The Art & Engineering of Lightweight Structures by Archineer

The Art & Engineering of Lightweight Structures

Sabah Shawkat © Sabah Shawkat and co-authors

Sabah Shawkat ©

The Art & Engineering of Lightweight Structures

SABAH SHAWKAT AND CO-AUTHORS

Reviewer: Cover Design: Editor: Software Support: Technological Support: Publisher: Printed and Bound:

Prof. Dipl. Ing. Ján Hudák, PhD. Tamara Širin Shawkatová Sabah Shawkat I Richard Schlesinger asc. Applied Software Consultants, s.r.o., Bratislava, Slovakia Marek Vaško I Matej Pospíšil Tribun EU, s.r.o., Brno, Czech Republic Tribun EU, s.r.o., Brno, Czech Republic

Sabah Shawkat © All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, including photocopying, without permission in writing from the author.

The Art & Engineering of Lightweight Structures ©

Sabah Shawkat I Richard Schlesinger I Zuzana Pešková I Peter Novysedlák 1. Edition, Tribun EU, s.r.o. Brno, Czech republic 2019 ISBN 978-80-263-1487-5 SUPPORTED BY KEGA 002VŠVU-4/2019

Introduction Any construction designed elegantly and responsibly reach to be as light as possible. Its function is to support imposed load. The dead loads of the structure itself are necessary disaster. Lightweight structures are material efficient because the materials strengths are optimally used. Thus no resources are wasted. Lightweight structures may usually be disassembled and their elements are recyclable. Lightweight structures curtail the entropy and therefore are superior in meeting the requirement for a sustainable development. In lightweight structure space the intellectual effort replaces the physical effort. In the typical lightweight structure, the flow of forces is visible and the enlightened care to understand what they see. The main task of the Archineer team concerning on lightweight structures is to push research, development and investigation on lightweight construction. Several models and conceptions, guides to good practice and design recommendations have already been published on various interesting items.

structures. It has been written to help Architects and structural Engineers to achieve a full understanding of lightweight elements and their specific design philosophy. Ideally, our purpose is to provide architects and Engineers, who never designed a project in membrane structures which is a part of lightweight structures, with enough information in this book to make a correct initial design for a project. It is also hoped that professors and students from Universities and Technical institutes will find useful basic information about lightweight constructions in this book.

Sabah Shawkat © The present book the art and engineering of the lightweight structures is a composition of the knowledge collected by our Team about the design of lightweight

The Archineer Team on lightweight structure hopes that the planning and design Handbook on lightweight structure will participate in an important way to the better understanding and extension ideas of lightweight structures. The Team of Archineer is also grateful for financial support from The Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic - KEGA 002VŠVU-4/2019, through which this publication of this handsomely illustrated document was made possible.

Sabah Shawkat

Bratislava 07/ 2019

F ESTI VAL

MODELS

P RO JE C T S

SKY W AL K , O B S E RV AT O RY TENSEGRIT Y S T RU C T U RE S TENSEGRIT Y FO O T B RID G E S

CONTENTS

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

TABLE OF

I NTRO DU C T IO N

Sabah Shawkat © LI GHTW E IG HT FO O T B RID G E S T RU C T U RE S TENSEGRIT Y L IG H T IN G S

THE REC IP RO C A L FRA M E S & RO O FS GRI D SHE L L S RESEARC H O F M E M B RA N E S T RUC T URE S EX HI B I TI O N IN P RA G U E 2 0 1 8

1-50 51-100 101-132

F ESTI V A L

AS M O D E L S & P RO JE C T S Head of Project : Sabah Shawkat I Assistant : Richard Schlesinger I Cooperation : Peter Novysedlák Students : Peter Galdík I Silvia Galová I Petra Garajová I Patrik Olejňák I Lea Debnárová I Rúth Sýkorová

SKY WA L K , O B S E RV AT O RY

Head of Project : Sabah Shawkat I Assistant : Richard Schlesinger I Cooperation : Zuzana Pešková Students : Mirka Grožáková I Viliam Jankovič I Martin Malachovský I Eva Kvaššayová I Chris Varga I Vanda Výbohová I I Vanesa Rybárová I Patrik Olejňák I Silvia Galová

AUTHORS

Author : Sabah Shawkat

TABLE OF

I NTROD U C T IO N

TENS E G RIT Y S T RU C T U RE S Author : Sabah Shawkat

Sabah Shawkat ©

133-146

TENS E G RIT Y FO O T B RID G E S

147-160

LI GHT WE IG H T FO O T B RID G E S T RUC T URES

161-174

TENS E G RIT Y L IG H T IN G S

175-190

THE R E C IP RO C A L FRA M E S & RO O FS

191-204

GRI D S HE L L S

205-296

RESE A RC H O F M E M B RA N E S T RU C T U RE S

297-308

EX HI B IT IO N IN P RA G U E 2 0 1 8

Author : Sabah Shawkat

Head of Project : Sabah Shawkat I Assistant : Richard Schlesinger Peter Galdík I Patrik Olejňák I Silvia Galová I Rúth Sýkorová I Chris Varga I Viliam Jankovič

Author : Sabah Shawkat

Author : Sabah Shawkat , Richard Schlesinger Curator : Sabah Shawkat

Sabah Shawkat © 01. Festival as Models and Projects

Festival For eight semesters in 2018, we have prepared a project on the theme of the festival in our Cabinet for students of the 4th year of BC at the Department of Architecture. The word festival in the dictionary means: a day or a time of the year when people have holiday from work and celebrate some special events, often a religious one, or festival is an organized series of events such as musical concerts or drama production.

Sabah Shawkat © Since the various activities take place within the festival, our task was, first to choose an area for these activities and also to design an urban plan and solve road traffic for cyclists, cars, buses, and pedestrians to get easily and quickly to the festival territory without any complications. As part of the urban plan, we have determined the area for parking cars, buses.Also we designed temporary cells for accommodation of festival participants, as well as areas for refreshments and lightweight structures such as textile membrane structures for other activities. Elaborated projects individual parts are documented on a high level from our students.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Education Process - Festival

Sabah Shawkat ©

Education Process - Festival

Sabah Shawkat © Festival grouds are located near Volkswagen factory between Bratislava and Záhorská Bystrica witch provides very good connection from all sides. Total site size is 29,3ha devided into three smaler sectors, parking, camping and main festival area.

The site is designed so it can be used all year round and accommodate more than 10000 people for any kind of occasion. All sectors are well connected in orthogonal system for easier orientation. Parking sector includes parking places for cars, buses, bicycles and also special camp for camper vans. Area offers more types of accommodation from camping to hotel so it can meet expectations of all visitors. Main festival sector is designed as park with smaller squares with one bigstage, two medium stages and few small stages. All stages are designed astensile structures, lightweight and easy to maintain. There are also several tensile structures that serve as shades, meeting points and places to relax.

Festival Area Site

Sabah Shawkat ©

Festival Plan

7 BUS PARKING DESIGN

CAMPING SLOTS DESIGN

Sabah Shawkat © FESTIVAL PODS URBANISM

FESTIVAL PODS URBANISM

Typology of Festival Areas

8 FESTIVAL SECTION

Sabah Shawkat © FESTIVAL COMUNICATIONS

FESTIVAL PARKING DESIGN

Light Tensile Structures - Form Finding

STAGE DESIGN 1

STAGE DESIGN 2

STAGE DESIGN 3

Sabah Shawkat ©

Light Tensile Structures - Form Finding

STAGE DESIGN 1

STAGE DESIGN 2

STAGE DESIGN 3

Sabah Shawkat ©

Light Tensile Structures - Physical Model

VIEW

Sabah Shawkat © PLAN

Light Tensile Structures - Form Finding

12 Detail B

MODEL

Sabah Shawkat ©

Light Tensile Structures- Physical Model

Sabah Shawkat © Festival site is located on the outskirts of Bratislava,near the Wolkswagen Slovakia park. Its area is apporximately 53ha and it’s formed by three zones: parking (45%), camping (28%) and festival (27%).

Overal capacity of the festival is 10000 people (1 person= 53,3m2).The parking is divided into 5 zonescars(1800),buses (40), caravans (60), bikes (160) and VIP(180).The camping zone consists of tent and challet villages, a pond with beaches, pavilions, restaurants and stalls. In the festival are there are 3 main stages, food courts, pavilions and art installations. Very importnat was the idea of one, direct flow of people from parking into festival zone without creating any traffic knots. The area of the festival is an area with wholeyears potential of use for various camps, worskhops and events.

Festival Area Site

Sabah Shawkat ©

Festival Plan

CAMPING SLOTS DESIGN

BUS PARKING DESIGN

Sabah Shawkat © PARKING

Typology of Festival Areas

16 TENSEGRITY + MEMBRANE STRUCTURE

SECTION

DETAIL D1

Sabah Shawkat ©

DETAIL D2

DETAIL D3

GROUND PLAN

Light Tensile Structures - Form Finding

Inside of the festival area there are located various constructions making it a lot more interesting. For the purposes of relaxing, chilling out, small performances or just a protection from rain and sun is designed one membrane structure. It can be called a hybrid because its construction connects two systemstensegrity and membrane structure.

Sabah Shawkat ©

The second structure STAGE used as a roofing of stages is a membrane structure as well, but it consists of another systemnet cable structures. These cables help the membrane to stay in the desired shapewhich under normal circumstances wouldnot be possible.

Light Tensile Structures - Physical Model

STAGE SECTION-VIEW

STAGE PLAN

Sabah Shawkat ©

STAGE AXONOMETRY

STAGE VIEW

Light Tensile Structures - Form Finding

Sabah Shawkat ©

Light Tensile Structures - Form Finding

Sabah Shawkat ©

Shells Form Finding - Physical Model

Sabah Shawkat © The proposed festival site is located in Bratislava in a triangle between the Volswagen industrial park in Devínska Nová Ves, Záhorská Bystrica and the neighbourhood of the new planned residential quarter Bory Home.The locality is easy to approach by traffic, public or train transport. The area is designed on the original cycling route making it easily accesible to cyclists as well.

The Festival was created for capacity of 7000 visitors using the overall area of 45ha which is divided to a 3 parts. Each part works separately and is equipped with accomodation units, services, gastronomy, stages or pavillions. Parking zones are separated for cars (3000) , bus (10), caravans (448) and bicycle station (160). A foot-path lead straight to the gate of the festival from the main road and servise road with 5 gates around the entire area. Accomodation zones consits of wooden pods (992) for 2 persons and tents for 2-4 persons (5440). There are 3 stages for outdoor performance and 6 pavillions ( membrane structures ) for markets, discussions art exhibitions or chill out.

Festival Area Site

Sabah Shawkat ©

Festival Plan

SECTION A-A´

SECTION B-B´

SECTION C-C´

Sabah Shawkat © PARKING

TENTS

Typology of Festival Areas

Sabah Shawkat ©

FESTIVAL PODS DESIGN

CYCLE PARKING DESIGN

Typology of Festival Areas

25 MULTIFUNCTIONAL PAVILLION

SIDE-VIEW

ART

BACK-VIEW

Sabah Shawkat © PERFORMANCE

FRONT-VIEW

DISCUSSIONS

Light Tensile Structures - Form Finding

Sabah Shawkat ©

Light Tensile Structures - Physical Model

Sabah Shawkat © The site is located just outside of Bratislava on a land which is currently mostly used for farming.The area is pretty accessible. There is an international highway exit, town roads connecting Devínska Nová Ves, Bratislava and Záhorská Bystrica, train station, few nearby public transport stops and cyclingways . I have decided to place my festival nearby existing road and two river streams since I wanted to create a smaller water reservoir. Whole concept revolves around creating a leisure zone alongside the site so that when it is built up later on this festival area would connect it all. Therefore I am extending the festival area with cycling roads and walkways through whole site and placing a smaller second camping area further from the festival area. At the ends of this connector line there is parking. The main festival area is divided into four main zones: parking, camping, cottage village and the festival area itself -stages, chillout zones, stands, exhibitions,etc. It can acommodate up to 10.000 visitors. There is a highway D2 exit and regular town roads leading towards the site. These acess roads are divided by vehicle types for ease of navigation and to reduce traffic problems. Parking consists of a parking lot for cars, parking lot for buses, parking lot for caravans and stands for bicycles.

Festival Area Site

Sabah Shawkat ©

Festival Plan

29 CAR PARKING AND VISITORS WALKAWAY SCHEME

CARAVAN PARKING

Sabah Shawkat © CARAVAN PARKING

Typology of Festival Areas

30 VISITORS WALKAWAY SYSTEM

Sabah Shawkat ©

Typology of Festival Areas

TENTS VILLAGE SYSTEM

CYCLE PATH DESIGN

Sabah Shawkat ©

Typology of Festival Areas

WOODEN POD LIVING PROPOSAL

WOODEN PODS ASSEMBLING VARIATIONS

Sabah Shawkat ©

URBAN VARIATIONS OF WOODEN PODS

Typology of Festival Areas

Sabah Shawkat ©

Light Tensile Structures - Form Finding

Sabah Shawkat ©

Light Tensile Structures - Plan, Model

35 Version 1

Version 5

Version 2

Version 6

Sabah Shawkat © 2a

Version 3

Version 6

Version 4

Version 7

Shells - Form Finding

36 Version 1

Version 2

Version 3

Sabah Shawkat © 2b

Membranes - Form Finding

Sabah Shawkat ©

SHELLS - Form Finding

Sabah Shawkat ©

SHELLS - Form Finding, Physical Model

Sabah Shawkat © The site is located just outside of Bratislava on a land which is currently mostly used for farming.The acces is very easy. There is an international highway exit, town roads connecting Devínska Nová Ves, Bratislava and Záhorská Bystrica, trainstation and cycling ways. I have decided to place my festival inbetween two river streams which form a “v”. It creates a natural barrier and seperates it from the rest of the land. This way I didn’t have to think and design the shape and I could focus on the main part- on the map. The 37ha area is divided into four main zones: parking, camping, cottage village and the festival area itself-stages, chillout zones, stands, exhibitions,etc. It can acommodate 8000 visitors. There is a highway D2 exit and regular town roads leading towards the site. Parking consists of a parking lof for cars, a parking lot for buses, a parking lot for caravans( with their own little park a and utilities) and stands for bicycles. Once you enter the festival you can choose whether you want to rent a small cottage for to people or stay in a camp in either your own tent or a rentable one.

Festival Area Site

Sabah Shawkat ©

Festival Plan

Sabah Shawkat ©

Light Tensile Structures - Form Finding

Sabah Shawkat ©

Light Tensile Structures - Form Finding

Sabah Shawkat © The festival with 4000 people, is designed forall year use. It has two entrance. First one is for visitors, the other one for VIP guests. These two parts are able to work on their own. Out of the festival season there is this VIP part which is available for 600 people to accommodate. It has parking, social equipment and relaxing zone. In the main part there is 840 car park places, 60 places for bus to park places for caravans. For caravans there are also places for them. Camping accommodate 2200 people. Also the camp place consist another free area for tents. The entrance is edged by alley of membrane structure. The alley leads to a accommodation zone - wooden pods and camping city. The areal is composed of 2 stages - main stage, covered by tensile structure and small one - The heart of the festival is composed by “green areas” and relax zones, food court with opportunity of swimming- there is a pond.

Festival Area Site

Sabah Shawkat ©

Festival Plan

Sabah Shawkat ©

Light Tensile Structures - Form Finding

Sabah Shawkat ©

Light Tensile Structures - Form Finding

Sabah Shawkat ©

Final Presentation

Sabah Shawkat ©

Final Presentation

Sabah Shawkat ©

Final Presentation

Sabah Shawkat ©

Final Presentation

Sabah Shawkat © 02. Skywalk, Observatory

Skywalk, Observatory Construction in Architecture is the name of subject for 4th year students at the Department of Architecture, where students defend their project called skywalk or observatory which belongs to the field of lightweight structures to earn a bachelor‘s degree for this year.

behaviour. Therefore, to make a proper design, sufficient rigidity should be requiring to ensure that sway and vibration did not interfere with the occupants. There is also an aesthetic challenge because the major skywalk or observatory would be prominent, and often situated in environmentally sensitive locations. As usual, all of this should require minimal feasible material and costs.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Over the years, many architects and structural engineers have based their forms on the Platonic solids. We can begin to also investigate and design more advanced surfaces and solids based of pure mathematical descriptions such as Catenary curve or Mobius strip. For example, imagine if a surface or spaces could be constructed with a continuous twist in it. This would generate a paradoxical geometry similar to that of the Mobius Band. Based on these mathematical principles, this chapter deals with creative projects which we would like to introduce to you.

For designing these type of constructions (lightweight structures) which are completely different from conventional structures, often structural engineers are confronted with a great technical challenge: to support the size of lightweight structure at a level several hundred meters above ground, structural engineers should have a great knowledge of wind

The skywalk, observatory would exploit the sculpture potentialities of steel or timber: its mould ability and its continuity, expressed in the smooth tapering form of the structure. The circular forms as well as circular cross-sections would minimize wind forces, and provide uniform resistance in all directions. Nevertheless, the wind forces, especially those acting on the walkway high above the ground, would give rise to high overturning moments at the base, and require extensive foundations. The walkway could carry people and bring visitors face to face with the upper level of the nature.

Sabah Shawkat © This observatory is located in the capital city of Slovakia, Bratislava, just a few minutes away from the old city center, in the district called Devín. It is a nice place to go when you want to escape the buzz of the city and enjoy some quiet time in the nature. This location is also unique thanks to the confluence of two rivers - Morava and Danube and beautiful views of Austria. The whole concept of this shape comes from mathematics and it is a translation of mobius bend into architecture/real space which the visitors can experience.The main intention is to arouse curiosity to walk through changing spaces and to be in touch with water/even closer to the nature. The construction consists of 30 timber frames in a shape of a square 4 x4m. Each one of them rotates on a circle every 12 degrees and at the same time also on its own axis - 6 degrees. A solution to all joints are metal/steel plates. This design comes with two possibilities of foundations - first is concrete footing for permanent placement of observatory and second solution is full wooden frame foundations, which add mobility and variety of its placement.

Site Location

Sabah Shawkat ©

1. Floor Plan , Foundations

Sabah Shawkat ©

Section View

Sabah Shawkat ©

Frame Sections

Sabah Shawkat ©

Frame Sections

Sabah Shawkat ©

Physical Modelling as a Design Tool

Sabah Shawkat ©

Lookout tower is situated on Bradlo, which is one of the hills in mountain area Slanské vrchy in Eastern Slovakia. Hill is 840 meters above the sea level. Forest on the northern part of the hill is less wooded and offers beautiful views on the surrounding landscape, Slanec village, ruins of the castle of Slanec and Košice city, which is 15km far from the Bradlo. In good visibility, you can see High Tatras mountains from here. Distance between High Tatras and Bradlo is more than 100km. These views are main point of the loocation chosen for this lookout.

The design is inspirated with lissajous curve and spiral. Shape consist of two logaritmic spirals, which are connected at the top and lowest point. This connection of spirals makes ascending and descending path and that provides fluent movement. Base of the tower has diameter of 8 meters and exponcially grows to 12 meters at the top. Height of the tower is 25 meters. Construction is made from wood and glulam. Spiral pathway consist of glulam beams and wooden stairs which are divided into parts and mounted on the place. Casing is made from wooden beams and is also a skeleton of the construction. Pathway is mounted on the main beams and is supported from the inside and outside.

Site Location

Sabah Shawkat ©

Plans , Exploded Axonometry

Sabah Shawkat ©

Elevation and Details

Sabah Shawkat ©

Physical Modelling as a Design Tool

Sabah Shawkat ©

Site Location

Sabah Shawkat ©

Structural Design Axonometry

Sabah Shawkat ©

Plans and Sections

Sabah Shawkat ©

Axonometry Details and Physical Model

Skywalk is situated 1750 meters above the sea, in the beautiful mountainous surrounding in the Furkotská valley in the High Tatras, Slovakia. Skywalk provides spectacular views from each side, but the main focus is on the Wahlenberg’s lakes.

Sabah Shawkat ©

The idea of rounded outlook came from the utopian project by the VAL architects called “Heliopolis” /1968 - 1974/. Gigantic ring with the perimeter more than 0.5km was proposed as an olympic city, providing solutions for urbanistic and environmental relations and functions in specific location. Authors of Heliopolis were looking for synthesis among possibilities and suggestions of people and nature, so was I, when proposing the project. In contrast with Olympic city, the function of skywalk in the Furkotská valley is providing unforgettable experience for the visitors. Thanks to the various types of spaces, open in one moment and covered in another, the tourist can experience both – the feeling of introversion, but also kind of social involvement. The diversity of height levels allows the spectator to experience the sense of fusion with nature.

The construction of skywalk consists of 40 steel frames, arranged into the rounded shape, based on rocky mountainous terrain. The foundation is provided by concrete stripes in the depth of 1,1m. The frames, built by HEA profiles (20x20) are anchored by the steel plates. Individual parts of the frames are welded, thus it provides support for wooden ramps, which are rising along whole skywalk. The construction is insulated with the wool, from both sides – outer and inner – covered with the wooden plates. Floors are strengthen by steel sheet plates. The building material for railings is also wood.

Site Location

Sabah Shawkat ©

Details Visualisations

Sabah Shawkat ©

Frame Sections

Sabah Shawkat ©

Plan, Views

Sabah Shawkat ©

Elevation and Details

Sabah Shawkat ©

Physical Modelling as a Design Tool

This lookout is situated on Senderov, witch is hill near village Vinné and Zemplínska Šírava in Eastern Slovakia. Hill is 316 meters above sea level but lookout is little bit below in 236 meters above sea level. Lookout is situated nearby ruins of the church under the Senderov, witch is popular tourist location. From there is beautiful view on west part of Šírava, Michalovce city, and surrounding landscape. Construction is designed to improve observation angle and make it wider. Design is taking inspiration from catenary curve witch is curve that an idealized hanging chain or cable assumes under its own weight when supported only at its ends. Lookout is 30 meters long and 50 meters wide. Whole construction is made from steel pipes witch are connected in special multi angle joints with threads. Construction is reinforced with cables and its connected with massive concrete foundations. Flooring is made from wooden planks and fence from glass panels.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Site Location

Sabah Shawkat ©

Plan and Elevations

Sabah Shawkat ©

Structural Design Axonometry

Sabah Shawkat ©

Details

Sabah Shawkat ©

Physical Modelling as a Design Tool

Sabah Shawkat ©

Physical Modelling as a Design Tool

The tower looks out over lakes of Hrhov on south of Slovakia near border of Hungaria.This location is well know as natural bird reserve that is a favored site not only for ornithologists but for vacationers and other travelers as well. In order to allow observation of both lakes in various high levels tower is devidet into three sections. First level is approximately 8m heigh and semi protected with roof for comfortable observation even in bad weather. Second level is spacious viewing deck 10m above ground easily able to accommodate large groups of visitors. Third level is a short staircase with a function of seats. Heighest point of observation is from 13 m above ground. Tower is all constructed of wooden beams with a support of steal ropes. Triangular shape is perfect for balancing forces creating a leighter ilusion.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Site Location

Sabah Shawkat ©

Plans

Sabah Shawkat ©

Elevations, Structural Design Axonometry

Sabah Shawkat ©

Physical Modelling as a Design Tool

The lookout is situated in the wine region of Strekov, which is famous for its fine wine and the annual wine festival. Strekov is a village in Slovakia in the Nitra Region in the Nové Zámky district, close to the Hungarian border. It is the largest wine region in southern Slovakia. The proposal of the design was inspired by the ascending and descending topography of the place and the helical shape of the vine. The emphasis was on the possibility to see on all sides (from one side you can already see the territory of Hungary, from the other the village Strekov) and the opportunity to enjoy the wine in this beautiful scenery.

Whole braced wood construction is fixed in the ground by reinforced concrete foundations. The construction is solidified with timber beams and steel wire-rope bracing. The surface layer is formed by wooden decks and for safety there is wooden handrail along the edges. All walking parts of the lookout have a slope of 20 degrees. The seating area, with wooden stairs on a left side, has a slope of 25 degrees. Straight walking parts have heights 2.1 m, 1.2 m and 3.5 m, in this order. The highest point of seating area is 5 m height. The width of construction is 4.6 m and 3.6 m at the beginning.The lookout offers new ways to enjoy the environment, it does not disturb the surroundings, but becomes a natural part of it.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Site Location

Sabah Shawkat ©

Structural Design Axonometry, Detail, Views

Sabah Shawkat ©

Plan

Sabah Shawkat ©

Elevation AA, BB

Sabah Shawkat ©

Details

Sabah Shawkat ©

Physical Modelling as a Design Tool

Sabah Shawkat ©

The observatory walkway is located at the reef Sivec near the Ružín dam. It stretches above the rocky top that sits on the hill. It covers about 2/3 of the rocky top length. It serves as a safer walkway on the narrow and pointy rocky terrain. The whole walkway consits of platforms and ramps that are oriented in linear directions while occasionaly accenting certain views with cantilevered spots. The observatory is made of wood with steel joints. The structure is designed as rib segments that sit on beams. This creates an open feeling for the visitors since they can see in any direction while walking through the structure. This modular rib approach also helps with the construction time and procedure.

The walkway is built in a way that allows for an option to walk on the rocks themselves. There is a ramp connection in the end of the walkway that connects to the rock. From there you can get to the last segment of the rock which was left untouched. Therefore, people can still experience the natural view without any obstructions with the same essence of the place as before construction.

Site Location

Sabah Shawkat ©

Axonometry

Sabah Shawkat ©

Plans, Physical Model

Sabah Shawkat ©

Structural Design Axonometry

The walkway is located in Devínska Nová Ves (part of Bratislava) near Sandberg. It has the shape of a perfect circle, part of it “tucked” right into the slope. This way it is cantilevered in the air, providing a new view, with a certain distance from the land. The visitors find themselves in the air, being able to admire not only the look at the Morava joining the Danube, the Devin castle or the Austrian windmills but Sandberg itself, as well. The whole bearing system is made of steel. There are two main beams on the sides, connected and secured by thinner “I” shaped ones in between them. The walkway itself is made of grate, allowing the visitors to see what is below them as well as the bearing structure.The railing is glass, fixed on top of the sides of the beams. Glass allows uninterrupted view with no extra material in the way. Since the whole Sandberg area is basically sand and regular console would not hold the walkway, it is hung from from a pole. It uses the system of cable-stayed bridges.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Site Location

Sabah Shawkat ©

Physical Modelling as a Design Tool

The observation tower is located on the east of Slovakia near small town Dobšiná at the southern border of the national park Slovak paradise, exactly on the top of Dobšinský hill which can be considered an entrance to the national park. The position of tower is strategical. Since all the main entrances to reach the park are located in its northern part, the tower is designed on the south to give people a reason to explore this part of the park too. You can find there water reservoir Palcmanská maša with possibility to swim in the summer, a lot of hiking routes with beautiful nature and waterfalls or a lot of ski areas for winter period. When climbed up, the tower offers 360° panoramic view to all sides. Facing north it is possible to see and admire the whole Slovak paradise national park with its hills, valleys and water reservoir Palcmanská maša. In case of good weather, it is also possible to see High Tatras – the biggest mountains of Slovakia, in the distance. Turning left we can see Kráľová hoľa, one of the most famous peaks of Low Tatras mountains and then facing south there is a view over the whole Upper Gemer region with old mining town Dobšiná.

Sabah Shawkat ©

The shape of ground plan of the tower resembles a star. It’s symmetrical and consists of two paths – ramps with 4 platforms. One ramp is going up and the other one down, similar to double helix. They meet on the top on a straight platform 9m above the ground which offers the panoramic view. Since the structure is not enclosed, during the way up and down it is also possible to stop and enjoy the view from all sides. Being inside the structure it looks like labyrinth.

The whole structure is 9m high and 20m wide. The bearing construction consists of steel beams supporting the platforms and each other. They are anchored to concrete foundations in the ground with steel plates, as well as to the platforms. There are two beams that go all the way around the structure and touch each other in shapes like X. Then there is one steel beam carrying the pedestrian ramps with wooden cladding to walk on. The railing is from glass so that it doesn’t destroy the view.

Site Location

Sabah Shawkat ©

Structural Design Axonometry, Detail, Views

Sabah Shawkat ©

Details, Views

Sabah Shawkat ©

Physical Modelling as a Design Tool

Sabah Shawkat ©

Final Presentation

100

Sabah Shawkat ©

Final Presentation

101

Sabah Shawkat © 03. Tensegrity Structures

102

Sabah Shawkat ©

103

Definitions and History of Tensegrity The definition is given by Karl Ioganson 1920, Richard Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983), Kenneth Snelson 1965, and Rene Motro 2003.The first patented definitions of tensegrity are very general. Fuller described tensegrity systems as “islands of compression in a sea of tension”. Snelson patented the system which he called “Continuous Tension, Discontinuous Copression Structures.” Emmerich added the condition of self-stress state: Tensegrity structures consist of rods mounted in such a way that the struts remain physically isolated in a continuous set of cables.

Tensegrity structures are 3-D trusses where some members are always in tension while others are in compression. The Tensegrity concept offers a high level of geometrical and structural efficiency and results in modular and lightweight structures. When the external load acting on construction are transmitted to all elements of the structure in the same way Once the external force is removed the elements will return to their original shape. Vibration in one part of the structure causes vibration in all other parts.

Tensegrity structures consist of compression (struts) and tensile (cables) components which stabilize each other through pre-stress. A tensegrity system is a system in a stable self-equilibrated state comprising a discontinuous set of compressed components inside a continuum of tensioned components.”

Mechanical stability of structures does not depend on the strength of individual parts but on the whole structure distributes and balances mechanical strain. Then the structures will be efficient and very light, in fact they are very strong. Snelson constructed tensegrity structures whereby the stability is based on pre-stress, because pre-stress induced stiffening. Before an external force effects on the structure the system including all structural parts are under tension or compression. This way even opposed forces are kept in balance. The simple tensegrity models were criticised because, if one or two cables or struts are damaged, the whole system would collapse immediately.

Sabah Shawkat ©

The main properties factor of tensegrity is pre-stress and the geodesic alignment of the structure elements. There is a balance between tension and compression, we can define the system as “stable selfequilibrium”. It is a self-stabilising whole systems. The tensegrity network is a stable, at the same time an adaptable construction. The whole system reacts to an outside force with an adaptive tension distribution. Tensegrity structures as “internally pre-stressed, free standing pin-jointed networks, in which the cables or tendons are tensioned against a system of bars or struts.” This description introduces the fact that the system is pre-stressed and pin-jointed. This implies that there are only axial forces present in the system and there is no torque.

Tensegrity structures are structures based on the combination of a few simple but subtle and deep design patterns: a. Loading members only in pure compression or pure tension, meaning the structure will only fail if the cables yield or the rods buckle. b. Pre-stress or tensional pre-stress, which allows cables to be rigid in tension. c. Mechanical stability, which allows the members to remain in tension/ compression as stress on the structure increases.

Tensegrity Structures

104

Tensegrity Models Because of these patterns, no structural member experiences a bending moment. This can produce exceptionally rigid structures for their mass and for the cross section of the components. The construction according to the principles of tensegrity offers a maximum of load capacity and requires a minimum of construction material. To summarise, the above descriptions cover most of the aspects of the Tensegrity concept which are listed as follows: a. Tensegrity structures belong to the structural group of pin-jointed three dimensional trusses. b. Tensegrity structures contain only pure compression and tension members. And tension elements used are cables which can sustain only tension. c. In classic Tensegrity structures the compressive elements are discontinuous. They seem to be floating in a continuous network of tension elements. d. A state of pre-stress or self-stress is required for the stability of the structure since it stabilizes internal mechanisms.

The concept of tensegrity is understood in several ways. This term is often incorrect used for structures that have some, but not necessarily the key, tensegrity characteristics. The concept of tensegrity systems is misused in reference to both mathematical models and completed engineering structures. We usually make tensegrity as a model to clarify certain ideas and sculpture, partly for education reasons, partly in order to demonstrate the entire concept of osteopathy in a reasonable way. It is hereby not important whether this model is true or not. The point is simply to use an analogy to make certain state of affairs more comprehensible. All specialist regards the tensegrity model as a mechanical model, where both tension and compression forces take effect, not shear forces and certain properties result from the interaction of these forces. If you build for example a tower, compression forces have to be transferred. In a tensegrity model the compression bars do not connect on top of each other, they do not touch each other. The only elements to connect them are elastic ties that bind or ropes, i.e. elements which can transfer tension. Snelson, found out how it works and built the needle tower. The beauty of tensegrity is the architecture, like the needle tower. Snelson, consider tensegrity as a connection between architecture and art.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Architects and structural engineers have been working on macro structures for a long time, for example Buckminster Fuller, who realised domes and halls with these structures. The principle is the structure concept. This structure concept is becoming part of tensegrity, then the construction would be a much lighter, flexible and finally would be very open.

Tensegrity Structures

105

The most important characteristic of these things is the threedimensional construction concept.Tensegrity as a possibility to build things which are Omni-directionally (all direction) stable and are based on tension and compression resistant elements. Some elements are only tension resistant, the others only compression resistant. In conventional architecture all members must be resistant to both tension and compression. Tensegrity as a structural system offers many advantages over conventional structural systems. The benefits offered are elaborated as follows:A compressive member loses stiffness as it is loaded, where as a tensile member gains stiffness as it is loaded. Capacity of a structure increases with the minimal mass design for a given set of stiffness properties. Tensegrity structures use longitudinal members arranged in a very unusual pattern to achieve maximum strength with small mass.

Orthogonal Tensegrity Prism: It is the most elegant tensegrity one can conceive, three struts T-prism, nine tendons, twist element, 3 struts single layer, rise to the open space, this 3-strut T prism was probably first made either by a Lithuanian artist Karl Ioganson around 1920 or by a Fuller student at the University of North Carolina in the early 1950’s named Ted Pope. But both Karl’s and Ted’s contribution helped the development of the tensegrity stops here. In fact, we are not even sure they indeed build this principal tensegrity. Each strut is acted upon by the tension of the cable. As it is a three-dimensional system, in each end of the strut we should have at least three cables in tension attached to the node. This is also observed by Snelson: “I know I need a minimum of three cables on any end of any stick” (Snelson and Von Baeyer, 1989). The resultant of each triad of forces at each node, added to the relatively small weight of each component, has to be in line with the axis of the strut, because otherwise the rod would be affected by a bending moment and would not be in equilibrium, i.e. there is a three-dimensional equilibrium of tensions and compressions at each node.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Since the compressive members of Tensegrity structures are either disjoint or connected with ball joints, large displacement, deploy-ability and folding in a compact volume is possible in Tensegrity structures. The same deployment technique can also make small modification for fine tuning of the loaded structures, or adjustment of a damaged structure. Structures that are designed to allow tuning will be an important feature of next generation mechanical structures, including Civil Engineering structures. All members of a Tensegrity structure are axially loaded. Generally, members that experience deformation in two or three dimensions are much harder to model than members that experience deformation in only one dimension. Hence, increased use of tensile members is expected to yield more efficient structures. let me now to present some small scaling models for illustration, to give the idea of tensegrity for the readers in simple way.

From this analysis’s we can understand that the definition of tensegrity structures as internally pre-stressed, free-standing pin-jointed networks, in which the cables or tendons are tensioned against a system of bars or struts” The same reasoning could be applied to the wires, which are attached to the ends of two struts and influenced by, at least, the other two cables in each node. As a result, each join is in equilibrium if it is put under a particular tension, which is usually a pre-tensioning force. An exactness of tensegrity structures is that the forces acting on them are visible in a sense. For instance, Snelson confirm about his sculptures: “I am showing you, for the very first time, what structural space really looks like” (Schneider, 1977). In other words, in a tensegrity structure

Tensegrity Structures

106

the two types of forces in nature, tension and compression, are completely separated and you can see them in their pure state. Where there is a strut, there is pure compression; and where there is a cable, there is pure tension. Then we can describe characteristics of a tensegrity structure as follows: – The structure is free-standing, without any support. – The structural members are straight. – There are only two different types of structural members: struts carrying compression and cables carrying tension. – The struts do not contact with each other at their ends.

According to adjacent figure, Tensegrity structure, basic configuration: 3 struts, 9 tendons. Material characteristics of elements: Tendons consist of knitted cotton fiber in bundles of 4 fibers, length 18cm. A 5mm brass tube with a wall thickness of 0.5mm was used to construct the struts, and a 5mm steel rod was inserted into it to form a 26cm telescopic element in the base position. Holding in the basic position is provided by a linearly wound cylindrical spring. Steel rods of 0.6 mm thickness were used for its production. The system is designed so that, in its prime position, the telescopic elements maintain their tensions tend to stretch. The assembled system allows us to monitor the distribution of forces when loading individual elements based on the length changes of telescopic struts.

Sabah Shawkat ©

– The response to the loads is nonlinear.

Figure 3-1: Physical model- Triangular Prism with telescopic struts

Figure 3-2: Physical model- Triangular Prism Stage as an Initial Experiment

Tensegrity Structures

107

In the absence of externally applied loads, tensegrity, as a type of formactive structure, needs self-equilibrium configuration as determined in the process called form-finding. The form-finding state determine the self-equilibrated configuration in the absence of externally applied loads, but they are not always defining other characteristic features of tensegrity structures.

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-3: Orthogonal Tensegrity Prism - Triangular Prism Stage

According to adjacent figure this construction is made of one tensegrity spatial 3d elements of the x-shape module. Tensegrity consists of six strut elements of equal length. The strut elements are oriented in three mutually perpendicular axes, each having the same length and eighteen cable elements. Three cables pass through each node. The triad of forces in each joint results in a force distribution, resulting in a relatively small weight for each component. Strut elements must not touch together. The upper edge of the struts must be connected to the lower edge of the other element. The weight, thickness of the elements and the use of the same material in all directions have an influence on the stability of the structure. The tensegrity as a pin-jointed networks they are more flexible under light loads, but their stiffness increases rapidly as the load is higher, like a suspension bridge (Kenner, 1976; Smaili, 2003; Wang 2003).

Expanded “Octahedron” or “Icosahedron“ Figure 3-4: Physical model Tensegrity Icosahedron

Tensegrity Structures

108

The identification of the self-stress state in a truss is not sufficient to call it a tensegrity structure. From the point of view of structural mechanics, one of the most important tensegrity features is the mechanism the uniqueness of tensegrity structures is based on the fact that self-stress states stabilize existing infinitesimal mechanisms.

For example, if the configuration of an “expanded octahedron” is changed and the cables are fixed following the zigzag pattern, the result is a “truncated tetrahedron”. As Motro (2003) remarked, it is not always possible to attain a balanced geometry and, therefore, sometimes the figures do not have a perfect definition of the polyhedron in question.

Due to the ability to respond as a whole, it is possible to use materials in a very economical way, offering a maximum amount of strength for a given amount of building material (Ingber, 1998). In Vesna’s and Fuller´s words (2000), tensegrity demonstrates ephemeralization, or the capability of doing more with less. Perhaps, ‘ethereal’ is more adequate than ‘ephemeral’. They don’t suffer any kind of torque or torsion, and buckling is very rare due to the short length of their components in compression. Tensional forces naturally transmit themselves over the shortest distance between two points, so the members of a tensegrity structure are precisely positioned to best withstand stress.

Due to the orientation of the struts that converge in each face, it can be appreciated that a certain distortion of the regular polygons can arise. In any case, additional cables can be inserted into the original system to obtain the perfect geometry. If the aim is to create a geodesic figure, the process is similar to that of circuit systems, except that the breakdown frequency has to be a multiple of 3. The properties demonstrated by tensegrity structures have received increased attention, especially from civil engineers in applications such as bridges, domes and towers.

Sabah Shawkat © The potential of the tensegrity concept has inspired new metamaterials. Metamaterials are artificially invented materials that have properties which are not observed in nature. These are composite structures with extreme unusual mechanical properties. In recent years increased interest in the research of metamaterials has been observed.

Figure 3-5: Physical model Diamond T- Tetrahedron

Figure 3-6: Tensegrity system

Tensegrity Structures

109

We also proposed one interesting model, this is a geodesic tensegrity dome inspired by the author, where the tendons could be substituted by a plastic skin that took the role of the continuous tension component.

Bio Tensegrity Models - Tensegrity Pelvis Balanced Evolution selects for structural adaptations which are maximally efficienttensegrity structures, which combine flexibility, resilience, strength, with minimal energy and material requirements, are optimum solutions to these demands. These models are, in sense, attempts to reverse engineer evolution. Note that tension components can be altered (shortened and lengthened) in only one tensile component (e.g. the sacroiliac ligament or pelvic floor) to demonstrate distortions and dysfunctions in posture and mobility. A change in one tension element affects the balance and symmetry in all three axes. These two Physical models illustrate that a change in length of a tension component is equivalent to an increase or decrease of mobility in that area of the body. These models also demonstrate gait. By distorting a single tension element, you can then observe the corresponding distortion in gait.

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-7: Physical model - Double-Layer Tensegrity Dome

Adjacent figure shows the model is a dome fragment that can be used as a roofing of different spaces: representative, indoor, exhibition. It is constructed from aluminum tubes (struts) and nylon fiber (rods). The struts do not touch each other. The model consists of 15 basic modules that are mutually connectable and detachable. The base module has three struts bars with a diameter of 6mm and a length of 166mm. The upper base rods are 140 mm long, the bottom base rods are 80 mm long. The rods connecting the lower and upper bases are 115 mm long. The top base of the base module is 1.75 times larger than the bottom base, ensuring a dome-shaped curvature when bonded. In practice, it would be appropriate to use a smaller ratio for a larger dome span. The basic modules and the whole structure are removable thanks to the rods. The joint is a cut slit into the aluminum tube into which the rods are inserted. The rods are terminated at the end with a node that is larger than the slot to avoid the collapse of the structure. In practice, it is advisable to use solid joints.

Figure 3-8: Physical models – Double and Single Tensioned Pelvis

Tensegrity Structures

110

References 1. Fuller, R.B. Tensile-Integrity Structures. U.S. Patent 3,063,521, 13 November 1962. 2. Snelson, K. Continuous Tension, Discontinuous Compression Structures. U.S. Patent 3,169,611, 16 February 1965. 3. Emmerich, D.G. Construction de Reseaux Autotendants. French Patent 1,377,290, 28 September 1964. 4. Pugh, A. An Introduction to Tensegrity; University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA, 1976. 5. Motro, R. Tensegrity systems: The state of the art. Int. J. Space Struct. 1992, 7, 75–83. 6. Motro, R. Tensegrity. Structural Systems for the Future; Kogan Page: London, UK, 2003. 7. Hanaor, A. Geometrically rigid double-layer tensegrity grids. Int. J. Space Struct. 1994, 9, 227–238. 8. Tibert, G. Deployable Tensegrity Structures for Space Applications. Ph.D. Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2002. 9. Tibert, A.G.; Pellegrino, S. Deployable Tensegrity Masts. In Proceedings of the 44th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/ AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference and Exhibit, Norfolk, VA, USA, 7–10 April 2003. 10. Wang, B.B. Cable-strut systems: Part I—Tensegrity. J. Constr. Steel Res. 1998, 45, 281–289. 11. Harichandran, A.; Yamini SreevalIndian, I. Form-finding of tensegrity structures based on force density method. J. Sci. Technol. 2016. 12. Zhanga, L.-Y.; Zhua, S.-X.; Lia, S.-X.; Xub, G.-K. Analytical form-finding of tensegrities using determinant of force-density matrix. Compos. Struct. 2018, 189, 87–98. 13. Caia, J.; Wanga, X.; Dengb, X.; Fenga, J. Form-finding method for multi-mode tensegrity structures using extended force density method by grouping elements. Compos. Struct. 2018, 187, 1–9.

14. Xua, X.; Wangb, Y.; Luoc, Y. Finding member connectivities and nodal positions of tensegrity structures based on force density method and mixed integer nonlinear programming. Eng. Struct. 2018, 166, 240–250. 15. Bathe, K.J. Finite Element Procedures in Engineering Analysis; Prentice Hall: New York, NY, USA, 1996. 16. Zienkiewicz, O.C.; Taylor, R.L. The Finite Element Method. Vol. 1. The Basis; Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann: London, UK, 2000.

Sabah Shawkat ©

111

Sabah Shawkat ©

Figure 3-9: Horizontal view Tensegrity system as sculpture - Two Units - Six compression struts system related to the geometry of the regular polyhedron known as icosahedron.

Figure 3-10: Vertical view Tensegrity system as sculpture - Two Units - Six compression struts system related to the geometry of the regular polyhedron known as icosahedron.

Tensegrity Structures

112

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-11: Tensegrity system as sculptures

Tensegrity Structures

113

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-12. : Tensegrity system as sculpture

Tensegrity Structures

114

Figure 3-13: Tensegrity system as sculptures

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Structures

115

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-14: Tensegrity system as observatory

Tensegrity Structures

116

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-15: Tensegrity system as tower

Tensegrity Structures

117

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-16: Tensegrity system as sculpture

Tensegrity Structures

118

Figure 3-17: Tensegrity system as sculpture Triple X-shape, three compression struts and nine tension cables

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Structures

119

Sabah Shawkat ©

Figure 3-18: Tensegrity as a tree, form finding, several views of a sculpture.

Tensegrity Structures

120

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-19: Tensegrity as a tree, form finding, several views of a sculpture.

Tensegrity Structures

121

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-20: Tensegrity system as sculpture

Tensegrity Structures

122

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-21: Tensegrity system as sculpture - assembly of three square shapes

Tensegrity Structures

123

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-21: Tensegrity system as sculpture - assembly of three triangle shapes

Tensegrity Structures

124

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-22: Tensegrity system as sculpture

Tensegrity Structures

125

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-23: Tensegrity systems as sculpture Form finding

Tensegrity Structures

126

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-24: Tensegrity systems as sculpture Form finding

Tensegrity Structures

127

We can see in the adjacent figure, the assemble of triangle shapes provide structural morphology of tensegrity systems, and adding tension cables to the components gives the stability state to the structure therefore prevent a motion of the triangle shapes out of their own plane. The process is started from a simple system and, next, more and more struts and cables are added step by step.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Figure 3-25: Tensegrity system as sculpture

Tensegrity Structures

128

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-26: Tensegrity system as sculptures

Tensegrity Structures

129

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-27: Tensegrity system as sculpture

Tensegrity Structures

130

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-28: Tensegrity system as sculpture

Tensegrity Structures

131

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-29: Geodesic Dome

Tensegrity Structures

132

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 3-30: Geodesic Dome

Tensegrity Structures

133

Sabah Shawkat © 04. Tensegrity Footbridges

134

Tensegrity Footbridges over the Morava River Construction morphology of tensegrity structures

These pedestrian bridges are located in the capital city of Slovak Republic, Bratislava, just a few minutes away from the old city center, in the district called Devín. This location is also unique thanks to the confluence of two rivers - Morava and Danube and beautiful views of Austria.

Sabah Shawkat © Tensegrity Art provide a good example between forms and forces, at the same time provide a very interesting example between artistic expression and structural engineering. Particularly task of construction morphology of tensegrity is form finding, thus physical models (formmodels) we used to describe the power of the variability and elegancy of this structure as abridge to achieve the fine Art of structural morphology of tensegrity systems. After several suggestions for analysing pedestrian bridges over Morava river to a span of about 60m at the end, we decided that the designed bridge must be light and transparent because it is in the nature. The idea was to join the two states of Austria and Slovakia through the design of the elegance and attractiveness pedestrians bridge from lightweight modern structures such as tensegrity systems. Pedestrian bridge allows unique opportunities to create the shortest way to meet people and tourists of both states. Structures is defined for pedestrians, bicyclists and roller-skaters as well.

135

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Footbridge M1

136

TENSEGRITY BRIDGE M1 Figure 4-1: Tensegrity systems Pedestrian bridge over Morava river

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Footbridge M1

137

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Footbridge M2

138

TENSEGRITY BRIDGE M2 Figure 4-2: Tensegrity systems - Pedestrian bridge over Morava river

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Footbridge M2

139

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Footbridge M3

140

Sabah Shawkat © TENSEGRITY FOOTBRIDGE M3 Figure 4-3: Tensegrity systems Pedestrian bridge over Morava river

Tensegrity Footbridge M3

141

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Footbridge M4

142

TENSEGRITY BRIDGE M4 This model tries to show the key point between art and structural engineering. Where this nice physical model describes in easy way to make forces visible. Forces are a mechanical concept useful for engineers who want to size their structures and they are by nature visible. By differentiating clearly cables and struts, the sculpture footbridge provide information on whether tension and compression is present. Therefore, the dimensions of the components such as tubes and size, arrangement of cables depending upon the material properties as well as on the level of tension resp. compression state.This lightweight tensegrity structure fascinates every one when they see that the gravity seems to be absent and the structure float in the air. The stability of the entire system ensures us that the whole is in equilibrium.

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 4-4: Tensegrity systems - Pedestrian bridge over Morava river

Tensegrity Footbridge M4

143

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 4-5: Tensegrity systems Cable stay tensegrity pedestrian bridge over Morava river

Tensegrity Footbridge M5

144

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Footbridge M5

145

Figure 4-6: Tensegrity systems Tensegrity suspension pedestrian bridge over Morava river

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Footbridge M6

146

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Footbridge M6

147

Sabah Shawkat © 05. Lightweight Footbridge Structures

148

Sabah Shawkat ©

149

Sabah Shawkat ©

Site Location

150

Sabah Shawkat ©

1. Floor Plan , Foundations

151

Sabah Shawkat ©

Footbridge - Physical Model

152

Sabah Shawkat ©

Footbridge - Physical Model

153

Sabah Shawkat ©

Site Location

154

Sabah Shawkat ©

Axonometry

155

Sabah Shawkat ©

Footbridge

156

Sabah Shawkat ©

Footbridge - Views

157

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Footbridge

158

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Footbridge - Physical Model

159

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Footbridge

160

Sabah Shawkat ©

Footbridge - Physical Model

161

Sabah Shawkat © 06. Tensegrity Lightings

162

How we can Fuse Art, Science and Engineering? Tensegrity is a proper way to reach this task. We create at the beginning of this book the role of constructivism, a true and free dialog between architects, engineers and artists was procreative in places where they worked together like College inviting designers to exchange their thinking for a better mutual understanding and as we know from the design process that between creative people creates the best condition for improving the experience of every one.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Furthermore, we presented tensegrity as a sculpture and transformed at the same time the function of tensegrity structures into interior components such as lamps to show the other capabilities of this creative design to create new forms. Our experience and way of thinking are conditioning the quality of our proposal. Similarly training conditions are also very important, and common training with other professions may contribute to increase the level of our art of engineering. Usually engineers who shared this kind of training have more chance to reach the Art of Structural Engineering. As you see from the picture in final equilibrium state some elements touch each other (which means improper topology or geometry chosen by us for tensegrity systems), but in this case the task was to create sculpture in lightweight as reciprocal frames that will perform the function of lamps.

163

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 6-1: Tensegrity system as sculpture- table lamp

Tensegrity Lightings

164

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 6-2: Tensegrity system as sculpture- table lamp

Tensegrity Lightings

165

Sabah Shawkat ©

This is a six compression struts system related to the geometry of the regular polyhedron known as icosahedron, the number of cables of this tensegrity system is equal to twenty-four.

Figure 6-3: Tensypolyheydra - icosahedron as table lamp

Tensegrity Lightings

166

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 6-4: Tensegrity cable stay pedestrian bridge as table lamp

Tensegrity Lightings

167

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 6-5: Tensegrity cable stay pedestrian bridge as table lamp

Tensegrity Lightings

168

Figure 6-6: Tensegrity system as Sculpture

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensegrity Lightings

169

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 6-7: Tensegrity system as sculpture - table lamp

Tensegrity Lightings

170

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 6-8: Tensegrity system as sculpture - table lamp

Tensegrity Lightings

171

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 6-9: Tensegrity system as sculpture - table lamp

Figure 6-10: Tensegrity system as sculpture - lamp

Tensegrity Lightings

172

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 6-11: Tensegrity system as sculpture - lamps

Tensegrity Lightings

173

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 6-12: Tensegrity system as sculpture - lamp

Tensegrity Lightings

174

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 6-13: Four compression struts as sculpture- tensegrity system - table lamp

Tensegrity Lightings

175

Sabah Shawkat © 07. The Reciprocal Frames and Roofs

176

Sabah Shawkat ©

177

Reciprocal Frames A reciprocal frame is a three-dimensional structure with complex geometry, consist of linear members which are mutually supported and interlocking, forming either a flat, horizontal structure or a pitched threedimensional frame system.

by an external wall, ring beam or by columns. If the reciprocal frame (RF) is used as a roof structure, the inner polygon gives an opportunity of creating a roof light.

History has many examples Serlio, da Vinci and Villard de Honnecourt –but these early ones were all planar examples. RFs and structures similar to them have been built by many cultures throughout history. Villard de Honnecourt, provides us with information on how to deal with the problem of beams shorter than the span, but he gives no information on the spans, his solution to this problem was a planar grillage and it adopts similar principles to the RF, for spanning long distances with shorter beams.

Sabah Shawkat ©

In this chapter we trying to present the opportunities the ‘reciprocal frame’ RF offers, defining the geometrical parameters of the structure and its structural behaviour but also describe the most common challenges that arise on side and on other, like any structural form, the RF structure has its limitations too.

The name ’reciprocal frame’ comes from Graham Brown, who developed this type of structure in the UK. Graham used ‘reciprocal’ because of the way the beams mutually support each other. The reciprocal frame is a three-dimensional grillage structure mainly used as a roof structure, consisting of mutually supporting sloping beams placed in a closed circuit. The inner end of each beam rests on and is supported by the adjacent beam. At the outer end the beams are supported

Figure 7-1: Physical models of multiple RF grid consisting of single three and four-beam RFs.

The morphology in models such as the length and number of beams that form the RFs will be used to describe the arrangement of structural members to helps create a particular three-dimensional and different architectural expressions. This allows for higher quality and greater speed of construction We are still investigating for a long time with several research students through both small-scale physical models and computer simulations, the different aspects of RF structures. In the field of RF morphology, and so we present in this book a several small timber models made by authors which simply illustrates the principles, morphology,

The Reciprocal Frames and Roofs

178

geometry and structural behaviour of RFs how these structures work and transfer the load.

We trying to create models as a design tool to contribute a better

understanding of how these structures are set up, how they become structurally and how we can use this type of great structures in practice. These type of the structures of self-supporting spiralling beams is very powerful. It clearly not only makes the buildings stand up, but affects how the spaces can be used as well as the overall architectural expression, these types of structure have been known for a very long time.

Figure 7-3: Physical models - grid shells, each member is supported at the outer end

Sabah Shawkat ©

Some small-scaling physical models as a design tool we studied are presented in Figures bellow.

Figure 7-2: Physical models of the MORPHOLOGY of Three- and four-beam RF assemblies, Flat beam grillage by Leonardo da Vinci.

Figure 7-4: Physical models of Leonardo da Vinci’s proposals for temporary bridges.

The Reciprocal Frames and Roofs

179

Leonardo da Vinci’s proposals for temporary bridges, arched form created by using short timbers are assemblies of simply supported interlocking beams, small-scale physical model we create for teaching and exploring the geometrical and structural principles which help us to understand how and why the RF will be integral to the design project. I involved in scaling the RF of flat grillage structures and using them in real building structures to describe the load transfer and load paths through the structure. As you see the assemblies are constructed by connecting elements which are notched and fitted into one another. Architects and structural engineers have been working on macro structures for a long time, for example Buckminster Fuller, who realised domes and halls with these structures. The principle is the structure concept. This structure concept is becoming part of tensegrity, then the construction would be a much lighter, flexible and finally would be very open.

These are formed by combining single RF units that are inserted in the central opening (the inner polygon).

Sabah Shawkat ©

Figure 7-6: Physical model of constructing a multiple RF grid dome

Different morphologies of the complex RFs shows the potential and power of the structure, this way of the design gives the designer a unique opportunity for creating a new expression with each different RF configuration and how they may be used in architecture. If these were to be used in building design they would need to be developed further and the forms would need to be rationalized to achieve efficient structural design. In addition, depending on the material chosen for the structure.

Figure 7-5: RF with four beams and large inner radius The multiple RFs can be divided into two basic groups: – multiple RF grids: Leonardo’s proposals of multiple grids – complex RFs: This type consists of more than one RF unit are complex RFs.

In practical design, the first step towards designing an RF building would be to think about the architectural requirements for the size of the spaces, which will determine the RF spans; then to consider the cladding materials that would determine the roof slope and influence the roof dead load, because loads influence the type of detailing of joints

The Reciprocal Frames and Roofs

180

Fuller was the first to note that tensegrity systems can be constructed as structural hierarchies in which the tension or compression elements that comprise the structure at one level are themselves tensegrity systems composed of multiple components on a smaller scale.

Figure 7-7: Physical models of Typical RF structure – 3D view, elevation

Geodesic Dome Structures

The tensegrity model. According to Buckminster Fuller the icosahedron is a basic tensegrity structure (Buckminster Fuller 1975). It is a three dimensional structure consisting of twenty triangle surfaces. Loads applied at any point distribute about the truss as tension or compression. There are no levers within the truss. Only trusses are inherently stable with freely moving hinges. The only way to fully stabilize and constrain any structure is by triangulating surfaces or cavities in compression and/or tension in all three dimensions. Tensegrity structures on the other hand show the forces acting upon them by differentiating out tension and compression vectors into separate components.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Geodesic means the shortest distance between two points. The structure consisting of as many struts of the same length as possible as well as congruent surfaces. It is a network of equal triangles whereby the cross points are always situated on the surface. This triangulation guarantees strength and rigidity of the ball shaped structure. They act therefore neither as tension nor as compression element. There is no direct contact between the compression elements.

Fuller’s domes have a framework of rigid struts which hold tension and compression. The struts are combined to triangles, pentagons or hexagons, whereby each strut is aligned in a way that each connection point is held in a firm position. This guarantees the stability of the whole structure. Tension is distributed equally to all parts of the whole construction. Increased tension in one part provides increased tension in all parts. A global increase of tension is balanced by an increase of tension in various parts. Whilst tension is thus distributed evenly in the whole system, only individual parts actually balanced by compression.

Figure 7-8: Physical model - Constructing a multiple RF grid dome

The Reciprocal Frames and Roofs

181

Construction of the dome, consisting of triangular and hexagonal RFs, the beams were tied with plastic ties. We generate and define the complex geometrical relationships between members and units in the grid.

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 7-9: Physical model of Geodesic grid dome

Figure 7-10: Physical model of Geodesic RFs grid dome

Joint for the model, which allow for the members to adjust and rotate until they find a stable configuration. If we using these structures in building design the joint design would need to be altered to offer more secure connections and will become a more viable practical option in building design in the future.

The Reciprocal Frames and Roofs

182

For classical self-supporting structures ( parametric ), We began to work on physical models before developing a numerical method which gives some first interesting results. It is useful to begin with physical models, because it is the best way to understand the complexity of the design with all implied parameters.

Sabah Shawkat ©

As we know the term parametric originates from mathematics – parametric equation – and refers to the use of certain parameters or variables that can be edited to manipulate or alter the end result of an equation or system. Today, this term doesn’t really mean parametric in the mathematical sense anymore. In effect, everything a computer does is parametric. According to some of the theorist’s parametric architecture it belongs under the term digital/generative architecture.) Parametric design is a process based on algorithmic thinking. It enables the expression of parameters and rules that, together, define, encode and clarify the relationship between design intent and design response. During this process the relationship between elements are used to manipulate the design of complex geometries and structures.

Figure 7-11: Reciprocal Roof - Constructing Process

The Reciprocal Frames and Roofs

183

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 7-12: Reciprocal Frame - Chair

The Reciprocal Frames and Roofs

184

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 7-13: Reciprocal Roof

Figure 7-14: Multiple Reciprocal grid based on square grid forming a “loop” form

The Reciprocal Frames and Roofs

185

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 7-15: Multiple Reciprocal grid based on hexagonal modules

Figure 7-16: Multiple Reciprocal grid based on hexagonal modules

The Reciprocal Frames and Roofs

186

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 7-17: A three rods reciprocal frame, as an RF-unit

Figure 7-18: Reciprocal Roof

The Reciprocal Frames and Roofs

187

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 7-19: Reciprocal hexagonal star

Figure 7-20: RF Leonardo da Vinci’s - the classical self- supporting structure (parametric) Collection of Reciprocal Roofs - form finding

The Reciprocal Frames and Roofs

188

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 7-21: RF Leonardo da Vinci’s - the classical self- supporting structure (parametric) Pedestrian bridges - form finding

The Reciprocal Frames and Roofs

189

References -Chilton, J. C., Choo, B. C. and Yu, J. (1994). Morphology of reciprocal frame 3-dimensional grillage structures. In Spatial Lattice and Tension Structures, Proceedings IASS-ASCE (Abel, J. F., Leonard, J.W. and Penalba, C. U., eds), Atlanta, GA, pp. 1065–1072. -Chilton, J.C., Choo, B. S. and Popovic, O. (1995). Reciprocal frames past, present and future. In Proceedings of the International Conference in Lightweight Structures in Civil Engineering (Obrebski, J. B., ed.), Warsaw, Poland, September, pp. 26–29. Magat-Magdalena Burska, Warsaw, Poland. -Chilton, J. C., Choo, B. S. and Popovic, O. (1995). Reciprocal frame 3-dimensional grillage structures. In Proceedings of the International Conference in Lightweight Structures in Civil Engineering (Obrebski, J. B., ed.), Warsaw, Poland, September, pp. 75–79. Magat-Magdalena Burska, Warsaw, Poland. -Crossley, F. H. (1951). Timber Building in England, from Early Times to the End of the Seventeenth Century. Batsford, London. Detail (1994). Puppet Theatre in Seiwa, No. 3, pp. 322–325. -Emy, A. R. (1841). Traite de L’art de la Charpenterie, Atlas. Garilian-Geyry and V. Dalmont, Paris. Evans, D. G. (1987). The Structural Engineer, Vol. 65A, No. 6, June. -Flores, C. (1982). Gaudi, Jujol y el Modernismo Catalan. Aguilar, Spain. Gat, D. (1992). Mutually restrained, modular floating platforms. In Proceedings of International Congress in Innovative Large Span Structures, Montreal, Vol. 1, pp. 859–868. -Giurgola, R. (1979). Louis I. Kahn.Verlag fur Architectur, Artemis, Zurich. Gombrich, E. H. (1979). The sense of order. A Study of the Psychology of Decorative Art. Phaidon Press, Oxford.

-Hansen, J. (1971). Architecture in Wood. Faber & Faber, London. Harison, R. (1991). The Built, the Unbuilt and the Unbuildable, in Pursuit of Architectural Meaning. Thames and Hudson. -Hartoonian, G.(1994).Ontology of Construction.Cambridge University Press. Hewett, C. A. (1974). English Cathedral Carpentry.Wayland Publishers, London. -Inoue, M. (1985). Space in Japanese Architecture. John Weatherhill, New York. -Ishii, K. (1978). Sukiya concept. GA Houses, Vol. 4, pp. 249–304. -Ishii, K. (1990). Sukiya Village and 51 Other Works, Space Design. Kajima Institute Publishing, Japan.

Sabah Shawkat ©

191

Sabah Shawkat © 08. Grid Shells

192

Sabah Shawkat ©

193

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 8-1: RC Grid Shell

Reinforced Concrete Shell

194

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 8-2: Reinforced Grid Shell

Reinforced Concrete Shell

195

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 8-3: Reinforced Grid Shell - Elevations

Reinforced Concrete Shell

196

Sabah Shawkat © Above is the nested Rhino fabrication file sent to be laser cut in order to create model. Nesting a file, means flattening each component of the two-way waffle, and placing it onto one or multiple sheets of material in the most efficient way. - A parameter created by scripting is itself an architecture but is a mathematical description of a form whose result is a geometrically interesting expression form - The design is optimized, and thus more economical, the production is more accurate and the environmentally friendly

Figure 8-4: -Computer modelling and study scale models

Grid Shells

197

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 8-5: Physical model fabrication Example of anticlastic form

Grid Shell

198 Figure 8-6: Physical model fabrication Example of anticlastic form

Sabah Shawkat ©

Grid Shell

199

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 8-7: Physical model fabrication

Grid Shell

200

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 8-8: Physical model fabrication

Grid Shells

201

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 8-9: Physical model fabrication

Grid Shells

202

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 8-10: Physical model fabrication

Grid Shells

203

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 8-11: Physical model fabrication

Grid Shells

204

Sabah Shawkat © Figure 8-12: Physical model fabrication form finding

Grid Shells

205

Sabah Shawkat © 09. Research of Membrane Structures

206

Research of Membrane Structures In this chapter, which deals with the development and implementation, as well as materials used in membrane structures abroad, we have learned from the projects that have been published on the Internet, in magazines, books, and we also present the extensive websites that we have at the end of this chapter. Membranes become protagonist and represents the new trend in design: construction with the minimum amount of material, thanks to many qualities and features that make possible a correct functionality for different architectonic spaces and they can give a particular meaning to places where they are installed. As is well-known, the primary advantage of tensile members over compression members is that they can be as light as the tensile strength permits.

be used to efficiently cover big areas or enclose large volumes with a minimum of structural weight. Due to the negligible flexural stiffness of cables and membranes, the initial configuration of these structures must be stressed, even if the self-weight is disregarded. Thus, before the analysis of the behaviour of the structure to external loads can be performed; the initial equilibrium configuration must be found. The shape of a tensile structure, which very much depends on the internal forces, also governs the load-bearing capacity of the structure. Therefore, the process of determining the initial equilibrium configuration calls for the designer’s ability to find an optimum compromise between shape, load capacity and constructional requirements.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tensile structures have always fascinated architects and engineers, mainly because of the aesthetic shapes they produce. Despite this, very few tensile structures have been built. From the works we have described here, we can derive some considerations about special aspects of textiles, in particular about their adaptability and their facility to furnish, as well as their reversibility. So we can say that membranes are very easy to adapt to different spaces and in the same time they are able to modify these spaces because of given needs, for instance expanding or restricting delimited spaces, in height or in depth. Moreover, membranes can be included with lightness in contexts that are yet full of values and strong signs, without any volumetric invasion in consolidated spaces; furthermore, membranes are easily usable so they make places recognizable and perceptible in a direct way, avoiding disorientation like it could happen in places which are not well designed. Membranes lend themselves to different kinds of work or adaptation, in fact they often provide different solutions to practical problems that frequently occur on the building site and which must be solved even in phase of realisation.

Fabric reinforced membranes are a class of lightweight materials which are important for many different engineering branches. They can

Tensile structures often have irregular shapes and low selfweights which may give rise to unforeseen effects such as very high snow loads and flutter instability due to wind. To ensure the safety of the structure, experimental tests have to be undertaken together with statistical analyses to find the magnitudes of the snow and wind loads. Applications as membrane roofs, airship skins or sail materials demonstrate their capabilities. It is no surprise that experience and good engineering judgement are frequent characteristics among famous designers of tensile structures: Fritz Leonhard, Jorge Schalch, Frei Otto, Horst Berger and David Geiger, to mention a few. These features require special care in the design; for example, an error in the distributionof the pre-tensioning forces may lead to damage of the cladding under large loads.If the numerical analysis of building structures is concerned, the finite element method is the dominating tool. In this method, the structural characteristics and external loads are described by matrices and vectors. The sought parameters, e.g. displacements and internal forces, are found by matrix operations. The first step in the analysis process is the definition of the geometry of the structure, which generally is known a priori. However, this is not the case for tensile structures.

207

The membrane area is in total 1420m2 for a plan of 41m x 25m. Loadbearing lattice shell with ETFE-membrane cushions with a maximal side length of 2.8m and a maximal diagonal length of 4.1m, the cushions were filled with compressed air at800 Pascals, fixed into the lattice structure. Weighing about 84 tonnes, the dome has been assembled accurately. The load-bearing structure is a double-vaulted lattice shell of welded rectangular steel profiles which hovers over 30m above the courtyard was filled one-by-one with a total of 265 membrane cushions. Some of these profiles are also used to supply the cushions with compressed air.

Sabah Shawkat © The “Kleiner Schlosshof” is the central meeting place within the Dresdener castle complex

Name of the project: ETFE foil cushions roof for Dres dener Castle’s “Kleiner Schlosshof” Location address / Year of construction: Dresden, Germany / 2008 Client (investor): Staatsbetrieb Sachs. Immob.- und Baumanagement Function of building: Covering inner courtyard Type of application of the membrane: 256 different rhombus shaped double layer ETFE Foil cushions Architects: Peter Kulka Architektur Dresden GmbH Structural engineers + Consulting engineer for the membrane: form TL Engineering of the controlling mechanism: form TL Project management: Kaiser Baucontrol GmbH Contractor for the membrane: CENO TEC GmbH Textile Constructions Supplier of the membrane raw material: Dyneon GmbH Manufacture and installation: CENO TEC GmbH Textile Constructions Material: ETFE Foil cushions Supplier of the membrane material: Nowofol Kunststoffprodukte Roofed area: 1420m2

The “Kleiner Schlosshof”

208

By 16 inverted umbrellas each, where should be a whole unit using PTFE can absolutely not be folded, the three stations of the Shanghai Subway Station are covered. The umbrellas are shaped with a cable borderline at the high point and have a drainage system integrated at the lower part

Sabah Shawkat ©

NName of the project: Shanghai Subway Station Line 6 Location: Pudong District, Shanghai, China Client (investor): Shanghai Mass Transit Pudong-Line Co, LTD, China Function of building: Roof for Subway Station Type of application of the membrane: Transport infrastructure Year of construction: 2006 Architects: Canobbio Asiatex, China Multi disciplinary engineering: IF Germany Structural engineers: Tongji University Design Institute, China Consulting engineer for the membrane: IF Germany Engineering of the controlling mechanism: Shanghai SMCC, China Main contractor: Combination of Shanghai SMCC & Canobbio Asiatex, China Tensile membrane contractor: Canobbio Asiatex, China Supplier of the membrane material: Saint Gobain Performance Plastics Manufacture and installation: Canobbio Asiatex, China Material: PTFE coated fabric - Sheerfill II Covered surface: 8.000m2 for 3 stations. The covered surface of each umbrella 156m2 . The dimension of each umbrella is 13mx10m. Each station is covered by 16 umbrellas.

PTFE Umbrellas for Three Stations Shanghai Subway Station, China

209

a hypar structure

Erecting the Abaca tensile structure

Sabah Shawkat © Cutting patterns

Abaca is a perennial plant which grows in the Bicol Region The researcher would like to emphasize that this study does not in any way substitute the tested and proven materials used in tensile structures, i.e., woven polyester textile coated with poly vinyl chloride (PVC), woven glass textile coated with poly tetra fluor ethylene (PTFE) and ethyl tetra fluor ethylene (ETFE). But only tests the applicability of uncoated abaca fabric in construction industry as sun shade. With respect to the loadings, the dead weight of the abaca membrane structure was superimposed as vector loads at 92g/m2, while the live loads were computed based on the assumption of minimum live load on the trimesh as pressure loads of 59.12kg/m2. The wind loadings were taken from NSCP code for curve roof on a windward quarter load of -20.08 kg/m2 a center half load of -18.25 kg/m2, and a leeward quarter load of -11.16 kg/ m2.

An Alternative Natural Material for Temporary Tensile Structure Uncoated Abaca Fabric

210

Sabah Shawkat ©

SIOEN Industries is the supplier of the membrane material (product T1107) for this interesting project in Kiev, Ukraine.

Name of the project: Riviera-on-Dneper restaurant Client: Riviera Hotel Function of building: Restaurant boat Primary function of Protection against the tensile structure: sun, rain, etc. Temporary or permanent structure: Permanent Year of construction: Summer 2009 Engineering, manufacture Tent Module Company and installation: (www.tent-m.com.ua) Materials: Aluminum and membrane Supplier of the membrane SIOEN material: Industries Type of membrane: Type 1 membrane based on PVC coated fabric with special membrane lacquer Covered surface: 144 m2

Restaurant Boat, Ukraine

211

The main dominant structural element is of the stadium is the 17m Cantiliver roof trusses cantilever membrane which eliminates the need for any supports thus providing the visitors with an unobstructed view of the match from any place within the stand. First requirement for this project was to design a cost effective stadium roof which shall be easy and faster to execute. Considering this issue, the selection of the material was very important. Hence, the customer decided to go for tensile structure for the stadium roof. The profile and the placement of roof trusses is worked out in such a way that there will be no water logging on fabric as well as air escape will take place naturally to avoid up lift of wind. The use of tensile fabrics added an aesthetic value to the stadium roof as well as it has reduced the consumption of steel.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Project Name: International Cricket Stadium & Sports Complex Location: Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Client: Dr. D.Y. Patil Sports Academy Architect: Hafeez Contractor Structural Design: Eco Designs Pvt Ltd. Working Drawings & Shop Drawings: Sanjiv P. Dongre / Dr. D.Y. Patil Design Cell. Dr. D. Y. Patil Sports Academy Steel Fabrication & Execution: DAS Offshore. CBD Fabric Manufacturer: Skyspan Asia Fabric Installation: Mc Coy Architectural System Type of Fabric used: Mehler Valmex FR1000 (Type III) Both side weldable PVDF Year of Completion: 2008 Total Area: 9300m2

International Cricket Stadium & Sports Complex, Maharashtra, India

212

Sabah Shawkat ©

Expo Boulevard is a 1 km long canal that is designed to connect entrances from major pavilions.Consisting of 2 underground floors and 2 floors above ground. The Boulevard is a largescale 46m high structures, multi-functional combination of transport, business, catering, entertainment and exhibition services. The PTFE Architectural Membrane for the roofing tensile membrane structure supplied more than 100.000m2 the whole Boulevard to create an innovative, spectacular spatial visual effect. The Boulevard is a largescale 46m high horn-shaped structures, multi-functional combination of transportation, commercial activities, catering, entertainment and exhibition services and is 1km long channel which is designed to connect the entrances of major pavilions of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo Park and also the elevated pedestrian walkway. Consisting of six valleys ,2 floors underground and 2 floors above the ground.

Name of the project: 2010 Shanghai World Expo Boulevard Roofing Structure Location address: Shanghai, China Client (investor): Shanghai Expo Land Holding Co., LTD Function of building: multi-functional combination of transportation and commercial services Year of construction: 2009 Architects: East China Architectural Design & Research Institute Co., LTD + SBA Structural engineers: East China Architectural Design&Research Institute Co.,LTD Consulting engineer for the membrane: Shanghai Taiyo Kogyo Co., LTD Main contractor: Shanghai Construction Group Contractor for the membrane (Tensile membrane contractor): Shanghai Taiyo Kogyo.Co,.LTD Supplier of the membrane material: Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation Manufacture and installation: Shanghai Mechanized Construction Material: PTFE Coated Fabric (SHEERFILL I) Covered surface: 70 000m2 Cost: RMB 380 Million (including Sunny Valleys, Steel Structure and Membrane Structure)

Roofing Tensile Membrane Structure, Shanghai

213

In the centre of Athens in Piraeus Street (Municipality of Tavros) a multi storey shopping mall “Athens Heart” has been built. In Greece temporary covered areas are seen as open space, and allow so a higher usage of the land. This is the reason why many shopping malls in Greece are covered with a retractable roof. The main horizontal 3d steel truss structural beams syastem consists of 13 crescent-shaped tri chord trusses with a length between 13m and 60m. These trusses span freely over a length of up to 50m, with one top chord and two bottom chords. The trusses are sitting on a perimeter beam, which distributes the load to the building vertical bearing reinforced concrete columns. The front truss in the south towards Piraeus Street has two top chords and one bottom chord. With the bottom chord it is supported vertically by the steel canopy sitting in front of the glass facade. On the east side the trusses are fixed in all directions on the perimeter beam, and on the west side it has a slotted hole, allowing deformation perpendicular to the perimeter beam. The diagonally orientated trusses are covered on their north side with 2 ETFE cushions each. The cushions are double layer, and are clamped to top and bottom chord, to close the atrium. The inner side of the cushions is formed by the diagonals of the trusses on which the cushion is sitting directly. Between the top chord of one truss, and the bottom chord of the neighbourtruss one layer of silicone coated glass fibre membrane is spanned.

Sabah Shawkat © View to the north

Name of the project: “Athens Heart” Shopping Mall Location: Athens, Greece Client: Pasal Development S.A. Project Management: Ioannis Lilikakis Architecture: Conran and Partners / Diarchon Structural design, concrete structure: Stefanos Diamantaras Structural design, Membrane, Foil and steel including supervision of those works: formTL Steelcontractor: Kataskevastiki Elefsinas / Dimitriou SA Membrane Vector Foiltec together with and Foilcontractor: Claus Markisen, Textilbau, Tritthart Ingenieure and Montageservise SL.

Open membrane panel

Rail and membrane attachment

Athens Heart Shopping Mall Athens, Greece

el mTL

SL.

214

Sabah Shawkat © For the first time, the designers providing the 5200m2 of two styles roofing fabric, the major part allowing 40% light transmission and some allowing 20% and a huge retractable roof will roll out over the Centre Court when rain threatens to interrupt the legendary tennis tournament.

Architectural Fabric is a fluoropolymercoated fabric woven from ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene). It uses unique, patented double-coated technology to provide high light transmission along with the flexibility and drape of fabric.

Play at Centre Court still feels like it’s outdoors, even when the roof is closed. The flexibility of the fabric has also enabled the roof to be closed in only ten minutes, eliminating lengthy rain delays of the tournament. The retractable roof is built in two sections, one with four bays and the other with five. The fabric was joined using high frequency welding, and is supported by ten steel trusses. The roof spans approximately 77m across the court, and has a clearance of over 16m to accommodate high balls.

Name of the project: Wimbledon’s Centre Court Location address: Wimbledon, UK Function of building: Sport Stadium Type of application of the membrane: Cover tennis court Year of construction: 2009 Architects: Populous Main contractor: Galliford Try Supplier of the membrane material: W.L. Gore and Associates Material: GORE™ TenaraR 4T40, GORE™ TenaraR 4T20 Covered surface: 5200m2

Wimbledon’s High-tech Heaven GORE™ TENARAR Architectural Fabric Covers Wimbledon’s Centre Court

215

Thirst Pavilion, located in the Expo area named Thematic Plazas, which mission was to transmit the need of water for the humankind and the consequences suffered by the environment for satisfying that need. The proposal was to build a spherical segment of 46m diameter in plan, having a height of 16m, remem - bering a big morula, being externally composed its skin by a macro “porosity” reticule of reinforced fiberglass polyester shells, being those “pores” filled by means of EFTE cushions. Then Expo published the competition for the construction of the Pavilion. It must be said that another Polyester manufacturer had abandoned the project a few months before the Expo Opening and the Pavilion was in a serious danger of not being built. The Pavilion had 82 layered ETFE cushions, having different dimensions all of them. It could be said that they had “circular” section, varying their diameter between 2.8m and 9.8m The size of the cushions decreased from bottom of the building to top helicoidally. Inside the cushions, led diodes were installed for night illumination, blue and white were the colors selected.

Sabah Shawkat ©

The cushions were inflated with an internal pressure of 30kp/ m2 (3mbar) which allowed them resisting all the external actions, wind and snow according to the local codes, without slackening or having stresses higher than 21N/mm2 in any of the cushion layers. To control the stresses, the strain is controlled, avoiding the high plastic behavior of the ETFE. The Pavilion skin, with the ETFE cushions, was completed with white reinforced glass polyester shells, contrasting the whiteness of the shells with the brightness of the cushions.Each shell had a global thickness of 48mm, with an upper layer of 5mm, a lower of 3mm and a middle one of 40mm. The external layers were composites, fiberglass reinforced polyester, with 40% of biaxial fibers of 600g/m2. The inner layer was composed by polyurethane foam, lightening the shell. The thicker upper layer was for resisting external loads acting directly over the surface.

Thirst Pavilion Zaragoza 2008, Spain International Expo “Water and Sustainable Development”

216

Sabah Shawkat ©

Name of the Project: Thirst Pavilion Location address: ExpoZaragoza fairground, Saragossa, Spain Client: ExpoZaragoza2008 Function of building: Thematic exhibition Type of application of the membrane: Structural Facade Year of construction: 2008 Architects: Enric Ruiz-Geli (Cloud-9). Basic Project ETFE, polyester and S. Guerra Soto & Guillermo pneumatic engineering: Capellan Miguel (Arenas&Asociados) Main Contractor: Ferrovial ETFE Membrane Contractor: Comercial Maritima Polyester Contractor: Hercules Marine. Manufacture and installation steel structure: Cometal Manufacture and installation Polyester Structure: Francisco Abeledo Manufacture and installation ETFE Cushions: Jose Maria Lastra Material supporting frame: Structural Steel Material shell covering: reinforced glass polyester shells Material cushions: ETFE Material frame cushions: aluminium Covered surface: 1662m2

Thirst Pavilion Zaragoza 2008, Spain International Expo “Water and Sustainable Development”

217

The project covers the VIP tribune of the “Monumental Stadium”, property of the Colo Colo Football Club and located in the city of La Florida, state of Santiago, Chile. The purpose of the project was to replace the existing shelter or cover, which was of metal plates and was in poor condition, with a cover of greater aesthetic quality. The new cover is part of the total renovation of the stadium. The structure and the membrane were fully built in Lima (Peru) and the structure was designed to be completely disassembled. It was moved to Chile to be assembled only using bolts for assembly work and some drilling and welding to the existing beams. The result of the project was a success in itself and meets customer requirements.

Sabah Shawkat © Name of the project: Monumental Stadium of Colo Colo Location address: Santiago, Chile Client (investor): EBCO Function of building: Football Stadium Type of application of the membrane: Cover VIP Gallery Year of construction: 2008 Architects: Guillermo Carella Structural engineers: EBCO Consulting engineer for the membrane: Aldo Rodriguez Engineering of the controlling mechanism: Cidelsa Main contractor: Municipality of Santiago Contractor for the membrane: Cidelsa Supplier of the membrane material: Ferrari Manufacture and installation: Cidelsa Material: Precontraint 902 S Covered surface: 2500m2

Monumental Stadium of Colo Colo, Chile. New cover VIP Tribune

218 At the transit area in the port of Montevideo a covered parking for bus and cars was asked for those travelling with the ferry connecting Montevideo and Buenos Aires. The objective of the parking roof is to provide rain and sun protection. The membrane is stretched over 5 archs, prestressed and stabilized by 4 cables. The structure is composed of 5 metal arches with a span of 34.47m, separated each 9m. Longitudinal stability is given with 3 lines of beams (one central and two intermediate) and a perimeter 3 dimensional beam which is also suitable for anchoring the intermediate cable turnbuckles. The designers developed a simple, self-supporting structure with independent membranes. The area is covered without internal supports to optimize the parking facilities and all the rainwater is directed to the edge perimeter. The membranes are made of polyester fabric PES HT 1100dtex, 6x6 threads per cm with PVC coating, UV protection on the outside, a weight of 900g/m2 and a breaking load limit of 38daN/cm.

Sabah Shawkat © The prestressing was performed by tying the ropes: intermediate cables through the central modules and edge cables in the extremes modules. Of all the possible options the prestressed PVC membrane is the better one from the point of view of shape and aesthetics, as well as translucency of sunlight, without of ultraviolet or infrared radiation.

Name of the project: Location address: Year of construction: Architects (design and project): Structural engineers: General project: Roof fabricator and contractor: Material: Roofed area:

Buquebus Bus & Cars parking Montevideo, Urugua 2008 Roberto Santomauro / Patricia Pinto Marella & Pedoja Julio Cesar Ortega Sobresaliente ltda. PVC coated polyester PES HT 1100dtex 1925m2

Buquebus Bus & Cars Parking Port of Montevideo, Uruguay

219

In order to unify the global design of the roof, the retractable part has the same radius of curvature as the fixed roof. The movable part is supported in the central axis and in four wheels. Two of them are in both edges of the beam, and the other two at 60 and 120 degrees. Two engines move the central wheels. The movable structure is composed by HEB steel profiles. Both circular beam and the one in the diameter have steel hollow section. Movable upper half bearing on fixed bottom half. ETFE has been used as the roof material to obtain maximum transparency. Even though Aranda has snow winter conditions, the membrane was design as a single layer. ETFE has a thickness of 300μm. The membrane has a negative Gaussian curvature, to resist snow loads as well as wind suction. Steel arches give shape to the membrane. Twelve radial sectors configure the ETFE membrane. Each of them was fixed to the meridian beams, and stressed by elevating the steel arches.Longitudinal 8mm cables were used to help the membrane resist snow loads.

Sabah Shawkat © Air views of the roof

Model view of the fixed elements

Retractable roof in opened and closed position schemes

Retractable roof in opened and closed positions schemes

Movable upper half bearing on fixed bottom half.

Light ETFE has allowed to build a slender movable roof which could not be possible with heavier materials such as glass. Single skin gives a high level of transparency which was one of the client’s requirements. One of the main goals of this design was the successful combination of ETFE with a movable structure. Name of the project: ETFE SINGLE SKIN ARANDA DE DUERO ROOF Location: Aranda de Duero, Spain Client: Victoriano del Rio Function of the building: Concerts, sports and bullfighting Arena Type of application of the membrane: Protection against environmental hazards and light transmission Year of construction: 2006 Architectural Design: Jose Romo (FHECOR Ingenieros Consultores) Jose Maria Lastra (Comercial Maritima L&Z) Structural Engineers: Jose Romo (FHECOR Ingenieros Consultores) Consulting engineer for the membrane: Jose Romo (FHECOR Ingenieros Consultores) & Jose Maria Lastra Tensile membrane contractor: Comercial Maritima L&Z Supplier: Nowofol GmbH Manufacture and installation: Comercial Maritima L&Z Material: Nowoflon ET 6235 300 μm ETFE Cover surface: 1400m2

Aranda de Duero Roof

220

The structural engineering was done by Amjad Niazi Associates whereas the membrane engineering was done in China by Covertex. Mehatop FR 1000 was used as membrane: a PVC coated polyester fabric with a PVDF top coating on both sides. It has a weight of 1050g/m2 and a tensile strength of 120 KN/m – 110 KN/m in warp and weft direction. The most challenging part of the project was giving the required shape to the 200mm diameter pipe, with 6mm wall thickness. For this project a pipe bending machine and the allied heat process had to be made. Once the pipes were bent they were welded on the ground and the whole frame was lifted up to be placed on the vertical structural elements. The very first project of tensile fabric structure in Pakistan got instant attention of the architects and was much appreciated.

Sabah Shawkat © Name of the project: Toll Plaza Canopies Location address: Rawat & I.J. Principal Road, Islamabad, Pakistan Client (investor): Tollink Pakistan Function of building: Toll collection facility Type of application of the membrane: Canopy Cover Year of construction: 2009 Architects: Isbah Hassan & Associates Multi disciplinary engineering: Ramcon Structural engineers: Amjad Niazi & Associates Consulting engineer for the membrane: Jason Wang, Covertex China Tensile membrane contractor: Covertex China Supplier of the membrane material: Mehler Texnologies Germany Material: PVDF, Mehatop FR1000 Type III Covered surface: 700m2

Toll Plaza Canopies at Rawat & I.J.

221

Sabah Shawkat © Wedding gown, with the back ground of blue sea, creates beautiful scenes at any time of theday. The main target of the design is to highlight the membrane with a simple steel construction. A steel frame structure was chosen as construction system to avoid using cables that may limit the area usage.

Name of the project: Canopy for Karşıyaka Wedding House Location address: Karşıyaka, İzmir, Turkey Client (investor): Municipality of Karşıyaka Function of building: Celebration ceremony and entrance canopy Year of construction: 2008 Architects and Structural engineers: ARCH-ART Consulting architect for the membrane: İsmail SARIAY Manufacture for membrane: ARCH-ART Manufacture for steel and installation: OBA Supplier of the membrane material: Mehler Texnologies Material: Valmex 7211 FR900 Meh

A New Interpretation for the Wedding Gown

222

Architect Tolga Cetin and his team designed a gigantic structural covering system of 1875m2 impressive from long distances in the large distances of the region. With 10 high points and monumental lines, the structure arises as the symbol of this sport event.

Sabah Shawkat ©

The designing,Manufacturing, construction and assembling phases have been completed in a very short time of 15 days to reach the activity date. The structure itself was so remarkable that after the completion of the rally, the authorities decided to move the artefact to different location for prestigious events. Structured with 10 poles to form conical shapes, the coverings highest point is 14m and span-width 27m. Due to the stretch forming of the corners by steel ropes, the total weight of steel has been extremely minimized. Name of the project: Location: Client: Function of Building: Year of Construction: Architect: Engineering, Manufacturing and Installation: Material: Covered Area:

Sport Facilities, Turkmenistan

TURKMENISTAN IPEKYOLU RALLY Turkmenbasi, Turkmenistan Polimeks Inc. Entertainment & Recreation 2009 Tolga Cetin Tensaform Membrane Structures Inc Mehler Haku Valmex FR 1000 1875m2

223

Sections, sketch by Aldo Capasso and installation of the stand for the sale “Vela” at Castelnuovo, Naples 1995

The Vela is a kiosk for the sale, flexible in different urban coherence. In Naples, it was used and designed for very busy and densely populated roads, in order to give a functional and decorative order for trade areas. The project was realized as a prototype for Via Vergini in Naples and it was introduced for the exhibition “The minor city” in Castel Nuovo of Naples in 1995. The Vela refers to the old stalls of the fish sellers in the nineteen century, whose simple wooden structure is reflected in this project in a demountable steel structure, while the large marquee tent becomes a tensile structure in PVC. As the historic stand, so this stand also provides shelves where sellers can display the goods.

Sabah Shawkat © Name of the project: Location address: Client (investor): Function of building: Type of application of the membrane: Year of construction: Architect: Contractor for the membrane: Supplier of the membrane material: Manufacture and installation: Material: Covered surface (roofed area):

Vela Via Vergini and Castelnuovo, Naples University “Federico II”, Naples stand for sale Sail tensile structure 1995 Aldo Capasso Gimoflex, Nocera (SA) Gimoflex, Nocera (SA) Gimoflex, Nocera (SA) steel and PVC 9m2

Membrane Components for the Man-Made Environment

224

Even the Ventaglio Urbano is a project for the redevelopment of trade area. It is intended as a cover of stores and markets in Naples and it is included in the wider recovery and urban regeneration project, designed in 1998.

Sabah Shawkat ©

The covering membrane is anchored to a metallic and fan shaped structure, hence the name, which transfers the weight to two vertical pillars of support. The space below the cover is absolutely free and flexible to any construction and condition of sale.

Name of the project: Ventaglio Urbano Location address: Via Vergini, Naples Client (investor): Municipality of Naples, Urban Program Function of building: covering for stores and markets Type of application of the membrane: Fan structure Year of construction: 1998 Architect: Aldo Capasso Contractor for the membrane: GR5, Pozzuoli (Na) Supplier of the membrane material: Gais – Gaetano Sessa, Arzano (Na) Manufacture and installation: GR5 Pozzuoli (Na) Material: steel and PVC Covered surface (roofed area): 6m2

Ventaglio Urbano, Naples USA

225

The Lilium assumes additional social function. A stress-retractable umbrella both circular and square born from the experimental tensile membranes for recreation and exhibition spaces. The image proposed is a flower that, opening when it is appropriate, offers its shade to users of the spaces for which it is idea, allowing a pause for comfortable dining and take a rest.

Sabah Shawkat © The umbrella was made and assembled in 1998 in three different places. The frame is made of aluminium, which consists of removable rods that allow the opening and closing motion, which is ensured by a system of steel cables and pulleys driven by a winch at the bottom along the bearing shaft. The funnel shape helps to channel rainwater into the underlying central planter, used as a decorative reinstatement to the counterweight of the steel base.

Name of the project: Lilium Location address: Bar in Ravello (SA) – Bar Gambrinus - Villa Scipione Naples Client (investor): private Function of building: covering for recreation spaces Type of application of the membrane: Umbrella structure Year of construction: 1998 Architect: Aldo Capasso Contractor for the membrane: Gais – Gaetano Sessa, Arzano (Na) Supplier of the membrane material: Gais – Gaetano Sessa, Arzano (Na) Manufacture and installation: Gais – Gaetano Sessa, Arzano (Na) Material: aluminium and polyester/PVC Covered surface (roofed area): 16m2

Lilium - Bar in Ravello (SA)

226

It’s a stage for sitting with a fabric roof over it, making an open amphitheatre. The concrete seating place, with a capacity of 750 seats, is the foundation for the roof. This roof is a one piece PVC-PVDF coated Polyester fabric of 709m2 and covers a total area of 600m2. The roof is suspended and tensioned by two 16m high steel masts in front with a span of 24m. The masts keep in tension four steel wire ropes connected to keep in tension the fabric in front and four other cables connected to the ground. On the other side the fabric is fixed to steel trusses in the back part of the stage. A double curvature is created by high points and low points at the top of each truss in order to find the geometry which is structurally stable under wind load and snow load. The difference in height for the membrane is between 4m and 16m. The span between the trusses are between 4,18m and 13,05m.

Sabah Shawkat © Detail of front cable connections

Because of the slope of the ground the stage is designed in a way that people can sit on both sides of it. The roof also extends back to provide the shelter for the ones who are using the back side. These two levels are connected by a ramp which goes round the stage. The stage has 8 platforms in total.

Name of the project: Ab-o- Atash Amphitheatre Location address: Didar St.,Tehran, Iran Client (investor): Nosazi Abasabad Function of building: Leisure Park, seating area Type of application of the membrane: roof for seating stage Year of construction: 2009 Architects: Diba Tensile Architecture Structural engineers: Massimo Maffeis Engineering and Consulting Consulting engineer for the membrane: Massimo Maffeis Engineering and Consulting Contractor: Diba Tensile Architecture Supplier of the membrane material: Mehler Texnologies Manufacture and installation: Diba Tensile Architecture Material: PVC coated polyester fabric type III Covered surface (roofed area): 600m2

Open Air Amphitheatre

227

With the second demonstrator called “Vela garden” the aim was to apply flexible photovoltaic cells SioSOLAR from SIOEN - on the doubly curved tensioned membrane. SioSOLAR is a flexible photovoltaic laminate that was specially developed for application on PVC coated textiles such as tents and textile architecture structures. Each laminate consists of a highly flexible photovoltaic unit (104 cm x 360 cm) that is laminated with a unique adhesive onto an advanced PVC foil (140 cm x 400 cm), thus resulting in a durable PV laminate that can be connected permanently (via direct welding) or non-permanently (via zipper mechanism) onto the PVC coated textile structure. The electronic parameters for the SioSOLAR laminate are the following:

Sabah Shawkat © Power [Wp]: 150 Module Vmpp [V]: 46 Module Voc [V]: 64 Module Impp [A]: 3.30 Module Isc [A]: 4.45

SioSOLAR supplies enough energy for lighting, ventilation, charging of electronics (laptop,mobile phone, GPS, etc.), cooling, etc. It can be applied onto NGO and military tents, textile architecture structures such as parking lots, sun protection structures and many more. SioSOLAR comes with all necessary electronics. After the belts had been welded to themembrane with pre-tension there were wrinkles along the borders once this pretension was released. A first erection was done to check the structure under pre-tension. Next the flexible photovoltaic cells have been attached to the membrane in such a way that they do not take any tension from the membrane. In this design the photovoltaic cells provide - for instance when placed at the beach - the opportunity to recharge a mobile phone or a laptop.

SioSOLAR

228

The structure has 7.5 m long glass fiber rods that prestress the membrane through elastic bending. With a dimensions of 11mx12m, it is one of the first large-scale membrane structures using such a technique. The use of elastically bent beam members as a intricate support system in membrane surfaces offers great potential for new shapes and structurally highly efficient systems in mechanically prestressed membranes.

Form-finding

Sabah Shawkat © Court yard shading for an architecture school in Marrakech

Detail of the corner points

General view of the bending-active membrane structure, test setup in Stuttgart

Detail of the connection corner plates and end of glass fibre rods

Highly efficient structures can be realized with the use of elastic bending. Incorporating elastic beams (sail battens) in a membrane surface enables free corners to be created which are stabilised solely by the beam which in turn is restrained by the surface. Owing to its elasticity, the beam partially adapts to the curvature of the surface, but can carry compressive forces because it is restrained against buckling by the membrane. As a result tension forces in the corners can be short cut by the beam, which leads to a significant reduction in anchoring forces of the entire membrane structure. It was found that offsetting the beam elements to the membrane surface with the help of tailored pockets increases the structural stability. In the project shown here the pockets had a maximum offset of 12cm to the membrane surface which gradually declined towards the corner points in order to tangentially reach the cable edge. One of the biggest challenges was the prestressing of the membrane; a special pulling device was built in order to connect the corner plates to the end of the glass fibre rods A PTFE spray was used to reduce friction between the glass fiber rods and the membrane in this process.

Bending-Active Membrane Structure

229

Sabah Shawkat ©

Tentech has designed a freestanding canopy on the courtyard of an Office building in Amsterdam. The canopy was designed and realized within the very short time span of 2.5 months. An existing flower box, measuring 7m x7m, was transformed into a lounge area with seating’s positioned on the concrete walls of the flower box, covered by a canopy. Important design parameter was the total weight, it should be enough weight to resist uplift and it should not be more than the former weight of the flower box. The amorphous, freeform canopy forms a striking contrast to the orthogonal stone grid of the courtyard.

Name of the project: Architect: Structural Engineer & membrane consultancy: Contractor: Steel: Fabric detailing: Membrane: Covered area:

Canopy at Courtyard

Canopy at Courtyard Amsterdam Tentech in cooperation with Frijters Architecten Tentech Buitink Technology Galvanized and powder coated Stainless steel Ferrari 1002 105m2

230

Sabah Shawkat ©

An interesting shading project for recreational exterior places was realised for the business area at Ruta. The shading optimises the use of the outdoor relax and lunch space. A range of metal structures composed of arches like a tree branches out from the centre support the membranes. The membranes have a shape of hyperbolic paraboloid stretched by 6 points. The prestressing was achieved by stretching each vertex of the membrane (Ferrari 1002 S - Type II). The metal structures were in parts fabricated in the workshop and with bolts assembled on the site. The membranes were produced simultaneously in the workshop and in one day installed on the site.

Name of the project: Location address: Client (investor): Function of building: Roof design and project: Roof structural engineer: Roof fabricator and contractor: General project: Material: Covered surface (roofed area):

Shading for the Synergia Square

Synergia Square Ruta, Montevideo, Uruguay Zonamerica Business & Technology Park recreation place Sobresaliente ltda. eng. Marella & Pedoja Sobresaliente ltda. Dovat&Asociados – estudio arquitectos Ferrari 1002 S 212m2

231

Rising Tide is a Charter yacht for events registered in Turkey. During strong sun, passengers do normally not have any shade on the yacht. To provide a comfortable journey to the client it is important to have some shade on the deck. Using the two existing poles/masts a double conewas designed to fit the deck. By using special fixing accessories and zippers the shading structure is detachable and can be re-installed or dismantled in no time.

Sabah Shawkat ©

“Rising Tide” is a good example for using the material Airtex Top as proper tensile architecture material although it was mainly developed for big umbrellas or small shade canopies. This project showcases the Polyester fabric with acrylic coating in a different perspective.

Name of the project: Rising Tide Location address: Turkey Client (investor): Sailing Yacht Rising Tide Function of building: Charter yacht for events Type of application of the membrane: Sun shade covering Architects & multi disciplinary engineering: Advance membrane System Pte Ltd Contractor for the membrane Advance membrane System Pte Ltd manufacture & installation: Supplier of the membrane material: Mehler Texnologies GmbH Material: Airtex Top (100% p olyester light-weight fabric coated on one side with acrylate and impregnated with a finish based on Teflon) Covered surface (roofed area): 110m2

Rising Tide

232

Sabah Shawkat ©

The summer amphitheatre of the Regional Culture Centre (Regionalne Centrum Kultury) in Kołobrzeg has been extended in the form of a lightweight roofing over the summer stage and seats. The roofing of the stage has been designed as a tensile structure (bars and cables) consisting of a supporting structure in the form of rigid round posts on flexible guys and the flexible load-bearing structure of the roofing. The roofing is a membrane made of polyester fabric with PVC coating stretched between the cable system.

Name of the project: Sun shading covering of the summer amphitheatre Regional Culture Centre Location address: Kolobrzeg, Poland Function of building: open air amphitheatre Type of application of the membrane: Covering of open air infrastructure Architects/engineering: Mellon Architekci, AIGMA Grzegorz Maliszewski, KONTENT Manufacture and installation: PBI Kornas, POMBUDMET Jan Klukowski, KONTENT Supplier of the membrane material: Mehler Texnologies Material: VALMEXR FR 1400 MEHATOP F Type IV, colour White Covered surface (roofed area): 855 m2 (L32.00xW29.50xH11.58m

Summer, Sun Shading Covering of the Summer Amphitheatre

233

Façade and roof structure

The structural principal of the new roof (was one of the largest air inflated domes) system was present by Schlaich Bergermann is based on the spoke wheel system and one of the design criteria for the roof was that it must be able to carry all the snow loads. Fabric roof of PTFE/Glass membrane with 36 bays spanning between the cable trusses and rest on concentric series of 9 arches. The deflated membrane cover of 36 cushions, attached to 9 sliding carriages each running along the 36 lower radial cables, is pulled towards the centre. At the perimeter 36 steel masts are placed onto the existing concrete structure. An upper steel compression ring and a secondary lower tension ring of a bundle of endless cables stabilize 36 cable trusses that run into the centre node. The roof can be opened up to 7500m, the centre node is 60m above the playing field and the inflation of the cushions to 500Pa then stabilizes the whole roof structure. The facade installed due to Single layer ETFE.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Stadium center node

Installation work

Retractable roof

Name of the project: BC Place Stadium Location: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Year of construction: 2011 Client: Pavillion Corporation Architect: Stantec Architecture Ltd. Design concept for membrane roof: Schlaich Bergermann und Partner Engineer of Record: Geiger Engineers Membrane Analysis: Tensys Detailed design: Tony Hogg Design General Contractor: PCL Contractors Westcoast Contractor for the retractable roof membrane and facade: Hightex Tensile Structures Ltd. Contractor for the fixed roof: FabricTec Structures Inc. Membrane material: Sefar Tenara Covered area of retractable roof: 7500m2 (double layer) Membrane material for the fixed roof: Saint Gobain Sheerfill I Façade: Saint Gobain ETFE Area: 5750m2

BC Place Stadium, Vancouver BC Canada

234

Canada Place view from the waterfront

The structure’s present roof was retrofitted with 8474m2 of TiO2coated PTFE fiberglass fabric membrane that matches the original five-sail design PTFE, or polytetrafluoroethylene, makes up the membrane, while non-toxic and flame-resistant TiO2 (titanium dioxide) offers self-cleaning capabilities that significantly reduce the need for its service.

Sabah Shawkat ©

The material is also highly permanent, weather and fire resistant, and has a projected life expectancy exceeding 20 years. The final survey showed that the new sails, once tensioned, were nearly identical to the original. Name of the project: Canada Place Location address: 999 Canada Place, Vancouver, BC, Canada Client (investor): Canada Place Corporation of Vancouver, BC, Canada Function of building: Cruise ship terminal, hotel and convention centre Type of application of the membrane: Roof Year of construction: 2010 Architects: Eberhard Zeidler Multi-disciplinary engineering: Geiger Engineers of Suffern, NY Engineers: Geiger Engineers of Suffern, NY Consulting engineer for the membrane: Birdair, Inc., Buffalo, NY Main contractor: Ledcor Construction of Vancouver, BC,Canada Contractor for the membrane : Birdair, Inc., Buffalo, NY Supplier of the membrane material: Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics, Merrimack, NH Manufacture and installation: Birdair, Inc., Buffalo, NY Material: TiO2-coated PTFE Surface (roofed area): 8474m2

Replacement of the Sails

235

The structure of pavilion become an iconic projection of the museum’s image to the public and, as such, should be remarkable and knowable and needed to be very lightly and quickly erected, to provide for 350 people, and adapt itself to public ceremonies, dining, conference and theatre/cinema uses with minimal adaptation costs. Panorama of pavilion in front of the museum, at night.

The structural form rapidly evolved towards two main air beams spanning across the footprint, visually defining sub-spaces inside the large cover and echoing the two large glazed doors opening towards the sculpture park and the canal.These air beams reinforce a sustained double-layer translucent skin that encloses the space. The structure is sustained between these two textile layers, meaning that the structure did not ask for an airlock. This approach as chosen to maximise the visual connection with the surroundings and ease the flow of public in and out of the pavilion. The structure was pressurised by 15 centrifugal fans (12 active plus 3 backups), of 1.5 kW power each, equipped with noise silencers and wired to a pressure-sensitive alarm system (to monitor the inflation level). The translucent skin is made of two layers of white Rip-Stop nylon and the spanning and peripheral air beams were fabricated from white PVC coated polyester membrane.

Event space, a few minutes after inflation

Sabah Shawkat ©

Exterior view at night from the museum

Sketch elevation and plan of the structure

Inflatable pavilion during the opening lunch

Location: Villeneuve d’Ascq, France Client: Lille Métropole Musée d’Art Moderne, Art Contemporain et Art Brut (LaM) Architects: 2hD Architects (http: //2hd.co.uk) Fabrication and installation: Inflate (http: //inflate.co.uk) Completion: 2010 Usable internal area: 360m Overall footprint: 400m Max dimensions: 40m (length), 15m (width), 19m (overall width), 8m (height) Ground anchors: 500mm deep Terra-bolt screws every 2m of perimeter Inflation system: 15 centrifugal fans (12 active plus 3 backups), 1.5kW power each,equipped with noise silencers. All fan units wired to pressure-sensitive alarm system. Main surface materials: Rip-Stop nylon, white translucent Air beams materials: PVC coated polyester, white Doors: Polycarbonate doors on custom-made welded steel frames Lighting: centrally controlled fluorescent tube enclosed in peripheral air beams Flooring: modular polypropylene flooring panels (ROLA-TRAC™)

Inflatable Event Space

236 The design and retrofit of the tensile roofing system for the Talisman Centre for Sport and Wellness in Calgary has been realized. A renewed Talisman Centre will help provide sport and wellness services to the 40 000-plus new residents and 60 000-plus additional day commuters estimated to be living and working in downtown Calgary. Replacing the structure’s original 15 050m2˛tensile roof with an updated TensothermTM with LumiraTM aerogel, formerly Nano gel aerogel roofing system, because this new variant provide improving daylighting, insulation, energy efficiency and temperature control. Until recently, it was considered impossible to insulate a PTFE roof effectively without sacrificing its daylighting capability. External and internal view of Talisman Centre

The Tensotherm roofing composite is comprised of the Lumira aerogel sandwiched between two PTFE fiberglass membranes. The resulting composite material is less than 40mm. By maintaining translucency, Tensotherm meets the facility’s need for increased natural lighting.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Name of the project: Talisman Centre Location address: 2225 Macleod Trail South, Calgary, Alberta, T2G 5B6 by the Lindsay Park Sports Society Function of building: Multi-sport complex Type of application of the membrane: Roof Architects: Neil Jaud Architect INC, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Multi-disciplinary engineering: AD Williams Engineering, Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Structural Engineers: Geiger Engineering, Suffern, NY Consulting engineer for the membrane: Birdair, Inc., Buffalo, NY Main contractor: Dominion Construction Management, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Contractor for the membrane: Birdair, Inc., Buffalo, NY Supplier of the membrane material: Birdair, Inc., Buffalo, NY Manufacture and installation: Birdair, Inc., Buffalo, NY Material: Tensotherm™ with LumiraTM aerogel Covered surface: 15.050m2

Talisman Centre

237

The Football Stadium offers 41 000 seated spectators who enjoy a stunning view of the playground. The engineering design, conception, choice of material quality, the cover then installed and built using very light to weight material: it is suspended at 4 corners with stretched steel cables attached to high steel masts over 90 m in length. The construction system of partially opaque and partially transparent membranes was used to create a beautiful view of the playground, both day and night, which at the same time allows sunlight to reach the grass area. The fabrics used are Ferrari Precontraint 1302 T2 light gray and one layer of ETFE film to cover the arches. The membrane is divided into sections and each primary arc is fixed and tensioned on the circumferential aluminum profiles. The roof structure is structured by a suspended main structure and secondary reticular trusses beams. At the four intersection joints a system of 4 stay cables (105mm, about 93m length) suspend the main structure at the heads of two main columns. Each head is then anchored to ground by a system of 6 stay cables (105mm, about 128m length). To ensure the stability of the main structure with respect to uplifting and dragging wind action the 4 main nodes are anchored to the ground and to the main grand stands with a vertical restraint stay and a subhorizontal stay respectively.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Secondary trusses at about 11m distance are placed between the inner roof edge formed by the main trusses) and the outer edge (formed by the top of the grand stand frames). Each truss has a total span of about 40m and has one straight bottom chord and two curved top chords. The internal height at mid span is about 2.60m. Each couple of secondary trusses is connected at mid span by a reticular trans verse to ensure lateral stability. Architectural design: Arch. Zavanella (Studio Gau), Arch. Suarez (Studio Shesa) Engineering: Prof. M. Majowiecki, Prof. F. Ossola Design: Giugiaro, Pininfarina Membrane design: Canobbio SpA Membrane and foil engineering: formTL gmbh Material: Ferrari PES/PVC with PVDF protection and ETFE film stripes Covered area: 22.000m2

New Juventus Stadium

238 The aim was to cover the skating rink to save energy, to increase the attractiveness, to get a weather independent skating facility and furthermore a year round place for any kind of events. The participation decreased gradually, so that the “Syndicat d’Initiative et du Tourisme” as operator started a research and an internal idea competition between its members. During 2010 the funding was confirmed. Kiefer´s team restarted by then with detail design, final structural analysis and preparation of the tender documents. External and interior night view

Aerial view

Three cones have been designed to offer spectators a spectacular look with a large roof structure of 2600 m2 . Each cone is hung with one steel pylon. The cables hold them back and forward through a pair of smaller pylons into the foundation concrete body. All pylons are located at one center point. Their inclined position reminds of the crane system. Against a piece of tie back cables included in the huge membrane cones, which are fixed at their edges either precisely in circumferential struts, or continuously along the smoothly bended three truss beam. The concept of the foundation ranged from tension anchors and concrete foundation bodies made of high quality cladding concrete.

Sabah Shawkat ©

View form Icerink

Connection detail Tennect

Location address: Beaufort, Luxembourg Client (investor): Syndicat d´Intitiative et du Tourisme Function of building: Cover of ice rink Type of application of the membrane: Cone Shape Year of construction: 2011 Architects: Michael Kiefer, Sebastian Fey, Pereira Structural engineers: Tobias Lüdeke, Manfred Schieber (K.TA) / Elmar Rohrer Consulting engineer for the membrane: Tobias Lüdeke (K.TA) Main contractor: Prebeck, Weiland Bau Contractor for the membrane: Koch Membranen Supplier of the membrane material: Mehler Manufacture and installation: Koch Membranen/ Wilfling Montagebau Material: Mehler, PVC/ PES Type 5 Covered surface (roofed area): ca. 2600m2 Membrane assembling system: Tennect (Carl Stahl) in peripheral airbeams Flooring: modular polypropylene flooring panels (ROLA-TRAC™)

Patinoire de Beaufort, Kiefer Textile Architecture, Luxemburg

239

Plan

Detail of the double hinge rotary head The new amphitheatre with a membrane roof over the audience and the stage has been erected. The structure consists of a permanent roof over the scene and a retractable roof over the audience. The area of the retractable membrane roof is about 2700m2 and of the permanent membrane roof 1500m2. The membrane roof over the public is used only in the summer. The permanent roof over the stage must withstand a 1.8kN/m2 snow load. The span of the main cable over the stage is 35m and over the public 55m. The rigid structure consists of two sets of columns (one behind the stage and one behind the public), and a pendulum frame in the middle.The pendulum frame, with a span of 35m is stabilized by main cables. The pendulum frame is foreseen as a garage for the folded membrane, which is stored during the winter.

Sabah Shawkat © The roof tensioning unit is controlled with an automatic system.

Permanent membrane roof over the stage

Model of the structure

Name of the project: Kadzielnia Amphitheatre Location addres: Kielce, Poland Client (investor): Geopark Kielce Function of building: Amphitheatre Type of application of the membrane: Rain and snow protection Architects: IMB Asymetria, Krakow Structural engineers: k2 engineering, Andrzej Kowal Consulting engineer for the mem.: k2 engineering, Andrzej Kowal Engineering of the controlling mechanism: CadMech Wroclaw Main contractor: Anna-Bud from Bilczy and SportHalls, Poland Contractor for the membrane : SportHalls Supplier of the membrane material: Mehler Texnologies, Germany Manufacture and installation: Sport Halls Wroclaw Material: retractable roof: VALMEXR FR 1400 MEHATOP F type II permanent roof: type III Covered surface (roofed area): retractable roof: 2700m2 permanent roof: 1400m2

Retractable and Permanent Covering

240

The bus loop “Dworzec Wschodni (Lubelska)” is located in the immediate neighbourhood of the Warszawa Wschodnia railway station facing Lubelska street, nearly by the new National Stadium. It enables useful transfers from buses into long-distance trains and incoming trains operating to Warsaw city centre and Chopin Airport. The bus loop has five platforms with 12 stations, the whole area is covered with a tensile roofstructure. Under the canopy there is also a monitored parking space for bicycles. The five membrane bays are been therefore designed on the valley cable principle, integrated with a smart water collection system to avoid to the visitors any discomfort in winter time. The fabric panels are clamped all around to the supporting steel structure and to the front and back cables by the means of double clamping plates and connected to the steel with steel straps, all covered by closing flaps. The valley cables are disposed in a Y-form on the membrane surface, connected at the field top area over a circular fabric opening.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Name of the project: Bus Station “Warszawa Wschodnia” Location address: Lubelska street, Warsaw Client (investor): City of Warsaw, ZTM Warsaw Function of building: Bus Station Type of application of the membrane: Covering of Bus Station Tensile Architecture concept: Massimo Maffeis Engineering and Consulting, Italy Architects: Mott MacDonald Polska Sp.z o.o., Structural engineers: k2 engineering Andrzej Kowal Consulting engineer for the mem: k2 engineering Andrzej Kowal Supplier of the membrane material: Mehler Texnologies, Germany Manufacture and installation: KONTENT Ryszard Koniewicz Material: VALMEXR FR 1400 MEHATOP F type IV Covered surface (roofed area): approx. 3400m2 Length of the membrane roof 46.70m Span between girders 14.20m Length of main girder 49.50m

Bus Station

241

Detail of the arches - longitudinal ribs - ETFE cushions

Seele

Sabah Shawkat ©

The ETFE cushions are 4 layer cushions. The upper and the lower layer have a thickness of 250μm each. The inner layers have 100μm thickness. The nominal pressure in the cushion system is 300Pa. A minimized attachment detail has been developed for the ETFE cushions. Perpendicular to the surface small steel plates are placed to which on either side the cushion is attached with a small extrusion profile. A soft gutter is integrated in this connection detail to guide condensation water towards the lower ends, where it is further guided to the drainage system. Name of the project: Winter Garden Location address: Verona, Italy Function of building: Multipurpose covering Architects: Mario Bellini, Milano, Italy Multidisciplinary Engineering: Canobbio SpA, Politecnico diMilano Consulting engineer for the membrane, timber and steel: form TL, Germany Manufacture and installation: Canobbio SpA, Italy Material: ETFE foils Covered surface (roofed area): 650m2

Erection

Winter Garden

242

The main railway station needed a renewal and extension. Among other new elements the membrane roof was introduced to cover the open space between the two existing roofs. The new roof was designed as a membrane structure, tensioned on steel arches, which covers the area of four platforms between two old shelters. The structure of the membrane roof consists of 12 similar spans. The dimensions of a singular spans are 21x11.40m. The final dimensions of the membrane roof are 84 x34.2m. The main bearings elements are longitudinal, perpendicular and diagonal arches made out of steel tubes with a diameter of 356mm. The roof is situated in a first snow zone, thus total snow load is 1.05kN/m2.

Sabah Shawkat ©

The membrane is attached to the main longitudinal arches on the bottom side. In this way the steel structure (arches and bracings) is visible from the platform only on sunny days as a shadow on the membrane. The use of the transparent membrane gives a lot of light to the platforms and brings a friendly and pleasant atmosphere.

The railway station during and after the installation of the membrane covering

Name of the project: Main Railway Station Wroclaw Location address: Pilsudskiego 1, Wroclaw, Poland Client (investor): PKP S.A., National Polish Railways Function of building: Covering the platform Type of application of the membrane: Rain and snow protection Architects: GRUPA 5, Warszawa, Poland Structural engineers: Pracownia Projektowa Nazbud Consulting engineer for the membrane: k2 engineering Andrzej Kowal Main contractor: BUDIMEX S.A., Poland Supplier of the membrane material: Mehler Texnologies, Germany Manufacture and installation: Sport Halls Poland Material: VALMEXR FR 1400 MEHATOP F type IV Covered surface (roofed area): covered area 2870m2

Art Nouveau Railway Station

243

An existing pedestrian bridge as well as a pedestrian path along various bus stops on top of a new two storey car park building had to be covered due to PTFE. This hundred Meters long walkway connects bus station and car parking with train platforms.

Elevation

The task was to create as little impact as possible to the existing environment. 20 saddle-shaped white membrane elements generate the required appearance. The pedestrian bridge was not designed to receive any additional forces. The railway platforms and the car park building had to be kept free of columns.

Sabah Shawkat ©

Two steel pylons build between car park building and railway station area withstand 24 cables to support the smoothly bended main steel tubes. The supporting steel structure consists out of a threedimensional steel framework. The bearings are limited to supporting steel struts at both ends and in the centre.

Assembling and cable fixation detail

Detail Pylon

View from park deck

Name of the project: New roof for railway station. Location address: Wiesloch-Walldorf, Germany Client (investor): MetropolPark Zweckverband Wiesloch- Walldorf Function of building: Covering of walkway between bus station and railway paltforms Type of application of the membrane: Saddle.shaped surface structure Architects: Michael Kiefer, Freier Architekt (KTA) Structural engineers: Tobias Ludeke, Manfred Schieber Consulting engineer for the membrane: Tobias Ludeke Supplier of the membrane material: Verseidag Manufacture and installation: Flontex Polen/ Montagebau Lenk Material: Verseidag PTFE/ Glas Covered surface (roofed area): ca. 1000m2

Railway Station

244

The designers, who designed a stadium in Turkmenistan, decided to use the membrane architecture as the product of such a concept. This structure is made as an idea of using for covering an area of approximately 25.000m2.There are many several methods to cover the roofs. Within the 20.000 spectator’s capacity Ashgabat stadium complex steel roof is covered with an interesting membrane system. The stadium roof is solved as a cantilever steel truss. The cantilever steel truss 30m / Cantilever Range = 9,5m is interconnected with cross vaults which are supporting the membrane. Arch membranes are frequently installed as ring rope roofs for stadiums, with the arch being supported with a hinge on the carrier cable and the warp direction of the fabric mostly running at right angles to the arch. When several arches are arranged next to each other, the membrane is mostly pulled in along the arch from rope truss to rope truss.

field by panel from scaffold hanging under the rope trusses or by abseiling. To stabilize the arches, temporary ropes tensioned diagonally in three dimensions can be installed during the erection. When pulling on the membrane in the arch direction, it is first anchored to the end points, in order to mount the edges to the truss. After pulling the membrane to the opposite side, it can be successively tensioned against the truss starting in the middle and fixed by mounting the edge elements. The fabric, folded longitudinally, was lifted transverse to the arch trusses and unfolded on both sides over the secondary arches. After fixing the membrane to the corner points, the clamping plates were installed along the edges of the arch trusses. After the edge rope, which had already been pulled in, had been tensioned, the edge of the surface was finally tensioned through the webbing fabricated into the corners and fixed by bolting the ropes intended to secure against wind uplift to the crown of the arch.

Sabah Shawkat © The installation of the arch and the pulling in and tensioning of the membrane are mostly done

Name of the project: Ashgabat Stadium Location address: Ashgabat / Turkmenistan Client (investor): State of Turkmenistan Function of building: Stadium Type of application of the membrane: Covering Architects: Design Group Multi-disciplinary engineering: Gelişim İnşaat Proje San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. Structural engineers: Tensaform Membrane Structures Consulting engineer for the mem: Tensaform Membrane Structures Engineering of the controlling mechanism: Gelişim İnşaat Proje San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. Main contractor: Polimeks İnşaat A.Ş. Contractor for the membrane Tensaform Membrane (Tensile membrane contractor): Structures Industry & Trade Inc. Supplier of the membrane material: NAIZIL Manufacture and installation: Tensaform Membrane Structures Industry & Trade Inc. Material: NAIZIL PLUS COVER-TYPE III

A Cover for the Stadium

245

Views from underneath the light-roof structure New renovations and construction projects have been designed and implemented to modernize and improve Rutli’s infrastructure. As an example, the Rutli Haus restaurant terraces were rebuild by adding light-roof. This meadow now contains the Rutlihaus restaurant, a picnic area, the “Dreilanderbrunnen” and a small exhibition showing its history. Around 1 million people per year, including numerous high-ranking personalities from home and abroad, visit and enjoy the facilities at Rutli.

Sabah Shawkat © Aerial views on the light-roof structure

Name of the project: Rutlihaus Location address: Rutli, Seelisberg, Switzerland Client: Bundesamt fur Bauten und Logistik BBL, Bern, Switzerland Function of building: Restaurant Type of application of the membrane: Roof Architects: Aschwanden Schurer Architekten AG, Zurich, Switzerland Engineer: Gabathuler AG dipl. Bauingenieure ETH, Buchs, Switzerland Design and delivery of wood structure: Neue Holzbau AG, Lungern, Switzerland Woodwork: Gotthard Holzbau GmbH, Schattdorf, Switzerland Contractor for the membrane: HP Gasser AG MEMBRANBAU, Lungern, Switzerland Supplier of the membrane material: Sefar AG, Heiden, Switzerland Manufacture and installation: HP Gasser AG MEMBRANBAU, Lungern, Switzerland Material: SEFARR Architecture TENARAR Fabric 4T40HF Covered surface: approx. 200m2

The Rutlihaus Restaurant

246

The shopping center roofing was realized as a textile membrane structure which is made of transparent Plexiglas’s making sun rays and light passing through and the covering membrane is a single layer type with a total negative curvature where also supposed that the lateral sides are all closed.

Sabah Shawkat © The central part is supported by a ring and the base of the steel deviator is supported by nine rod bars connected to the top of concrete columns.The structures are designed with accidental loads, snow as qs = 80 kN/m2, wind as qw = 80 kN/m2 . Name of the project: Location address: Client (investor): Function of building: Year of construction: Architects: Consulting engineer for the membrane: Engineering for the controlling mechanism: Main contractor: Supplier of the membrane material: Manufacture and installation: Material: Covered surface (roofed area):

General view, Connection details, cable layout and Isometry

Covered Atrium

COSMOS MALL THESSALONIKI GREECE COSMOS MALL ATRIUM COVERAGE 2006 ARCH NIKOKAVOURAS, Athens Greece Eng. Dario Ravasi, Varese, Italy Eng. Dario Ravasi, Varese, Italy ARKA SYNTHESIS LTD Athens Greece PM ENGINEERING SRL Senago Italy ERGE FERRARI PRECONTRAINT 1302 T 315m2

247

Model of the project

Sabah Shawkat ©

Isometry and plan view of the roof

Side views

The general concept of the architectural has been studied and designed by Architect Sir Norman Foster together with a team of architects and engineers.

One of the eyelike openings for smoke exhaust

The designers have taken care of the steel tubes structural design. The roof of steel tubes structure is fixed on top of the reinforced concrete building covering the individual building parts below. The roof is placed with a distance above the roof slab and has only secondary sealing requirements. Between the building parts the steel structure is made with expansion joints to allow a movement, as caused by an eventual earthquake, up to 20cm in horizontal direction. The membrane PTFE cladding is not interrupted in these joints and needs to compensate the movement with its elasticity. The membrane is PTFE coated fiberglass. In some extremely loaded panels material with a higher strength has been used. The bays are saddle shaped membranes, carrying the snow load in the short direction and the wind load over the long direction

During installation: system of arches and membrane

A Unique PTFE Coated Fiberglass, Roof and Facade

248

Sabah Shawkat ©

During installation: system of arches and membrane

The wavy façade and roof of the building

Standard detail arch connection

Name of the project: Turin University Location address: Torino, Italy Year of construction: 2012 Main Contractor: Sinergie, Italy Multi-disciplinary engineering: Maire Engineering Consulting engineer for the membrane: formTL, Germany Steel supplier: Stahlbau Pichler, Italy Supplier of the membrane material: Saint Gobain, USA Manufacture and installation: Canobbio SpA, Italy Material: PTFE fiberglass Covered surface (roofed area): 16 000m2

Turin University

249 century, the elegant arched roofs of the main station have been a landmark on the city skyline. The entrepreneur therefore specified the construction of a membrane roof including a substructure on the basis of the historical roof construction. For this reason, the Austrian national railway (OBB) undertake a transparent membrane roof made from PTFE fabric whereby just external loads – snow and wind – would be transferred onto the existing construction at precisely determined points. The 1700m2 covered area offers fixed protection from the elements and natural lighting which also matches the new structural situation, and Salzburg Main Station has been transformed into an attractive and agreeable international shopping mall. At the same time, the unmistakable, historical appearance of the main station has been preserved and the new transit station is able to handle more train connections. The steel substructure is made of modules with a maximum width of 4.53m. The modules are formed by minimum tension arched girders, which are rigidly connected to the eaves. The rise of the arch in the control ranges is 1.30m or 1.80m. In the connecting area to the historical half-timbered building, classified as an historical monument, the rise of the arch varies between 1.80m to 3.10m.

Sabah Shawkat © The roof design means that both the platforms and the railway line area have been given a connecting roof. With the discussion of Salzburg Main Station from destination and transit station to a transit station only, new design opportunity were created for the land marked barrel vault in the platform area. The final result is a good lighting effect and cosmopolitan atmosphere, cover protection from wind and weather, and accordance with the structural specifications. The greatest challenges were the historic arched roofs which were to be kept untouched but relocated, plus the fact that a normal railway service was to operate during the redesign, reorganization, and renovation work.For over a

Name of the project: Salzburg Main Station Location address: Salzburg, Austria Client (investor): OBB-Infrastruktur Bau AG Function of building: Train station Type of application of the membrane: Roof Year of construction: 2011/12 Architects: kadawittfeldarchitektur Engineers: Tichelmann & Barillas Ingenieure Main contractor: Zemann & Co GmbH Contractor for the membrane: Temme Obermeier GmbH Supplier of the membrane material: Sefar AG Manufacture and installation: Zemann & Co GmbH Temme Obermeier GmbH Material: SEFARR Architecture TENARAR fabric 4T40HF Covered surface (roofed area): 1700m2 ETFE cushions: Ceno Membrane Technology GmbH Planning for ETFE films: Consulting engineering office, Teschner Material: ETFE film 250μm/300μm Size: 161 ETFE film cushions with different geometries Floor space: 6013m2 Surface area: 6313m2

Salzburg Main Station

250

Plan view

The Abrisham Bridge II link the two sides of this small valley together and therefore offers an foot bridge between Norouz and Safarhaye Asemani Parks. Two textile a PVC-PVDF coated polyester membrane cones which form part of this structure cover an area of 2056 m2 above Bazaar Gol (The Flower Market) and to provide a great view along with lightness and translucency. What led to the design of Abrisham Bridge II and its membrane coverings was the aim to create a representative landmark for Bazaar Gol in Abbas-Abad lands. For the membrane roof structure and the foot bridge, the following aims had been given: - Connecting the two sides of the valley; - A special and attractive design to build a great structure; - Protection from wind and rain for the stalls of the market; - Reducing the direct solar radiation that can disturb ongoing activities; and last, an easy erection and finale installation of the entire structure.

Construction works started with the concrete casting of the foundations. When the steel anchorages were placed, the bridge and masts were installed, with high precision. Masts were temporarily stabilized with safety cables. The next step was to clamp the membrane together (which was fabricated in 3 large pieces in order to ease the installation process) and fix it on the ring. After that the whole membrane was elevated to the top of the mast to be fixed and finally pretentioned.

Name of project: Location of project: Year of Construction: Architect: Engineering: Manufacturing, Fabrication & Installation: Material: Covered Area:

Eye-Catching Membrane Cones

Bazaar Gol Tehran, Iran 2011 Diba Tensile structures Massimo Maffeis Engineering and Consulting Diba Tensile Structures Verseidag PES-PVC-PVDF (2x1700m2 ) 2 x 1028m2

251

This project is a mobile facilities able to cover the central courtyard of the Great Mosque of Paris, with overall dimensions of 29m long and 20m wid which is made of polyester fabric, high strength, PVC coated, protected by coatings limiting the adhesion of dirt.

Interior view of the covered central courtyard (closed - open condition

The structure is related of 9 arches, supported by rails able to move up and down along supporting columns. The operation consists to park the cover: 4 arches are parked at the north side of the patio, 5 arches at the south side. The motion is made using four electrical motors moving the two central arches. All these movements are done automatically, from electrical control panel, under limited climatic conditions.

The rise of the arch in the control ranges is 1.30m or 1.80m. In the connecting area to the historical halftimbered building, classified as an historical monument, the rise of the arch varies between 1.80m to 3.10m. Name of the project: Mobile coverage for the central patio at the Great Mosque of Paris Location address: Paris, France Year of construction: 2012 Client: SOCIETE DES HABOUS ET DES LIEUX SAINTS DE L’ISLAM Architects: A.T.I.C., Versailles Multidisciplinary Engineers: AIA Ingenierie, Lyon Main Contractor: Normandie Structures, Etrepagny Supplier of the membrane: Ferrari Surface project: 580m2

Structure composed of 9 arches and supported by rails

Mobile Coverage

252

The competition for design projects that make use of textile, cable or tensegrity structures, which was open to architecture and engineering students, received 18 proposals. The jury, composed of G. D’Anza, J. Baixas, N. Goldsmith, J. Llorens, F. McCormick and R. Santomauro, gave the award to A. Montes for “Tensile structure for emergency evacuationsystems”. Suspended footbridge made of bamboo

It is an original idea whose inviting architectural presentation does not camouflage the need for further technical development.The following finalists were chosen. D. Buzeta: “Suspended footbridge made of bam boo”, a realistic approach to the useof a Chilean endemic bamboo under tension. E. Reyes: “Fung itens”, a design of floating footpath on the flooded streets of Belen.They are create an add-on by natural lighting provided by Neonothopanus gardneri, a luminous fungus of South American rainforests.

Fungi tens

G. Zamorano: “Urban roofs” design an elastic and universal roof for areas struck by natural disasters, such as Chile and Haiti. It is easy to transport, build and cover those working in post catastrophe situations. It collects rainwater and uses resources efficiently.

gny

Urban Roofs

Tensantiago Student Competition

253

The Task was to create a shade fabric canopy structure for a Skateboard Arena located in a windy coastal environment. Because of the knitted construction and holes in the fabric canopy, wind will flow more easy through the membrane resulting in more comfortable conditions beneath. Winds of up to 130 km/h are often in this region and the holes are designed to allow wind flow both from above and below the canopy. Holes will be designed for the reduction of the stress caused by wind load which acting on the whole construction and then ensures the reliability and durability of fabric, holes allow for the penetration of light and created a unique aesthetic element to the design.

Aerial view of the fabric canopy

Anthony Scott _ anthony.scott@galepacific.com www.synthesisfabrics.com

Holes to relieve the stress loads as well as for extra airflow and light transmission

Name of project: Skateboard Arena Location address: Naharia, Israel Function of building: Shading for a popular skating park Year of construction: 2013 Architectural firm: Nava Cohen Architect Structural engineering firm: David Blank Cutting, preparation and assembly: Paturiz Shading Solutions Design of fabric shapes: Paturiz Shading Solutions/architect Michael Mikulsky Duration to fabricate/install: All preparation in the factory/two weeks; Works and assembling on sight/two days Fabric Manufacturer: Gale Pacific Limited Material: 340g/m2 high tenacity knitted HDPE fabric Synthesis Commercial 95(Navy Blue and Cherry Red) Covered surface (roofed area): 1440m2

Skateboard Arena -Naharia (IL)

254

Leo Lagrange stadium stands in Toulon, France, which spectacularly covered by PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) a white sail spread across the sports fields. The main bearing frame structure of the covering is made of three main arches measuring 120 to 150m, Length = 182m; Width = 15,6m, depending on the location, and culminating at a height of 25m. Three months were needed to assemble the fabric then the membrane was installed using high-frequency welding assembly, in its specialized finishing workshop. The complexity of the steel structure was mainly structural, a difficult struggle between the equilibrium and elegant of the structures in regard with the large spans and their boundary conditions of main steel arches.PVDF is a specialty plastic used in applications requiring the highest purity, as well as resistance to solvents, acids and hydrocarbons. Compared to other fluoropolymers, like polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), PVDF has a low density (1.78 g/cm3).

Leo Lagrange stadium stands in Toulon

Name of project: Stand covering at the Leo Lagrange stadium in Toulon Location address: Toulon (Var), France Client (investor): Toulon Provence Mediterranee Town Communit Function of building: Stadium stand covering Year of construction: 2009 to 2013 Architects: Archi5 Multi-disciplinary engineering: Renaudat Structural engineers: Ingerop & Renaudat Membrane Engineer: Ingerop / Esmery Caron Main contractor: Archi5 Supplier of the membrane material: Serge Ferrari Manufacture and installation: Esmery Caron Material: Architectural membrane (Type 4, 100% PVDF) Covered surface (roofed area): 3000m2 ; Length=182m; Width=15,6m

Leo Lagrange Stadium, Toulon (FR)

255

First experimental building cover at Bobingen

The tasks was to covering 375m2 by pneumatic cushions belt structure 5,5m x 15m, the inner yard of the building that had to be fulfilled were many. First of all it is a simple rain protection in order to enable outdoor events like exhibitions. At the same time it had to be transparent, as all offices of the building are getting their natural light from the inner yard. To make things even more difficult, natural ventilation of the closed inner yard and heat protection had to be guaranteed.

Unfortunately the roof was not allowed to touch the surrounding historical building and therefore columns had to be placed inside the yard. Only at this side the structure is horizontally stabilized transferring all horizontal loads into the existing new building by two small columns.

Covering the inner yard of the Building Ministry

The advantage of using belts compared to cables lies in the fact, that belts do have a flat surface in contradiction to cables who may rub holes in the foil. Prof. Dr. Robert Off _ robert.off@ims-institute.org Anhalt University/IMS e.V. Architecture and structural design: Institute of Membrane and Shell Technologies e.V. Anhalt University, Germany www.ims-institute.org Realization: Novum Membranes www.novummembranes.de Belts and cables: Brugg Cables Industry AG www.bruggcables.com Client: BLSA - Saxony-Anhalt

View from underneath to new building part at the back

Cushion Belt Structure, Anhalt residence Berlin, Germany

256

Hoisting the third sail

Sabah Shawkat © After the first “sail” that students of the School of Architecture of the UPM (Technical University of Madrid) designed and placed in the central courtyard of the new pavilion of that school, which was published in this newsletter 19 (September 2010) students of successive courses have been hoisting new “sails” under the direction and supervision of professor Juan Monjo-Carrió and architect Javier Tejera.

Students participate in the design and calculation of the sails and proceed to cut the patterns. These are welded in a specialized shop and the tailored sail is brought to the school where students help to raise it. So far two extra sails have been placed with a colour sequence that seeks to complete the rainbow ones. The second sail, red, is an asymmetrical and inverted cone-shaped one. It is hanging and tightened from its four corners, and has an internal floating mast that helps to produce and maintain the conical shape. The mast is braced at its upper end from the four corners, allowing the formation of the inverted cone. The third sail, orange, is shaped as a linear conoide with an intermediate arch downward. It’s hanging and tightened also from its four corners, and has an inter - mediate cross brace that keeps the arch in place. The three sails are executed with mesh fabric type SOLTIS 86 donated by FERRARI .

General view of the central courtyard with the 3 suspended sails

Design, Fabrication and Hoisting

257

An elliptical steel brackets cupola structure forms the envelope for a new green house in the botanical garden of Aarhus. It is used for plant cultivation thus tropical and subtropical plants can be grown in an environmentally controlled area. The dome new green house made of ETFE cushions © Quintin Lake

ETFE cushions are used, some of the cushions are used for pneumatic shading. These are the triple layer cushions, with outer and middle layers which are printed. The middle layer can be moved by changing the air pressure from the in- to the outside. When the inner layer is close to the outer layer, the shading is more effective. The rest of the cushions are transparent with double layers. In total there are 34 triple layer cushions and 90 double layer cushions, which are supplied by a central blower unit

The primary structure consists of ten arches in each direction, longitudinal and transversal. The maximum arch span is approx. 41m and the maximum arch rise is approx. 17.5m. The arch distance varies form the dome base to the dome apex (between 1.6m and 4,9m). The dome is symmetric by one axis, and covered with ETFE cushions. They are double layer cushions towards west, north and east and triple layer cushions with integrated shading toward the south and in the zenith of the dome. Name of the project: Botanic garden Aarhus Location address: Aarhus Function of building: green house Type of application of the foil: roof and facade Year of construction: 2011 to 2013 Architects: C. F. Moller Structural engineers: Soren Jensen Consulting engineer for the foil: formTL ingenieure fur tragwerk und leichtbau gmbh Main contractor: BK Teknik A/S Foil cushion contractor: Ceno Membrane Technology GmbH Supplier of the foil material: Nowofol Manufacture and installation: Ceno Membrane Technology GmbH Material: ETFE- cushion Covered surface (roofed area): 1145m2 (1800m2 )

2x10 arches and finished with 124 ETFE

A New Green House ,Aarhus, Denmark

258

The modern membrane construction sets innovative accents in the architecture for schools and training facilities. Integrated into a wellplanned, overall architecture concept, the light graceful canopies contribute to a protected and comfortable environment that, if nothing else, can result in an increased readiness for the scholars to learn and identification with the respective training facility.

MembraneWith a diameter of 22m, it covers a ground area of approx. 340m2. Due to the high snow load of 1,60 kN/m2, for the size of the roof relatively solid material had to be used, from the so-called Type IV, with high tensile strength and resistance to tear propagation.

`Learn outside with all senses´. “Classroom in the open”. Constructed as an amphitheatre, is protected by a membrane roof made from polyester fabric coated with PVC, it provides space for up to 300 scholars simultaneously.

Year of construction: Client Architect Membrane construction Material:

2011 Secondary school, Lossnitz Ing.-Buro Jurgen Taubner Ceno Membrane Technology GmbH PVC-coated polyester fabric Type IV, white, with acrylic surface protection paint

Membrane Construction in the Architecture for Schools

259

One of the most modern school complexes in Germany, for 2.600 scholars, has emerged in Duisburg. Three vocational schools were combined into a building ensemble with a total of 56.000m2 gross floor area.

A particular architectural highlight is the covered foyer area between both main buildings, this so-called “Magistral” breaks the austerity of the volume of the building and simultaneously provides a covered recreational yard for the scholars (Fig. 2a and b). The atmosphere here is friendly and flooded with light, particularly due to the transparent ETFE roof construction with its light, filigree steel construction. A total of 28 identical, dual-layer foil cushions cover the complete area of 1.009m2. Each cushion is approx. 13,90m long and 2,70m wide.

Year of construction 2012 General contractor Goldbeck Ost GmbH Architect Dohle + Lohse Architekten GmbH Planning Ing.-Buro Schulke-Wiesmann ETFE-construction Ceno Membrane Technology GmbH Material ETFE foil-cushions (upper foil 250μm, lower foil 200μm)

A Transparent Roof for “Magistral”, Vocational College in Duisburg

260

Due to the change to full-day operation, there was a requirement to extend the area of the Max-Planck-Gymnasium. In addition to all of the required functionality, the school leadership also paid special regard to provide a high atmospheric quality for continuance for scholars and teachers. Initially, a new construction was considered, but the possibility of using the old building structure was soon recognized to cover the existing inner courtyard of 1.200m2.

Sabah Shawkat © An open and communicative room was provided using a new transparent ETFE foil roof, which offered large potential regarding efficiency and also architecturally. The school facilities, such as refectory, kiosk, library and all-day rooms in the form of coloured building cubes were situated under the new roof with sufficient space. In addition to the enormous gain in area for utilization the heating requirement was also significantly reduced, due to the light and UV permeability, as well as the thermal insulation property of the pneumatic ETFE construction.

Year Planning ETFE- Material

H m)

2011 Architect Town of Lahr, Structural Engineering Dept. construction Ceno Membrane Technology GmbH three-layer ETFE foil-cushions(upper foil200μm, middle foil 150μm, lower foil 200μm) upper and middle foil partially printed for the purpose of shading

Living Space for Max-Planck-Gymnasium

261

In 2012, the second European school in Luxembourg was completed within the frameworkof the overall new construction, large zones of the recreational areas were covered 4300m2 a total of 5 roofs made from dual-layer foil cushions. The upper layer of the ETFE foil cushion is matt on one side, whereby, intensive radiation is prevented but, at the same time, ensures a pleasant light that does not glare. Year Architect ETFE- Material

European School in Luxembourg

2012 Michelpetitarchitecte, Luxembourg construction Ceno Membrane Technology GmbH ETFE foil (upper and lower foil 250μm)

262

Connection detail

The requirments of the investor was to cover gasoline pumps using PVC–PVDF coating a structure having an appearance of lightness and having at the same time qualities of resistance to wind and snow load. The two structures with dimensions of 19,10m x 10m and 17,20m x 10m have been installed in Sora, located in the center of Italy. The covering membrane was manufactured using a fabric with a Polyester reinforcement 2200dtex and double PVC–PVDF coating type 5, with a tensile strength of 9000N/5cm to 10000N/5cm – tearing strength of 1700N – weight per m2 1450 gr/m2 Accidental loads taken into consideration were the following: snow: qs = 0,81 kN/m2; wind : qw = 0,75 kN/m2

Sabah Shawkat © The shape of the membrane has a double negative curvature, which is stabilized by pre-stressing. In the central part of the structure there is a rain-pipe conveying the water into the pillars, also acting as waterspout.

Name of the project: GASOLINE PUMPS COVERING Location address: SORA – Frosinone - Italy Client (investor): VERFER SNC Function of building: gasoline pump coverings Year of construction: 2009 Architects: PM ENGINEERING SRL Consulting engineer for the membrane: Eng. Dario Ravasi / Eng. Annita Roman Main contractor: VERFER SNC - Italy Supplier: NAIZIL SPA Manufacture and installation: PM ENGINEERING SRL - PLASTECO MILANO Material: NAIZIL EXTRA COVER – with TITAN Covered surface (roofed area): 190m2 + 170m2

General view of the two caponies

Gasoline Filling Station, Sora, Italy

263

Three Cupolas Rivera, Switzerland

264

A spectacular water park and health resort “Splash e Spa Tamaro” with large pools, fantastic waterslides as well as themed saunas, steam baths, hamam, relaxation areas and specialized treatments. A great experience is promised in this relaxed atmosphere. The three themes with -large relaxing pools, -slides and -spa are located in three different cupolas, which vary in form and size . Three domes with a primary steel structure made of radial lattice girders are covered withmembrane on both sides. On the inside, towards the bath, a silicone coated glass membrane forms the space of the inner ceiling. On the outside a PTFE coated glass membrane covers the whole structure forming a continuous surface. The steel structure is not visible any more. In the air space between the membrane envelope, a low E foil with an aluminium coating spans between the steel girders and reduces the loss of thermal radiation. With artificial light from the inside the cushion volume, the atmosphere within the cupolas can also be influenced, and the appearance of the whole building gets interesting from the outside.

Connection detail

Water slide penetrating the membrane panel

A special challenge was the intersection of the water slides with the membrane panels. In total 6 water slides and the big “Tornado” start inside the slide dome, penetrate the membrane panels and continue their curvy run outside before they return to the inside of the dome again. A clamped steel ring in the shape of the membrane couple the membrane stress.

The three different domes of the “Splash e Spa Tamaro”

Name of project: Location address: Client (Investor): Function of building : Year of construction : Architects : Structural engineers: Consulting engineer: General contractor: Contractor for the mem. : Supplier of the membrane: Manufacture, installation: Material: Covered surface :

Splash e Spa Tamaro Rivera, Switzerland (Ticino) Suisse Projects (kplan AG) covering of different bath areas 2013 Suisse Projects; Marco Giussani Arch. SIA OTIA Airlight Ltd, Switzerland form TL ingenieure fur tragwerk und leichtbau gmbh, Germany Garzoni SA, Switzerland Canobbio SpA, Italy Saint-Gobain and Interglass Canobbio SpA, Italy with Seilpartner, Germany PTFE Glass; Silicone Glass; low E foil 4040m2 (6700m2 )

Three Cupolas Rivera, Switzerland

265

The architectural concept was to provide a membrane covered area from PVC coated polyester membrane by non-collapsible umbrellas 16mx16m for exhibition, weather protected parking, and was to have a flexible modular system which allows expanding the covered area later by similar modules. Such structural membranes have thicknesses of 1mm or even less in real scale. The task was to develop a very reduced near minimized steel structure. So during this design allowed a very efficient and easy assembly, erection on site and to develop a very reduced near minimized steel structure, in order to roof covering 2300m2 by 9 similar 16mx16m non-collapsible umbrellas. The overall height of each umbrella is 10m with a non-overlapping circumferential membrane border at 7m. The gaps between the adjacent umbrellas are closed by metal-sheets.

Weather protected exhibition area for mobile homes

General overview

16x16m umbrella module

Erection of the structure

richter@bfl-tr.com www.bfl-tr.com

Name of the project: Carthago Umbrellas Location address: Aulendorf, Germany Client (investor): Carthago Reisemobilbau GmbH Function of structure: weather protection for exhibition Type of application of the membrane: Covering with mechanically prestressed membrane Year of construction: 2013 Architects: buro fur leichtbau Tritthardt + Richter Structural engineer foundation: ML-Ingenieure GmbH Structural engineers steel: buro fur leichtbau Tritthardt + Richter Engineer for the membrane: buro fur leichtbau Tritthardt + Richter Contractor (steel structure): Friedrich Buhler GmbH & Co.KG Contractor for the membrane and membrane installation: Arnegger GmbH Supplier of the membrane material: Serge Ferrari Material: Ferrari 1202 S2 Covered surface (roofed area): 9x256m2 = 2304m2

Top and bottom view - detail

Umbrellas for Carthago City - Ravensburg, Germany

266 Light is beautiful, light moves, Jürgen Bradatsch Lightweight Architecture of course is not a one man achievement, but the result of the work of the international and interdisciplinary, Lightweight Structure team, including Architects, Civil- and Mechanical Engineers, Physicists, and in combination with computer aided manufacturing, allow to build Lightweight structures of highest precision. To build of a great number of international recognized Lightweight Structure Projects we need an innovative technology that well integrates with traditional cultural context and historical environment as extraordinary and unique solutions of Lightweight Architecture. We are all part of nature but we never will be able to build like nature To find the minimal shapes for Lightweight construction we study and apply self-forming processes that follow the physical laws of tension equilibriums. Our convertible large umbrella structures are designed to be safe for all max. wind loads in both open and folded position and to develop the actual technically advanced fabrics for high performance membrane structures is woven from pure Polytetrafluorethylen (PTFE).

umbrellas covers an area of 150,000 square meters and offers space for prayer and safe circulation for approximately 350,000 to 4,000,000 people during the pilgrimage periods in Ramadhane and Hajj. It is a large-scale convertible shady roof to protect people of all ages, different sexes, different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. The partially covered Piazza provides space for people to move, meet, relax and recover safely, to break the fast of a great community during Ramadan, the space to be densely filled and to communicate - but not to feeling narrow and tight. Umbrellas are shelter from sun, from rain and from the cold night sky. In folded position they allow natural energy radiation exchange between sky and ground. Light is beautiful – light moves and creates sheltered spaces of architectural excellence.

And without PTFE it would just not be possible to build such kind of centrally folding umbrella structures, while this is the only material that combines at the same time 100% UV-Stability with highest flexibility and strong mechanical resistance.The umbrellas in the courtyard of the Madinah Prophet Mosque were 20 years in daily operation: pre-stressing and folding - more than 14,000-15,000 times open and closed during the day or night. Good and reliable technical and architectural experience with 12 umbrellas (17 m x 18 m each), which are the shading of two large courtyards in the 1st Saudi enlargement

the Prophet Mosque in Madinah since 1992, has invited the client to decide for the design of Jürgen Bradatsch to install an additional 250 parasols (each 26m x 26m) on a large square around the mosque at equal distances. This arrangement of large

Shading the umbrellas 17mx18m wile opening position for the Piazza of the Prophet’s Holy Mosque, Madinah, Saudi Arabia

[Re] Thinking Lightweight Structures

267

Sabah Shawkat © Shading Project for the Piazza of the Prophet’s Holy Mosque, Madinah, Saudi Arabia, 2011 – in final opened position

Top view of the Umbrellas.

Show the Umbrellas for the Courtyards.

Umbrellas opened to protect people from the cold radiation of the night sky.

[Re] Thinking Lightweight Structures

268

Sabah Shawkat © Tents on top of the Towers of the King Abdul Aziz Endowment Project, in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, 2012 are located in approx. 220m-250m, each with a covered area of 3000 - 4000m2˛

The Umbrellas are pre-assembled in factory and allow a clean and fast erection as well as relocation, if needed

[Re] Thinking Lightweight Structures

269

The project is located at Sangli around 300km from Mumbai, India.

Design and concept of the project was realized with the idea of support and inspire the use of tensile membrane structure in architecture. Presently the tensile architecture projects in India are mainly confined to metropolis. However, the presence of tensile structures in the interior parts is relatively low or non existent. The gazebo on the terrace of a private residence is a tensile membrane canopy supported by two vertical poles and two inclined needle masts supported by stays. The objective of this project is to represent how tensile architecture can improve the beauty of outdoor spaces, retaining its practical utility with its unique feature of relocatability. This was further developed specifically keeping in mind the boom in the construction industry in the urban and semi urban parts of India.

Name of the project: Roof top Tensile Gazebo Location Address ‘CHINTAMANI’ 145 South Shivajinagar Near Ram Mandir Sangli 416416 (Maharashtra) India. Client: (Invester) Mr. Kunte Function of the building: Outdoor leisure Type of Membrane: Pvc coated 502 Precontraint- Ferrari Year of Construction: 2013 Architects: Novel design studio Consulting engineer for the membrane: Novel products Main Contractor: MechTech Supplier of membrane material: Serge Ferrari Covered Area : (Roofed Area) 28m2

Tensile Architecture for Residential Application Tensile Gazebo, Sangli, India

270

The membrane structure covers a surface of 68mx34m (2312m2. The bearing frame consists of 4 struss steel arches, placed in a longitudinal way, having a width of 34m supported by 2 steel circular columns. The height is 6,70m, reaching a height of 3,70m at the perimeter. Each arch is braced by means of cables anchored to the top of the columns and the membrane is stretched on the perimeter on top of 3,70m high stands. Accidental loads taken into consideration were the following: snow: qs = 0,60kN/m2; wind: qw = 0,80kN/m2 The shape of the single layer membrane has a double negative curvature, which is stabilized by pre-stressing

Name of the project: Passengers Terminal cover Location address: Patrasso Port, Greece Client (investor): Mekaterattiki Diodos SA Function of building: Passengers Terminal cover Year of construction: 2004 Architects: PM Engineering SRL Consulting engineer for the membrane: Eng. Dario Ravasi, Varese Italy Main contractor: Arka Synthesis LTD Supplier of the membrane material: Ferrari SA Manufacture and installation: PM Engineering SRL - Plasteco Milano – Arka Synthesis LTD Material: PRECONTRAINT 1002 FLUOTOP T Covered surface (roofed area): 2312m2

Passengers Terminal Cover, Patrasso Port, Greece

271

It was for the team a long and hard way, because every step was controlled. The city and public had good reason for its mistrustfulness. The new roof was meant to replace one that had partially collapsed in 2006 after a heavy snowfall - an event that gave the city and architect a lot of bad publicity. The reconstruction work presented the opportunity of designing the large roof area as an innovative photovoltaic structure.

Roof cover made of three-layered ETFE film cushions

The column grid is 10mx12m in size. The total steel weight is 4800kN, or 0,48 kg/m2 covered area. Unlike the earlier design, the primary load-bearing structure has been designed to be stable irrespective of the roof covering. The roof area is made from 220 air-supported cushions. The 220 air cushions covering the roof elements are made of ETFE film. Each cushion is made of three layers of ETFE film. Pneumatic systems become tensioned, pre-stressed structures due to the air overpressure at the inside. The pre-stress in the upper and lower membrane is the result of the difference in pressure between the inside of the cushions and atmospheric pressure. The main reasons why the client and architect decided in favour of the version with

ETFE cushion roof were as follows: - High transparency from UV to IR range and a translucency of 90%. - Flame-resistant and without burning droplets, construction material class B1, additive-free -Very good separating properties or self-cleaning on the basis of the non-stick surface - Long service life of at least 30 years

Roof cover made of three-layered ETFE film cushions The project to build steel structure for carport with a roof cover of three – layered ETFE film cushions (Ethylenetetrafluoroethylene) with photovoltaic cells, located near to the famous Olympic Park in Munich, came under close and critical investigation of city officials, engineering specialists and the general public.

Location address: Munich, Germany Client: City of Munich-Building Division and Abfall wirtschaftsbetriebR AWM Munchen Function of the building: Carport Roof Year of construction: 2011 Architects: Ackermann und Partner Architekten BDA, Munich Structural planner: Ackermann Ingenieure, Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Christoph Ackermann Steel structure production and assembly: Steel Concept, Chemnitz Material (ETFE foil): ETFE NOWOFLON ET 6235, 250μ, clear Covered surface area: 8 000m2

Innovative Membrane Architecture for Carport, Munchen, Germany

272

The new Oran Park Library and Resource Centre is now home to a markedly colourful ETFE façade that was designed to be an artistic solar barrier from the heat of the Western sun. The structure integrate 2-layer ETFE cushions in a tessellating triangular pattern in red, yellow, white and transparent foils, on a special designed folded plate structural steel framing system that completes with backlighting which makes the structure come alive at night. Apart from offering architectural aesthetic, the façade also provides an effective solar barrier for the library to help regulate temperature behind the glass. It was installed 3m in front of the main glass wall of the library as a barrier from the Western sun. The aim is for the ETFE Façade to block a majority of the heat before reaching the main façade of the library and any abnormal heat would disappear within the 3m gap. This still retain high light levels in the building whilst keeping the library cooler.

Colourful ETFE façade as a huge lampshade

ETFE façade as second layer installed 3m in front of the main glass wall

Installation of the colourful ETFE façade as an artistic solar barrier

Name of the project: Oran Park Library Location address: Central Avenue, Australia Client (investor): Urban Growth NSW Function of building: Community library Type of application of the membrane: Artwork façade Year of construction: 2018 Architects: Brewster Hjorth Multi-disciplinary engineering: Wade Engineering Structural engineers: Wade Engineering Consulting engineer: Seele Engineering of the controlling mechanism: Wade Engineering Main contractor: ADCO Constructions Contractor Membrane: Fabritecture Supplier of the membrane material: PATI Films Manufacture and installation: Fabritecture Material: ETFE Covered surface (roofed area): 199 m2

Oran Park Library & Resource Centre

273

Interior view

The spectacular design is how to connect all small stores to become one phenomenal mall without putting all within four walls, so the design of a lightweight tension fabric textile structure cover becomes the best choice at the time. With a large span of nearly 40m the membrane structure gives amazing free space to the public area. The outdoor roof cover for the shopping mall Porto Chino was based on a “green thinking” design. Each block of the building is placed in such a way that it does not obstruct the others from the main direction of wind, which is seasonal depending. People have several of activities to do while they are walking, to meet, shopping and whenever they look up, a big simple soft white membrane make them feel relax and comfortable. The result of this lighting effect does not only take advance during the day as less artificial lights save more energy but it also becomes a beautiful landmark at night with a diffuse lighting illuminating the dark sky

Name of the project: Porto Chino Rama II Location address: Samutsakorn province, Thailand Client (investor): D-Land Property Co., Ltd Function of building: Outdoor roof cover Type of application of the membrane: Life Style Shopping Mall Year of construction: 2012 Architects: CONTOUR CO., LTD. Multi disciplinary engineering: ENPLUS CO., LTD. Structural engineers: EDMA CO., LTD. Consulting engineer for the membrane: GEOMETAL LIMITED (New Zealand) Main contractor: Cho. Runglert Co., Ltd. Contractor for the membrane FASTECH CO., LTD. Supplier of the membrane material: FERRARI Manufacture and installation: FASTECH CO., LTD Material: Fabric 1202s2 for Roof Membrane Covered surface (roofed area): 2700m2

Shopping Mall Outdoor Roof Cover

274

Hajj Pavillions)

Carpark - Single and double modules shading

Busstop terminal – Palm and Vault Canopy

The passenger traffic at the airport increased and the increasing number of passengers led to a phased expansion which includes the construction of a new passenger terminal building and rehabilitation of the airport.This palm frond was the main source of inspiration for the architectural form and it provides an efficient structural support.

Masjid Courtyard Palm Canopy

Hajj Baggage)

The new terminal and airport is built to the highest international standards and allows an initial operating capacity of 8 million passengers per year.Tensaform has chosen for these roof coverings the membrane PTFE Type III B 18089, manufactured by Verseidag – Indutex. A membrane surface of approximately 57.318m2 was manufactured by Tensaform at its manufacturing factory, located at Malkara.

Name of the project: The Construction of Prince Bin Abdulaziz International Airport Tensile Fabric Covering for Sheds Location address: Medinah, Saudi Arabia Function of building: Commercial and Industrial Structure Type of application of the membrane: Hajj Pavilions Roof Covering and Carparking Lots Architects: GMW Consulting engineer for the membrane: Tensaform Membrane Structures Industry & Trade INC. Contractor for the membrane: Tensaform Membrane Structures Industry & Trade INC. Supplier of the membrane material: VERSEIDAG-INDUTEX Manufacture and installation: Tensaform Membrane Structures Industry & Trade INC. Material: Verseidag PTFE Type III B18089 membrane Covered surface (roofed area & carparking lots): 57 318m2

Tensile Fabric Covering, Madinah, Saudi Arabia

275

Arena de Amazonia

Anne Bosse _ anne.bosse@ceno-tec.de _ www.ceno-tec.de _ Helmut Frisch _ Michael Dadalas _ h.frisch@mmm.com _ www.dyneon.eu

Name of the project: Arena da Amazonia Client: Companhia de Desenvolvimento do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus Location address: Manaus, Brasil Year of construction: 2014 General contractor: Andrade Gutierrez, Brazil Architect: gmp - Archtitekten Gerkan, Marg & Partner, Germany Engineering: Schlaich, Bergermann & Partner, Germany Steel structure: Martifer Steel Construction, Portugal Membrane structure: Ceno Membrane Technology GmbH, Germany Membrane: Verseidag premium-quality glass-fibre fabric Coating membrane: 3M Dyneon PTFE Dispersion coating Covered surface : 52 000m2

The 240m x 200m arena is located directly on the central corridor connecting the airport with the city centre

Arena da Amazonia, Manaus, Brasil

276

View of the microclimatic façades of the Pantanal stadium

Cuiaba, with its 570 000 residents, is situated in the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso and is known as the “capital of Southern Amazonia”. It is considered the hottest city in Brazil with a climate that is humid in the summer and dry in the winter. Football fans therefore expected a stadium that takes into account the climatic criterion and ensure the lightest possible environmental foorpeint, where the microclimatic façade provides visual and thermal protection for spectators. The total material area is 15 000m2, and maximum size of the 28 panels is 40,6 m x 17,2 m

Detail of the envelope with metal louvers and a microclimatic façade made of of Soltis FT 381 composite material © GCP Arquitetos

Arena Pantanal, Cuiabá, Brasil

277

Sabah Shawkat © Architects Ben Vickery and Francois Clement have banked on the installation versatility through implementation of a custom, flexible, lightweight structure.This stadium was demolished and rebuilt within the scope of a global urban redevelopment project. It was officially inaugurated in January 2014.

Its architectural shell made up of 20 petal-shaped modules allows perfect thermal and acoustic insulation, while offering better ventilation and facilitating the natural light contribution. The stadium has a capacity of 42 600 spectators. More than a stadium hosting an international competition, the multi-functional nature of the stadium ensures its hosting of many socio-cultural, sports, leisure or business events. Tensioned ceilings made of Precontraint 1002 T2 composite material installed under 20 asymmetrical petals forming the stadium roof. Total material area: Panel sizes:

Interior view of the shell made up of petal-shaped modules

Arena das Dunas Natal, Brasil

20 000m2 400m2 to 1500m2

278

The Corinthians club, which celebrated its centenary in 2010, didn’t have its own sports facility. The Arena is an embodiment of the region’s economic dynamics which, in the long term, should ensure development of transport infrastructures, educational facilities and setting up of private companies. The stadium has a capacity of 61 600 spectators. Due to the modular system on long term, the stadium will offer 48 000 seats and the roof construction provided with a span of 200m x 245m and covered with an opaque membrane. Total material area: 28 000m2, Maximum panel size: 7,5mx60mTensioned ceilings made of Précontraint 1002 S2 opaque composite material A special production of 30 000m2 of material for screening event images was fabricated. The panels - whose flatness and dimensional stability are essential since they are used as video screens. Aesthetic, lightweight, durable and 100% recyclable through the Texyloop process, these composite membranes also ensure optimum visual, thermal and acoustic comfort for spectators.

Total material area: 28 000m2 Maximum panel size: 7,5mx60m

Arena Corinthians Sao Paulo, Brasil

279

The construction of the bus terminal of Aarau constructed as light structures with air, designed by Mateja Veho var & Stefan Jauslin Architektur, which was given a 83,8% approval by the citizens of the city. The reflective semi-transparent canopy, qualified as a “functional sculpture,” or “blue amoeba cloud,” provides protection from rain and snow. The organically-shaped opening in the middle of the inflated cushion intensifies the impression of lightness

Bus Terminal Aarau

280

ETFE in China. An overview

ETFE Technology and Design

The ETFE market in China can be seen as fully developed. Private investors are increasingly taking advantage of ETFE, while government funds still play a major role in infrastructure projects. The complexity of ETFE projects is increasing.

The large span of transparent roofing systems has expanded in the world, so they also need to find a material that has the ability to light and the right to be flexible while being lightweight and the true ETFE film has been discovered to meet the requirements. Because the ETFE’s own weight is so low and it prefers to implement transparent roof structures as opposed to conventional materials such as glass. The mechanical behaviour of materials is described by relationships between stresses and strains. There exist however different definitions, the most commonly used being the engineering stress and the engineering strain.

Domaquaree Office Atrium 1.600 m2 Texlon roof Glass roof 14 three-layer (1printed and 2 transparent folls) cushions 3 x 40 m. Same structure as glass. No secondary aluminium network.

Weight Steel Aluminium ETFE Glass EPDM PP Total

Kp 95.466 3.719 1.323 0 216 33 100.756

% 94.7 3.7 1.3 0 0.2 0.03 100

2.7x 1.33 m panes of laminated glass with low amissivity coating. Steel structure + secondary aluminium network.

Kp 103.066 22.100 0 59.113 420 0 184.900

% 55.7 12 0 32.1 0.2 0 100

Kapuzinergraben Texlon roof Glass roof 10 three-layer cushions 2,5x 16 m with transparent foils. Ligt network of steel beams and cables.

Kp 12.250 801 352 0 38 9.2 13.456

% 91.1 6 2.6 0 0.3 0.1 100

2.02 x 1.5 m panes of laminated glass with low emissivity coating. Steel structure with several columns and beams.

Kp 78.270 1.000 0 17.601 100 0 96.974

% 80.7 1 0 18.2 0.1 0 100

ETFE is a polymer and therefore it shows non-linear stressstrain behaviour as well as rate- and temperature-dependency. Usually its behaviour is derived from uniaxial tensile tests.In that case the behaviour is often measured in both machine (extrusion direction) and transverse direction. There is also an increasing interest for biaxial tests because they allow the observation of the material response under biaxial stresses as occurring in a tensile structure. In particular bursting tests have become popular during the last years as they enable very large biaxial deformations.

Texlon®ETFE compared to glass: two case studies

ETFE foil has recently become an important material for the cladding of technologically sophisticated and innovative buildings. This material is very thin and lightweight and, when used in air-filled cushion assemblies, has great strength and a range of adaptive environmental attributes. ETFE cushion Covering became widely known primarily through Grimshaw Architects’ Eden Project and Herzog & de Meuron’s Allianz Arena, and they are being used on the attractive swimming stadium for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, the largest ETFE building envelope in the world so far. Therefore, this ETFE material has been examined in detail and has been shown to have advantages in terms of light transmission, insulation, acoustics, fire engineering and environmental adjustments.

ETFE in China

281

Even the name for the project “butterfly meadow” has been selected and implemented faithfully the shape is reminiscent of two interlocking eggs, in its longest dimension, one oval amounts to about 17m and in its short dimension to about 9m and the cover area is about 220m2. Each oval consists of a steel sheet and three respectively four also elliptical cut outs for the ETFE foil, a total of seven ETFE openings. The cut outs are covered with a transparent and printed ETFE foils. The whole open space that was designed new, covers an area of about 6000m2 and should give a park-like character. The main structure, a single-layer, trussed ETFE foil and steel roofing is located in the eastern part of the square.

Name of the project: Butterfly meadow Location address: Auenbruggerplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria Function of construction: Roofing for park, landscape, artwork Year of construction: 2015 Architect: Architekten Kassarnig ZT-GmbH Main contractor: Sattler CENO Membrane GmbH Structural engineer: Kiefer. Textile Architektur Manufacturer of steel: Gansweider Metalltechnik GmbH Manufacturer of ETFE: Sattler CENO Membrane GmbH Cutting Pattern ETFE: Kiefer. Textile Architektur Installation: Montageservice LB GmbH Material: printed ETFE-foil 250μm Surface area: ca. 220m2

Plan view

Butterfly Meadow, Graz, Austria

282

Hundreds of thousands of visitors will use this transit station, and passengers each year connect many different means of public and private transport, and in addition to offering restaurants and shops under the cushioning film, films printed from 3M Dyneon Fluoroplastic ETFE have helped roofing become more resistant to all chemical effects species and very resistant to tearing and to UV radiation. The underside of the upper film is printed in order to reduce the direct incidence of sunlight. The G-value of the cushions is so low that the ARTIC requires no air conditioning, despite the hot climateand hinged segments enable natural air circulation in the three-storey building when necessary. The exterior shell of the three-storey building consists of 160 three-layer inflated film cushions, the surface of the films is so smooth that a rain shower can effectively clean them.so at the front ends, 37m high glass facades open up the view into the interior.

Name of the project: Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal Center (ARTIC) Location address: Orange County, South California Function of building: Traffic hub Type of application of the membrane: ETFE cushions Year of construction: 2014 Architects: HOK and Parsons Brinckerhoff Structural engineers: Thornton Tomasetti Contractor for the membrane: Vector Foiltec, TexlonR ETFE system Supplier of the membrane material: Dyneon Manufacture and installation: Vector Foiltec, TexlonR ETFE system Material: NOWOFLONR ET 6235Z film from 3M Dyneon Fluoroplastic ET 6235Z

Building shell

Building Shell South California , USA

283

A temporary convention center has been installed at a former navy base in Amsterdam. The structure of the façade is temporary and re-usable. It consist of eight different steel frames, easily installed and placed in front of the aluminium structure behind. The facade gives image to the complex. The white screen is lifted up by invisible strings to open the building visually and physically to the public and gradually lit at night by pulsating lights. This creates overhang, covering the entrance of the complex and creating alcoves for people to meet informal.

Name of the project: Year of construction: Architect: Client: Structural Engineering & membrane consultancy: Manufacturer membrane: Fabric Roof: Ferrari Covered Area:

Europe Building 2016 2015 DUS Achitects Neptunus Structures Tentech Indu-Con 502 300m2

The façade: 3D model of the aluminium frame and final version (day and night view)

A Revealing Cover for the EU Presidency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

284

Sabah Shawkat © The Clever roof is made of a coated PVC polyester fabric textile which is 100% waterproof , shelter kit is to provide cover 24 m2 of 4m x 6m and with total package only weights 30kg and the shelter itself can be erected by two persons in a time span of 15min.

Insulated Cocoon

The European project S(P)EEDKITS, provide all basic needs such as medical care, clean and sufficient drinking water, proper sanitation, energy supply, shelters, and developed several emergency kits to rebuild the affected environment, to allow fast and early reconstruction after a disaster. This ensuring that reconstruction phase after disaster begins at day 0 just after distribution. The membrane is manually tensioned between a set of high and low boundary points in order to create a cover with a slight double curvature and a basic pretension. The analysis had to verify that tensioning a flat piece of membrane provides enough curvature and tension to create a structurally safe cover.

Slightly double curved ‘Clever Roof’

Speed Kits

Prototype of the Clever roof installed during the AidEx fair

285

The Multihalle Mannheim in Germany is a very important building in the history of lightweight structures and especially for so called grid shells.

Frei Otto, designed and developed the concept for an extraordinary brilliant of grid shells which could be designed by a funicular modelling method and constructed from an equal mesh net of timber laths bent into the planned shape. In 1970 this technique was used to construct a 9000m2 curved roof structure from 5 cm square timber laths with a large span of 60mx60m. To give this exceptional emotional form enough stiffness 4 layers of wooden laths were placed one above the other to form a three-dimensional grid. Joining was complex as during the erection process the grid has to rotate into its final organic shape. Pinned connections were needed to enable these rotations. Once the final form was achieved the pin joints were bolted.

Large Grid Shell Building

286

The project consisted of three separate gardens of 101 hectares was the significant point of the leadership visionary plan to transform the city state into a city in the garden. These two major greenhouse are among the largest greenhouses in the world, covering more than 20 000 m2, and affording the flora of the climate most affected by climate change: The challenge of designing these conservative glazed environments was the fundamental driving force behind the design that was reached through the professional team-work between Wilkinson Eyro and other multidisciplinary professionals. Each winter garden has a composite structure arranged of a grid that works in tandem with the outer superstructure of radially arranged, arched steel ribs.Gardens by the Bay is a project that has been awarded not only a Platinum rating in the Green Mark For Parks scheme (Singaporean equivalent of LEED), but also a World Building of the Year 2012 award at the World Architecture festival (WAF) and in 2013 the project received the prestigious RIBA Lubetkin Prize.

Open versus closed configuration of the shading screens

The external solar protection system integrating 25.000m2 of Soltis 92 screens was designed to ensure the comfort of visitors, limit solar energy contribution and reduce air-conditioning dissipation. The automated, individual blind control system integrates an intelligent self-learning algorithm for adjusting the internal lighting level. The shading reduces solar heat gain by more than 30% when partially deployed and approximately 70% when fully deployed. They can be deployed in an emergency to reduce solar heat gain inside the building. Name of the project: Year of construction: Architect: Local Architects: Structural Engineers: Building Services Consulting Engineer: Consulting Engineer: General Contractor: Manufacturer membrane: Fabric - Screen area:

Gardens by The Bay

retractable shading screens for the Gardens by the bay 2012 Wilkinson Eyre Architects CPG Consultants Pte Ltd Atelier One Atelier Ten Wade Consulting Woh Hup Pte Ltd Advance Canvas Serge Ferrari composite screens: Soltis 92-2051 25 000m2

287

Reconstruction of the business park has been revived in a very modern way. Several existing buildings have merged with one common waving roof into a closed complex of buildings creating both an extra interior space, as well as a “greenhouse” that allows the office to gain a positive energy balance and thus add skylights from the three-layer ETFE cushions to the new roof. And a total of 20 circular skylights with 6 different geometric shapes were used. Dimensions range from 6.7m to 19.7m. The three-layer cushions have two air chambers and the upper ETFE layer is printed in silver colour to achieve the desired G value.

Sabah Shawkat © The new “waving” roof connecting the 5 transformed buildings. The skylights made of 3-layered ETFE cushions seen from above. The waving roof with integrated ETFE cushions. The waving roof made of white opaque fabric panels

Name of the project: New atrium with ETFE-skylights Location: Duiven, the Netherlands Owner: Alliander Client: Boele & van Eesteren bv, Rijkswijk Year of construction: 014-2015 Architects: Rau Architects ETFE-Skylights and covering for outer roof ceiling: CENO Membrane Technology GmbH Material ETFE skylights: thickness upper foil/middle foil/lower foil = 200/100/200mμ Covered area with ETFE 1714m2 Material cantilever: PVC coated Polyester Fabric Type II with PVDF-lacquering (white opaque) Covered area with PVC/PES approx. 2500m2

Transformation of a Business Park

288

Sabah Shawkat © The aim is a significant ‘building as a lab’, and is the first fabric structure to be used as a heated work area in the UK.They aim to create a global centre for urban innovation in the heart of the city. The industrial place is transforming into an exemplar model of urban sustainability, a ‘living laboratory’ where they will experiment innovative urban technologies. The Key is a large-scale study facility with detailed environmental and structural monitoring. It is the top of 15 years’ world-leading research on fabric structures at Newcastle University. The building has a sustainable structure with minimal use of materials and rapid construction/dismantling. The fabric and timber clad structure has been designed to have the smallest impact on the environment. This balance with the concept for the site to become an exemplar of sustainability. It has a great quality interior space with a curved roof reaching 18m. It also provides a sensational space for evening events with projection on to the underside of the fabric roof.

A Building as a Lab

289

Besides the comfort factor there must be reached high demands on energy efficiency and ecology. By environmental and economic advantages of the material, the membrane therefore provides an optimal solution. It is a circular building that looks like a circus tent, located on an area of 260 m2, contains two children group rooms, a relaxation room, a kitchen, a therapy room, a waiting room for parents as well as areas for staff, sanitary, storage, technology and a cloakroom. In order to reach the pre-stress, the membrane is stretched upwards at the high point ring, which is fixed on the main support. The “circus tent” has a diameter of about 20m. The highest point is located at a height of approximately 9m

High point of the circus tent like day care outbuilding

The supporting structure for the roof forms a circular hollow steel ring with a central support with high point ring. The outer ring is mounted on six fixed supports and six articulated connections to the building. On 2x6 projecting outside, radially composed steel tubes, the membrane is strictly fastened. Through the interaction of form, strength and material properties of membrane structures we can achieve a high load carrying capacity, rigidity and stability of the supporting structure - and it creates the opportunity to play with a huge selection of great variety of shapes.

Circular outbuildings: view and drawing

Name of the project: Location address: Client (investor): Function of construction: Architect: Main contractor: Structural engineer: Manufacturer of steel: Manufacturer of Membrane: Cutting Pattern Membrane: Installation: Material: Covered area:

Construction details: membrane connected to the steel frame.

Day-Care Centre

Roofing for day-care centre Mimberger Strasse 41, 90559 Municipal Burgthann Roofing Graf Architekten GmbH A. Arnegger GmbH Kiefer. Textile Architektur SB Metall- und Glasbau GmbH A. Arnegger GmbH Kiefer. Textile Architektur A. Arnegger GmbH Material Valmex FR 1400 ca. 370m2

290

In order to give a unifying appearance to the new office building where dominates the whole area, recreation space, restaurants, little shops and an open air cinema all these structures the designers used tensile structures as common element.

Restaurant area covered by a Type III material of Mehler Texnologies

There is the visible envelop into Mehler’s white mesh fabric of the office building on the one hand and a prismatic roof above the restaurant and shop structures on the other hand. In this there is an exposition case of tensile architecture on Ecuador’s coastline. Therefore, the facade smoothly integrates into the colour of the sky. Structurally the designer used a steel structure which was first filled with the primary facade. The opaque and glazing fillings are equally shared. Preysi is an experienced facade developer on the one hand and an expert in tensile constructions on the other hand. This combination was the optimum choice for the 16 000m2 wrap for Flopec.

Sabah Shawkat © In order to prevent mechanical, individual sun shading systems the architect chose a universal wrap for the whole building. At the same time the mesh fabric reduces the wind loads significantly. Half of it is carried by the primary, the other by the secondary structure.

Aerial view of the Flopec new head office building in Esmeraldas

Name of the project: Las Palmas, Esmeraldas Location address: Simon Plata Torres, Esmeraldas Client (investor): Flopec Function of building: office building and leisure Type of application of the membrane: mesh fabric Year of construction: 2016 Architect: Mr. Jose Saenz Contractor for the membrane (Tensile membrane contractor): Preysi, Quito Supplier of the membrane material: Mehler Texnologies GmbH Facade system: Facid tension System Manufacture and installation: Preysi Material: TF 400 Covered surface (wrapped area): 16 000m2

Flopec head office building, the large doorway leads to the beach

Tensile Structures as Unifying Element

291

Inner court roofing

The courtyard of the building complex was covered with an approximately 10mx30m cushion foil construction, in total, the construction consists of 12 foil cushions. Each cushion has a supply air and exhaust air valve and is powered by a single, higher-level air supply. ETFE foil, as material that was chosen for the courtyard roofing, is a relatively young, ambitious building material, which could make career as a transparent technology for roofs and facades.

Sabah Shawkat © The primary supporting construction are 13 parallel, with a distance of about 2,5m each, composed steel arches, these are designed as trusses of steel tubes with a smaller diameter. These are connected with steel hollow pipes at the longitudinal sides to a frame. Every second steel arch is placed on two approx. 7m to 8,2m high steel columns.The height varies because the columns are adjusted to the slope of the courtyard. On the long sides additional cross braces are needed.

Name of the project: Roofing inner courtyard Location address: E.-Zimmernann-Strasse 29, Client (investor): Zimmermann E. GmbH & Co.KG Function of construction: Roofing Year of construction: 2015 Architect: Egon Kunz Architekten Main contractor: CENO Membrane Technology Structural engineer: Kiefer. Textile Architektur Manufacturer of steel: Windhorst Stahl- und Metallbau GmbH Manufacturer of ETFE: CENO Membrane Technology GmbH Cutting Pattern ETFE: Kiefer. Textile Architektur Installation: Montageservice LB GmbH Material: ETFE-foil 250μm Covered area: cca 310m2

Side view

Inner Courtyard Roofing

292

The architects designed a fashionable and modular stadium with walk-in interiors. The stadium will be a part of a large complex of sports and free facilities. The Akyazi Stadium, which will be the future heart of the Trabzon complex, will have a capacity of 42 000 seats, including 3000 VIP seats and 122 sky boxes. For the realisation of the membrane surface of approximately 46 600m2(roof and facade) Visualisations of the Akyaz stadium

The stadium will be covered with membranes which will be tensioned over de steel frames structure to create a phenomenal, geometric form. At the same time the enclosed form gives the supporters a shelter against sun, rain and strong winds from the sea as the stadium will be built just a few meters away from the Black Sea coast. Tens form was involved in the implementation of the textile roof and facade for the Akyazı Stadium. .

Triangular membrane units connected to substructure.

cutting and welding

Name of the project: Trabzon Akyazi Stadium Location address: Trabzon/ Turkey Client (investor): Housing Developement Administation of Turkey (TOKİ) Function of building: Sport Complex Year of construction: 2015 Architects: Adnan Aksu Multi-disciplinary engineering: Erduman Engineering Office Structural engineers: Erduman Engineering Office Consulting engineer for the mem.: Tensaform Membrane Structures Industry &Trade INC. Engineering of the controlling mechanism: Housing Developement Administation of Turkey (TOKİ) Main contractor: Saridağlar- Sty- Yetaş Consortium Contractor for the membrane Tensaform membrane Structures industry &trade inc. Supplier of the membrane material: Saint gobain Manufacture and installation: Tensaform Membrane Structures Industry& Trade INC. Material: Saint gobain sherfill ii Covered surface (roofed area): Approx. 46 600m2

Textile Roof and Facade for the Trabzon Akyazı Stadium

293

The Canary Wharf Cross rail station, has three floors with shops and restaurants are situated below water level. The roof and façade have a total area of around 10 000 m2. The station is assigned by a 30m high and 310m long timber roof construction covered with ETFE film cushions, which are illuminated after dark. ETFE films are fundamentally highly transparent and allow the sunlight with the UV-A radiation that is important for plant growth to pass through virtually without barrier. The surface of the film cushions is so smooth that they are largely cleaned by rain showers an elaborate system of gutters was installed for the drainage of the curved roof. ETFE film cushions have a durable and extremely resistant material with high mechanical strength. The cushions verifiably withstand hail, driving rain and high snow loads.

This underground station in Canary Wharf, London, adopted precisely elegant timber construction look. The curving support structure of the roof construction, consists of visible glued laminated spruce timbers. The aluminium clamping profiles, provide for the constant exchange of the air between the two ply cushions via air distribution boxes.

Name of the project Canary Wharf Station Location address: London, UK Client (investor): Canary Wharf Contractors Ltd Function of building: shops, restaurants, offices, metro Year of construction: 2015 Architects: Foster & Partners Structural engineers: Arup Contractor for the membrane: Seele Cover GmbH Supplier of the membrane material: Nowofol Kunststoffprodukte Siegsdorf, Germany Manufacture and installation: Seele Cover GmbH Material: 3MTM DyneonTM Fluoroplastic ET 6235Z Covered surface (roofed area): 11 500m2

Joint Details

Canary Wharf Station

294

[1] Lekhnitskii, S.G., Theory of Elasticity of an Anisotropic Elastic Body, Holden-Day San Francisco, 1963. [2] F. Otto and R. Trostel, “Tensile Structures” Vol 2, MIT Press, 1967. [3]IL18 Seifenblasen – Forming Bubbles, Institut fur Leichte Flachentragwerke, University of Stuttgart 1976. [4] A. S. Day “A general computer technique for form finding for tension structures, IASS Conference, Shells and Spatial Structures, the Development of Form, Morgantown, USA, 1978. [5] Basar, Y.; Krätzig, W. B., Mechanik der Flächentragwerke, Vieweg Braunschweig, 1985. [6] Otto, Frei, IL 18, Seifenblasen, Karl Kramer Verlag,Stuttgart 1988 [7] D. Campbell, “The Unique Role of Computing in the Design and Construction of Tensile Membrane Structures”, Proceedings of ASCE Second Civil Engineering Automation Conference, New York, 1991. [8] M. L. Brown, “Denver International Airport Tensile Roof Case Study – The Fabrication and Construction Process” – Proceedings of IASS-ASCE Symposium 1994. [9] K. Ishii, “Membrane Structures in Japan” SPS Publishing Tokyo, 1995. [10] B. Forster, “The Integration of Large Fabric Structures within Building Projects including the Significance of Design and Procurement Methods” – Proceedings of IASS – LSAA Symposium 1998. [11] K. Ishii, “Membrane Designs and Structures in the World” Shinkenchikusha Tokyo, 1999. [12] Cavallaro PV, Johnson ME, Sadegh AM. Mechanics of plain-woven fabrics for inflated structures. Composite Structures 2003;61:375-393. [13] D. Wakefield, A Bown, “Marsyas – A Large Fabric Sculpture: Construction Engineering and Installation” – Proceedings of Textile Composites and Deflatable Structures Conference, Ed. E. Onate, B. Kroplin CIMNE, Barcelona 2003. [14] J. C. Chilton, D. Devulder, “Environmental Monitoring at the Inland Revenue Amenity Building, Nottingham” – Designing Tensile Architecture – Tensinet Symposium, VUB Brussels 2003.

[15] Zimmermann, M., Untersuchungen zum Unterschied zwischen der Formfindung und dem aus Bahnen zusammengefügten System bei Membrantragwerken, Universität Stuttgart: 2000. [16] S. Robinson-Gayle, M. Kolokotroni, A. Cripps, S. Tanno. ETFE foil cushions in roofs and atria. Construction and Building Materials 2001;15:323-327. [17] Blum R, Bogner H. A new class of biaxial machine. Tensinews Newsletter 2001;1:4. [18] Bridgens BN, Gosling PD. Direct stress-strain representation for coated woven fabrics. Computer & Structures 2004;82:1913-1927. [19] Barnes M, Grundig L, Moncrieff E. Form-finding, load analysis and patterning. In: Forster B, Mollaert, editors. European Design Guide for Tensile Surface Structures. TensiNet 2004. p.205-218. [20] FOSTER, B., MOLLAERT M. “European Design Guide for tensile surface structures”. Tensinet 2004 Brussels. ISBN 90 8086 871x [21] Blum R, Bogner H, Nemoz G. Testing methods and standards. In: Forster B,Mollaert M, editors. European Design Guide for Tensile Surface Structures. TensiNet 2004. p.293-322. [22] Vysochina K, Gabor A, Bigaud D, Ronel-Idrissi S. Identification of shear stiffness of soft orthotropic textile composites: Part I - Development of a mixed method for shear elastic constant identification. Journal of Industrial Textiles 2005;35(2):137-155. [23] Y. Xiang, J. Li. Calculation and design of ETFE membrane structures. In: Proceedings of the IASS Symposium, Beijing, 2006. [24] Blum, R., The mechanical behaviour of coated fabrics and films used in prestressed textile engineering, TensiNews 10, 2006. [25] Minami H. A multi-step approximation method for nonlinear analysis of stress and deformation of coated plain-weave fabric. Journal of Textile Engineering 2006;52(5):189-195. [26] Chen S, Ding X, Yi H. On the anisotropic tensile behaviors of flexible polyvinyl chloride-coated fabrics. Textile Research Journal 2007;77(6):369 374.

References

295

[27] Pargana JB, Lloyd-Smith D, Izzuddin BA. Advanced material model for coated fabrics used in tensioned fabric structures. Engineering Structures 2007;29:1323-1336. [28]K. Moritz. Bauweisen der ETFE-Foliensysteme. Stahlbau 2007;76(5): 336-342. [29] M. Wu, J. Lu. Experimental studies on ETFE cushion model. In: Proceedings of the IASS Symposium, Mexico, 2008. [30] Synold, M., Materialgerechtes Konstruieren von Rändern mechanisch vorgespannter Membrantragwerke, Shaker Aachen, 2008. [31] Bogner-Balz H, Blum R. The mechanical behaviour of coated fabrics used in prestressing textile engineering structures: theory, simulation and numerical analysis to be used in a FEMmodel. Journal of the IASS 2008;49(1):39-47. [32]Galliot C, Luchsinger RH. A simple model describing the non-linear biaxial tensile behaviour of PVC-coated polyester fabrics for use in finite element analysis. Composite Structures 2009;90(4):438-447. [33] ESCRIG,F. SÁNCHEZ, J. “Textile river over participants´ street. Expo Zaragoza 2008”Tensinews Newsletter nş 16 April 2009 pp 20-22. ISSN 1784-5688. [34] K. Moritz. Time-Temperature-Shift (TTS) of ETFE-foils. In: Kroplin B, Onate E, editors. International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures, Structural Membranes 2009. CIMNE: Barcelona, 2009. [35] Galliot C, Luchsinger RH. Biaxial tensile testing and non-linear modelling of PVC-coated polyester fabrics for use in Tensairity girders. In: Kroplin B, Onate E, editors. International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures, Structural Membranes 2009. CIMNE: Barcelona, 2009. [36] L. Schiemann, S. Hinz, M. Stephani. Tests of ETFE-foils under biaxial stresses. In: Kroplin B, Onate E, editors. International Conference on Textile Com posites and Inflatable Structures, Structural Membranes 2009. CIMNE: Barcelona, 2009.

[37] Jackson AL, Bridgens BN, Gosling PD. A new biaxial and shear protocol for architectural fabrics. In: Proceedings of the IASS Symposium 2009, Valencia. [38] Galliot C, Luchsinger RH. The shear ramp: a new test method for the investigation of coated fabric shear behavior – Part II: experimental validation. Composites: Part A 2010;41(12):1750–9. [39] Filz, Gunther, “DAS WEICHE HAUS soft.Spaces”, Dissertation, LeopoldFranzens-Universitat Innsbruck, Fakultat fur Architektur, Juli 2010 [40] Knippers J, Cremers J, Gabler M, Lienhard J: Construction Manual for Polymers + Membranes, Institut für internationale ArchitekturDokumentation. München: Edition Detail, 2010. pp. 134 [41] Simon Schleicher, Julian Lienhard, Moritz Fleischmann: Forschungspavillon ICD/ITKE - Sommer 2010, Detail online: http://www. detail.de/artikel_forchungspavillonuniversitaetstuttgart_26600_De.htm [42] C. Galliot, R.H. Luchsinger. Uniaxial and biaxial mechanical properties of ETFE foils. Polymer Testing 2011;30(4):356-365. [43] Filz, Gunther ; Maleczek, Rupert; “From Basic Research to Scripting in Architecture”, Workshop at “2nd International Conference on Architecture and Structure” and “3rd National Conference on Spatial Structures“, Centre of Excellence in Architectural Technology of the University of Tehran, Iran, 15-18 June 2011. [44] Filz, Gunther, “minimal is maximal _ soft.spaces”, accepted for Paper Proceedings, IABSE-IASS Symposium London 2011 “Taller, Longer, Lighter”, London, 20-23 September 2011 [45] Knippers J, Cremers J, Gabler M, Lienhard J: Construction Manual for Polymers + Membranes, Institut fu¨r internationale ArchitekturDokumentation., München: DETAIL/ BIRKHÄUSER, 2011, see Chapter 7 (Hartwig J, Zeumer, M), pp. 124-131

References

296

[46] Anderson, J.; Thornback, J.: A guide to understanding the embodied impacts of construction products, Construction Products Association, 2012 (available online at www.constructionproducts-sustainability.org.uk)

http://www.technet-gmbh.com

www.batspain.com

http://www.formfinder.at

www.ecosistemaurbano.com

http://www.lenzing.com

http://inhabitat.com/madrids-

http://www.sefar.com

sustainableecopolis-plazais-a-versatile-

www.arqintegral.com

publicspace/

www.ceno-tec.de

http://www.birdair.com

www.dyneon.com

www.2hD.co.uk

www.ceno-tec.de

www.emergencyshelteraustralia.com

www.mehler-texnologies.com

www.patinoire.lu

www.chemfab.com

www.beaufort.lu

www.contex-t.eu

www.ceno-tec.de

www.form-TL.de

www.sefar.com

www.tenarafabric.com/ wimbledon.html

www.tenarafabric.com

www.arquitextil.net

www.k2se.com

www.cidelsa.com

www.basestructures.com/projects/up-

www.mehler-texnologies.com

at-the-o2.html

www.wernersobek.com

www.koge.at

www.k-ta.de

www.lowandbonar.com

www.tentech.nl

www.mehgies.com/mta

Sabah Shawkat © www.sobresaliente.com www.burohappold.com www.empa.ch/css www.mconstructions.pl www.ak-bud.com.pl www.hightexworld.com www.esmery-caron.com www.l-a-v-a.net www.chemfab.com www.sheerfill.com www.ceno-tec.de www.tens-mvd2011.org

References

297

298

Exhibition in Prague at Czech Technical University (CTU) 2018 I always ask myself why we make models, and why do we have to prepare an exhibition for the public or for students? After a discussion with colleagues and students, we quickly find the answer and reason for this action. We do models for several reasons: they‘re a form of three-dimensional sketching, such models are an efficient design tool for understanding of a structure, they help us visualize how light will illuminate spaces, they help us analyse the best forms, spatial and material relationships. Also models tied together many ideas to explain a phenomenon or event, and because we would like to represent things being studied.

Sabah Shawkat © That is why we organized the exhibition and thanks to the management of the CTU, which allowed us to present our creative models from the field of lightweight structures and modern construction. We divided our collections of models from Tensegrity structures, where we explained the functioning of this system on the principle of compression and tension. Furthermore, using tensegrity as a component to accomplish the task of lighting space,also we Parametrized models where using computer technology and software such as grasshopper, we generated the form of grid shells and found new forms for membrane structures thus we prepared them for laser printing and their composition, creation of models according to our needs. The most commonly used scale was 1:1 and 1:100, all models were portable and widely used for exhibitions. This event was very successful for us, because students and visitors were interested and they asked a lot of questions about aesthetics, proportionality, and elegance of new shapes of this system which were different than conventional structures.

299

Exhibition Prague 2018 - Installation

300

Exhibition Prague 2018 - Installation

301

Exhibition in Prague 2018

302

Exhibition in Prague 2018

303

Exhibition in Prague 2018

304

Exhibition in Prague 2018

305

Exhibition in Prague 2018

306

Exhibition in Prague 2018

307

The lightweight structures workshop will take place at the Czech Technical University in Prague (CTU) and it will last for 5 days: August 26-30, 2019. The participants will be students of architecture studying at the Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava (AFAD) as well as from CTU in Prague. The objective of the workshop is to teach the participants to create several physical models of lightweight structures such as tensegrity systems, reciprocal roof, frame structures, and textile membrane structures in a simple and stylish way. During the workshop, students will first be introduced to the principles and characteristics of lightweight structures as well as design opportunities and rules to be followed. After this introduction, students will get a day to explore different structural morphologies through small scale physical modelling. The final scale of the model for the presentation should be approximately in the range 30 – 50 cm x 30 – 50 cm.

The design criteria for the workshop are: 1. for full scale models students should use standard elements represented by 30 cm – 50 cm long sticks from wood or aluminium 2. use simple and easy design connections 3. minimise the number of different types of elements 4. enable an inside natural lighting 5. assembly without notches. At the end of workshop there will be an exhibition of the physical models and a presentation where the participants are supposed to explain the process and the concept of the development of their models. Working with physical modelling is a very powerful tool for exploration of three-dimensional structural forms and the participants will certainly profit from it also in their future carriers.

The final models presented at the end of the workshop are supposed to be handmade as a result of own inspiration based on basic understanding of lightweight structures obtained at the lectures and seminars. This type of experimentation opens a new space and makes the relationship between structure and form easily comprehensive. Experimentation with small to larger physical modelling is a very important characteristic of this workshop.

Workshop in Prague 2019

308

Tools and Connecting Components for Modelling of Lightweight Structures

Sabah Shawkat I Richard Schlesinger I Zuzana Pešková I Peter Novysedlák 1. Edition, Tribun EU, s.r.o. Brno, Czech republic 2019 ISBN 978-80-263-1487-5 SUPPORTED BY KEGA 002VŠVU-4/2019