LUNAR GATEWAY DESIGN PROPOSAL
49
NEXT STEPS
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1
THESIS BASICS
3
SITE ANALYSIS
5
MODULE STUDIES
11
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
15
PROPOSED DESIGN
PROBLEM STATEMENT: This project is a proposed design for two Lunar Gateway Modules located in orbit 238,900 miles from Earth. One residential and one lab module will be orbiting the moon as a base station for research and deep space travel. NASA wants to upgrade the module design for the mental and physical benefit of astronauts while they work to complete their missions by providing comfort in living spaces and reminders of home on Earth.
THESIS STATEMENT: Designing for human wellness in the Lunar Gateway Station by utilizing certain forms, materials, and delineation elements can improve the physical and mental states of astronauts in space.
THESIS BASICS
1
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES: 1.
Design a communal space that makes the module feel more like home.
2.
Use elements of tiny living to improve the design of bedrooms [crew quarters].
3.
Define and delineate what is up and down to improve orientation comfort in the space.
Incorporate elements into the kitchen and dining area that are less like lab equipment. Provide a setting for more relaxed posture and group social activities and offer ways of personalization.
Make the sleeping areas more structured to allow for moments of personalization. Include relaxing elements to help users disconnect from work. Use research findings from articles and interviews about tiny living to drive design decisions.
Include way finding elements in the space to delineate direction. Offer anchoring points that suggest certain postures in certain directions. Collect information on ergonomic design for grab bars and read case studies on way finding best practices.
4.
Use space-saving techniques and moveable elements to create multi-use spaces within the modules.
5.
Provide options for integration of different cultures to promote the feeling of inclusion and “home�.
Preserve the feeling of openness in the modules by integrating collapsible elements that can be deployed when necessary to use, but stowed at other times. Use findings from interviews and articles about tiny living to drive design decisions.
Options for different cultural practices in the communal space. Incorporate a place to play different movies and music, etc. Use NASA standards to select possible finishes and materials for the space.
2
THE CLIENT Lunar Gateway Mission
CREW SIZE: 4 MISSION DURATION:
2 crew spend 14 days on lunar surface, 2 crew remain in cis-lunar orbit; 30-day total duration (not including transit to/from Earth)
THESIS BASICS
3
DAY IN THE LIFE
A schedule adapted from the International Space Station (ISS) would be used for the Lunar Gateway Mission (Kelly, Fossum)
6:00
WAKE UP Leave crew quarters and use bathroom - make coffee Read message traffic - updates to the plan for the day. Breakfast and get dressed.
7:45
CONFERENCE CALLS Conference call to all control centers on the planet: Houston, Moscow, Canada, Japan, etc
8:00
DAILY ACTIVITIES Work on assignments (which usually take more time than alotted by NASA ) Exercise assignments. relief
12:00
LUNCH On the run, when you can between tasks.
12:30
DAILY ACTIVITIES Work on assignments (which usually take more time than alotted by NASA ) Exercise assignments. relief
19:00
DINNER Try to eat dinner at the same time as everyone in an effort to be communal but sometimes people have to work late
20:00
PERSONAL TIME Friday end of the day conference - dinner and a movie night (usually in English and Russian) Call or email family on earth - sometimes Skype.
4
SITE MAP
Orbit once every 6 days
93 million mi
NTS
238,900 mi
LUNAR GATEWAY
SITE ANALYSIS
5
6
MODULE BASICS
ALUMINUM MODULES Module size and shape is dictated by the rocket dimensions. Each module is about 14’ in diameter and 20’ in length.
SOYUZ SPACE CRAFT Rockets from the Soyuz family would be used to get the modules into space
MODULE STUDIES
7
MODULE TRANSITIONS
HATCH LOCATIONS All exterior facing hatches are sealed and indicated in orange. Interior hatches are open for passage between modules.
MODULE ADDITIONS Hatches can be opened and modules added on other missions to expand the station and its capabilities.
88
MODULE ANALYSIS AXIS + CIRCULATION STUDY
1.
MODULE STUDIES
9
CAPSULE AXIS
ENTRANCE POINTS
2.
VERTICAL CIRCULATION
3.
HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
DIRECTION 1 NO GRAVITY
DIRECTION 2 NO GRAVITY
10
MODULE AXONS The massing iterations are based on design options from NASA. These are the initial four concepts. The proposed design takes inspiration from the lofted corridor to create a strong path.
1.
MODULE STUDIES
11
LOFTED CORRIDOR
2.
SOLID CENTRAL CORE
3.
ROUND ARRANGEMENT
4.
VOID CENTRAL CORE
1.
2.
3.
4.
12
PU BL IC SP ACCE EC IAL SS TY PR E IVA QUIP C ME VA Y NT CU UM AC CE QU SS AN TIT Y CO 2L EV E AD L S JAC EN CIE S
SPATIAL ADJACENCIES
1
SLEEPING / PERSONAL AREA
4
LO
4
2
KITCHEN
1
LO
3 11
3
DINING
1
LO
2
4
RESTROOM
2
LO
1 7
5
EXERCISE AREA
1
LO
6
6
RECREATION AREA
2
LO
5
7
MEDICAL AREA
1
LO
4
8
EQUIPMENT AREA
2
HI
15 9
9
LAB WORK SPACE
1
LO
15 10
10
SAMPLE STORAGE
1
HI
9
11
GARDEN
1
HI
3
12
REFUSE STORAGE
1
HI
16
13
EV SUIT STORAGE
1
HI
16
14
NEW DELIVERIES STORAGE
1
HI
16
15
TOOL STORAGE
2
HI
8
16
MODULE DOCKING AREA
1
HI
12 14 13
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
13
1.
LIVING MODULE
2.
LAB MODULE
SLEEPING AREA KITCHEN DINING RESTROOM RECREATION EXERCISE MEDICAL GARDEN
LAB WORK SPACE SAMPLE STORAGE GARDEN RESTROOM REFUSE STORAGE TOOL STORAGE NEW DELIVERIES STORAGE
14
18
CONCEPT
The module design is based on orbital motion. The Lunar Gateway will be in a constant orbit around the moon and this cyclical motion is also the path of travel of the moon around the earth. In order for this motion to occur, a large body that creates a gravitational pull must be present for small objects to constantly fall towards it. A counter form acts as this unifying body in the module. It defines the pathway and creates wayfinding within modules.
ORBIT AROUND LARGER BODY
PROPOSED DESIGN
5 15
ORBIT OF A DAILY ROUTINE
PARTI lab living
INTRA-MODULE ORBIT lab living
INTER-MODULE ORBIT
16
8
PROCESS WORK Orbit interpretation sketches and quick visualization diagrams of possible spatial flow and form.
PROPOSED DESIGN
17
MODEL
3D printed exterior process model with chip board interior form studies
1.
FULL MODULE Study of proportion and scale for understanding of existing form and space.
2.
MAIN MASS FORM
3.
COUNTER ITERATION
Floor plane insertion and mass surrounding exterior allowing hatch area access.
Studies of central counter mass shape and how it could move depending on space use.
18
18
AXONOMETRIC Horizontal surfaces were preserved in the design to give the space a feeling of “home” similar to working on the flat surface of a desk, or preparing food on a kitchen counter.
LAB MODULE
LIVING MODULE
PLAN ANNOTATIONS: connection hatches indicated with arrow
1. SLEEPING POD
1
8. WORK SURFACE
2. EXERCISE AREA
9. COLD STOWAGE
3. LOUNGE AREA
10. WORKSTATIONS
4. GALLEY
11. ROBOTIC ARM
5. FIRST AID
12. SAMPLE STORAGE
6. GALLEY GARDEN
13. WC A 2
7. TEST GARDEN
14. WC B 3
1. Functions as the table and communal gathering point during the
daytime and can be converted to sleeping quarters at night.
2. Enclosed area with mirror for light clean up for Skype calls with
family or hand washing after meals, etc.
PROPOSED DESIGN
19
3. Enclosed restroom for both solid and liquid waste. WC B is set
apart from the living module to prevent odors from becoming a discomfort.
PLAN 6.
4.
2. 1. 3.
3.
5.
13.
9.
14.
7.
8. 12.
10.
11.
connection hatches indicated with arrow
20
MATERIALS OVERVIEW NASA Tested and Approved
1. ALUMINUM
Used in the suspended ceiling structure. The aluminum is hollow in order to make it easier to deliver to the module and assemble.
2. FOAM CUSHION
Foam is used for the Lounge area cushions to provide a comfortable seating area. It is also in the Sleeping Pod acoustic wall coverings.
3. CANVAS
Canvas is used as an upholstery for the foam cushion in the lounge area. It is also used on the collapsible sides of the Sleeping Pod.
4. WHITE POLYCARBONATE
This solid surface material for the counters and flooring. It can be hollowed out on the interior to be lighter for travel and is easily cleaned.
5. WHITE SILICONE
Silicone Rubber is used as the material for the ceiling stowage units. It is also used in the attachable ties and handles for the moveable design units.
PROPOSED DESIGN
21
ELEVATIONS 4. 1. 2.
3.
5.
6. 9. 8. 7.
1. WORK LAPTOPS
4. STORAGE
7. SLEEPING POD
2. ROBOTIC ARM
5. GALLEY GARDEN
8. WORK SURFACE
One computer per crew member mounted on a moveable arm for easy use.travel.
Collapses down when not in use. Counter balanced with water purifier in the galley.
vel.
3. LAB GARDEN Plants grown in bag units with clay soil, fertilizer, water and air regulation systems
Extra space for payload such as exercise restraints and towels. vel.
Plants used for human consumption grown under daylight LED. vel.
6. FOOD WARMER Main point of food preparation in galley that functions similarly to a microwave.
When in collapsed position the pod serves as a community counter area.vel.
Magnetic strips in edge design prevent parts from floating away.
9. SAMPLE STORAGE Easy accessible clip in storage system for samples that are being used in research.
22
LAB MODULE
HANDRAIL DETAIL A magnetic strip is embedded under the handrail to help prevent small tools or parts from floating away during use or repair
PROPOSED DESIGN
23
24 10
LIVING MODULE The insertion of an arched ceiling and a flat floor with storage underneath helps astronauts delineate what is up and what is down in microgravity. The levels of illumination on the ceiling are higher to reinforce this concept since that is similar to patterns on Earth.
10
GALLEY DETAIL
The design takes inspiration from traditional kitchens to remind astronauts of home. Equipment is installed to have visual similarity to ovens and sinks.
1.
GARDEN LIGHT Provides supplemental light for the plants in addition to the main counter light.
2. CLEANING SUPPLIES Many cleaning options in the event meal preparation gets messy in zero gravity
2. 3.
1.
5.
3. FOOD WARMER Main mechanism for heating dehydrated meals for astronauts.
4. POTABLE WATER DISPENSER Purifier sits under the counter and can make hot water for coffee as well.
4.
6. 5. FOOD STORAGE Built in racks behind doors to organize bagged meals
6. PREP SPACE Easy cleanable surface for astronauts to prepare food.
PROPOSED DESIGN
27
28
EXERCISE AREA
2’ x 5’ pull out treadmill for workouts Restraints attached to the base hold user in position.
1. CLOSED POSITION The treadmill folds into the surrounding counters to save space when exercise is not required. The main rail folds into the base when closed.
2. OPEN POSITION The handles used to pull the treadmill to open position connect to the central island to secure. This keeps the forces from treadmill use from impacting the exterior of the module. *Central counter not pictured in diagrams
PROPOSED DESIGN
29
30
LOUNGE AREA MATERIAL SPECIFICATION:
Foam padding and canvas upholstery
1. CLOSED POSITION Lounge seats provide a more comfortable “living room” area. Restraints can seat all four crew members around the main counter for meetings or socialization.
2. OPEN POSITION Lounge restraints can fit two people per side in a reclined position. The handles used to slide the lounge to open position connect to the central island to secure. *Central counter not pictured in diagrams
PROPOSED DESIGN
31
32
CEILING DETAIL QR Code System helps with organizing and identifying storage location of items
PROPOSED DESIGN
33
STRUCTURE
STOWAGE UNITS:SIdentical system in each module (12) 16 ”x 14” x 12” (2) 16 ”x 14” x 20” (12) 16” x 28” x 12” (2) 16” x 28” x 20” (12) 16” x 42” x 12” (2) 16” x 42” x 20”
13,353 cubic feet / module 27,070 cubic feet total
Ceiling Ties
Main Bracing
Linear LEDS
Clip in Structure
Sleeping Pod Clips
Removable Stowage Units
34
COLLAPSIBLE SLEEPING POD Approximate Crew Quarters Size: 3’ x 3’ x 6’ based on ISS Roll up canvas panels to cover each entrance
PROPOSED DESIGN
35
36 10
SLEEPING POD DETAIL
Pull up handles to deploy sleeping pod. Interior telescoping walls will expand
Clip exterior into ceiling structure. Pull up interior media wall and snap into place. Unfold sleep restraints.
PROPOSED DESIGN
37
LIGHTING DETAIL A. CEILING COVE LIGHT
Circadian Rhythm LEDs illuminate the canvas walls for ambient light
A.
B. USER CONTROLLED COVE LIGHT
LEDs illuminate the personalizable media wall and screen. The ability to change the light color and brightness can increase human well being.
B.
9.
5.
6.
2. 3.
1.
4. 7. 8.
1. COLLAPSIBLE CANVAS
4. TELESCOPING WALL
7. PERSONAL STORAGE
2. SPRING LOADED CLIPS
5. ACOUSTIC PANELS
8. UNDER FLOOR STORAGE
3. SLEEPING RESTRAINTS
6. SCREEN
9. CEILING CLIP
38
LIGHTING 1. COUNTER LIGHTING
3. AMBIENT LINEARS
2. CEILING COVE LIGHTING
4. PLANT LIGHTING
Circadian Rhythm LEDs illuminate the work surface. The living module has warmer light and the lab has cooler light. Circadian Rhythm LEDs illuminate the stowage on the ceiling. A brighter ceiling plane helps astronauts determine which way is “up”.
Slim profile circadian rhythm LED linears are surface mounted on the two main bracing beams of the ceiling structure. High intensity LEDs are used about the gardens to mimic daylight and provide a similar quality to sunlight on earth for plant growth.
3. 3.
2.
1.
4.
PROPOSED DESIGN
39
CIRCADIAN LIGHTING The ambient light brightness and color temperature correspond with the Circadian Rhythm pattern that matches Earth’s. This can help maintain well-being as it aligns with human sleep schedules.
6:00S
12:00S
4600 K
6500 K
18:00S
24:00S
4600 K
2500 K
40
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Lisa Tucker for making this project an option for Senior Thesis and challenging us to approach it from a design perspective. Lisa, thank you for your constant example of curiosity, open-mindedness, and drive to learn. Thank you also for allowing me to get involved with research for this project over a year ago and for your patient guidance throughout the process. I would also like to thank Dr. Elif Tural for always being willing to review my work, giving me honest feedback, and specifically helping me with lighting details. Thank you to Brett Montoya from NASA for his technical feedback on the design as well as his reminder that no one in the real world can design a space habitat alone and that it is okay to always have “next steps�. Thank you to Chris Banks, Hansoo Kim, and Farrah Goal for their professional feedback and design critique from a conceptual standpoint. I sincerely appreciate all the time you take to connect with students - you all are always challenging me to push the boundaries. Thank you to the 2019 seniors who paved the way for this project and let me observe their process. It is always good to have someone to look up to as an example. I would also like to thank my studio colleagues and friends for their feedback and support on this thesis project. I am always appreciative of different perspectives. Special thanks to my parents for being so positive about my whole studio experience and helping cheer me on to finish this capstone project, even amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Lastly, I would like to thank Stasia Habenicht for being the first person to introduce me to that feeling of awe and imagination in attempting to try and understand the unknown environments of outer space.
49 41
42
SOURCES
AI Spacefactory. “Architecture on Mars.” MARSHA: AI Spacefactory’s Mars Habitat. Retrieved on 2019, Sept 24). Retrieved from https://www.aispacefactory.com/marsha Burrattini, C., et al. “A New Conceptual Design Approach for Habitative Space Modules.” Acta Astronautica, vol. 97, 2014, pp. 1–8. Doyle, Kenneth O. “The Symbolic Meaning of House and Home: An Exploration in the Psychology of Goods.” American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 35, no. 6, July 1992, pp. 790–802. Heald, K. Miller, S. (2019, Oct 31). Phone interview with Tim from Tiffany the Tiny Home Blog. Heald, K. Miller, S. (2019, Nov 7). Phone interview with Kahla McRoberts. Heald, K. Miller, S. (2019, Nov 7). Phone interview with Annie Colpitts from Pocket Manor Blog. Imhof, Barbara. “[Interior] Configuration Options, Habitability and Architectural Aspects of the Transfer Habitat Module (THM) and the Surface Habitat on Mars (SHM)/ESA’s AURORA Human Mission to Mars (HMM) Study.” Acta Astronautica, vol. 60, no. 4-7, 2007, pp. 571–587. Jacobs, Keith, and Jeff Malpas. “Material Objects, Identity and the Home: Towards a Relational Housing Research Agenda.” Housing, Theory and Society, vol. 30, no. 3, 1 Sept. 2013, pp. 281–292. Kelly, Scott, and Margaret Lazarus Dean. Endurance: a Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery. Black Swan, 2018. Levine, Danise R. “Universal Design New York”. IDeA Publications, Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 2003. pp. 7-9.
43
Miller, S. (2019, Oct 7). Phone interview with Brett Montoya. Miller, S. (2018, Oct 25). Phone interview with Col. Michael Fossum. NASA Space Flight Human -System Standard. Volume 2: Human Factors, Habitability, and Environmental Health. NASA Technical Standard. Approved 10 Feb 2015. Reference Guide to the International Space Station. NASA. Washington DC. Nov 2010. https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/508318main_ ISS_ref_guide_nov2010.pdf Reynolds, Julia. Materials in Space Database. Nasa. Accessed 2 Dec 2019. https://materialsinspace.nasa.gov/MISSE_Materials Simon, Matthew A., and Larry Toups. “Innovation in Deep Space Habitat Interior Design: Lessons Learned from Small Space Design in Terrestrial Architecture.” American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 7 Aug. 2014, pp. 1–10. Sunita “Suni” Williams’ Space Station Tour (most complete version) 2 April 2016. Accessed 24 Nov 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXv9AZl3fw4
Team Kahn Yates. (2018, July 23). Phase 3: Level 1 of NASA’s 3D-Printed Space Habitat Challenge. [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_BN_xJZMOk Team Zopherous. (2018, July 23). Phase 3: Level 1 of NASA’s 3D-Printed Space Habitat Challenge. [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=216&v=CZEUYKePV_0 Photos Courtesy of NASA Instagram, https://www.space.com/nasa-lunar-gateway-moon-station-logo.html
44
2019-2020 Sydney Grace Miller
44