LUNAR GATEWAY DESIGN RESEARCH FINDINGS
49
NEXT STEPS
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1
THESIS BASICS
11
SITE ANALYSIS
15
MODULE STUDIES
21
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
25
PRECEDENT STUDIES
33
NASA RESEARCH
41
PRIMARY SOURCES
53
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
PROBLEM STATEMENT: This project consists of a redesign of two Lunar Gateway Modules located in orbit 238,900 miles from Earth. One module for living and one for work will be orbiting the moon as a base station for research and deep space travel. NASA wants to upgrade the design of the 14.4 ft diameter capsules for the benefit of astronauts in the completion of their missions while providing comfortable living spaces.
THESIS STATEMENT: Designing for human wellness in the Lunar Gateway Station by utilizing certain forms, materials, and delineation elements can improve the physical and mental states of astronauts in space.
THESIS BASICS
1
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES: 1.
Design a communal space that makes the module feel more like home.
2.
Use elements of tiny living to improve the design of bedrooms [crew quarters].
3.
Define and delineate what is up and down to improve orientation comfort in the space.
Incorporate elements into the kitchen and dining area that are less like lab equipment. Provide a setting for more relaxed posture and group social activities and offer ways of personalization.
Make the sleeping areas more structured to allow for moments of personalization. Include relaxing elements to help users disconnect from work. Use research findings from articles and interviews about tiny living to drive design decisions.
Include way finding elements in the space to delineate direction. Offer anchoring points that suggest certain postures in certain directions. Collect information on ergonomic design for grab bars and read case studies on way finding best practices.
4.
Improve the traditional design of the bathroom to make the experience more comfortable.
5.
Provide options for integration of different cultures to promote the feeling of inclusion and “home�.
Create a more pleasant restroom experience that encompasses self hygiene and leaves the person feeling clean after use. Use research findings from interviews and articles about tiny living to drive design decisions.
Translation signage for language barriers. Options for different cultural practices in the communal space. Incorporate a place to play different movies and music, etc. Use NASA standards to decide on what finishes and elements could be applicable in the space.
2
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION HISTORY A SPACE TRAVEL PRECEDENT: CONSTANTLY MANNED FOR OVER 22 YEARS
1998
2000
2015
ISS CONSTRUCTION BEGAN
FIRST CREW TO STAY
YEAR IN SPACE
When the first American Shuttles took flight, it became possible to join modules. The ISS has been a built up over time.
Astronaut Bill Shepherd and cosmonauts Yuri Gidzenko and Sergei Krikalev stayed for a few months.
Astronaut Scott Kelly spent over a year on the ISS. Since his is an identical twin, research on the physical effects of space on the body was done.
THESIS BASICS
3
2019
2026
1ST ALL FEMALE SPACE WALK
LUNAR GATEWAY FULLY ASSEMBLED
NASA astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir completed the 7 hour space walk.
NASA projected to start deep space aircraft assembly in 2022 and complete in 2026.
4
GETTING TO THE ISS AS OF 2019
FLIGHT TIME: APPROXIMATELY 2 DAYS
VEHICLE: RUSSIAN SOYUZ ROCKET
LAUNCH LOCATION: STAR CITY KAZAKHSTAN BAIKONUR COSMODROME ONLY LOCATION NASA FLIES FROM CURRENTLY
THESIS BASICS
5
PRE FLIGHT TIMELINE + REQUIREMENTS: A SIMILAR PROCEDURE WOULD BE USED FOR THE LUNAR GATEWAY
1.
A bachelor’s degree in engineering, biological science, physical science, computer science or mathematics.
least three years of related professional experience obtained after degree completion OR 2. Atat least 1,000 hours pilot-in-command time on jet aircraft. ability to pass the NASA long-duration astronaut physical. Distant and near visual acuity 3. The must be correctable to 20/20 for each eye. The use of glasses is acceptable. 4. Ability to speak Russian and use soft skills such as communication and teamwork.
365 Days
MISSION ASSIGNMENT Receive mission assignment and crew list from NASA
70 Days
TRAINING Complete mission specific training with teammates. Complete psychological evaluation.
14 Days
BAIKONUR: STAR CITY
10 Days
QUARANTINE
Travel to Star City with belongings to be brought to space.
Living in isolation for 10 days to prevent bringing diseases to space. Must say bye to family beforehand.
0 days
LAUNCH
relief Ceremonies, flight suit, controls check, and blast off within launch window 6
8
THE CLIENT LUNAR GATEWAY MISSION
CREW SIZE: 4 MISSION DURATION: 2 crew spend 14 days on lunar surface, 2 crew remain in cis-lunar orbit; 30-day total duration (not including transit to/from Earth)
THESIS BASICS
7
DAY IN THE LIFE ON THE ISS A SIMILAR PROCEDURE WOULD BE USED FOR THE LUNAR GATEWAY (Kelly, Fossum)
6:00
WAKE UP Leave crew quarters and use bathroom - make coffee Read message traffic - updates to the plan for the day. Breakfast and get dressed.
7:45
CONFERENCE CALLS Conference call to all control centers on the planet: Houston, Moscow, Canada, Japan, etc
8:00
DAILY ACTIVITIES Work on assignments (which usually take more time than alotted by NASA ) Exercise assignments. relief
12:00
LUNCH On the run, when you can between tasks.
12:30
DAILY ACTIVITIES Work on assignments (which usually take more time than alotted by NASA ) Exercise assignments. relief
19:00
DINNER Try to eat dinner at the same time as everyone in an effort to be communal but sometimes people have to work late
20:00
PERSONAL TIME Friday end of the day conference - dinner and a movie night (usually in English and Russian) Call or email family on earth - sometimes Skype.
8
CULTURE
PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS
NASA NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE AGENCY USA
ROSCOSMOS ROSCOSMOS STATE CORPORATION FOR SPACE ACTIVITIES Russia
ESA EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY Germany, Italy, Netherlands, UK France, Spain, Belgium, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark
JAXA JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY Japan
CSA CANADIAN SPACE AGENCY Canada
THESIS BASICS
9
PSYCHOLOGY IMPACT OF SPACE TRAVEL ON HUMANS
CONFLICT
ISOLATION
Different cultures handle conflict in different ways. Astronauts recount that the Russians are most direct and Japanese tend to keep conflict inside and avoid confrontation.
The long term isolation in space can lead to psychological impacts and behavior changes in some cases.
RANK
PERSONAL SPACE
There is one commander of the ISS at all times. Other positions include pilots, payload and mission specialists.
Western customs are different from others with regard to appropriate personal space. Within the close quarters of the ISS, this can change.
1.5’
PERSONAL
4’
SOCIAL
12’
PUBLIC
10
SITE ANALYSIS ISS Orbit: 1 orbit every 90 min Lunar Gateway Speed of Orbit: 1 every 6 days
MODULE STUDIES SITE ANALYSIS
11
i m 0
2
25
,90 8 3
i m 4
12
CIS-LUNAR SITE CONDITIONS 238,900 mi from Earth
LUNAR ATMOSPHERE “Surface boundary exosphere” Trace amounts of helium, argon, and possibly neon, ammonia, methane and carbon dioxide. 6 Days to orbit the moon while staying out of its shadow.
SITE ANALYSIS
13
MICROGRAVITY
LIGHT
No gravity in lunar orbit 1.62 m2 on lunar surface
16 Sunrises per day on the ISS Daytime on the moon is 13.5 days
RADIATION
IMPACT
The moon is about 150 million km from the sun
An asteroid colliding with the module in orbit can be a serious risk
TEMPERATURE
SOLAR WIND
260 degrees Fahrenheit in the day -280 degrees Fahrenheit at night
The moon is not inside our atmosphere so solar wind has more of an effect on it.
14
MODULE ANALYSIS AXIS + CIRCULATION STUDY
1.
MODULE STUDIES
15
CAPSULE AXIS
ENTRANCE POINTS
2.
VERTICAL CIRCULATION
3.
HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
DIRECTION 1 NO GRAVITY
DIRECTION 2 NO GRAVITY
16
TRANSITION BETWEEN MODULES ENTRANCES AND EXITS PER MODULE
MODULE STUDIES
17
18
MODULE AXONS Based on NASA options
1.
MODULE STUDIES
19
LOFTED CORRIDOR
2.
SOLID CENTRAL CORE
3.
ROUND ARRANGEMENT
4.
VOID CENTRAL CORE
1.
2.
3.
4.
20
PU
BL IC A SP EC CC IA ESS LT PR Y E IV AC QU IPM VA Y CU EN UM T Q A CC UA N ES TIT S Y CO 2 LE AD VELS JA CE N CI ES
SPATIAL ADJACENCIES
1 SLEEPING AREA/ PERSONAL AREA
4
LO
4
2
KITCHEN
1
LO
3 11
3
DINING
1
LO
2
4
RESTROOM
2
LO
1 7
5
EXERCISE AREA
1
LO
6
6
RECREATION AREA
2
LO
5
7
MEDICAL AREA
1
LO
4
8
EQUIPMENT AREA
2
HI
15 9
9
LAB WORK SPACE
1
LO
15 10
10
SAMPLE STORAGE
1
HI
9
11
GARDEN
1
HI
3
12
REFUSE STORAGE
1
HI
16
13
EV SUIT STORAGE
1
HI
16
14
NEW DELIVERIES STORAGE
1
HI
16
15
TOOL STORAGE
2
HI
8
16
MODULE DOCKING AREA
1
HI
12 14 13
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
21
1.
LIVING MODULE
2.
WORKING MODULE
SLEEPING AREA KITCHEN DINING RESTROOM RECREATION EXERCISE MEDICAL GARDEN
LAB WORK SPACE SAMPLE STORAGE GARDEN REFUSE STORAGE EV SUIT STORAGE TOOL STORAGE NEW DELIVERIES STORAGE
22
18
PLAN PROTOTYPES: LEVEL 1 OPTION A
RECREATION
13‘ 6”
KITCHEN + GARDEN LIVING 1
RESTROOM
STORAGE
EQUIPMENT LAB 1 SPATIAL ANALYSIS
19
OPTION B
SLEEP
SLEEP
SLEEP
SLEEP
LIVING 2
GARDEN
STORAGE LAB 2
20
PLAN PROTOTYPES: LEVEL 2 OPTION A
SLEEP
SLEEP
SLEEP
13‘ 6”
SLEEP
LIVING 1
LAB
MEDICAL
LAB 1 SPATIAL ANALYSIS
21
STORAGE
OPTION B
RECREATION
KITCHEN
MEDICAL
RESTROOM
LIVING 2
LAB
EQUIPMENT LAB 2
22
SECTION PROTOTYPES
ADD CIRCULATION
OPTION A
20‘ 6”
SLEEP
RECREATION
SLEEP
KITCHEN + GARDEN
SLEEP
RECREATION
SLEEP
KITCHEN + GARDEN
LIVING 1
LAB
RESTROOM
LAB
MEDICAL
EQUIPMENT
STORAGE
LAB 1
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
23
STORAGE
EQUIPMENT
Section 1 1/4" = 1'-0"
Section 1 1/4" = 1'-0"
LIVING 2
1
GARDEN
SLEEP
KITCHEN
SLEEP
MEDICAL
SLEEP
RESTROOM
SLEEP
LAB
GARDEN 1
RECREATION
Section 1 Section 2 2 1/4" = 1'-0" 1/4" = 1'-0"
Section 1 Section 2 2 1/4" = 1'-0" 1/4" = 1'-0"
LAB
STORAGE EQUIPMENT STORAGE EQUIPMENT
1
1
OPTION B
LAB 2
2
2
Section 1/4" = 1
Section 1/4" = 1
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MARSHA AI SPACE FACTORY
SPACES: DRY LAB WET LAB KITCHEN EVA PREP GARDEN SANITATION POD SLEEP POD RECREATION EXERCISE STAIR ROVER DOCKING PORTS
NOTES: The Martia design would be 3D printed on Mars upon arrival. The four floor habitat features a double shell type of enclosure to protect against the weather and severe Martian climate. The shape of the structure is designed to withstand high winds.
PRECEDENT STUDIES
25
On the interior, way finding elements are used to provide a sense of what is up and down. A change in flooring and slight curves in the wall allow users to find their way. Additionally, variation in the design prevents under stimulation and boredom.
FLOOR PLANS:
26
ZOPHEROUS HABITAT Team Zopherous
SPACES: COMMUNAL SHELL: EXERCISE RECREATION MEAL PREP SUIT AIR LOCKS DOCK FOR ROVERS MEZZANINE W/ WINDOWS HYDROPONIC GARDEN STORAGE SHELVES CREW SHELL: 4 BEDROOMS WITH STORAGE AND WINDOW SANITATION ROOM UPPER STORAGE LAB SHELL: STORAGE EQUIPMENT + COMM SYSTEMS
NOTES: When the Zopherous modules land on the Martian surface, rover robots are deployed to gather material. The module sinks partially into the ground to create a seal and provide a safe printing environment. Then, the habitat is 3D printed with Martian concrete.
PRECEDENT STUDIES
27
Some of the components such as windows and airlocks are fabricated on Earth and placed in the module as need be during the construction. The lab shell includes a communal table as a central workstation and the equipment is stored on the walls surrounding it.
FLOOR PLANS:
28
NASA + BRADLEY UNIVERSITY KAHN YATES
SPACES: EQUIPMENT HATCH ACCESS TO SEV GARDEN (FOOD PRODUCTION) LAB MEDICAL EXAMINATION PROCEDURE ROOM COMM ROOM
LIVING LEVEL: GARDEN (SCIENCE) 4 BEDROOMS REC AREA DINING ROOM EXERCISE AREA NOTES: The module lands on the Martian surface and the shell is built up around it. Prefab floor plates are inserted as the levels get higher. The day lit portions of the facade align with the programming.
PRECEDENT STUDIES
29
Food prep, plumbing, ventilation, and life support are all built in to the prefab core. Both a courtyard garden and an indoor garden allow for plants with different growing conditions. The modules also have connection areas for future craft and habitats.
FLOOR PLANS:
30
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION NASA
SPACES: CARGO BLOCK SERVICE MODULE SLEEPING QUARTERS GALLEY TABLE RESTROOM EXERCISE AREARESEARCH (PAYLOAD RACKS) - LAB MODULES CUPOLA MOBILE SERVICING SYSTEM
DIAGRAMS:
NOTES: All spaces have elements for users to physically anchor and translational handles are places to moved around within the modules. The modules are separated by cultures. Limited views: main window is the oculus.
PRECEDENT STUDIES
31
Astronauts have said the space gets monotonous and hard to use because of the zero gravity conditions. The US module is finished according to NASA standards which are very strict so there are no soft surfaces.
ZVEZDA MODULE:
SLEEP COMPARTMENT GALLEY TABLE SMOKE DETECTORS
AIRFLOW WASTE MANAGEMENT DOCKING PORT
CAMERAS
TREADMILL
VELA ERGOMETER WINDOWS
DOCKING PORT
CLOCK + MONITORS
32
NASA: TECHNICAL DESIGN GUIDELINES VOL 2. HUMAN FACTORS, HABITABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PHYSICAL ACCOMMODATIONS:
HABITABILITY FUNCTIONS
Reach length Body surface area, volume, and mass Range of motion Changes in strength Muscle endurance Aerobic capacity
Food + Beverage Heating Ability to dine together Spill Control Personal hygiene capability Body cleansing privacy Body waste management Medical treatment capability Deceased crew Personal stowage accessibility Trash management Private sleep quarters Cleaning accessibility
PERCEPTION + COGNITION ACCOMMODATIONS: Visual Auditory perceptual Sensorimotor Cognitive workload Situational awareness Time and performance
ARCHITECTURE
NATURAL + INDUCED ENVIRONMENTS
Volume Functional arrangement Spatial orientation Translation paths Hatch doorway design Crew restraint design Windows Illumination levels Circadian Rhythm accommodation Eliminate corners and edges on hardware Display and control readability Labeling system
Internal Atmosphere ppO2 pressure maintained at all times CO2 Levels Humidity Decompression sickness Temperature range Ventilation control Contamination monitoring and alerting Water quality Surface cleanability Translational acceleration limits Acoustic regulation Vibration Radiation
NASA RESEARCH
33
ERGONOMIC STUDIES:
Based on NASA data
34
MATERIALS NASA ISS APPROVED MATERIALS not all listed
Mylar
Kevlar
Aluminum
Organic paints
Carbon Nanofiber
Polycarbonate
Borosilicate (glass)
Polypropolene
Teflon
Polystyrene
Epoxy
Silk thread
Gortex
Silicon
Graphite
Stainless steel mesh
Gossamer
TOR Fabric
Kapton (tape)
White nylon parachute material
Porousness and condensation limit to prevent microbial spread
NASA RESEARCH
35
Easily cleanable and not highly textured
COLOR
REQUIREMENTS: (NASA) Lighting color compatible with the task at hand Material reflectivity to be considered Used on visual displays, cord identification, etc.
1.
RED: Highest Level of Alert
2.
YELLOW: Second Highest Level of Alert
COLOR + ORIENTATION Using colors such as brown and beige on the floor and white on the ceiling provides a stronger horizontal delineation and makes it easier for astronauts to identify “up” and “down”. (Burrattini)
36
UNIVERSAL DESIGN (Levine)
1. Equitable Use Useful to people with diverse abilities. 2. Flexibility in Use Accommodates a wide range of individual preferences. 3. Simple and Intuitive Easy to understand, regardless of the user’s background. 4. Perceptible Information The design communicates information effectively to the user. 5. Tolerance for Error Minimizes hazards and accidental or unintended actions. 6. Low Physical Effort Can be used comfortably with minimum of fatigue. 7. Size and Space Approach and Use Appropriate size and space is provided for manipulation, and use regardless of user’s body size, posture, or mobility.
NASA RESEARCH
37
WAY FINDING
SIGNAGE
Hierarchy of paths Nodes and Edges Visible Circulation
Legibility for the space. Provide destination and directional information as well.
MARKERS
HARDWARE
Unique element that is associated with a space. Provides contrast.
Lever handles instead of knobs Motion sensor light controls
38
NASA: BRETT MONTOYA SPACE ARCHITECT JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, HOUSTON Phone Interview
WHAT ARE SOME AREAS THAT NEED DEVELOPMENT IN SPACE ARCHITECTURE? “Isolating ideas and finding the solution.” Challenge: specifically the galley and toilet. Look at what has been done before and see how we can improve it. Tiny houses and micro hotels could have some design examples.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES: Toilet facilities and hygiene compartment: a place to change clothes and look good for a phone call home. Place to eat/community dining room Recreation space Public space
WHAT ARE SOME CONSTRAINTS WE MIGHT NOT CONSIDER WHILE DESIGNING? Don’t overlook the fact you are not on earth There is no delineation between up and down Microgravity experience
NASA RESEARCH
39
ISS Galley
ISS Bathroom
40
The Symbolic Meaning of House and Home Psychology behind what makes something feel like home - this can guide design decisions for the module interior. This article takes into account the difference in people’s perspectives and how this could affect their perception of “home”. (Doyle)
INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION BEING ATTACHED TO SOMEONE BUT MAINTAINING SENSE OF SELF
GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION CARING FOR A FAMILY AND MANAGING A HOUSEHOLD TO PASS DOWN
INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR SELF REFLECTION AND REMEMBERING HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PAST
PRIMARY SOURCES
41
1. 2. 3.
Home means different things to different people As humans grow and evolve, each stage of their life brings different psychological experiences. Process of inferring meaning based on our perception.
TYPES OF INDIVIDUALS DRIVERS
ANALYTICAL
Home is a place where they can let their guard down OR work toward goals with no distractions.
Home is a place to study details and how every part works for them and control from threats outside, but also let go of control or safety.
AMIABLE
EXPRESSIVE
Home is more of an experience. They do not care about the actual house or building itself.
House is a whole - they care about the gestalt as well as about the actual architecture and finish.
42
Interior Configuration Options, Habitability and Architectural Aspects This article explores different interior configurations for different missions, depending on the duration. It is not necessarily a super conceptual approach, but more focused on what we know about the reach of technology at this point in time. (Imhof)
1.
The Private Zone:
2.
The Personal Zone:
3.
The Communal Zone:
PRIMARY SOURCES
43
Calm and quiet, away from loud equipment crew quarters and personal stowage
Facilities where the crew trains and works individually command, lab, medical, hygiene, exercise facilities
Social area for communications together and relaxation galley, recreation, gathering, and dining
“Compared to “normal” life on Earth, the relevance of social interactions increases considerably when individuals live under extreme conditions in a harsh environment.“
44
Material Objects, Identity and the Home This paper explores the impact of objects rather than space on a feeling of “home”. It also discusses how our awareness can change our feeling of comfort and self in an area. (Jacobs, Malpas)
“The nature and manner in which we view material objects provide us with the means to understand important aspects of our contemporary culture.”
PRIMARY SOURCES
45
“Sometimes humans give things narratives and treat them/display them as if they were a person. The significance is not longer what the object “was designed to be, but instead what it has actually become.”
AFFORDANCES
MEANING OF OBJECTS
The relationships between features of objects and abilities of human beings.
The only things that exist are what we feel now and what we project into the past.
MODERN SELF
HOME
The modern self is defined by our engagement of object and place.
Home is the primary state of identity formation for humans.
46
Innovation in Deep Space Habitat Interior Design A broad discussion of how the interior of modules could be laid out. Configurable, flexible, and multipurpose spaces are compared in detail.
PRIMARY SOURCES
47
(Simon, Toups)
LAYOUT DESIGN
FURNITURE/ACCOMMODATION
Multifunctional and Multi-orientation Partitions make the space feel larger Use Intimacy Gradient Uncluttered space above half height Lighter colors with dark accents Use of mirrors or virtual windows
Moveable walls Transformable furniture Better storage of equipment makes spaces feel larger Smaller sized appliances
ADVANCED ELECTRONICS Mobile devices Laptop computers Automation for systems Sensors for crew’s biometric data Virtual window
48
A New Conceptual Design Approach for Habitative Space Modules Inspiration for how layouts of a space module could look that are not necessarily driven by NASA standards. Takes isolation, long term missions, and orientation into account. (Levine)
PRIMARY SOURCES
49
1.
REST
2.
LIVING
3.
WORK
Individual space with complete acoustic and visual separation
Social spaces for community interaction
Clearly delineated space for routine work during the day
PRIVATE COMPARTMENTS:
Bed
Wardrobe
Tech Workstation
50
ORIGINAL RESEARCH Partner: Kylie Heald
ONLINE SURVEY We created a survey with non leading questions about tiny living and shared it on many Tiny Living Facebook groups. We did not receive many responses so we conducted a few in depth interviews with people who we found through blogs or distant connections,
THE PEOPLE WE INTERVIEWED A few people graciously agreed to have conversations over the phone about their experiences. Although we asked similar questions, we found that the responses were much more specific compared to the 6 survey responses we collected. Upon later reflection, we were grateful for the questions that were prompted by the interview method.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
51
Annie
Virginia
Tim + Sam
Florida
Kahla
Colorado 52
RESEARCH FINDINGS WHAT IS THE SQUARE FOOTAGE OF YOUR SPACE?
150 180 200 270
300 320 330
DOES YOUR HOME INCLUDE ANY INNOVATIVE SPACE SAVING DESIGN SOLUTIONS? “We have storage underneath our bed and also underneath our kitchen. But, to be honest, I think the best design solution is designing a home around our lives instead of trying to cram multi-functional stuff into it :).” “The stairs are our closets.” “I’m most excited about space saving design solutions for my staircase. I designed it specifically so that it would have a roll-out pantry that will provide more storage in my kitchen and space for a fridge underneath. Basically every step will be a different compartment or a different shelf. You want to use any space that can be enclosed you should use for storage. Vertical storage space is absolutely key.” “Converting sectional.”
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
53
“My refrigerator is smaller which gives me more space.” “The floor in the living room has three giant doors, so within the floor (under the rug) is all storage. It’s really nice because nobody even knows it’s there. Also the couch has storage units inside and it transforms into a bed. My clothes are stored in the stairs in baskets. I have a regular roll-up garage door on the front of my house which creates a space to “Hide-away ladder, modular furniture, nooks and crannies and storage under the house is nifty.” “My closet is built into my L-shaped staircase. The first three steps are our drawers/closet. Our couch, which is really a bench, a has foot ottomans that can be folded up and tucked underneath the bench in order
ARE THERE TASKS THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO WORK ON BECAUSE OF THE SPACE RESTRICTION?
4
56
DAILY TASKS ARE NOT DIFFICULT TO COMPLETE SOME DAILY TASKS ARE MORE DIFFICULT TO COMPLETE
“Cleaning and climbing down our ladder to pee at night.” “You must sweep everyday, but that shiz is easy. Oh! And dishes, goddamn dishes are endless. So we restrict how many we have on the rack.” “I would enjoy having a shop/garage but don’t. Most projects have to be completed outside and completed or cleaned up within one day. This makes larger projects difficult.”
“Indoor workouts are challenging so usually I go outside to do yoga. It’s also difficult to have space to yourself if you are living with another person.” “I am a person who hates doing dishes, but I couldn’t fit a dishwasher in my kitchen. So getting the dishes done is the thing that drives me the most crazy.” “Changing the bed sheets in the loft.”
54
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
HOW MANY PEOPLE LIVE IN YOUR TINY HOME?
5 4 3 2 1 1
2
3
NUMBER OF CURRENT RESIDENTS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
DO VISITORS FIT COMFORTABLY IN THE SPACE? IF SO, HOW MANY?
5 4 3 2 1 1
2
3
NUMBER OF VISITORS POSSIBLE
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
55
4
5- 10
DOES THE SPACE FEEL LIKE HOME? WHAT ABOUT THE DESIGN MAKES IT FEEL THIS WAY? “Since I built and design it, feels like exactly like I wanted.” “I love, the stained glass, it gives a nice warm feel to it, especially during the day when the sun is rising and can kind of shoot through the whole house. I think home for us is really about the experiences.”
“We designed our home to match our lifestyle, so more than anything, I think it feels like home because it’s been made for our day-to-day lives.” “ I think it feels more like a home than any place I’ve lived since I left the house I grew up in. I made all the decisions on everything from plan to paint color. I really wanted a claw-foot tub in my house, so I worked my floor plan to fit that in. I don’t feel like I don’t have any belongings. I have the things that really mean a lot to me. I don’t have a ton of room to keep books that I don’t want to read or artwork that I don’t care about. So everything has its place.”
“The interior is finished like a home.”
“ I have a lot of photos everywhere. I have a lot of hanging plants, which helps bring the outdoors inside. The counter tops in the space are natural edge hardwoods from some guys out in Lancaster Pennsylvania. I also have hooks above the stairs for my climbing gear and biking gear. So the things I use all the time have a presence in the space.”
“The fact that we designed every element of it.”
“The style and personality that is our own.”
“The shape is like a house, rather than a shed. It contained personal items, making it my home. It has normal spaces, such as a kitchen, bathroom, living room, and bedroom. The division of space gives it a home feeling, rather than a storage space.”
56
DO YOU LIVE IN YOUR TINY HOUSE FULL TIME?
1 88
PART TIME RESIDENTS FULL TIME RESIDENTS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
HOW MANY HOURS PER DAY DO YOU SPEND IN THE SPACE?
5 4 3 2 1 0-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
NUMBER HOURS SPENT INSIDE EACH DAY
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
57
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
HOW MANY YEARS DO YOU PLAN TO LIVE THERE?
5 4 3 2 1 0-5
6-10
11-15
16+
NUMBER OF YEARS PLANNED
DO YOU PLAN TO ADAPT THE SPACE OVER TIME? “A spare house for kids (if any), stairs for later years. But our short term list is endless. The house was built to evolve.” “Yes, we plan to move onto land instead of renting a lot.”
“Nope.”
“We are building a small 100 sq ft space in the yard to use for having separate space/ guests/ office.” “One thing I wish we had is a dishwasher because I have to wash the dishes by hand every night. Sam would say a smaller stove and a cook-top. We have like a nice stove that you can fit like a turkey in underneath and a four burner cook-top. We don’t use the oven as much so we might be able to take that out. The house we live in now is such a doll house so it really would not be that expensive to start fresh on the inside.“ “Just small things like shelves and mug racks.”
“We rent out our tiny home on airbnb when we travel.”
“I really like my floor plan and the way I have it set up, you’d have to like basically scoop the whole thing out to really rearrange things. The staircase will be built up which is a significant change. It will provide a decent amount of storage and space for the fridge. I might build a better closet unit for my clothes Also maybe a connection for a washer dryer combo unit to add in the future.”
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COL. MIKE FOSSUM US Air Force 3 NASA Missions: 2006, 2008, 2011 194 days in space ORIGINAL RESEARCH
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WHAT IS IT LIKE TO BE IN SPACE? CAN YOU DESCRIBE IT IN 3 WORDS? “LIVING THE DREAM” WHAT THINGS OR EXPERIENCES FROM EARTH WOULD YOU BRING UP TO SPACE? “Family photos, Eagle Badge, College Gear” “First granddaughter, long runs in the forest”
WHAT WOULD YOU CHANGE ABOUT THE ISS INTERIOR? “When the ISS was being redesigned in 1993, they did not think about the adjacencies of the food modules... the Russian service module gave the most thought to a community area: they have a kitchen table area and photographs of cosmonauts, patron saints and religious figures. It is a good place to hang out and have coffee tea or music.”
FINDINGS: “Everything you do is harder except flying around like superman”
“Stress is very real because you’re living at work.”
“You don’t need much space it would be wasted.”
“Schedule time for the crew to tidy it up... Day to day is not glamorous.“
“Stay in touch with the ground...It’s all extra work but a way of keeping connected with the people back home ”
Have a hobby... have tolerance for the ground - lots of waiting
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NEXT STEPS: CONTINUE READING + WATCHING NASA UPDATES BEGIN CONSIDERING POSSIBLE DESIGN CONCEPTS BASED ON RESEARCH
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SOURCES
AI Spacefactory. “Architecture on Mars.” MARSHA: AI Spacefactory’s Mars Habitat. Retrieved on 2019, Sept 24). Retrieved from https://www.aispacefactory.com/marsha Burrattini, C., et al. “A New Conceptual Design Approach for Habitative Space Modules.” Acta Astronautica, vol. 97, 2014, pp. 1–8., Doyle, Kenneth O. “The Symbolic Meaning of House and Home: An Exploration in the Psychology of Goods.” American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 35, no. 6, July 1992, pp. 790–802. Heald, K. Miller, S. (2019, Oct 31). Phone interview with Tim from Tiffany the Tiny Home Blog. Heald, K. Miller, S. (2019, Nov 7). Phone interview with Kahla McRoberts. Heald, K. Miller, S. (2019, Nov 7). Phone interview with Annie Colpitts from Pocket Manor Blog. Imhof, Barbara. “[Interior] Configuration Options, Habitability and Architectural Aspects of the Transfer Habitat Module (THM) and the Surface Habitat on Mars (SHM)/ESA’s AURORA Human Mission to Mars (HMM) Study.” Acta Astronautica, vol. 60, no. 4-7, 2007, pp. 571–587. Jacobs, Keith, and Jeff Malpas. “Material Objects, Identity and the Home: Towards a Relational Housing Research Agenda.” Housing, Theory and Society, vol. 30, no. 3, 1 Sept. 2013, pp. 281–292., Kelly, Scott, and Margaret Lazarus Dean. Endurance: a Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery. Black Swan, 2018. Levine, Danise R. “Universal Design New York”. IDeA Publications, Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 2003. pp. 7-9
Miller, S. (2019, Oct 7). Phone interview with Brett Montoya. Miller, S. (2018, Oct 25). Phone interview with Col. Michael Fossum. NASA Space Flight Human -System Standard. Volume 2: Human Factors, Habitability, and Environmental Health. NASA Technical Standard. Approved 10 Feb 2015. Reference Guide to the International Space Station. NASA. Washington DC. Nov 2010. https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/508318main_ ISS_ref_guide_nov2010.pdf Reynolds, Julia. Materials in Space Database. Nasa. Accessed 2 Dec 2019. https://materialsinspace.nasa.gov/MISSE_Materials Simon, Matthew A., and Larry Toups. “Innovation in Deep Space Habitat Interior Design: Lessons Learned from Small Space Design in Terrestrial Architecture.” American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 7 Aug. 2014, pp. 1–10. Sunita “Suni” Williams’ Space Station Tour (most complete version) 2 April 2016. Accessed 24 Nov 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXv9AZl3fw4
Team Kahn Yates. (2018, July 23). Phase 3: Level 1 of NASA’s 3D-Printed Space Habitat Challenge. [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_BN_xJZMOk Team Zopherous. (2018, July 23). Phase 3: Level 1 of NASA’s 3D-Printed Space Habitat Challenge. [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=216&v=CZEUYKePV_0 Photos Courtesy of NASA Instagram