The Warsaw Institute Review qr. 3/2023 no.26 by Warsaw Institute

qr. 3. 2023 no. 26 ISSN 2543-9839

Diplomacy Talks vol.2

Editorial

Dear Readers,

am pleased to present you the latest issue of The Warsaw Institute Review quarterly. In the previous issue of the quarterly, we addressed an extremely important topic today - the role of public diplomacy in the contemporary international environment. Being aware of the constant need to develop and deepen international relations, we continued a series of high-level interviews with esteemed ambassadors of foreign countries performing their diplomatic service in Poland - to talk about contemporary problems of public diplomacy and its power. Thanks to these considerations, we can certainly say that nowadays, exercising influence is not only effective by force. The key to success in international relations is the ability to exert influence and the power of attraction - this is what creates modern international relations. This is how public diplomacy works I put at your disposal extensive talks with His Excellency Mr. Ambassador of Japan to Poland and Her Excellency Mrs. Ambassador of Hellenic Republic to Poland. In order to learn about another perspectives on foreign affairs and diplomacy, I also present an interview with His Excellency Mr. Ambassador of the Kingdom of Belgium to Poland.

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Editorial

patrycja.sokolowska@warsawinstitute.org

Translations Aleksandra Iskra Aleksandra Tomaszewska

This edition has been enriched with an insightful analysis of the European Union's public diplomacy towards Central Asia by Amit Kumar and I hope that these topics will be a valuable reading for you,

Patrycja Sokołowska

Editor-in-Chief The Warsaw Institute Review

DTP and Printing www.sindruk.pl

Publisher

Warsaw Institute

Wilcza 9, 00-538 Warsaw, Poland www.warsawinstitute.review www.warsawinstitute.org

The opinions given and the positions held in the materials published in the Warsaw Institute Review solely reflect the views of the authors and cannot be equated with the official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland and Ministry of Culture and National Heritage of the Republic of Poland.

ISSN 2543-9839

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Contents

interview

Belgium

japan

Greece

INTERVIEW Patrycja Sokołowska Public Diplomacy from the Belgian Point of View Interview with His Excellency Mr Rik Van Droogenbroeck Ambassador of the Kingdom of Belgium to the Republic of Poland

INTERVIEW Liliana Śmiech Japan’s Perspective on Public Diplomacy Interview with His Excellency Mr Akio Miyajima Ambassador of Japan to the Republic of Poland

INTERVIEW Katja-Elisabeth Herrmann Foreign Affairs – Greek Perspective Interview with Her Excellency Mrs Niki Kamba Ambassador of the Hellenic Republic to the Republic of Poland

Articles Amit Kumar, Katarzyna Czerewacz-Filipowicz European Union's Diplomatic Push: The Rapid Advancement in Engagement with Central Asia

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Rik Van Droogenbroeck Ambassador of the Kingdom of Belgium to the Republic of Poland

Mr. Rik van Droogenbroeck performs diplomatic service as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary not only in Poland, but also in Lithuania in the same time. He started his mission on September 15, 2022

Public Diplomacy from the Belgian Point of View

Public Diplomacy from the Belgian Point of View Interview with His Excellency Mr Rik Van Droogenbroeck Ambassador of the Kingdom of Belgium to the Republic of Poland

How would you describe the current state of bilateral relations between Belgium and Poland, and what are the key areas of cooperation and collaboration?

Belgium and Poland enjoy a strong relationship, bilaterally and as partners in the EU, NATO and in many other international organizations. We have many objectives in common with regard to important issues on the international agenda. The war in Ukraine has further reinforced Poland’s position as a vital political actor and has turned Poland into a hub for international support to Ukraine, including for military and humanitarian aid from my country. We very much appreciate Poland’s role in this regard.

However, these past few years, we have also engaged, together with other European partners, with the Polish government on specific issues of concern, such as certain aspects with regard to the rule of law. Poland and Belgium are also important trading partners. Poland is the 8th most important export destination and the 14th importer of Belgian products. Hundreds of Belgian companies have invested in Poland and employ thousands of people all over the country. They are strongly involved in Poland’s green transition and built some of the landmark buildings in Warsaw, Gdansk and other Polish cities. What is Belgium's perspective on soft power and new media is

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Interview

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Public Diplomacy from the Belgian Point of View

it an underestimated power of diplomacy?

The way public diplomacy is conducted has changed tremendously these past decades because of new technologies, the constant flow of information and the expectations of the general public. Diplomacy used to be something which was mainly conducted behind closed doors. There is still a need for discretion to build trust but at the same time it is also important to be on the public stage if you want to get your message out. Unfortunately, public diplomacy tools are also increasingly used to spread disinformation and lies. As a result, exposing and combating these lies has become increasingly important in communication efforts. Public diplomacy is an essential part of the work of an ambassador and an embassy. Interviews, visits to schools, receiving groups at the embassy, taking part in a film festival, these and many other forms of public diplomacy contribute to conveying our views and highlighting the values we stand for.

What are the challenges facing Polish-Belgian cooperation in the coming years - both in Brussels at the EU level and in Warsaw bilaterally?

There are far more external challenges that Poland and Belgium have to face together than challenges in our own cooperation. Whatever challenges exist, it is important to be able to address them and come up with common solutions. We look forward to working with the new Polish government in this respect. What diplomatic actions can be taken in the context of the economic and energy crisis in Central and Eastern Europe? How can Belgium play a significant role in this regard?

Such complex issues cannot be managed by Poland or Belgium alone. They should be dealt with at the European and international level. Since the outbreak of the energy crisis, Belgium has been advocating closer cooperation and European solutions to overcome 3/2023

Interview

Opening of the exhibition at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Rik Van Droogenbroeck and Jan Spilliaert (Honorary Consul of Belgium in Poznań)

these problems: From the start, we have been in favour of gas price limiting mechanisms, joint gas purchases and using our infrastructure to help out partners. Belgian companies are also contributing to enhance Poland’s and the EU’s energy independence and economic resilience, for instance through their work in the emerging Polish hydrogen sector, the construction of offshore wind farms and the production of active cathode materials for electric vehicle batteries. How does public diplomacy contribute to enhancing economic and trade ties between Poland and Belgium? Are there specific sectors or industries where collaboration is particularly strong?

Hundreds of Belgian companies are active in various sectors all over Poland, both in production and services. They produce chemical components, food stuffs, pharmaceuticals, products for everyday use and many other essential elements of Poland’s economy. They also maintain and enlarge Polish ports 10

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and waterways and play an important role in the Polish logistics chain. Developers and construction companies are present in Poland for several decades and have literally contributed to shaping the skyline of Polish cities and providing modern and comfortable homes, offices and industrial sites. Public diplomacy, in its many forms, can be used to highlight the role Belgian companies are playing and to promote Belgian products. Q: As public opinion can be diverse, how do Poland and Belgium handle potential differences in values or viewpoints when engaging in public diplomacy? How do they strive to maintain open dialogue while promoting their own interests?

All EU member states share a set of values, freedoms and principles enshrined in the Treaties. Belgium actively promotes these values around the world, including through its public diplomacy actions. As an embassy we do the same in Poland in our communication on social media, in our meetings with officials, students, school pupils and civil

Public Diplomacy from the Belgian Point of View society, by taking part in the Equality Parade in Warsaw, etc. Belgium is in favour of an open dialogue on these and other topics while presenting and defending at the same time the values and principles it stands for. According to the official publication, the Belgian Presidency will focus on culture and public participation for informing and raising awareness of European policies among citizens and civil society. In doing so, what other priorities can Europeans expect next Presidential agenda?

We will continue the excellent work of the previous presidencies, including our triopartner Spain and focus on a number of topics which have already been discussed in the past months and years and can be summarized in a few thematic categories: • Migration, border, security and foreign policy will remain high on the agenda. We hope to finalize the negotiations on the Pact on Migration and Asylum. • Democracy, rule of law and values, which includes making progress on the Defense of Democracy Package and the European Democracy Action Plan • Strengthening the EU’s internal market, competitiveness, economy and trade requires action on many different topics, among them energy security, the Strategic Technologies for Europe Platform and the reform of the World Trade Organization. • The green and digital transition • The EU’s social dimension, employment and health • The EU’s Strategic Agenda 2024-2029

European Parliament elections are due in June 2024, during the last month of the Belgian Presidency of the Council of the European Union. The result of the elections will set the tone to implement the efforts laid down during the Presidency. However, much of the elections will be determined under a growing political energy, food and social welfare crisis. How does the incoming presidency aim to navigate such a challenging landscape?

Some of the challenges and opportunities for the Belgian presidency will be the same as those previous presidencies encountered, such as the need to push forward the EU’s green transition, energy independence, strategic autonomy and migration policy and the support to Ukraine. The main difference is the timing. The European Parliament elections in June 2024 only provide us with a limited time frame of a few months to finalize negotiations on the remaining important legislative files. However, this situation will also give us the opportunity to use our 13th Belgian EU Presidency to focus on the EU’s Strategic Agenda for the coming five years. Although some of the topics and priorities of our presidency have been discussed before, the EU’s approach has changed and developed considerably. We are now better prepared for a new energy crisis, we have started working on the 12th EU sanctions package against Russia and Belarus and we are making progress in the negotiations on the Pact on Migration and Asylum. Many challenges remain of course and it is therefore crucial for EU member states and the EU institutions to work together and come up with effective political solutions. Patrycja Sokołowska 10 December 2023 3/2023

Interview

Akio Miyajima, Ambassador of of Japan to the Republic of Poland

Mr Miyajima came to Warsaw in November 2020. He is a professional diplomat with 40 years of experience since 1981. Previously, Ambassador Miyajima served as the Japanese Ambassador to Turkey and served in Washington, Seoul, New York (UN) and London. Ambassador Miyajima holds a BA in Political Science from Waseda University and an MA in International Relations from Yale University.

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Japan’s Perspective on Public Diplomacy

Japan’s Perspective on Public Diplomacy Interview with His Excellency Mr Akio Miyajima Ambassador of Japan to the Republic of Poland

Dear Ambassador, thank you very much for expressing your willingness to be interviewed to The Warsaw Institute Review. How would you describe the current relations between Poland and Japan?

A: Our current bilateral relationship is good and I am convinced that it will get better and better. I have been in Poland for the last three years as Ambassador of Japan. I came here at the end of November 2020, at the height of the pandemic. It was my first winter experience in Warsaw, it was cold and grey and because of the pandemic - I couldn’t meet almost any Polish people face to face. Then the spring came and the pandemic restrictions were gradually lifted and vaccine became available. I could finally start meeting Polish people after the summer of 2021.

The 18th International Chopin Piano Competition (2021 edition) was great. It was postponed for one year due to the pandemic and I was lucky enough to enjoy the wonderful experience and performances by Polish and Japanese pianists in October 2021. According to the Chopin Institute, the number of access to their livestreaming of the Competition was record-breaking – the biggest access came from Japan. This episode demonstrates that beautiful Chopin music really connects our hearts - Japanese and Polish. It was a very uplifting and moving moment for me. We are geographically far away, but our hearts are close and connected. As the autumn turning to the winter 2021, the Polish-Belarusian border situation got worse and alarming massive movements 3/2023

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Japan’s Perspective on Public Diplomacy and concentration of Russian troops near Ukraine border made everyone here quite concerned. Then, the brutal and unlawful Russian aggression against Ukraine started on 24 February 2022. It was such a tragic, terrible and totally unacceptable use of force against sovereignty, freedom and democracy of Ukraine. Polish people’s immediate reaction was extraordinary. Soon after the outbreak of the war, I went to the Warsaw Central Train Station and Torwar Hall which were used as a temporary support facility for refugees. I also visited Medyka, Przemyśl and Rzeszów near the Ukrainian border. I saw so many Polish volunteers offering various help for Ukrainian refugees: children, mothers and the elderly. It was indeed an amazing scene of great humanitarianism by all Poles: men and women, young and old. Poland has provided a huge amount of military and humanitarian aid to Ukraine and more than ten million Ukrainians crossed the border to escape from the Russian attack. More than 1.3 million refugees live peacefully inside Poland with the same level of social services as Polish people. The people in the world including Japanese were surprised at and impressed with what Poland and Polish people has done to help Ukraine, which has surely improved the image of Poland in Europe and globally.

Now let me share one photo taken at Przemyśl train station early March 2021 and my personal episode. I saw many exhausted Ukrainian mothers, grandmothers and children. I remember I had brought an origami set from home and wanted to give it to a girl standing with her mother. But because I don’t speak Ukrainian, I didn’t know what to do. I decided to walk up to the mother and showed her the origami set. She got a little tense and looked quite confused. Then, the little girl shouted: “Origami!” and this big smile! Immediately her smile made the mother and grandmother less nervous and also smile. I will never forget the moment. This photo is my treasure which has kept strong my commitment to support Ukraine. What they really needed must be foods, safety and comfortable accommodation, of course, secure future, but you know, a child’s smile is really hope for the future. It’s really cruel what Russia did to so many innocent Ukrainian people including kids. We must really help them. Japan as G7 Chair also strongly has condemned the Russian brutal aggression as it is a violation of international law. At the same time, we have imposed the toughest ever sanctions against Russia. Like Polish people, Japanese people also have felt deep sympathy and strong sense of solidarity with Ukrainians. Japan fully supports Ukraine and has provided substantial assistance bilaterally as well as through international humanitarian organisations such as UNHCR, UNICEF, IOM and the International Red Cross. We have been steadily implementing our commitment of support to Ukraine totalling US$ 5.5 billion. Now I want to show you this ranking taken from “Ukrainian support tracker” compiled by Kiel World Economic Institute in Germany. I totally agree that the top priority for Ukraine must be immediate military assistance. However, Ukraine also needs huge economic and financial 3/2023

Interview assistance to sustain the economy and society so that they can continue their brave and difficult fighting against Russia. I have some worry that Polish people have not realized yet what and how much Japan has been doing to help Ukraine. It is true that Japan has not provided direct military aid to Ukraine, but indeed Japan has been doing a lot to help Ukraine and Ukrainians.1

Since the beginning of this year, the Japanese Prime Minister Fumio KISHIDA has visited Poland twice this year and met President Duda and Prime Minister Morawiecki. His first visit to Warsaw took place last March after his surprise visit to Kiev for a meeting with President Zelenski. He visited here again last July on the way to the Vilnius NATO summit. Mr Yoshimasa HAYASHI also visited Poland

Japan is committed to support Ukraine’s rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts and in February next year, we will hold a Japan-Ukraine Conference for Promotion of Economic Reconstruction in Tokyo.

twice as Foreign Minister in April 2022 and September this year. Such frequent high-level visits from Japan to Poland never happened before. This clearly reflects Japan’s recognition on greater importance of Poland. We fully recognize that Poland and the Polish people have been playing a strategically critical role in the Ukraine’s fight against Russia.

Japan and Poland signed the Joint Statement “Building Framework for Strategic Partnership for Freedom, Growth and Solidarity” in 2015 and have been steadily implementing its “Action Plan 2021-2025.” Our new challenge to support Ukraine against Russia has clearly strengthened this strategic partnership. https://www.ifw-kiel.de/topics/war-againstukraine/ukraine-support-tracker/

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Since the start of the war every morning when I go to work I have worn these two badges: one for Japan- Poland friendship and another for solidarity with Ukraine. I do hope that Japan and Poland can unleash the strength and power of

Japan’s Perspective on Public Diplomacy friendship and partnership by helping Ukrainians together.

I firmly believe that we need to find a way to support the Polish people who has been helping Ukrainian refugees. In this connection, I am happy to tell you that Government of Japan decided to provide ODA(Official Development Assistance) to projects which will help and alleviate Polish burden to support Ukrainian refugees in Poland. This is exceptional case because Poland is a well-developed EU country and not eligible for ODA assistance. Just recently I attended a handover ceremony of a school bus to Polish NGO who take care of Ukrainian refugee’s children. This was the first project utilizing Japan’s ODA assistance to Poland. This is a therapy robot - a seal robot - called PARO.

They have helped those who are suffering from strong and serious trauma and depression from this war. Yesterday we just handed 6 sets of PARO to UNICEF Warsaw. I do hope Japanese advance technology could make those refugee children feel more secure and peaceful. Prime Minister KISHIDA said “Ukraine today could be East Asia tomorrow.” Security in Europe and East Asia is inseparable. Indeed, military forces of Russia and China are collaborating each other more and more and repeating joint exercises around Japan. The security situation in East Asia is challenging. Historically, Russia has been our difficult neighbor. Japan fought a war with Russia from 1904 to 1905. Just after Japan surrendered in WWII in August in 1945, they attacked our northern territories, islands in the north of Hokkaido and has occupied them unlawfully. Russian war planes and vessels constantly violate our airspace and navigate the sea around Japan. In December last year, Japan published its National Security Strategy which says that Japan will continue to make its every effort to realize the vision of FOIP: a Free and Open Indo Pacific by working together with our like-

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Interview minded countries like the US, Australia and India. It also points out that China poses the biggest global challenge to us and has posed serious military and security concerns in our region. Of course, we cannot change the geography and our neighbours. We need to co-exist each other peacefully. What happened in Ukraine has reminded us that it is critically important to be well prepared to enhance our defence and deterrence capability while strengthening cooperation with the international community. I believe that because of what Poland experienced in the past and because of what Japan experienced in the past, we understand very clearly what is happening right now in Ukraine. We experienced remarkably similar act also from aggressors in the past. I reckon also the bond that we have, even though we are so far apart, we speak completely different languages, we have completely different cultures, but at the same time, when something happens, we can stand in solidarity with each other.

I visited the Sybir Memorial Museum in Białystok last week. I have found the memories of World War II still vivid in Poland. Japan also has difficult history with Russia. Since the end of WWII our northern territories have been unlawfully occupied by Russia. In Manchuria half a million Japanese military and civilians were detained by Russian Army and were subjected to extremely difficult forced labor in Siberia and other parts of Russia, resulting in the tragic loss of more than 50,000 lives. There is one humanitarian episode to remember which took place 100 years ago between Japan and Poland. Between 18

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the years 1920-22, 765 Polish children in Siberia were rescued by the Japanese Red Cross and arrived in Tsuruga port from Vladiostok. Japanese people took warm care of them and make it possible for them to return safely back to Poland. On 26th September this year, we held a 100th year commemorative ceremony in Warsaw. 130 descendants and families of rescued Siberian children, together with the first lady, Mrs. Agata Kornhauser-Duda and the former Japanese first lady Mrs. Akie ABE attended the event, highlighting its profound historical importance. It was a deeply moving event. I strongly believe that to remember such a significant event of goodwill which happened 100 years ago and to pass the memory on to our next generation both in Poland and Japan is our crucial task to extend our friendship further for the next 100 years. 100 years ago Japanese people saved and supported Polish children in Siberia in severely distressed conditions. Today, both Poland and Japan have committed ourselves to assist Ukrainians together. We are well aware that gravity of Europe has been shifted eastward and obviously Poland is the most important country. Ukraine war has accelerate this shift. Poland surprised the world with its remarkable role it has played and has attracted much more international attention than before the war. Many people in the world watched closely the recent Polish parliamentary elections on 15th October. Once again, Poland surprised the world. With the recordhigh voter turnout, exceeding 74%, you have chosen to change the governments after 8 years rule of PiS. This could be a significant moment of the history to leap forward for advancing its standing in Europe as well as the world. Poland had better not to lose this wonderful

Japan’s Perspective on Public Diplomacy opportunity for a brighter future of Poland. I have kept telling Japanese politicians and business people to visit Poland and check Polish dynamism and potentials by themselves. I believe that Poland is poised to become a much bigger and important country politically, strategically and economically, and now is the opportune moment for Japan to forge stronger partnership with Poland. At the same time, in the Indo-Pacific region where global economic gravity is shifting to, I firmly believe that there is no other country than Japan as the best friend and trusted partner for Poland. This has been proven in the history over the last century. We share common values of freedom, democracy, human rights and rule of law. Poland and Japan are strongest allies with the United States. The Year 2025 will be very important to connect us further strongly. From April till October 2025, Japan will host OSAKA Expo, a big festival of world culture, technology and science. I am sure that Polish Pavilion will be very popular. Furthermore, in autumn 2025, the next International Chopin Piano Competition is scheduled to take place and I expect a lot of young Japanese pianists will participate and play beautiful Chopin pieces. They present good opportunities for a much closer ties at the governmentto-government, business-to-business, and people-to-people levels. We have discussed the cooperation between Japan and Poland, citing examples such as Japan sending buses to Poland and providing seal robots. These seal robots not only bring comfort to children but also contribute to the

well-being of refugees. How do you describe the scientific and technological cooperation between our nations?

We have engaged in extensive cooperation, particularly in the fields of science and technology, which plays a crucial role in shaping the future through innovation. Poles have demonstrated quite scientific talents. Of course, Madame Curie (Maria Skłodowska-Curie) is quite well-known in Japan. Presently, numerous collaborations thrive between Japanese and Polish universities in science and technology areas. One noteworthy example is the Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology (PJATK), established in 1994 through Japanese ODA support 30 years ago. PJATK has developed very well and very popular here by producing a lot of good IT engineers as well as media and Japanese culture experts. Major Japanese global companies in Poland, such as Fujitsu, Toyota, Hitachi, and JTI, employ thousands of Polish engineers and IT specialists. They are eager to recruit talented IT professionals from Poland. I have strongly advocated Japanese IT companies to expand their focus beyond Japan and Asia and discover Poland. In May, Japan’s Economy, Trade and Industry Minister, Mr. Yasutoshi NISHIMURA, visited Poland, exploring potential areas of collaborations. Hydrogen energy will be obvious area of future cooperation. Bilateral collaborations in nuclear research has been made between the National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ) in Poland and the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). They have worked in research on advanced nuclear technologies such as high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR). 3/2023

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Fumio Kishida, Prime Minister of Japan, and Mateusz Morawiecki, head of the Polish Government – March 2023.

Japanese companies are poised to be significant partner in nuclear energy development including small module reactors (SMR) as Poland currently lacks nuclear reactors to produce energy and requires the expertise of nuclear engineers. We acknowledge fully the importance of nuclear safety, drawing lessons from Fukushima Daiichi incident experience. Our commitment to the highest safety standards involves developing safety protocols and training personnel, emphasizing both hardware and software aspects of nuclear facilities. Building such critical infrastructure, like a nuclear reactor, requires a trustworthy partner for the long term spanning 25-30 years. I am confident that Japan is the ideal partner for Poland, not only to share know-how but also as a like-minded and reliable collaborator. Japan’s strength lies in human resources and we continue to emphasize innovation in technology and invest in R&D to sustain economic dynamism. We are eager to work together with the talented Poles to build a common future in science and technology. Our hope is for an even stronger partnership between our countries in these crucial areas. 20

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Thank you very much, Mr. Ambassador. I highly appreciate this investment in small nuclear reactors. Investing in large-scale reactors would entail a considerable waiting period for construction, but with smaller nuclear reactors, the construction timeline is significantly reduced. I believe it would be extremely beneficial for Poland to establish cooperation with Japan in this regard. You mentioned that Japan has the experience, knowledge, and expertise in dealing with nuclear technologies. Currently, we have a scientific reactor.

Yeah, I visited your MARIA research reactor. I was extremely impressed. What is Japanese perspective on soft power and new media. Is it an underestimated power of public diplomacy?

Our soft power is power to attract. It is a vital aspect, playing a crucial role in reaching out to people. We should not

Japan’s Perspective on Public Diplomacy underestimate hard power, but I believe that countries like Japan and Poland should strategize on using soft power to complement hard power effectively. We need to work hard to make good friends. Collaborating or enjoying shared experiences brings us closer together. Take, for instance, Chopin, one of the greatest Polish brands. While both soft and hard power are important, countries like Japan and Poland should particularly value and cultivate creative and innovative soft power. For example, Poland excels in gaming and software development, making it a natural collaborator with Japan. Japan is proud of its soft power combining modernity with traditions such as tea ceremonies, flower arrangements, Judo and Karate. The“Matsuri,” Japanese culture picnic was held in Warsaw last June where 95% of participants on the stage were Poles demonstrating their achievements on Japanese martial arts and cultural practices. This event was a testament to the influence of Japanese soft power. Soft power, seen in the shared enjoyment of food like ramen noodle and sushi do not require aggressive promotion. It is a smart way to make Japan a very favorable country. The building of the Museum of Japanese Art and Technology (Manggha) in Kraków was designed by the world-renowned Japanese architect Arata ISOZAKI. It exemplifies Japan’s fusion of art with technology and tradition with modernity. The belief in close connection or synergy between art and technology is living alive strongly in the company philosophy in Japanese manufacturer such as Toyota, where cars are treated almost as art objects, and employees are aimed to be artisans. This philosophy, emphasizing perfect quality and consumer satisfaction over mass production has built its global brand with trust, explaining the success of

Japanese carmakers like Toyota. Branding, especially rooted in soft power, is crucial. In this connection, public diplomacy is growing in importance and we are aware of the importance of using new media such as Facebook, “X”, Instagram to convey these attractiveness to young people. Yesterday, I went to Kraków to give lectures to Jagiellonian University students on Japan and Indo-pacific region. Actually, before I decided to become a diplomat, I wondered seriously if I should become a high school social science teacher or not. I really enjoy talking with students because they sometimes ask me unexpected questions and energise me. Every time I have conveyed this message to students: “You are the future. Indo-Pacific are is the future of the world and Japan is the best friend and partner. It’s crucial to take action. Visit Japan! This is a very smart investment for your future. You can contribute to making Poland more prominent through fostering stronger friendships and partnerships with Japan.” In conclusion, Japan, an island country in Indo-Pacific and Poland, a country amidst the vast European plain are geographically far apart, located in the east and west of the Eurasia continent, but we have a close and deep bond over years. As Japanese Ambassador to Poland, my job is not only to sell “Japan” to Poland but to sell “Poland” to Japan. It is sometimes a bit challenging for me to balance these two roles. I have enjoyed exploring actively to identify and promote wonderful Polish brands such as Chopin, vodka, apples, down jackets and more. Yes, I am busy but very happy in Poland. Thank you Mr. Ambassador!

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Niki Kamba Ambassador of the Hellenic Republic to the Republic of Poland

Mrs Kamba studied French Literature at the National Kapodistrian University of Athens and History of Art at the University of Paris X Nanterres. She holds a master's degree in trilingual translation from the University of Strasbourg. She started her career as a diplomat in 1997, after her success in the entry exams for Embassy Attachés. As a young diplomat she participated in the educational programs European Diplomatic Program (EDP) and seminars on Security at NADEFCOL in Rome, as well as in a series of conferences and seminars. She served as Consul at the Consulate General of Jerusalem (1999-2002) and as Deputy Head of the Greek Embassies in Poland (2005-2008), Austria (2011-2014) and Norway (2017-2020). Her last assignment before undertaking the position as Ambassador of the Hellenic Republic in Warsaw in February 2023, was as Director of Studies of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (September 2020 – December 2022).

Foreign Affairs – Greek Perspective

Foreign Affairs – Greek Perspective Interview with Her Excellency Mrs Niki Kamba Ambassador of the Hellenic Republic to the Republic of Poland

How would you describe the current state of bilateral relations between Greece and Poland, and what are the key areas of cooperation and collaboration?

Greek-Polish relations are excellent. Ιn 2019, we celebrated the centenary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Greece and Poland. Being both members of the EU and NATO, we enjoy the opportunity of cooperating on various levels within the Transatlantic end European bodies, while, in the meantime, we enhance cooperation bilaterally. In an unexpected twist, the Russian aggression against Ukraine and the security and

economic upheaval this has caused, have somehow brought about the positive result of making all EU and NATO members more solidary to each other and, of course to Ukraine. Greece and Poland are two countries that advocate for the right cause of respect for International Law, the inviolability of borders and the independence and sovereignty of any country, therefore we are united in supporting Ukraine, both militarily and in its efforts for reconstruction. Political cooperation between Poland and Greece is very tight, but also sectorial cooperation is very good and is further enhanced. The recent accession of Greece to the Three Seas Initiative, which regroups countries 3/2023

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from the North to the South of Eastern Europe, with Poland playing a key role, will provide yet another opportunity to enhance the interconnection, commerce, transport and energy networks of the two countries. Furthermore, the two countries cooperate closely within the framework of the UN bodies system. As Greece has applied for a non-permanent seat in the UN Security Council for 20252026, advocating dialogue, diplomacy and democracy, more opportunities for enhanced cooperation with Poland will arise. How would Greece define the role of public diplomacy in a world of great power competition and changes in the balance of power?

Greece has always embraced change in the international environment. That being said, Greece strongly believes that public diplomacy plays and will play a pivotal role in the ever changing environment of international relations. This is obvious in the shift in how Greece promotes its public image to international audiences. In recent years, and especially during the last 4 years under Prime Minister 24

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Kyriakos Mitsotakis, we have actively promoted our country’s interests through several channels. The goal is to promote a positive image for Greece with methodical work to convey messages to international audiences and to highlight Greece’s narrative convincingly. It is indisputable that the role and meaning of exercising soft power and public diplomacy is a priority for all countries across the globe. Especially after the emergence of the term Digital Diplomacy and the fact that politics are also conducted through social media, we all understand that whoever does not follow the technological advancements that influence politics and societies, loses his critical advantages and finds himself in a difficult position. What is Greece’s perspective on soft power and new media are these underestimated powers of diplomacy?

As stated above, for Greece, soft power and new media are generally instrumental. Especially in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs we strongly believe in their power. This has also been put down in the Ministry’s Strategic Plan 2022-2025, with the exercise of Public Diplomacy

Foreign Affairs – Greek Perspective

being one of its 5 objectives. Our core values are: promoting human rights, International Law, of course, the country’s interests, as well as adaptability to the environment. In our time, these need also to be understood and embraced by the Greek and the international audience. As you understand, given that the public sphere has shifted to new media, our presence there is mandatory. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is actively present on social media, through its official accounts, the accounts of the newsletters we produce and the accounts of the Greek Embassies abroad.

The competent Departments in Athens monitor all international press and social media daily and pinpoint any problems that may arise. They also produce newsletters in five different languages, namely English (Greek News Agenda), French (Grèce Hebdo), Italian (Punto Grecia), Spanish (Panorama Griego) and German (Griechenland Aktuell) with original articles and stories that highlight different aspects of Greek culture, literature, tourism, etc. Our Embassies also work to create networks with think tanks, civil society and mass media, while they are also active in social media.

What challenges has Greece faced in terms of promoting a positive image of their countries abroad, and how have they addressed these challenges through their public diplomacy efforts?

At this point, I would also like to mention that two years ago, we have introduced special training for public diplomacy, for our new cohorts of diplomats. This was an initiative that I put into action while I was serving as the Director of Studies of the Diplomatic Academy before being posted as Ambassador to Poland. I am very happy that this will be a permanent part of the initial diplomatic training. Furthermore, we organize seminars for all MFA’s staff on Public Diplomacy.

Greece has a well-established image for centuries now and the Greek culture and civilization are well-known everywhere. As you know, Greece has faced a tough economic crisis in the last decade. However, we overcame it and became a success story in the European Union. Also, we have specially trained Public Diplomacy personnel that staff our Central Service and our Embassies abroad.

How important is educational and academic cooperation between Poland and Greece in fostering mutual understanding and peopleto-people connections? Are

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there any notable educational exchange programs in place?

Educational and academic cooperation between Poland and Greece is highly important for both countries. Increasing people-to-people connections not only through education and culture, but also through sports, media, and other interactions, like the ones among NGOs, artists, businesses, academics and athletes, is steadily growing. These mutual efforts aim to promote the mutual understanding required to build lasting ties between our two peoples and build bridges that enable the dialogue and cooperation needed to address global problems. Regarding the field of education, there are several ongoing projects between our two countries: A joint Action Plan was signed by the foreign ministers of Greece and Poland in November 2017. Since December 2021 a bilateral cooperation agreement in the fields of culture, sports science, education, youth and media, came into effect.

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Moreover, the inauguration of the Polish Archaeological Institute in Athens that took place at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens on October 2021, in an official ceremony attended by the then Polish Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Szymon Szynkowski vel Sęk was a great achievement. Departments of Greek studies operate in Polish universities, for example, in the Universities of Warsaw, Toruń, Poznań, Kraków, Wrocław. Very important work is being done as well at the Interdisciplinary Research Institute of the University of Warsaw (Ośrodek Badań nad Tradycją Antyczną OBTA), where there is a laboratory of Greek studies with a threeyear undergraduate and a two-year postgraduate program. Last, but not least, there is a large-scale exchange of professors, students and pupils between the two countries, in the framework of the European program ERASMUS.

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Greece has recently announced the country will support Ukraine to train Ukrainian pilots to fly F-16 jet fighters comes after Greece raised its concerns about Turkey’s F-16 request. How can public diplomacy shape the perception of security and defence affairs internationally and regionally?

Public Diplomacy is a “soft power” type of diplomacy aiming to advance a country’s image abroad in several policy domains, promoting the country’s positions. It is only in recent years that public diplomacy gained more attention and became the most important soft power tool. Public diplomacy is vital to any foreign policy strategy, as it can help build trust, influence opinions, foster dialogue and cooperation, and counter misinformation and hostility. In this context, Greece must and does invest in public diplomacy. //Greece is involved in Ukraine in many ways. In addition to joining the G7 Joint

Declaration for Ukraine, Greece undertakes a leadership role within the EU in favour of Ukraine, through the Athens Summit Declaration on the European perspective of Ukraine. Furthermore, as we have already announced, there will also be humanitarian aid and material support for Ukraine. We will also provide the necessary assistance for the training of Ukrainian pilots in F-16 fighter aircraft, in which our country possesses high expertise. Wherever and however possible, Greece will be present in this unjust war against Ukraine. Regarding Turkey, over the past few months, we’ve been working on improving our relationship with Turkey. Unfortunately, there has been a lot of crisis and hostility between our countries in recent years. However, we now have a good opportunity for positive change. Both of our countries recently had elections, resulting in new governments with strong mandates. This is a great opportunity to start a dialogue and improve our relationship. The first step towards this goal is to maintain calmness and tranquility 3/2023

Interview in the Aegean Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean for as long as possible. After the devastating earthquakes in Turkey last February, we came together to help each other. This experience was a reset for our relationship and we need to continue building on this progress. We plan to implement a series of mutually beneficial measures between our countries. It’s essential to raise awareness of common challenges that require joint forces.// Public Diplomacy helps to create longterm relationships with others through the medium of excellent communication. It helps the government to create healthy and cordial relationships among different states. In this way, Public Diplomacy enhances national security by expanding and strengthening the relationship between peoples and states worldwide. We should not forget that people in our advanced societies demand transparency and truth. Public Diplomacy meets these exigencies and strengthens the feeling of security in public opinion. Poland and Greece have distinct historical narratives and geopolitical contexts. How do these factors influence the way they conduct public diplomacy, and are there any instances where these differences have led to diplomatic challenges?

Allow me to disagree with this statement. Yes, we may be in different geostrategic spheres, but we share similar historical background. We both have had a glorious past of fights and wars which we fought fiercely and patriotically, we have achieved great historic victories and mainly we have always lived next to a bigger neighbor. This is why I personally see many similarities between our two peoples. We both have tradition and pride rooted to our genes

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and we both have a great love for our respective countries. Greece is a key regional power in South-Eastern Europe and Eastern Mediterranean, the same as Poland is a significant player in the Eastern Europe. Our geopolitical views may indeed vary, but on the other hand, our countries share common challenges, like security and stability in Europe, the response to new, hybrid threats, the well-being of our citizens in an ever changing environment, the mitigation of climate change. Therefore, the two countries share common strategic interests. The above-mentioned factors certainly affect and often determine the way our countries conduct public diplomacy, in order to support our foreign policy’ s goals and objectives, the advancement of our national interests, and the enhancement of our national security. Can you share insights into how Greece approach public diplomacy in different regions of the world? Do they tailor their strategies based on the specific cultural and political contexts of those regions?

As I said earlier, our experts read and analyze the audiences and adapt the messages we want to communicate accordingly. After all, this is the essence of exercising soft power, to “capture the hearts and minds of the audiences”. Greece always aspires in promoting its culture and civilization across the globe. In most regions of the world Greece has had a long-lasting presence, not only through its ancient history and legacy but also through its Diaspora. The Greek Diaspora is estimated at more than 5 million people in approximately 140 countries. As you understand, Greece has a comparative advantage as it is no

Foreign Affairs – Greek Perspective

stranger to almost every country. At this point, I would also like to highlight the efforts of the Government of Prime Minister Mitsotakis in engaging more with the Greek Diaspora in order to assist them through initiatives such as “My Consul Live”, an online tool to facilitate their consular needs, or their participation in the national elections this year. Our Embassy in Warsaw was one of the electoral centers abroad and personally I feel honoured to be the first Greek Ambassador in Poland to have assisted the Greeks living here to vote for their homeland’s government. And, of course, the Diaspora’s active engagement in promoting Greece’s image in their local communities is of utmost assistance and importance and we cannot thank them enough for this. How has the concept of “soft power” been integrated into the public diplomacy strategies of Greece? What elements of their culture, values, and policies do they emphasize to attract positive attention from other countries?

Greece since ancient times, has upheld the values of democracy, justice, and the rule of law. In recent years our priorities

have been to promote International Law and Human Rights in all parts of the world. It is not a coincidence that Greece is a pillar of stability in the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean. It is a choice that Greece has made for decades now, honouring its values and priorities. We believe in promoting and respecting International Law and Human Rights and the importance of dialogue and peaceful resolution of differences. These are values that honour mankind and know no borders. Greece has a vast history and culture that has influenced arts, science, literature, philosophy across nations and centuries. That being said, we try to build on Greece’s essential values. There are many initiatives jointly with the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Tourism that are being applied and we hope that these will be multiplied. Greece has always been a beacon of culture and civilization, of cooperation and democracy and will continue to act as such.

Katja-Elisabeth Herrmann 10 December 2023

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European Union's Diplomatic Push: The Rapid Advancement in Engagement with Central Asia Amit Kumar and Katarzyna Czerewacz-Filipowicz Introduction

Against the backdrop of significant geopolitical events unfolding across various regions, including the Taliban’s capture of the Kabul Presidential Palace with Hibatullah Akhunzada exercising governance from Kandahar, the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine with implications for Eurasian security, Iran’s full membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the growing concerns of potential conflict in the South China Sea, the geopolitical landscape of Central Asian Republics (CARs) has regained prominence for the European Union (EU). These developments have propelled China and Russia to the forefront in shaping 30

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the affairs of Central Asia, the Middle East and South Asia, exerting influence over a substantial portion of Eurasia. In contrast, Western nations are collectively losing ground regarding their diplomatic outreach efforts. Moreover, CARs’ strategic autonomy and assets are now under threat. In light of these circumstances, the proactive measures undertaken by the EU assume great importance. The EU must support and assist CARs, enabling them to maintain their multilateral foreign policy approach and safeguard their strategic autonomy and assets. This approach necessitates creating space for these nations to grow and develop

European Union's Diplomatic Push: The Rapid Advancement in Engagement with Central Asia

independently, reducing their reliance on China and Russia’s shadowy influence. Why is the EU accelerating its diplomatic engagement?

invests heavily in various sectors. Concerns arise over debt burdens on CARs and the potential loss of strategic autonomy and assets.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, CARs witnessed the influential roles of Russia and China. Russia has historically dominated the region, providing security and holding economic power. However, doubts about Russia’s security capabilities have yet to emerge, and its economic decline has created an opportunity for China to fill the void. China’s expanded diplomatic outreach aims to address security concerns in Xinjiang and promote the Belt and Road Initiative. Russia and China have established a cooperative hegemony1, with Russia focusing on military-political aspects while China

The ascent of the Taliban in Afghanistan, bolstered by solid Chinese influence, signifies a significant shift towards authoritarian governance in the region. Furthermore, Iran’s recent full membership2 in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) adds to the geopolitical implications. Despite international sanctions imposed on the Taliban, Iran, and Russia, China has adeptly facilitated arrangements that allow them to evade restrictions and promote an authoritarian culture, threatening liberal norms in the region. This development also conveys to the United

J. Šćepanović, The sheriff and the banker? Russia and China in central Asia, War on the Rocks (June, 2022), https://warontherocks.com/2022/06/thesheriff-and-the-banker-russia-and-china-in-centralasia/. DOA: 07.12.2023.

Iran in the SCO: The background, context, and relevance, The Indian Express (July 4, 2023) https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ everyday-explainers/iran-co-new-memberexplained-8741027/. DOA: 07.12.2023.

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States and the EU that these countries can transcend their isolation. In essence, these authoritarian states, as highlighted by Jonathan Fulton, have embraced an illiberal trajectory3 characterized by institutionalized cooperation and resilience. In 2022, CARs experienced political turmoil with violent protests4, coup attempts5, and repressive measures6. Governments were caught off guard by public reactions, leading to severe crackdowns. China’s mistreatment of Uyghur Muslims fueled anti-China sentiments. China aimed to improve its J. Fulton, Iran joining the SCO isn’t surprising. But Beijing’s promotion of illiberal norms in Eurasia should get more attention, Atlantic Council (July 13, 2023), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ iransource/iran-sco-china-bri-illiberal-norms/. DOA: 07.12.2023.

K. Krivosheev, Crises in Central Asia Belie the Region’s Ability to Democratize, Carneige Politika (July 13, 2023), https://carnegieendowment.org/ politika/87495. DOA: 07.12.2023.

Where are the Protests and Crackdowns in Central Asia Coming From?, United States Institute of Peace, https://www.usip.org/events/where-are-protests-andcrackdowns-central-asia-coming. DOA: 07.12.2023.

Central Asia: Violent Response to Protests Fuels Rights Violations, Human Rights Watch (January 12, 2023), https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/01/12/ central-asia-violent-response-protests-fuels-rightsviolations#:~:text=(Berlin%2C%20January%20 12%2C%202023,in%20its%20World%20Report%20 2023. DOA: 07.12.2023.

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image through the China-Central Asia Summit7 and investment deals. Russia’s aggression in Ukraine prompted CARs to reassess their security reliance. Many in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan blame8 Russia for the ongoing war, seeing Ukraine as a victim of its expansionist ambitions. This shifting sentiment, coupled with the political and security climate, compelled CARs to reconsider their foreign policy and presented an opportunity for the EU to increase its involvement in CARs. The evolving sentiment in Central Asia, influenced by the prevailing political and security landscape, has prompted regional states’ reevaluation of foreign policies. This provides the EU with a strategic opportunity to enhance its engagement with CARs, aiming to curtail the escalation of terrorism, extremism, and the expansion of authoritarianism. The wave of protests indicates that the Ch. Devonshire-Ellis, China-Central Asia Summit Results In Xi’an Declaration and Regional Trade & Investment Advances, Silk RoAD Briefing (May 22, 2023), https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/ news/2023/05/22/china-central-asia-summit-resultsin-xian-declaration-and-regional-trade-investmentadvances/. DOA: 07.12.2023.

M. Mirovalev , ‘I was naive about Russia’: Central Asians on the Ukraine war, Aljazeera (February 17, 2023), https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/17/ where-does-central-asia-stand-on-russia. DOA: 07.12.2023.

European Union's Diplomatic Push: The Rapid Advancement in Engagement with Central Asia populace is prepared and politically mature, demonstrating a readiness for democratic principles and values. How is the EU accelerating its diplomatic engagement?

The EU is accelerating its engagement with Central Asia through increased highlevel visits and leveraging its expertise in various sectors. The European Union (EU) has exhibited a discernible upswing in its frequency of high-level regional visits since 2022, signifying a sustained commitment. These visits encompass numerous commissioners, defence ministers, foreign ministers, and prime ministers representing EU member states. On 2 June 20239, the President of the European Council, Charles Michel, visited. This trend emphasizes the EU’s invigorated approach to strengthening relations with Central Asian counterparts. Since 2019, the EU has implemented a strategy10 for Central Asia emphasizing comprehensive, sustainable, and connectivity, cooperation for peace and security in Afghanistan, and regional integration. The EU has become a reliable partner for connectivity, trade, and investment in the CARs, while the CARs provide the EU with access to critical raw materials and strategic links. The EU has allocated $150 million11 from 2021 to 2024 for regional cooperation and integration. It Remarks by President Charles Michel following the European Council meeting of 29 and 30 June 2023, European Council (June 30, 2023), https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/pressreleases/2023/06/30/remarks-by-president-charlesmichel-following-the-european-council-meeting-of29-and-30-june-2023/. DOA: 07.12.2023.

10 Study on sustainable transport connections with Central Asia, European Commission (June 30, 2023), https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/ international-relations/study-sustainable-transportconnections-central-asia_en. DOA: 07.12.2023. 11 A. Wani, EU’s expanding engagement in Central Asia to counter Russia and China, Observer Research Foundation (July 14, 2023), http://20.244.136.131/ expert-speak/eus-expanding-engagement-in-centralasia. DOA: 07.12.2023.

prioritizes funding for digital connectivity, energy projects, and cross-border cargo movement improvements. The CARs actively promote paperless information and e-logistic platforms to enhance trade and investment with the EU. Regarding security, the EU and CARs share concerns about the deteriorating situation in Afghanistan, human rights, counterterrorism, and inclusive governance in Kabul. Central Asia-based terrorist groups, such as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and the Islamic Jihad Union (IJU), as well as the potential spillover from the Af-Pak region, pose security challenges for the EU and the CARs. The EU Parliament is considering a more security-oriented stance through mechanisms like the Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP)12 or other monitoring and training missions. This reflects the shared recognition of the severe consequences of terrorism, conflict, and forced migration and their impact on the entire region, including the EU. Conclusion

Central Asia has once again become a battleground for ideological influence, with China and Russia currently outpacing the EU in terms of investment and security partnerships. However, there is growing optimism as public sentiments in the CARs shift away from the East and towards the West. China has adopted a different approach by exporting its repressive tactics and supporting authoritarian regimes in the region, solidifying its influence through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). One significant drawback of the SCO is the absence of a robust human 12 O. Krentz, Common security and defence policy, European Parliament (October, 2023) https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/ en/sheet/159/common-security-and-defencepolicy#:~:text=The%20CSDP%20is%20the%20 main,strengthen%20international%20peace%20 and%20security. DOA: 07.12.2023.

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rights framework and a clear definition of Terrorism and Acts of Terrorism, allowing governments to take excessive measures to suppress domestic protests. This lack of consensus enables autocratic governments to operate beyond political norms. In political scientist Jessica Chen Weiss’s words13, China is actively promoting an alternative to liberal standards, seeking to establish a world that favours autocracy. CARs find themselves at a crossroads, navigating the influence of Russia and China while striving to maintain their strategic autonomy and assets. In an effort to diversify their foreign policy and reduce dependence on neighbouring powers, CARs have reached out14 to the European Union (EU) for active engagement. EU visits to CARs differ markedly from China’s exhibitionism, offering a more subdued yet continuous approach. 13 J. Ch. Weiss, A World Safe for Autocracy? China’s Rise and the Future of Global Politics, Foreign Affairs (July/August, 2019), http://www.jessicachenweiss. com/uploads/3/0/6/3/30636001/weiss_2019_fa_a_ world_safe_for_autocracy.pdf. DOA: 07.12.2023. 14 A. Matveeva, A New Opening for EU–Central Asia Relations?, Carnegie Europe (April 13, 2023), https://carnegieeurope.eu/2023/04/13/new-openingfor-eu-central-asia-relations-pub-89454.

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Leveraging the EU’s global leadership in renewable technology, trade, peacebuilding, regional integration, and societal development, these visits come with significant policy instruments attached. As China and Russia support authoritarian leaders in suppressing dissent, CARs populace aspires to democratic institutionbuilding, human rights protection, and socio-economic and political reforms. The EU’s involvement presents an alternative path, emphasizing inclusive governance and sustainable development. By supporting CARs in their pursuit of democratic values, the EU can shape the region’s future trajectory, countering the sway of illiberal forces and fostering a more balanced regional dynamic.

Amit Kumar, Katarzyna Czerewacz-Filipowicz 10 December 2023

Author Biographies Liliana Śmiech graduated in International Business from the Cracow University of Economics, in Energy Studies at the Warsaw School of Economics, in Energy Within Environmental Constraints at HarvardX and in Energy Economics and Policy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. President of the think tank Warsaw Institute. Scholarship holder of the Japanese government programme MIRAI Politics&Security. Co-author of the report “Energy Poverty – Situation of Households in 2021”. She has gained professional experience in the European Parliament and in major multinational corporations. Her main interests are energy transition, sustainable development and geopolitics. Privately, she is a sailor, beekeeper, judge and artistic gymnastics coach. p. 13

Katja-Elisabeth Herrmann works as a research fellow at the Warsaw Institute. She graduated with an MA in Transatlantic Affairs from the College of Europe (Warsaw, Poland) and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, cross-registering as a student at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government (Boston, MA). Additionally, Katja-Elisabeth holds a BA in International Relations and International Organizations, which she combined with a degree in International and European Law (LLB) from the University of Groningen. Her research is mainly devoted to transatlantic security and defense topics, particularly emerging and disruptive technologies. She was recently awarded the Squire Patton Boggs Foundation public policy fellowship in 2022 to conduct research on U.S. domestic politics and the Three Seas Initiative. She is also interested in cybersecurity and crisis management. She recently presented her research at the Fletcher School on semiconductor technologies’ political and industrial landscape in the U.S. and the EU. She will continue her research, focusing on the

challenges and opportunities for military procurement for NATO allies. p. 23

Patrycja Sokołowska graduated with an MA in National Security at the Military University of Technology in Warsaw, specializing in euro-atlantic security. Additionally, she holds a BA in International Security and Diplomacy from the War Studies University (Warsaw, Poland).Communication & Promotion Specialist at the Warsaw Institute. She is an Editor in Chief at The Warsaw Institute Review quarterly, too. In June 2023, defended her diploma thesis entitled: “NATO deterrence startegy”. Her main area of interest are the security of the Euro-Atlantic area, geopolitics and public diplomacy. She gained professional experience during internships held by government administration institution, as well as private corporation and NGOs. p. 7

Amit Kumar is a doctoral candidate with a specialization in China studies at the Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India. In addition, he is an Adjunct Researcher at The MirYam Institute in New York. He also works as an Associate Editor for The Defence Horizon Journal in Austria. p. 30

Katarzyna CzerewaczFilipowicz, Ph.D., DSc, is an Associated Professor and Director at the Institute of Management and Quality Science, Bialystok University of Technology. Her research focuses on regionalism, international processes of integration in Europe, Asia, and Africa, energy relations, BRI logistics, and economic impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. She has authored numerous papers and led various scientific projects, including research grant No. 2011/03/B/ HS4/05930 funded by the Polish National Science Centre. p. 30

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