Magazine

Nov, 2013

N O B O B Y

K N O W S

T H I S

W O R L D

B E T T E R

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november

Thomas Marent Photography Catherin Karnow

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best trip 2014 Mark Jonson

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bangkok 24h Jone Driver

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b u h ata n

"NIRAVANA" SIDE OF THE HIMALYAS Thomas Lands

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s ur i va l sk i l l s PART 1: LOST IN THE WILD G.F. Milani

Grand Canyon National Park — ARIZONA, U.S.

Bonfire Night — ENGLAND

F E S T I VA L S

Day of the Dead — MEXICO

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Shichi Go San — JAPAN

Lopburi Banquet — THAILAND

Doo Dah Parade — U.S.

Festivals are a living, dancing museum of cultures and traditions in an increasingly globalised world. There is no better place for travellers to understand a country than an event where it proudly celebrates its individuality, whether through music, camel races or monumental food fights.

BY T H O M A S M A R E N T PHOTOGRAPHY BY C A T H E R I N K A R N O W

Pirate Festival — CAYMAN ISLANDS

La Diablada — PERU

Festival of the Horned One — ITALY

NAHANNI NATIONAL PARK, CANADA Photograph by Leon Werdinger, Alamy

TRAVELIFE presents the New Year's must-see places. From Argentina to Oz, the final lineup reflects what’s authentic, culturally rich, sustainably minded—and, of course, superlative —MARK JONSON in the world of travel today.

ALENTEJO, PORTUGAL Photograph by Krzysztof Dydynski, Getty Images “Alentejo represents 33 percent of our country’s land but only 7 percent of its population,” says Marta Cabral, head of a nonprofit nature tourism network in Portugal. “The new generation is committed to preserving the region as it is, sustainably developed and real.”

NORTHERN TERRITORY, AUSTRALIA Photograph by Johnathan A. Esper, Wildernesscapes “Wildly and unreasonably happy.” That’s how author Nevil Shute’s heroine felt as she arrived in Darwin in his postwar classic, A Town Like Alice. Today, Darwin feels even better.

Australia’s “Top End” wears colors that sing: rust red earth, deep blue skies, and the golden eyes of watchful crocodiles in the flowertangled waterways of Kakadu National Park.

ARBIL, IRAQ Photograph by Paul Hahn, laif/Redux

NYUNGWE FOREST NATIONAL PARK, RWANDA Photograph by Thomas Marent, Minden Pictures/Corbis

One of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities, Arbil will make you forget everything you’ve heard about Iraq. The political capital of Kurdistan in northern Iraq is largely a world apart from the strife to its south. Visitors bypass Baghdad, arriving into Arbil’s new airport via flights from Vienna, Amman, and Istanbul. Booming with oil money, Arbil—known as Hawler to Kurds—has even earned the designation Capital for Arab Tourism for 2014.

How does a nation overcome the gut-wrenching stigma of a genocide, now two decades past, and proclaim to the world that it is a safe and surprising place to visit? For Rwanda, one strategy is to highlight a tract of unspoiled mountain rain forest rife with chimpanzees and a dozen other primates plus hundreds of species of birds—namely, Nyungwe National Park, in the southwestern corner of the country.

CATHAR COUNTRY, FRANCE Photograph by Jean-Daniel Sudres, Hemis/Alamy

ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK, COLORADO Photograph by Robin Wilson Photography, Getty Images

Visitors beguiled by Cathar lore should visit the fortress of Montségur or Château de Peyrepertuse, but base themselves in pink-stoned Albi on the River Tarn. In this UNESCO World Heritage site and former Cathar stronghold, street signs point the way in both French and the old Occitan language. David Enjalran’s Michelinstarred restaurant, L’Esprit du Vin, is a bargain-hunting foodie’s dream stop—a daily-changing, multicourse lunch is $33.

A climb in the Rockies, proclaimed naturalist Enos Mills, will “put one in tune with the infinite.” He would know: The mountain air buoyed his health after he moved to Colorado as a sickly teenager. Rocky Mountain National Park owes its own life to Mills, who pushed for the official park status it received in January 1915.

CÓRDOBA, ARGENTINA Photograph by Christian Kober, Robert Harding/Corbis

SOCHI, RUSSIA Photograph by Matytsin Valery, ITAR-TASS Photo/Corbis

The election of the first Jesuit pope has piqued interest in Jesuit history, and there are few better places to explore it than Argentina, homeland of Pope Francis I. Though the former Archbishop Jorge Mario Bergoglio hails from Buenos Aires, the city of Córdoba, 435 miles to the northwest, contains one of the world’s richest depositories of Jesuit lore and architecture.

“Only in Russia,” says the Sochi cabdriver, “can you make Winter Olympics in city with no snow.” With its balmy Black Sea location amid palm trees and flower gardens, Sochi seems an incongruous place to hold the 2014 games (not to mention controversial, due to the country’s new antigay law). But once the new high-speed rail line whisks visitors 30 minutes from town up into the Caucasus Mountains, a compelling view of this region unfurls.

JOHN MUIR WAY, SCOTLAND Photograph by Doug Corrance

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The morphing begins as visitors soar west in a Twin Otter plane from Fort Simpson, in the Northwest Territories. Below, vast boreal plains reach toward cave-riddled karstlands of the Ram Plateau. Soon descent begins into Canada’s deepest river canyons—a 200-mile ancient waterway, home to the Dene people for thousands of years.

“Many say if the trip ended here, they’d have gotten their money’s worth,” says veteran Nahanni guide Neil Hartling with a chuckle.

John Muir, nature lover and Sierra Club founder, was no fan of hiking—“either the word or the thing.” He preferred “sauntering,” the better to savor nature’s splendors, slowly.

He would find much to savor along his new namesake trail in Scotland, with its windswept hills, bird-filled wetlands, and ragged cliffs dropping off to the sea.

" This year for the first time we invited our well-traveled online readers and followers to participate in creating our Best Trips list. We asked them via Twitter, Facebook, and our Intelligent Travel blog to nominate one place using the same criteria we use—sustainable, culturally minded, authentic, superlative, and timely. Among the 66 nominations we received, Travelife staff chose the following winning entry, which captures the thrill of discovering a remote destination. "

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Bangkok SOUTHEAST ASIA'S CROSSROADS CAPITAL BLENDS AN ANCIENT PAST INTO A TRENDY CULTURE. WITH SIX MILLION PEOPLE LIVING IN BANGKOK, YOU NEED MORE THAN JUST A MAP TO NAVIGATE THE FAR EAST'S "CITY OF ANGELS"

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T

hais know Bangkok as the City of Angels, Krung Thep.

There's definitely something heavenly about the Thai capital, especially at sundown when towering skyscrapers glow in soothing greens and blues, and incense from spirit houses curls skyward. But then there's the other Bangkok, where temptations run from the innocuous (a bonanza of huge shopping malls!) to the downright raunchy (garish Patpong and the "entertainment plazas" along the Sukhumvit sois—side streets— that could have been lifted from a Hieronymus Bosch painting). Few capitals are as open to life.

Walk in Royal Footsteps Thailand's current monarch, King Bhumibol Adulyadej, now lives in Chitrlada Rahotan palace, but until 1901 his predecessors resided at the Grand Palace. A window into royal opulence, the Grand Palace blends traditional Thai architecture and 19thcentury Beaux Arts. Wat Phra Kaeo (Temple of the Emerald Buddha), located in the palace compound, has colonnades lined with 178 murals depicting the Thai version of the entire Ramayana epic, the classic Indian morality tale. "The paintings here have provided spiritual and stylistic inspiration for temple murals around the country," says artist Thamnu Haribhitak, who worked on Wat Phra Kaeo's mural restorations for the city's 1982 bicentennial. "Their influence extends even to contemporary Thai art."

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Take to the River River Taxis and tour boats can deposit you near most of the city's main attractions, help you explore life along neighborhood khlongs (canals), or drop anchor for a candle-lit dinner. The Bangkok Noi Canal, tour passes by old teakwood homes and neighborhood temples.

Hunt for Market Treasures "Chatuchak Weekend Market is

Take to the River River

the emperor of Asian markets," says writer Joe Cummings, a 20year resident. With about 10,000 vendors spread over 25 acres, you get a close-up feel for Thai style and culture. It's all here: rare books, antiques, Asian kitsch, Thai designer clothing, furniture, Buddhist art, and one-of-a-kind items plucked from someone's house. Get a Nancy Chandler Map for a colorful lane-by-lane guide to the sprawling market.

Chill Out at a Wat Home to a large collection of Buddha statues, Wat Po also houses the nation's most famous traditional medicine and massage school. Surprisingly accurate fortune-tellers cluster along the compound's eastern edge.

Eat a Floating Dinner The Amphawa Floating Market in front of Wat Amphawan, 50 miles southwest of Bangkok, may be less well known than Damnoen Saduak's floating market, but that means a less touristy experience.

The market is open from four to eight p.m.; buy some paa-thongkoh (Chinese doughnuts) or aw suan (oyster omelet) from a smiling lady paddling a kitchen-ina-boat.

Pair Fish with Fashion Seadragons and cuttlefish outdraw Gucci and Chanel at top-end Siam Paragon mall, one of the newest of downtown's

many malls—earthly nirvana for shopaholic Thais. Siam Ocean World has 30,000 aquatic creatures and an underwater, see-through tunnel. You can even dive with sharks. Out of the water, browse the boutiques of contemporary Thai designers in the mall.

Barge in on the King An express boat from Phra Athit Pier drops you at the Bangkok Noi Canal and the National Museum of Royal Barges . View a fleet of elegant wooden vessels still used in royal processions on the Chao Phraya River, most recently last year for the king's diamond jubilee. The largest, the king's personal barge, is adorned with intricate carvings and requires a rowing crew of 50 men.

Fast Facts The Thai capital was founded along the Chao Phraya River by King Rama I in 1782. Fast-forward to today's traffic-choked metropolis of 400-plus wats (temples) and 10 million people. Best time to visit: the dry season between November and April. In spite of the city's anything-goes sexual image, most Thais are socially conservative.

BY J O N E D R I V E R

– THOMAS LANDS

BHUTAN THE LAND OF THE THUNDER DR AGON, IS NO ORDINARY PLACE. IT IS A HIMALAYAN KINGDOM REPLETE WITH MYTHS AND LEGENDS, WHERE THE BEST OF TR ADITIONAL CULTURE THRIVES AND THE LATEST GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS ARE ENTHUSIASTICALLY EMBR ACED.

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EARLY HISTORY Many of the important events in the country’s early history involved saints and religious leaders and were therefore chronicled only in scriptures. Most of these original documents were destroyed in fires in the printing works of Sonagatsel in 1828 and in Punakha Dzong in 1832. Much of what was left in the old capital of Punakha was lost in an earthquake in 1897 and more records were lost when Paro Dzong burned in 1907. Therefore much of the early history of Bhutan relies on reports from British explorers, on legend and folklore, and the few manuscripts that escaped these disasters.

Archaeological evidence suggests Bhutan was inhabited as early as 1500–2000 BC by nomadic herders who lived in low-lying valleys in winter and moved their animals to high pastures in summer.

Many Bhutanese still live this way today. The valleys of Bhutan provided relatively easy access across the Himalaya, and it is believed that the Manas River valley was used as a migration route from India to Tibet.

Some of the early inhabitants of Bhutan were followers of Bon (known as Ben cho in Bhutan), the animistic tradition that was the main religion throughout the Himalayan region before the advent of Buddhism. It is believed that the Bon religion was introduced in Bhutan in the 6th century AD. Buddhism was probably first introduced to parts of Bhutan as early as the 2nd century, although most historians agree that the first Buddhist temples were built in the 7th century AD. The kingdom of Cooch Behar, in what is now West Bengal, influenced Bhutan from the early days. The rulers of Cooch Behar established themselves in Bhutan, but their influence faded in the 7th century AD as the influence of Tibet grew along with the introduction of Buddhism.

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MEDIEVAL PERIOD The grandson of Trisong Detsen, Langdharma, ruled Tibet from AD 836 to 842. He banned Buddhism, destroyed religious institutions and banished his brother, Prince Tsangma, to Bhutan. It is believed that many monks fled from Tibet and took refuge in Bhutan during this period.

Despite the assassination of Langdharma and the reintroduction of Buddhism, Tibet remained in political turmoil and many Tibetans migrated to western Bhutan.Between the 9th and 17th centuries numerous ruling clans and noble families emerged in different valleys throughout Bhutan. The various local chieftains spent their energy quarrelling among themselves and with Tibet, and no important nationally recognised political figure emerged during this period.

THE BHUTANESE FORM OF BUDDHISM Back in Tibet, Lama Tsangpa Gyarey Yeshe Dorji (AD 1161–

Paro Taktsang

1211) founded a monastery in the town of Ralung, just east of Gyantse, in AD 1180. He named the monastery Druk (Dragon), after the thunder dragons that he heard in the sky as he searched for an appropriate site upon which to build a monastery. The lineage followed here was named after the monastery and became known as Drukpa Kagyu. In the 11th and 12th centuries there was a further large influx of Tibetans into Bhutan.

Many Drukpa lamas left Tibet because of persecution at the hands of the followers of the rival Gelug lineage.

Most of these lamas settled in western Bhutan and established

branches of Drukpa monastic orders. Western Bhutan became loosely united through the weight of their teachings. Charismatic lamas emerged as de facto leaders of large portions of the west, while the isolated valleys of eastern and central Bhutan remained separate feudal states. One of the most important of these lamas was Gyalwa Lhanangpa, who founded the Lhapa Kagyu lineage. He established the Tango Goemba (monastery) on a hill above the northern end of the Thimphu valley and established a system of forts in Bhutan similar to the dzongs found in Tibet. Lama Phajo Drukgom Shigpo (1184–1251), a disciple of Lama Tsangpa Gyarey, came to Bhutan from Ralung and defeated Lama Lhanangpa. He and his

companions established the small Dho-Ngen Dzong on the west bank of the Wang Chhu and took control of the Tango Goemba.

Lama Phajo is credited with establishing the Bhutanese form of Buddhism by converting many people to the Drukpa Kagyu school.

Other lamas resented his presence and success, and they tried to kill him through magic spells. Phajo turned the spells back on the lamas, destroying several of their monasteries.Between the 13th and 16th centuries, the Drukpa Kagyu lineage flourished and Bhutan adopted a separate religious identity. More lamas from Ralung were invited to Bhutan to teach and build monasteries and many Bhutanese nobles are descended

from Lama Phajo.Among the visitors to Bhutan during this period was Lama Ngawang Chhogyel (1465–1540). He made several trips and was often accompanied by his sons, who established several goembas. They are credited with building the temple of Druk Choeding in Paro and Pangri Zampa and Hongtsho goembas near Thimphu. Another visitor was Lama Drukpa Kunley, the ‘divine madman’, who established Chime Lhakhang near Punakha.Between the 11th and 16th centuries numerous terma (sacred texts) hidden by Guru Rinpoche in caves, rocks and lakes were discovered, as he had prophesied, by tantric

lamas called tertons. The tertons were important religious figures; the best known of these was Pema Lingpa, who recovered his first terma from the lake of Membartsho near Bumthang in 1475. Pema Lingpa constructed several monasteries in Bumthang and is one of the most important figures in Bhutanese history.

RISE OF THE ZHABDRUNG By the 16th century the political arena was still fragmented between many local chiefs, each controlling his own territory and engaging in petty feuds with the others. There were numerous monasteries competing for

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"As a small country, we do not have economic power. We do not have a strong military force, does not have a big role on the international by the small population and also because we are a closed country. Elements can only strengthen Bhutan's sovereignty and identity of our unique culture."

The Fifth King of the Wangchuk Dynasty of Bhutan – Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck

Trashigang Dzong

Haa Valley

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superiority and the lamas of western Bhutan were working to extend their influence to the east of the country.

Everything changed in 1616 when Ngawang Namgyal (1594– 1651) came to Bhutan from Ralung, the original home of the Drukpa Kagyu in Tibet. In his early years he studied religion and art and is said to have been a skilled painter. He was a descendent of Tsangpa Gyarey, the founder of Ralung. At age 12 he was recognised as the reincarnation of Pema Karpo, the prince-abbot of Ralung Monastery. This recognition was challenged by the ruler of another principality in Tibet, and Ngawang Namgyal found his

position at Ralung very difficult.

When he was 23, the protective deity Yeshe Goenpo (Mahakala) appeared to him in the form of a raven and directed him south to Bhutan. He travelled through Laya and Gasa and spent time at Pangri Zampa (Thimphu), which was established by his great-great-grandfather, Ngawang Chhogyel.

As Ngawang Namgyal travelled throughout western Bhutan teaching, his political strength increased. Soon he established himself as the religious ruler of Bhutan with the title Zhabdrung Rinpoche (precious jewel at whose feet one prostrates), thus becoming the first in the line

of zhabdrungs. He built the first of the present system of dzongs at Simtokha, just south of present-day Thimphu. While the primary function of earlier Bhutanese dzongs was to serve as invincible fortresses, the Simtokha Dzong also housed a monastic body and administrative facilities, as well as fulfilling its defensive function.

This combination of civil, religious and defensive functions became the model for all of Bhutan’s later dzongs. The Zhabdrung’s rule was opposed by the leaders of rival Buddhist lineages within Bhutan. They formed a coalition of five lamas under the leadership of Lama Palden and attacked Simtokha Dzong in 1629. This attack was repelled, but the coalition

then aligned itself with a group of Tibetans and continued its opposition. The Zhabdrung’s militia defeated the Tibetans on several occasions, and the influence of the rival lineages diminished. Finally, after forging an alliance with the brother of King Singye Namgyal of Ladakh, the Zhabdrung’s forces defeated the Tibetans and their coalition ally. In 1639 an agreement was reached with the Tsang Desi in Tibet recognising Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal as the supreme authority in Bhutan.

The Zhabdrung further enhanced his power by establishing relations with neighbouring kings, including Rama Shah, the king of Nepal, and Raja Padmanarayan of Cooch Behar. It was at this time that the

king of Ladakh granted the Zhabdrung a number of sites in western Tibet for the purpose of meditation and worship.

These included Diraphuk, Nyanri and Zuthulphuk on the slopes of the holy Mt Kailash.

The Bhutanese administration of these monasteries continued until the Chinese takeover of Tibet in 1959. Other Tibetan monasteries that came under Bhutanese administration were Rimpung, Doba, Khochag, and De Dzong, all near Gartok.

A Bhutanese lama was sent as representative to Nepal, and Bhutanese monasteries were established at Bodhnath (Chorten Jaro Khasho) and Swayambhunath in Kathmandu.

Bhutan administered Swayambhunath until after the Nepal–Tibet war of 1854–56, when it was retaken by Nepal on the suspicion that Bhutan had helped the Tibetans.

During his reign, Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal ordered the construction of many monasteries and dzongs throughout Bhutan. Of these, the dzongs at Simtokha, Paro, Wandue Phodrang, Punakha and Trongsa are still standing.

He established the first sangha (community of monks) at Cheri Goemba near Thimphu

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Dear readers, Discovery forum ever where are the articles published on the topic of Life Sciences in general.

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fter receiving the feedback and positive comments about the article given knowledge of the specific topics for reference alone. To receive comments from readers that ask Travelife started the series on thematic survival skills for you to discover and perfect myself.

In this symposium, we will focus on exploiting the danger difficulties encountered in each specific case, such as you travel and get lost in the deep forest with a girl you're scared, you have to find to survive and protect themselves until someone found that if a friend of the current, then you will do? All of the series will have the skills to survive on Discovery section of Travelife.

The first part of the topic, we will discuss the skills needed to survive in a difficult situation as themselves to the food and drink for defenses to survive as long as possible.

Today, we can say that you've met and so much exposure through movies, comic books, games ... accident situations, natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis or wars, terrorism ... you also saw the spectacular escape situations or the terrible death both in movies and games. Most

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STRAYED Simply suddenly you find yourself lost, strayed from a group of companions in the wilderness without the ball. Or worse, you walk up to a wild place and can not find a way out, nobody knows you to search for the missing.

First I would say to unforeseen circumstances you have to go to places like this and had prepared earlier. So you might want to bring along and what?

everyone said previously that this is fictional situations imaginable for recreational purposes.

But more recently, as many people believe that it is important and practical. In the U.S. and Europe have a lot of survival skills courses were opened and attracted many students, these courses are not only trained in survival skills training but also the experience to face danger, psychological stability and ways to protect the health ...

Here I have no ambition to summarize the course that in just a few posts. What I want to make here is that the basic knowledge to you enough confidence to pursue their thinking to survival: "You will survive in any situation.

From the desert, in the deep forests, across glacial, sea, war ... or even a zombie survivors ...

Only one small knife or nothing.

With experience and alertness confident you can figure out how to survive without their surrender easily as most others will do."

In Vietnam there is no snow, in Vietnam there is no deserts, no earthquakes or tsunamis.

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I do not deny it but are you sure that they will not get lost once, have an accident while traveling, business trip, or even that you have to search for something in a strange land wild for which you did not know. You certainly will not do all his life to that scene?

In Japan when the earthquake it will temporarily get under a table but in Vietnam do not have to? How do you water , fire and food in a dire situation and unexpected? Or "romantic" than a little while to put yourself in the character in "Lost" or "2012" you

will how? Equip yourself with the knowledge of nature and survival skills will make you confident mood and always ready to face the dangerous situations that both natural and man giving you. You do not want to give up on it?

The trick here is to define goals, needs and most importantly, terrain and climate where we will have to. From there we will take the appropriate utensils needed rather than "public " in anything that comes to mind. Some important items to have at least this is: - Clothes: clothes, shoes, hats, gloves, rain gear, backpacks ... where the climate suited to their wants. If your location is going to desert the baggage preparation course must be chosen different from sea ice or the snow.

- Personal: depending on the circumstances and depending on your carrying capacity. But surely there must be water bottles, lighters, multifunction knife, individual pots, first aid kit, pocket livelihood, flashlight, compass, map and GPS ... Mobile is told from the battery but also or have coverage or not is another story.

to. If it is night, the electric light, the fire will be seen from very far away. In case you can not see or hear anything.

The best way is to try to locate a stream, a river from above. Above you see some tall trees around the forest green than the other then surely nearby rivers and streams. The next job is just to go down the downstream (in the stream) and having residential rate or exit the "danger zone" is very high. Entirely on how well can apply if you are in the desert or desert but the success rate is lower.

- Food: necessary but extremely difficult to carry and difficult to preserve. We should bring dry food, dry food, rice, spices, eggs or canned is easiest. At least the amount of food that can help us survive a whole week to wait for people to save (It is said that the– amount of protein in an egg can help us survive in one day).

- Directions: you have in your hands a compass or map but sometimes it will come to naught if you can not determine how to meet toward the nearest residential area. Or worse, you have nothing in my hands. How

- Tools camping: tents, hammocks, blankets ...

- Tools for help: flares, whistle, mirror or simply fires create smoke visible from afar ...

Equipped with good things like this, you certainly will feel confident enough to find a way to deal with the most dangerous situations. The rest is experience, health and basic knowledge that I say below will help you be a survivor ...

1. That no one got lost looking for This is a very tragic situation and also not many people have.

Psychological panic, lose control downturn will come quickly to anyone if you can not find a way out after a couple of days. So the primary objective in this situation is to escape from the danger zone as quickly as possible. Any residential, sheds or any sign of human activity will also be key to your escape. Here are a few ways to detect the direction and move.

can you determine the direction they should go? Be the first climb trees or cliffs as high as possible.

Observe carefully every place that you can see: the tower, field, smoke, buildings, trails ... any sign of human life will help you decide which direction they should go

- Move: in movies or saw us moving in the forest who often return to the same or unconsciously follow a circle.

This is absolutely true because your feet are not the same (left foot over right foot strides for example). And many uneven steps that will take you along the arc even go in a circular path. So clearly identify the direction, goals marked by sun, moon, mountains, wind direction compared to the direction of travel or anything ... what could be, which is extremely important. And when encountering cases not panic or give up mentality, this is a very dark taboo. When that energy and desire to live no longer, there's no way you can save.

2. Being optimistic that the search (from the group or someone you know for sure missing)

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But this is a shock to you but everything simpler than in the case of a lot. The first is to determine calm surrounding terrain, learn study water resources, food and stay there waiting to help. How to find water, food or survival I would like to say in the next period. Here I only ask that you follow the following tips: - In the original spot for people to research: the original in place to avoid moving as energy consumption, predators attack, accident or illness ...

- Learn surroundings: to find water, food, shelter, fuel, fruit trees ...

- Creation of visible signs : he fire in the forest fog, snow or desert areas are classified according to the letters SOS dark stone, stretch the canvas colors, the clothes up, make sounds (if possible).

- Keep the fire burning always to retain heat, repel predators and creating peace of mind.

- Peace of mind waiting for people to research: humans can survive 3 days without water, 3 weeks without food. Even things you can not move injured, you can absolutely hope that in time you will be saved.

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3. Strayed group It's also easier viewing situation before but also have many more problems arise. Jealousy, suspicion, thieves, dementia, hallucinations, depression, no need ... even kill each other is entirely possible. But if you form a group of organized and united, things much simpler. So the selection of an experienced and trusted as leader is essential.

This is the leader who will consult everyone but yourself is going to make a decision.

Avoid abuse case voting as many times as that very easily lead to sectarian and mutual suspicion.

Size Up the Sittuation (Surrounding, Physical Condition, Equipment) Use All Your Senses Undue Haste Makes Waste Remeber Where You Are Vanquish Fear and Panic Improvise Act Like and Natives Live by Your Wits, But for Now, Learn Basic Skills No need talent like Bear Grylls but you would like him to survive.

- The leader must know the group assignments logically according to each person's forte.

Strengthening the spirit and resolve individual cases flexible illness, disease ...

- Decision and daring decision: this is extremely important. An example here is a dangerous situation: A team of people trapped in a cave by subsidence , some have died and people were trying to dig to find the exit. Food shall have been exhausted in the group of women and children. As a captain you will make decisions like? Ethics or survival instinct, buried or "handle" the corpses of other ill-fated companion for exercise. It totally depends on your decision and you have to take responsibility for that.

And if you up the moral issues aside, the parties should share that responsibility with one other couple (not all women, children) to come to a final decision. And "dish" this horrible "processed" like? I'm considering whether to write about it in the following section or not. Generally if the group lost the most important thing is to create positive

atmosphere, solidarity, sharing mutual assistance. That 's the power exists to help the group escape danger. Ultimately what I want to say here is the basic knowledge on absolutely not too far away. It is in your hands and you can totally do it, even better.

Maybe someday it will make the people around you and admire your own self-confidence and the ability to improvise and their understanding. In the later period I will give more details about the stray situation, you have floating on the ocean, lost in the desert or in the hot humid jungle. You were injured, bitten or simply want to pass streams, wetlands, high mountain. How can you?

Hopefully the next article will help you to stay partially resolve this question. (to be continued)

BY G.F.MILANI