The Way Home Migratory Fishway Design ------------------------------------------------------------Wei DING MLA Y1 MODULE: BARC0118 - Landscape Design III PRACTICE TUTOR: Ana Abram & Maj Plemenitas
INTRODUCTION The Yangtze River is a river of life which spans half of China. It is not only a habitat for living things, but also the birthplace of civilization. However, in the past few decades, people have built dozens of hydroelectric power stations on the Yangtze River to obtain electricity. The establishment of the dam cut off the ecological corridor of the Yangtze River, and many migratory fish cannot cross the dam to multiply and are on the verge of extinction. The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River is the largest hydroelectric power station in the world. However, it has no fish migration channels. After the dam was closed, many fish spawning grounds disappeared, and the hydrological processes, riverbed erosion, and wetland patterns have changed. When solving the ecological crisis of migratory fish, how to make the fish overrun the dam has become the most urgent problem to be solved. The dam blocks the biological corridor. As the largest dam, the Three Gorges Dam is the worthiest of solution; and the Chinese sturgeon, as the largest migratory fish and one of the most endangered fish in the Yangtze River Basin, is the worthiest of focus. This project focuses on the migratory fishway design. This fishway project not only considered the topographic design, but also considered the engineering design and planting design. The object of the design is not only migratory fish, but also the residents of the Three Gorges Reservoir area, in order to achieve the goal of harmonious coexistence between human and nature. The project focused on the protection of migratory fish and proposed a strategy of establishing fishways around the dam. This strategy can also be applied to other dams, interacting with other fishways, and re-establish the ecological corridors of the Yangtze River basin.
01 HYDROPOWER STATIONS DEEPGROUND LAYERS DEEPGROUND MODELS
EVOLUTION OF ENDANGERED FISH IN CHINA DISTRIBUTION OF ENDANGERED FISH IN THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN MIGRATION ROUTES LIFECYCLE OF CHINESE STURGEON NATIVE PLANTS COMMUNITIES PLANT PALLETTE - SHRUB & HERB & VINE PLANT PALLETE - TREES
03 SITE LOCATION LAND ADAPTABILITY EVALUATION
SITE ANALYSIS
THREE STEPS OF THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN
DISTRIBUTION OF ENDANGERED FISH IN CHINA
BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN
BACKGROUND
SITE LOCATION
02
CONTENTS 04 SECTION ALONG THE FISHWAY SYSTEM
SLICE MODEL - RESTING POOL SLICE MODEL - FISHWAY IN THE FORESTS SLICE MODEL - FISHWAY NEAR THE RESIDENTIAL AREA SLICE MODEL - FISHWAY ON TEH TERRACED FARMLAND SENARIO
DEEP DESIGN SITE LOCATION 01 ESTRAURY 02 RIVERS ON THE TERRACED FARMLANDS 03 RESTING POOL 04 RIVERS IN THE FORESTS
07 DEEPGROUND LAYERS TERRAIN DESIGN EROSION
LANDSCAPE SYSTEMS
MASTERPLAN
RIVERBANK DESIGN
06 DESIGN PROPOSAL
FOUR TYPES OF FISHWAY
THE EFFECT OF THE BOULDER ON WATER FLOW
FISHWAY DESIGN
POTENTIAL FISHWAY
DESIGN STRATEGY
SHIP PASSES ON THE THREE GORGES DAM
05
01 BACKGROUND SITE LOCATION / THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN / THREE STEPS OF THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN / HYDROPOWER STATIONS / DEEPGROUND LAYERS / DEEPGROUND MODELS /
/ SITE LOCATION
SITE LOCATION 长江 The Yangze River The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, with a total length of more than 6,300km. It runs through China from west to east. Its annual runoff accounts for 37.7% of China's total runoff. It is the mother river of China, and it is an organic whole composed of main stream, tributary and attached lakes. It contains unique and diverse biological resources and provides people with abundant aquatic products. There are more than 400 species of fish in the Yangtze River Basin, including 350 species of freshwater fish and 156 species of fish unique to the Yangtze River. However, the increasing demand of people has led to overfishing in open waters, and the number of fish in the Yangtze River is decreasing. The overall elevation difference from the source of the Yangtze River to the estuary is more than 4000m, which makes the Yangtze River rich in hydropower resources. Over the past few decades, many hydroelectric power stations have been established in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, dismembering the upper reaches of the Yangtze River to pieces. The ecological corridor of the Yangtze River has been cut off, many species are on the verge of extinction, and biodiversity is facing an unprecedented crisis.
LENGTH: 6300km HEIGHT DIFFERENCE: 4000m DRAINAGE AREA: 1800000 km²
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On the whole, compared with water pollution and overfishing, dams on the Yangtze River have caused more severe habitat destruction to the organisms in the Yangtze River Basin.
/ THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN
DOWNSTREAM MIDSTREAM
UPSTREAM
THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN
MIDSTREAM ——————————————————— The midstream of the Yangtze River is 955km long, with a drainage area of 680,000 km². The flow rate of the river decreases and the river widens.
Regional characteristics of the Yangtze River The Yangtze River originates from the Tanggula Mountains and flows from west to east into the East China Sea. It straddles China's three-tiered landform, and the upstream, midstream and downstream have obvious regional characteristics.
UPSTREAM ——————————————————— The upstream of the Yangtze River is 4504 km long, accounting for 70.4% of the total length of the Yangtze River, and it controls a drainage area of 1,000,000 km². The river has a wide range of sections, deep canyons, and rapid water flow. The river has abundant potential energy, which is conducive to the construction of hydroelectric power stations.
DOWNSTREAM ——————————————————— The downstream of the Yangtze River is 938 km long and covers an area of 120,000 km². This section of the river has a low flow rate and a wide river, forming a large area of delta at the mouth of the sea.
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/ THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN
THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN The Yangze River is China'a mother river The Yangtze River is China's mother river. She originated from the "roof of the world"-the southwest side of Geladandong Peak of Tanggula Mountain in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Her main stream traverses central China from west to east, located between 90° 33′～ 122° 25′ east longitude and 24° 30′～ 35° 45′ north latitude, and flows through Qinghai Province, Tibet Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province, Yunnan Province, Chongqing City, Hubei Province, Hunan Province, Jiangxi Province, Anhui Province, Jiangsu Province, Shanghai City, a total of 11 provincial-level administrative regions, inject into the East China Sea east of Chongming Island, with a total length of 6,387 km, second only to Africa in the length of the largest rivers in the world The Nile River and the Amazon River in South America rank third in the world. The upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River have a large topographical drop, rapid water flow and abundant potential energy. In the past few decades, dozens of hydroelectric power stations have been established in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Construction activities have prompted population migration, among which the Three Gorges Dam, the largest hydroelectric power station on the Yangtze River, has caused the migration of more than 1.4 million people. At the same time, the completion of the hydroelectric power station cut off the ecological corridor of the Yangtze River, and the fish that once migrated between the Yangtze River and the ocean were on the verge of extinction. The dams on the Yangtze River changed the ecological pattern of the Yangtze River, causing the ecology of the Yangtze River waters to continue to deteriorate and biological resources to decline sharply. The ecological crisis of the Yangtze River needs to be resolved urgently.
JINSHA RIVER
HUMAN MIGRAT HISTORY
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YALONG RIVER
HANNJIANG RIVER
MINJIANG RIVER
JIALING RIVER
WUJIANG RIVER
DONNGTING LAKE POYANG LAKE
TION IN
HUMAN MIGRATION IN HISTORY
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/ THREE STEPS OF THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN
THE FIRST STEP The Tibetan Plateau
THE SECOND STEP The Loess Plateau
THE THIRD STEP The Middle-lower Yangtze Plains
THREE STEPS 三级阶梯 The Yangtze River Basin has an obvious three-tiered terrain The topography of the Yangtze River Basin is high in the west and low in the east, forming a three-level huge ladder. The first step is composed of the southern Qinghai and western Sichuan plateaus and the Hengduan mountainous area, and the general elevation is 3500~5000m. The second step is the Qinba Mountains of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the Sichuan Basin and the Eqian Mountains, and the general elevation is 500-2000m. The third step is composed of Huaiyang mountains, Jiangnan hills and the plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the general elevation is below 500m. There are many types of landforms in the basin, including mountains, hills, basins, plateaus and plains.
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/ HYDROPOWER STATIONS LEGEND
HYDROPOWER STATIONS 三峡大坝 Three Gorges Dam The rich elevation difference in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River has brought about active construction of hydroelectric power stations. Over the past few decades, hundreds of dams have been built in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the largest of which is the Three Gorges Dam. The annual output of the Three Gorges Dam can reach 20,000,000 kw, making it the largest hydroelectric power station in the world. While the Three Gorges Dam brings energy to human society, it cuts off the important ecological c o r r i d o r s of t h e Ya n g t z e R i ve r, a n d m a n y organisms are on the verge of extinction.
from upstream to downstream hydropower stations / annual generation capacity Wenbo Hydropower Station / 60*10³kW Munengda Hydropower Station / 220*10³kW Geni Hydropower Station / 220*10³kW Muluo Hydropower Station / 160*10³kW Renda Hydropower Station / 400*10³kW Linda Hydropower Station / 144*10³kW Lean Hydropower Station / 99*10³kW Xinlong Hydropower Station / 220*10³kW Gongke Hydropower Station / 380*10³kW Jiaxi Hydropower Station / 360*10³kW Lianghekou Hydropower Station / 3000*10³kW Yagen I Lianghekou Hydropower Station / 260*10³kW Yagen II Hydropower Station / 1080*10³kW Lenggu Hydropower Station / 2575*10³kW Mengdigou Hydropower Station / 2400*10³kW Yangfanggou Hydropower Station / 1500*10³kW Kala Hydropower Station / 1080*10³kW Jingping I Hydropower Station / 3600*10³kW Jingping II Hydropower Station / 4800*10³kW Guandi Hydropower Station / 2400*10³kW Ertan Hydropower Station / 3300*10³kW Tongzilin Hydropower Station / 600*10³kW The Three Gorges Hydropower Station / 20,000*10³kW
WATER SYSTEM _________________ The Yangtze River has many tributaries
RIVER BASIN SCOPE _________________ The Yangtze River flows from west to east
RIVER BASIN BOUNDARY _________________ The river basin is broad
TERRAIN _________________ The terrain is high in the weat and low in the east
ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY _________________ The Yangtze River spans 19 provinces
RESIDENTIAL AREA _________________ Civiliazation has developed along the Yangtze River
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/ DEEPGROUND LAYERS
DEEPGROUND LAYERS Geological structure of the Yangtze River Basin
地质结构 Deepground layers have affected both landform changes and biological evolution.
The landforms on the earth are formed by the movement of plates. The plate movement in the geological historical period not only reshaped the landform on a regional scale, but also had a huge impact on the climate pattern. This change has had an incalculable and profound impact on the occurrence, development and evolution of flora and fauna. The analysis of deepground can not only understand the formation of the Yangtze River, but also has important significance for the evolution and extinction of the Yangtze River species.
Geological layers of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River
Sedimentary rocks Shale Sandstones Limestones Mineral Granite
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/ DEEPGROUND MODELS Sedimentary rocks
Sandstones
沉积岩 ___________________
砂岩 ___________________
CAUSE: Crustal development, rock weathering
CAUSE: Consolidated by various sand grains
STRUCTURE: N/A
STRUCTURE: N/A
Limestones
Schist formation
石灰岩 ___________________
片岩 ___________________
CAUSE: Biological deposition, chemical deposition and secondary
CAUSE: The product of regional deterioration
STRUCTURE: Detrital structure and grain structure
Shale
Limestone formation
页岩 ___________________
石灰岩形成层 ___________________
CAUSE: Clay deposits under pressure and temperature
CAUSE: Biological deposition, chemical deposition and secondary
STRUCTURE: Have thin-sheet or lamellar joints
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STRUCTURE: Fragmentary structure
STRUCTURE: Detrital structure and grain structure
Composite rocks
Granite
复合岩 ___________________
花岗岩 ___________________
CAUSE: Composite causes
CAUSE: Acid invasion
STRUCTURE: Composite structures
STRUCTURE: N/A
Sedimentary rocks
沉积岩
CAUSE: Crustal development, rock weathering STRUCTURE: N/A
Limestones
石灰岩
CAUSE: Biological deposition, chemical deposition and secondary STRUCTURE: Detrital structure and grain structure
Shale
页岩
CAUSE: Clay deposits under pressure and temperature STRUCTURE: Have thin-sheet or lamellar joints
Composite rocks
复合岩
CAUSE: Composite causes STRUCTURE: Composite structures
Sandstones
砂岩
CAUSE: Consolidated by various sand grains STRUCTURE: N/A
Schist formation
片岩
CAUSE: The product of regional deterioration STRUCTURE: Fragmentary structure
Limestone formation
石灰岩形成层
CAUSE: Biological deposition, chemical deposition and secondary STRUCTURE: Detrital structure and grain structure
Granite
花岗岩 CAUSE: Acid invasion STRUCTURE: N/A
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02 BIODIVERSITY CRISIS DISTRIBUTION OF ENDANGERED FISH IN CHINA / EVOLUTION OF ENDANGERED FISH IN CHINA / DISTRIBUTION OF ENDANGERED FISH IN THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN / MIGRATION ROUTES / LIFECYCLE OF CHINESE STURGEON / NATIVE PLANTS COMMUNITIES / PLANT PALLETTE - SHRUB & HERB & VINE / PLANT PALLETE - TREES /
/ DISTRIBUTION OF ENDANGERED FISH IN CHINA
Haihe Lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Irrawaddy Coastal Rivers of Guangdong and Guangxi Yarlung Zangbo River Red River Heilongjiang, Tumen River Liao River, Yalu River Nujiang Qiantang River, Min River Hainan Island The middle and lower reaches of the Pearl River TAIWAN Island Rivers and lakes in Xinjiang The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Middle and Lower Yangtze River Lancang River Upper Pearl River Upper Yangtze River
VULNERABLE ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED
DISTRIBUTION OF ENDANGERED FISH IN CHINA The hydroelectric power stations on the Yangtze River cut off the biological corridor and caused ecological damage in the Yangtze River Basin. The creatures in the Yangtze River are on the verge of extinction. The most affected organisms are the migratory fish in the Yangtze River. There are no fish passages around the dams on the Yangtze River, and migratory fish cannot surpass the dams to spawn. The survival and reproduction of fish have been hit unprecedentedly. The fish populations and numbers in the Yangtze River have decreased significantly year by year.
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/ EVOLUTION OF ENDANGERED FISH IN CHINA
EVOLUTION OF ENDANGERED FISH IN CHINA Fish have interacted with the environment during billions of years of evolution. In the course of evolution, fish formed different ways of reproduction. The way of reproduction determines the specific place where fish inhabit and multiply. In order to adapt to different habitat requirements for habitat and reproduction, some of the fish have formed a migratory habit. However, with the establishment of dams for decades, migratory fish cannot reach the spawning ground smoothly, and the environment has changed rapidly and drastically, making them endangered before they can evolve to adapt to the environment.
01 | STICKY EGGS
02 | SINKING EGGS
03 | FLOATING EGGS
Eggs cling to gravel and water plants to hatch.
Eggs sink into the gravel to hatch.
Eggs float on the water to hatch. Eggs drift with the water to hatch.
04 | DRIFTING EGGS
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/ DISTRIBUTION OF ENDANGERED FISH IN THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN
Diptychus kazuakovi —————————— Length: 157~187mm Weight: N/A Reproductive season: N/A Conservation status: N/A
Schizothorax dolichonema ——————————————— Length: 71~329mm Weight: 3.0~4.0kg Reproductive season: N/A Conservation status: EN
Liobagrus marginatus ——————————— Length: 111~150mm Weight: N/A Reproductive season: N/A Conservation status: EN
Hucho bleekeri ——————————— Length: 418~510mm Weight: 0.5~2.5kg Reproductive season: Mar. Conservation status: EN
Euchiloglanis davidi —————————— Length: 113~149mm Weight: N/A Reproductive season: Jun.~Jul. Conservation status: N/A
DISTRIBUTION OF ENDANGERED FISH 濒危鱼类分布 The distribution of endangered fish in the Yangtze River Basin can be calculated by using geographic information data system. Most endangered fish are distributed in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, because many dams have been built in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Among all the endangered fish, the fish with the largest size, the highest ecological niche, and the most valued fish is the Chinese sturgeon. Chinese sturgeon is a first-class protected animal in China, but it is on the brink of extinction due to the construction of a dam on the Yangtze River and other reasons. This project mainly focuses on the protection of Chinese sturgeon, setting up fish migration channels on the Yangtze River dam.
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Percocypris pingi ——————————— Length: 110~380mm Weight: 1.0~3.0kg Reproductive season: May.~Jun. Conservation status: VU
Pareuchiloglanis sinensis ————————————— Length: 113~132mm Weight: N/A Reproductive season: N/A Conservation status: EN
Zacco chengtui ————————— Length: 55~150mm Weight: N/A Reproductive season: N/A Conservation status: VU Leptobotia elongata ——————————— Length: 119~258mm Weight: 0.5~3.0kg Reproductive season: N/A Conservation status: VU
Schizothorax grahami ————————————— Length: 234mm Weight: N/A Reproductive season: N/A Conservation status: VU Semilabeo notabilis ——————————— Length: 203mm Weight: N/A Reproductive season: N/A Conservation status: VU
Liobagrus kingi ——————————— Length: 105~108mm Weight: N/A Reproductive season: N/A Conservation status: EN
Myxocyprinus asiaticus ————————————— Length: 155~1134mm Weight: 10.5~30.0kg Reproductive season: N/A Conservation status: VU
Acipenser dabryanus ——————————————— Length: 230~1300mm Weight: 4.0~10.0kg Reproductive season: Feb.~Apr. Conservation status: EN Procypris rabaudi —————————— Length: 137~65mm Weight: 0.2~1.0kg Reproductive season: Feb.~Apr, Conservation status: VU
Psephurus gladius ——————————————— Length: 350~3000mm Weight: N/A Reproductive season: Mar.~Apr. Conservation status: CR
Xenocypris yunnanensis ————————————— Length: 118~205mm Weight: N/A Reproductive season: May.~Jun. Conservation status: EN
Acipenser sinensis Luciobrama macrocephalus ——————————————— Length: 200~1060mm Weight: 40~50kg Reproductive season: May.~Jun. Conservation status: VU
中华鲟 Chinese sturgeon ————————————— Length: Weight: Reproductive season: Conservation status:
250~4000mm 50.0~300.0kg Oct.~Nov. EN
Spawning requirements: Water temperature: Sand content: Flow velocity: Transparency: PH: Dissolved oxygen: Water depth:
18.0-20.5 0.715-0.915 kg/m³ 2.2-2.6 m/s 4-6 cm 8 9.2 m/L 5-19.8 m
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/ LIFECYCLE OF CHINESE STURGEON
/ MIGRATION ROUTES
ANADROMOUS MIGRATION Fish migrate from the sea up into fresh water to spawn.
growth
SALMO SALAR MORONE SAXATILIS
5 | Under the condition of water temperature of 17-18℃ , the fertilized eggs hatch for about 5-6 days and nights, and start feeding after about 12-14 days.
ACIPENSER SINENSIS
The dams prevent migrations of fish, making them hard to spawn. Chinese sturgeon has been greatly negatively affected and has become a critically endangered species.
CATADROMOUS MIGRATION Fish migrate from fresh water down into the sea to spawn.
spawn
ANGUILLA JAPONICA ANGUILLA MARMORATA
The dams prevent migrations of fish.
MIGRATION BETWEEN RIVERS AND LAKES Fish migrate from rivers to lakes to spawn.
MYLOPHARYNGODON PICEUS CTENOPHARYNGODON IDELLA HYPOPHTHALMICHTHYS MOLITRIX spawn
growth
growth HYPOPHTHALMICHTHYS NOBILIS
Fish migrate between rivers and lakes. Their range is relatively small, so they are not affected by the dam.
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4-1 | After the gonad spawn from mid-Oct the following fall,
2 | When the male is 9-22 years old, the body length is 1.7-2.4 m; Females reach sexual maturity when they are 16 to 20 years old and 2.4 to 3.1 m in length. The individuals that begin to mature enter rivers from the sea in July to August
1 | The young sturgeon grow to about 15 cm and leave the Yangtze River and enter the sea.
ds mature, the sturgeon tober to mid-November in
3 | Sturgeon habitat in fresh water for a year the gonad development gradually completed, during this period of the basic stop feeding.
4-2 | Postpartum parents quickly leave the spawning grounds and return to the ocean. Mature Chinese sturgeons produce eggs every 5~7 years.
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/ NATIVE PLANTS COMMUNITIES
NATIVE PLANTS COMMUNITIES
Community. Miscanthus lutarioriparius
本土植物群落
4.0m
The object of research and design is plant communities, not species
In the Three Gorges Basin, due to the long-term effects of seasonal floods, lush wetland plants grow here. When researching wetland vegetation, it is more suitable to use communities as research objects than to use species as research objects. Wetland vegetation presents obvious population distribution, and different populations have their own distinct appearance characteristics and ecological functions. The wetland presents a clear community distribution according to the terrain. The dominant species in the community are mostly grasses. There are interactions between different species, and the symbiotic community status of multiple gramineous plants is a major feature here. Therefore, the research and application of plants in this place is more based on the community rather than the species. The following are the most common plant communities in the Three Gorges Basin, which dominate the ecosystem here. The plant community has an obvious vertical hierarchical structure, and each community has dominant species. Different plant communities have different vertical hierarchical structures and dominant species.
南荻 Miscanthus lutarioriparius
0.8m 0.3m
Miscanthus lutarioriparius Phragmites australis Miscanthus sinensis
Oenanthe javanica Carex brevicuspis Carex dispalata Carex remotiuscula Carex remotiuscula Polygonum hydropiper Medicago lupulina Astragalus sinicus Polygonum lapathifolium Cardamine lyrata Achyranthes bidentata Hemarthria sibirica Paederia foetida
Community. Miscanthus sinensis 3.0m
Miscanthus sinensis Miscanthus lutarioriparius Phragmites australis
2.0m
紫芒
1.0m
iscanthus sinensis 0.3m
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Carex remotiuscula Cardamine lyrata Cardamine hirsuta Oenanthe javanica Calystegia hederacea Carex dispalata Hemarthria sibirica
/ NATIVE PLANTS COMMUNITIES
Community. Carex remotiuscula 1.2m 1.0m
Community. Polygonum hydropiper Carex remotiuscula Carex dispalata Carex unisexualis Phragmites australis
红穗薹草 Carex remotiuscula
Polygonum hydropiper Carex dispalata Phalaris arundinacea Phragmites australis
0.8m
Carex brevicuspis Carex remotiuscula Cardamine lyrata Capsella bursapastoris Hemarthria sibirica
辣蓼 0.3m
Mazus pumilus Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Rorippa globosa Cardamine hirsuta Eleocharis quinqueflora
Community. Phalaris arundinacea 1.0m
Polygonum hydropiper
0.3m
Community. Paspalum distichum Phalaris arundinacea Phragmites australis
0.8m
0.8m
0.5m
虉草 Phalaris arundinacea
4.0m
0.3m
Cardamine lyrata Hemarthria sibirica Oenanthe javanica Carex dispalata Carex brevicuspis Paspalum distichum
Paspalum distichum Hemarthria sibirica Potentilla chinensis Cynodon dactylon Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Poa annua Cardamine lyrata
双穗雀稗 Paspalum distichum
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/ NATIVE PLANTS COMMUNITIES
Community. Artemisia selengensis 0.8m
藜蒿
Community. Carex brevicuspis Artemisia selengensis Oenanthe javanica Erigeron acris Polygonum hydropiper Phalaris arundinacea Rumex japonicus Phragmites australis
0.3m
0.5m
0.3m
短尖薹草
0.2m
Artemisia selengensis
Carex brevicuspis
Community. Hemarthria sibirica
Community. Carex unisexualis
0.3m
Hemarthria sibirica Erigeron acris Phragmites australis Miscanthus lutarioriparius Carex brevicuspis
0.3m
牛鞭草
单性薹草
Hemarthria sibirica
Carex unisexualis
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Carex brevicuspis Polygonum hydropiper Hemisteptia lyrata
Carex remotiuscula Cardamine lyrata
Carex unisexualis Polygonum lapathifolium Carex remotiuscula Astragalus sinicus Trigonotis peduncularis Potentilla chinensis Lobelia davidii
/ PLANT PALLETTE - SHRUB & HERB & VINE
5000 mm
Miscanthus lutarioriparius
5000 mm
Phragmites australis
Miscanthus sinensis
3000 mm
Carex remotiuscula
3000 mm
Carex dispalata
Carex unisexualis
Polygonum hydropiper
Phalaris arundinacea
1000 mm
1000 mm
Oenanthe javanica
Erigeron annuus
Cardamine hirsuta
Medicago lupulina
Astragalus sinicus
Polygonum lapathifolium
Cardamine lyrata
Achyranthes bidentata
Hemarthria sibirica
Paederia foetida
Ipomoea nil
Rumex japonicus
Gynostemma pentaphyllum
Trigonotis peduncularis
Calystegia hederacea
Paspalum distichum
Potentilla chinensis
Cynodon dactylon
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides
Poa annua
Carex brevicuspis
Artemisia selengensis
Erigeron acris
Juncus effusus
500 mm
Hemisteptia lyrata
500 mm
Lobelia davidii
Mazus pumilus
Rorippa globosa
Eleocharis quinquefora
Capsella bursa-pastoris
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/ PLANT PALLETE - TREES
PLANT PALLETE - TREES 本土速生林 Native fast-growing forests There are more than 5,000 kinds of plants in the Three Gorges Basin of the Yangtze River, and the research and application of trees are mainly focused on native fast-growing forests. After artificial seedling cultivation, the fast-growing forest has a short growth cycle, good material quality, and high afforestation survival rate. It is a suitable plant material for ecological restoration in the Yangtze River Basin.
池杉
水杉
Taxodium distichum Metasequoia glyptostroboides
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旱柳
枫杨
桤木
Salix masudana
Pterocarya stenoptera
Alnus remastogyne burk
桑树
苏柳
乌桕
喜树
杨树
重阳木
Morus alba
Salix babylonica
Sapium sebiferum
Camptotheca acuminata
Populus simonii
Bischofia polycarpa
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03 SITE ANALYSIS SITE LOCATION / LAND ADAPTABILITY EVALUATION /
/ SITE LOCATION SITE LOCATION - THE THREE GORGES DAM
SITE LOCATION The Three Gorges Dam is the largest dam in the Yangtze River The Three Gorges Dam is the largest dam in the Yangtze River Basin and the largest hydropower project in the world. The dam is 181 m high, 2335 m long, and has a normal water storage level of 175 m. It is equipped with 32 hydropower units with a single unit capacity of 700,000 kw. On July 4, 2012, the Three Gorges Dam was completely completed, becoming the world's largest hydroelectric power station and clean energy production base. There is no fish migration channel in the Three Gorges Dam. After the dam was closed, the spawning grounds of the four major home fishes in the Three Gorges reservoir area disappeared, but new spawning sites formed in the section above Jiangjin (Hejiang-Mituo section) at the end of the Three Gorges reservoir. The hydrological processes, riverbed erosion, and wetland patterns in the middle and lower reaches of the field have also changed to varying degrees. When solving the ecological crisis of migratory fish, how to make the fish overrun the dam has become the most urgent problem to be solved. The dam blocks the biological corridors. The Three Gorges Dam, as the dam with the longest length and the largest elevation difference between upstream and downstream, is the most worthy of solution. Taking the Three Gorges Dam as an example, the project proposed a strategy of establishing fish migration channels around the dam. This strategy can also be applied to other dams, interacting with other fish migration channels, and reopening the ecological corridors of the Yangtze River basin.
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VIEW FROM UPSTREAM TO DOWNSTREAM
VIEW FROM THE HILL TO THE RIVER
VIEW FROM DOWNSTREAM TO UPSTREAM
POWE
ER
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PO
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WE
PO
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PO W ER
R
WAT
FL
R
WE
O
PO
W BUILDING
BUILDING BUILDING BUILDING
M DA ES G R THE GO
M
BUILDING
ES
E RE
BUILDING
E
TH
DA
T IS UR O T
N IO CT A TR AT
JAR RIDG E SCEN IC SPOT
RG
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BUILDING BUILDING BUILDING
BUILDING
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/ LAND ADAPTABILITY EVALUATION Catchment
LAND ADAPTABILITY EVALUATION 土地适应性评价 In order to establish fish migration channels around the Three Gorges Dam, the site needs to be assessed first. Use geographic information system to analyze and evaluate the site. The most important factors influencing the establishment of fishway are: topography, catchment, villages and roads, floodplain areas, and slope and aspect.
Terrain
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Villages
Slope
FLOOD AREA
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/ LAND ADAPTABILITY EVALUATION
LAND ADAPTABILITY EVALUATION 土地适应性评价 Melaleuca analysis is used to superimpose the geographic information data obtained in the last step, and the land adaptability evaluation is obtained. On the right is the land adaptability evaluation map. The light purple on the image shows the most suitable place as a fish pass, marking a potential fishway. This land adaptability evaluation will guide the site selection and design of the fish pass in the next step.
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04 DESIGN STRATEGY SHIP PASSES ON THE THREE GORGES DAM / POTENTIAL FISHWAY / FOUR TYPES OF FISHWAY / MASTERPLAN / SECTION ALONG THE FISHWAY SYSTEM /
/ SHIP PASSES ON THE THREE GORGES DAM
SHIP PASSES 船行通道 There are two ship passes on the Three Gorges Dam The height difference between the upstream and downstream of the Three Gorges Dam is as high as 170m. The sudden drop cut off the fish migration channel, but did not cut off the transportation channel. The east side of the Three Gorges Dam is Tanziling, with ship lanes on both sides, which are ship ladders and ship lifts for ships of different weights. The waterway hints at the possibility of constructing fish migration channels on the truncated Yangtze River.
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/ SHIP PASSES ON THE THREE GORGES DAM SHIP LIFT
升船机
Ship lift has a maximum climbing tonnage of 15,500 tons and a maximum climbing height of 113 meters. When the ship travels upstream, the ship's cabin first stops at the lower lock head, and the ship enters the cabin from the downstream channel, then closes the lock head and the cabin gate, and drains the gap water between the head gate and the lock head working door. Under the action, the ship chamber immediately rises and stops at the upper lock head. After the ship chamber and the upper lock head are tightened, sealed, and filled with gap water, the chamber and lock head gates are opened, and the ship immediately enters the upstream channel. Waiting for the descending ship to enter the carrier compartment, the above procedures are reversed in turn, and the ship can enter the downstream channel from the upstream channel.
SHIP LADDERS
五级船闸 Ship ladders has a total length of 6.4 kilometers, of which the main part of the lock is 1.6 kilometers and the approach channel is 4.8 kilometers. The normal water storage level in front of the Three Gorges Dam is 175 meters above sea level, while the lowest navigable water level below the dam is 62 meters above sea level. The ship comes from the downstream, lowers the water level of the fifth lock chamber to the same level as the downstream, opens the lower gate and the ship enters the lock chamber; closes the lower gate, the water delivery system fills up the water level in the lock chamber, and the ship rises as the water level in the lock chamber rises When the water level is equal to the water level of the fourth lock chamber, open the miter gate at the head of the fifth lock, and the ship seems to climb a first-level ladder and easily enter the upper lock chamber. Ascend in this way until it drives out of a gate and enters Gaoxia Pinghu. If the ship goes from upstream to downstream, the process is just the opposite.
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/ POTENTIAL FISHWAY
POTENTIAL FISHWAY
According to the land adaptability evaluation, it can be seen that the most suitable places for establishing fish passages on the site are on the south side of the Three Gorges Dam and the area around the two existing waterways on the south side of the dam. The most basic idea of this project is to connect the water bodies upstream and downstream of the dam, build fish migration channels, and connect the two rivers on the existing site at the same time, and use river water as the fish channel to supplement the water source. When designing a fishway, first find the most suitable place on the site to build resting ponds, and then connect the ponds with river channels according to the topography to form a fishway system, and determine the approximate location and shape of the fishway.
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/ FOUR TYPES OF FISHWAY
01 RESTING POOL
03 FISHWAY NEAR THE RESIDENTIAL AREA
The pond design should comprehensively consider the migration needs of Chinese sturgeon.
On the one hand, fishway design needs to consider the interference of human activities on the river, and the interference should be minimized as much as possible. On the other hand, the combination of fishway and residential area activities should be considered.
02 FISHWAY IN THE FORESTS
04 FISHWAY ON THE TERRACED FARMLAND
The slope of the forest is reasonable, and human activities have little disturbance to the man-made river, which is suitable for constructing fish channels.
The design of the fishway needs to consider the height difference between the top of the slope and the bottom of the slope, and the design of the artificial channel on the terraces needs to consider the combination of fish ecological protection and agriculture.
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/ MASTERPLAN - FISHWAY
MASTERPLAN
1:10000
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MASTERPLAN
1:5000
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/ SECTION ALONG THE FISHWAY SYSTEM
天池 Tianchi The highest waterbody in the artificial water system The wetland is the highest waterbody in the artificial water system. The bottom of the bog is connected to groundwater, replenishing water to the entire water system. The water is drawn from the ground here, and runs to the east and west sides respectively.
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05 FISHWAY DESIGN THE EFFECT OF THE BOULDER ON WATER FLOW / RIVERBANK DESIGN / SLICE MODEL - RESTING POOL / SLICE MODEL - FISHWAY IN THE FORESTS / SLICE MODEL - FISHWAY NEAR THE RESIDENTIAL AREA / SLICE MODEL - FISHWAY ON TEH TERRACED FARMLAND / SENARIO /
/ THE EFFECT OF THE BOULDER ON WATER FLOW STAGE 01
STAGE 06
STAGE 02
STAGE 07
STAGE 03
STAGE 08
STAGE 04
STAGE 09
STAGE 05
STAGE 10
THE EFFECT OF THE BOULDER ON WATER FLOW The difficulty of fishway design is to control the flow rate of water. The flow velocity required for Chinese sturgeon migration is 2.2~2.4m/s. For the Chinese sturgeon to pass the fish pass smoothly, the water flow in the fish pass needs to be controlled in a suitable interval, not too fast or too slow. In order to control the flow rate of water, you can prevent rocks in the river. Put a single stone block into the river channel and let the water scour. This simulation shows that the water can form a torrent through the obstacle and form a vortex area behind it.
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生 保 地 。
积 设
块 间 。 植 作
凝 稳 用 种 进
道 土 量 植
/ RIVERBANK DESIGN
RIVERBANK DESIGN 河岸设计 Depending on the slope, the river bank has different structures As a place where water and land meet, the river bank is the most suitable place for growing plants. Appropriate river bank design can ensure that the fish pass has a good ecological cycle. According to the topography of the site, river banks with different slopes have different structures. A natural revetment can be set up where the slope is the gentlest. After simple anti-seepage treatment, large areas of wetland plants can be planted to preserve water and soil. Gravel is laid in the river to shape the river. If the slope is not gentle enough, concrete boulders can be placed at the foot of the slope for reinforcement. The concrete boulders have a ring structure, and gravels can be filled in the middle to make the toe of the slope more stable. Covering the gravels with planting soil can grow aquatic plants. The roots of the plants have a strong strengthening effect on the slope toe, and this strengthening is sustainable. Facing a steeper river bank, it can be treated with stacked concrete boulders. The shape of the concrete boulders can be stably inserted on the slope, and the hollow part can be reinforced with gravel or soil. Planting plants in the concrete boulders, the roots of the plants are entwined with the boulders, which can further strengthen the river bank. For the steepest terrain, retaining walls are the most effective way to maintain the river. Buried the retaining wall in the soil, piled blocks on the surface of the soil. The weight of the rock will push down the retaining wall to prevent the river from collapsing. Fill gaps in the rocks with planting soil so that plants can be planted in them.
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/ SLICE MODEL - RESTING POOL
01 / RESTING POOL
STRUCTURE
There are rest ponds designed for Chinese sturgeon in the forest. The gentle bank of the pond expands the range of the wetland. Planting a large number of wetland plants here can allow more species to inhabit and multiply here, and maintain a good ecological balance for the artificial river system.
PLANTING DESIGN Miscanthus lutarioriparius Phragmites australis Miscanthus sinensis Oenanthe javanica Carex brevicuspis Carex dispalata Carex remotiuscula Carex remotiuscula Polygonum hydropiper Medicago lupulina Astragalus sinicus Polygonum lapathifolium Cardamine lyrata Achyranthes bidentata Hemarthria sibirica Paederia foetida
LOCATION
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/ SLICE MODEL - FISHWAY IN THE FORESTS
02 / FISHWAY IN THE FORESTS The forests are f lat and there is enough space to dig the river. The design of the river here is based on gentle slopes, and the creation of a wetland ecological zone on the river bank will help increase the species richness in the region and indirectly protect endangered fish.
PLANTING DESIGN Miscanthus sinensis Miscanthus lutarioriparius Phragmites australis Carex remotiuscula Cardamine lyrata Cardamine hirsuta Oenanthe javanica Calystegia hederacea Carex dispalata Hemarthria sibirica
LOCATION
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STRUCTURE
/ SLICE MODEL - FISHWAY NEAR THE RESIDENTIAL AREA
03 / FISHWAY NEAR THE RESIDENTIAL AREA
STRUCTURE
The artificial river near the residential area has a narrow width and a steep slope. The retaining wall can effectively deal with the terrain and shape a strong river bank. The dense planting of a lot of aquatic plants on the shore can reduce the impact of human activities on the Chinese sturgeon and at the same time create a recreational space for the residential area.
PLANTING DESIGN Carex remotiuscula Carex dispalata Carex unisexualis Phragmites australis Mazus pumilus Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Rorippa globosa Cardamine hirsuta Eleocharis quinqueflora
LOCATION
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/ SLICE MODEL - FISHWAY ON THE TERRACED FARMLAND
04 / FISHWAY ON THE TERRACED FARMLAND When digging artificial rivers on terraced farmand, it is necessary to pay attention to the height difference between the two banks of the river. The bank near the top of the slope selects a suitable bank design according to the actual terrain; the bank near the bottom of the slope needs to be reinforced with a retaining wall, and the reverse slope is designed to prevent the river bank from collapsing.
PLANTING DESIGN Polygonum hydropiper Carex dispalata Phalaris arundinacea Phragmites australis Carex brevicuspis Carex remotiuscula Cardamine lyrata Capsella bursa-pastoris Hemarthria sibirica
LOCATION
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STRUCTURE
/ SENARIO
The first place where the Chinese sturgeon was born was the Yangtze River. Newborn Chinese sturgeons will grow in the Yangtze River for a period of time until they grow to 15cm. When they matured in the ocean, they returned to the Yangtze River to cultivate the next generation. The artificial river design around the dam provides space for Chinese sturgeon to be born, grow, and multiply. Young fish are born and grow here, adult fish mature and lay eggs here, and the eggs hatch into juveniles here. The artificial river allows them to cross the dam in the migration route and complete their life cycle.The core of the artificial river design is concrete boulders. These boulders can control the flow rate of the artificial river, provide spawning and hidden space for Chinese sturgeon, and promote the growth of aquatic plants, so that the ecology can be virtuously cycled.
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06 DESIGN PROPOSAL DEEP DESIGN SITE LOCATION / 01 ESTRAURY / 02 RIVERS ON THE TERRACED FARMLANDS / 03 RESTING POOL / 04 RIVERS IN THE FORESTS /
/ DEEP DESIGN SITE LOCATION
/ 01 ESTRAURY / 700m * 700m
/ 05
/ 200
/ 03 RIVERS NEAR THE RESIDENTIAL AREA / 100m * 100m
/ 04 RESTING POOL / 100m *100m
/ 02 RIVERS ON THE TERRACED FARMALAND / 200m * 200m
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/ 01 ESTRAURY 700m * 700m Fan-shaped sandbars are set at the estraury at both ends of the artificial river system to prevent the formation of sudden drop. At the same time, they can expand the area of the estraury. Wetland plants and aquatic plants are planted on the sandbars to induce Chinese sturgeon to enter the artificial fishway.
/ 02 RIVERS ON THE TERRACED FARMALAND 200m * 200m The artificial fishway on the terrace is intertwined with multiple canals to digest the height difference of the terrain itself and prevent the production of too fast or too slow water flow. After being eroded by water, the fishway will form a stable shape.
/ 03 RIVERS NEAR THE RESIDENTIAL AREA 100m * 100m The fishway near the residential areas are deeper and narrower, and a large number of wetland plants and fast-growing forests are planted on both sides of the bank to provide people with resting places and reduce the impact of people on fish.
RIVERS IN THE FORESTS
0m * 200m
/ 04 RESTING POOL 100m *100m Resting pools will be set up in the fishway separated by a certain distance. A large number of wetland plants and aquatic plants are planted on both sides of the pond to provide nutrients for the fry to migrate into the sea.
/ 05 RIVERS IN THE FORESTS 200m * 200m The terrain in the forests is relatively slow, and humans have little influence on fish, so it is a suitable place to set up fishways.
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/ 01 ESTRAURY
01 ESTRAURY - 1:4000 TOP VIEW ---------------------------------------------------------------------700M *700M
0 20 40
80
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160 m
EROSION
TERRAIN
Construction completed
1 year later
5 year later
10 year later
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/ 01 ESTRAURY
SENARIO - ESTRAURY Fan-shaped sandbars are set at the estraury at both ends of the artificial river system to prevent the formation of sudden drop. At the same time, they can expand the area of the estraury. Wetland plants and aquatic plants are planted on the sandbars to induce Chinese sturgeon to enter the artificial fishway.
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/ 01 ESTRAURY
// Deepground Layers
Sedimentary rocks
沉积岩
CAUSE: Crustal development, rock weathering STRUCTURE: N/A
Limestones
石灰岩
CAUSE: Biological deposition, chemical deposition and secondary STRUCTURE: Detrital structure and grain structure
Shale
页岩
CAUSE: Clay deposits under pressure and temperature STRUCTURE: Have thin-sheet or lamellar joints
Composite rocks
复合岩
CAUSE: Composite causes STRUCTURE: Composite structures
Sandstones
砂岩
CAUSE: Consolidated by various sand grains STRUCTURE: N/A
Schist formation
片岩
CAUSE: The product of regional deterioration STRUCTURE: Fragmentary structure
Limestone formation
石灰岩形成层
CAUSE: Biological deposition, chemical deposition and secondary STRUCTURE: Detrital structure and grain structure
Granite
花岗岩 CAUSE: Acid invasion STRUCTURE: N/A
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/ 02 RIVERS ON THE TERRACED FARMLAND
02 RIVERS ON THE TERRACED FARMLAND - 1:1000 TOP VIEW ---------------------------------------------------------------------200M *200M
0 5 10
20
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40 m
EROSION
TERRAIN
Construction completed
1 year later
5 year later
10 year later
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/ 02 RIVERS ON THE TERRACED FARMLANDS // Deepground Layers
Sedimentary rocks
沉积岩
CAUSE: Crustal development, rock weathering STRUCTURE: N/A
Limestones
石灰岩
CAUSE: Biological deposition, chemical deposition and secondary STRUCTURE: Detrital structure and grain structure
Shale
页岩
CAUSE: Clay deposits under pressure and temperature STRUCTURE: Have thin-sheet or lamellar joints
Composite rocks
复合岩
CAUSE: Composite causes STRUCTURE: Composite structures
Sandstones
砂岩
CAUSE: Consolidated by various sand grains STRUCTURE: N/A
Schist formation
片岩
CAUSE: The product of regional deterioration STRUCTURE: Fragmentary structure
Limestone formation
石灰岩形成层
CAUSE: Biological deposition, chemical deposition and secondary STRUCTURE: Detrital structure and grain structure
Granite
花岗岩 CAUSE: Acid invasion STRUCTURE: N/A
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/ 03 RESTING POOL
03 RESTING POOL - 1:500 TOP VIEW ---------------------------------------------------------------------100M *100M
0
5
10
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20 m
EROSION
TERRAIN
Construction completed
1 year later
5 year later
10 year later
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/ 03 RESTING POOL
SENARIO - RESTING POOL
Resting pools will be set up in the fishway separated by a certain distance. A large number of wetland plants and aquatic plants are planted on both sides of the pond to provide nutrients for the fry to migrate into the sea.
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/ 04 RESTING POOL // Deepground Layers
Sedimentary rocks
沉积岩
CAUSE: Crustal development, rock weathering STRUCTURE: N/A
Limestones
石灰岩
CAUSE: Biological deposition, chemical deposition and secondary STRUCTURE: Detrital structure and grain structure
Shale
页岩
CAUSE: Clay deposits under pressure and temperature STRUCTURE: Have thin-sheet or lamellar joints
Composite rocks
复合岩
CAUSE: Composite causes STRUCTURE: Composite structures
Sandstones
砂岩
CAUSE: Consolidated by various sand grains STRUCTURE: N/A
Schist formation
片岩
CAUSE: The product of regional deterioration STRUCTURE: Fragmentary structure
Limestone formation
石灰岩形成层
CAUSE: Biological deposition, chemical deposition and secondary STRUCTURE: Detrital structure and grain structure
Granite
花岗岩 CAUSE: Acid invasion STRUCTURE: N/A
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/ 04 RIVERS IN THE FORESTS
04 RIVERS IN THE FORESTS 1:1000 TOP VIEW ---------------------------------------------------------------------200M *200M
0 5 10
20
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40 m
EROSION
TERRAIN
Construction completed
1 year later
5 year later
10 year later
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/ 05 RIVERS IN THE FORESTS // Deepground Layers
Sedimentary rocks
沉积岩
CAUSE: Crustal development, rock weathering STRUCTURE: N/A
Limestones
石灰岩
CAUSE: Biological deposition, chemical deposition and secondary STRUCTURE: Detrital structure and grain structure
Shale
页岩
CAUSE: Clay deposits under pressure and temperature STRUCTURE: Have thin-sheet or lamellar joints
Composite rocks
复合岩
CAUSE: Composite causes STRUCTURE: Composite structures
Sandstones
砂岩
CAUSE: Consolidated by various sand grains STRUCTURE: N/A
Schist formation
片岩
CAUSE: The product of regional deterioration STRUCTURE: Fragmentary structure
Limestone formation
石灰岩形成层
CAUSE: Biological deposition, chemical deposition and secondary STRUCTURE: Detrital structure and grain structure
Granite
花岗岩 CAUSE: Acid invasion STRUCTURE: N/A
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07 LANDSCAPE SYSTEM DEEPGROUND LAYERS / TERRAIN DESIGN / EROSION /
/ DEEPGROUND LAYERS
/ 01 ESTRAURY
/ 02 RIVERS ON THE TERRACED FARMALAND
/ 03 RIVERS NEAR THE RESIDENTIAL AREA
SIZE: 700m * 700m
SIZE: 200m * 200m
SIZE: 100m * 100m
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/ 04 RESTING POOL
/ 05 RIVERS IN THE FORESTS
SIZE: 100m *100m
SIZE: 200m * 200m
LEGEND Sedimentary rocks
沉积岩
CAUSE: Crustal development, rock weathering STRUCTURE: N/A
Limestones
石灰岩
CAUSE: Biological deposition, chemical deposition and secondary STRUCTURE: Detrital structure and grain structure
Shale
页岩
CAUSE: Clay deposits under pressure and temperature STRUCTURE: Have thin-sheet or lamellar joints
Composite rocks
复合岩
CAUSE: Composite causes STRUCTURE: Composite structures
Sandstones
砂岩
CAUSE: Consolidated by various sand grains STRUCTURE: N/A
Schist formation
片岩
CAUSE: The product of regional deterioration STRUCTURE: Fragmentary structure
Limestone formation
石灰岩形成层
CAUSE: Biological deposition, chemical deposition and secondary STRUCTURE: Detrital structure and grain structure
Granite
花岗岩 CAUSE: Acid invasion STRUCTURE: N/A
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/ TERRAIN DESIGN
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/ TERRAIN DESIGN
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/ EROSION
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Thanks to everyone who helpe
ed me in such a difficult time.
The Way Home Migratory Fishway Design
Wei DING MLA Y1 MODULE: BARC0118 - Landscape Design III PRACTICE TUTOR: Ana Abram & Maj Plemenitas