly due to lack of understanding and sensitivity towards cultural and historical factors involving war-torn societies.12 This evidences a direct correlation between traditional peace conflict issues and recognized deficit in the soft or broader aspects of culture even where military and political governance under UN prevails.

10 11 12

Acharya Amitav cit (Baylis J Smith & Owens (eds) 2010) page 480 (United Nations Development Programme 2011) see bibliography (Berdal Mats Wennmann Achim 2010)

The broader UNDP scope of human security redefines approaches to peace, evolving through seven major “security” categories, being economic, health, food, personal; community, environmental and political.13 The essays published in 2011 by the Institute of South East Asian Studies and S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies give regional and Indonesian insight into contemporary issues and trends on redefined human security. In “Issues in Human Security in Asia” 2011 impacts by climate change, health food and water security are highlighted.14 Of primary concern is issue of sustainability, and ASEAN regional governance alliance’s readiness and preparation for natural disaster. The global task of meeting these UNDP human security factors by governance and society is an intrinsic recognition of fundamental human rights and the evolving body of international law.15 Martin Dixon and Robert McCorquodale in 4th and 5th editions of “Cases and Materials on International Law” 2003 incorporate expert statements on the growing relevance of international law and the nature of the international legal system. Rhonda Smith in “Textbook on International Human Rights 4th Edition” 2010 provides fundamental background to international human rights and discusses state enactment through rule of law in accordance with norms of behaviour that favour the higher ideals of human society.16 Peace theory under a sustainability approach reflects global governance trends to expand traditional security models that correspond with evolving awareness and issues relating to world environment and sustainable development. As Willis Jenkins from Yale Divinity School defines in “Sustainability – The Spirit of Sustainability” 2009 these theories “attempt to prioritize and integrate social responses to environment and cultural issues”.17 Frameworks include political model to sustain human rights and equity systems, economic model of sustaining financial capital, and ecological model for preserving and sustaining environment and biological diversity. Significantly, Jenkins expands this sustainability platform of environmental, social and economic indicators - often referred to as ‘triple bottom line’ - to evolve the sustainability model to meet transformative trends. Jenkins integrates an additional model of

13 14 15 16 17

(United Nations Development Programme 1996) (Kassim Yang Razali Ed 2011) (Dixon M McQuorquodale R 2003) pp 2-18 (Smith Rhona K 2010) (Jenkins Willis 2009) page 1-3

‘consciousness’ - describing relevance as “symbolic, critical and motivational resources for cultural change”. Triple Bottom Line (TBL) as a driver model for sustainability governance has origins well established in corporate governance and social responsibility. In 1994 John Elkington established the framework as a measure of performance management.18 Slaper and Hall in “Triple Bottom Line: What it is and How Does it Work?” 2011 follow Jenkins attempt to reassign the paradigm of TBL. In application to business economics they make attribution of TBL as a measure rather than purely a definition. The expansion of TBL parameters by Slaper, Hall and Jenkins to contextualise sustainability is part of a trend of multi-disciplinary knowledge experts. The relevance to governance within a sustainability paradigm is that this arena must also open up its borders to expand – not only as definition, but a working model of integrated components of sustainability. Expanding TBL may charter territories in culture aptly described by Donnella Meadows. In “Indicators for Information Systems and Sustainable Development” 1998 Meadows, formerly of the Sustainability Institute describes a sample framework for measuring social-cultural aspects of the “human and resource capital” of organization context.19 Again, Meadows elaborates a TBL foundation of “41 thought forms” based on economic, social and environmental categories. The parameters of sustainability in industry are opening to address deeper social values of culture. It is not surprising that cultural values are difficult to assess, measure and apply value in society. Jeff Dooley in “Systemic Aspects of Cultural Change Management” 1997 describes a three to five year assimilation period in transition or change adoption.20 Organization power structures and complexity may considerably lengthen this process if the governance framework does not support the transformation. He states a definitive model of culture such as that described by Edgar Schein in 1992 is essential. Schein provides context as:21

18 19 20 21

(Slaper T Hall T 2011) page 5-8 (Meadows Donnella 1998) pp 73-74 (Dooley Jeff 1997) page 2 (Schein E 1992) cit in (Dooley Jeff 1997) see bibliography

“Culture somehow implies that rituals, climate, values and behaviours bind together in a coherent whole. This patterning or integration is the essence of what we mean by culture.” Cultural knowledge applied to global governance with qualitative and heuristic modelling remains deficit despite globalization. Dooley has been able to explore and define a range of subsequent models and theory toward developing the field of corporate and organization systemic change. Yet the scenario for societal governance focus and value application of culture knowledge appears to remain deficit – at least in areas of multi-cultural relevance - such as cross-border relations and migration. de Paolo, Faini and Venturini in “The Social Assimilation of Immigrants” 2007 find that although a significant body of data has been built up on the economic assimilation of migrants into respective European countries, there is a deficit of social cultural assimilation “of equal if not more value” to the process of integrating migrants.22 These statements are in alignment with Durlauf and Fafchamps’ paper “Social Capital, NBER Working Paper n. 10485” 2004, which highlights the ideal of social capital functioning as a network of social norms built upon trust.23 In “On the Empirics of Social Capital” 2002, Durlauf elaborates a definition of social capital being “functional in facilitating cooperation and efficiency, while [also] a social asset that causes individual cooperative behaviour.”24 Durlauf and Fafchamps highlight the need for measures of cultural social capital and for causal definitions to facilitate empirical analysis. Diagnostic analysis is the principal method to uncover ‘causal definitions’ described by Dulauf and Fafchamps. Harish and Neelam Bahl describe in “A Diagnostic Approach to

Scheduling” 201125 “As in medicine, a symptom may be caused by different underlying problems. The symptoms described [may or] may not reflect deficiencies”. When investigating fault and problem analysis, engineers and scientists are well aware of the risk associated with failure to identify and propose resolution to the root cause.

22 23 24 25

(de Palo D Faini R Venturini A 2007) (Durlauf S Fafchamps M 2004) pp 1-37 (Durlauf S 2002) pp F459-479 (Bahl Harish Bahl Neelam 2011)

This method facilitates an holistic view for goals of sustainability as it provides a plural approach of micro and macro or deeper context. In “Sustainability Governance and Organizational Change” 2010 Bob Doppelt, Director of Resource Innovations and the Climate Leadership Initiative states that governance re-engineering required must enmesh measures of cultural change.26 This organizational paradigm is relevant to stakeholder relationship model – i.e. those participatory actors in global society. Doppelt advises “patriarchal, vertically focussed organization has great difficulty in producing a regenerative cycle of sustainability and that “only whole systems can emphasise the horizontal as much as the vertical”.27 Horizontal or flatter organization design is now a major trend as ‘government sized’ multi-national corporations grapple with a need for sustainability management and a corporate social responsibility blue print. John Mc Fee of Warwick Business School in Commentary on “Corporate Strategies and Environmental Regulations: an Organizing Framework” by A M Rugman and A Verbeke” 1998 discussed Davis and Blomstrom’s 1975 definition as: “social responsibility is the managerial obligation to take action to protect and improve both the welfare of society as a whole and the interest of organizations”.28 Again this definition must expand with application of TBL bottom line and further with ‘consciousness’ as described by Jenkins. A notable emergent model for organization design is the heterarchic organization. Heterarchic models for flatter, horizontal management are at the forefront of organization design interrogation. As Karen Stephenson describes in “Neither Hierarchy Nor Network: An Argument for Heterarchy” 2009 heterarchic formation is witnessed in corporate organization design and examples of governed society.29 Stephenson gives knowledgeable description of heterarchic organization and its prevalence. Her explanation of its power as a multi-level network model of collaboration gives insight as to how its use in globalized society might be beneficial to furthering needs of holistic complex issues such as sustainability.

26 27 28 29

(Doppelt B 2004, 2ED 2010) C 5 pp 70-85 (Doppelt B 2004, 2010) page 81 (McGee John 1998) pp 377-387 (Stephenson K 2009) p 4 “People and Strategy” see bibliography

Stephenson provides examples of scaled heterarchic collaborative networks. One as a social network analysis implemented by Philadelphia for urban renewal is now being copied by other US metropolitan cities. Careful not to be the one-eyed champion of her own passion, Stephenson also points out an inadequately designed and implemented heterarchy initiated by George Bush administration in 2003 as an attempt to link intelligence, policing and emergency and disaster recovery functions. In this example competition instead of the desired collaboration prevailed. It is the difficulty of setting up a heterarchy that Stephenson raises as a major issue. She states the complex nature of heterarchy requires a clearly defined framework to support the technology and human infrastructure of network collaboration and participatory relationships of trust for an effective model. These comments very much align with Durlauf and Fafchamps’ opinions of the social capital function of networks.

It is at this point that the field of heterarchic modelling becomes contentious. Edgar Schein from MIT School of Management points out the difficulties for heterarchic organization without an open plan of culture modelling – where agents of the model will act on pre-formed behaviours beliefs and norms.30 He further points out that culture barriers will lead to difficulty in implementation of frameworks without some clear examples of how such heterarchies have been implemented and operated in society before. This is a specific point of personal interest to the research activity for this peace issue thesis paper, as it was a major driver to conduct a socio-historic inquiry to find such example. Similarly Robert Eccles of Harvard Business School states Stephenson’s “anthropological approach is refreshing” in that he notes the historic origins of current systems of people and structures is vastly overlooked.31 Barry Frew of Center for Executive Education also voices the opinion that social networks and the people relationships that form them have been vastly overlooked.32 Statements of similar vein were frequently uncovered during the early phases of this research scoping – ultimately leading to the methods and approaches taken to address the thesis problem. As Markus Reihlen of University of Cologne advises in “The Logic of Heterarchies” 1996 these models function best with a fine balance of interaction and

Schein E cit in (Stephenson K 2009) page 9 Eccles cit in ibid page 9 32 Frew cit in ibid page 12 31

autonomy.33 Reihlen also advises that the effectiveness of heterarchy function is most effective when the participatory culture possesses high self esteem, innovative creativity and self aspired values. This statement positions the importance of having progressive societal governance that seeks to impart cultural resilience traits and support survivorship of displacement with enhanced social network competency – i.e. that which lies under the UNDP umbrella of equity human development.34 ‘Resilience’ is a term referred to throughout this discussion, describing an optimum condition of status of culture to achieve or function as a society. In “The Metatheory of Resilience and Resiliency” 2002, Glenn Richardson from the University of Utah advises the inquiry of resilience is derived from a phenomenological study of survivor characteristics. 35 This was identified as the ability to survive, recover and restore balance after high risk, crisis, set-backs or disasters. Research was then expanded to discover process of attaining cultural resilient qualities. From this point it became associated with the ability to survive and cope with change, adversity, and opportunity that enriches resilience or protective qualities. Resilience theory was modelled in 1990 by Richardson, Neiger, Jensen and Kumpfer. This includes resiliency as the postmodern interdisciplinary study of cultural forces and human development values impacting groups and greater society. It is Stephenson’s comment “There is no archaeological precedent for heterarchy that we know, largely because the world and our institutions have never been this interconnected” that this research is now able to refute.36 During diagnostic assessment to find underlying cause of governance issues for coping with displacement, research uncovered an archaeological case study for an ancient dynastic heterarchy that according to historian Paul Munoz in “Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula” 2006 flourished so successfully, it sustained a network far greater than the regime of Westphalia treaty states and endured peace amidst a world at war for over one thousand years.37 This example was interrogated through Social Historic meta-theory applied as New Global History.

(Reihlen Markus 1996) pp 10-13 (United Nations Development Programme 2011) 35 (Richardson Glenn 2002) page 308 36 (Stephenson K 2009) p4 37 (Munoz Paul Michel 2006) page 117 34

According to Andrew Linklater in “Theories of International Relations 4th ED” 2009, as a methodological approach to global governance, on its own social historic review can be inadequate if reliant on subjective matter. Linklater refers to discussion by Kiser and Hecter in “The Role of General Theory in Comparative Historical Sociology” 1991 describing controversies surrounding contribution as an approach to political governance query.38 Insight into previously circumspect historic view has evolved recently.39 Dr Martin Nickels in “The Nature of Modern Science and Scientific Knowledge” 2009 advises that the history of science “very clearly demonstrates modification as new evidence and new ways of thinking evolve.” Sociological perspective of ‘New Global History’ is appropriate to explore historic events, patterns and organization for a modern globalized perspective:40 “…employs conceptual thinking and empirical research, utilising an historical perspective to advance understanding of the multi-‐ faceted dimensions of the globalization processes.” This field first emerged at an international conference in Italy 1993 funded by Culpepper Foundation.41 The process starts with a contemporary globalized problem that transcends existing national boundaries, and attempts to address its roots in historic understanding. This paves the way for a broader investigation and discussion of possible alternative strategies that also have historic founding – with more success in the area of the problematic inquiry. Concilience as a consolidated research method has been proposed as early as 1840 by biologist Edward O. Wilson. William Whelwell first introduced the concept in “The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences” 1998 as a ‘jumping together’ of knowledge entities and relationship networks for facts and theory across disciplines to integrate a common and holistic perspective for explanatory. Wilson asserted that politics could not make governance decisions adequately resolving problems unless the social sciences, humanities and natural sciences at least were integrated into the approach.

38 39 40 41

(Kiser E and Hechter M 1991) see Linklater bibliography (Nickels M 1998) Natural Science Papers (Harvard Stony Brook MIT, 2009) see http: bibliography Ibid – publication archives – see bibliography

Max Neef in 2005 expanded Wilson’s discussion of concilience through a hierarchical approach to coordination with empirical, pragmatic, normative and value levels offering structured layers of interrogation. These levels he termed ‘transdisciplinary’ method. Narifumi Tachimoto in “Global Area Studies and Fieldwork” 2004 takes the approaches of concilience and transdisciplinary method to apply an integrated transdisciplinary project type research.42 This broader arrangement creates a thematic value for common ground to be established between researchers from various disciplines. Sustainability necessitates consideration of human civilization in context of environment and other species relationships; Earth and her cycles. Martin Ogle in “The Gaia Theory Model and Metaphor for the 21st Century” describes James Lovelock Gaia theories first published in 1970s. These postulate Earth centred perspective from a scientific analysis.43 This research takes Lovelock’s position when using the term ‘Earth-centred’. Lovelock proposes Earth as an organism or macro-entity, of which all systems, cycles and species (including humans) are a subset. All species co-exist through a natural balance of inter-dependency and subjugate to environmental natural laws of planetary well being:44 “Gaian system self-‐regulates global temperature, atmospheric content, ocean salinity, and other factors in an “automatic” manner. Earth's living system appears to keep conditions on our planet just right for life to persist.” These theories provide an ideal perspective to situate international relations in consideration of contemporary pre-imminent sustainability drivers – or life survival. Yet as a stand alone theory the contextual analysis of organization through Gaia theory also lacks a critical factor to global governance deficit – i.e., knowledge of culture. Holistic values in the context of cultural social organization are deficient in the international relations power model of organization.45 According to feminist historic writer Monica Sjoo in “The Great Cosmic Mother: Rediscovering the Religion of the

(Tachimoto Narifumi 2004) see bibliography (Ogle Martin, 2006) see bibliography 44 (Ogle Martin, 2006) see bibliography 45 (Sjoo Monica Mor Barbara 1987) see Marx and the Matriarchy pp 12-20 43

Earth” 1986 the primary reason for this omission is that global governance system is founded in and extends a control of patriarchy, extolling war civilizations founded on Greek and Roman philosophies.46 The inherent reason proposed in this research for failure of peace sustainability is current inflexibility of a patriarchal derived capitalist centred model as discussed by Sjoo in her comment on Marxism and the Matriarchy. Sjoo describes a Western history of “generalized linearity and chauvinism” unable to see ‘other’ cultures as any more than failed civilizations - an evolving process to modern development and glory. Sjoo points out “some of the most advanced societies of the ancient world – technologically as well as culturally advanced – were also matrifocal, woman oriented and led by women.” Feminist Jackie True in “Theories of International Relations 4th ED” 2009 advises recent decades have seen those who shape international relations theory and governance organization open traditional boundaries to inter-disciplinary contribution. 47 True states expansion of constructs to integrate a growing body of feminist, green and social theories have been sought and encouraged to meet the paradigmatic shift and changing needs of global governance. Despite the significant contribution these new fields have made to peace, Dr David Orrell of Oxford University advises in “Eco Myths: How the Science of Complex Systems is Transforming Economic Thought” 2012 that due to limitations of existing systemic governance - as 2008 world economic crisis attests - the stability of global governance and the macro economy remains highly volatile and at recurrent risk.48 Expert geographer Laurence Smith in “The World In 2050 - Four Forces Shaping Civilization's Northern Future” 2011 identifies six major driving forces influencing this risk: macro economics, globalization, environmental change; resource demand, demographics and technology.49 Systemic exclusionism is highlighted by Thomas Hobbes in “Leviathan” 1651 who claims states ‘motivated by competition, diffidence and glory’ require a level of

46 47 48 49

(Sjoo Monica Mor Barbara 1987) True J, Linklater A in (Burchill S 2009) C 10, 11 (Orrell David 2012) (Smith Laurence C 2011) p 25

anarchic inter-activity to achieve power and control.50 The widening gap between traditional and modern political theory has progressed through eras of industrialization, democratization, urbanization, bureaucratization and individualization – described as the “great modernist transformation” by Nisbet in “The Sociological Tradition” 1996.51 Michael Foucault’s advice against modelling political design on nineteenth century discourse is an indication that the prevailing theorist constructs of political governance were failing to mirror social-cultural trends and early market drivers.52 According to editor Paul Rabinow in “Michael Foucault “Nietzsche, Genealogy, History” (1971) The Foucault Reader” Foucault’s writings of this era are distinctive in that he identifies the discrepancies between modern state power constructs and culture – normative self regulating practices. Considering Linklater’s reported lack of commitment to the Marx proposition that social theory should change rather than simply analyse political schema, it is hardly surprising that the growing body of neo-theoretical analysis has done little to transform quasi realist-Kantian liberalism constraints of hierarchical order for UN and global governance.53 The result is full benefits of inter-disciplinary and progressive theoretical contribution to international relations is constrained within limits of a reductionist and rigid system. As Foucault described Nietzsche’s famous comment of a perpetual struggle of political power: “…in the smallest of its cogs, peace is waging a secret war.”54

Hobbes, 1651 cit Donnelly J in (Burchill S 2009) page 34 (Nisbet R A 1966) 52 (Rabinow Paul Ed. 1984) see bibliography 53 Linklater cit (Burchill S 2009) Ch 6 54 (Rabinow Paul Ed. 1984) see bibliography 51

SECTION TWO The Research Problem

Background Part A: Critical Issue Part B: Core Issue

About this Section Through a process of investigation and analysis, the research project identified early peace governance conducted under the current systemic umbrella held serious deficit. Primarily that constrains effectiveness and even prevents global governance of peace matters. The most evidential flaws derived from the heart of global governance – UN organizations most closely associated with governing, protecting and delivering solutions to international society. The evidence and concerns referred and discussed throughout this document first identified a critical peace issue. Despite a recent decade of intensive focus and funding, displacement is still presenting in crisis proportions. UN agencies highlight a related governance deficit that threatens human survival. Predicted future scale and context is unable to be mitigated without addressing the core issue or underlying cause. This appears a recurrent theme with all persistent peace issues. This section interrogates, describes and discusses the critical issue of displacement and its prominent features. The discourse progresses to identify and review the underlying cause or diagnostic root of the displacement issue as it has prevailed in the context of global governance.

CHAPTER THREE

Displacement BACKGROUND PART A: THE CRITICAL ISSUE This section identifies and discusses the key issues researched and analysed with regard to human displacement – a case study of a critical peace issue in global governance. Discourse is summarised under the major questions undertaken through a diagnostic pluralistic approach to review. What is displacement, who does it impact and how does it occur? Displacement is a term commonly used to describe people or populations that have been physically prevented from maintaining typical place of residence (or if nomadic from their typical migration pattern of residency) due to an event of conflict, environmental disaster or commercial development. Susana Adamo in “Addressing Environmentally Induced Population Displacements: A Delicate Task” 2008

People forced to leave their home due to conflict, environmental catastrophe or commercial development

provides a consensus definition for displacement as follows.55

(Adamo S August 18-19 2008) page 3

Refugees: The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees defines a refugee as a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable, or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country (UNHCR, RPG and IOM 1996). Environmentally Displaced Persons: Persons who are displaced within their country of habitual residence or who have crossed an international border and for whom environmental degradation, deterioration or destruction is a major cause of their displacement, although not the sole one (UNHCR/IOM 1996). Internally Displaced Persons: Persons or group of persons who have been forced to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular, as a result of, or in order to avoid the effects of, armed conflict, internal strife, systematic violations of human rights, or natural or man-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border (OCHA 2004).

Box 1 Definition Source Compiled A de Sherbinin

Primary UN instruments of refugee law are The Statute of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951.56 Article 1A(b) defines ‘refugees’ (as per the definition Box 1).57 Adamo notes that ongoing debate, particularly around what constitutes forced environmental displacement appears to be reaching a consolidated agreement. She gives a more detailed definition of environmental migration provided by Graeme Hugo in "Environmental Concerns and International Migration" 1996:58 “Hugo (1996:108) already proposed the term “environmental migrants” to group migrants forced to leave their homes due to natural disaster, those displaced by external compulsions such as physical dangers and economic insufficiency, and those victims of the ‘silent violence’ (drought, famine and severe food shortage associated with the deterioration of the environment)”. In “Migration Development and Environment” 2008, Professor Hugo of Adelaide University summarises concepts of environmental and international migration links with development.59 He describes migration as one of the most significant survivor strategies ever adopted by human society – yet advises there continues to be little

(http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/ainstls2.htm, 2010) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951(http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/ainstls2.htm 58 Hugo G, 1996 International Migration Review 30:105-131 cit in (Adamo S August 18-19 2008) 59 (Hugo Graeme International Organization for Migration 2008) page 7 57

understanding of the true cultural change impact of displacement and the effects from and upon economic, social and conflict events in relation to environment and migration. Environmental migration and displacement is rising sharply. In 2002 UNCHR reported 24 million displaced people due to environmental factors of drought, famine, flood and natural disasters. In 2010 the estimated number of environmentally displaced people was recorded at 50 million with environmental refugee numbers expected to rise to 250 million by 2050.60 These official statistics highlight a critical risk not only to displaced populations but to international society stability and survival. Most susceptible to displacement are the estimated 300 million Indigenous people, dispersed over 70 state territories around the world. Rita Manchanda in “Minority Rights - in South Asia” 2010, states that in the passage of two hundred years Indigenous occupation of most of Earth’s eco-habitats has diminished to 6% - commonly attributed to sparse and often nomadic occupation of large areas of land targeted for development and natural resource exploitation.61 Primary rights were established under “ILO Convention 169 Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries.” Human Rights Protocols Indigenous Rights. 1989.62 In “The Indigenous Challenge to Westphalian Sovereignty” 2011, Roderick Pitty and Shannara Smith discuss the progression of Indigenous rights - Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Endorsed by the General Assembly; UN 13 September 2007 has served a major breakthrough to many Indigenous populations. In recognizing native populations’ right to self-determination, the convention enables focus to be given to the issue of territorial integrity – an area in the past African states with high prevalence of nomadic populations have been reluctant to address.63 Justification for economic development exploitation is often claimed as “duty to greater civil society”. Martin Shaw comments in “International Law” 1997 this defence derogates even from universal human rights law.64 As stated by Price and Griggs in

(Adamo S August 18-19 2008) (Manchanda Rita 2010) pp 248-291 62 (United Nations, ILO Convention 169 Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries 1989) 63 (Pitty R Smith S 2011) page 17 64 (Shaw M N 1997) pp 210-212 In international law major instances of derogation due to the “public good” also reside with international security or domestic security of a nation such as the case of Brannigan and McBride v United Kingdom. 61

“Guide to Property Law” 2008, often weak governance or colonial received constitutional laws in post-Westphalian state agreement allow government ultimate sovereignty in land use that can lead to displacement.65 Exile from habitat also occurs when nomadic tribes find themselves displaced after newly formed territories prevent them from continuing migration patterns due to border controls. In regions with recurrent conflict, displacement may occur purely upon the closing of borders. Environmental migration whether voluntary or involuntary has a significant impact on women. Sarah Forti in “Challenges in the Implementation of Women's Human Rights: Field Perspectives” 2005 describes the progress of protection mechanisms for women. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979, and its Protocol, 1999 seeks to protect the cultural behaviour of men and women toward gender discrimination. CEDAW Committee advises gender based violence includes “acts that inflict or threaten to inflict physical, mental or sexual harm or suffering”.66 In “Migration and Climate Change” 2007 O. Brown of The International Organization of Migration (IOM) advises a direct link exists between forced displacement and the poverty experienced by women.67 According to Carmen Lowry in “Women’s Centres: Spaces of Empowerment in Darfur” 2007 women are most commonly subjected to persecution and crimes as a deliberate act of destroying community morale in conflict and refugee environments. Studies on global gender violence against women report that in this way females may be used as a tool or weapon of war.68 S. Russell-Brown advises in “Rape as an Act of Genocide” 2003, that provisions are also made for gender crime as an act of genocide under international law.69 As an additional factor to those who are subjected to crimes of rape, women remain vulnerable to risk of HIV and Aids. Janet Otsuki in “Refugee Women, Girls in Sub-Saharan Africa Among Hardest Hit by HIV/AIDS Crisis” 2007,

(Price R Griggs L 2008) Ch 5 see also Doctrines of Estates (Forti Sarah 2005 February) Page 3 see also Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women UNHR UNHCR : 2003 Guidelines for Prevention and Response to Sexual and Gender Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and IDPs 67 (Brown O 2007) see bibliography 68 (Lowry Carmen 2007) see bibliography 69 (Russell-Brown S 2003) see bibliography 66

states officials estimate that of the 35 million conflict refugees displaced in 2007, 75% are women and children facing an HIV and AIDS epidemic.70 The major human rights instruments are described in “Human Rights in the Administration of Justice: A Manual on Human Rights for Judges, Prosecutors and Lawyers” 2003. The Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989, and its two Optional Protocols, 200071 seeks to protect rights of children. Article 22 refers specifically to the rights of refugee children. Article 6 describes duty to protect “the child’s right to life and maximum survival and development.” Refugee law under 1951 Refugee Convention does not always apply to children. Alternative legal protection is often sought within the context of CEDAW who maintain international watch on the rights of women at risk and their families.72 To date the most comprehensive body of knowledge regarding displaced civilians is obtained through those whose interests in global governance intersect with the overarching body of international law – mostly presided over by UN and International Criminal Court (ICC) 2002 legal enforcement under “The Rome Statute 1998”.73 Currently it is estimated over 50 million people reside in Internal Displacement Camps (IDP) and over 25 million have lost their home due to conflict.74 Ten million of the internally displaced are in Africa. The remaining 40 million are spread over 45 countries – a global crisis. International refugee and forced relocation law concerns universal human rights and relevant international law. In many cases refugee law does not apply to displaced people. As Michael Cernea advises in “Internal Refugee Flows and Development-Induced Population Displacement” 1990 dispossession only falls under refugee law under conflict or a further threat of persecution if the citizens return to reside where they were displaced.75

(Otsuki Janet 2007) see bibliography (ohchr.org 2003) page 44 see also terms of the Convention, see Implementation Handbook for the Convention on the Rights of the Child, prepared for UNICEF by Rachel Hodgkin and Peter Newell, UNICEF, 1998, 681 pp. 72 (United Nations, Human Rights Treaties) Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women UNCHR 73 (U N Doc 1998) see bibliography 74 (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs, 2012) 75 (Cernea Michael 1990) page 320 71

Refugee status is not available to holders of more than one citizenship unless the threat is from both countries of nationality.76 In “The Right Not to be Displaced” 1994, Maria Stavropoulou reports displacement is a major impact on peace and security, but is “not consistently recognized as a human rights violation and does not trigger international concern coherently”. This grey area of legality immediately concerns global governance deficit of legal protection and coordinated response and management of displacement crisis recovery. The UN Office for Coordination of Human Affairs in 2012 advises currently no organization or agent holds sole responsibility of overseeing displacement event and recovery.77 The authors of “United Nations Development Report” 2011 reason “major power disparities” shape negative impacts on human development and sustainability. The report states: “At the global level governance arrangements often weaken the voices of developing countries and exclude marginalized groups.”78 Refugees usually experience other legal matters pertaining to human rights. The primary reason to flee country of residence is due to violent conflict. As Thomas Musgrave in “Refugees - Public International Law: An Australian Perspective” 1997 advises other crimes against humanity are often committed by the aggressors.79 All human rights legal instruments carry formal responsibility of the international community to act appropriately to provide protection, remedy and other measures on behalf of those violated. The Declaration on the Rights and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders”)199880 was deliberated over a 13 year period. This declaration not only realizes the rights afforded under universal human rights protection, it affirms the responsibility of states to incorporate and ensure protection under national law.

76 77 78 79 80

Article 1A(2) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951 (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs, 2012) (United Nations Development Programme 2011) page iv (Musgrave 1997) page 303 (ohchr.org 2003) page 66

What are key issues relating to displacement towards relocation under international law? A 1993 UN report provided six primary causes for internal displacement.81 These are “forced relocation, natural disasters, ecological disasters, communal violence, armed conflict, insurgency and the systematic violation of human rights.” Where involuntary migration even under economic or environmental drivers may qualify as ‘political’, these acts are often accompanied by resettlement policies accommodated under the same governance system. With exception of natural catastrophe, most environmental impelled relocations are attributable to one or many perpetrators. If displacement occurs purely within the same national territory, rights of international protection comes when all efforts to seek remedy under domestic law have been exhausted. Colonial and post-colonial establishment of territorial boundaries have also created issues of forced displacement from states no longer accepting fluctuating uncontrolled border flows of Indigenous nomads. Members and families of tribal groups have found themselves split in more than one country after colonial changes in boundaries – often subsequently re-establishing territory and entering disputes with neighbours. In international law intangibility of frontiers and the principle of uti possidetis juris gives onus to the rights of sovereignty territorial status quo existing at time of independence. In the case of Bursino Faso v Republic of Mali 22nd December 1986 82 the rights of disputed boundary was determined according to the time of French colonisation. This gives some legal authority to groups who find themselves outside their home country due to territorial changes. Some regional territories try to make allowance for unstable populations of Indigenous people through allowing dual nationality or specific transborder migration agreements.

What are major issues relating to resettlement for those displaced?

81 82

(Stavropoulou Maria 1994) page 692-699 (Shaw M N 1997) pp 218-218

Migration intakes by sovereign states are determined by the legal codes of relative countries. Often even where adequate domestic legal provision honours UN duty to protect by accepting quotas of migrant populations, cultural attitudes toward application of the law and the strength of judicial process may not always favour those most afflicted by displacement. This is particularly the case where refugee migrants are also of a lower socio economic status, poorly educated or have fled without access to their personal wealth.83 Apathy is another cultural trait or attitude toward international human rights abuses – particularly if there is little media attention and public awareness brought by advocacy.84 Hamara Abate reported in “Yale Journal of Undergraduate Politics” cofounder of Enough Project and Darfur expert John Prendergast noted the delay of actions taken by the UN - stating that “by the time peacekeepers had been deployed to Darfur, the damage had been done.” The state attitude not to get involved in the domestic affairs of other sovereign nations can contribute to inaction and delayed intervention against human rights violations. This act in itself has major implication of further violation of the displaced peoples’ legal rights through an assault on human dignity. The preamble of the UNDHR states:85 “Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world.”

The natural result of failure by states to protect with adequate evacuation, relocation and resettlement under international law is that displaced people have often endured loss of human dignity: significant trauma and crisis over a prolonged period. This in turn can lead to serious emotional and psychological issues in seeking adaptation to new migratory cultures, or simply in re-establishing a livelihood. Even those displaced who clearly afford protection under refugee law are frequently in compromised position due to the cause and haste of their flight. Research by the UK based Institute of Development Studies has found inequalities that may be the original drivers of violence tend to worsen during conflict, as the already poor often lose the

83 84 85

(Manchanda Rita 2010) pp 16-25 (Abate Hamara 2012) see bibliography - Harvard (United Nations General Assembly) para 1 http://unhr.org

little stable material life and position they may have survived upon.86 In “Reappraising the Greed and Grievance Explanations for Violent Internal Conflict: Micro-Level Analysis of Violent Conflict” 2007 Mansoob, Murshed and Mohammed Zulfan Tadjoeddin discuss inequalities of displacement. Many who seek shelter and protection under UN designated displacement camps have lost papers and proof of nationality or other criteria for establishing legal refugee status. Restrictive policies on trans-border migration of labour force and decline of migration intakes by states commenced with capitalism’s new era of technology innovation. Nelson Douglas in “On the Sustainability of a Liberal Economic Regime” 2009 reasons demand for skilled and particularly unskilled blue-collar labour diminished as automation replaced human workforce, in a bid to maintain capitalist profit margins and state economy.87 Isaak in “The Globalization Gap: How the Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Left Further Behind” 2005 claims third world economic oppression, exploitation and poverty continued to fuel instability of governance and conflict that often resulted upon withdrawal of Colonial power.88 The growing trend by states to close borders to outsiders corresponded with increase of first world wealth. States reserve the right to screen migrants for special skills and wealth to retain a ‘middle class’ ideal for cultural assimilation - incorrectly assuming a wealthy immigrant will enhance and contribute to society. Blanket migration policies favouring wealth ignore a vital component to all major instances of terrorist acts. The Harvard “World Databases of Terrorist Acts” 2009 advises these crimes invariably involve complex planning and financing from inside the country.89 Through globalization, war and violence hold greater impact on international society and security issues. Third world conflicts extend into the peace of first world democratic community, through factions with networks of former migrants as relatives or colleagues. In reality wealth and skills factors have little relationship to aligning cultural values when immigrant populations are survivors of disaster and conflict.

86 87 88 89

(Mansoob S Murshed & Mohammed Zulfan Tadjoeddin 2007) page 35 (Douglas 2009) see bibliography (Isaak R 2005) C 1-3 (Harvard 2009) see bibliography

Cultural values and normative alikeness or multi-cultural diffusion have failed to be given critical priority in the first world immigration policy blue print. London economist and migration expert Christian Dustmann in “The Social Assimilation of Migrants” 1996 commented: 90 “Although there is considerable empirical research available on economic assimilation of migrants to the labour markets of host countries, little or no analysis exists on the social assimilation and integration of migrant workers.” In 2007 a report on social assimilation by immigrants commissioned by World Bank, de Palo, Faini and Venturini described a similar difficulty of obtaining analysis data. They resorted to the European Community Household Panel, describing it as “the only available comparable dataset”.91 As a migration expert, Christian Dustmann has conducted significant study on the ‘value’ of migrants as human capital in receiving countries. In “Migration and Education” 2011 with Albrecht Glitz, a model on returning (voluntary) migration is discussed.

90 91

(Dustman 1996) page 1 (de Palo D Faini R Venturini A 2007) page 7

Figure 2 Migration Model fig. 4.3 Dustmann Glitz 2011

Our model has essentially three periods. Life is finite and time flows continuously. The duration of life is T + 2. We have illustrated the timing of the model in Fig. 4.3. The first two periods are “learning periods,” and they are of unit length. In the first Migration and Education 351period, individuals live in the home country. In that period, individuals do not work but can acquire education and choose how much to acquire. Acquisition of education is costly, and individuals differ in their efficiency to acquire education. After the first period, individuals decide whether to emigrate. In the second period, individuals live either in the home or in the host country, depending on whether they have chosen to emigrate after the first period. During this second period, individuals have another opportunity to acquire education. They divide their time between learning and working in the labour market. Thus, abstracting from direct costs of education such as fees, the cost of acquiring further education is equal to the opportunity cost of forgone earnings. We think about this period as a period where postsecondary education is obtained. This may take the form of vocational training or college education. The third period has length T. If individuals decide not to emigrate after the first period, they will spend both the second and the entire third period in the home country. If individuals decide to emigrate, then they have the possibility to return to the home country either right after the second period, or after a duration t in the host country, with t ≤ T. Therefore, the length of the migration is given by t + 1, and the remaining time in the home country after remigration is T t. A permanent migration corresponds to the case where t = T.

Box 2 Dustmann Glitz Figure 4.3 Model of Migration Box 2 Dustmann Glitz fig 4.3 Migration Model

This model clearly demonstrates ‘skills investment in host countries and ‘skills return’ to originating countries – particularly when a ‘learning centre’ scenario is applied to the migration. This is primarily the aspect of student migration.92 Creative economic values have also been under-recognized if the education and wealth capabilities are deficit. By result, many issues arise through merging cultures that place strain on the internal economy and receiving culture security and well-being. In this common immigration plan, it is reported by those working with migrant cultures it can take 15 years from arrival before cultural assimilation of new societal values.93 In negative

92 93

(Dustmann Christian 1996) pp 351-360 (de Palo D Faini R Venturini A 2007) page 9

response to these issues and critically, to terrorism against US and world economic hegemony in September 2001, first world has entered a new dimension of increased migration control.

Why have the issues of displacement not been adequately resolved in global governance? Review of migration and governance progression highlights reasons for current context of state controlled migration laws. B. Ackerman in “Social Justice in the Liberal State” 1980 remarks in observing inherent need and established customary right of Mankind to migrate, society also witnesses discrimination by states against migration and subjugation through a conflicting state model that honours economic wealth over moral rights theory of equality. 94 Historian Ian Morris in “Why the West Rules – For Now” 2010, describes historic transition of Matriarchal society to Patriarchy.95 In both matriarchal and patriarchal agricultural, colonial, industrialist and capitalist models of governance, territory is the issue central to migration. In “Adat and Dinas: Balinese Communities in the Indonesian State” 1993, Carol Warren describes how Matriarchal originated use of territory constitutes transitory custodianship or communal sharing. 96 In agricultural settlements such as those still existing in Bali, clan concept of territory commences as informal boundary to enable intensive and exclusive use through farming practice. Use may also be formal, communal and the harvest shared or traded.97 As Monica Sjoo and Barbara Mor discuss in “The Great Cosmic Mother – Rediscovering the Religion of the Earth” 1987, from the point in history of exclusive territorialism, humanity makes a sharp divergence in morality; needs and values of Earth cultures are rapidly oppressed and subverted with patriarchal icons of power through war and domination.98 Inflexible territorial protectionism can incite conflict rather than shield a state society.

B Ackerman, Social Justice in the Liberal State (1980) cit in (Bagaric M Morss J 2005) (Morris Ian 2010) pp 42-97 96 (Warren Carol 1993) pp 38-42 97 See also pastoral leases – shared use of land Australia (Price R Griggs L 2008) 98 (Sjoo Monica Mor Barbara 1987) pp 2-12 95

In “State Sovereignty and Migration Control: The Ultimate Act of Discrimination?” 2005 Mirko Bagaric and John Morss propose that “with Industrialization the notion of state power and international regime flourishes”.99 Morality rights for common Man are instilled in law. Yet the ideal of international law and universal human rights is retained at the level of individual freedoms, while the expansion of state territorial power and unity grows with disparate aims that inadvertently or willingly often displace those asserted universal rights. Enforced and accidental restrictions on migration are perceived inherent rights of sovereign nations over the ‘rights of Man’ - justified as ‘public good’ to discount discrimination by controlling states.100 State screening can arguably be discriminatory practice legally acceptable through UN recognition of sovereign autonomy. To date there is no overriding international legal authority to overview migration policy despite it being couched in the international law of individual rights. The UN does undertake a commitment to monitor the integration of human rights at state level.101 The wealth building state promotes the rationale of basic human security and wealth comfort to its voting population. Immigration researcher Lorentzen advises that despite reported fear of threat to stability by societies receiving immigrant intakes, immigrants who also contribute to sustaining ageing population pension schemes have an overall beneficial impact on societal prosperity and little impact to local or national citizen job prospects and wages.102 Although suggested that exclusion of refugee and displaced migrants through border control may contravene responsibility to protect and present a discrimination of universal human rights, states hold a presiding entitlement to govern without intervention unless that state fails to take remedial action to a breach that is formally recognized. 103 Although UN Human Rights instruments describe right to freedom of movement within borders of a territory, no reference is made to freedom and equality of trans-border migration.104 The continued divergence away from agreed universal rights of individuals toward the citizen rights asserted through state control is demonstrated.

(Bagaric M Morss J 2005) Section 1.4 See Article 12 (3) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 101 Commission of Human Rights as accorded by Economic and Social Council (ECSOC) Resolution 1 503 (XL VIII) (1970). (ohchr.org 2003) 102 Lorentzen, supra n 44, 160 cited (Bagaric M Morss J 2011) 103 (Bagaric M Morss J 2005) Section 1.4 Migration Control 104 See Article 13 Universal Declaration of Human Rights http://www.unhr.org 100

IDP and Refugee Camp Issues In “Post Conflict Governance: A Strategic Framework” Muggah, Sisk and Lakhani report in 2010 approximately 25 countries globally were affected by armed conflicts.105 An escalation in peacemaking and peacekeeping - culminating in annual expenditure on global peacekeeping alone in excess of 7 billion US dollars has contributed to a gradual reduction of armed conflicts. Yet issues and requirements for displaced civilians remain critical. Refugees living in settlements are protected by UN High Commissioner for Refugees. Most refugee areas are tent cities or camps often extending for great distances beyond the perimeters of UN refugee protection zones, where those who cannot obtain UN legitimacy seek safety and aid relief through proximity to their legally recognized refugee neighbours. Where peace agents (government and NGO) endeavour to provide support, aid and protection to all displaced people, full rights under international law remain deficit. Over half of globally displaced civilians are children.106

Camps are originally established to provide temporary shelter. In relation to treatment and recovery of torture and trauma survivors, Yolga Oldi in “Life in Refugee Camps” 2007 advises instead of temporary relocation, refugee and IDP camps remain long term settlement locales for hundred millions of people, forced into dependency and consequently vulnerable to further crime and human rights abuse.107 Conditions are described by many advocates as appalling – squalid attempts to maintain basic subsistence living if supplied at all. The majority of survivors in camps are women, children, elderly and those reliant on care. After surviving atrocity and mass trauma, they are introduced into a new environment where continued risk of violent conflict, recurrent attack, rape, sexual abuse and other crimes prevail. For perhaps the rest of their lives - at best for next decades – these UNCHR ‘protected’ survivors will endure a subsistence survival, dependent on humanitarian aid.

105 106 107

(Muggah R Sisk T & Lakhani S 2010) see bibliography (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs, 2012) see bibliography (Oldi Yolga 2007) see bibliography

Is there an available solution to this underlying root cause – described as global governance deficit? During 2008, women of Farchana Refugee Camp released 14 Point Farchana Manifesto statement of affairs for refugee women, in a desperate bid to seek relief after the public torture beating of seven girls for alleged prostitution. The concerned women claimed 14 major UNDHR violations.108 These involved safety, work and education rights as well as traditional issues regarding property rights. Human rights issues are common to all displaced people in camps. Five years earlier UN Security Council commissioned an inquiry into human rights abuses in Darfur and possible genocide under resolution 1564.109 This Commission did not find genocide under CPPCG Actus Reus by Sudanese government.110 The “UN International Commission of Inquiry Report” 2005 advises human rights crimes were evidenced, including enforced disappearances, rape, torture and killing of civilians.111 The Commission took measures to improve the state justice system and implemented guidelines for governance in IDP camps.112 The ICC was empowered to enforce government cooperation for peace establishment. International law and peace keeping activities have contributed to progressive change resolution of humanitarian issues in the African region. UN Mission in Central African

Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) set up in 2007 by Security Council Resolution 1778, aimed to help protect civilians, promote human rights and regional peace. In United Nations news article, German Osuna describes activities in early 2011, as MINURCAT

began dismantling and withdrawing its 50 volunteers.113 Raymond, Banks, Baker and Howarth of Harvard’s Humanitarian Human Rights Documentation Team advise in “Human Security Alert” 2011 that this withdrawal coincided satellite monitoring of conflict activity; a measure introduced by UNITAR SENTINEL project founded by UN Peace Ambassador George Clooney.114

108

Article 19 Universal Declaration of Human Rights http://www.unhr.org (International Commission of Inquiry 2005) page 2 110 Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide http://www.unch.org 111 (International Commission of Inquiry 2005) page 3 112 (International Commission of Inquiry 2005) page 3 113 (Osuna German Robles, 2011) http://www.unv.org/en/news-resources/news/doc/un-volunteers-wrapup.html 114 (Nathaniel A. Raymond, with Audrey Banks, Isaac Baker, Caitlin Howarth 2011) see bibliography 109

In the wake of ongoing violence and crime inside relocation camps and their perimeters, a report for Security Council and hybrid operations in Darfur UNAMID was published May 2011 by NGO “Working Group on Women Peace and Security”.115 The NGOWG Committee made recommendations to increase international humanitarian support in Chad and advise enduring barriers to UNMIS mandate on protection of civilians. In the working party group newsletter on peace issues, Alexander Stiles advises UN Women Executive Director Michelle Bachelet and Special Representative of the SecretaryGeneral on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Margot Wallström addressed UN Security Council in April 2011. They commended UN adoption of resolution 1960 on sexual violence and its promise of protection.116 Conflicts between asserted universal human rights and state domestic laws and policies have been discussed alongside progression of international law and humanitarian issues for displaced people seeking refuge and protection under United Nations and global governance. Throughout assessment, one major issue presents as the underlying cause of inadequate resolution and support for all critical issues. The research thesis findings concur with those referenced reports throughout this discussion – culminating in an overall consensus described by the “UN Development Report 2011” as power constructs or silos of state power that prevent a collaborative and coordinated approach to sustainability and equity.117 Due to demonstrated reductionism, alternative peace governance outside state power constraints was proposed. Heterarchic concilience organization as a framework was interrogated. Research is then able to situate sustainability resolutions for displacement.

115

(National Working Group On Women Peace and Security Issues 2011) http://womenpeacesecurity.org (Stiles Alexander 2011) http://www.gnwp.org/connecting-for-peace-issue-8 117 (United Nations Development Programme 2011) see bibliography 116

CHAPTER FOUR

Peace Governance Deficit BACKGROUND PART B – CORE ISSUE: Underlying Cause of Displacement Identified and Discussed. Global Governance Framework does not Support Sustainability and Equity Displacement Solutions

How did the current systemic deficit eventuate in global governance management of peace - and specifically displacement issues? The definition of peace is multi-faceted. The Oxford Dictionary gives a personal description of tranquility or harmony.118 It also describes a period for a state when there is no war or a war has ended. At personal level the definition of peace is inexorably linked to the individual’s state of being and how that state exists within the context of environment. This external paradigm represents the person’s sustainability – how they can best find wellbeing while interacting in a world of influences and interdependencies. In this way peace very much represents survival; being resilient, prepared and adaptive to events that trigger changes and

Human society seeks conditions for peace by behavioural interaction within culture

possibly threaten stable harmonic balance. For sovereign states to experience peace, citizens establish collective position of agreed harmony; demonstrating behavioural traits toward societal sustainability. From

118

(Oxford Dictionary Online 2012) see bibliography

interacting behaviours in culture, human society derives conditions for individual peace and peaceful states through recognition of a set of fundamental rights to exist. These principles are accepted globally under UNDHR.119 Human rights have origins in natural law and are not automatically given; instead asserted through agreed observance of edicts, norms and behaviours in society.120 For humans, achieving the status of peace requires an inextricable relationship and balance between individual, group and general environments – sustainability being the ultimate condition to achieve for mutual survival, prosperity and wellbeing experienced and shared by all. Griffiths and O’Callaghan state in “International Relations: The Key Concepts” 2002, this latter ideology stands at the core of democratic society and is typically the most congruous argument for a capitalist democratic organization.121 Economist and Oxford University Mathematician David Orrell, in “Econo Myths: How The Science of Complex Systems is Transforming Economic Thought” 2012 advises organization of society material life centres on market, tradition and command.122 While capitalism has replaced feudalism as a social function, it has distinct anomalies in construct. Most relevant to the studies of peace is that it co-exists with a ‘hegemonic stability factor’ in which it obliges a dominant state and elite to enforce the rules of free trade. This phallocentric or pyramid hierarchical order provides basis for international societal governance and norms. Its core format is a realist structured state regime softened to accommodate globalization through liberalist impelled international relations and progressively unified economics. The Westphalia Hapsburg treaty of 1642 has unquestionably established modern theorist patterning to political governance and societal function. Pierre Beaudry in “The Economic Policy That Made the Peace of Westphalia” 2003 claims it has championed a dominant example of global cooperation through an era of industrialization and massive economic market expansion.123 Yet this platform utilised for international relations harmony is also divergent to the concept of capitalism as a free trade social organization. The reason these feuding chiefs formed peaceful allegiance (and

119 120 121 122 123

(ohchr.org 2003) Introduction see bibliography (Bagaric M McBeth A 2008) see bibliography (Griffiths M 2002) pp 25, 135 (Orrell David 2012) page 6 (Beaudry Pierre 2003) see bibliography

modernist sovereign state model of political economic order) is they were conspiring to blockade free trade at the expense of the rapidly advancing imperialists – namely the Dutch and British.124 The proposal that states could enjoy peaceful existence as a ‘normal’ state of affairs eventuated through foundations of liberal theories being interjected into state power politics in the eighteenth century. The first major post-Westphalia international society doctrine for peace is that of Kant. His “Perpetual Peace” established the format of liberal states with the principle “war is not a natural condition and that people are peaceloving by nature; they seek harmony and cooperation in international relationships”.125 In recent decades the paradigm of traditional politics has shifted to incorporate environmental and geographical issues. To those interacting in classical governance and immersed in capitalist ideal, this expansion of boundaries has arrived as a forced change out of attempts to provision for onslaught of climate change and global warming.126 As expert geographer Laurence Smith of Earth and Space Sciences at University of California advises, direct impacts of this phenomenon are considerable and broad. Where debate continues on the cause of increased record-breaking weather and environmental disasters, their wake of devastation is without contest. A 2003 global assessment identified drastic changes to phenological cycles such as plant flowering, bird migration etc., at least 12 days earlier annually than 30 years ago. Habitats and range of plants and animals shift at least six kilometres higher and toward the poles every decade. In “The World in 2050” 2011, Smith describes continued heating of Earth’s atmosphere contributed by CO2 levels as close to that of 15 million years earlier - when temperatures were 6 degrees hotter and oceans rose 25-40 metres higher than today. Smith advises Earth’s species are becoming extinct at an unprecedented rate. The major atmospheric contributor of Greenhouse gas emissions arises from development and exploitation of natural resources. This fact evidences direct chain of causation with economy and dynamics of population organization in association to habitable environments. These global megatrends are possibly the most damning evidence that

124 125 126

(Beaudry Pierre 2003) see bibliography (Kant Immanuel 1795) see bibliography (Smith Laurence C 2011) C1 pp4-9

capitalism -without regenerative business sustainability - as an ideal for peaceful coexistence is instead possibly the greatest threat to planetary survival. This highlights need for progressive economics without losing the benefits that capitalism has brought to human civilization.127

What are major anomalies/issues of global governance deficit in relation to peace and displacement? The existing state regime and UN incited form of global governance is failing to meet expected demands for future survival of human society. Griffiths and O’Callaghan observe “unless the UN is reformed, the gap between expectation and performance is unlikely to be closed”. 128 This sentiment reflects researcher statements such as Art Jan Scholte who reports UN involvement and interaction with civil society is seriously lacking.129 In “Civil Society and Democracy in Global Governance” 2002, Scholte states: “In each area of global policy, [ecology, markets, finance, organizations and global production] public participation and public accountability are generally weak” These statements appear consistent to news reports of the recent 2012 Rio Summit facilitated by the UN Development Programme specifically to meet needs of developing future governance mechanisms and strategies for societal survival, via a sustainability and equity remit.130 Among those who reported the summit conduct and outcomes as a serious failure is Irish President and former UN High Commissioner Mary Robinson, who described the event as “a failure of leadership”.

127 128 129 130

(Orrell David 2012) ch 10 (Griffiths M 2002) International Relations p 320 (Scholte Jan Aart 2002) Civil Society and Democracy in Global Governance see also bibliography (Black Richard 2012) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18549216

What governance mechanisms are already in place to overarch a broad governance context of sustainability and equity? Since formation of post-Westphalian regime, a substantive body of international law has evolved. Christian Reus-Smit in “International Law” 2005 describes law in modernist state regime was incited by Hugo Grotius who first wrote the law of war and peace: “De Jure Belli Ac Pacis”1624 and codified legal agreements in “The Law of Nations” in 1648.131 The embryonic human rights movement derived the “Magna Carta” 1215.132 The Middle Ages Organization advises that this doctrine including the rights of citizens, inspired the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights of 1776.133 These were followed shortly after by the Declaration of the Rights of Man 1791 indoctrinated by the National Assembly of France. This work by Thomas Paine served an inroad into international law, establishing equality as a founding principle for individuals to establish democracies with representative governments.134 Charlesworth, Burns, Weston and Falk in the “Supplement of Basic Documents to International Law and World Order” 1997 advise contemporary organization for international law was conceived under “Kellogg-Briand Pact Nuremberg Tribunal 1928”.135 This post World War I treaty was multi-lateral renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy. The subsequent World War II led Atlantic Charter 1942, formalised the role of UN as an international humanitarian and peace keeping organ in 1945. Sands in “International Law: a Short and Recent History’, Lawless World: America and the Making and Breaking of Global Rules” 2005 advises after UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 was ratified, the body of international law as a peace governance mechanism has continued to grow with needs impelled by globalized society.136 The International Bill of Human Rights formed umbrella for the major instruments of contemporary universal human rights law.137 International Law is currently contstrained within UN Hegemony. In territorial or sovereign state law, all political and governance function is accountable and enforced

131 132 133 134 135 136 137

Grotius 1925:121 cit. (Reus-Smit C, ‘International law'’, 2005) page 282 (Magna Carta 1215) see bibliography (Middle Ages Organization 2008) (IHA, 2012) see bibliography entered into force 1929 (Charlesworth Burns H Weston Falk R 1997) (Sands P 2005) pp 9-10 (ohchr.org 2003) Introduction; see bibliography

by legal authority – i.e. in democracy, domestic law is the overarching accountability measure and enforcer of societal governing codes, rules and norms. A global governance approach to justice consistent to domestic law would reflect a model similar to figure 3 below.

Figure 3 Optimum Authority of Intl Law in Governance 2010

Currently, international law governed by UN International Court of Justice (ICJ) is presided over by Security Council who can direct or change legal activity at will.138 Under objective scrutiny, it is difficult to describe government as “democratic” when political leaders and states are able to override international law. For global justice to be effective in accordance with the founding principles of law – universal human rights and the collaborative body of UN agreed and customary international law, the legal justice system requires function that is autonomous to political hegemonic control. The latter adopting a role of protection and enforcement as the result of legal advice and direction.

138

(International Criminal Court 2002) see bibliography

Does alternate social governance theory facilitate a broader context for a governance model for management of peace issues? When considering alternatives to the context of capitalism, modernist political thought typically swings to communist and socialist alternatives. The historic track record of populations oppressed under Leninist, Stalinist and Maoist state rule does little to inspire proponents of a capitalist propelled free world of democratic peace.139 Linklater advises Marx, Engels and Gramasci views on Marxism perspectives of social class order have been more favourably received by political theorists, but for the most part have failed to find legitimacy in the context of practical application.140 Yet it was Marx’s writings of the 1840s that predicatively established capitalism would become a dominant power construct of market forces worldwide. Marx perceived the role of capitalism to be transformative; bringing technology, international interconnectedness while reducing societal fears of other cultures. These statements have eventuated to a great extent in today’s globalized society. It is Marx’s belief in secularization of society and projection of the eventual collapse of capitalism that has led to frequent rejection by political analysts. Linklater advises critics (possibly prematurely) have pointed out Marx’s belief in the demise of Nationalism in a global sweep toward cosmopolitan project, has failed to eventuate. Perhaps the greatest failing or incompleteness of Marxist theory to meet contemporary needs of international society is firstly; focus on the devastation from capitalist mass exploitation of market human labour. Instead, technology advancement ensures that automation where possible will replace the human function – ultimately downsizing labour market and employment opportunities to continue profits through efficiency. After a short to medium cycle of cheap labour exploitation, the longer cycle promotes labour reduction. Employee attrition and technology acquisition usually occurs most during the maturity and revival phases of a business corporation lifecycle theoretical model – such as that first introduced by Grenier in 1972 and discussed “Harvard Business Review” 1998.141

139 140 141

(Benedict C 2007) see bibliography Linklater cit in (Burchill S 2009) pp 113-119 (Grenier L. E. 1972 and 1998) see bibliography

It is not clear where this model will lead in third world populations with heavy lower socio economic base. Capitalism in large corporation format also replaces consumer demand and supply from small to medium sector economies, where many third world communities currently survive through micro trade by families and village industries. As a second point of predictive failing, Marx upheld the communist belief that secularization would also remove need for religious faith

Lost agriculture and scientific expertise resulted in famine and conflicts

worship and enlightened culture values.142 The devastating results of the Maoist Cultural Revolution at the expense of citizens forced to give up arts, cultural and intellectual heritage in homage of a common state doctrine stands testimony; that man’s existential survival

includes consciousness.143 The removal of ‘consciousness’ from governance resulted in the loss of knowledge and strategic ability. Lost agriculture and scientific expertise in favour of a peasant ideologue resulted in famine and conflicts.144 Inapposite to the communist ideologue of giving up creative self and spiritual identification, society is witnessing a modern epiphany where spiritual values systems are being reclaimed in organic format as opposed to political-religious control.145

What other organization governance structures facilitate sustainability and equity that most meet needs for management of peace issues? This research identifies alternative governance needs require lateral spread of oversight, dynamic shifts of power leadership and adaptive responsiveness to environment and culture through collaborative relationships. Heterarchic organization features as potentially meeting key requirements.

142 143 144 145

Linklater cit in (Burchill S 2009) pp 113-115 (Jenkins Willis 2009) page 1 (Benedict C 2007) page 4 (Sisodia R 2011) http://www.consciouscapitalism.org see bibliography

SECTION THREE

Context of Peace Governance

Heterarchic Organization Transdisciplinary Concilience Peace Centre Clusters

About this Section Research assessed the nature and situation of displacement as a peace issue, identified and discussed the anomalies of its diagnostic root cause in the deficit of current systemic global governance. With clear identification of issues it was plausible to devise an alternate peace governance framework that more adequately facilitates effective management and operation of global peace in the context of those areas most identified as lacking. These are UNDP defined ‘Sustainability and Equity’ issues. For consistency, this research has adopted similar taxonomies – yet emphasises the most prominent deficit for governance within the sustainability and equity umbrella for peace is centred in ‘culture’. The way human societies form, organize and interrelate is clearly a huge knowledge deficit in governance when it comes to driving society and imposing rules, regulations and norms. The general lack of understanding of cultural attributes and consequent failure to address anomalies and risks of misunderstanding appears central to almost every peace issue evaluated – in first world and developing countries. As the world increases cultural diffusion through globalization, multicultural societies are struggling with diversity. Displacement presents cultural knowledge deficit and consequent unwillingness of states to support migration options. In recent years the Hubble telescope revealed immense strings of galaxies criss cross the cosmos collecting into vast clusters and super clusters where the strings intersect. On largest scale the structure resembles a cosmic web of galaxies spanning the universe. With a similar “Gaia” perspective, this research proposes and describes an alternate peace governance framework that comprises peace centres and operative cluster nodes, interacting and renegotiating alliance through a governance of heterarchic concilience – overseen by international human rights law for equity and sustainability. The following chapters describe and discuss this peace model. Vivienne Tobassa Eggers © 2012 PEACE Earth-‐Centred Equity and Sustainability Contextual Strategies in Response to Displacement

CHAPTER FIVE

Heterarchic Organization

Heterarchic Concilience Contexts – A Collaborative Purpose Oriented “Coming Together” for Governing Peace.

What are primary features of a heterarchic governance organization making it superior to post-‐Westphalian state regime model of peace governance? In “Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Sciences” 1995 editor, Joyce White advises heterarchic organization has in recent years progressed to the forefront of strategy management.146 Researcher Karen Stephenson describes this expanded view of ‘flatter’ management builds on research and theories interrogating corporate strategy and organization design. The multi-national corporation – now holding a quasi global governance system of its own - is continuing the need to re-engineer its business model to adapt to change in market forces and sustainability. FEATURES

MARKET

HIERARCHY

NETWORK

HETERARCHY

Relationship

Transaction

Authority

Trust

Collaborative

Exchange

Non-repetitive

Routine

Repetitive

Intermittent

Focus

Disinterested

Vested Interest

Personal Interest

Collective Good

Rate of Change

Dramatic but not Radical

Slow and Incremental

Rapid and Radical

Sense and Respond

Knowledge Management

Contracts

Policies

Conventions

Agreements

Figure 4 Heterarchy is Greater than Sum of its Parts – Karen Stephenson NetForm Inc.

Human Resource drivers have championed the ideology of heterarchic organization as one that has a levelling effect on power structures – thus enabling a more balanced

146

(White Joyce C 1995 - Online ED 2008) Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Sciences pp 101123

distribution of functional management and stewardship through corporate governance. It is well accepted by larger corporations that flatter management models tend to be more effective in meeting the overall business strategy and health. These organizations focus on stakeholder theory – where employee cultures are more empowered to contribute to the organization’s success through cultural values drivers in addition to economic benefits. As corporate theorists Freeman, Wicks and Parmar state in “Stakeholder Theory and the Organization Revisited” 2004:147 “Whereas all these firms value their shareholders and profitability, none of them make profitability the fundamental driver of what they do. These firms also see the import of values and relationships with stakeholders as a critical part of their ongoing success.”

Although economic profit remains the primary driver of a commercial entity, business strategies increasingly raise priority of ‘soft values’ and importance of building these values in employee culture to achieve success. Rajendra Sisodia of Bentley University in “Conscious Capitalism” 2011 advises data gathered on corporations - who were voted as most successful by employees - reported values culture and work-life balance as critical to their corporate strategy.148 Many of these same companies are also top financial performers. Sisodia states the best performing contemporary corporations are ones who also instil leadership values that are spiritual, egalitarian and considerate of environmental sustainability. He reports companies adopting these ethics have outperformed all other companies on a 9:1 ratio over a ten year period.149 The input from strategic management knowledge leaders can provide example to political governance organization – particularly with size and reach of multi-national corporations. In “Commentary on Corporate Strategies and Environmental Regulations: an Organizing Framework by A. M. Rugman and A. Verbeke” John McGee advises financial investment in improving corporate health and sustainability is perceived as a necessity for the company to function effectively and continue to maximise profit.150 In this way corporate sector has built a knowledge base of

147

(Freeman Edward Wicks Andrew Parmar Bidhan 2004) see bibliography (Sisodia R 2011) see bibliography 149 (Pillay S Sisodia R 2011) see bibliography 150 (McGee John 1998) pp 379-380 148

functional organization and strategy that can validate the appropriateness of corporate and global governance situated in a paradigm of environmental, culture ethics and sustainability. The economic drivers of business may have brought the world closer to anarchic instability, yet also brings the knowledge of effective strategy, governance frameworks, adaptive change organization and engendered resilience culture. As Goldberg and Dent observe in “Challenging Resistance to Change” 1991 aspects of validated successful resilience culture implemented through corporate transformation for efficiency and holistic vision may contribute to global governance organization.151 Heterarchic organization provides opportunity of a transitional model to shift governance paradigms without destroying the economic liberal platform and functional base of existing capitalist governance. Through thematic hierarchy, it spreads the balance of power while accounting to higher values that are outside economic reward and punishment. These higher values are not enhanced through alignment to any religion – but rather to Earth values – understanding the governing cycles of Earth and achieving sustainability. Understanding must be transferred into cogent principles to establish measures that have a quantifiable value – creative and cultural heuristics that demonstrate direct sustainability impacts through resilience and adaptive capability sought. These should align with equity and distributive justice indicators identified as a global governance goal by UNDP.152 This activity may then be transferred into a secondary economic value. One example is efficiency and expenditure savings achieved through adopting cultural preparedness and principles applied through transformation programmes. This streamline process can offset and minimise costs currently funding violent crime and conflict security, disaster recovery and humanitarian relief.

151 152

(Dent S Goldberg E 1999) page 27 (United Nations Development Programme 2011) page 18

Figure 5 Example of Overlapping Adaptive Traits Inter-personal and Exogenic V.Eggers 2009

What issues exist that may restrict implementation of heterarchy as a successful governance model? The general consensus on heterarchy is this model’s successful implementation requires establishment of highly collaborative, purpose oriented and social cultural networks built on trust and loyalty.153 Karen Stephenson describes a major issue to implementation of heterarchic governance is there is “no known existence of an archaeological example of heterarchy”. In fact, there is one profound example of matriarchal Earth-centred highly successful heterarchic governance.

153

(White Joyce C 1995 - Online ED 2008)

In the heterarchic concilience peace model, society adopts strategy and heterarchic frameworks that serve the purpose of meeting peace needs in global society. This model may be implemented parallel to any existing governance mechanisms in place. It provides sustainable development, disaster recovery, minority and indigenous needs. It serves the major phases of peace: prevention and diplomacy, peace keeping and peace building. Box 3 – Modelling Adaptive and Cultural Resilience Box 3 Adaptive and Cultural Resilience 2012

What is an historic example of successful heterarchic global governance? Historian Paul Munoz in “Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula” 2006 is a prominent researcher of early civilizations who describes the formation of a little known heterarchic governance. By 6th century CE Sumatra became Buddhist centre of Sri-Vijaya dynasty, formed approximately 3000 years ago.154 Sri-Vijaya comprised extensive and prosperous trading alliances, unrivalled in size and extent by early Westphalia state sovereigns. J. Miksik in “The Classical Cultures of Indonesia” described a ‘mysterious civilization’ centred on a spiritual values core of Tara (primordial Goddess) knowledge - visited by international scholars and philosophers.155 Multi-lateral relations spanned Polynesia to New Zealand, Australia, Easter Island and the Americas. Network extended through Asia, Persia, Africa and even Europe into Celtic Britain. Temples including Borobudur and Ankor Wat were built. Two outlying Indonesian settlements were established in Java and Bali.

What was the nature of Sri-‐Vijayan heterarchic governance and how did it function?

154 155

(Munoz Paul Michel 2006) pp 117-201 (Miksik J 2004) page 234

Sri-Vijaya formed in area not suitable for agriculture with small population. This anomaly caused the early dynastic rulers to adopt skilled political strategy outside traditional approaches to hierarchical kingship.156 They sought ‘benign’ agreements with neighbouring cultures for resources and primary production. Troops supporting the regime were also outsourced – requiring a high level of loyalty. Significant factors to heterarchic strategic governance included control of maritime ports where every vessel required transit between Indian Ocean and South China

Member territories fostered loyalty relationships and demonstrated political negotiation skills

Sea. Due to distance between member territories the SriVijayan rulers fostered high level political negotiation skills and ‘loyalty engagement’ in relations. The autonomous model rendered costs of security (i.e. war and enforcement of rule) prohibitive.157 To maintain

peace rulers centred their alliance on a spiritual values culture. Relationships were engaged through culture heritage autonomy recognition, kinship, political and filial networks. Munoz describes organization and administration in the height of political power 682 AD, as: 158 “… a high-‐density semi urban area where commoners who belonged to the powerful corporations lived and worked. Temples, monasteries, parks and markets were also located in this area.” This hub was surrounded by local Datus (spiritual leaders) who were vassals of SriVijaya but retained authority over their land. Outside this circle lay the ‘Mandala’ – comprising principalities and chiefdoms whose regions held a sphere of influence. The outer territorial relationship entities incorporated the ‘whole’ – the inner layers described and all trade outposts to form the political governance shell.

156 157 158

(Munoz Paul Michel 2006) pp 118-120 (Munoz Paul Michel 2006) page 119 Ibid page 126

What makes Sri-‐Vijayan organization pattern superior to contemporary peace needs over today’s state regime model? O. Walters in “Srivijayan Expansion in the 7th Century” 1961 describes state formation where ultimate mission drivers of trade and prosperity were championed. 159 In “Incorporating Heterarchy into Theory on Socio-political Development: the Case from Southeast Asia” 1995, Joyce White discusses oligarchic hierarchies that inter-react on the basis of continually renegotiated alliances.160 Munoz advises historian Paul Manguin in “The Amorphous Nature of Coastal Polities in Insular Southeast Asia” 2002 validates heterarchic formation on Sri-Vijaya.161 Cultural definition held sustainable connotations of livelihood and prosperity outside pure fiscal exchange and wealth priority. Governance under Sri-Vijayan alliance upheld four major principles. Mandala leaders who fell through death or loss of power did not terminate dynastic agreements.162 Rulers had very few wars or internal rebellions. Rivalry inside each vassal was not permitted. Of the few battles fought, conquered rulers were maintained as vassal leaders. Many vassals also had appointed Sri-Vijayan governors – evidence of high level diplomacy. After enjoying a reign of peace for approximately 1000 years the Golden Tara era declined in the 13th century as Islamic Sufism began to take over central Indonesia. Societal organization degraded and subverted the traditional honouring of Earth-centred matriarchal principles.163 From 6th century onward, power constructs had shifted under successive changes in hegemonic leadership and those members of this order were now living under ‘tantric threats’ of cursed damnation as a means of enforced cooperation. Regardless, early life in this international society remains one of the most successful examples of alternate governance power constructs where cultural and sustainability heuristics served platform for mutual agreements in trade and organization of material society. Examples of cultural heritage demonstrating peace society have survived today into normative practices of Tibetan Buddhism and Balinese villages.

159 160 161 162 163

(Wolters O W 1961) see bibliography (White Joyce C 1995 - Online ED 2008) (Manguin Paul 2002) pp 73-99 (Munoz Paul Michel 2006) p 121 (Munoz Paul Michel 2006) page 126

Bali enjoys one of the lowest domestic crime and violence rates of any society despite dealing with past terrorism and a rise in violent crime corresponding with globalization impacts of tourism.164 Police statistics advise in 2011 crime rates dropped by 10% to 5,280 reported crimes spread across a population of 4 million people. The Buddhist culture of Tibet and surrounding Asian states stands as testimony to ideals of indoctrination of peace culture. Buddhist temples attract scholars, social justice advocates and spiritual values inspired visitors from all religious faiths around the world.165

How can the successful Sri-‐Vijayan model of heterarchy be applied to contemporary governance to resolve peace issues? White describes a dynamic state of “continually renegotiated” hierarchies in her model of heterarchic governance.166 This attribute is possibly critical to successful implementation of a heterarchic model in the context of global governance as opposed to organization management theory – where alliances and agreements of major actors may be positioned by a static controlling hegemonic power – such as a corporate board of directors. The Sri-Vijayan governance clearly demonstrates a successful model of governing peace that harmonizes culture and in particular the ‘consciousness’ or spiritual values identified by Willis Jenkins in “Sustainability – The Spirit of Sustainability” 2009.167 The matriarchal Buddhist Earth-centred core of society cemented relationships that engendered the high degree of trust and loyalty required for successful heterarchic governance, identified by Stephenson and colleagues.168

How can effective solution strategies now be applied within context of the proposed heterarchic Earth-‐centred framework for peace governance? 164 165 166 167 168

(Erviani Ni Komang 2012) see bibliography (Tibetan Government in Exile, 2010) see bibliography (White Joyce C 1995 - Online ED 2008) (Jenkins Willis 2009) page 1 (Stephenson K 2009) pp 7-9

Enabling a heterarchic model of multi-actor concilience provides an alternative contextual framework to resolve the root problem of global governance deficit. The Earth-centred heterarchy is broad, flexible and dynamic, inviting collaborative relationships that come together for specific purposes of peace governance while retaining an overall goal of sustainability and equity sensitivity. The encompassing nature of international law is ideally positioned within this model to provide ultimate authority, via protection, enforcement and remedy.

International law is ideally positioned in society to provide ultimate authority in governance

Within this framework, robust and resilient solutions for displacement may now be proposed as a case study of critical issues in human development equity and sustainability.

CHAPTER SIX

Heterarchic Concilience Contextualizing the Earth Centred Sustainability Peace Model through Re modeling Transdisciplinary Approaches

The major function of this research peace model comprises peace centres and interrelationship functional entities (forming peace cluster nodes) within a region (or construct such as an IDP camp. The peace cluster may host one or more centres of administration that oversee the binding function of all stakeholder activities carried out for peace process. These inter-connected cluster nodes utilise an approach of heterarchic concilience; host international expertise in sciences technology and cross disciplinary fields from academic, scientific and societal

Heterarchic concilience is a coming together of transdisciplanary knowledge and collaborative agents in society

sectors in various forms of relationship.169 William Whelwell first described concilience in “The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences” 1998.170 In “Foundations of Transdisciplinarity” 2005 Max Neef coined the term ‘transdisciplinary method’ as he applied concilience through a hierarchical approach to

coordination with empirical, pragmatic, normative and value levels offering structured layers of interrogation.171

169 170 171

(Roumasset J Burnett K Balisacan A 2010) pp 78-81 (Whelwell W 1998) see bibliography (Neef Max 2005) pp 5-16

Figure 6 Conciliation Transdisciplinary Approach

Although Neef describes the ‘top’ level of the hierarchy comprises values, ethics and philosophy, he explains that each level ‘coordinates into’ the level above. This renders a ‘bottom up’ driver structure, where greatest value is given to empirical level, or sciences. In considering this hierarchical approach to governance – another driver has been omitted at foundation level. This is economic, financial reliance that impels current function of society. Narifumi Tachimoto in “Global Area Studies and Fieldwork” 2004 takes the approaches of concilience and transdisciplinary method to apply an integrated transdisciplinary project type research.172 This broader arrangement creates a thematic value for common ground to be established between researchers from various disciplines. An extension of this model is described as heterarchic concilience. The approach removes hierarchical priorities associated by Neef’s transdisciplinary approach and centres drivers in equity and sustainability issues as per the following diagram. This act forms network of integrating entity relationships that emerge a dynamic natural hierarchy of importance or order, thematically based on the associated impact of each peace change issue and often re-negotiated. Individual event or risk impelled triggers in turn initiate project based scenarios and organization collaboration described by Tachimoto.

172

(Tachimoto Narifumi 2004) see bibliography

Figure 7 Heterarchic Concilience Organization Example for Peace Sustainability 2012 V. Eggers In this organization model societal factors of governance may be arranged in any appropriate categories to form base entities that inter-relate to oversee global peace network governance. The central core remains constant in composition, is fed by non specified number of knowledge entities who may provide specialist contribution and partner coordination from any academic, industry or societal function. The dynamic nature of entity relationship and disciplinary concilience is to facilitate varietal needs within the context of peace sustainability and equity issues. Box – Heterarchic Concilience Model of Governance 2012 Box 4 Heterarchic Concilience Model of Governance 2012

CHAPTER SEVEN

Peace Centre Clusters Structural and Functional Considerations of the Peace Model Design and Operation

Peace centres and cluster nodes feature the culture and design of the host community.

Figure 8 - Example of Peace Centre Design

The peace model’s heart is situated in local community – and autonomous to any existing governance or systemic body. This should not preclude the peace centres from integrating, utilising and partnering those systemic entities that may mutually support the programme aims. It should locate in alignment with a regional control body of ICC or regional court if these exist – for the purpose of aligning governance with International Law. Text Box 4 – Peace Centre Design

Figure 9 Peace eco Cluster Node in Region

Peace clusters comprise an international network of peace culture exchange for social assimilation and knowledge awareness. Governance oversees sustainability management and justice provision of human rights ethics and international law, ensuring these components and other agreed societal norms are upheld by peace programmes and activities. The peace model can be utilised to develop strategic governance mechanisms relevant to global governance and international law. These mechanisms are perceived to support adaptive change capability of human populations for survival, conflict and disaster prevention and post recovery The cultural values base of the Earth-centred knowledge repository is derived from Indigenous, heritage expressions and societal norms. Social assimilation, sustainability and equity factors are developed to support crisis survivor cultures and disadvantaged groups. Function supports creative economy (artistic, primary production, and lifestyles industries) and supports heritage preservation. The peace model develops sustainability, human development and equity programmes utilising heterarchic concilience knowledge input. Frameworks developed and operated within the governance umbrella, incorporate existing networks for peace and relevant not for profit sector programmes. Box – Peace Cluster Description -‐ 2011

Box 5 Peace Cluster Model 2007

Figure 10 Peace Context Drivers Sustainability Equity in Culture Vivienne Tobassa Eggers 2011

SECTION FOUR Equity and Sustainability Solutions

Emergency Options Eco-Peace Cities

About this Section The design of an alternate governance system – in this case one of heterarchic concilience for global peace – readjusts the boundaries and paradigm of existing governance, described as inflexible and reductionist. For an ethic of sustainability and equity ‘peace’, the existing systemic model delivered through UN alleviates and supports, yet continues to be described as inadequate or even detrimental to peace efforts. A new heterarchic concilience framework for peace governance contextualized – even as hypothesis – enables the critical issue of displacement to be ‘re-visited’, with solutions proposed and situated outside the current systemic restrictive model. This enables the best of existing systemic delivery to continue in parallel to any potential alleviation and evolution that may be implemented from alternate expanded governance. Displacement is just one critical issue of peace that may be addressed with alternate solutions possible under a new context designed to align with greater objectives of sustainability. In this research the case study is a crisis issue that continues to build by scale and proportion in the face of climate change and development. This section provides solutions for displacement that meet current and ongoing issues with the ethic of sustainability and equity delivered through alternate governance paradigm of the heterarchic concilience peace model. The case study embraces deficit of culture knowledge. Vivienne Tobassa Eggers © 2012 PEACE Earth-‐Centred Equity and Sustainability Contextual Strategies in Response to Displacement

CHAPTER EIGHT

Emergency Displacement Sustainable Development for Equity and Sustainability – Meeting the Needs for Current Displacement, Migration Deficit and Future Crisis

Strategic Solutions for Displaced People via Global Governance With forced displacement already at critical levels, the load on global governance funded relief measures weighs heavily on sovereign states sharing burden of peace security. Current UN statistics on state immigration trends is reported 3.1% at 2010.173 This represents only .2% increase from 1990 (see figure 11). Of people displaced annually; only a very few successfully relocate to other countries via immigration. UNCHR efforts to meet 2012 targets for stabilization and reconstruction has resulted in a swell of voluntary repatriation, particularly in African continents.174 UNCHR objectives ensure provisions of basic shelter and protection for refugees in camps – many already residing for longer than a decade. Basic aid and logistical operations support available to displaced people, resettlement activities and social needs support arrive late in the crisis process – if at all. With predicted escalation of numbers to be displaced in the future, alternative solutions must be developed and trialled as a matter of urgency. In “Responding to Emergencies” 2006 UNCHR gives background and advises a decade of improvements to disaster preparedness.175 Coordination, communication and emergency response by UN is far more effective – despite states not willing to be involved. The capacity and capability of emergency response efforts have improved. The way the process and respective activities are implemented and managed systemically continues to undermine effectiveness and long term sustainability.

173 174

(UNCTAD, 2012) see bibliography (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs, 2012)

http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e45c366.html 175

(UNCHR.org, 2006) ch 4

Figure 11 UNCTAD 2008

Figure 12 UN DESA Population Division 'Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision' - UNCTAD 2012

It is high priority to fulfil acknowledged global governance deficit by developing an overarching programme for ‘whole of government’.176 This activity coincides UNCHR call for agent with role of overseeing IDP emergencies.177 IDP funding is grossly deficit

176 177

(OECD 2006) page 18 paper on coordination of policy input from various government departments (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs, 2012) see bibliography

and sought under UNEP. Forced displacement requires consolidated and agreed approach to migration and resettlement - strategies to be developed that are governed and monitored internationally.178 One potential solution proposed within this research heterarchic peace framework is for states to open borders through temporary or provisional, cultural intakes. If the migration pattern is temporary, it is assumed influx and flow of migration should remain fluid and benefit greater numbers of people. This solution contradicts findings in the 2007 World Bank report “Social Assimilation by Immigrants” - de Palo, Faini and Venturini whose findings are based on ‘slowness’ of migrant integration.179 The proposed heterarchic peace framework mitigates ‘slowness’ through transformational design. Corporate cultural change programmes do not have the luxury of a ‘slow’ two decade change assimilation curve. Organization change management focus programmes with two-three year life cycle for critical adoption and subsequent ongoing reinforcement.180 Temporary and provisional migration may appear not to benefit refugees and migrants needing long term resettlement. Yet states opening borders to ongoing migrant flow create opportunity for large numbers to experience more stable, peaceful cultural environments – the model an iterational build of social assimilation that also benefits the receiving economy.181 Dustmann and Glitz earlier described capital value return model for student migration may be applied to displacement within this peace framework to work in similar capacity - peace cluster programmes forming the education centre intermediary.182 It is also imperative to address issues and fears experienced by receiving states, ensuring migrants are prepared and competent to participate in the new society. The proposed interim status of migrant acceptance enables receiving societies to evaluate competency for cultural adoption – outside traditional wealth and education heuristics.183 This scheme may include contractual agreement that clearly states

178 179 180 181 182 183

(Patrick S Brown K 2007) page 6 (de Palo D Faini R Venturini A 2007) page 14 (Dooley Jeff 1997) page 2 (Bagaric M Morss J 2005) see bibliography (Dustmann Christian Glitz Albrecht 2011) pp 541 (Dustmann Christian Glitz Albrecht 2011) pp 541-560

provisions for acceptance, behaviour and cultural norms adherence in society over and above constitutional domestic law. Contracts might also state assimilation milestones; where cultural competency is assessed progressively during the visitor’s tenure. Peace clusters and programmes may interact to mutual benefit of migrant, refugee and other cultures with states who agree to participate in knowledge and social assimilation exchange. Migrant groups may attend temporary residential programmes designed to impart Earth-centred peace values such as Indigenous held knowledge, environmental sustainability, survival resilience and social justice esteem re-building. Social development, creative economic skills and other social-cultural values transformation will assist global multi-cultural understanding, post trauma recovery and adaptive readiness to integrate with receiving societies cultural heritage values. This model’s intervention toward resettlement is demonstrated in the following process.

The peace centre is an intermediary point for transformative recovery by those surviving conflict and disaster – prior to transitional or full resettlement in new cultures. Programmes encourage local and global multi-cultural interaction through a contributing international support structure. Some educational learning may be used for bridging programmes in preparation for further formal academic education or skills related employment. The concept of contractual agreements empowers individuals to be self accountable for their actions and role in society – receiving a positive change spiral of beneficial enrichment that can incrementally restore well-being through participation and contribution to new society. The role of legal authority is to provide justice model for civilians temporarily outside context of state regime. This may take form of ‘jurisdictional law’ – corresponding with common law principles, domestic criminal codes and incorporating existing body of international law. This international justice body requires autonomy and as with domestic law, hold the powers to oversee and enforce justice over the ‘international citizens’ who are involved in the peace model functions. This authority might also reside with shared or separate powers of International Criminal Court in accordance with the Rome Statute 1998. Box – Peace Programme

Box 6 Peace Programme Process Cycle 2012

Figure 13 Peace Sustainability and Equity Cycle of Governance – Vivienne Tobassa Eggers 2011

An international citizen migration/relocation framework may adequately meet global state migration issues on the scale of contemporary immigration intakes. Additional sustainability strategies are needed for the millions of displaced people currently surviving in camps.

Strategic Solutions for Displaced Civilians in Survivor Camps Mats Berdal and Achim Wennmann advise in “Ending Wars, Consolidating Peace: Economic Perspectives” 2010 that multi-dimensional challenges of re-establishing peace stability following war and violent conflict involve creating participatory political systems, laws, human rights and social cultural values that reintegrate common

norms.184 In the Darfur conflict example described, peacebuilding is established and reflected in marked improvement to refugee conditions. Yet it remains a slow and traumatic societal re-establishment. In well documented reports HH Dalai Lama and the Tibetan Government in exile preserved their stricken culture and re-established heritage and social justice values in their resettled populations.185 With consolidated committed approach and provisions for resettlement and funding, it has taken more than thirty years for Tibetans to establish an exemplary example of peacebuilding from conflict displacement. This community is now attributed by many international scholars, advocates and interest groups, as a human rights cultural learning centre. The major difference to Tibet in exile and camp cultures such as Darfur is Tibetans were early appropriated land for exclusive resettlement (although integrated with local citizens). Governance principles were transported intact via a spiritual values culture model, (similar to the core culture of heterarchy Sri-Vijaya) facilitating rapid reestablishment of a normative social and political order familiar to the displaced civilians. People of Darfur and other regions do not have an organized, supported and protected model of sustainability transported with their displacement. The size and scale of peacebuilding operations is considerable and features reconstruction amidst “high levels of poverty, low levels of human development and institutional capacity, international aid challengers and unstable weak governance”.186 It appears measures to develop conditions for survivors can continue to improve. One example is the threat to women, children and ‘at risk’ groups in camps. Increased protection may be offered in designated ‘safe’ zones for those who feel fear and threat to life. The UN Organization Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) currently deploys emergency specialists, where local capacity is overwhelmed.187

184

(Berdal Mats Wennmann Achim 2010) page 78 (Tibet Justice Centre 2010) see bibliography 186 (Berdal Mats Wennmann Achim 2010) page 78 187 (UNOCHA 2012) see bibliography 185

Emergency centres for disaster recovery are ideally incorporated in proposed heterarchic peace clusters. UNCHR reports this approach is already being established for emergency response, yet remains outside context of a coordinated peace process described in this paper.188 In 2011 the ‘ASEAN Humanitarian Assistance Center’ was agreed to be established in Bali Indonesia, in response to ASEAN’s commitment for peace and disaster preparedness.189 This regional emergency response unit provides a model for adaptive-ready culture. IDP camps may establish a peacebuilding hub and network as early as possible with formation of displacement camps and their protective administration (existing peacekeeping activities). Programmes may address social cultural needs in addition to basic survival and protection. This statement is made with acknowledgement that even basic survival needs are initially deficit in displacement camps.190 Low contingency preparatory measures are in place prior to conflict or disaster. Current systemic process for dealing with displaced people, who often remain vulnerable in ‘at risk’ locations indefinitely is inadequate. There is paucity of evidential disaster planning for displaced populations recovery, resettlement and migration.

An infrastructure of peace governance in ongoing operation autonomous to UN crisis support provides a potential for proactive and stable ongoing measures instead of the current model of crisis reaction. Instead it builds standalone capacity of sustainability and human development, lending support to crisis events that occur in any possible time and geographic location with a global network and infrastructure already in place to receive and support those displaced. Many existing IGOs and NGOs involved in peacebuilding and sustainable development can also operate more efficiently and effectively within this framework that eventually becomes a normative cultural model for society. This ideal of peace prevention and peace adaptive readiness engenders societal stability. It provides remedial solution that alleviates current crisis while implementing measures for ongoing predictive crisis. Box – Peace Governance Cycle Inter-dependent of event-time UN crisis response cycle

Box 7 Peace Governance and UN Crisis Cycles

188 189 190

(UNCHR.org, 2006) see bibliography (ASEAN 2011) see bibliography (UNCHR.org, 2006) see bibliography

Figure 14 Peace Governance Framework Vivienne Tobassa 2012

CHAPTER NINE

Peace Eco Resettlement Peace Eco Cities of Hope – Planning Development and Infrastructure for Equity and Sustainability via the Earth Centred Peace Programme

Sustainability science developed out of societal need to utilise science and technology knowledge in the pursuit of sustainable development.191 The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) released a report by Brundtland Commission “Our Common Future” in 1987. In a bid to integrate economic and environmental management, Brundtland published a model of three overlapping biological, economic and social systems that offered a unique set of human goals for each context. Sustainability was defined as “…development that meets needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations”. Two ensuing decades have witnessed the Brundtland integrated sustainability model move to the forefront of global political agenda. Helen Clark, former Prime Minister of New Zealand and current administrator of UNDP advises high priority.192

“Beyond the Millennium Development Goals, the world needs a post-‐2015 development framework that reflects equity and sustainability.” The 2011 UN Development Report provides significant global governance collaboration regarding research and issues of sustainability and equity. Equity is defined upon US philosopher John Rawls’ description of individuals receiving justice asserted liberties and procedural fairness with permitted inequalities - if this were to serve overall good of

191 192

(Ravago Majab-Leah V Roumasset James A & Balisacan A M 2011) pp 4-6 (United Nations Development Programme 2011) page 7

society. Debate defining equalities and inequalities produced the ‘capability approach’.193 Capability ideals concern issues for poor and disadvantaged groups and additional access needed to goods and services in society. This report aptly raises concerns of “adverse repercussions on human development in the absence of environmental sustainability “…those intersections with equity, particularly those disadvantaged”. In this regard UNDP advises the important link of improving the lives of the poor and disadvantaged in moving toward societal sustainability. The 2011 UNDP report offers some positive news to counterbalance disturbing predictive estimates of ‘climate change. According to Human Development Research Organization (HDRO) natural disaster related casualties and costs declined in the past four decades.194 This historic data should be considered in the face of extensive scientific evidence portending increasing environmental threats, predicted food and water crisis. Displaced populations in camps now and the future need to be given due consideration for reintegration into a society that is sustainable and equitable. This research interrogated resettlement for displaced migrants and those disadvantaged civilian groups (and in fact all citizens) through establishment of eco-peace cities of hope. In 2007 the majority of Earth’s human population shifted from rural living to urban dwelling.195 In “Sustainability Science for Watershed Landscapes” 2011 Kido, Kaneshero and Montgomery advise human environment systems have emerged as a means to address sustainability in the context of continued population growth and the need to provide high density, space efficient housing that integrates sustainability human environment; that tightly couples technology and cyber-infrastructure.196 The loss of biodiversity is rapidly accelerating. Those most impacted are poor communities who rely on wild foods and natural resources for survival. It is held that quality of life and overall peace stability for all society will benefit by the eventual transmigration to urban/village models that reflect UNDP goals of equity and sustainability.

193

(United Nations Development Programme 2011) pp 18-19 (United Nations Development Programme 2011) page 37 195 (Smith Laurence C 2011) page 30 196 Kido, Kaneshero and Montgomery in (Ravago Majab-Leah V Roumasset James A & Balisacan A M EDS 2011) pp 127-140 194

The eco-city project has proliferated globally in recent years.197 In “Sustainable Urban Development and the Chinese Eco-City - Concepts, Strategies, Policies and Assessments” 2012 May Hald discusses this ‘green’ urban development. Unlike urban slum housing models, the design takes into account socio-economic needs in human diversity. Environmentally integrated architectural landscapes provide opportunities for aesthetic and practical sustainable resource use where elevated sky gardens and vertical gardens succeed the Cuban example of urban food supply.198 In tropical countries, Greenscapes can also provide natural cooling alternatives to air conditioning. In addition to cities commissioned in UK, Europe and Abu Dhabi, China has now planned for twenty eco-cities to accommodate intensive urban expansion and reduction in land resource through capitalist development and

Greenscapes can also save energy use by providing natural alternative to air conditioning

industrialization.199 The cities described as ‘urban transformation’ are being built through a combination of government and private investment – also intended for relocated peasant farmers.

This research proposes the eco-peace city (or village) may form a significant function and important goal in displacement resettlement. These cities may serve as alternative to existing state immigration and refugee asylum intakes through collaborative relationships with those territories who establish the peace eco-cities. Once established these cities may serve partial displacement resettlement requirements as demonstrated in the following diagram. After receiving assimilation competency, displaced people may resettle in any international city location for a fixed or permanent period. The peace eco-city or village model may additionally be adopted as part of post-crisis peacebuilding repatriation – but the overall global peace resettlement scheme should not be coupled with one specific event. This would hinder the opportunity for999 displaced refugees to receive social cultural support and resettlement until late into the crisis process, and directly tie city/village development into the peacebuilding and recovery funding.

197 198 199

(Hald May 2009) p 1 http://www.wohadesigns.com/

see also bibliography (UWA University of Western Australia, 2012)

(Hald May 2009) p2

Figure 15 Displacement Process Model V Eggers 2012 This representation of eco-sustainability when situated in the perspective of sustainable development offers a model of ‘strategic relocation’ for displaced civilians and refugee populations. Eco-city infrastructure is best planned geographically and event independent from specific disaster or conflict – i.e. it is an ongoing global transformation programme that seeks to absorb and relieve the chronic issues of forced displacement. Displacement resettlement may form part of existing urban model or comprise the planning and development of new ‘peace cities’. Private funding contributed through corporate social responsibility will serve to offset the destructive aspects of capitalism – from corporations who hold stakeholder relationship in the regions concerned. When incorporated in a regional governance model, provision may be made for cultural specific norms within urban development. For peace model and eco-peace city or village housing projects to fulfil an ongoing remit of human development, an additional component should be integrated into the model function – as its supporting economic environment. The peace model incorporates and bridges traditional first world competencies of skilled labour and education. Migrants possessing these competencies are easily able to be absorbed early toward accommodating support for social services – health, education, science and technology expertise etc. in new settlements Those civilians seeking resettlement who possess skills or held roles centred in primary production, artisan and creative or micro trade are not always recognized for direct transfer of skills into first world. Eco-city and peace centre design support establishment of alternate economic models – such as creative economies. These can provide additional benefits for tourism and trade for territories receiving migrants in resettlement programmes. Box – Peace Process – building livelihoods Box 8 Peace Model Programmes - Building Livelihoods 2011

SECTION FIVE Conclusion

About this Section The research discussion in this paper has identified the issues of displacement and underlying cause in global governance. An alternative peace governance framework has been contextualized that fulfils the progressive goals of UNDP and international society for sustainability and equity. Solutions for alleviation and preparation of displacement crisis, along with overall sustainability and equity transformation have been situated within perspectives of expanded peace governance. This section re-dresses and concludes the research objectives.

CHAPTER TEN

Conclusion Scientific research of climate change identifies the risk in first world wealth states and developing nations from environmental events. Climate change and natural events have become the greatest threat to global stability of capitalist society. In 2007 Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies estimated 2 billion people affected by natural disasters tripled over the past decade at a rate of 211 million each year.200 The numbers of those displaced from

climate change and environmental disasters are rapidly rising; concurrently the potential for any citizen in any country to be impacted – irrespective of wealth, material security or geographic location. Despite ongoing improvements to governance of peace issues; disaster preparedness, greater protection and conditions in refugee and IDP camps, global governance remains seriously inadequate to support crisis recovery from conflict or environmental disaster. With increased burden to give protection and aid, a deficit in global governance for capacity realization by UN and international regime is identified.201 A valid need exists for alternative relocation options as early as possible into the crisis. Situations similar to Darfur displacement are found globally - the process of resettlement is long, expensive and enduring. At outset of conflict, little protection is available to civilians. Threats to livelihood are high. The provision of humanitarian support is frequently halted or wrought with difficulties due to ongoing violence. Food, water and other essential survival rations are delayed or often do not reach those displaced. Food and life saving health supplies are usually inadequate. The situation is similar for natural disasters. Although the element of war is removed – often impacted locales are subjected to looting and spates of violent crime.

200 201

(Hugo Graeme 2008) page 19 (Hugo Graeme 2008) page 40

It is apparent human society currently lacks sustainability and equity measures in place to cope with 35 million displaced civilians. How will global society try to cope with displaced numbers rising 500 million in the next twenty years? That is, 500 million displaced and according to Red Cross several billion people concurrently impacted by climate and disaster events around the world? The survival needs of displaced people now and in the future requires urgent action. International society is aware human civilization and all planetary species are at risk. Scientists, academics, knowledge experts, policy and governance developers globally share an agreed awareness of imminent threat to survival and come together to discuss ‘ways forward’.202 Yet progress for solutions is slow and time is rapidly running out as climate change impact, frequency and size of disasters increase – amidst common reports of political failure, such as those dismissive of the 2012 Rio Summit. The urgency and severity of looming global crisis requires collaborative action. Action this research identifies is deficit from current governance – due to a systemic model that cannot support the portended needs of civil society. A remedial framework for governance of peace is required – one that does not attempt to fix a problem inside the constraints that cause the issues arising. It is likely a model of heterarchic concilience provides optimum organization and function to achieve an adaptive Earth-centred approach to human survival. It is observed that governing mechanisms such as international law are already sufficiently developed to perform the role of accountability oversight. This research identifies currently there is no single UN body that has the role of overseeing IDP emergencies.203 An autonomous heterarchic concilience peace model provides the capacity and framework for this agent to exist, maintaining legal powers under ICC. It is noted that heterarchic peace governance can flow and operate as a world wide web without requirement for existing international state regime to relinquish territorial sovereignty – other than cooperative resolution of specific issues. The dynamic shift of power base is thematic; purpose oriented by task or issue. The ‘purpose’ is stabilising and maintaining

202 203

(United Nations Development Programme 2011) see bibliography (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs, 2012) see bibliography

peace – a goal of sustainability and equity. The task or issues are those events and triggers that threaten or impact equilibrium – such as the critical issue of displacement. Re-engineering the entity relationship, process and function of peace governance through a heterarchic concilience model for displacement is one example of strategic change transformation. Early and ongoing evacuation of civilians at risk (i.e. women children and vulnerable) may appear expensive. Yet the cost of inaction and risk to lives of refugees and those currently involved in humanitarian relief is enormous. Prompt relocation and resettlement, hinged upon sustainable development and equity indicators adds global value and economic wealth to societies; while breaking the debt-poverty cycle with regenerative sustainability solutions. Survivors build skills and resilience traits that benefit the states receiving migration intakes and support peacebuilding; if returning to home territory is an available option. Building eco-peace cities (or villages) may seem out of reality scope for a poverty stricken displaced civilian. Yet more than half the world’s population now lives in city or urban medium-high density dwellings. With the scale of increasing population, world food shortage and industrial development, the world can no longer afford not to plan and develop cities of eco-sustainability. The construction of eco-cities by territories receiving migrant relocation provides economic growth to the receiving society. One research example of China eco-city is said to be failing – still empty. The reason is significant to the heterarchic concilience peace framework justification. In addition to stakeholder funding issues, reviewers reported the major issue centred on Dongtan project being developed with lack of social cultural knowledge and values culture assimilation.204 This finding reinforces the case stated in this research that social cultural values awareness and derived heuristics for normative living are an essential – not secondary driver for sustained success in governance and specifically the context of peace stability. Migration and resettlement contracts described earlier in this paper will serve to provide a personal strategy for civilian competency and assimilation into relevant urban peace resettlement options. Agreements might incorporate milestone assessment of peace

204

(Hald May 2009) pp 50-53

culture competency. When programme participants have reached a relevant level of capability, they may then progress to resettlement locations. In summary, global governance deficit of peace arose from a prolonged patriarchal genocide and oppression of Matriarchy. Three thousand years later, Man has lost his war against Nature by overstating his material importance and acting accordingly. It is revealed through surviving Indigenous societies that Matriarchy has less to do with women in hierarchical power structures, than men and women honouring sacred values of creative spiritual consciousness and compassion - aligned with knowledge of cosmic harmony. As the world faces unprecedented catastrophy, it is time to return to Earthcentred goals for balance and adaptive change preparation, for recovery of those who may survive.

Om Gaia Om Vivienne Tobassa Eggers Tara Sumer Blue Lotus Sati June 21 2012 vivienne.tobassa@consciousflow.com

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