What’s New in Electronics Oct 2012 by Westwick-Farrow Media

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October 2012

on the cover 4 Unlocking the processing power of wireless modules 6 Less expensive nanolithography technique

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electronics 34 March 2012 Total CAB Audited Circulation (Aust + NZ) 5,989 (90% personally requested) Printed and bound by Pegasus +61 2 8822 0716 Print Post Approved PP247345/00005 ISSN No. 0728-3873 All material published in this magazine is published in good faith and every care is taken to accurately relay information provided to us. Readers are advised by the publishers to ensure that all necessary safety devices and precautions are installed and safe working procedures adopted before the use of any equipment found or purchased through the information we provide. Further, all performance criteria was provided by the representative company concerned and any dispute should be referred to them. Information indicating that products are made in Australia or New Zealand is supplied by the source company. Westwick-Farrow Pty Ltd does not quantify the amount of local content or the accuracy of the statement made by the source.

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October 2012 - What's New in Electronics

on the cover

Engineering a better BOM tool Working smarter is all about discovering new efficiencies. The kind

lyse partial part numbers and descriptions

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the development of the all-new intelligent Bill-of-Materials (BOM)

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4 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

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Wireless technology

ÂŠ iStockphoto.com/ Guido Vrola

Unlocking the processing power of wireless modules When embedded designers take advantage of the often-overlooked processing power of a wireless module, they can typically eliminate the system microcontroller and thus create an advanced, cellular-enabled system that is smaller, more efficient and much cheaper to produce. This article gives guidelines for choosing a module that will act as both microcontroller and modem. Jacques Suire When looking to add cellular connectivity to an embedded system, many designers choose a wireless module like the one shown in Figure 1, since the device contains all the analog and digital circuitry necessary for producing, transmitting and decoding data over a cellular network. The developer can interact with the module using familiar interfaces like UART and USB and doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to be concerned with the complex analog aspects of cellular communications. Compared to a custom RF solution, a wireless module can shorten time-to-market, be less expensive to debug and prototype, and be more cost effective in mass production. Oftentimes, the quickest way to add wireless connectivity is to use the module in combination with a standard microcontroller. This is especially true when starting with an existing design. The upgraded, cellularequipped design can be ready to ship in very little time. However, since

the wireless module and the microcontroller are usually the two highest-priced items in the bill of materials, using both in a system can be expensive. Fortunately, designers have an alternative. Taking a closer look at the product offerings reveals that many wireless modules are actually capable of doing much more than just managing cellular communications. This is because wireless modules typically integrate a highly optimised chipset, originally designed for use in low-end and mid-range mobile phones, that includes a 32-bit ARM microcontroller.

Hidden talent Wireless Module Vcc UART USB

Control Circuitry

Antenna Radio Unit

SPI/I C/GPIO 2

Figure 1. High-level block diagram of a typical wireless module.

6 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

Figure 2 gives a more detailed look at the sample wireless module shown in Figure 1. The control circuitry is actually an ARM9 core, one of the most widely used control architectures in all of embedded. The task of managing cellular communications typically uses less than 20% of the ARM9â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total processing capacity, so that leaves excess available for doing a lot of other things. By taking advantage of this often overlooked processing power, designers can use the module as both the central www.electronicsonline.net.au

Wireless technology

Wireless Module

Vcc UART USB

32-bit ARM946/DSP

RF Transceiver

Power Amplifier

Antenna

RF Frontend

SPI/I2C/GPIO

Flash Memory

RAM Memory

Figure 2. More detailed block diagram of wireless module, showing ARM9 core.

processor and the modem, and eliminate the standalone microcontroller. The fact that wireless modules usually include an ARM9 core isn’t always obvious from the marketing literature. Wireless performance is often emphasised over processing power, with product flyers highlighting specs for cellular performance. The module’s subcomponents aren’t always mentioned and it can be difficult to find a block diagram. This is understandable, since wireless modules are, after all, designed to operate as drop-in solutions for cellular connectivity. On the other hand, you can’t always assume that a given wireless module can take on a whole application, since not all modules provide access to the excess capacity of the ARM9. Some modules are configured to operate more purely as modems, with only limited support for customisation. These commodity-like products use the same basic chipset as fully programmable modules but are shipped with only a subset of the ARM9’s pins connected to the external package. The full potential of the ARM9 core remains inaccessible.

Hardware performance The three modules listed in Table 1 are all currently available and have already been configured as microcontroller/modem combinations in large-scale deployments. Specific hardware requirements will, of course, vary by application, but the specs given in Table 1 can act as a guide. Software

programmability

The wireless module should give maximum flexibility for configuring the ARM9 core. Most embedded systems benefit from a real-time operating system (RTOS) to ease the application design. The best option is a pre-emptive RTOS that supports a familiar programming language, such as ANSI C or C++. Multitasking functions can help simplify the software design and maintenance. The RTOS should also be available with a rich, PC-based integrated development environment (IDE) that can create a project, perform downloads and debug the design. All the www.electronicsonline.net.au

Module A

Module B

Module C

GSM/GPRS

GSM/GPRS/ EDGE

HSDPA

ARM946/DSP

ARM926EJS/ QDSP4

26 MHz

26 or 104 MHz

184 or 230 MHz

1.9 to 2.8 V

1.8 to 2.8 V

1.8 V

2.5 mA

2.4 mA

<2.0 mA

1 (full-speed)

1 (high-speed)

SPI

-30 to 70°C

-40 to 85°C

25 x 25 x 3 mm

30 x 40 x 4 mm

25 x 30 x 2.35 mm

Air interface Processor Core frequency I/O voltage Standby power consumption UART USB 2.0

GPIO Temperature range Footprint

software should stay royalty free to keep the total cost of ownership low. Look for other time-saving tools, too, such as additional libraries running on the RTOS, since these can make wireless development much easier. For example, libraries might include internet protocols to exchange data with a server, security protocols and services to protect your sensitive data locally and during a server connection, or location services to calculate system positioning.

Management services Some wireless modules are also available with a cloud-based management service that lets you monitor and upgrade deployed devices remotely, using a web portal. Management services can be useful with any system that has a wireless module, but they’re particularly helpful when the entire application is on the module, because over-the-air monitoring and updates can be used to evaluate and modify the application itself, not just the telecom-related functions.

Conclusion Using the excess processing capacity of a wireless module to replace the system microcontroller can yield a cellular-equipped design that is smaller, more efficient and much less expensive to produce. Not all wireless modules can be configured as application microcontrollers, so choose carefully. It’s important to consider the hardware specs and options for software programming and, ideally, to find a module supported by management services that lower the cost of deployment and maintenance. October 2012 - What's New in Electronics

newproducts Simulation for renewable power anomalies

System design software LabVIEW is system design software that provides engineers and scientists with the tools needed to create and deploy measurement and control systems through hardware integration. LabVIEW 2012 is the latest release of LabVIEW and provides recommended application architectures and includes stability improvements and environment enhancements derived directly from user feedback. It has a large portfolio of new hardware products and provides access to new selfpaced online training that help engineers improve the quality of their designs. LabVIEW 2012 now has mobile apps available for display and control on an iPad. National Instruments Australia Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R487

Compliance testing for LED drivers Comtest Laboratories offers compliance testing for LED drivers to AS/NZS 61347.1 and IEC 61347.2.13. The company is fully accredited to the Australian Standards for LED Drivers. This complements the industry direction for efficient lighting and energy-saving strategies as promoted by the Australian federal and state governments. Comtest also offers assessment for other related lighting devices, including: step-down converters to AS/NZS 61347.2.2; other miscellaneous circuits of luminaires to AS/NZS 61347.2.11; ferromagnet power supplies for lighting to AS/NZS 61558.2.6. In addition, testing for energy performance of transformers and electronic step-down converters for ELV lamps to AS/NZS 4879.1 is available. Comtest Laboratories Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R446

The EM Test NetWave series are singlephase AC/DC power sources, specifically designed to meet the requirements of IEC/ EN 61000-4-13, -4-14 and -4-28. Used as a DC power source it covers the requirements as per the standards IEC/ EN 61000-4-17 (Ripple on DC) & IEC/EN 61000-4-29 for voltage dips and interruptions on DC supplies. With its low distortion and stability, even if supplying dynamic loads, the NetWave series guarantees full compliant measurements for harmonics and flicker testing as per IEC/EN 61000-3-2,-3-3, -3-11 and -3-12 as well as JIS C 61000-3-2. The NetWave series is suitable for testing inverters (eg, solar power, wind power) and e-vehicles. The NetWave series comprises the NetWave 3 with 3.50 kVA output, the NetWave 7 with 7.50 kVA output. It offers the necessary capabilities and compliance for avionics testing as per DO-160, Airbus ABD0100 and Boeing as well as per MILSTD-704. The series includes the required isolation transformer, built into a MRAC 25 with space to house a DPA 500N harmonics and Flicker Analyzer. Consultant Technology Australia Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R279

Fibre network testing With the use of enterprise fibre networks growing each year, the frequency and importance of fibre testing also increases. Testing minimises the risk of network issues that could be devastating to companies. The Fluke Optifiber Pro Quad is an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) designed to increase data centre and storage area reliability and availability. The simplified data centre mode automates the test-parameter setting process, like wavelength or end-detection algorithms. This significantly reduces set-up time and the learning of how to troubleshoot any problems within the data centre. Operator efficiency is increased with task-focused usability, fast trace times and onebutton set-ups. Users can select, scroll and magnify the screens using their fingertips on the smartphone user interface with a capacitive touch screen rather than a legacy touch screen, eliminating recalibration. The OTDR features extremely short event and attenuation dead zone; 2 s trace per wavelength; graphical EventMap; dynamic project and user profile management. The device is available for rental from TechRentals who also offer a configuration and download service for this product. TechRentals Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R411

8 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

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newproducts Rack system A rack system, known as TS IT, is being envisaged as a future world standard for network and server technology, according to the maker. An intelligent modular system of rack and accessories, as well as reduced complexity and easy-to-install plug-and-play, ensure efficiency in ordering and assembly. The standardised basic equipment of the IT rack includes, for example, a flexible 482.6 mm (19″) assembly level, divided side panels with quick-release fastener, and optimised cable entry with brush strips. For the user, rapid assembly using accessories such as component shelves and sliding rails can be assembled single handedly without tools. The system can be adjusted to the 482.6 mm (19″) levels. The mounting level distance can also be locked in position with no tools required and widths of 21, 23 and 24″ are possible. The rack can be just as easily expanded (even while the system is operational) by adding an RFID bar for the automated inventory of all the components installed, such as servers and switches. With a total load capacity of 1500 kg on the 19″ level, the rack is also stable. Users can choose between perforated and solid rack doors. The perforated doors, with their free ventilation area of 85%, claimed to be something never achieved before, are suitable for use in rooms and for the climate control of suites. All doors are equipped with practical 180° hinges and permit maximum accessibility. The divided rear door (a standard feature) guarantees that space is used optimally. The TS IT rack also has a sufficiently tight gasket to make it suitable for gas extinguishers to be used if there is a fire and it is, of course, suitable for rack climate control. As an alternative to the conventional sheet steel bases/plinths, the TS IT is also available with the Flex-Block system, which can be assembled without tools and allows the base/plinth to be used as required.

Noise and vibration data collector Allen Bradley’s Dynamix 2500 data collector is a realtime, multichannel, FastFourier Transformer (FFT) signal analyser used for predictive maintenance and machinery vibration diagnostics. The unit measures, processes, displays and stores a range of analysis functions. The data collector includes a high-performance computing platform running Windows CE 6.0 and a sunlight-visible colour LCD. It is suitable for harsh environments with a Mil 810 spec drop rating, has an IP65 sealing and has an operating temperature range of -10 to +50°C. The combination of the Dynamix 2500 data collector with Emonitor software provides predictive maintenance using noise and vibration analysis. The data collector can also be used for balancing or bearing analysis. Rockwell Automation Australia Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R200

Microstepping stepper motor bridge controller

An extensive portfolio of devices featuring low-voltage HEXFET MOSFET silicon in a TSOP-6 package for low power applications includes load switch, charge and discharge switches for battery protection and inverter switches. Featuring low on-state resistance to cut conduction losses, the MOSFETs are available as 20 and 30 V devices in N- and P-channel configurations with a maximum gate drive from 12 to 20 Vgs.

The AMIS-30421 is a microstepping stepper motor bridge controller for large current range bipolar applications. The chip interfaces via an SPI interface with an external controller in order to control two external power NMOS H-bridges. It has an on-chip voltage regulator, current sensing, self-adapting PWM controller and pre-driver with smart slope control switching, allowing the part to be EMC compliant with industrial and automotive applications. The product uses a proprietary PWM algorithm for reliable current control. It also contains a current translation table and takes the next microstep depending on the clock signal on the NXT input pin and the status of the DIR (direction) register or input pin. The chip provides a so-called Speed and Load Angle output. This allows the creation of stall detection algorithms and control loops based on load angle to adjust torque and speed. The controller is implemented in a mature technology, enabling fast high-voltage analog circuitry and multiple digital functionalities on the same chip. The chip is fully compatible with automotive voltage requirements. It is easy to use and ideally suited to large current stepper motor applications in the automotive, industrial, medical and marine environment. With the on-chip voltage regulator it further reduces the BOM for mechatronic stepper applications. The product features dual H-Bridge pre-drivers for 2-phase stepper motors; programmable current via SPI; on-chip current translator, SPI interface; speed and load angle output; eight step modes from full step up to 64 microsteps; current sensing via two external sense resistors; and has PWM current control with automatic selection of fast and slow decay. It is compatible with 3.3 V microcontrollers and has an integrated 3.3 V regulator to supply an external microcontroller with an integrated reset function. It is Pb free and is RoHS compliant.

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Digi-Key Corporation

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Rittal Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/Q015

Low power MOSFETs

10 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

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newproducts Non-contact sensors

Modular data acquisition system The National Instruments CompactDAQ platform now has stand-alone data acquisition systems compatible with over 50 sensor-specific I/O modules for flexible, mixedmeasurement data logging. The system includes a built-in dual-core Intel processor and onboard storage to deliver high-performance processing in a single, portable system. With the NI CompactDAQ platform, engineers can customise a complete measurement system using LabVIEW or take advantage of over 600 companies in the NI Alliance Partner Network for a custom turnkey data logging solution. The NI CompactDAQ System Features an Intel Core i7 dual-core processor, 2 GB RAM and 32 GB nonvolatile storage which allows it to run high-performance, mixedmeasurement tests while logging data directly to the system. LabVIEW 2012 software provides sample projects and templates for high-speed acquisition and data logging, designed to save time and lower maintenance costs. Consisting of an 8-slot chassis, I/O module options can be mixed and matched for a variety of I/O and sensor types to create custom measurement and logging systems. Sensor types include AI, AO, DIO and CAN. USB, ethernet and serial ports are available to connect relevant CompactDAQ devices, including the NI cDAQ-9184 ethernet chassis. This chassis expands the number of module slots for large-channelcount applications or can integrate other devices, such as a camera or GPS device. The system can stream data to disk at up to 30 MBps and simultaneously stream continuous measurements with sample rates up to 1 MBps per channel. National Instruments Australia Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R488

Industrial ATX motherboard Avalue’s EAX-Q35 strong, industrial ATX motherboard is powered by an LGA775 Intel Core 2 Quad processor with 800/1066/1333MHz front side bus. It is supported by the Intel Q35 and ICH9DO chipsets. The EAX-Q35 comes with 4 x 240-pin DDR2 DIMM sockets for a maximum memory capacity of up to 8 GB. The low-power ATX motherboard also features good graphics performance with the integrated Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 3100 and a PCI Express x16 slot supports dual view DVI/HDMI add cards. The industrial ATX motherboard provides 12 x USB 2.0 ports and 6 x serial ATA II ports. It also offers an Intel 82566DM gigabit ethernet controller and a Realtek RTL8111B gigabit ethernet controller to allow premium networking connectivity. An extended connectivity capability provides good flexibility on a controlling interface. The EAX-Q35 is suitable for multifunctional multimedia applications, such as gaming machines, point-of-service systems and kiosks. Backplane Systems Technology Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R334

12 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

Plessey Semiconductors’ Epic sensor technology claims low-cost, reliable detection systems for several automotive applications. A lower gain and higher input impedance make it suitable for noncontact ECG measurements like driver fatigue or seat occupancy monitoring. The Epic sensor technology works by measuring tiny changes in an electric field and can even work through clothing. In cars, Epic sensors can be used to monitor driver alertness by detecting heart rate and respiration. Determining the size and position of occupants in a car can allow for adjustments to the ride, handling and airbag deployment. The sensors can be incorporated inside the seat backs to acquire the necessary biometric data for monitoring a driver’s health. Plessey Semiconductors’ Marketing Manager, Derek Rye, explains, “Regulations and economics has caused car designs to become very similar and manufacturers have to differentiate their products with passenger comfort features. We are only just starting to explore the new and exciting ways to use sensors to enhance and improve safety.” Epic sensors are already in commercial production by Plessey Semiconductors. By adjusting the DSP and amplification circuitry, these sensors can be tuned for detection required for these automotive applications. The PS25203 sensor is supplied in a custom 4-pin PCB hybrid package measuring 10.5 x 10.5 x 3.45 mm. Another application for the Epic sensor is in medical scanners. Since no physical or resistive contact is required to make measurements, simply holding a scanner close to a patient’s chest can obtain detailed ECG readings. The sensor can be integrated to provide other features for safety, security, data converters, digital signal processing and wireless communications capability. The technology works at normal room temperatures and functions as an ultrahigh input impedance sensor that acts as a stable, sensitive, non-contact digital voltmeter to measure tiny changes in the electric field down to millivolts. Most places on Earth have a vertical electric field of about 100 volts/m. The human body interacts with the electric field and Epic technology can detect these changes at a distance and even through a solid wall. Glyn Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R199

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newproducts LED vandal-proof lighting Waveform generators The Agilent Technologies 33500B series generates waveforms up to 30 MHz. They provide low jitter and a total harmonic distortion of less than 0.04% with non-harmonic spurs less than 75 dBc. An 8.4 ns rise and fall time and 16 bit of resolution allows engineers to make output changes down to 1 µV. The series offers easy software upgrades to expand the instruments’ capabilities to increase bandwidth and add true point-by-point arbitrary waveforms and deeper waveform memory. The 33500B’s Trueform technology provides engineers with the economy and good frequency resolution of direct digital synthesis (DDS) and blends it with point-bypoint architectures. The technology uses a digital sampling technique that delivers higher performance at the same price of legacy DDS systems. The capability to sum and combine waveforms allows engineers to add noise to signals for margin and distortion testing using only a single channel. The 33500B two-channel model can sum and combine up to four signals. The 33500B also features variable-bandwidth noise generation; waveform sequencing to create long, complex waveforms using minimal instrument memory; pseudorandom binary sequence pattern generation to test digital serial buses by streaming standard PRBS patterns and an optional baseband IQ player. The IQ player allows wireless communication engineers to economically play IQ signals and the ability to make adjustments to the signal, including amplitude gain, channel offset and channel skew as needed for a more accurate representation.

The LumenRay XVP provides efficient LED lighting for harsh environments. The unit was designed and developed specifically for correctional facilities and needed to withstand daily maltreatment by prison inmates. The housing is made from aircraft-grade extruded aluminium and has an impactresistant polycarbonate lens that has 250 times the impact strength of glass. The product uses only 40 W of power and can be used in a host of different applications such as correctional facilities, parking garages, healthcare/psychiatric facilities, military bases, schools and airports. Aerospace & Defence Products Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R482

Industrial fanless touch panel PC

Agilent Technologies Australia Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R454

LVDT signal conditioner The LVC 2500 LVDT signal conditioner from MacroSensors is a single channel conditioner that operates on 10-30 V DC power to support standard LVDT, RVDT and VRT half-bridge sensors. It is designed for use in 24 V systems with PLCs, or in 12 V mobile and vehicular testing systems. It offers the user a choice of three analogue outputs: ±10 V DC, 0 -10 V DC or 4 - 20 mA (sourcing) current loop in a 3-wire common ground system. The LVDT signal conditioner is packaged in a DIN-rail mountable thermoplastic case. It has recessed screw-clamp terminals and multiturn front-panel span and zero adjustments. It uses internal circuitry that produces a low distortion sine wave to excite the LVDT and employs a synchronous demodulator to convert the LVDT’s AC output signal to DC outputs proportional to core position. By shifting an internal jumper, the user can choose 3, 5 or 10 kHz nominal excitation frequencies at 3 V rms. The output nonlinearity is less than ±0.01% of full-scale output. For multiple channel applications, several of these modules can be connected together in master/slave mode to synchronise their excitation oscillator frequency, thereby eliminating effects of heterodyning and spurious beat frequency signals, cross talk and intermodulation effects. In addition to its features, the LVDT signal conditioner enables value measurements of A+B, A-B and (A+B)/2. Thus two LVC-2500 signal conditioners can be connected together along with a pair of LVDT gauging probes to measure differential dimension, thickness and average height. Bestech Australia Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R422

14 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

The FPC-08WA1 is an 8.9″ WSVGA TFT touch panel PC with an AMD Geode LX800 CPU and is suitable for delivering multimedia applications on a small screen. The interactive touch panel PC has a fanless design and low power consumption rate of 12 W, making it an environmentally friendly device. The product features increased connectivity through 2 x RJ45 (Realtek RTL8101L LAN) ethernet ports, two USB 2.0, o n e PS/2 k e yb o a rd co nn e c t or an d optional USB Wi-Fi capabilities. It has an ultraslim design, weighing in at only 1.26 kg, and comes with wall/stand/VESA mounting that measures 75 x 75 mm. This rugged panel PC is dustproof and waterproof, with an IP rating of 65. This makes it suitable for rugged applications, such as outdoors and rough terrain, invehicle applications, digitalised home and POS/kiosk terminals. Backplane Systems Technology Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R138

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Nanotechnology

Less expensive nanolithography technique © iStockphoto.com/Federico Caputo

Nanolithography is the branch of nanotechnology related to fabricating nanometre-scale structures. Continual improvements to this technology are key to further the fabrication capabilities of semiconductor nanocircuitry and nanoelectromechanics Researchers from North Carolina State University have developed a nanolithography technique that is claimed to be less expensive than other approaches and can be used to create technologies with biomedical applications. “Among other things, this type of lithography can be used to manufacture chips for use in biological sensors that can identify target molecules, such as proteins or genetic material associated with specific medical conditions,” said Dr Albena Ivanisevic, coauthor of a paper describing the research. Ivanisevic is an associate professor of materials science and engineering at NC State and associate professor of the joint biomedical engineering program at NC State and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Nanolithography is a way of printing patterns at the nanoscale. The new technique relies on cantilevers, which are 150 µm long silicon strips. The cantilevers can be tipped with spheres made of polymer or with naturally occurring spores. The spheres and spores are coated with ink and dried. The spheres and spores are ab-

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sorbent and will soak up water when exposed to increased humidity. As a result, when the cantilevers are exposed to humidity in a chamber, the spheres and spores absorb water - making the tips of the cantilevers heavier and dragging them down into contact with any chosen surface. Users can manipulate the size of the spheres and spores, which allows them to control the patterns created by the cantilevers. For example, at low humidity, a large sphere will absorb more water than a small sphere and will therefore be dragged down into contact with the substrate surface. The small sphere won’t be lowered into contact with the surface until it is exposed to higher humidity “Next steps for this work include and absorbs more water. Further, the differing characteristics of sphere using this approach to fabricate polymers and spores mean that they absorb different amounts of water when exposed to the same humidity - patterns onto tissue for tissue giving users even more control of the nanolithography. regeneration efforts.” “This technique is less expensive than other devicedriven lithography techniques used for microfabrication because the cantilevers do not rely on electronic components to bring the cantilevers into contact with the substrate surface,” Ivanisevic says. “Next steps for this work include using this approach to fabricate lithographic patterns onto tissue for use in tissue regeneration efforts.” The paper, Parallel Dip-Pen Nanolithography using Spore- and Colloid-Terminated Cantilevers, was published online 17 August in the journal Small. Lead author of the paper is Dr Marcus A Kramer, who did the work at NC State while completing his PhD at Purdue University.

October 2012 - What's New in Electronics

newproducts

ESR EMI testing

Signal strength meter The latest model in ETM Pacificâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s range of cellular signal strength meters, the five-band 3G ETM770-3, now includes quad-band GSM/GPRS. ETM Pacific Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R030

The Rohde & Schwarz ESR test receiver is available in two different models for frequencies ranging from 10 Hz to 3 GHz or 7 GHz to meet the requirements of all users who perform EMC certification on commercial equipment. It covers all commercial standards relevant for test houses and EMC labs used by electrical equipment manufacturers and their suppliers. The test receiver features time domain scan, an FFT-based receiver technology that allows it to perform measurements which previously took hours in just a few seconds. This measurement method offers great advantages when the DUT can only be operated for short periods for testing, eg, in the automotive and lighting industry. The Rohde & Schwarz ESR has a number of analysis capabilities. The spectrogram function displays the analysed spectrum over time and records measurements for up to 5 h, allowing developers to detect sporadic interferers. The frequency mask trigger responds to specific events in a spectrum. If the mask is violated, a trigger is activated. The measurement is stopped, and the user can analyse the exact cause and effect of the interferer. The persistence mode allows users to clearly differentiate between pulse interferers and continuous interference. It displays the probability distribution of occurring frequencies and amplitudes in various colours, making it possible to detect interferers that are hidden by broadband signals. The test receiver is also a full-featured spectrum analyser and offers proven tools such as IF analysis and time domain display, while conventional stepped frequency scans allows comparison with previous results. The clearly structured touch screen distinctly separates the various measurement modes and the operating mode can be switched at the press of a button. Users can easily configure measurements and automated test sequences directly on the touch screen. The R&S EMC32 software can be used to remotely control the R&S ESR and integrate it into complex EMC systems for automated measurement sequences. The R&S ESR makes it easy to perform acceptance testing (conducted or radiated) in line with EN/CISPR/FCC on modules, assemblies, household appliances, IT equipment, TVs, radios, etc. In the automotive sector, the R&S ESR is suitable for acceptance testing of vehicles and accessories in line with automobile manufacturer guidelines, also for mobile applications thanks to the DC operation option. Rohde & Schwarz (Australia) Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R477

Memory packages Alliance Memory has added to its range of legacy high-speed CMOS SRAMs with two 8M ICs in the 44-pin, 4-mil TSOP-II and 48-ball, 6 x 8 mm TFBGA packages. Featuring access times of 10 ns, the AS7C38096A (1M x 8) and AS7C38098A (512K x 16) are pin-for-pin compatible with 4M fast SRAMs, offering twice the density in the same slot. Optimised for commercial, industrial, telecom and medical applications requiring fast access times, they feature operating currents of 80 mA typical and standby currents of 3 mA typical. The SRAMs operate from a single power supply of 3.3 V and all inputs and outputs are fully TTL-compatible. The devices offer fully static operation and tri-state output and they feature a data retention voltage of 1.5 V minimum. Future Electronics Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R044

Lightning protection Times Microwave has introduced the Times-Protect LP-GTV-N series of DC pass RF lightning and surge protection products with an extended frequency operating band from DC to 7000 MHz. The bidirectional design with N-type female/female or female/male connectors handles up to 150 W and allows up 72 V of DC to be supplied on the centre pin of the coaxial cable. The series is suitable for RF equipment protection in any application requiring DC voltage and current to power tower top-mounted electronics. The products are IP67 rated, suitable for outdoor as well as indoor installations and their white bronze-plated housing ensures durability and long life. Rojone Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R032

16 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

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newproducts Industrial LED open frame monitor

IEI Technology’s PICOe-B650 is a half-sized PCIe CPU card with LGA1155 Core i7/i5/i3/Pentium/Celeron processor supported. The 185 x 122 mm CPU card features 1333/1066 MHz DDR3/DDR3L (1.35 V) SDRAM SO-DIMM, to support up to 8 GB of memory. With an I/O consisting of 2 x RS232, 4 x USB 2.0 (two on rear, two by pin header), 1 x SATA 3 Gbps, 1 x SATA 6 Gbps and a six-pin wafer for KB and MS, it has increased connectivity. An onboard embedded controller supports infrared and PECI 2.0 technologies. The device features IEI one key recovery, allowing rapid OS backup and recovery, with a TPM V1.2 hardware security function supported by the TPM module for increased security. The card is also software programmable and supports from 1 to 255 s system reset.

Advantech’s IDS-3110 10.4″ SVGA industrial LED open frame monitor enables flexible and customised face plates for easy re-engineering and is also suitable for embedded applications. Mounting methods include rear and VESA mounting (75 x 75 mm or 100 x 100 mm). The IDS-3110 comes in two versions: IDS-3110 standard and IDS-3110E. IDS-3110 standard provides 400 nits brightness and -20 to 60°C wide operating temperature with dual VGA and DVI signal interfaces. IDS-3110E is a more economic version which supports 230 nits brightness and 0 to 45°C operating temperature with VGA signal interface only. The IDS-3110 incorporates a simple two-piece 30 mm thick metal frame structure. Compared to conventional designs this frame provides a space saving of 20% and a weight reduction of up to 2 kg for non-touch solutions. Compared to traditional CCFL backlights, LED backlights allow for thinner panel designs and low power consumption. The IDS-3110 comes with an industrial-grade panel and LED backlight which can save up to 30% on power consumption. The 400 nit brightness and 700:1 contrast ratio together bring good visibility and suitability for environments with strong ambient light. The wide viewing angle of 160° horizontal and 140° vertical provides a wide range viewing area for end users. The IDS-3110’s wide range operating temperature of -20 to 60°C makes it suitable for harsh environments.

ICP Electronics Australia Pty Ltd

Advantech Australia Pty Ltd

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Half-sized CPU card

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October 2012 - What's New in Electronics

Madison acquisition Madison Technologies has acquired test and measurement specialist Test Equipment Solutions that represents and distributes test and measurement brands such as Fluke, Yokogawa, Rohde & Schwarz and Hameg in addition to providing electrical and electronic calibration services.

Third-annual Smart Grid Electronics Forum The third-annual Smart Grid Electronics Forum (SGEF ’12) will be held on 16, 17 October 2012 in Detroit, Michigan. It will focus on the practical impact that the emerging smart grid will have on the design issues, decisions, techniques and devices related to the development and design of electronic equipment. Coverage will extend from the smart meter through the building and related microgrids to the end-use equipment. News will be presented about component developments, design techniques, communications protocols, architectures and smart-grid standards. Monitoring, control, communications and security will be some of the major themes. The successful deployment of the smart grid will be dependent on numerous technology and standards developments for electronic equipment. Some of the areas of focus for this important event will include: communications standards and protocols; smart meters, appliances and loads; distribution architectures and components; networking processing needs; circuit design requirements; application and demonstration projects; instrumentation and monitoring; and supporting plug-in hybrid vehicles. This two-day international forum will serve the needs of an audience of decision makers and technology developers who are interested in learning about and contributing to practical advancements related to the emerging smart grid.

LevelOne begins expansion in Australia LevelOne, the trading name of Digital Data Communications GmbH (DDC), has announced plans to expand its business in Australia, which will include a quest for additional channel partners nationwide. LevelOne offers security, digital signage and networking equipment and solutions for homes and small businesses.

Extreme electronics at Electronex 2012 Lauren Davis

Electronex - the electronics design and assembly expo - was held from 12-13 September at Australian Technology Park, Sydney. This landmark event of the electronics industry calendar featured over 100 companies displaying their products and services. Dave Jones of EEVBlog was also there to promote his reviews and evaluations of such services. The products came from a range of categories, including data acquisition, design and simulation, test and measurement, and more. Some products even crossed over into the radio, electrical and IT industries, so no matter what your requirement, it was covered. The big hit of the expo was the credit card-sized RaspberryPi computer, which was being demonstrated and on sale at the element14 stand. There were also plenty of other interactive displays to let attendees see products in action before buying them. And for those who were too loaded down with showbags to carry a wallet, there were also prize draws to enter, with chances to win tablet computers and lots more. What’s New in Electronics was the official sponsor of the networking event, held on the Wednesday evening. This gave exhibitors a chance to mix together away from the hustle and bustle of the main exhibition. It was a great way to wind down at the end of a long day and prepare for the next, which was equally hectic. The event was a huge success, and no doubt next year’s will be just as good. And with free entry to the trade show, there’s no excuse not to turn up and see just how much the electronics industry has to offer. 18 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

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Battery development deal SK Innovation of Seoul (South Korea) and motor vehicle supplier Continental of Hanover (Germany) will develop and supply battery technology for the motor industry as partners following an agreement founding a jointly managed company. The know-how of the two firms will be concentrated in this new company with the goal of developing, producing and globally marketing lithium-ion battery systems for cars.

Study grant support

mouser.com

Automation site Mouser Electronics has unveiled its industrial application training site on Mouser.com. The site has been developed to assist design engineers to quickly identify the latest advancements and key trends in building automation technology, as well as supporting product information. Organised into four sectors: applications, featured products, articles and resources, the site is a resource, covering several areas of building automation, including two-stage air handling unit controllers, intelligent occupancy sensors, programmable logic controllers, plus Wi-Fi thermostats. The application section’s system block diagram navigation enables engineers to identify specific product sets adhering to their design requirements, based on defined parameters and engineering standards.

www.electronicsonline.net.au

Fluke Australia is offering support to Australian students through the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE (NMIT) 2012 Study Grants Program. The NMIT rewards students who demonstrate enthusiasm and commitment to their studies as well as academic or skills excellence. Members of the NMIT Industry Foundation provide students with grants and tours designed to assist them with their study. The NMIT Industry Foundation formally recognises partnerships with industry organisations and businesses, such as Fluke Australia. It provides a means for industry to be actively involved with the professional development of students and an opportunity for the NMIT to identify and meet industry expectations of the vocational education and training sector. Recipients of the Fluke Australia 2012 Study Grant were: • Andrew Johns, who is studying an Advanced Diploma of Engineering Technology • Jason Adams who is studying a Diploma of ESI Power Systems Fluke’s contribution gives the recipients the opportunity to purchase equipment and resources to enhance their learning.

Curiosity lands on Mars On 6 August, Curiosity landed on Mars. It is the world’s largest object ever placed on Mars. Many countries and researchers have tried, developed and failed in this and so Curiosity stands alone on many fronts. From the research and development stages, each component on board had a distinct job to do. Space qualified pin and socket nanominiature connectors were some of those vital components on board.

OmneticsConnector Corporation provided miniature and low-weight nanoconnectors used within two miniature inertial measurement units (MIMUs) on board the Curiosity. These components were vital in terms of ensuring a safe landing on the red planet. The connectors within Omnetics two MIMUs supported guidance and altitude control from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This particular aspect of the mission to Mars was vital in terms of ensuring a safe landing. Travelling at nearly 20,000 km/h in the final stages, Curiosity had fewer than 11 kilometres to come to a halt. Materials were selected for thermal expansion to sustain continued performance from the launch pad through geothermal orbit conditions. Materials were also used to ensure low out-gassing as temperatures varied significantly throughout the journey. Increased density of cable diameter and nanominiature connectors offer significantly reduced weight and lower payload costs. Special cable designs were developed to solve EMI, cross-talk and high speed problems. Connector back-shells, strain-reliefs, braided shields and special cables are often used to improve handling and extend the life of critical systems. This was the second successful mission to Mars since 2008.

October 2012 - What's New in Electronics

newproducts 1 mm pitch header and socket strips Walcom has added 1 mm pitch headers and sockets to its Mill-Max line of fine pitch connectors. These through-hole, single row sockets and headers save real estate for interconnect solutions. The 860-10-0XX-10-002000 header and 861-13-0XX-10-002000 socket (XX=2 to 50) join the 1.27, 1.778 and 2 mm pitch interconnect offerings. These connectors are through-hole soldered to the PCB, providing support and durability for applications requiring multiple insertions and extractions. The 860 series header and 861 series socket have solder tail diameters of 0.38 mm and 0.36 mm respectively, which allow for smaller PCB holes and greater clearance between holes for routing circuitry. The insulator bodies have standoffs on the termination side of the connectors to aid with the flow of solder. The header and socket provide a mated height 5.08 mm for board stacking applications. The 860 header and 861 socket in 2 to 50 positions are RoHS compliant. Sockets have gold-plated shells and contacts, and headers have gold-plated pins. Hard gold plating on both the 860 and 861 series provides optimum conductivity and wear resistance.

1100 W film resistor Vishay has released a power thick film resistor, claimed to be first in the compact 57 x 60 mm package to offer a power rating of 1100 W at a heat sink temperature of +25°C. The LPS1100 has high-temperature derating and a broad range of resistance values. It is non-inductive (<0.1 µH) and provides a resistance range from 1 Ω to 1.3 kΩ. Designed for easy mounting to a heat sink, the device has a compact footprint and low 25 mm profile. With its high power capabilities and high dielectric strength to 12 kVRMS, the resistor is intended for power supply, inverter, converter, HEV-EV battery management, and snubber, chopper, precharge, discharge, filtering and crowbar resistor applications. Typical end products will include windmill turbines, X-ray and oncology tables, trains and large UPS drives. RS Components Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/N986

Both connectors have high-temperature insulators suitable for RoHS soldering processes. All Mill-Max pin headers and sockets feature high-speed screw machined pins and receptacles. Each 861 socket is a precision-stamped beryllium copper Mill-Max #04 contact clip. The pin acceptance range diameter is 0.2 to 0.33 mm and has a current rating of 2 A. Walcom Pty Ltd

Motor motion controller The FEAS MSM3 motor motion controller is suitable for dirty, harsh, humid and highvibration environments, making it suitable for the water, food, mining and petrochemical industries. A fully epoxy resin casting ensures

Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R109

D-Sub SMT connectors with straight surface mounts Harting has announced the launch of a range of straight D-Sub SMT connectors to complement its established angled product portfolio. The series offers an optimised design that ensures a high level of dependability and optimal processing characteristics. It enables surface mounting, thus simplifying PCB assembly significantly and broadening its range of applications. 100% co-planarity is achieved through the use of stamped contacts and the specially designed insulator. The product is robust and capable of withstanding all normal handling processes. Two variants are available: a connector for standard applications with flat, solderable pads to withstand plug-in and withdrawal forces; and a variant for more demanding requirements with a solderable assembly pin in addition to the flat pads. The black insulator, which is designed for improved camera detection, includes two positioning pegs for improved pick-and-place process reliability. Also included is a large removable cover for a 10 mm vacuum pipette. All connectors are available with nine to 37 contacts and are supplied with the option of M3 and 4-40 UNC threaded inserts and fixed female screw locks. Performance level 2 and 3 are standard, and PL1 can be delivered on request. In addition to 140-piece reels suitable for automatic assembly, the items can be delivered in other special packaging depending on user requirements. Harting Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R453

20 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

safe and reliable operation. It has an operating temperature range between -30 and +70°C. It is easy to wall and DIN-rail mount. The product is suitable for most AC and DC motors and features standstill recognition without a tacho alternator; continuous monitoring of running motor; high input sensitivity; digital analysis logic; voltage detector; maximum input voltage of 600 VDC and 550 VDC. Automated Control Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R483

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newproducts USB 3.0 hub controller

Remote analysis for wireless LAN

Renesas Electronics’ µPD720210 USB 3.0 hub controller with system-on-chip (SoC) features compact 9 x 9 mm quad flat no-lead (QFN) packaging and integrated peripheral components. It was designed to meet the need for hubs with low standby power consumption and small board size. Renesas Electronics’ low power consumption technology reduces power consumption when ports are in an unconnected state, and their new hub controller’s design dramatically lowers current leakage when a connected peripheral device is in low-power mode. As a result, the µPD720210 achieves low power consumption of 5 mW in power-saving mode. The µPD720210 hub controller also integrates on-chip peripherals such as step-down regulators that lower the 5 V power supply voltage to the 3.3 V and 1.05 V and charging support functionality conforming to battery-charging standards. These features make it easy and inexpensive to add USB 3.0 ports and make it possible to build mobile docking stations that would not previously have been possible due to constraints on power or mounting area. It has also enabled USB charging functionality at no additional cost. The µPD720210 hub controller has Windows 8 Hardware Certification by Microsoft and has device driver support for Windows and Linux.

Fluke Networks has announced a remote analysis capability for its portable wireless LAN (WLAN) tools, enabling both real-time troubleshooting and spectrum analysis of remote wireless networks. The AirMagnet WiFi Analyser PRO and SpectrumXT eliminate the need for costly site visits when troubleshooting wireless LAN. This lets organisations with remote sites that do not need WIDS/WIPS 24/7 monitoring to resolve connectivity and interference problems, identify rogue devices and detect security violations without having to make expensive site visits. The remote analyser solution comprises the AirMagnet WiFi Analyzer PRO 10.0, AirMagnet Spectrum XT 3.5.1 and AirMagnet Series Sensors. Sensors can be deployed to remote sites and then be monitored via WiFi Analyser PRO or Spectrum XT at a control site.

Renesas Technology Singapore Pte Ltd

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Fluke Networks

October 2012 - What's New in Electronics

newproducts Auto data server IEI Technology’s Advanced Auto Data Server, the AVL-3000, can be used for vehicle tracking, security, monitoring and data collection. Based on the Intel Atom N2600 1.6 GHz CPU and pre-installed with Windows Embedded Standard 7, AVL-3000 offers high performance and low power consumption. With built-in HSUPA/GPRS/GSM, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, the server was designed for advanced wireless communication. Featuring a GPS with dead reckoning support allows improved location accuracy, and the AVL-3000 supports onboard diagnostics (OBD-II/J1939/FMS). The server comes integrated with advanced data capturing functions, a built-in VGA output and NTSC/PAL/SECAM video capture with software compression support. The rugged system features a wide operating and storage temperature range to withstand vehicle environments. The device has been designed to provide a complete vehicle management solution for commercial applications, such as supply chain management, vehicle and asset tracking, security and monitoring, access control and authentication, and vehicle data collection. ICP Electronics Australia Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R333

DC link film capacitors AVX Corporation has introduced a line of polypropylene dielectric DC link film capacitors. Designated the FB Series, the 2-leaded capacitors feature a voltage rating of 550-1200 and a capacitance range from 0.68-75 µF, are RoHS compliant and are available in a range of case sizes containing over 100 new ratings. Suitable applications for the series include DC power supplies and inverters for solar power, electric drive and industrial power systems. The FB Series DC link capacitors combine low loss film technology with the selfhealing properties of the dielectric to ensure long lifetimes and low thermal losses in power applications. It also features comprehensive capacitance/voltage ratings up to 1.2 kV. Rated for use from -40 to +100°C, the FB Series DC link film capacitors are available in 14 case sizes with three standard lead pitch options: 27.5, 37.5 and 52.5 mm. element14 Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R619

Circular connectors With the Han X-TEC series of connectors, Harting supplies the customised solution for all drives, such as those used in machine tool or in automation. These environments demand small and compact interfaces; servomotors in particular are often fitted with compact M 23 circular connectors. Harting supplies the Han X-TEC 23 in this size and Han X-TEC 32 in the M 32 size.

Both sizes feature a new type of rapid locking of cable connectors and receptacles. Simply by rotating the black locking ring through 70° the whole connector is locked, easily and securely, thereby providing protection against dust and water (IP67). In order to cover all of the requirements associated with drives, the company supplies different power and signal connectors for the two sizes. A broad portfolio of housing designs and sizes provides solutions for almost any application. For example, as well as robust metal connectors, light plastic connectors are also available. To make selection easier, connectors are supplied as a set comprising insert, housing and cable glands for the cable connectors. As well as connectors, complete system cables will also be available in future, both in standard versions and customised versions for particular applications. Harting Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R440

Faraday offers a range of: RFI / EMI / EMC Power RF Filters EMC Antennas – Dipoles to Horns Amplifiers – RF & Microwave (DC – 4000W) and RF Modules Shielded Enclosure – Anechoic Chambers – Antenna Measurement Systems Absorber – EMC Test Boxes – MIL-STD Test Equipment RF Shielding – Magnetic Shielding – MRI Shielding

(03) 9729 5000

sales@faradayshielding.com.au

22 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

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LED Technology

Physicists invent ‘Spintronic’LED

The colour of an LED is primarily determined by its chemical composition. The ability to control an LED’s colour by altering electrical factors presents many benefits. Physicists at the University of Utah have invented a new ‘spintronic’ organic light-emitting diode or OLED that promises to be brighter, cheaper and more environmentally friendly than the kinds of LEDs currently used in television and computer displays, lighting and traffic lights. The Utah physicists made a prototype of the new kind of LED - known as a spin-polarised organic LED or spin LED - that produces an orange colour light. It is expected that within two years the new technology will be able to produce red and blue and eventually white spin OLEDs. However, it could be five years before the new LEDs hit the market because, right now, they operate at temperatures less than -33°C. The research was funded by the US National Science Foundation, the US Department of Energy, the Israel Science Foundation and US-Israel Bi-national Science Foundation.

Evolution of LEDs and OLEDs The original LEDs introduced in the early 1960s used a conventional semiconductor to generate coloured light. Newer organic LEDs or OLEDs with an organic polymer or ‘plastic’ semiconductors have become increasingly common in the last decade, particularly for displays in MP3 music players, cellular phones and digital cameras. OLEDs also are expected to be used increasingly for room lighting. Big-screen TVs with existing OLEDs will hit the market later this year. The new kind of OLED invented by the Utah physicists has the ability to store information based not only on the electrical charges of electrons, but using the ‘spins’ of the electrons. The invention of the new spin OLED was made possible by another device - the organic spin valve - which could regulate electrical current flow and so researchers expected they could eventually modify it to also emit light, making the organic spin valve a spin OLED. www.electronicsonline.net.au

Spin valves are electrical switches used in computers, TVs, mobile phones and many other electrical devices. They are so named because they use a property of electrons called ‘spin’ to transmit information. Spin is defined as the intrinsic angular momentum of a particle. Electron spins can have one of two possible directions: up or down. By changing the spin direction as up or down it correlates to the zeroes and ones in binary code. Organic spin valves comprise three layers: an organic layer that acts as a semiconductor and is sandwiched between two metal electrodes that are ferromagnets. In the spin OLED, “The whole device is 300 one of the ferromagnet metal electrodes is made of microns wide and long, cobalt and the other one is which is only the width of made of a compound called three to six human hairs.” lanthanum strontium manganese oxide. The organic layer in the OLED is a polymer known as deuterated-DOO-PPV, which is a semiconductor that emits orange-coloured light. The whole device is 300 microns wide and long, which is only the width of three to six human hairs. It is 40 nanometres thick, which is 1000 to 2000 times thinner than a human hair. A low voltage is used to inject negatively charged electrons and positively charged ‘electron holes’ through the organic semiOctober 2012 - What's New in Electronics

LED Technology

Advances made to produce spin OLEDs

The prototype orange spin-polarised organic LED undergoing performance testing.

conductor. When a magnetic field is applied to the electrodes, the spins of the electrons and electron holes in the organic semiconductor can be manipulated to align either parallel or anti-parallel.

In the new study, the physicists reported two crucial advances in the materials used to create ‘bipolar’ organic spin valves. The first big advance was to use deuterium instead of normal hydrogen in the organic layer of the spin valve. Deuterium is ‘heavy hydrogen’ or a hydrogen atom with a neutron added to regular hydrogen’s proton and electron. The second advance was the use of an extremely thin layer of lithium fluoride deposited on the cobalt electrode. This layer allows negatively charged electrons to be injected through one side of the spin valve at the same time as positively charged electron holes are injected through the opposite side. That makes the spin valve ‘bipolar’, unlike older spin valves, into which only holes could be injected. This ability to inject electrons and holes at the same time allows light to be generated. When an electron combines with a hole, the two cancel each other out and energy is released in the form of light. The light intensity of the new spintronic OLEDs can be controlled with a magnetic field, while older kinds were controlled by electrical current. Existing OLEDs produce a particular colour of light based on the semiconductor used. It is expected that the new spin OLEDs may produce different colours by only controlling the magnetic field.

Talk to the transformer company that speaks your language. • Real technical engineering support • Custom Design to the major standards • Make direct replacements of standard parts • One local manufacturing facility • Two company owned China production facilities

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Designers & Manufacturers of Transformers and Wound Components

www.marque-magnetics.com Ph: +64 9 818 6760 F: +64 9 818 1442 E: info@marque-magnetics.com 11 Culperry Rd, Glendene, Auckland, New Zealand

24 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

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NEW White Papers

now available online! Global networks for M2M

Digital video recorder The VBOX-3100, an Intel D525 dual core mobile digital video recorder system by Sintrones, has been released. The recorder can be connected simultaneously to IP and up to eight analog cameras. Powered by Intel Hyper-Threading Technology, the recorder incorporates DVR capability within one system and also provides intelligent video analytics features, such as the automatic licence plate recognition functionality. The system is equipped with an Intel D525 1.8 GHz dual core processor, has DDR3 capabilities up to 4 GB and provides high-quality digital recording on 4-8 channel D1, in 120/240fps resolution, with real-time display (NTSC 720X480, PAL 720/576). Features include: two x Realtek RTL8111C gigabit LAN ports with WOL, PXE support, two x RS232/422/485 COM ports, four x USB2.0, one x VGA port, one x GPIO port (four x DI and two x DO with 12 V/80 mA), and one x audio jack (line out). Equipped with a SIM card slot and 3 x Mini-PCIe sockets, the recorder supports 3G network, Wi-Fi 802.11n a/b/g or access point mode, GPS positioning and Bluetooth. It is suitable for mobile security and surveillance applications within buses/ coaches, commercial passenger vehicles, aircraft carriers, railway systems, mission-critical fleets and law-enforced vehicles. Backplane Systems Technology Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R142

M2M has a relatively short history, having been around since 2000 when it became apparent that communication between machines carrying out similar functions would be a good idea. It has since broadened into communication between dissimilar devices, examples being medicine and mining. This eBook explains more about this technology.

Selecting the right server and application monitoring tool One of the most difficult challenges an IT infrastructure team faces is that of pinning down what exactly is broken when the technology a business depends on starts to go awry. A day can descend quickly into chaos when an application isn’t behaving well.

Power quality eBook With equipment and energy costs rising, it’s hard to stress enough the importance of power quality. Power quality issues can hamper production processes, damage costly equipment and lower productivity. This eBook features articles on power quality challenges, managing and reporting problems, improving efficiencies and reducing costs. Download now.

Implementing energy-efficient data centres It is possible to dramatically reduce the electrical consumption of data centres through appropriate design of the data centre physical infrastructure and through the design of the IT architecture. This paper explains how to quantify the electricity savings and can greatly reduce electrical power consumption.

180 degree power divider Q-PAR’s QQCPD1.2-8 is a 1.2 to 8 GHz, 180 degree power divider for high-power wideband antennas which require balanced feeds for low squint and channel isolation requirements on dual polar antennas. The 3-port loss-less device features an all metal 1.34 kg construction plus high-power 7/16 connectors. It can be used as a high-power wideband balun for the design of antennas requiring balanced feeds in order to achieve precision squint-less beam patterns over a wide bandwidth. It may also be used as a component in the output stages of high-power wideband amplifiers. The QQCPD1.2-8 provides a maximum RMS power of 1 kW and a maximum peak voltage of 1 kV in dry air at sea level. Each port has an impedance of 50 Ω with a maximum transmission loss better than 1 dB and has an operating temperature range of -55 to +85°C. Test & Measurement Australia

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October 2012 - What's New in Electronics

newproducts Chip resistors Vishay has enhanced its VSMP series of bulk metal Z-foil ultrahigh-precision wraparound chip resistors with an extended range down to 5 Ω for sizes 0805 and larger. The devices feature ultralow TCR of ±0.05 ppm/°C typical (0 to +60°C) and ±0.2 ppm/°C typical (-55 to +125°C, +25°C ref.), and load-life stability of ±0.005% at 70°C for 2000 h at rated power and ±0.01% at 70°C for 10,000 h. Available in seven chip sizes from 0603 to 2512, the series offers high power ratings up to 750 mW at +70°C and a good power coefficient of ±5 ppm at rated power. The devices feature a wide resistance range from 5 Ω to 125 kΩ, with tight resistance tolerance to ±0.01%. Any resistance value within this range is available at any tolerance with no additional cost or lead time effect. Matched resistor sets are available by request. The low TCR makes them suitable for the demands of cryogenics. In addition, the devices are suitable for use in many alternative energy and smart grid applications, where analog circuitry operates under severe environmental, thermal and mechanical conditions. Future Electronics Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/Q755

COM Express module GE Intelligent Platforms has released the latest addition to its range of COM Express modules with the launch of the rugged bCOM6L1400. Using the Intel Core i7 processor, the module can support multiple independent displays in a wide variety of commercial, industrial, transport and defence applications in a broad range of embedded computing environments. By separating the carrier card from the processor, the COM Express architecture extends the useful life of the subsystem by allowing an upgrade of the processor alone. Offered with a choice of either a dual-core or quad-core processor, the device uses GE’s expertise in the design and development of rugged COM Express modules. Metromatics Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R033

Illuminated access keypads Switches Plus introduces two models of illuminated access keypads, specifically designed for all kinds of industrial and commercial environments. It has time and attendance functions and there are four methods to open doors including card presentation and PIN input codes. It has a built-in bell and can also be connected to an external bell with an optional annunciator, lock relay output, secure/normal mode, NO/NC output and an alarm function. The Model 7612 supports up to 500 users or 500 cards with a 4-digit PIN code capability. The Model 8612 supports up to 999 users or 999 cards and has a 6-digit PIN code capability. The devices have a power requirement of 12 to 18 VDC at 90 mA. They are housed in a bright chrome or matt chrome polished metal housing with dimensions of 120 x 76 x 27 mm. Switches Plus Components

Lamp circuit power (LCP) testing for the VEET Scheme Comtest has implemented a test facility to measure the lamp circuit power (LCP) of lighting devices as detailed in the VEET Explanatory Note for Commercial Lighting. Testing will be performed in a controlled environment for emerging and non-emerging lighting technologies. The company offers a preliminary testing service to assist with determining the status of product compliance to VEET requirements. It also offers access to its test facilities to assist with product development for both in-home displays (IHDs) and standby power controllers (SPCs). These options are available on an hourly or daily fee basis. All testing is performed at the company’s South Melbourne facility. Comtest Laboratories Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R449

Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R203

High-speed digitiser The high-speed M9703A digitiser, the 8-channel, 12-bit digitiser that complies with the AXIe open standard, is designed for use in large-scale applied physics applications. The M9703A can be used in large-scale system configurations that pack 40 channels within a single 4U M9505A AXIe chassis or 80 channels into just 8U of rackmount space, giving it twice the channel density of comparable solutions. This makes the device suitable for experiments in particle physics, nuclear fusion, hydrodynamics and microwave radio astronomy. The M9703A is a single-slot AXIe module with 4- or 8-channel acquisition capability running at 1 to 3.2 GSa/s. It can provide more than 1 GHz of instant analog bandwidth. The digitiser also enables long acquisitions with its onboard memory of up to 4 GB. The module provides a four-lane PCI Express Gen 2 backplane, enabling sustained data transfer rates of up to 1 GBps. With four onboard Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGAs, it also optimises measurement throughput and supports future implementations of high-performance data processing. The device is compliant with the AXIe and AdvancedTCA standards. Designed to benefit from fast data interfaces, the module can be plugged into AXIe or AdvancedTCA chassis slots. Agilent Technologies Aust Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/Q444

26 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

www.electronicsonline.net.au

newproducts Crimp female connector with housing Harting is now offering a cable connector for the DIN 41612 3C and 3R types. This is suitable for smaller printed circuit boards or subassemblies due to its space-saving design.

High isolation reed relays Standex-Meder Electronics’ KT Series of high isolation reed relays are suitable for use in green applications, such as photovoltaic technology or hybrid vehicles. They measure the isolation resistance across several components in a solar energy system prior to grid connection, preventing injury or further current leakages. The series offers isolation resistance greater than 1 MΩ, and an isolation voltage between the coil and contact of over 7 kVDC. Measuring only L30 x W8.6 x H10.6 mm, the series provides these high isolation characteristics in a small package. It is available in three coil voltages of 5, 12 and 24 V, with switching voltages of 1000 V and coil resistances of 150 Ω. All three versions are available in either surface or through-hole mounting and are packaged in a hermetically sealed thermoset moulded encapsulation. The KT series has dynamically tested contacts to perform millions of reliable operations and is RoHS compliant. Digi-Key Corporation Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R217

The product is easy to use. Three possible outlet ports are available, which can be opened up by simply breaking through the external walls as required. The locking levers are pre-injection moulded and subsequent assembly is not necessary. This reduces the number of individual components. The crimp contacts are available on rolls of 500 or 5000 for series production and as individual contacts for repair purposes. The crimping tool required comes as a hand crimping tool, a semiautomatic device or a fully automatic device, depending on the unit volume and level of automation. Strain relief is ensured by a cable tie which protects the cable and attaches it directly to the housing. Straight and right-angled male connectors, which snap into the shell housing, are available as mating plugs. The connector offers the same robustness as other products in the range in the full and half sizes. Harting Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R452

Spring contacts Harwin’s EZ BoardWare SMT spring contacts (also known as grounding/RFI contacts, spring or shield fingers) can be assembled to PCBs and used as grounding or shielding contacts or for general electrical connections between PCBs or similar. They are available in 12 different sizes and styles ranging from 1.7 to 6.0 mm free height - 1.2 to 4.9 mm working height. Applications range from consumer and medical devices to test and measure and industrial equipment - such as notebooks, mobile phones, patient-care equipment, CT scanning, sensors, security systems and GPS. They are designed for automated application and are packaged in EIA-481-2 compliant tape and reel and are suitable for wiping or sliding applications. The protected tips prevent product hooking (where applicable). These features allow for PCB design flexibility and provide a method of connection, as well as preventing EMC interference and static. Standard assembly tooling is used. Clarke & Severn Electronics Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R145

tel: 08 8240 2244

Standard and modified diecast aluminium, metal and plastic enclosures

www.hammondmfg.com www.electronicsonline.net.au

October 2012 - What's New in Electronics

newproducts Smaller, lower power digital control IC

Clarke & Severn Electronics

International Rectifier has introduced the IR3588 CHiL digital control IC and IR3552 and IR3548 single- and dual-phase PowIRstage devices. The products meet Intel’s VR12.6 specifications for 15 W and 25 W Ultrabook laptop computers that significantly extend battery life. The digital control IC and the optimised single-phase and dual-phase PowIRstage devices reduce footprint by more than 50% compared to leading monolithic solutions and offer a 40% smaller footprint compared to alternative reference designs. Additionally, battery life is extended as a result of the low quiescent current while offering lower operating current and sleep state power of less than 1 mW. This exceeds Intel’s VR12.6 Ultrabook power specifications. Battery life is further enhanced with IR’s Regenerative Braking technique which returns energy to the battery that is normally lost when waking a laptop computer from a sleep state.

Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R146

Future Electronics

Crimp connectors Harwin has increased the flexibility of its Datamate range by offering the male and female J-Tek crimp connectors with a choice of extended rear walls. These walls enable users to seal the rear of the connector as an alternative to overmoulding. The deep connector shell means that users can fill terminated connectors with potting material which also resists the ingress of dust and moisture. The range is a professional connector system, designed to conform to the requirements of BS 9525-F00033 and features four-finger beryllium copper contacts that ensure integrity of connection without loss of data.

Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R360

24-bit audio MCU-based development boards The DM320013/4 from Microchip Technology are digital audio mixer boards based on low pin count 32-bit PIC32 microcontrollers (MCUs). The DM320014, a USB digital audio accessory board, utilises standard USB 2.0 Mini-B connectivity. The DM320413, a digital audio mixer board, offers Apple portable device connectivity and is offered exclusively to Apple MFi licensees. These two development boards, each powered by Microchip Technology’s PIC32MX250F128 32-bit MCU, enable audio and voice device development for a broad range of applications. Both boards are designed for easy integration of digital and analog audio into the target application. Key features include interfaces for digital audio via USB Mini-B or the Apple iOS interface, line-in and microphone-in for convenient connectivity to analog audio sources such as microphones or instrument pickups, and line-out and headphone out, for line-level output and headphone connectivity. Each provides a good starting point for a portable music player dock design. Additionally, these features allow the mixing of digital and analog audio, utilising the power of the PIC32’s advanced processing capabilities. The development boards are suitable for applications in the consumer and automotive markets, such as consumer audio docks (including those in stereo systems), noise-cancelling headsets, clock radios or A/V entertainment system sounds bars, as well as in automobiles that offer portable music player docking capabilities. These two boards feature 66 DMIPS of performance, up to 128 KB Flash, 32 KB of RAM, USB, I2S interfaces and an advanced clocking scheme that provides the signals needed for the external CODEC while eliminating the need for a CODEC with a built-in PLL. In addition, this series of MCUs offers an 8-bit Parallel Master Port (perfect for interface to an LCD), Microchip’s mTouch capacitive touch technology support and numerous other general-purpose features. Microchip Technology Australia Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R468

28 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

Measurement module JTAG has introduced the JT 2149/DAF, a compact, mixed-signal (digital/analog/ frequency) measurement module that is the first unit of its type to offer both digital and analog test access to PCBs via the company’s QuadPod signal conditioning interface. The module has been designed to slot into the regular QuadPod transceiver system as used by the DataBlaster series of boundary-scan/JTAG controller hardware. When connected to a circuit board via edge connector or test fixture/jig test pins, the module enhances standard digital boundary-scan tests by enabling a series of analog and frequency measurements to be made. Capabilities include 16 dual-purpose digital pins capable of digital I/O stimulus and response at voltages of 1.0 to 3.6 plus frequency measurements up to 128 MHz on any pin. Twelve additional analog measurement channels can capture values from 0 to 33 V with better than 10 mV resolution. One further channel is available as a clock generator, programmable up to 64 MHz. ProDigital Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/Q768

www.electronicsonline.net.au

newproducts

Development kit for microcontroller Texas Instruments and element14 present the Stellaris-based DK-LM3S9D96 Development Kit. The development board provides a platform for developing systems around the capabilities of the Stellaris LM3S9D96-IQC80-A2 ARM Cortex-M3-based microcontroller. The product is a member of the Stellaris Firestorm-class microcontroller family. Firestorm-class devices include capabilities such as 80 MHz clock speeds, an external peripheral interface (EPI) and Audio I2S interfaces. In addition to new hardware to support these features, the board includes a rich set of peripherals. It includes an onboard in-circuit debug interface (ICDI) that supports both JTAG and SWD debugging. An ARM 20-pin debug header supports an array of debugging solutions. The kit accelerates development of Firestorm-class microcontrollers. It also includes extensive example applications and complete source code. The development kit contains all cables, software and documentation needed to develop and run applications for Stellaris microcontrollers easily and quickly. It features StellarisWare Peripheral Library, USB Library and Graphics Library in conjunction with ARM development tools from ARM tools partners. Key applications include gaming equipment, network appliances and switches, home and commercial site monitoring and control, electronic point of sale (POS) machines, motion control, medical instrumentation, remote connectivity and monitoring, test and measurement equipment, factory automation, fire and security, lighting control and transportation. element14 Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R491

RF cables, connectors and assemblies RG6 RG11 RG58 RG142 RG174 RG179 RG213 RG316 LMR series Leaky cables and more ®

U.FL SMA BNC TNC N Type F Type and more

‘LMR ® is the registered trademark of Times Microwave Systems’

Ampec Technologies Pty Ltd

Unit 1, 63-79 Parramatta Road, Silverwater, NSW 2128 Tel: +61 2 8741 5000 E: sales@ampec.com.au W: www.ampec.com.au

www.electronicsonline.net.au

October 2012 - What's New in Electronics

Future conductors

The lightest conductor in the world A network of porous carbon tubes that is three-dimensionally interwoven at nano and micro level is the lightest material in the world. It weighs only 0.2 milligrams per cubic centimetre and is therefore 75 times lighter than styrofoam, but it is very strong nevertheless. Scientists of Kiel University (KU) and Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH) have named their joint creation Aerographite.

The properties It is jet-black, remains stable, is electrically conductive, ductile and non-transparent. With these unique properties and its very low density, Aerographite clearly outperforms all similar materials. It weighs four times less than the nickel material which previously held the record as the lightest material in the world. Not only does nickel have a higher atomic mass than carbon, but the scientists were able to produce a tube structure with porous walls that makes Aerographite so much lighter. Despite its low weight, Aerographite is highly resilient. While lightweight materials normally withstand compression but not tension, Aerographite features both: an excellent compression and tension load. It is able to be compressed up to 95% and be pulled back to its original form without any damage. Up to a certain point it becomes even more solid and therefore stronger. Other materials 30 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

become weaker and less stable when exposed to such stress. The new material absorbs light rays almost completely, giving it the claim to be the blackest black.

The construction Simply explained, Aerographite is constructed like an ivy-web, which winds itself around a tree. The ‘tree’ is a so-called sacrificial template, as this is discarded after the construction process. The team of scientists use a zinc oxide in powder form, which they heat up to 900°C. This transforms the zinc oxide into a crystalline form which is made into www.electronicsonline.net.au

Future conductors

a pill. The zinc-oxide pill forms micro and nano structures, so-called tetrapods. These interweave and construct a stable entity of particles that form the porous pill. In that way, the tetrapods produce the network that is the basis for Aerographite. In a next step, the pill is positioned into the reactor and heated up to 760°C for chemical vapour deposition. A carbon-enriched streaming gas atmosphere deposits a graphite coating of only a few atomic layers thick onto the zinc oxide crystalline formation. This forms the tangled-web structures of the Aerographite. Simultaneously, hydrogen is introduced which reacts with the oxygen in the zinc oxide and results in the emission of steam and zinc gas. The remains are the characteristic interwoven, tube-like carbon structure of Aerographite. During the building process, the crystallised zinc oxide template (white) is removed by introducing hydrogen. The faster the scientists can remove the zinc, the more porous the tube’s walls get and the lighter the material is. This creates considerable scope for the team to be able to affect the characteristics of the Aerographite. They are constantly adjusting the template form and the separation process to explore different possibilities. www.electronicsonline.net.au

The application Due to its unique material characteristics, Aerographite could be used as the electrodes of Li-ion batteries. This would reduce the amount of battery electrolyte used and would lead to an important reduction in the battery’s weight. This purpose has been strongly promoted and supported by those involved in this research. Areas of application for these small batteries might be electric cars or e-bikes. This material could make a great advance in the development of green means of transportation. According to the scientists, further areas of application could be the electrical conductivity of synthetic materials. Non-conductive plastic could be transformed, without causing it to gain weight. Statics, which occur to most people daily, could hence be avoided. The number of further possible areas of application for the lightest material “According to the scientists, further in the world is limitless. After officially areas of application could be the acknowledging Aerographite, scientists electrical conductivity of synthetic of various research areas were bursting materials. Non-conductive plastic with ideas. One likely use would be in electronics for aviation and satellites be- could be transformed, without cause they have to endure high amounts causing it to gain weight.” of vibration. The material has a lot of potential in aiding both air and water purification. It would act as an absorbent for persistent pollutants, which it would oxidise or decompose. In particular, scientists would benefit from the combinations of mechanical stability, electronic conductivity and a large surface area of Aerographite. October 2012 - What's New in Electronics

newproducts

Appliance tester

Rugged power supplies Ruggedised versions of the 300 W, 3U cPCI power supply are available in 24, 48 VDC and universal AC input versions with a conformal coating, making it suitable for extreme industrial, MIL/COTS and marine applications. Fully compliant with the PICMG 2.11 power interface specification, the AC 3U 300R provides 300 W maximum in standard 3U x 8HP shelf space with interconnection via a Positronic 47-pin connector. The cPCI power supplies are hot-swappable and parallel redundant enabled. Extra-high power density allows up to 40 A to be drawn from the +3.3 VDC output and 30 A from the +5 VDC output at 55ºC. The two main outputs feature remote sense and OR-ing diodes allowing single wire current sharing for increasing output power or n+1 redundant operation. The supply has control signals for overtemperature, overvoltage and overcurrent protection as well as power-good and inhibit for systems integration. Input good, power fail and overtemperature front panel LED indicators are also fitted. The supplies are industry-standard size, 3U x 8HP, and have the customary +5, +3.3 and ±12 VDC outputs. The AC input model has a universal input from 90-264 VAC and active power factor correction. High efficiency and power density are achieved by employing independent parallel converter topology and synchronous rectification, low-profile magnetics and a high degree of surface mount assembly.

The UNI-T 528 appliance tester provides insulation, earth continuity and resistance, appliance cord tests and line voltage testing (line to earth, neutral to earth and line to neutral). The tester has a large LCD readout (47 h x 136 mm w). The insulation testing voltage is 500 DC and insulation resistance is measured to 19.99 MΩ. Earth resistance is tested at 200 mA and cord testing includes open circuit, short circuit and reversed polarity. Earth leakage testing is carried out at a low voltage of 50 to a maximum value of 10.5 mA. The instrument is battery operated (six of LR14 1.5 V) and supplied with test leads and case. Power Parameters Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/Q879

Mini-ITX single board computer

A dual SIM 3G/HSPA+ industrial ethernet router has been added to ETM’s range of 3G serial modems and 3G/HSDPA router. With HSDP+ 14.4 DL and 5.7 Mbits UL and an operating temperature range of - 20 to +60°C, the ETM450C is suitable for remote industrial applications such as data logging, backup communications, security and telemetry. It uses the Telstra/NextG approved Cinterion PH8-P wireless module with a wide operating temperature range and five-band UMTS (WCDMA/FDD): 800/850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz plus quad-band GSM: 850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz. In addition to the robust casing and wide operating range, the unit includes dual SIMs with automatic changeover making the unit suitable for applications where continued availability is needed.

ICP Electronics has released IEI Technology’s Mini-ITX Single Board Computer, the KINO-AH611. Designed for scalability and cost optimisation, the SBC series with Intel H61 Express Chipset and 2nd generation Intel Core processor allows one DIMM per channel of DDR3 1333 MHz. The SBC uses Intel HD Graphics technology to deliver highperformance graphics and media processing without a graphics card. Features include TPM V1.2 hardware security support provided by the TPM module and dual-channel 1333 MHz DDR3 SDRAM DIMM supporting up to 16 GB memory. The device is a Mini-ITX motherboard supporting LGA1155 Intel Core i7/i5/ i 3 /Pe n t i u m /C e l e ro n C PU. It supports dual-channel DDR3 SDRAM, up to 16 GB 1333/1066 MHz. With dual VGA and dual HDMI interface, the device supports dual independent display. A wide range of I/O options is supported including 2 x RS232 ports, 1 x PS/2 keyboard connector, 1 x 6-pin wafer for KB/MS, 8 x USB 2.0 ports and 3 x SATA 3 Gbps. All IEI Intel H61 series boards include IEI’s One Key Recovery software, which is said to eliminate the frustration of system recovery after unexpected system failure. With a single click, the software easily creates a full system backup on demand or recovers the system by restoring to a previously made backup.

ETM Pacific Pty Ltd

ICP Electronics Australia Pty Ltd

Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/Q935

Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/R399

Gresham Power Electronics http://www.greshampower.com/

Ethernet router

32 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

www.electronicsonline.net.au

A big THANKS to all our valued readers! You have helped create TWO fantastic new magazines After analysing the results of over 1000 READER SURVEYS completed earlier this year, we are excited to announce a major transformation for longstanding brands Voice+Data and Electrical Solutions. The new titles (and their respective websites) reflect the changes in technology markets in recent times and will better service YOUR business information needs.

Voice+Data morphs into Technology Decisions • Content shifts to pure IT • Cloud; security; big data; storage; compliance; mobility;

virtualisation & more • More opinion, analysts, peer talk, case studies & articles • New focus on software, both in magazine and online Launch issue: Oct/Nov 2012 Website launch: mid October

Electrical Solutions expands with more comms+data content and becomes ECD Solutions (Electrical+Comms+Data) • 30% increase in circulation • Comms+Data; Efficiency+Renewables; Automation+Security and Electrical Distributiona • New perfect bound format with heavy cover and section dividers • More products, case studies and articles • Regular content on regulations, compliance, training and business tips Launch issue: Nov/Dec 2012 Website launch: early November

NOTE: Current subscriptions will continue, but if you want to receive BOTH magazines, or update your magazine and/or online preferences, simply go to www.ElectricalSolutions.net.au/subscribe BEFORE Oct 30.

Semiconductor research

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How to avoid traps in plastic electronics Plastic electronics hold the promise of cheap, mass-produced devices. But plastic semiconductors have an important flaw: the electronic current is influenced by ‘charge traps’ in the material. These traps, which have a negative impact on plastic light-emitting diodes and solar cells, are poorly understood. However, a new study by a team of researchers from the University of Groningen and the Georgia Institute of Technology reveals a common mechanism underlying these traps and provides a theoretical framework to design trap-free plastic electronics. The results have been presented in an online publication of the journal Nature Materials. Plastic semiconductors are made from organic, carbon-based polymers, comprising a tunable forbidden energy gap. In a plastic lightemitting diode (LED), an electron current “ The traps are poorly understood, is injected into a higher molecular orbital, and it has been suggested that they situated just above the energy gap. After injection, the electrons move towards the are caused by kinks in the polymer middle of the LED and fall down in energy chains or impurities in the material.” across the forbidden energy gap, converting the energy loss into photons. As a result, an electrical current is converted into visible light. However, during their passage through the semiconductor, a lot of electrons get stuck in traps in the material and can no longer be converted into light. In addition, this trapping process greatly reduces the electron current and moves the location where electrons are converted into photons away from the centre of the device. “This reduces the amount of light the diode can produce,” explained Herman Nicolai, first author of the Nature Materials paper. The traps are poorly understood, and it has been suggested that they are caused by kinks in the polymer chains or impurities in the material. “We’ve set out to solve this puzzle by comparing the properties of these traps in nine different polymers,” Nicolai explained. “The comparison revealed that the traps in all materials had a very similar energy level.” The Georgia Tech group, led by Jean-Luc Bredas, investigated computationally the electronic structure of a wide range of possible traps. “What we found out from the calculations is that the energy level of the traps measured experimentally matches that produced by a water-oxygen complex,” said Bredas. Nicolai explains, “Such a complex could easily be introduced during the manufacturing of the semiconductor material, even if 34 What's New in Electronics - October 2012

this is done under controlled conditions.” The devices Nicolai studied were fabricated in a nitrogen atmosphere, “but this cannot prevent contamination with minute quantities of oxygen and water”, he noted. The fact that the traps have a similar energy level means that it is now possible to estimate the expected electron current in different plastic materials. And it also points the way to trap-free materials. “The trap energy lies in the forbidden energy gap,” Nicolai explained. This energy gap represents the difference in energy of the outer shell in which the electrons circle in their ground state and the higher orbital to which they can be moved to become mobile charge carriers. When such a mobile electron runs into a trap that is within the energy gap it will fall in, because the trap has a lower energy level. “But if chemists could design semiconducting polymers in which the trap energy is above that of the higher orbital in which the electrons move through the material, they couldn’t fall in,” he suggested. “In this case, the energy level of the trap would be higher than that of the electron.” The results of this study are therefore important for both plastic LEDs and plastic solar cells. “In both cases, the electron current should not be hindered by charge trapping. With our results, more efficient designs can be made,” Nicolai concluded. www.electronicsonline.net.au

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