GLORIA Module 6: Food Allergy
Updated: June 2011
Global Resources in Allergy (GLORIA™) Global Resources In Allergy (GLORIA™) is the flagship program of the World Allergy Organization (WAO). Its curriculum educates medical professionals worldwide through regional and national presentations. GLORIA modules are created from established guidelines and recommendations to address different aspects of allergy-related patient care.
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Food Allergy A GLORIATM Module Authors Prof. Cassim Motala University of Cape Town and Red Cross Children's Hospital Cape Town, South Africa
Prof. Joaquín Sastre Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Department of Medicine Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
Dr. M. Dolores Ibáñez Hospital Nino Jesus Madrid, Spain
Reviewer Prof. Alessandro Fiocchi Melloni University Hospital Milan, Italy
Learning objectives At the end of this presentation you will be able to:
• Recognise the main pathogenic food allergens in adults and children • Differentiate between IgE-mediated, cell-mediated and mixed IgE- and cell-mediated food-related diseases in different organ systems • Discuss the diagnosis of food allergy and the limitations of diagnostic techniques • Review the treatment of food allergy
Adverse reactions to food: definition Any abnormal clinical response attributed to ingestion, contact or inhalation of any food, a food derivative or a food additive •Toxic •Non toxic or hypersensitivity
Adverse reactions to food TOXIC
Nontoxic
Immune-mediated
Allergy Non-IgE-mediated IgE-mediated
Adverse Reactions to Food: Position Paper. Allergy 1995; 50:623-635
Non-immune mediated
Intolerance Enzymatic Pharmacologic Undefined
Prevalence of food allergy Precise prevalence is unknown, but estimates are: • Adults: 1.4% - 2.4% • Children < 3 years: ~ 6% • Atopic dermatitis (mild/severe): ~35% • Asthmatic children: 6 - 8% • Prevalence depends on: Genetic factors, age, dietary habits, geography and diagnostic procedures
Adapted from Sampson HA. Adverse Reactions to Foods. Allergy Principles and Practice. 2003
Food allergy in children: international USA & UK Milk Egg Peanut Tree Nuts Seafood
FRANCE Egg Peanuts Milk Mustard
ITALY Milk Egg Seafood
ISRAEL Milk Egg Sesame
SINGAPORE Birds Nest Seafood Egg Milk AUSTRALIA Milk Egg Peanuts Sesame
“Second tier” foods • • • • • •
10% reactions to foods 160 foods Fruits Vegetables Seeds (sesame, sunflower, poppy) Spices
Pathophysiology: allergens • Proteins (not fat/carbohydrate) - 10-70 kD glycoproteins - Heat resistant, acid stable • Major allergenic foods (>85% of allergy) - Children: milk, egg, soy, wheat, other depending on geographical area - Adult: peanut, nuts, shellfish, fish • Single food (or related) > many food allergies • Characterization of epitopes underway - Linear vs conformational epitopes - B-cell vs T-cell epitopes
Pathogenesis of food hypersensitivity: gut barrier â&#x20AC;˘
â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘
The immune system associated with this barrier is capable of discriminating among harmless foreign proteins or commensal organisms and dangerous pathogens Food allergy is an abnormal response of the mucosal immune system to antigens delivered through the oral route The immature state of the mucosal barrier and immune system might play a role in the increased prevalence of gastrointestinal infections and food allergy in the first few years of life
Adapted from J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:808-809
Pathogenesis of food hypersensitivity: gut barrier â&#x20AC;˘
About 2 % of ingested food antigens are absorbed and transported throughout the body in an immunologically intact form, even through the immature gut
â&#x20AC;˘
The underlying immunologic mechanisms involved in oral tolerance induction have not been fully elucidated
Adapted from J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:808-809
Pathophysiology: immune mechanisms Protein digestion Antigen processing Some Ag enters blood IgE-Mediated IgE-receptor APC
Mast cell
Non-IgEMediated
Histamine B cell
T cell
TNF- IL-5
Food allergy: clinical manifestations IgE
IgE/Non-IgE
Non-IgE
Urticaria/angioedema Rhinitis /Asthma Anaphylaxis
Atopic dermatitis
Protein-induced proctocolitis/enterocolitis
Oral allergic syndrome Gastrointestinal symptoms (GIT)
Eosinophilic gastro-intestinal disorders
Celiac disease Contact dermatitis Herpetiform dermatitis Heiner´s syndrome
Adapted from J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103:717-728
Cutaneous food hypersensitivities: atopic eczema
• Generally begins in early infancy • Characterized by typical distribution, extreme pruritus, and chronically relapsing course • Allergen-specific IgE antibodies bound to Langerhans cells play a unique role as “non-traditional” receptors • Double blind, placebo-controlled food challenges generally provoke a markedly pruritic, erythematous, morbilliform rash • Food allergy plays a pathogenic role in about 35 % of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in children
Cutaneous food hypersensitivities Acute Urticaria and Angioedema: ♦ The most common symptoms of food allergic reactions ♦ The exact prevalence of these reactions is unknown ♦ Acute urticaria due to contact with food is also common Chronic Urticaria: ♦ Food allergy is an infrequent cause of chronic urticaria and angioedema
IgE mediated: respiratory manifestations Asthma • An uncommon manifestation of food allergy • Usually seen with other food-induced symptoms • Vapors or steam emitted from cooking food may induced asthmatic reactions • Food-induced asthmatic symptoms should be suspected in patients with refractory asthma and history of atopic dermatitis, gastroesophageal reflux, food allergy or feeding problems as an infant, or history of positive skin tests or reactions to food Rhinoconjunctivitis • Usually seen during positive controlled challenge tests, but occasionally reported by patients
IgE Mediated: systemic reaction anaphylaxis/anaphylaxis syndrome â&#x20AC;˘ Food-induced anaphylaxis - Rapid-onset - Multi-organ system involvement - Potentially fatal - Any food, highest risk: peanut, nut, seafood, milk, egg â&#x20AC;˘ Food-dependent - exercise-induced - Associated with a particular food - Associated with eating any food
Fatal food anaphylaxis • Frequency: ~ 100 deaths/yr • Risk: - Underlying asthma - Delayed epinephrine - Symptom denial - Previous severe reaction
• History: known allergic food • Biphasic reaction • Lack of cutaneous symptoms
Food-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis Exercise
Wheat
Temperature
Gastrin
Mediator release - Histamine - Others (LTD4,PAF, etc)
ANAPHYLAXIS Adapted from Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee. Spanish Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
IgE-mediated: GIT manifestation oral allergy syndrome (OAS) â&#x20AC;˘ Elicited by a variety of plant proteins that cross-react with airborne allergens â&#x20AC;˘ Pollen allergic patients may develop symptoms following the ingestion of vegetable foods: - Ragweed allergic patients: Fresh melons and bananas - Birch pollen allergic patients: Raw potatoes, carrots, celery, apples, pears, hazelnuts and kiwi â&#x20AC;˘ Immunotherapy for treating the pollen-induced rhinitis may reduce/eliminate oral allergy symptoms Adapted from J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 113:808-809
Food allergy prevalence in specific disorders Disorder
Food Allergy Prevalence
Anaphylaxis
35 - 55 %
Oral allergy syndrome
25 - 75% in pollen allergic patients
Atopic dermatitis
35% in children (rare in adults)
Urticaria
20% in acute (rare in chronic)
Asthma
5 - 6% in asthmatic or food allergic children
Chronic rhinitis
Rare
Mixed IgE/Non-IgE mediated: GIT allergic eosinophilic disorders • Characterized by infiltration of the esophagus, stomach and/or intestinal walls with eosinophils, basal zone hyperplasia, papillary elongation, absence of vasculitis and peripheral eosinophilia in about 50 % of patients • AEE can occur in children and adults. Increasing yearly incidence (23/100.000 population in Switzerland) • In children symptoms similar to gastroesophageal reflux and in adults dysphagia and impaction is common • Almost 50% of patients have other atopic diseases • Diagnosis is based on endoscopic findings and biopsy (>1520 eosinophils per High Power Field) Adapted from J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006; 118:1054-9
Mixed IgE/non-IgE mediated: GIT allergic eosinophilic esophagitis (AEE) Dysphagia Abdominal pain Poor response to anti - reflux drugs Biopsy:Eosinophils ++++ >20 eosinophils / HPF Eotaxin – 3 tissue expression correlates with eosinophilia – crucial in pathogenesis of this disorder
Bullock et J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007
Allergic eosinophilic esophagitis endoscopic findings
Rings
White plaques (eosinophils)
Mixed IgE/non-IgE mediated: GIT allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis (AEG) Weight loss, FTT+/_oedema Vomiting, diarrhoea (post-prandial) Blood loss Iron deficiency Protein/iron- losing enteropathy ↑ TH2 in blood and mucosa ↑ Mast cells, Eosinophils in mucosa Eotaxin - 3 Persistent food hypersensitivity at 5yr FU.
Chehade M et al JPGN 2006;42;516-521
AEE and AEG • Food antigens have been implicated as one of the main etiologies • Skin prick test and atopy patch tests can be useful for food allergy diagnosis • Elimination diets or even amino-acid formula can be instituted on the basis of allergy testing, clinical history, biopsy and treatment response • Pharmacologic treatment: oral steroids and/or swallowed aerosolized fluticasone • ? Anti-IL-5 therapy Adapted from J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006; 118:1054-9
Non-IgE mediated: GIT food protein induced syndromes (typically milk and soy induced) Enterocolitis #
Enteropathy
Proctocolitis
Age Onset:
Infant
Infant/Toddler
Newborn
Duration:
12-24 mo
? 12-24 mo
< 12mo
Malabsorption Villous atrophy Diarrhea
Bloody stools No systemic sx Eosinophil
Characteristics: Failure to thrive Shock Lethargy Diarrhea
# Solid foods implicated: fish, corn, chicken, turkey, vegetables
Nowak-Wegrzyn et al Pediatrics 2003 Zapatero Remon L et al. Allergol Immunopathol 2005
Non IgE mediated: GIT food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome • Occurs in infants prior to 8-12 months of age, but may be delayed in breast-fed babies (milk or soy protein-based formulas are implicated) • Symptoms may include irritability, protracted vomiting 1- 3 hours after feeding, bloody diarrhoea (leading to dehydration), anaemia, abdominal distension, failure to thrive • In adults and older children, fish, shellfish and cereals hypersensitivity may provoke a similar syndrome with delayed onset of severe nausea, abdominal cramps and protracted vomiting • Resolved: 50% at 18 months, 90% at 36 months Adapted from J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 113:808-809
Non-IgE Mediated: GIT food protein-induced enteropathy (excluding celiac disease) • Occurs from 0 - 24 months • Diarrhea (mild to moderate steatorrhea in about 80% of cases) • Food implicated: milk, cereals, egg, fish • Poor weight gain • Diagnosis: -Biopsy shows patchy villous atrophy with prominent mononuclear round cell infiltrate, few eosinophils, -Response to exclusion diet, -Challenge test • Resolved at 2 - 3 years old Adapted from J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 113:808-809
Non-IgE Mediated: GIT food proteininduced protocolitis • Usually presents in the first few months of life and is thought to be due to food proteins passed to the infant in maternal breast milk, or to milk or soy-based formulas • Rectal bleeding is common • Diagnosis: endoscopy and colonic biopsy (eosinophils in epithelium and lamina propia) • Good response to extensively hydrolized formulas. Diet without dairy product in mother if lactating • Good prognosis with resolution at 12 months of life
Adapted from J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 113:808-809
Non-Ige Mediated: GIT celiac disease • Extensive enteropathy leading to malabsorption • Associated with an immune reaction to gliadin peptides (wheat, rye and barley) • Highly associated with HLA-DQ2 1 *0501. 1 *0201) • Serology: anti-transglutaminase IgA, Anti-gliadin IgA (asymptomatic and +ve serology is common) • Treatment: Elimination of gluten-containing foods
Adapted from J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 113:808-809
Non-IgE-mediated syndromes affecting the skin and lung • Dermatitis Herpetiformis - Vesicular, pruritic eruption - Gluten-sensitive - Associated with Celiac Disease • Heiner’s Syndrome - Infantile pulmonary hemosideroisis - Anemia, failure to thrive - Cow’s milk-associated - Precipitating antibodies to cow’s milk
Gastrointestinal food hypersensitivity? Infantile colic • Syndrome of paroxysmal fussiness characterized by inconsolable, agonized crying • Generally develops in the first 2 to 4 weeks of life and persists through the third to fourth months • Diagnosis can be established by the implementation of several brief trials of hypoallergenic formula Adapted from J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 113:808-809
Disorders not proven to be related to food allergy • • • • •
Migraines Behavioral/Developmental disorders Arthritis Seizures Inflammatory bowel disease
Diagnosis: history / examination • History: symptoms, timing, reproducibility Acute reactions vs chronic disease • Diet details / symptom diary Specific causal food/s “Hidden” ingredient/s • Physical examination: Evaluate disease severity • Identify general approach Allergy vs intolerance IgE-mediated vs non-IgE mediated
Diagnosing food hypersensitivity disorders: IgE-mediated Identification and relationship with the food: Medical history To identify specific IgE: Skin tests/serum specific IgE To demonstrate that IgE sensitization is responsible for the clinical reaction: Controlled challenge tests Diagnosis is based on the medical history, supported by identification of specific IgE antibodies to the incriminated food allergen and confirmed by challenge
Adapted from Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee. Spanish Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Alergol Inmunol Clin 1999; 14: 50-62.
Diagnosing IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity disorders Medical history: Symptoms Symptoms described by patient Length of time between ingestion and development of symptoms Severity of symptoms Frequency of symptoms Time from last episode
Adapted from Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee. Spanish Society of Allergy and clinical Immunology Alergol Inmunol Clin 1999; 14: 50-62.
Diagnosing IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity disorders Medical history: Timing of reaction An immediate reaction (1- 2 hours) is suggestive of an IgE mediated reaction to foods ď&#x201A;ˇ It may be preceded by previous tolerance of minimal symptoms ď&#x201A;ˇ It may occur apparently after the first contact
Adapted from Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee, Spanish Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Alergol Inmunol Clin 1999; 14: 50-62.
Diagnosing IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity disorders Medical history: food
Identification of food How food was prepared Quantity ingested Previous tolerance Cross-reactions with other food Hidden foods, additives, contaminants
Adapted from Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee. Spanish Society of Allergy and clinical Immunology Alergol Inmunol Clin 1999; 14: 50-62.
Diagnosing IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity disorders Medical history: Patient
Age at onset of symptoms Other factors (eg, brought on by exercise) Personal and family history of atopic diseases Risk factors Physical examination: Atopic dermatitis, dermographism, nutritional status
Adapted from Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee. Spanish Society of Allergy and clinical Immunology Alergol Inmunol Clin 1999; 14: 50-62.
Diagnosing IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity disorders ď&#x201A;ˇ The diagnosis of food allergy cannot be performed on the basis of a non-compatible medical history ď&#x201A;ˇ No diagnostic analysis (skin tests, specific IgE in serum, etc) is of value if it is interpreted without reference to medical history
Adapted from Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee. Spanish Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Alergol Inmunol Clin 1999; 14: 50-62.
Diagnosing IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity disorders Skin tests Prick:
Reproducible, sensitive, not irritant
Prick-prick:
Use raw or cooked food. Highly recommended for fruits and vegetables (commercially prepared extracts are generally inadequate because of the lability of the allergens, so the fresh food must be used for skin testing)
Diagnosing IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity disorders Skin Prick Tests are used to screen patients for sensitivity to specific foods Allergens eliciting a wheal of at least 3 mm greater than the negative control are considered positive Overall positive predictive accuracy is < 50 % Negative predictive accuracy > 95 % (negative skin test results essentially confirm the absence of IgE-mediated reactions)
+
Diameter 3 mm
Diagnosing IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity disorders Skin tests
ď&#x201A;ˇIntradermal:
Not indicated
ď&#x201A;ˇ Atopy Patch test (APT):
Atopic dermatitis, delayed reactions Fresh food or dry food recommended Non-standardized Difficult to interpret
Specific IgE to food (CAP / Radioallergosorbent tests) Sensitivity similar to skin prick tests Good correlation with other procedures Efficiency: Depends on the allergen Indicated if SPT are contraindicated (eg, skin disease, medications) Useful if discrepancy exists between history and SPT The use of quantitative measurements has shown to be predictive, for some allergens, of symptomatic IgE-mediated food allergy Possibility to perform component-resolved diagnosis very useful in cross-reactivity reactions: profilins (Bet v2, Phl p12), polcalcins (Bet v4, Phl p7), LPT (Pru p3, Cor a8), Gly m4, Cross-reactive Carbohydrate Determinants or CCDs
Diagnostic food-specific IgE values (CAPsystem fluorescent enzyme immunoassay) of greater than 95% positive predictive value Food Egg ≤ 2 yr old Milk ≤ 2 yrs old Peanut Fish Tree nuts
Serum IgE Value (kU/L) ≥7.0 ≥2.0* ≥15.0 ≥5.0** ≥14.0 ≥20.0 ≥15.0
From Sampson HA: JACI 107:891-896,2001. * Boyano-Martinez T, Garcia-Ara C, Diaz-Pena JM, et al: Clin Exp Allergy 31:1464-1469,2001. ** Garcia-Ara C, Boyano-Martinez T, Diaz-Pena JM, et al: JACI 107:185-190,2001.
Diagnosing IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity disorders Serum specific IgE (CAP / RAST) Advantages Multiple determinations with one blood sample Quantitative and comparable measurements Use of recombinant allergens Component-resolved diagnosis Disadvantages Cost Results delayed
Interpretation of laboratory tests • Positive prick test or RAST / CAP - Indicates presence of IgE antibody NOT clinical reactivity (~50% false positive) • Negative prick test or RAST - Essentially excludes IgE antibody (>95%) • Intradermal skin test with food • - Risk of systemic reaction & not predictive
Cross-reactivity among foods • Patients often have positive SPTs or RAST results to other members of a plant family or animal species - immunological reactivity – does not always correlate with clinical reactivity • Cross reactions caused primarily by “Type 1” sensitization Legumes, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, cereal grains, mammalian and avian food products • Cross reactions caused by “Type 2” sensitization - Pollen-food allergy syndrome (oral allergy syndrome), - Latex- food syndrome • Proper clinical evaluation (ideally by double-blind placebo-controlled challenge testing) is necessary in patients who demonstrate immunological cross-reactivity to foods and when tolerance to food is unknown (to avoid unnecessary restriction of certain foods)
Cross reactions with foods: clinical implications â&#x20AC;˘ If the patient is diagnosed with allergy to a food, assessment of clinical sensitization to foods with known cross reactivity is recommended â&#x20AC;˘ If the patient is diagnosed with allergy to a food with known cross reactivity with another food which he / she is not eating (unknown tolerance) that food must be challenged to assess tolerance
Cross reactivity in food allergy: OAS = Oral Allergy Syndrome clinical relevance CMA = Cowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Milk Allergy
Scott H. Sicherer. AAAAI San Francisco 2004:Seminar 3508.
Diagnosing IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity disorders Other Techniques Histamine release with foods: Similar sensitivity and specificity to serum specific IgE Sulphidoleukotrienes released from basophils with food: Not well studied For monitoring food challenges: - Plasma and urinary histamine: High sensitivity, low specificity - Serum tryptase: High specificity, low sensitivity
Unproven / experimental tests (useless) • • • • •
Provocation / neutralization Cytotoxic tests Applied kinesiology Hair analysis IgG4
Diagnosis: elimination diets and food challenges • Elimination diets (1 - 6 weeks): - Eliminate suspected food/s, or - Prescribe limited “eat only” diet, or - Elemental diet • Oral challenge testing: - Physician supervised - Emergency room medications must be available
Basic elimination diet: ALLOWED foods • • • •
Rice Fruit: Pear, Apple, Grape Meat: Lamb, Chicken Vegetables: Asparagus, Beetroot, Carrots, Lettuce, Sweet potatoes, Butternut Squash • Other: Black Tea, Rooibos • Olive oil, Sunflower oil, Sugar, Salts NB: No Preservatives, no tinned or packet foods
Types of challenge testing • Double -blind • Single-Blind • Open
• Exercise + oral challenge • Inhalation challenge
Controlled food challenges: doubleblind, placebo-controlled (DBPCFC) • DB is the procedure generally recommended, especially if a positive challenge outcome is expected • DB is the method of choice for scientific protocols
• DB is the method of choice when studying late reactions or chronic symptoms, such as atopic eczema, isolated digestive late reactions, or chronic urticaria • DB is the only way to conveniently study subjective food-induced complaints, such as acute subjective adverse reactions, chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivities, migraine or joint complaints EAACI Position Paper. Allergy 2004; 59: 690-697
Double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge testing: limitations • Tedious • Time-consuming and expensive • Potential risk requires specialist unit (research)
• IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated?
Controlled food challenges: single-blind challenge • Single-blind challenge carries the same difficulties for blinding foods as for double-blind, and introduces subjective bias of the observer
• It needs additional work (cross-over by an external technician) • The recommendation of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology is to always perform double-blind food challenge EAACI Position Paper. Allergy 2004; 59: 690-697
Controlled food challenges: open challenge • A negative double-blind challenge should always be followed by an open challenge • A positive open challenge could be sufficient when dealing with IgE-mediated acute reactions manifesting with objective signs • For practical reasons, an open challenge can be the first approach when the probability of a negative outcome is estimated to be very high EAACI Position Paper. Allergy 2004: 59: 690-697
Diagnostic approach: non-IgE-mediated disease • Includes disease with unknown mechanisms - Food additive intolerance • Elimination Diets (may need elemental diet) • Oral Challenges - Timing / dose / approach individualized for disorder - Enterocolitis syndrome can elicit shock - Enteropathy / eosinophilic gastroenteritis-prolonged feedings to develop symptoms • May require ancillary testing (endoscopy / biopsy)
Food allergy: treatment • • • • • • •
Correct diagnosis Treatment of reactions Avoidance Role of dietician Tolerance assessment Prevention Immunotherapeutic strategies
Adapted from Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee. Spanish Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Treatment emergency medicines • Epinephrine: drug of choice for reactions - Self-administered epinephrine readily available - Train patients: Indications / technique • Antihistamines: Secondary therapy • Emergency plan in writing - Schools, spouses, caregivers, mature siblings / friends • Emergency identification bracelet
Treatment: avoidance • Mainstay of treatment • Must be considered as a therapeutic approach • Risk-benefit must be assessed - Correct diagnosis is essential - Very restrictive diets can lead to malnutrition
• Dietician’s role is crucial
Vitamins and minerals which will be affected by restricted diet Allergen
Vitamin and Minerals
Milk
Vitamin A, vitamin D, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B12, calcium, & phosphorus
Egg
Vitamin B12, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, biotin, & selenium
Soy
Thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folate, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, & zinc
Wheat
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, & folate if fortified
Peanut
Vitamin E, niacin, magnesium, manganese, & chromium
Treatment: dietary elimination • • • • •
Hidden ingredients Labelling issues Cross contamination (shared equipment) “Code words” (“Natural flavor” may be cow’s milk) Seeking assistance Registered dietician: (www.eatright.org) • Food Allergy Network (www.foodallergy.org) (800-929-4040)
Hidden foods Some foods (allergens) are masked and may be taken un-noticed during diagnostic procedure: – Spices: Mustard, pepper, sesame – Legumes and tree nuts: Peanut, soy – Milk protein (protein supplements): Caseine, caseinates – Vaccines – Kitchen tools, volatile allergens – Transgenic foods with new proteins Parasitized food: – Mites in flour ( pasta, pizzas) – Anisakis simplex in fish
READ LABELS IN PREPARED FOOD!!!
Example: milk elimination Artificial butter flavor, butter fat, buttermilk, casein, caseinates (sodium, calcium, etc), cheese, cream, cottage cheese, curds, custard, Half&Half速, hydrolysates (sasein, milk, whey), lactalbumin, lactose, milk (derivatives, protein, solids, malted, condensed, evaporated, dry, whole, low-fat, non-fat, skim), nougat, pudding, rennet casein, sour cream, sour cream solids, sour milk solids, whey (delactosed, demineralized, protein concentrate), yogurt. MAY contain milk: brown sugar flavoring, natural flavoring, chocolate, caramel flavoring, high protein flour, margarine, Simplesse速
Substitute infant formulas • Soy (confirm soy IgE negative) <15% soy allergy among IgE-cow’s milk allergy ~50% soy allergy among non-IgE cow’s milk allergy • Cow’s milk protein hydrolysates: 90% tolerance in IgE-cow’s milk allergy • Partial hydrolysates: Not hypoallergenic! • Amino acid-based formulas: Lack allergenicity
Natural history • Dependent on food & immunopathogenesis • IgE-mediated allergy: - CM 85% remit by 8 yrs Saarinen et al JACI 2005 - Egg 66% remit after 5 yrs Bovano-Martinez et al JACI 2002 - Peanut 20% may remit (8% may recur) Fleischer et al JACI 2004 - Treenut, seafood typically persist • Declining/low levels of specific-IgE predictive • Non-IgE-associated GI allergy - Infant forms resolve 1- 3 years - Toddler/adult forms more persistent
Treatment: follow-up • Re-evaluate for tolerance periodically • Interval and decision to re-challenge: - Type of food allergy - Severity of previous symptoms - Allergen
• Ancillary testing - Skin prick test/RAST/CAP may remain positive - Reduced concentration specific-IgE encouraging
Food specific IgE cut off levels which predict 50% pass rate for challenge tests Food Milk Egg Peanut Wheat Soy
Perry et al. JACI 2004
IgE level (KUA/l) 2 2 2 ? ?
Prevention of food allergy / allergic disease • Identify patients at risk (difficult) – There is no reliable or genetic immunological marker – Atopic background in parents, siblings • Dietary restriction (milk, egg, fish, nut) – In pregnancy: No benefit – Adverse effects on maternal-fetus nutrition – Hydrolyzed formula (HF): Variable effect (Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18); GINI Study, JACI Mar 2007; extensively HF & partially HF reduce incidence of AD, but not that of asthma – Delayed introduction of solid food: Variable effect (Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97:10-20) • Prolonged breast feeding? • Probiotics??
Future immunomodulatory therapies • Humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody therapy • “Engineered (mutated) allergen protein immunotherapy • Antigen-immunostimulatory sequence (CpG)-modulated immunotherapy • Peptide immunotherapy • Plasmid-DNA immunotherapy • Cytokine-modulated immunotherapy • Induction of tolerance or oral immunotherapy (milk, egg, hazelnut…….)
Summary • IgE & non-IgE mediated food allergy conditions exist
• History and examination paramount • Diagnosis is by elimination and challenge testing • Avoidance / education / preparation for emergencies are current therapies • Periodic re-challenge to monitor tolerance as indicated by history, allergen, and level of food specific-IgE
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