Boutique Hotel Singapore, Maritime Southeast Asia
Vol. I - Thesis Research
Grayson Levitch
Grayson Levitch Virginia Tech Class of 2021 2
A Boutique Hotel Located in Singapore
Vol. 1 - Thesis Research
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Vol. 1 Research
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Contents. Introduction
Problem Statement + Thesis Statement
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Client + Consultant
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Goals + Objectives
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Singapore Culture + Demographics Site Analysis
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Base Building Analysis
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Case Studies
26 - 37
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Programming + Planning Program + Adjacencies
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Code Analysis + Accessibility
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Plan Prototypes
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Related Research Sustainability Research
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Color Research
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Material Research
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Extended Hospitality Research
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Indoor Air Quality + Acoustics
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Wayfinding + Lighting
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Sources
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Introduction
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Project Statement This thesis will focus on the design of a built environment made up of a 36,000 square foot, four story Boutique hotel located in the Republic of Singapore, a maritime Southeast Asian country. Limitations include the square footage being addressed and the form of the existing building. The developer is placing the hotel in the capital city of the Republic of Singapore, Singapore. This city is known for its diverse population, lively culture, and immense tourism. It attracted 18.5 million tourists in 2018, more than three times Singapore’s total population. A main contribution to its tourism is it is a major hub for business,conferences, and events, making it one of the most visited cities in the world. The Singapore hospitality industry wants to make an effort to enforce sustainable design through improved material research with an additional improved approach to wayfinding and lighting to provide luxurious comfort to visitors.
Thesis Statement A built environment that aims to enhance sustainable design and environmental responsibility has the potential to positively affect users and and improve their wellbeing as well as to improve the surrounding city in efforts to provide a progressive future.
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Client.
Solo Traveler
Traveling Families
Business Traveler
Local Traveler
Hotel Employee
Consultant.
STEVE SMITH Director of Operations, Mayflower Hotel
Steve Smith is the Director of Operations at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington, D.C. The Mayflower Hotel is the longest continuity hotel in D.C. and is located three blocks from the white house. The hotel consists of 652 rooms and 400 associates. Steve discussed primary hotel needs and sustainable features that could be improved and implemented in hotel design. He highlighted which spaces are most used, and he gave background information regarding the different types of travelers that visit the hotel and what they are looking for. Steve will provide critique as the project progresses. 12
Goals + Objectives. 1
Create a sustainable and eco-friendly environment for guests Design will meet four of the seven Living Building Challenge categories. These categories will include Water, Health and Happiness, Energy, and Materials.
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Develop cohesive branding throughout the hotel Create a logo that can easily be recognized and incorporate that logo within all aspects of the design. Use a concise color palette and an appealing logo to pull visitors inside.
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Create a design that reflects the local surrounding area and environment Use gathered knowledge and research on Singapore to make smart design decisions in regards to location and how that should be represented. . Accurately and respectively represent Singapore’s culture within the design as well as give the design a sense of place and connectivity to the surrounding community.
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Create an environment that represents wellness and a calm atmosphere Achieve calmness and wellness through sound insulation, natural daylight, and circadian rhythm.
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Create multiple public communal areas allowing for a connection between visitors and locals, ultimately providing guests with an immerse traveling experience. Create spaces that are communal when you first enter the hotel where guests and members of the community can converse. These communal areas include information on things to do around Singapore and will educate guests , providing them with an elevated experience. 13
Singapore
Singapore.
REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE Singapore is known as an island country in Southeast Asia, and it is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. The island country attracts nearly 18.5 million tourists each year , more than three times Singapore’s total population.
Singapore City Skyline
Culture + Demographics 2nd greatest population density in the world and has the longest life expectancy of any country.
Population: 5.8 million residents
Median Age: 42
61%
Singaporean citizens
Four official languages spoken include English, Chinese, Malay, and Tamil 74.1%
Chinese
13.4%
Malay
9.2%
3.3%
Indian Other
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Singapore is a major finance and shipping hub, and is one of the most expensive cities to live in while implementing the Singapore dollar.
Known as “society in transition� because it is so diverse.
Due to scarcity of land, 78.7% of resident households live in subsidised, high-rise, and public housing apartments.
78.7% of resident households
Gardens by the Bay
Marina Bay Sands
Singapore Mosque
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Site Analysis.
Site.
Geography: Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore is a sovereign city state and island country located in Southeast Asia. It is situated off the Southern tip of the Malay Peninsula.
Area: 277 square miles, about four times the size of Washington, D.C. Population: Nearly 5.8 Million
Climate. Weather:
A tropical rainforest climate exists due to its location being 1 degree north of the equator, making Singapore hot and humid year round. Temperatures fluctuate minimally due to the country’s maritime exposure and it recieves 90 inches of rainfall per year. The hottest month of the year is April. LOW
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HIGH
90
Monsoon Seasons: There are two specific monsoon seasons. The northeast monsoon season is from December to the beginning of March, and it exists when northeasterly winds prevail. The southwest monsoon season is from June through September, and it exists when southeasterly or southwesterly winds blow. 18
Site Location. Marina Bay Neighborhood, Singapore
At the heart of the city, adjacent to the Central Business District and built on reclaimed land Population of Neighborhood: 41,510 Median Age: 34
70 #01-05 Collyer Quay, Customs House, Singapore 049323
Transportation Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Locations
Nearby Attractions
Surrounding Landscape Land
Downtown Core
Bay Gardens Marina Bay Golf Course
Marina Bay Sands
Water
Singapore Flyer
Marina Bay
Bay Gardens
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Base Building Analysis.
Floor Plan
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South Elevation/Front Facade
Sun Studies.
Winter Solstice
Layering of Four Levels
Projected Curved Facade
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Summer Solstice
Pre- Existing Structural Forms
Main Entrance
Case Studies
Case Study
101 Hotel
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Type: Hotel Location: Reykjavik, Iceland
Firm: Ingibjorg S. Palmadottir
Area: 38 rooms
Proposed Program + Amenities: - Restaurant - Bar - Spa -Gym -Boardroom - Meeting Space - Lounge - 38 Guest Rooms - Art Gallery
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Design Features: A sleek and modern boutique hotel that is located next to the Icelandic Opera House. Black and White interiors are featured in every guest room to highlight contrast. It was a former 1930s office building that now serves as a new appeal to world travelers. It incorporates a Nordic coolness into the design to relate back to its surroundings and the climate and landscape of Iceland.Located in the heart of the city center, the hotel connects guests to the community. Matte and glossy black furnishings are balanced with heated oak floors to add a rustic warmth to the space and melt away the Icelandic coolness. A glass roof within different spaces such as the restaurant allows a connection to the surrounding area and the design. The hotel is equipped with an art gallery making it very unique and adding interest for guests. Key Takeaways Materials and color palette connect back to the surrounding area and create a compelling contrast. A balance of coolness and warmth are established.
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Case Study
AKA Patagonia
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Type: Hotel Location: Puerto Natales, Patagonia
Firm: Chilean Architect Pablo Larroulet
Area: 6 Prefabricated Wooden Modules Themes: Adapt to the environment, Continous flow of nature inside and out, fusion between built environment and the landscape Concept: Encounter and contrast, architecture that emerges from the earth and becomes part of nature, rupturing forms that rise up like mountains, volcanoes, and glaciers on the horizon of Puerto Natales. Proposed Program + Amenities: - 6 Guest Cabins - Communal Cooking and Dining Lounge
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Design Features: Floor-to-Ceiling window walls frame the outdoors, and the communal module boasts minimal interiors. Spaces were designed for guests to have a continuous flow of nature inside and out. The cabins have as little impact on the rural site as possible. Prefab cabins are placed in a staggering configuration to create a sense of privacy. Orientation was important for natural light and framing the landscape views.
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Case Study
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MEEHotel
Type: Hotel Location: Shenzhen, China
Firm: Panorama Design Group
Area: 66,730 sqft Year Completed: 2020
Concept: The designer incorporates the material of bamboo throughout the hotel. Wrapped pitched ceilings and floor-to-ceiling screens creates an immersive experience. Bamboo is accented by intimate lighting and natural materials including stone and diatom mud-finished walls. The ceilings weave a sense of movement and tranquility throughout the public spaces. Internal courtyards between guest room floors allow the concept to come alive. Bamboo nods to the location’s Bamboo Forest moniker. The hotel includes a bamboo installation that resembles birds in flight, soaring and plunging through the space to create a playful interpretation of light and shadow. Abundant daylight is filtered through the skylight above, while suspended LED rings stand in for moonlight after dark. It is meant for business travelers. Proposed Program + Amenities: - Cafe - Internal Courtyard - Lobby - 2 Floors of Guest Rooms 34
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Programming + Planning
Program + Adjacencies.
Lobby/Reception .................................................................................................. 900 sqft
Bar/Lounge ............................................................................................................ 800 sqft
Restaurant .............................................................................................................. 1000 sqft
Kitchen ................................................................................................................... 600 sqft
Staff Offices ........................................................................................................... 450 sqft
Baggage Area ....................................................................................................... 100 sqft
Janitor .................................................................................................................... 100 sqft
Mechanical ............................................................................................................ 100 sqft
Public Restrooms .................................................................................................. 150 sqft
Fitness Center ....................................................................................................... 400 sqft
Single Room .......................................................................................................... 400 sqft
Double Room ........................................................................................................ 450 sqft
ADA Double Room ............................................................................................... 550 sqft
Storage .................................................................................................................. 150 sqft
Laundry .................................................................................................................. 150 sqft
ADA Single Room ................................................................................................. 500 sqft
Suite Room ............................................................................................................. 650 sqft Business Center ..................................................................................................... 400 sqft
Swimming Pool/Spa .............................................................................................. 1600 sqft
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Code Analysis. Occupancy Classifications.
1. Assembly (A)
2. Business (B)
3. Residential (R-1)
4. Storage (S)
Sprinklered?
Yes
Diagonal For Egress.
124 FT
Maximum Travel Distance.
a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth
250FT 250 FT 250 FT 250FT
Occupancy Load.
Occupancy Factors.
Lobby/Reception ................................7 net
Bar/Lounge ..........................................15 net
............................................53
Restaurant ............................................15 net
............................................67
Kitchen ..................................................200 gross
............................................3
Staff Offices ...........................................150 gross
............................................3
Baggage Area .......................................300 gross
...........................................1
Janitor ....................................................300 gross
...........................................1
Storage ...................................................300 gross
..........................................1
Mechanical .............................................300 gross
.........................................1
Laundry ...................................................7 net
Fitness Center .........................................50 gross
.........................................21
Single Room ............................................200 gross
..........................................2
Double Room ..........................................200 gross
..........................................2
ADA Single Room ...................................200 gross
.........................................3
ADA Double Room .................................200 gross
..........................................3
Suite Room ..............................................200 gross Business Center ......................................150 gross
..........................................3 .........................................3
............................................129
..........................................8
Swimming Pool/Spa ...............................50/150 gross
Restrooms.
a. Water Closet
M3
F5
b. Lavatory
M1
F1
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.........................................8/8
Drinking Fountains. a. Water Fountains
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Accessibility.
Accessible Design.
What is Accessible Design? Accessible design is a design process in which the needs of people with disabilities are specifically considered. Accessibility sometimes refers to the characteristic that products, services, and facilities can be independently used by people with a variety of disabilities.
ADA in Hospitality Design.
Things To Consider:
1 In rooms with one bed, a clear space of at least 30 inches wide must exist on both sides. In rooms with two beds, a clear space of at least 30 inches is required between beds. 2 Bathtubs should include in-tub seats or roll-in showers should exist. 3 Provide Flexibility and options for lowering bed height in ADA rooms. 4 Offer equipment adapted for the use of people with hearing and/or sight impairments.
Clear Floor Space + Sink Clearance.
ADA Bathroom Measurements.
Door Clearances.
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Required clear distance on the PUSH side of an accessible door: 12”
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Required clear distance on the PULL side of an accessible door: 18”
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Door size that complys with ADA requirements: 36” 42
Universal Design.
What is Universal Design?
Universal design is the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. Human characteristics considered in universal designs may include age, gender, race/ethnicity, culture, and learning preference.
Two Level Approach . 1
User-Aware Design: pushing the boundaries of ‘mainstream’ products, services and environments to include as many people as possible.
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Customisable Design: design to minimise the difficulties of adaptation to particular users.
The 7 Principles . 1
Principle 1: Equitable Use The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.
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Principle 2: Flexibility in Use The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.
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Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive Use Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user’s experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.
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Principle 4: Perceptible Information The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user’s sensory abilities.
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Principle 5: Tolerance for Error The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.
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Principle 6: Low Physical Effort The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.
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Principle 7: Size and Space for Approach and Use Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user’s body size, posture, or mobility.
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Plan Prototypes. Scale: 1/8” = 1’-0”
Suite Room
Restaurant + Bar
Laundry
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Fitness Center
ADA Double Room
Double Guest Room
ADA Single Room
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Single Guest Room
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Related Research
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Sustainability. Thesis Topic .
The focus of this thesis is to explore how the traveler is impacted by sustainability in hotel design and how sustainability can improve the traveler’s overall stay as well as the built environment. This topic can be further examined when looking at design considerations such as access to daylight, materials used, connection back to nature, water efficiency, and energy efficiency. In addition, I aim to study how the guest may react or how their behavior might change due to these design considerations, and if they are more likely to participate in these practices if it is implemented throughout the hotel. For example, guests may be more inclined to contribute to sustainability during their stay if the amount of water being used is called to attention, electricity use is being monitored, and items are being reused such as towels. Furthermore, I want to determine which areas of sustainability are most commonly implemented within hospitality currently and what can be improved on. This will allow for more detailed information on areas within hotels that tend to highlight sustainability practices the most and how individual rooms and communal areas can incorporate sustainability.
LEED .
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
LEED is an internationally recognized green building certification system, providing a third-party verification that a building or community was designed and built using strategies aimed at improving performance across all the metrics that matter most: energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, improved indoor environmental quality and stewrdship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts
5 LEED Areas: 1
Sustainable Sites
2
Water Efficiency
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Materials and Resources
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Energy and Atmosphere
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Indoor Environmental Quality
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s.
LIVING BUILDING CHALLENGE. Living Buildings are regenerative buildings that connect occupants to light, air, food, nature, and community, self-sufficient and remain within the resource limits of their site, and create a positive impact on the human and natural systems that interact with them.
7 Performance Areas: 1
Place: Restoring a healthy interrelationship with nature.
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Water: Creating developments that operate within the water balance of a given place and climate.
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Energy: Relying only on current solar income.
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Health and Happiness: Creating environments that optimize physical and psychological health and well being.
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Materials: Endorsing products that are safe for all species through time.
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Equity: Supporting a just and equitable world.
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Beauty: Celebrating design that uplifts the human spirit. 49
Extended Sustainability Research. Sustainable Practices.
Research collaboration with Lizzy Shaw and Mackenzie Oesterreich
Extended research was conducted in a small team to gain a deeper understanding of Hospitality design. For this research assignment, our team took an anonymous non-leading survey questionnaire approach. Our area of study examined how current sustainability efforts implemented within the hospitality industry impacted human psychological health. In addition, our survey questioned the guest’s experience and how they would respond to sustainable practices in order to better improve their overall stay. The survey targeted a wide variety of age groups, aiming to collect a diverse range of data that provides accurate representation of the population of hotel guests.
Timeline
Two Weeks
Research Methods Survey
Outreach Methods
Social Media: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram Emails Linkedin / Professional Networks
Our survey was comprised of a mix of multiple choice, short answer, and rating scale questions adding to a total of nine that our surveyees participated in. The questions focused on aspects of sustainability, amenities, and overall what guests are looking for within hotel design, helping us become more familiar with what we should be prioritizing for our thesis projects.
Survey Questions
1. Do you travel, if so, how often? 2. How do you usually travel? 3. What is the primary reason you usually visit hotels 4. Do you spend time in communal spaces? If so, what communal space do you find yourself spending the most in the hotel when you travel? 5. Is it important to you that the hotel operates in an environmentally friendly way? If so, how important is it for you that a hotel operates in an environmentally friendly way? 0 (not likely) - 10 (very likely) 6. How likely are you to spend time in areas with an abundance of outdoor views? 0 (not likely) - 10 (very likely) 7. Do you select a hotel based on amenities? If so, what are the primary amenities you look for when traveling/ staying in a hotel? 8. Is nature important to you in a hotel? If so, how important is it to have elements alluding to nature in the space (greenery, water, visual access to daylight, use of natural materials) 0 (not important) - 10 ( very important) 9. To what extent do you find yourself contributing in sustainable measures taken by hotels you stay in? (e.g. reusing towels, turning lights off) 0 (not likely)- 10 (very likely)
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Results What is the primary reason you usually visit hotels? + 64.7% leisure + 29.4% family + 5.9 business How do you usually travel? + 68.6% with family + 19.6% with friends + 9.8% alone Do you travel, if so, how often? + 65.4% said 2-3 times a year + 25% said once a year + Very few said “do not travel” or “monthly” + The survey results said that guests spend most of their time in communal spaces such as lobbies and restaurants/bars + 49% put a ten stating that it is very likely for them to spend time in areas with outdoor views +Majority of the surveyees stated that a pool/spa or a fitness center is the first amenity they look for + 45/52 surveyees responded in the 8-10 of the rating scale stating that it was very important to have elements alluding to nature in the space
How To Implement This Research? + The majority of surveyees responded positively towards the inclusion of biophilic design and sustainability measures within hotels + Going forward we will ensure that sustainability measures will be taken and that there is a strong presence of nature both visually and non-visually integrated into the boutique hotel’s design- especially in areas where guests spend most of their time. + Ex: Reusing towels, turning off lights, use of water heater, using recycling cans
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Color Research.
Color Perception in Singapore’s Culture.
Whites + Represents respect + White stars on the flag represents the ideals of equality, democracy, progress, peace, and justice
Blacks + Mourning color + Funerals Oranges + Official + In association with the government + Seen on public coin phones Greens + Affiliation with Islam Yellows
Reds
+ Royalty + Authority + Seen on taxicab roofs
+ Healing + Associated with local red hibiscus flowers + Red on the flag represents unity, equality, and a sense of brotherhood among Singaporean citizens
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Color Perception in Hotels.
+ Light colors- airy, makes space brighter and more spacious
+ Dark
colors - sophisticated and intimate
+ Color white- Represents purity and innocence in western countries and is a symbol of mourning in many eastern countries + Quiet/Meditative areas- soft neutralized palette using a progression of primary and secondary colors + Bold Primary colors such as reds, yellows, and blues can help with wayfinding in spaces. The color red is seen as heightened arousal, and the color blue is seen as calm and subtle. It is better for individual rooms to have blue tones rather than red tones so that guests will feel more relaxed.
Warm Colors:
+ Associated with energy, brightness, and action + Evoke feelings ranging from warmth and comfort to anger and hostility 53
Cool Colors:
+ Identify with calm, peace, and serenity + Evoke feelings of sadness and indifference
Material Research.
Materiality in Singapore.
Most resources have to be imported, as Singapore does not have many natural resources. Singapore is the world’s 17th largest importer. Even with imports, Singapore is still very sustainable.
Outsource:
Malaysia, China, and Indonesia
Resources: Malaysian rainforests provide Singapore with a number of resources such as tin, copper, and timber. In addition, green building materials in Malaysia are very popular. Natural materials found in Indonesia include tin, silver, timber, copper, nickel, and bauxite. Natural resources from China include gold, zinc, and rare earth metals.
Cork is often used for an alternative wall cladding material
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Materiality in Hotels. Top Materials Used:
Furniture:
Hardwood- Hardwood/ solid wood furniture is the preferred material in custom hotel furniture because it is durable and a high quality material. Engineered wood and veneer- Engineered wood is a popular alternative solution to hardwoodincludes MDF, polywood and chipboard. MDF has some of the highest flexibility in terms of customization. Upholstery work- Any fabrics with a high level of durability are popular in hospitality design. These include polyester, vinyl, and crypton. ASTM certified materials are used within hospitality design.
Trending Design Materials: Biophilic Elements - Greenery is both a popular and necessary element today. Using natural elements such as large-scale green walls or water features are popular to increase guest and staff satisfaction as well as various health benefits. Concrete- It is extremely cost effective, durable, and easy to maintain. Bold accent colors- Warm colors are gaining popularity in hospitality, especially rich yellows and emerald greens. Cork- Used often for acoustic panels. It is versatile in application and an extremely sustainable choice. Cork is also used in high traffic areas. Terrazzo- Large scale designs in terrazzo flooring has become popular in lobbies, transition spaces, and in-house dining. Wood- Lighter tones in wood are gaining popularity, and wood is being seen on flooring, wall paneling, and most frequently on facades of furniture.
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Extended Hospitality Research.
Boutique Hotel.
Public Social Personal Intimate
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Proxemics. The branch of knowledge that deals with the amount of space that people feel necessary to keep between themselves and others. People’s perception of personal space depends on their culture and experiences. Hotel design must take in account many different cultures and plan out spaces with a varity of options that will provide each user with a comfortable experience. + People prefer an 18-inch distance between themselves and someone else during a casual conversation
Four Types of Distances 1
Intimate (0-18 inches)
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Personal (18 inches - 4 feet)
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Social (4 - 10 feet)
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Public (over 10 feet)
Design Solutions: Perception of space can be addressed through public and private spaces. The relationship of these spaces must take proxemics into account in order to provide guests with an enjoyable visit. Public spaces must have different seating and arrangement options to cater to all cultures and people.
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Indoor Air Quality + Acoustics.
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is the air quality within and around buildings and structures. It is known to affect the health, comfort, and well-being of building occupants. Understanding and controlling common pollutants indoors can help reduce the risk of indoor health
Pollutant Sources:
90%
1
Fuel-Buring Combustion Appliances
2
Building Materials and Furnishings -Deteriorated asbestos -Newly installed flooring, upholstry, or carpet -Cabinetry or furniture made of certain pressed wood products
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Excess Moisture
4
Outdoor Sources -Radon -Pesticides -Outdoor air pollution
People spend approximately 90% of their time indoors.
Acoustics is the science of how sound propagates and interacts with the room’s surface and objects. Interior acoustics support the well-being of the users. The design of the spaces that require a sound quality needs specific elements to embolden the acoustical quality.
Interior Acoustical Treatments:
Factors Affecting Acoustical Design: 1
Volume
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Shape
3
Sound Absorption
4
Site Selection
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Material Selection
Reflectors: Hard solid materials that reflect the sound. Oak and Ash wood are both good selections for this Absorbers: Soft and porous materials Diffusers: Deploy the sound wave in a way to keep it alive without reflecting it to a specific spot 58
Wayfinding + Lighting.
Wayfinding design is a system of design elements that support a visitor’s orientation. It considers people’s movement and their relationship to a space.
Why Include Wayfinding? 1
It improves the guests’ experience
2
It organizes the space
3
Reinforces the hotel’s brand image
Lighting design can either have a positive or negative effect on people, especially in a space where they spend lots of time. It can improve the health and overall stay of guests. + Light Pollution: avoid over-lighting because this can have a negative impact on the environment and the surrounding community.
Light Layering:
+ Dimmability and Directionality
1
Daylight Layer
+ Daylight reveals true colors in a space
2
Decorative Layer
+ LED lighting reduces energy use and energy costs
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Ambient Layer
+ Reduce embodied enegy and carbon cost of fixtures 59
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