september 2014
Contents
6 46 OF CHEMISTRY,CLONING BRAIN-INSPIRED AND CORN COMPUTER CHIP Recognised as this year’s distinguished Lemberg Medalist at the ComBio2014 meeting, Professor Marilyn Anderson reflects on a research career that began with organic chemistry and moved through oncogenes and cloning technology to settle in plant biology, and continues to span basic research to commercialisation.
20
20 FORENSIC PROVENANCE The value of an artwork can vary by orders of magnitude if its provenance can be established; increasingly, science is coming to the aid of curators to prove provenance.
46
35 CAMPAIGNING FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH FUNDING With the potential to transform medical research, the Medical Research Future Fund needs the science community to get behind it.
42 AUSBIOTECH Strengthening of our research funding and its associated commercial pathways is key to ensuring the translation of research outcomes into health and economic benefits for the Australian community.
57
Scientists from IBM have unveiled the first neurosynaptic computer chip to achieve an unprecedented scale of 1 million programmable spiking neurons, 256 million programmable synapses and 46 billion synaptic operations per second per watt.
53 EUCALYPTUS GENOME SEQUENCED The genetic blueprint of the Eucalyptus grandis (flooded gum) has been sequenced for the first time. The five-year effort to analyse the 640 million base-pair genome was conducted by 80 researchers from 30 institutions across 18 countries.
57 BENIGN BY DESIGN In November 2013, Flinders University officially opened its Clean Technology Laboratory - a $1.1 million initiative to research and develop sustainable manufacturing methods.
61 THE PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS Researchers have examined the brain effects of the psychedelic chemical in magic mushrooms, called ‘psilocybin’, revealing the physical changes the chemical makes to the brain.
Cover image: © freshidea/Dollar Photo Club
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LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 3
editorial
IT’S YOUR CHOICE! Welcome to the first issue of Lab+Life Scientist This magazine, a merger of the very best of What’s New in Lab Technology and Australian Life Scientist, will be delivered to you eight times each year. While the magazine has merged our websites haven’t. Both www.lifescientist.com.au and www.labonline.com.au are maintaining their individual identities; the lifescientist newsletter will continue to reach your inbox each Friday and labonline each Monday. You are welcome, indeed encouraged, to subscribe to the eNewsletters of one or both of the sites. Just visit either
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luminaries on the Australian science scene. In this issue, Susan has interviewed this year’s distinguished Lemberg
The editor of Australian Life Scientist, Dr Susan Williamson, and I will be collaborating on each issue of Lab+Life Scientist. Susan will be authoring ‘face to face’, which will look at the life and work of one of the Medalist, Professor Marilyn Anderson. Prof Anderson reflects on a research career that began with organic chemistry and moved through oncogenes and cloning technology to settle in plant biology, and continues to span basic research to commercialisation. I know Susan has some pretty interesting and exciting people lined up for the next issues of the magazine so watch out for them. You will be able to meet Susan at ComBio in Canberra in late September. If you are at the event make sure
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you call by and make yourself known. Even better still, if you are involved in some really interesting work tell Susan about it - we are looking to highlight the best Australian research and development and would love to know about you. The magazine will also always include a range of new products and services. These items give you a glimpse at the new equipment and services out there that may be of use to you in your work. To make life as easy as possible, we include the web address of the local agent or distributor so if the items are of interest you will not need to waste time searching for this information. We are always happy to accept ideas, news, case studies and articles for our websites and magazine. Please
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feel free to liaise with either Susan or me if you have any suggestions. We would love you to use Lab+Life Scientist and our websites as an adjunct to the more specialised journals that focus on your particular areas of interest. We hope, also, that the broadening of the content of this merged magazine will enthuse you with the scope and potential of the often underloved discipline that is science. Susan can be contacted at swilliamson@westwick-farrow.com.au while my email address is jwoodhouse@ westwick-farrow.com.au. Regards Janette Woodhouse Chief editor Lab+Life Scientist
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4 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
Susan Williamson
Janette Woodhouse
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Susan Williamson
Recognised as this year’s distinguished Lemberg Medalist at the ComBio2014 meeting, Professor Marilyn Anderson reflects on a research career that began with organic chemistry and moved through oncogenes and cloning technology to settle in plant biology, and continues to span basic research to commercialisation.
L
ab+Life Scientist: What inspired you
to study science? Professor Marilyn Anderson: I grew up in the western suburbs of Melbourne in Deer Park, where my father worked at ICI. Even though he wasn’t a scientist he was involved in the manufacture of chemicals and explosives, and when I came to the decision in secondary school of whether to do history, art or science, he encouraged me to take the challenge and do science. My father was an inspiration. He was born with a heart defect and his family was told he wouldn’t survive childhood. He missed primary school and had only a couple of years at secondary school, but he was smart and made his way up to the level of engineer in ICI without a university degree. He used to sit at the kitchen table with my two brothers and ask questions like what’s the area of a circle? I remember on my first day of school I went to the teacher and said the “area of a circle is Pi r squared” - I thought you needed to know that to be successful at school. I didn’t imagine I would go to university because I didn’t know anyone who had been to university. But my school friends were children of immigrants who had been displaced from northern Europe after the war. Most of their parents had been tertiary educated but their qualifications weren’t recognised in Australia. This made them heavily committed to getting a good education for their children. My best friend was Latvian and practised piano and a violin for five hours a day. It made me realise I could aim
Of chemistry, cloning and corn
for more than I had been exposed to in my nonimmigrant household. I was familiar with the University of Melbourne campus because I often played hockey there and I went there for the German poetry competitions and oral exams. So I dared to dream of going to university. This shows the value of bringing young students onto campus.
6 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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face to face
“ It was at those meetings that I first heard about the newly emerging field of molecular biology from scientists like Francis Crick, James Watson, Paul Berg and Phil Sharp.” I applied, got into science and I absolutely loved it. Looking back I think that was the most life-changing
Henry and Robin Anderson.
year for me. I still thought I was going to fail because
My PhD project was focused on polysaccharide
I was from the western suburbs and almost everybody
chemistry and the specificity of the enzymes that break
else was from a private school. I was stunned when I
them down. That was in the days before ‘molecular
did well in my first-year exams. After that I immersed
biology’, although Bruce insisted that we had always
myself in university life and moved into Janet Clarke
been molecular biologists.
Hall for the full university experience.
LLS: Then you went overseas to do a postdoc and
LLS: How did you come to do biochemistry?
took up molecular biology.
MA: I thought I was going to do chemistry because
MA: Yes, in those days almost every PhD student who
that’s what I did at ICI for my summer jobs. I just
wanted to continue in science would look overseas
assumed I would be a chemist and go back to work for
for a postdoc. I wanted to continue in carbohydrate
ICI or become a secondary school teacher. But then I
chemistry so I went to The School of Medicine at the
was introduced to biochemistry. It was a relatively new
University of Miami where there was a big cluster
subject in those days and I found it really exciting. At
of carbohydrate chemists in a unit headed by Bill
the end of third year I had the choice of doing honours
Whelan. He started The Miami Winter Symposium,
in chemistry or biochemistry and decided to do
which is now in its 47th year. It was at those meetings
biochemistry. Biochemistry was a better environment for
that I first heard about the newly emerging field of
women than chemistry in those days. The lecturers and
molecular biology from scientists like Francis Crick,
tutors were inspiring - Mary-Jane Gething was my tutor
James Watson, Paul Berg and Phil Sharp.
when I was in college and I thought she was fantastic.
They inspired me to move fields from
In those days there were strict quotas to get into
carbohydrate chemistry to molecular biology. It was
second year, third year and honours biochemistry.
the mid-1970s, just as scientists in the USA called for
Not everyone could get in, so you felt privileged if you
a national moratorium on DNA cloning. For the rest
did. When I went on to do honours with Bruce Stone,
of the time that I was in Miami, no cloning was done
he handed me Elizabeth Blackburn’s and Mary-Jane
whilst this voluntary group of scientists evaluated
Gething’s laboratory books from projects they had
whether gene cloning was safe.
done in his lab a couple of years earlier. That was what I built my honours project on.
© evegenesis/Dollar Photo Club
Geoff Fincher, Tony Bacic, Adrienne Clark, Robert
We still did a lot of work with DNA but we weren’t cloning. I was trying to use SV40 virus to create an
It’s pretty amazing now to look back and think I
immortal line of insulin-producing pancreatic cells.
was following on from a future Nobel Prize winner. I
I met and worked with William Rutter, who had
joined the then Australian Biochemistry Society [now
developed techniques for isolation of RNA from
the Australian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular
pancreas. This technology was very useful later in
Biology] in 1971 when I was an honours student.
my career.
Attendance at the annual conference was part of our
LLS: Can you tell us about your time at Cold Spring
honours program and Syd Leach had run a course to
Harbour Laboratory?
prepare us for the plenary lecture on protein folding
MA: Joe Sambrook, who was deputy director at Cold
by Harold Sheraga. The whole honours class travelled
Spring Harbour Laboratory, came to Miami for a
to Brisbane by train, which took two days!
student symposium. He heard my husband talk and
LLS: And you continued with biochemistry for
offered him a job, so I went with my husband to Cold
your PhD?
Spring Harbour and continued working on oncogenes
MA: I applied to do a PhD at Melbourne University
in adenovirus, another DNA tumour virus. Many
with Bruce Stone. At the end of my honours year
people worked on adenovirus and SV40 virus in the
he accepted the position as inaugural Professor of
early days of molecular biology.
Biochemistry at La Trobe University. He moved
When we got to Cold Spring Harbour, the
his lab out to La Trobe and we all followed. Bruce
moratorium on gene cloning was lifted. My husband
trained several successful biochemists who have been
was working with James Watson and Joe Sambrook,
members of the ASBMB for a long time, including
firstly on the cloning of middle T (later renamed p53)
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LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 7
face to face
phenomenon as evidence for the requirement of outbreeding for hybrid vigour and survival of the fittest. Although people knew the genetics behind it, the genes and the proteins that were responsible had not been isolated. Even though I’d been working with viruses and oncogenes, Adrienne thought somebody from an entirely different field with new technology might help solve this problem. LLS: And you solved the problem? MA: Very fortunately, we cloned the gene that controlled self-incompatibility within 2 years. It turned out to be one of the first major and important plant genes to be cloned - we published in Nature and got the front cover. We discovered that the female tissues rejected self-pollen by making a ribonuclease that could enter the self-pollen and kill it by breaking down the RNA. Members of the Biochemistry Department at LaTrobe University in 1972. Led by Bruce Stone (standing at right) when Marilyn Anderson was a graduate student (sitting at front right).
The scientific community around the ‘Parkville Strip’ really contributed to our success. I was a bit of a gypsy when I first returned from the US. I would walk over and talk to people at the WEHI, the Howard Florey and
I had a green card - in fact, James Watson was
Ian McKenzie’s group in the Pathology Department
was working with Bill Topp in the same building.
my referee for the green card. So we decided to come
at Melbourne University, and they would invite me
LLS: That must have been an exciting environment
back for 2 years, and then our green cards would still
into their labs to work. We would share techniques
to work in.
be valid, and I could head back to the US and pick up
and they gave me access to their resources. Without
MA: It was amazing.
where I had left off if things did not work out.
that we would not have cloned the gene.
and then on the cloning of plasminogen activator. I
There was a complication, however, because I
LLS: Is that when you came into plant biology?
I look back at it and think what amazing times
had had a child - so when I turned up at Cold Spring
MA: Yes, I came back to work with Adrienne and
they were. I wouldn’t have been prepared for it if I
Harbour I had an 18-month-old child. At that time
hopped right into plant biology. People often think I
hadn’t worked at Cold Spring Harbour in the early
there were very few women working in science who
am a plant biologist but I hadn’t really worked with
days of molecular biology.
had children.
plants before. My work with Bruce Stone had been
I knew Barbara McClintock well and we talked a
focused on carbohydrate chemistry and enzymes.
We followed that first paper with another two Nature papers. It shows the advantages that special research
lot. The advice she gave me about how to succeed as a
Adrienne had a fundamental and important
woman in science was not to get married or have children.
biological question and James Watson had said to us
LLS: Was it difficult for you to switch from working
Times were just starting to change, and I got
“if you are going to do basic science ask a big question,
in animals to plants?
a job at Cold Spring Harbour. But even though I
don’t just tinker on the edges”. Adrienne’s question
MA: What was so coincidental was that I made
worked every day and all weekend I was still, relative
was on self-incompatibility in plants; that is, how do
RNA from the female tissue of the flower using the
to men, regarded as not as serious. In some way that
most flowering plants recognise and reject self-pollen
same methods that I had used for pancreas when
gave me more freedom because the men were under
so they are forced to outbreed?
I was working with Bill Rutter. Pancreas is full of
a lot of pressure. LLS: What made you leave such an exciting place and come back to Australia?
This question had been posed by Charles Darwin 100 years earlier. He wrote a book on it and used this
centres can offer. I stayed there for about 13 years.
ribonucleases that break down RNA so we had to take extra precautions to inactivate them. When I was working with flowers, they turned
MA: In 1982, when my son was four years old, we
out to be full of ribonucleases like the pancreas. So I
decided to come back to Australia. We had been away
used the method I had learnt in the animal field. That
for seven years and my mother was very sick.
was the big breakthrough that enabled us to isolate the
My husband got a job with Ian Gust at the Fairfield Infectious Diseases Hospital, set up molecular biology there and cloned the hepatitis A virus.
good quality RNA that we used for cloning. When we first sequenced the gene we didn’t know it was a ribonuclease. We found that out because
I decided to work with Adrienne Clark, who had
our collaborator, Richard Simpson, was working
received funding from one of the first rounds of ARC
with a colleague from Japan who had just cloned a
Centres of Excellence. Adrienne could guarantee me
ribonuclease gene from a microorganism. When he
five years of funding and the stability that offered us
lined up the sequence of his gene with the sequence
was one of the reasons we came home. I think I would
of ours we could see regions of homology, and that
still be in the US if that hadn’t happened.
led us to ask whether it was a ribonuclease and it was!
8 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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face to face
LLS: So you decided to stay in Australia? MA: Once we cloned the self-incompatibility gene we attracted a series of very good postdocs to the lab and we had a lot of very good questions to pursue. We had excellent facilities in Melbourne and we had international recognition for our work. Furthermore, my husband had managed to clone the hepatitis A virus so he was enjoying his work as well. We decided to stay in Australia. LLS: Is the cloning work what lead you and Adrienne Clark to forming the agribiotech company Hexima? MA: Indirectly. Hexima has existed in different forms, but it really started in 1997 when we had our first employees. We now have 36 scientists in Hexima and about five administrative people. We floated on the ASX in 2007 and raised $40 million. We delisted because the climate is too volatile for a small biotech on the ASX. We became involved with a company, investors and patents very early on. In the first year that I was back in Australia, Adrienne Clarke had received funds from
Honours students on the way to the first Australian Society for Biochemistry meeting in Queensland in 1971 (the ASB later became the ASBMB). From left to right: Richard Christopherson, Jenny Favaloro, Gail Streader, Nic Nicola’s wife and Nic Nicola. Photo taken by Marilyn Anderson.
one of the world’s first plant biotechnology companies, Agrigenetics, for the self-incompatibility work.
We’ve just signed a new five-year contract with them to
who was then Head of the School of Botany at Melbourne
go back and start working on insects.
University. We were interviewed by the Department of
from Hollywood actors who formed an investment group
LLS: Is this work progressing into the field?
Treasury and Finance and they gave both of us board
called the nematodes in the early 1980s.
MA: We have generated plants with enhanced resistance
positions. They thought scientists were most like business
to some of the major corn diseases and the seed is now
people because we are familiar with strategy, we travel
going through field trials in the US.
the world, have an international network and have good
Agrigenetics was founded on venture capital money
They had a couple business people who chose the projects to bring into Agrigenetics, such as the first transgenic plants with the insecticidal gene, Bt Toxin,
About three years ago we moved just about everyone
communication skills. Women who survive in science
agrobacterium-mediated transformation and our self-
from Melbourne to La Trobe University. We built a large
are not terrified of putting their points of view forward.
incompatibility work, amongst others. Some of the most
greenhouse at La Trobe for production of transgenic corn
I didn’t have any training in finance so I did the
valuable patents in plant biotechnology came from that
with our antifungal molecules. We have a very efficient
company directors course. And I had 15 years experience
original company.
system for generating and testing the plants. We can make
on the boards of Melbourne’s water companies.
and test 10,000 transgenic plants per year.
LLS: Do you think it is important for scientists to
When we were working on pollen and how it grew,
learn business skills?
we realised that female plant reproductive tissues were
Now we have gene constructs that make two or
rarely infected by microorganisms, even when the rest
three different proteins so they can hit different targets
MA: I think this is really important as we are asked more
of the plant had an infection.
to control levels of resistance and provide more broad
and more to focus on translation of our research. We
spectrum control - the aim is to give plants resistance to
are training people who can span business and science.
I applied for an ARC research fellowship to look at molecules that protect the flower from invading
all the major fungal diseases.
We are still very interested in basic research because we are university based. It is important to us that we get academic publications and we are still writing grant
“ We can make and test 10,000 transgenic plants per year.”
applications to support basic research. Our students do basic research but they get to see how a company runs, they get some training and understanding of IP, how contracts work and so forth. Nicole van der Weerden, who is now our COO, was a PhD student with us. She went off and did an MBA and
microorganisms and damage from insects. I identified
We are going to keep working at making Hexima
some molecules, we put some patents in and it’s really
successful. We are now looking at human applications
has come back.
from that work that Hexima was founded.
for some of our technology.
LLS: How do you feel about being the 2014 recipient
LLS: Where did you get your grounding in business?
of the ASBMB’s highest award, the Lemberg Medal?
that they are good insecticidal molecules that protect the
MA: Agrigenetics used to run courses for scientists on IP
MA: I feel very honoured to be this year’s Lemberg
female flower from insect damage. Then we found some
and management. Adrienne Clarke used this experience
medallist, 43 years after I attended my first meeting as
potent antifungal molecules and the work has broadened.
when she first moved into company directorship and she
a starry-eyed honours student. Syd Leach’s preparation
Most of the Hexima work that has generated
encouraged us to take an interest in business management.
and Harold Sheraga’s plenary lecture started a love of
commercial interest has been our antifungal technology.
About 15 years ago there was a move to have more
proteins that has stayed with me throughout my career.
We’ve had a five-year program with DuPont Pioneer to
female representatives on Government boards and
Fortunately, I will be flying to Canberra and will not have
enhance disease resistance in corn by applying this work.
Adrienne put forward my name as well as Pauline Ladiges,
to travel on the Brisbane Limited Express.
It started off with protease inhibitors. We found
10 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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movers&shakers
Abcam establishes direct service for ANZ
Survival in salty alkaline soils
© freeimages.com/profile/ladyaustin
Protein research tool provider Abcam has established
Australian wattles are tough, especially when it comes to growing and thriving in salty and alkaline soils. In an attempt to shed more light on the evolution of this salt and alkalinity tolerance, Dr Elisabeth Bui and colleagues from CSIRO found that acacias have repeatedly, and often together, evolved salinity and alkalinity tolerance. Australia’s soils are old. They contain large and sometimes overlapping areas of high salt and alkalinity. Saline or alkaline soils place a lot of stress on plants. When a plant faces these conditions together this can be more deleterious than dealing with them alone. Most plants only tolerate low concentrations of salt before they die and most cultivated plants prefer acidic (pH 5.5-6.5) rather than alkaline soils. However, many Australian plants, especially the acacias and saltbushes, can tolerate salt and alkaline conditions. Acacias have radiated into more than 1000 species across Australia over 25 million years and have evolved the ability to thrive in this stressful soil environment. Bui and colleagues investigated this tolerance by predicting the average soil salinity and pH for 503 acacia species. They then mapped the results onto a maximum-likelihood phylogeny chart to visualise lines of descent and relationships among the different species. The results showed that geographically restricted species were often tolerant of extreme conditions highly saline and alkaline soils. There was also strong evidence that many acacia have distributions affected by salinity and alkalinity and that preference is lineage specific. By understanding the genetic relationship between salt and alkaline tolerance in acacia, new insights into plant breeding for stress tolerance may improve the ability to rehabilitate land at risk from dryland salinity, as well as improve agriculture, in these extreme environments. This study was published in Biology Letters.
New leadership at UTS Professor Attila Brungs has stepped into the role of ViceChancellor at the University of Technology, Sydney, with the retirement of Professor Ross Milbourne. Brungs has a distinguished career spanning academia and industry. A Rhodes Scholar with a PhD in inorganic chemistry, he has held senior positions with the CSIRO and prestigious consulting firm McKinsey & Company.
a direct service to Australia and New Zealand. Researchers can now source products and technical support directly from the UK-based company, rather than through distributors, which is expected to improve delivery times and better meet researchers’ needs.
ACD and Leica Biosystems comarket RNA in situ hybridisation platform Leica Biosystems and Advanced Cell Diagnostics (ACD) are co-marketing ACD’s RNAscope LS ISH assays with Leica Biosystems’ Bond RX research staining platform. The agreement provides researchers with an integrated and fully automated ISH solution. The RNAscope assays offer robust single RNA molecule detection for formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded (FFPE) tissue.
Miltenyi Biotec acquires gene therapy assets from Lentigen Global biotechnology company Miltenyi Biotec has acquired the lentiviral vector manufacturing business and related assets from US company Lentigen, a provider of lentiviral technology for cell and gene therapy applications. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that lentiviral technology provides the most efficient method for delivering genetic material into cells to modulate their function.
programs that ensure our graduates hit the ground running
Baxter to sell vaccine business to Pfizer
in their careers.”
Healthcare company Baxter International has entered
“UTS has come far in a short time,” said Brungs, who joined UTS in 2009 as Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research). “We aspire to be a world-leading university of technology, [and] we are dedicated to offering new and agile
UTS was founded in its current form in 1988. It retains its technical college roots with a focus
into a definitive agreement to sell its two commercially
on practice-oriented education, producing industry-ready graduates and maintaining engagement
marketed vaccines and related production facilities
with employer groups and the professions.
to pharmaceutical company Pfizer for a total cash
Its Sydney campus is currently updating and expanding with a $1.2 billion campus building program.
12 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
consideration of $635 million, subject to certain adjustments.
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movers&shakers
A potential new approach to treating AML A more detailed understanding of how the therapeutic antibody CSL362 binds to the interleukin-3 (IL-3) receptor may provide a new approach to treating acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). AML is an aggressive cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. The cancer develops in the myeloid cells of the bone marrow and is characterised by an overproduction of immature myeloid cells. The disease has poor survival rates. Patients can be treated with chemotherapy to induce remission, but there is a high © iStockphoto.com/Svetlana Braun
likelihood of relapse. The research defines precisely how a newly developed therapeutic antibody, CSL362, binds to the interleukin-3 receptor on AML cancer cells. AML cells, in contrast to most normal cells, express high levels of the IL-3 receptor. Once bound CSL362 recruits the body’s immune system to kill the cancer cells, potentially preventing relapse of the disease. The long-term collaborative study was conducted
Friends’ similarities extend to their genes
by researchers at the Centre for Cancer Biology (CCB)
It appears that we share more with our friends than we thought, with US researchers discovering that friends
at SA Pathology in Adelaide, St Vincent’s Institute
who are not biologically related still resemble each other genetically. The study, from the University of
of Medical Research in Melbourne and global
California, San Diego and Yale University, has been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy
biopharmaceutical company CSL.
of Sciences.
CCB Co-Director Professor Angel Lopez, who was
The researchers conducted a genome-wide analysis of nearly 1.5 million markers of gene variation.
recently elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of
They drew on data from the Framingham Heart Study, which contains information on both the friendships
Science, said the research realises the potential biological
and genetics of its participants. Using 1932 subjects, the team compared pairs of friends with pairs of
therapies have in minimising harm to normal cells
strangers from the same population, none of which were related to each other.
and tissues.
“Across the whole genome, friends’ genotypes at the single nucleotide polymorphism level tend to be AML blood films, courtesy SA Pathology.
positively correlated (homophilic),” the authors said. “In fact, the increase in similarity relative to strangers
The study determined the three-dimensional atomic structure of CSL362 bound to the IL-3 receptor.
is at the level of fourth cousins”, with friends found to share about 1% of their genes. “One per cent may not sound like much to the layperson,” said co-author Nicholas Christakis, “but to geneticists it is a significant number. And how remarkable: most people don’t even know who their fourth cousins are! Yet we are somehow, among a myriad of possibilities, managing to select as friends the people who resemble our kin.” The researchers found that friends are quite similar in gene variants having to do with sense of smell, but are less likely to share gene variants relating to immunity against specific diseases; in the case of the latter, this reduces interpersonal spread of pathogens. The team suggested that “these systems may play a role in the formation or maintenance of friendship ties” and that friends “may be a kind of ‘functional kin’”. “Homophilic genotypes exhibit significantly higher measures of positive selection, suggesting that, on average, they may yield a synergistic fitness advantage that has been helping to drive recent human evolution,” the researchers said. For example, said co-author James Fowler, “The first mutant to speak needed someone else to speak to. The ability is useless if there’s no one who shares it.”
The crystal structure revealed that the N-terminal
It is thus suggested that the social environment itself is an evolutionary force, perhaps helping to
domain of the IL-3 receptor adopted unique ‘open’
explain why human evolution appears to have sped up over the last 30,000 years. Fowler noted, “Human
and classical ‘closed’ conformations.
beings are one of the few species who form long-term, non-reproductive relationships with other members
The researchers note that a more detailed
of our species. This role of affiliation … ties into the success of our species.”
understanding of how CSL362 interacts with the IL-3
The researchers were able to develop a “friendship score”, which they can use to predict who will
receptor at an atomic level provides the framework for
be friends, based on their genes, the same way scientists may predict a person’s chances of obesity or
the development of next-generation antibodies to target
schizophrenia. But as for the mechanisms which drive us towards the people we choose as our friends,
the IL-3 receptor and other related receptors.
further research is still required.
14 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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movers&shakers
Cell modulator toolkit
New malaria vaccine approach attracts collaboration
In 21 years more than $61 million has been raised by the Jeans for Genes Day effort to support research at Children’s Medical Research Institute (CMRI), such as neurobiologist Professor Phil Robinson’s pharmacological research. Robinson and colleagues have developed a dynamin modulator toolkit, which makes new pharmacological protocols available to medical researchers, biochemists and other scientists. © freeimages.com/profile/rhythms
“We have worked for almost 15 years with Professor Adam McCluskey’s team at the University of Newcastle,” said Robinson. “The tools we have designed are for use by cell biologists and researchers to better understand endocytosis.” Endocytosis, the process via which materials move into a cell via membrane vesicles, plays a key role in many cells of the body. Robinson’s main interest is the nervous system, where the synaptic vesicles involved in nerve communication pinch off from the cell membrane via endocytosis. The compounds in the toolkits Robinson and colleagues have developed block these processes. They have already published a series on clathrin, one of two key proteins that control endocytosis - clathrin controls the beginning of the process. The latest toolkit contains inhibitors that target dynamin, the second key protein that controls the end of the endocytotic process. Dynamin is involved in the pinching off of invaginating vesicles from the cell membrane, allowing them enter the cell cytoplasm. “The set of three compounds we recently published on are to help people figure out how to make the compounds, fine-tune them and develop them to be more active and safe for use in humans,” explained Robinson, adding that he is using the compounds to work out how to turn down endocytosis and reduce synaptic transmission in epilepsy.
The Burnet Institute in Melbourne and German-based ARTES Biotechnology plan to collaborate in the development of a malaria vaccine and take the work a step towards being evaluated for use in humans. The project, funded by the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (PATH MVI), is focusing on producing vaccines that block the transmission of malaria infection from mosquitoes to humans. The work at the Burnet Institute led by Professor James Beeson, co-head of the Centre for Biomedical Research, involves a new approach using noninfectious virus-like particles (VLPs) to express malaria proteins. The idea is that the VLPs will be taken up by immune cells, stimulate an effective immune response and boost the immune system to withstand malaria infections. “The expression of malaria proteins is notoriously difficult because they are complex and large in size,” said Beeson. “Many VLPs aren’t able to express them but this platform does.” Two big challenges Beeson cites for developing a malaria vaccine are defining the targets to focus on and inducing an immune response that is potent enough to combat the parasite. The team at Burnet developed VLPs that express many malarial proteins or target antigens for initial testing of the vaccine. They have also created a VLP that is the optimal size for stimulating the immune system. VLPs have already been used to produce hepatitis B and human papilloma virus vaccines, so Beeson is confident their new approach will be safe to use in humans. The collaboration with ARTES will take the work a step further and adapt the platform
© freeimages.com/profile/MeiTang
to manufacturing processes. “ARTES has expertise in cell expression lines and purification procedures that result in a highly pure product,” said Beeson. “They will develop production protocols and technology to get the construct right and take the first step to producing modest quantities of VLPs for proof of principle studies.” Based in Germany, ARTES holds the international patent rights for the Metavax platform, a chimeric VLP platform the company has adapted to vaccine production. “They work in animals for a short time, although they do have some
ARTES will produce high-quality vaccine and test its efficacy. The PATH MVI funding
off-target effects. We want to develop them further so that they last half
will support testing whether this approach is superior to currently established approaches
a day or a day.”
used to treat malaria - Beeson is confident it will be.
Robinson said the compounds work equally well for infectious disease, especially viruses, and act as a front-line of defence in blocking these infectious agents from accessing cells. The long-term goal is to develop compounds that can be put into a clinical trial to test for use in humans.
ARTES also has the capacity to scale-up production and take the platform through to GMP production. “If it works it will be a fairly straightforward process,” said Beeson. “We’re confident it will be a great platform but whether the immune response produced will be strong enough to combat malaria is yet to be seen.”
“It’s incredibly hard to get funding to do drug discovery research in
The novel technology has overcome one roadblock - expressing malaria proteins.
Australia,” Robinson said. “The funds generated from Jeans for Genes
The next roadblock to overcome is to show that the immune response is strong enough
Day have underwritten this work.”
to be clinically effective.
The first Friday in August marks the national day when people wear their denim jeans in support of raising funds for research.
16 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
PATH MVI is a global program of the international nonprofit organisation PATH established in 1999 through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Electrical
RF Temperature Pressure
Flow
Software
movers&shakers
Bullets leave behind fingerprints, too Forensic scientist Anna Bradley, from the University of Western Australia (UWA), is undertaking the world’s largest bullet lead study, building on research the FBI started when US President John F Kennedy was assassinated in 1963. Bradley is looking to track the unique ‘fingerprint’ of bullets in the hope of solving crimes. “Around 20% of homicides and armed robberies in Australia involve the use of a © freeimages.com/profile/oskar73
gun,” Bradley said. “But if the firearm is not recovered or the bullet is fragmented, this can make things tricky for the physical examination. If a bullet from a crime scene can be ‘fingerprinted’, which means determining its elemental composition, then it can be compared to the composition of ammunition found in the suspect’s car or house or in a
Priorities for Antarctic research outlined
recovered firearm.” As part of her PhD research, Bradley
The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) has convened 75 scientists and policymakers from 22
enlisted the help of two Australian ammunition
countries to agree on the priorities for Antarctic research for the next 20 years and beyond. This is the first time that
manufacturers - one big, one small; each with
the international Antarctic community has formulated a collective vision through discussions, debate and voting.
different ways of making bullets - to test her
The SCAR Antarctic and Southern Ocean Science Horizon Scan narrowed a list of hundreds of scientific
hypothesis and found that the elemental
questions to the 80 most pressing ones. In an article published in the journal Nature, these questions are divided
signature of bullets remains unchanged
into six themes, representing the most important priorities to be addressed in the region:
throughout the manufacturing process. She
• Define the global reach of the Antarctic atmosphere and Southern Ocean.
also collaborated with the Western Australia
• Understand how, where and why ice sheets lose mass.
Police Service, who provided reference
• Reveal Antarctica’s history.
ammunition to build up a database of different
• Learn how Antarctic life evolved and survived.
bullets.
• Observe space and the Universe. • Recognise and mitigate human influences. Monash University Professor Steven Chown, one of the lead authors of the report, said the paper is timely as Australia is developing its 20-year strategic plan for Antarctica. The terms of reference for the plan include strategies © iStockphoto.com/ radiuoz
for enhancing globally significant science and the influence Australia has on Antarctica.
After shooting slaughtered pigs’ heads
“There are worrying signs about the long-term future of Australia’s science leadership in the region; for example, the number of science projects being supported by the Australian Antarctic Programme has declined from 142 in 1997-98 to just 62 in 2014,” he said. “Declining support is hugely concerning, and this paper outlines that with a lack of support some Antarctic researchers choose to leave the field. This jeopardises the recruitment and retention of the next generation of researchers.”
with different ammunition, X-raying the skulls and extracting the lead shot and bullet
Professor Chown said that in order to address the scientific areas outlined in the report, “researchers and governments must work together, and we must have greater international collaboration”.
fragments, Bradley was able to match the extracted samples to their unique production
“There also needs to be enhanced investment in science in the region, better environmental stewardship and more communication around the significance of the region to the public,” he said.
batch with 97% accuracy. By being able to determine up to 19 trace elements found
An improvement in environmental protection is particularly important, noted Professor Chown, “as more scientists visit the region and tourist numbers continue to increase”.
in bullet lead - including arsenic, gold and mercury - she could trace a bullet back to
“Tourists value pristine, wilderness landscapes, while scientists rely on unaltered patterns of biodiversity to understand the evolution of life in the Antarctic.”
its point of origin, no matter where it was manufactured or where the lead was sourced.
Professor Chown said Antarctic science is globally important and countries need to work together to address the issues facing the region.
18 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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Janette Woodhouse
20 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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science and art
Forensic provenance The science of art authentication
The value of an artwork can vary by orders of magnitude if its provenance can be established; increasingly, science is coming to the aid of curators to prove provenance.
S
cientists from the Australian
and investigating how the body deals with zinc oxide
Synchrotron recently assisted conservators from
nanoparticles in sunscreens. It is increasingly important
the State Library of New South Wales (SLNSW) to
for agricultural researchers, with applications that
determine provenance of a series of exquisitely detailed,
include assisting the development of rice and other
unsigned, scientific drawings of birds and flowers
grains with improved levels of essential minerals,
that date back to the years immediately following the
and the development of more-effective phosphorus
arrival of the First Fleet.
fertilisers.
The drawings from SLNSW’s TAL & Dai-ichi Life
Preliminary results from the XFM scans revealed
Derby Collection depict local plants, birds and fish,
that the gold leaf was of very high quality, indicating the
and feature iridescent effects through the use of gold,
artworks were produced in Australia using European
silver and brass leaf with watercolours.
materials. Highly refined, the gold leaf contained only
The drawings are believed to be originals done in Australia, but the intricate gold leaf work was rarely
a small percentage of copper and, Hughes said, very few impurities.
practised in European watercolours and so there was
“This is a really strong indication that the gold
some thought that the drawings were in fact copies
was refined in the UK or in Europe,” she said. “You
done in another country such as India.
would expect a greater degree of impurities in gold
By determining the composition of the gold leaf and the other finely ground mineral pigments that
refined in India due to [it] not having the technique as refined as Europe did at the time.”
had been used to create the drawings, it was hoped
The synchrotron data also showed that the
that the identity or nationality of the artists could be
pigment in the watercolours was highly refined -
established.
suggesting the artist had not ground the materials
Cultural materials conservators Kate Hughes and David Thurrowgood from SLNSW took five of the
themselves but had purchased the paints for the trip to the new colony.
drawings to the synchrotron in June 2014. Due to their
The researchers are now developing a pigment
delicate nature the drawings cannot be touched, so the
composition database and will use their synchrotron
synchrotron presented an opportunity to examine the
findings to validate a method for assessing other works
very fine detail of the drawings, in which many of the
in the SLNSW collection using laboratory-based
brushstrokes are finer than 0.1 mm.
technologies. The information will be shared with
The analysis was carried out on the synchrotron’s
colleagues at the Natural History Museum in London.
X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) beamline with Daryl Howard. This non-destructive synchrotron
Private collector scores a Raphael
technique can map which elements (such as gold,
A work belonging to a private collector in Cordoba,
copper, zinc and iron) are present in a sample,
Spain, has recently been attributed to the great Raffaello
along with their locations and chemical form. XFM
Sanzio da Urbino (Raphael) - the famous Renaissance
can resolve details as small as 0.1 mm across and
painter - following scientific investigation at the
detect much lower concentrations of elements than
University of Granada. The painting, entitled the
laboratory-based techniques. It also collects data
Small Madonna of Foligno, depicts a scene identical
on timescales that make it possible to scan entire
to that of the Madonna of Foligno and was probably
works of art.
a preliminary version of Raphael’s painting, which is
XFM is more commonly used for research and
Left: La Bella Principessa Above: Drawings from SLNSW’s TAL & Daiichi Life Derby Collection
exhibited in the Vatican Pinacoteca.
development work to help the mining industry
Luis Rodrigo Rodríguez-Simón, lecturer in the
improve its productivity and environmental
Faculty of Fine Arts at the University of Granada, has
performance, and by biomedical researchers. Recent
identified and reliably attributed the work, hitherto
uses include examining the role of metals and metal-
by an unknown artist, following a minutely detailed
containing enzymes in diseases such as Alzheimer’s
study lasting several years.
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LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 21
science and art
In the Small Madonna of Foligno, two letters
fits in well with da Vinci’s lifetime (1452-1519) but does
decorate the cuff of the Virgin’s tunic: the capital
not establish when the drawing was done as it could
letters ‘R’ and ‘U’, the initials of Raffaello de Urbino.
still be a much more recent drawing on old vellum.
“Raphael stamped a similar rubric in the decoration
Martin Kemp, Emeritus professor of art history
that is part of the brocade adorning the same cuff in
at Oxford University, thought he could see da Vinci’s
the major work, held in the Vatican Pinacoteca, with
hand in the drawing - how the hair was bunched, the
the same theme,” explains Rodríguez-Simón.
modulation of colours, the precise lines which were
Similarly, he has also discovered the first letters of the name Raffaello or Raphael and the year 1507, which have been incised, when the paint was fresh, in the flesh colour of the Virgin’s right hand.
opinion does not prove provenance. Next the drawing was sent to Pascal Cotte for high-resolution multispectral scanning at the Research
Infrared photography has also led to another Kate Hughes (SLNSW) examines the results of her X-ray examination of the bird drawings.
definitely drawn by a left-hander … But such expert
Laboratory Lumiere-Technology in Paris.
discover of major importance: the existence of
These multispectral images were used by Peter
numbering on both the upper and right sides and
Paul Biro, who has pioneered a different approach
short hairsbreadth lines all around the edge of the
to authenticating pictures. Biro looks for the artist’s
painting, some 2.9 cm apart. “These graphics can
fingerprints, impressed in the paint or on the canvas.
He conducted a technical, scientific study applying
be explained by the use of the method of squaring to
Using advanced image-processing software, Biro
a series of advanced instrumental techniques and
transfer this composition to a larger scale, as shown
claims to have subtracted the background noise
analytical methods: X-ray, infrared photography,
by the number of squares and the fact that they are so
in Cotte’s images, until only the clearest parts of a
infrared reflectography, fluorescence under ultraviolet
small,” says Rodríguez-Simón.
fingerprint remained. This fingerprint is said to be “highly comparable” to a fingerprint on da Vinci’s St
light, analysis of paint layers, scanning electronic microscope linked to an energy-dispersive X-ray
Forged facts
microanalysis system, gas chromatography-mass
When Peter Silverman bought a ‘German, early 19th
Sadly, Biro’s credibility and honesty have been
spectrometry and micro Raman spectroscopy.
century’ coloured chalk-and-ink portrait in 2007,
seriously questioned and his assertions no longer
The painting arrived in Cordoba from France in
few would have imagined that scientific investigation
assure provenance.
the late 19th century. The paint layer study has revealed
could have turned his $21,850 purchase into a $160
Kemp and Cotte still assert that the portrait is a
that the work was transferred from wood to canvas in
million investment in a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci.
da Vinci and have done a lot of work on establishing
the second half of the 19th century. A preparation of
With so much money at stake, the portrait known
that the drawing had been torn from a bound volume.
several layers of lead white over a set of three canvases
as La Bella Principessa has been subject to ongoing
Against all odds, Kemp tracked the volume down to
has been found. This corresponds to the way in which
scientific investigation.
Poland’s national library in Warsaw.
Jerome that hangs in the Vatican.
paintings were transferred from one support to another
Firstly, many of the drawing’s pigments were
The portrait is claimed to have been cut from
at that time in France. Other paintings by Raphael -
analysed and it was determined that none of them had
one of the Sforziadas, the copies printed in the 1490s,
The Ecstasy of Saint Cecilia (Pinacoteca Comunale,
been invented after da Vinci’s time period. A sample of
dedicated to the Duke Ludovico Sforza’s father and
Bologna, Italy) and The Madonna of Foligno itself
the parchment was sent to the Swiss Federal Institute
family. Each copy was illuminated with a differently
(Vatican Pinacoteca) - underwent the same change.
of Technology, in Zurich, for radiocarbon dating. The
illustrated frontispiece depending on the dedicatee.
The University of Granada researcher discovered
parchment was dated between 1440 and 1650, which
The copy, from which the vellum is extracted, was
two hidden fragments of paper, stuck to the frame,
given at the wedding, in 1496, of Ludovico Sforza’s
which confirm that the change of support happened
natural daughter, Bianca, to his faithful Commander,
in France. The first is written in French, in iron-gall
and subsequent son-in-law, Galeazzo Sanseverino.
ink, and gives the date as ‘16 Avril’ and the year, 1888.
Stitch-holes along the portrait’s left-hand margin
The other is part of a page from a printed catalogue
are a perfect match for the spacing of the holes bound
of works of art to be sold through the Hotel Drouot
in the Sforziadas. Technical analysis confirmed that “the vellum
auction house in Paris and dated in 1872. Using infrared photography, Rodríguez-Simón
of the portrait closely matches, in all respects, the
identified Raphael’s preliminary sketches for the
physical characteristics of the remaining sheets”,
painting, as well as a combination of different graphic
Kemp says. “Vellum sheets are made by an elaborate
techniques in the underdrawing. “The practice of
process of shaving a calf, kid or lambskin to a desired
working with different drawing instruments, ranging
thickness. Even in a batch of sheets the thickness
from chalk to brush, has been found in many of
will vary. The thickness of the portrait parchment is
Raphael’s works,” he says.
entirely consistent with the Warsaw book’s folios.” The volume even bears an incision where the blade
Moreover, the study found a direct
that removed the sheet slipped.
correspondence between the underdrawing of the Virgin’s head in this painting and a drawing on paper
However, the very murky pseudo-science of the
in the British Museum, London, known as Study for
fingerprint has tarnished the portrait’s reputation and
the head of the Virgin, proving that both were created by the hand of Raphael himself.
22 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
Small Madonna of Foligno - Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino
no one is offering the $160 million the portrait would be worth if its provenance could be proven.
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what’s new
Tube revolver Thermo Fisher Scientific has introduced its variable speed tube mixer. The product’s small footprint, flexible design and simple display are said to help increase flexibility and effectiveness. The device is supplied with five different interchangeable rotisseries to accommodate tubes from 0.5 to 50 mL for maximum flexibility; each paddle can be adjusted from 0-90°. More effective mixing is achieved by selecting ‘oscillating’ mode. Oscillation will occur at every 40° in the rotation cycle. Thermo Fisher Scientific www.thermofisher.com.au
pH meter The pHMaster range of pH meters from Dynamica is designed for everyday lab use and also specialised applications in biological and life sciences. The keypad layout makes the system easy to use and calibrate. The robust casing withstands the rigours of the laboratory and makes the unit suitable for teaching labs. The product also has a small footprint. All models feature user-selectable 1-, 2- or 3-point calibration with an automatic buffer recognition function. The three decimal place readout makes the unit flexible enough for rigorous research uses. The pHMaster BIO is designed with biological and life science applications in mind and is packaged with a combination electrode specific for TRIS buffer preparation, thus overcoming the issues of inaccuracy obtained with general pH probes. There is also an optional micro pH electrode with a 4.5 mm diameter for small volume applications in 1.5/2 mL micro tubes. For general laboratory applications, the pHMaster is packaged with a 3-in-1 pH/ATC electrode which continuously compensates for any temperature fluctuations. A variety of different electrodes are available for many applications, such as environmental water, food, solid or semi-solid samples. The optional smart stirrer provides the homogeneous conditions for more accurate pH measurements. Scientifix Pty Ltd www.scientifix.com.au
Optical sensor for automated photometric titrations Many titrations are often performed manually because regulations require a titration to continue until the colour changes; in other words, the endpoint must not be indicated by a pH electrode or a metal electrode. Such titrations can now be automated with an optical sensor, the Metrohm Optrode. The optrode features eight different wavelengths for a wide measuring range. It is 100% solvent-resistant due to a glass shaft and is easy to handle. The photometric sensor can be used for many applications. Typical applications include: photometric titrations in accordance with USP and Ph Eur (non-aqueous); determination of carboxyl end groups (non-aqueous); TAN/ TBN in accordance with ASTM D974 (nonaqueous); chloride in silicone products (non-aqueous); sulfate determination; Fe, Al, Ca in cement; water hardness (total hardness and Ca/Mg); chondroitin sulfate in accordance with USP. The optrode can be used on both new and existing Metrohm titration systems, as well as on titrators from other manufacturers. MEP Instruments Pty Limited www.mep.net.au
24 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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what’s new
Odour-free evaporation Many solvent evaporators are routinely sited inside fume extraction hoods because residual solvent vapour, remaining in the chamber at the end of a run, can expose the operator to potentially harmful odours when the system is opened. Genevac announces an odour reduction function for its EZ-2 evaporator which enables it to be sited on the open bench. The Reduce Odour function automatically adds a repeated vent and vacuum cycle to the end of a method, which purges the evaporation chamber of residual solvent vapours. Three settings are available to optimise vapour removal without releasing trapped solvent from the cold trap. The evaporator has been designed for productive, sample-safe solvent removal. The compact sample concentrator is said to combine good performance, ease of use and compatibility with all commonly used solvents and acids. The product easily integrates with laboratory workflow, its smart evaporator software with auto-stop providing walkaway automation so that anyone can use it with confidence. Featuring up to 10 onboard solvent-specific evaporation programs, the evaporator automatically controls vacuum and temperature to enable rapid evaporation of a wide range of solvents while preventing bumping and cross-contamination. Users may optimise their method for specific applications, such as solvent keep and to prevent overdrying when handling volatile analytes. Options are also available to enable routine, safe removal of potentially explosive solvents such as diethyl ether or pentane and removal of acids including concentrated hydrochloric acid. Scitek Australia Pty Ltd www.scitek.com.au
Touch-screen aerosol photometer The DOP Solutions DOP3500 touch-screen photometer has features for testing, recording and printing the results of filter testing for cleanrooms, laboratories and other controlled environments. It is capable of testing all HEPA, ULPA and PTFE types of filter in situ and as manufactured. It has an easy-to-operate touch-screen interface and auto-calibration to all globally used oil types, aerosols and common reagents. Its toxic sampling optical system makes it is safe for all pharma, biotech and nuclear applications. The optical stability measures aerosol concentrations as low as 1 mg/m3 and penetration to 0.0001%, so PTFE filters and ULPA grades are easily tested. The product’s three alarms - ‘dop touch’ audio, Smartprobe LED and vibrator mean the user will not miss leaks. The unit comes in a stainless steel case and is easily cleaned. Particle & Surface Sciences Pty Ltd www.pss.aus.net
26 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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what’s happening
Tescan minerals analyser purchased for WA research centre X-ray tube supplier AXT has been competitively selected to provide a Tescan Integrated Minerals Analyser (TIMA) to the John de Laeter Centre (JDLC) at Curtin University in Western Australia. The centre recently placed an order for an automated minerals analyser based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology. The order marks the second TIMA that will be installed in Western Australia this year and the second Tescan electron microscope to be purchased for the JDLC. In January, AXT commissioned a Tescan MIRA Schottky Field Emission Gun (FEG-SEM) instrument for large-area energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping of minerals. While the TIMA is available based on two platforms, Curtin University has selected the more powerful (FEG-SEM) platform based on the MIRA design. The system features the larger GM fully analytical chamber which enables the loading of up to 15 x 30 mm diameter samples and as many as 20 detectors and accessories. The analyser seamlessly integrates EDS detectors and software to rapidly and automatically analyse samples for mineralogy using three measurement modes: modal analysis, liberation analysis and bright phase search. It will also incorporate Tescan’s compact Rainbow cathodoluminescence (CL) detector, which is suited to the identification of different mineral phases and allows simultaneous CL and backscatter (BSE) imaging, a capability not available using © iStockphoto.com/FreshPaint
conventional CL detectors. “We look forward to working with AXT and Tescan to build a digital mineralogy hub in Western Australia for minerals, energy, materials and environmental research,” said JDLC Director Professor Brent McInnes. “The TIMA will play a critical role in managing the microanalytical workflow of several JDLC facilities including over $20 million of ion, laser, electron and atom microprobe instrumentation.” Professor McInnes revealed that the TIMA acquisition was jointly funded by a research consortium including Curtin University, The University of Western Australia, Murdoch University, the Geological Survey of Western Australia, the Australian Research Council and the WA Office of Science. Following installation, scheduled for November, AXT and Tescan will continue to provide ongoing hardware and software support and maintenance for their systems. Australian X-Ray Tubes Pty Ltd www.axt.com.au
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LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 27
what’s new
Shaking incubator LABWIT ZWYR premium shaking incubators deliver precise performance and 24/7 operation for various applications of sample preparations, culture growth, visualisation for gel staining and so on. The units are available in benchtop, horizontal, double-layer and stackable models, offering high performance and application versatility. With a sophisticated PID microprocessor controller, the temperature and shaking speed are precisely regulated and maintained even when ambient condition varies. The robust driving mechanism and brushless AC motor provide continuous shaking operation and allow the user to shake large, uneven or full loads smoothly. The PID controller provides not only constant control of one fixed temperature and speed, but also programmed controlling with a series of ‘ramps and soaks’ segments. With the introduction of a large, intuitive touch-screen interface, the units can help users finish all complicated program settings with their fingertips. The shaking diameter is fully adjustable from 1-50 mm on all benchtop and stackable models, providing flexibility for meeting comprehensive application requirements. The pre-drilled shaking trays allow interchangeability of clamps that hold various sizes of attachments, such as Erlenmeyer flasks, beakers, test-tube racks and microplates. LABWIT Scientific Pty Ltd www.labwit.com
Germanium meniscus lenses Edmund Optics introduces its Techspec Germanium Meniscus Lenses. The lenses feature a durable design that is suitable for use in a wide variety of demanding infrared (IR) applications, including IR imaging or surveillance, remote sensing or IR spectroscopy. The lenses are manufactured from germanium, which is a rugged, durable material with a broad transmission range and a high index of refraction. Germanium has a transmission range of 2-16 µm and is opaque in the visible part of the spectrum, making it suitable for IR laser applications. The material is inert to air, water, alkalis and all acids, with the exception of nitric acid. With a density of 5.33 g/cm 3 and a Knoop Hardness of 780, it is a suitable material for making rugged, durable IR optics. The lenses feature a wavelength range of 2-16 µm. They are said to offer good spherical correction and smaller spot size than comparable lenses. They are available uncoated or anti-reflection (AR) coated for increased performance in the designated coating wavelength range. Eighteen different RoHS-compliant lens varieties are offered in 25 or 50 mm diameters and focal lengths from 25 to 100 mm, either uncoated or coated for the 3-5 or 8-12 µm wavelength range. Edmund Optics Singapore Pte Ltd www.edmundoptics.com
Rack for ULT freezers Tenak introduces the Side-Up Rack - a racking option for users who want to optimise the storage capacity of their ULT freezers. Capacity can be increased from 5 up to 13%, depending on the freezer model. The same rack can be used in both upright and chest freezers and comes with a locking rod to secure the cryoboxes. The purpose of the rack is to fill out the wasted space that is left in freezers while using regular racks. The product will fit into a gap of minimum 37 mm (for 1.5″ boxes) or 57 mm (for 2″ boxes). It is made of stainless steel and comes in three-, four- and fivebox configurations. Boxes with a footprint up to 137 x 137 mm can be accommodated. Users can store up to 65 extra cryoboxes in their freezers. Capella Science www.capellascience.com.au
28 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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BIOPROCESSING NETWORK ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2014 21 – 23 OCTOBER ENCORE, ST KILDA BEACH
The BioProcessing Network would like to extend an invitation to the Lab+Life Sciences readership to attend this year’s annual conference. The Bioprocessing Network was founded 8 years ago and was established to provide a technical forum for Australian industry and researchers from the Biotechnology and Bioprocessing sectors. This, the eighth annual conference, is expected to be better than ever with a wide array of presentations representing the diversity of bioprocessing applications including bio-therapeutics, bio-fuels and food processing. The meeting will highlight new research, emerging technologies, case studies, analytical, optimisation, scale-up, quality, regulatory and commercial considerations in the broad field of bioprocessing. The conference provides delegates with the opportunity to build networks, hear the latest research developments as well as the new technology being developed by suppliers to this key translational research capability. The conference is also a forum for early career researchers and students to meet with industry leaders from across the spectrum of the BioProcessing industry. We look forward to welcoming you to this exciting conference and hope to see you there. For more information and to become a member, please visit BioProcessingNetwork.com.au
AppNotes
Rapid and thorough DNA, RNA and protein extraction The FastPrep-24 5G high-speed benchtop homogeniser is an ultrahigh-performance sample preparation system that allows for the extraction of fully intact, biologically functional macromolecules from routine as well as highly resistant samples.
The high-speed benchtop homogeniser can be used
The recommended programs are the heart of the
for grinding, lysing or homogenising - facilitating the
5G’s functionality. These validated programs include
easy and reproducible isolation of stable RNA, active
all variable assay parameters. This is a valuable
proteins and full-length genomic DNA. Applications
optimisation tool for new users and is of special interest
include but are not limited to all types of human,
to those who are working with pathogenic or dangerous
animal and plant tissues including cultured cells;
samples, as well as low abundance samples.
bacterial, yeast and fungal cells, including spores and
FastPrep will homogenise up to 24 samples in 2 mL
oocytes; environmental and metagenomic samples
tubes or, with optional adapters, lyse 48 samples in 2
including soil and faecal samples; and other inorganic
mL tubes, 24 samples in 4.5 mL tubes, 12 samples in 15
solid matrices.
mL tubes or 2 samples in 50 mL tubes making FastPrep
The intuitive software, microprocessor control and
a particularly versatile homogeniser. Developed for
high-definition touch screen programming features
difficult and resistant samples, FastPrep-24 thoroughly
in the FastPrep-24 5G ensure that
and quickly lyses all tissues and cells providing easy and
optimisation time is minimised so
reproducible isolation of stable RNA, active proteins
users have more time to analyse data.
and full-length genomic DNA. • Powerful: The highest speed available (10 m/s)
The FastPrep-24 5G uses
provides the thorough grinding, homogenising
a unique, optimised motion
and lyses of the most difficult samples in just a
to disrupt cells through
few seconds.
the multidirectional,
• Highest yield and purity: The most DNA, RNA and
simultaneous beating of
proteins from any sample type including the most
specialised Lysing Matrix
resistant samples. FastPrep-24 5G with FastPrep Kits
beads on the sample
provide the highest yield and purity. Programmed
material. Samples and
protocols.
buffers are added to
• Intuitive: Interactive user-friendly interface and
Lysing Matrix Tubes
touch screen for easy programming and numerous,
containing the beads,
>70, recommended pre-programmed protocols for
supplied ready to use,
a large variety of applications.
certified nuclease-
• Complete solution: Largest number of ready-to-use
free and in a variety of
Lysing Matrix compositions and FastPrep Kits for
sample type specific
DNA, RNA and protein purification of any sample
compositions.
and tissue application.
The instrument lyses
• Flexible: Easily interchangeable adapters to process
thoroughly and quickly
any sample size (2, 4.5, 15 or 50 mL tubes) at
any tissues and cells and thus
cryogenic or room temperature. Up to 48 samples
allows easy and reproducible isolation of stable RNA,
can be processed at one time under ambient or
active proteins and full-length genomic DNA.
cryogenic conditions.
The sample tubes remain securely sealed during
The NextGen Sample Prep delivers the most DNA,
the processing and the single-use design eliminates
RNA and proteins from the most resistant samples in
cross-contamination. Program parameters are easily
40 seconds or less.
set using the touch screen user interface, or users can choose from the 70-plus recommended programs, user-defined saved programs or user-defined custom programs stored on the 5G’s onboard computer.
30 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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The Power of Science Cryo Storage High Throughput
Solutions
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Sales 03 9457 6277 Freecall 1800 626 369 Website www.interpath.com.au Supplier of quality products to clinical pathology, research and life science markets
AppNotes
MicroRNA profiling
As microRNA (miRNA)-based research shifts from discovery of new miRNAs to elucidating their biological roles and their utility as biomarkers, robust methods are needed to profile large sample cohorts.
To address this need, SmartRNAplex assays provide
particles. Probes have two binding sites: one site
a method for multiplexed miRNA analysis of up
binds a specific miRNA, and the other site binds
to 68 targets across as many as 96 samples. The
universal adapter sequence used for labelling. When
SmartRNAplex assay is completely customisable
a miRNA target is captured on its corresponding
- researchers may design panels to detect any
probe, a universal adapter is attached to that miRNA
combination of miRNAs annotated in miRbase (from
via ligation. After addition of a reporter species, this
any species).
binding event is detected via fluorescence. The level
Multiplexing is accomplished by using encoded hydrogel Firefly particles. Each Firefly particle bears
of fluorescence is quantitative, providing an accurate indication of target levels in a given sample.
a unique ‘barcode’ that identifies the miRNA species
Final assay readout can be performed using a
for which that particle bears a complementary binding
standard flow cytometer. The minimum configuration
sequence. Including hands-on time, the SmartRNAplex
of the system, given the current particle design,
assay takes 3.5 to 4.5 hours from samples to data,
is a single blue laser (~488 nm) for excitation
depending on how many samples are processed in
with green (~525 nm), yellow (~580 nm), and red
parallel (Figure 1).
(~690 nm) detectors. Firefly particles are designed to appear to the cytometers as a series of closely spaced cells and each particle is recorded as multiple sequential events. In order to interpret the collected data, we developed Firefly software to analyse FCS data generated with the SmartRNAplex assay. The software parses through the events contained within the FCS file(s) and regroups them into particle information, with
Figure 1: The SmartRNAplex assay takes 3.5 to 4.5 hours from samples to data.
barcode data and target levels, in a matter of seconds. These data are
Unlike other systems that rely on glass or polystyrene substrates, Firefly particles are composed
presented in plots showing the heat map and target quantification for a given sample.
of bio-inert poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogels.
In conclusion: the SmartRNAplex assay provides
This unique substrate provides solution-like
a means to profile miRNA in any species across a
thermodynamics for optimal sensitivity and specificity,
broad range of starting material. The multiplex assay
and enhanced capacity for three-dimensional target
is completely customisable for detection of up to 68
capture leading to a greater dynamic range. This
miRNA targets per sample with a rapid workflow. This
substrate, coupled with the SmartRNAplex post-
enables the ability to easily discover which miRNA
hybridisation labelling method, makes the platform
targets are relevant to one’s research without the
ideal for detection in crude samples eliminating the
laborious disadvantages of traditional methods.
need for RNA purification. Additionally, bound targets can be labelled on either the 3′ or 5′ end in order to discriminate mature miRNAs from precursor species. Unlike other labelling schemes, the SmartRNAplex assay labels targets after they have been captured by miRNA-specific probes embedded in the hydrogel
32 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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Not all tips are created equal.
If your tip looks like this, your sample is being left behind.
Sample dispensed
Test your tip performance. Call Pathtech on 1800 069 161 to arrange a demonstration.
Contact the Pathtech team Phone 1800 069 161 | Email info@pathtech.com.au pathtech.com.au
Neptune S3 Low-Retention tips virtually eliminate sample hold-up.
Sample dispensed
Pathtech is proud to be the exclusive Australian distributor of Neptune pipette tips
what’s new
Reduced-serum media A viable alternative to classical media supplemented with 10% FBS is reduced-serum media formulations. These formulations of classical media types, such as DMEM and RPMI, are nutritionally enhanced using the natural components of serum, including lipids, growth factors and proteins, which allow the use of serum to be reduced as low as 2% depending on cell type. Additionally, the reduced serum content in a user’s media helps to reduce any variability in their cell culture due to variability in serum batches, enabling a more flexible process. The HyClone range of reduced-serum media, along with the full HyClone portfolio of media, serum, buffers and process supplements, is distributed in Australia by In Vitro Technologies. The company provides full product support for the range including serum batch testing support and media customisation.
Mouse and experimental animal histopathology and imaging
In Vitro Technologies Pty Ltd www.invitro.com.au
Animal models of human disease are a cornerstone of modern biomedical research. Such models include targeted genetic manipulations, random mutation (ENU treatment) and animals exposed to drugs in development or environmental challenges, including infective microorganisms. The huge investment in animal models requires analysis in animals that parallels that in human disease. The Histopathology and Organ Pathology Service (HOPS) provides necropsy and histopathology services to all biomedical researchers across Australia for the evaluation and phenotyping of modified, treated or genetically engineered mice at all developmental stages. The service provides the specialised equipment and technical expertise for histopathological analysis of whole organs and soft and hard tissues to help researchers gain a better understanding of their mouse model’s phenotype. It is delivered by a team of experienced medical and veterinary
Cell culture consumables
pathologists, mouse pathobiologists and imaging experts imple-
Eppendorf has a complete range of cell culture consumables as part
menting comprehensive anatomical pathology and histopathology
of its growing cell culture solutions portfolio. In the development of
evaluation procedures. The evaluation includes professional com-
the consumables, the company has focused on user needs for good
mentary and secure online access to large-format, interrogatable
cell performance, reliability and protection against contamination.
histological images created using state-of-the-art image acquisition
Product features include: improved handling in cell culture work-
systems such as the Mirax Digital Slide Scanner and the Meta-
flows; ultraclear USP class VI material; optimised microscopical
systems V-Slide Scanner capable of brightfield and fluorescence
performance; direct surface identification on products and colour-
image capture.
coded icons for easy identification; compact, resealable packaging.
The service is part of the Australian Phenomics Network that
The cell culture consumables will be available in five plate formats,
brings together mouse production, strain storage, pathology
three dish formats and three flask sizes with either filter cap or plug-
capabilities and RNAi /genomics services.
seal cap, all in either tissue-culture-treated or non-treated surfaces.
The Histopathology and Organ Pathology Service
Eppendorf South Pacific Pty Ltd
www.apn-histopathology.unimelb.edu.au
www.eppendorf.com.au
34 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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funding
©BibiDesign/Dollar Photo Club
Brendan Crabb
With the potential to transform medical research, the Medical Research Future Fund needs the science community to get behind it.
Campaigning for
medical research funding
T
Creation of this $20 billion fund into perpetuity is amongst the most significant initiatives in the history of medical research in Australia. The fund will be transformative for Australian he Medical Research Future Fund,
medical research, not only through the substantial
proposed by the federal government as part of its
increase in funding it will provide, but also because
budget earlier this year, has the potential to be a game
of the much-needed certainty that a perpetual fund
changer for health and medical research in Australia.
brings to the sector. This will provide the stability
The proposed Medical Research Future Fund
needed to encourage our best and brightest to go into
(MRFF) is an endowment fund that the government
medical research.
predicts will eventually build to $20 billion. This
Billions of taxpayers’ dollars are spent each year
would deliver $1 billion in annual funding to health
dealing with diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s
and medical research in Australia by 2022, effectively
disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer. This fund
doubling current government funding levels.
will help medical researchers to reduce the burden of
The government has proposed establishing the
disease on the Australian community and to make
fund by transferring approximately $1 billion in
our health system more efficient.
uncommitted funds from the existing Health and
Intrinsic links
Hospitals Fund. From 2015-16, the net earnings from
We understand that many in the scientific, and
the MRFF will serve as a permanent revenue stream,
broader, community are concerned that the federal
primarily to the National Health and Medical Research
government hopes to pay for the fund through the
Council (NHMRC). The MRFF will then distribute
proposed Medicare co-payment. The fact is, we need
around $1 billion a year into medical research from
to separate the value of the fund from the narrative on
2022-23.
how it is going to be paid for - this fund has substantial
www.LabOnline.com.au | www.LifeScientist.com.au
LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 35
funding
value and yet very few people, including those in the
Islander people are unique, and will not be addressed
Australians over 12 years with regard to heart and
medical and health sectors, have acknowledged this
by research conducted in Europe or the United States.
kidney disease, diabetes and obesity.
Most doctors in the developed world have rarely
This research is critical in guiding how best to
In the minds of many, it makes more sense
encountered a case of rheumatic heart disease, for
spend health dollars, where to invest in treatment
to spend our limited public funds on healthcare,
example, and yet rates of this condition among our
and how Australians can play an important role in
especially when it comes to the vulnerable in our
Indigenous communities are some of the highest
improving their health. This work also informs what
community. Yet those who work at the coalface, where
documented in the world. Australian researchers
clinicians should be talking about with their patients
laboratory and bedside meet, know that healthcare
are working to eradicate this potentially fatal form
and what tests they should be doing to prevent
and medical research are intrinsically linked. Scientific
of childhood heart disease, but without continued
complications and disability. This is not pie-in-the-
research underpins the modern health system.
investment, health improvements among our
sky research but work that has a direct bearing on
Indigenous people will likely decline.
people’s health today.
hospitals and healthcare facilities that do research
Supporting basic research
Seeing the bigger picture
derive enhanced patient outcomes and health system
Health and medical research requires substantial
Should the MRFF be supported in the Senate later
efficiencies. A key theme in the Strategic Review of
investment that is not driven by profit. Much early-
this year, we at AAMRI would advocate for it to have
Health and Medical Research presented to the federal
stage discovery work is simply too premature for
a substantial ‘translational’ focus, providing funding
government in 2013 was that the best performing
commercial investment and would not occur if left
to better convert research findings into improved
health systems are those that embed research in health
to the private sector. Further, much valuable medical
disease prevention strategies, diagnostics, medicines
delivery, leading to better health outcomes.
research does not lead to marketable discoveries.
and treatments that have a direct impact on health
to the degree it deserves.
There is significant international evidence that
Research improves health outcomes
The Australian research that established the link
outcomes and drive a more effective and efficient health system.
Take the work of Australian Nobel Laureates
between stomach sleeping and sudden infant death
Robin Warren and Barry Marshall, who made a
syndrome is one such example; it is impossible to
The potential of the MRFF is enormous. Yes, there
remarkable and unexpected discovery of the bacterium
calculate the number of babies’ lives saved from this
are questions to be answered about the fund, including
Helicobacter pylori. As a result of their discovery,
important discovery, but by its nature it could never
how it will work and what areas it will fund, but we
peptic ulcer disease is no longer believed to be caused
result in commercial success.
shouldn’t lose sight of the bigger picture. Australia has
by stress and lifestyle factors, but a disease that can
Research continues to deliver increased life
one of the best healthcare systems in the world, and
be cured by a short regimen of antibiotics and acid
expectancy and better quality of life for Australians
research underpins that. The potential to do much,
secretion inhibitors. Critical to their discovery was
with a reduction in disability, particularly for the
much more is truly exciting. The MRFF offers us this
the participation of health professionals in research.
aged. Australian research informs policy; it informs
potential and the evidence shows that all Australians
The benefits of scientific research are also visible
diagnosis, treatment and prevention - all of which
stand to benefit.
among our Indigenous communities, where life
contribute to a better quality of life for Australians.
expectancy is improving and, for the first time, closing
One of the world’s largest longitudinal
the gap in the coming decades is within reach. The
population-based health studies was conducted by
health needs of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Melbourne’s Baker IDI to examine the health of
Professor Brendan Crabb is President of the Association of Australian Medical Research Institutes.
what’s new
Magnetic stirring hotplates package Heidolph magnetic stirrers are said to provide good quality, reliability and replicable results. The product provides flexibility and a variety of uses due to the large amount of compatible accessories - from reaction blocks for roundbottom flasks to temperature probes. The hotplates are suitable for smooth to intense mixing and heating of low-viscosity fluids and decomposing organic and inorganic substances. The MR Hei-Standard package offers one hotplate; one temperature probe that connects to the hotplate; and a support rod and clamp to hold the probe. The hotplate has an extended heating capacity of 800 W, which is said to reduce heating time by up to 35% compared with 600 W hotplates. For convenient speed setting from 100 to 1400 rpm at an accuracy of ±2% and temperature setting up to 300°C, there are analog knobs located at the front. The product features a chemically resistant surface and sealed housing, which means no fumes, liquids or vapours can get into the magnetic stirrer and alter results or cause internal corrosion. To prevent unintentional heat-up, there is a separate on/off switch which is illuminated for visual control. If the hotplate exceeds 25°C over the set temperature, an independent safety circuit will switch off the heating. LabFriend www.labfriend.com.au
36 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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what’s new
Circulating bath The Thermo Scientific VersaCool refrigerated circulating bath features a headless, coil-less design. It is suitable to be used as a recirculating refrigerated bath or heated circulator and can be used on or under a bench, fume hood, industrial or mobile installations. The product features a 5.7″ colour touch screen interface which is glove and stylus friendly. It has simple navigation and operation, and advanced data logging capabilities. The
Microbioreactor
bath also has remote monitoring via ethernet,
micro-Matrix offers an integrated, easy-to-use technology platform for the rapid handling
RS232, RS485 or USB; and Bluetooth capabili-
and growth of large numbers of microbial strains, clone libraries, mutant banks and cells.
ties for iOS or Android smartphones or tablets.
The system offers 24 independent bioreactors in a microtiter plate footprint. pH and
The unit’s large work area accommodates
dissolved oxygen can be controlled in each individual bioreactor via gas and liquid
a wide range of beakers/test tube sizes. It
addition. Temperature is controlled individually in each bioreactor by the integrated
features a magnetic drive pump and con-
cooling and heating system.
stant energy savings mode. Global voltage
The product offers a scale-down of small-scale bioreactors. The bioreactor’s square
is automatically detected.
well cassette design is based on the SBS-format microtiter plates and can seamlessly
Rheology Solutions Pty Ltd
integrate into lab automation robots. The PC-based human interface offers simple, intui-
www.rheologysolutions.com
tive interaction for advanced process control in each of the 24 bioreactors. John Morris Scientific Pty Ltd www.johnmorris.com.au
You work too hard for your research to suddenly disappear. But when you use a generic lab label, you run the risk of having your ink dissolve, disappear or become illegible. With Brady Lab Labels, we’ve got you covered. Our labels are tested and re-tested in the harshest conditions to ensure your research lasts a lifetime — or at least until you need it.
www.LabOnline.com.au | www.LifeScientist.com.au
LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 37
what’s happening
Quantifying protein-protein interactions with dynamic light scattering A researcher from the University of Copenhagen, Martin Skov Neergaard, has published a study outlining the benefits of quantifying protein-protein interactions (PPI) using automated dynamic light scattering (DLS) in high-throughput screening (HTS) mode to identify promising candidates for drug-like properties and establish the suitability of formulations before entering extended stability studies. The study utilised Wyatt Technology’s DynaPro Plate Reader II high-throughput DLS instrument and was published by GIT Laboratory Journal. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are effective at treating chronic diseases like autoimmune disorders and cancer. Long-term stability is an important attribute of any commercial drug molecule and of great interest in biotherapeutics in particular. Measurements of PPI indicate colloidal stability, correlate closely to stability and viscosity at high protein concentration, and are widely used as stability-indicating parameters (SIPs) in preselecting monoclonal antibody biotherapeutic molecules and formulation conditions before launching the process of long-term stability testing. Ordinarily, PPI studies require significant quantities of sample and labour. Optimal screening processes of PPI will allow drug developers to identify and concentrate development on the most promising mAbs and formulations, saving time and money while decreasing time to market. The study showcases some novel uses of DLS to rapidly provide substantial information about the stability and viscosity of a formulation. Traditionally, PPI are quantified by static light scattering (SLS) as the second virial co-efficient (B22), though recently other techniques have come into widespread use. DLS has proven useful in this field as it provides more information regarding SIPs, with less sample, than standard SLS. DLS quantifies PPI via the diffusion interaction parameter (kD), and Neergaard also explored the relative radius method comparing apparent hydrodynamic radii at low and high concentrations. These methods, using kD and relative radius to quantify PPI in a protein solution, make the process of characterisation quicker and simpler than standard methods. The DynaPro Plate Reader II is capable of running high-throughput, automated HTSDLS analyses to characterise PPI in standard microwell plates under multiple conditions in a significantly reduced time frame, making DLS a viable option for SIP screening. As an added benefit, DLS measures the viscosity of highly concentrated proteins with the same high throughput and low sample consumption. The onset points of aggregation or melting may be obtained via temperature ramps or chemical denaturing, to assess additional SIPs for conformational stability, making the plate reader suitable for developability and formulation screening. “Techniques for determining protein stability are still widely debated amongst researchers, and a combination of stability-indicating parameters must be weighed to get a complete picture,” explained Wyatt Technology Director of Marketing and Principal Scientist Dr Daniel Some. “Optimisation of screening processes to reduce time and resources spent on ensuring long-term viability is a key consideration in the drug development process. The DynaPro Plate Reader II ensures comprehensive testing over a range of conditions in minimal time and eliminates the need for additional laboratory apparatus when screening the stability-indicating parameters of high-concentration protein formulations.” Shimadzu Scientific Instruments (Oceania) Pty Ltd www.shimadzu.com.au
38 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
www.LabOnline.com.au | www.LifeScientist.com.au
what’s new
Mass spectrometry compendium
Stem-cell reprogramming and culture system
Merck Millipore has offered chro-
System for basic stem-cell research, disease modelling, drug devel-
matography products since 1904,
opment and regenerative medicine. The offering includes tools to
with columns, plates and mobile
simplify and streamline the stem-cell culturing and reprogramming
phases used in mass spectrometry
workflow. The culture system supports the generation of reproduc-
(MS) labs throughout the world.
ible, clinically relevant data as a solid basis for more efficient drug
Solutions for Mass Spectrometry
development and accelerated progress in regenerative medicine.
Lonza introduces its L7 hiPSC Reprogramming and hPSC Culture
is a compendium packed with
The stem-cell reprogramming and culture system includes seven
information on this analytical field.
key components that are aligned and function as a robust workflow:
The compendium provides information on the choice of an MS
primary cells, including disease phentoypes; Nucleofector technol-
set-up, including the detector and source type, depending on the
ogy; hPSC reprogramming kits; hPSC medium; hPSC matrix; hPC
application and the properties of the sample. MS technologies can
passaging solution; hPSC cryosolution.
differ from lab to lab; however, there are various typical problems that can be easily avoided regardless of the LC-MS technique.
The culture system is claimed to be the only complete solution for the generation of induced pluripotent stem-cells (iPSCs), the
Also included is an overview of various current MS topics, ap-
maintenance of human embryonic stem-cells (hESCs) and iPSCs
plication examples, suitable products and more: solvent purity and
under defined, xeno-free conditions. It allows for every other day
MS sensitivity; dirty sample analysis; column robustness and lifetime;
feeding and supports long-term culture and maintenance of hPSCs.
sensitivity and column selection; speed and sensitivity in GC-MS; and
The system thus provides a seamless transition from the lab bench
bioanalysis and MS.
to clinical development applications.
Merck Pty Limited
Lonza Australia Pty Ltd
www.merck.com.au
www.lonza.com
www.LabOnline.com.au | www.LifeScientist.com.au
LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 39
what’s new
Widefield microscope The ImageXpress Micro XL System is a widefield high-content microscope capable of providing automated cellular imaging in fluorescent, transmitted light, and phase-contrast modes for fixed- or live-cell assays. Speed and flexibility are assured with good stage and autofocus control, a broad range of research-grade objective lenses (1-100X) available, multiple filter options and a gallery of MetaXpress software to optimise and speed-up image analysis. A modular system design enables instrument enhancements for assays ranging from simple label-free imaging to long-term monitoring of cellular responses, compound addition and post-wash recovery. Individual cells can be tracked during multi-day time-lapse experiments. The system captures images with three times the sample area, spanning up to an entire well of a 384-well plate in a single image. Interactive tools let users build custom analyses and run them in minutes, not hours, for limitless possibilities to do high-content analysis their way. Bio-Strategy Pty Ltd www.bio-strategy.com
Primer pairs Sigma-Aldrich’s ready-to-order, predesigned primer pairs make quantifying gene expression simple. The product is available as up to three sets of forward and reverse primer pairs for all available genes from common model organisms. The pairs have been developed with sophisticated bioinformatics tools and validated in silico to avoid off-target amplification. One oligonucleotide per tube provides maximum experimental flexibility. They are MIQE compliant and compatible with any thermal cycler. Users can get the most out of their KiCqStart primers by using Sigma’s ReadyScript cDNA Synthesis Mix and KiCqStart SYBR Green qPCR ReadyMix for two-step reactions. Sigma Aldrich Pty Ltd www.sigmaaldrich.com
Bore measurement system Bestech Australia has introduced the boreCONTROL LAB, a benchtop device that is designed for laboratory use. It is easy to set up and configure, providing high-precision statements about the quality of bore holes or cavities in the diameter range from 4 up to 16 mm. The measurement system offers non-contact measurement using a small light spot, high resolution in radial and axial directions and a high sampling rate of up to 10 kHz. The optical measurement principle is applicable on many materials. A granite table enables temperatureresistant and vibration-free measurements. The sensor consists of a fast exchangeable sensor lance with rotary drive and is moved via a high-precision traversing unit in the axial direction (z-direction). Delivery includes two sensor lances for diameters 4 to 10 mm, as well as from 10 to 16 mm. Measurement objects can be mounted using a chuck and precisely positioned with a manual x-/y- table. Handling and evaluation take place with an industrial tablet PC (delivery includes PC and software). The product is suited to applications in development and quality assurance, including first-off samples or production spot checks in the automotive and aircraft industries, medical technology and machine building. Bestech Australia Pty Ltd www.bestech.com.au
40 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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Positive displacement pipettes
what’s new
The Socorex positive displacement pipette range has received an upgrade which is said to make pipetting viscous, volatile and foaming liquids more straightforward. Available with five preset volumes, each unit has chemically inert componentry for wide usage, a slim design to reach into narrow or deep tubes, a smooth activation mechanism for ease of use and colour-coded plungers and capillary tubes. The robustness, accuracy and precision of the units ensures that handling of most chemicals is safe and easy. Sizes available are 1-5, 5-25, 10-50, 60-100 and 100-200 ÂľL. Interpath Services Pty Ltd www.interpath.com.au
Research infrastructure access software The Victorian Platform Technologies Network (VPTN) has developed software that enables industry and researchers easy access to public research instruments and capabilities. The Australian Research Infrastructure Network (ARIN) facilitates access to capabilities located across various organisations. The software allows researchers from industry and academia to access publicly funded research infrastructure located across Victorian universities, medical research institutes and research organisations. Technologies available for access via the software include gene sequencing, flow cytometry, microscopy and micro-nano research, with many more on the horizon. VPTN www.platformtechnologies.org
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LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 41
ausbiotech
Investment in research is very welcome, but without a commercialisation strategy the benefits will not flow on to the Australian community.
The Federal Budget announcement about
Medical research fund is visionary, but …
AusBiotech’s support for translational
is too small and inhibits innovation. There
the establishment of the Medical Research
support was articulated in its recent
are three main funding stages: preclinical,
Future Fund (MRFF) has been broadly
submission to the Senate Standing
early clinical and late clinical. The first two
welcomed as a visionary nation-building
Committee on Economics’ ‘Australian
are colloquially known as ‘valleys of death
investment for Australia. It would be the
innovation system’ inquiry.
due to a significant shortfall in funding
biggest medical research fund of its kind
AusBiotech said in its submission that
at these points. While Australia has built
in the world and has clear and desirable
such support should be delivered in line
up modest capacity in venture capital
benefits for Australia’s future in both
with the 2013 Strategic Review of Health
and private equity, and can fund a small
improved medical outcomes and economic
and Medical Research (the McKeon
number of projects that emerge from these
benefits.
Review) recommendations. To do so would
‘valleys of death’, additional support is
give us the best possible opportunity
required to generate an increased flow
future to a raft of Budget cuts and
to turn our investment in discovery
of investable projects. CA is playing a
the removal in the same Budget of
and ensure it results into gains for the
valuable role in this area but much more
commercialisation support has left the
Australian community in terms of needed
support is required.”
biotechnology sector wondering. Why
therapies.
However, the linking of the MRFF’s
Early research is critical and
is the welfare of a fund this important
A key element of the McKeon
contingent and how will the country’s
Review report was the strengthening
achievements and capability, which ought
research yields ultimately do what they
of commercial pathways to ensure the
to be supported now and in the future.
should and reach patients in the form of
translation of research outcomes into
However, we need to push ahead with the
new treatments and cures?
health and economic benefits for the
fund’s initiation and plug the gaps in the
There are clear benefits from
Australia is a global leader, proud of its
Australian community, and recommends
innovation ecosystem that are impacting
providing enabling support to health and
that funding address the twin “valleys of
our ability to fully realise the societal
medical research, including: a healthier
death” in commercialising research and
benefits of our endeavours. Strengthening
and more productive workforce, which
called for the establishment a Translational
of our research funding and its associated
is especially important as we move to
Biotech Fund.
commercial pathways is key to ensuring
increase workforce participation among
It’s worth noting that the McKeon
the translation of research outcomes
older Australians; a more efficient and
Review recommendations were made while
into health and economic benefits for the
continuously improving healthcare system;
support for commercial activities, such
Australian community.
growing Australia’s medicines industry,
as Commercialisation Australia (CA) and
already worth $4 billion in annual exports;
the Innovation investment Fund, existed.
and attracting private investment to
The removal of these remaining supports
Australia and creating high-value jobs.
for commercialisation in the 2014 Budget
AusBiotech encourages the
means there is now an even greater need
government to push forward with its
for the Translational Biotech Fund if we are
plans to deliver this landmark fund and
to see benefits flow from the MRFF to real
to consider the dedication of a significant
treatments and cures, as intended in the
portion of the MRFF proceeds, material
Treasurer’s Budget speech.
to achieving the policy intent, to the
The McKeon Review sums it up well
translation of research into therapeutic
when it says: “In the HMR sector, the
products.
portion of ‘D’ (development) in the R&D mix
42 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
Dr Anna Lavelle
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grantwatch
Advancing research in plant energy biology The Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Plant Energy Biology has been officially launched at The University of Western Australia (UWA). The centre comprises more than 100 staff and students conducting research under the direction of 10 chief investigators across four Australian university nodes: UWA, The University of Adelaide, the Australian National University and La Trobe University. The centre, which first received funding form the ARC in 2005, has been awarded $26 million for 2014-2020. The aim of the centre’s collaborative research its to enhance understanding © vladteodor/Dollar Photo Club
of plant energy systems and develop new approaches in agriculture to help sustain and improve crop yields - in particular in environments where resources (such as water, nutrients, fertiliser) are limited and changing. The centre is led by distinguished researcher, Winthrop Professor Harvey Millar, who was recently the first Australian to receive the prestigious Charles Albert Shull Award, presented by the American Society of Plant Biologists. The centre also conducts an education, training and outreach program to engage Australians with plant energy research and was awarded the Chevron
Science Engagement Initiative of the Year Award at the 2013 Western Australian Science Awards.
Funding diabetes Funding of $35 million over five years has been awarded to the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) to support juvenile diabetes research and improve outcomes for the more than 122,300 Australians who live with type 1 diabetes. Funded through the Australian Research Council’s Special Research Initiatives scheme, the funding will support an expansion of JDRF’s Type 1 Diabetes Clinical Research Network (T1DCRN). JDRF is a leading not-for-profit supporter of global type 1 diabetes research, investing $1.6 billion in research since 1970 including more than $63 million into Australian research. The T1DCRN was initially launched by JDRF in 2011 through a $5 million grant from the Australian Government. It is a national collaborative network that currently funds 12 research projects in type 1 © iStockphoto.com/Catalin Stefan
diabetes clinical research and a number of other grants across Australia. Reportedly the largest-ever single commitment to type 1 juvenile diabetes in Australia, the aim of the new research initiative is to bring together and build research teams from multiple research disciplines to conduct research into finding a cure for type 1 juvenile diabetes. A competitive process will be run to select research proposals for a Network and Research Program, including team-based, cross-disciplinary research projects.
New fellowship for gender equity in science The Australian National University has launched the Judith Whitworth Fellowship for Gender Equality in Science, Australia’s first major fellowship designed to support for early- to mid-career scientists who have experienced significant career disruption as a result of maternity or parental leave. Named in honour of Professor Judith Whitworth, past director of The John Curtin School of Medical Research, the merit-based fellowship will provide up to two years of salary plus research support of up to $50,000. The aim of this period will enable the successful candidate to re-establish scientific projects, strengthen their track “Gender equity is an important pillar of social justice,” Professor Whitworth said in a statement. “Female education and participation relates to the health of society, economic development, productivity and social stability.” The fellowship will be supported by The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The John Curtin Medical Research Foundation and the ANU Workplace Giving Program. The first fellowship is expected to start in January 2015.
44 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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© iStockphoto.com/AlexRaths
record and regain national and international competitiveness when applying for independent external research funding.
© iStockphoto.com/Andrew Ostrovsky
neurosynaptic chip
Brain-inspired computer chip Scientists from IBM have unveiled the first neurosynaptic computer chip to achieve an unprecedented scale of 1 million programmable spiking neurons, 256 million programmable synapses and 46 billion synaptic operations per second per watt.
T
The cognitive chip architecture has an on-chip, two-dimensional mesh network of 4096 digital,
can fit in the palm of your hand but without the need for Wi-Fi.”
distributed neurosynaptic cores, where each core
The chip’s high energy efficiency makes it a candidate
he culmination of almost a decade of
module integrates memory, computation and
for defence applications such as mobile robots and remote
research and development, the chip marks a significant
communication, and operates in an event-driven,
sensors where electrical power is limited. According to
step towards bringing cognitive computers to society.
parallel and fault-tolerant fashion. To enable system
DARPA Program Manager Gill Pratt, the chip “could
Writing in the journal Science, the researchers
scaling beyond single-chip boundaries, adjacent
give unmanned aircraft or robotic ground systems with
explained that all computer chips made today rely on
chips, when tiled, can seamlessly connect to each
limited power budgets a more refined perception of the
von Neumann architecture, which has been used almost
other, building a foundation for future neurosynaptic
environment and distinguishing threats more accurately.
universally since 1946. But while this architecture works
supercomputers.
Another potential application is neuroscience
well for crunching numbers, it is less efficient for tasks
The chip was fabricated using Samsung’s 28 nm
modelling. The large number of electronic neurons and
which people and animals perform effortlessly, such as
process technology that has a dense on-chip memory
synapses in each chip, and the ability to tile multiple chips,
perception and pattern recognition, audio processing
and low-leakage transistors. The event-driven circuit
could lead to the development of complex, networked
and motor control.
elements of the chip utilise asynchronous design
neuromorphic simulators for testing network models
“Inspired by the brain’s structure,” the authors said,
methodology developed at Cornell Tech and refined
in neurobiology and deepening current understanding
“we have developed an efficient, scalable and flexible non-
with IBM. At 5.4 billion transistors, the fully functional
of brain function.
von Neumann architecture that leverages contemporary
and production-scale chip is currently one of the largest
The chip is a component of the SyNAPSE Ecosystem
silicon technology.
CMOS chips ever built; yet while running at biological
- an end-to-end vertically integrated ecosystem spanning
real time, it consumes only 63 mW - the equivalent of
a chip simulator, neuroscience data, supercomputing,
a hearing-aid battery.
neuron specification, programming paradigm, algorithms
“The architecture is well suited to many applications that use complex neural networks in real time, for
“IBM has broken new ground in the field of
and applications, and prototype design models. The
The project has been funded by the Defense
brain-inspired computers, in terms of a radically
ecosystem supports all aspects of the programming cycle
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) since
new architecture, unprecedented scale, unparalleled
and signals a shift towards taking in varied kinds of sensory
2008 as part of the Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive
power/area/speed efficiency, boundless scalability and
data, analysing and integrating real-time information in
Plastic Scalable Electronics (SyNAPSE) program. The
innovative design techniques,” said Dr Dharmendra S
a context-dependent way and dealing with the ambiguity
program was created to speed up the development
Modha, IBM Fellow and IBM Chief Scientist, Brain-
found in complex, real-world environments.
of a brain-inspired chip that could perform difficult
Inspired Computing, IBM Research.
example, multiobject detection and classification.”
perception and control tasks while at the same time achieving significant energy savings.
46 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
According to Cornell Tech Professor Rajit Manohar,
“These brain-inspired chips could transform mobility, via sensory and intelligent applications that
“We are now a step closer to building a computer similar to our brain.”
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what’s new C.difficile culture medium Clostridium difficile (C.difficile) is the
Mobile surface analyser
leading cause of nosocomial infectious
Scientex and Kruss have announced the Mobile Surface Analyser MSA. The instrument
diarrhoea in adults. Although PCR has
measures wettability based on the contact angle with two test liquids simultaneously and fully
become a leading C.difficile detection
automated using the ‘One-Click SFE’ method. Values for the two contact angles, the surface
technique, culture is important for strain
free energy of the sample and its polar part are available within 1 s.
typing and antimicrobial susceptibility
The product doses two parallel drops within milliseconds, with high-volume precision and
testing. CHROMagar C.difficile is a
minimal kinetic energy. In spite of its high speed, the procedure resembles the gentle way of
fluorogenic culture medium which is
placing a drop with a dosing needle. The contactless method, without the usual dosing needles,
very sensitive and selective, especially
prevents undesirable contact with the sample and possible damage or contamination of the probe.
designed to simplify and speed up the culture of C.difficile.
The portability of the product makes it convenient to connect to a notebook with only a USB power connection. With its low weight and small footprint, the device is designed for mobile
Big colonies (around 2 mm) of C.difficile can be detected after only 24 h of incubation in anaerobic atmosphere,
and non-destructive measurements on any sample size, even for vertical surfaces or convex surfaces. It is a mobile quality control instrument for pre-treated or coated surfaces. The modern, intuitive software automatically calculates the surface free energy
contrary to traditional media requiring 48
based on meaningful scientific models. Due to the simple measuring sequence
h. C.difficile is detected by characteristic
and easy-to-use software, data is acquired seamlessly.
fluorescent colonies (under UV light at
Applications include measurement on large work pieces and finished
365 nm) and the specimen’s flora are
products such as automobile parts; determination of the wettability of
largely inhibited. The medium can be
solid materials before coating or bonding; quality assurance of pre-
used for clinical specimens as well as
treatment, coating processes and cleaning steps; testing the effective-
environmental samples.
ness of hydrophobic coatings.
Dutec Diagnostics Pty Ltd
Scientex Pty Ltd
www.dutecdiagnostics.net.au
www.scientex.com.au
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LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 47
what’s new
Wash bottles As part of the plastilab range (general-purpose labware), Kartell manufactures a series of poly-
Antibody detection technology
ethylene (PE) wash bottles for cleaning laboratory glassware and other laboratory equipment.
bioCSL has commenced distribution of
The wash bottles are suitable for use with alcohols, acids, alkalis, aldehydes, esters and ketones,
Immucor’s Capture technology platform
and comply with international standards mak-
and reagents in Australia and New
ing them safe for use with foodstuff.
Zealand. Capture is antibody detection
Kartell Wash Bottles, suitable for use with distilled water, are available in capacities
technology used in the crossmatching of blood used for transfusion.
ranging from 50 up to 1000 mL. The dis-
The technology is said to work dif-
pensing tip gives an ultrafine stream or can
ferently from the techniques commonly
be removed to increase the flow of liquid.
used in Australia, delivering high levels
Integrated Wash Bottles are available
of specificity and potentially reducing
in two sizes: 250 and 500 mL. The easy-
both the need for additional testing
squeeze bottles are manufactured with an
and delays for patients awaiting a blood transfusion. The product has a
integrated tube and are specially shaped for easy grip and stability. The dispensing tip can be cut back to increase flow and is fitted with a PE closure cap.
high degree of sensitivity for detection of clinically significant antibodies,
The bottles are supplied with standardised screw caps for ease of use. Wide Mouth Wash Bottles, available in 250 and 500 mL, are designed with a wide mouth
providing confidence and accuracy in
for easy, safe filling. The colour-coded caps make it easy to identify each bottle and are
pre-transfusion and prenatal screening.
designed to avoid dripping caused by pressure build-up in the bottle. They are available in
CSL Biosciences
four colours: neutral, blue, yellow and red.
www.csl.com.au
Also available is a range of transparent, adhesive labels. Sieper & Co Pty Ltd www.sieper.com.au
Cytotoxicity and cell viability assay stain DRAQ7 is a non-toxic, far-red fluorescent DNA dye that only stains the nuclei in dead and permeabilised cells. The dye does not overlap with PE and homologues, making it a suitable replacement for common dyes such as propidium iodide and 7-AAD in cytotoxicity and cell viability assays. The product is a highly photostable, pure synthetic compound which can be used in most cell types, including mammalian, bacterial, parasitic, and plant cells and tissues. The versatile dye can be used in a variety of applications including immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, high content screening (eg, flow cytometry) and cell-based assays. The dye is easy to use and does not require washing or RNase. It does not enter intact live cells and is non-toxic in long-term culture. Its far-red fluorescence enables counterstaining or dual staining with other common labels, such as GFP and FITC. Furthermore, the dye provides differential staining of the cytoplasm to permit dual compartment segmentation for translocation tracking and cell morphometrics. The product’s spectral profile is Exλmax 599/644 nm, Emλmax 678 nm/694 nm intercalated with dsDNA. Sapphire Bioscience www.sapphirebioscience.com
48 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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what’s new
Cortisol ELISA kit The cortisol ELISA kit from Enzo Life Sciences can be used with a large variety of sample types and produces highly reproducible results for stress, autoimmune disease and cancer research. The ready-to-use, liquid, colour-coded reagents provided are safe and non-radioactive and reduce error in the lab. The broad dynamic range
Programmable digital stirring hot plate
lets users accurately measure cortisol levels in
The EchoTherm Model HS65 Programmable Digital Stirring Hot Plate, with five stirring
a variety of sample matrices including saliva,
positions, is suitable for use in chemical, pharmaceutical, environmental, biochemi-
culture supernatants, plasma, serum and urine
cal and other laboratories where reproducible, hands-off sample preparation and
from any species.
experimentation is important.
The product is a competitive immunoassay
Programming is done through the front panel membrane switch and full-functioned
for the quantitative determination of cortisol in
custom liquid crystal display. The unit can store 10 programs in memory of as
biological fluids with results in 3 h. The kit uses
many as 10 steps each where each step is a temperature, temperature ramp rate
a monoclonal antibody to cortisol to bind, in a
(if wanted), stirring speed and time.
competitive manner, cortisol in a sample or an
Each program can be made to repeat itself automatically from 1 to 98 times or infinitely. All programs are stored electronically. Each stirring position can be set to the same speed or to individual speeds. Non-programmed operation can be done as well.
alkaline phosphatase molecule which has cortisol covalently attached to it. After incubation at room temperature, the excess reagents are washed away and substrate is
Heater plates are 30.5 x 30.5 cm, white, solid ceramic glass for good chemical
added. The enzyme reaction is stopped and the
resistance and quick heating. The plate surface can be heated from ambient to 400°C.
yellow colour generated is read on a microplate
Plate surface temperature or solution temperature is controlled directly to 1°C of the
reader at 405 nm. The intensity of the bound
target. Accuracy is 1% of the reading using platinum RTD circuitry. The units are sup-
yellow colour is inversely proportional to the
plied with immersion probe and temperature calibration certificate traceable to NIST.
concentration of cortisol in either standards or
Stirring speed is 100 to 1500 rpm and controlled by optical coupler to 10 rpm. A
samples. The measured optical density is used
countdown timer with alarm, user-settable auto-off and RS232 I/O port are supplied
to calculate the concentration of cortisol.
with the unit. The product is available in 100, 115 and 230 VAC, 50/60 Hz models.
United Bioresearch Products Pty Ltd
It is UL, CSA and CE certified.
www.unitedbioresearch.com.au
Edwards Group Pty Ltd www.edwardsco.com.au
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LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 49
what’s new
Microplate spectrophotometer BioTek has released the Epoch 2 Microplate Spectrophotometer, claimed to be the first reader to combine a large touch screen and full onboard data analysis software for simplified and efficient operation and reporting of absorbance-based detection workflows. The 10″ colour touch screen interface offers an enhanced display. Onboard Gen5 Data Analysis Software provides quick
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with X-ray (EDS) for element ID
analysis and flexible export and report options at the touch of
The Phenom desktop SEM is a user-friendly tool that bridges the
a few buttons. Data export is expanded via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
gap between optical and ultrahigh-resolution microscopes. The
and USB flash drive.
desktop SEM is said to exceed the resolution of optical microscopes
user experience, with intuitive navigation and a high-resolution
To maximise versatility, the product features a spectral range from 200 to 999 nm, selectable in 1 nm increments for single-,
and eliminate the delay and difficulty associated with operating a traditional SEM.
dual- and multi-wavelength measurements in endpoint and
The desktop SEM system with integrated X-ray analysis enables
kinetic read methods, and also offers spectral scanning and
both sample structures to be physically examined and their elemen-
well area scanning. Compatible sample vessels include 6- to
tal composition determined. Benefits include: imaging power up
384-well microplates, standard cuvettes and 2 µL micro-volume
to 100,000x magnification; intuitive system control; fully integrated
samples via BioTek’s Take3 Micro-Volume Plates.
X-ray analysis; <30 s from loading sample to SEM image using
Standard linear, orbital and double orbital shaking, and precise 4-zone temperature control to 65°C, are suitable for cell-based
an integrated X, Y motor stage; optical navigation camera and low-magnification SEM imaging for navigation.
assays. Throughput may be increased by interfacing with the
The Phenom Pro suite software includes integrated ParticleMetric,
company’s BioStack Microplate Stacker or third-party automation.
Fibermetric, 3D Roughness and Elemental mapping applications
Millennium Science Pty Ltd
that allow users to gather morphology and particle size data and to
www.mscience.com.au
generate three-dimensional images while revealing the distribution of elements within the sample. Applications include forensic investigation, material characterisation, metallurgy analysis, process control, pharmaceutical and industrial research, and more. ATA Scientific Pty Ltd www.atascientific.com.au
Reagent for qPCR data delivery Bio-Rad Laboratories has launched the SsoAdvanced Universal Inhibitor-Tolerant SYBR Green Supermix, a solution for obtaining reproducible, optimal-quality qPCR data from challenging samples. Generating quality qPCR data from difficult-to-amplify samples - such as crude lysates from plants, tissues, formalin-fixed paraffinembedded samples and other less-than-ideal sources that contain PCR inhibitors - can be challenging and frustrating. In these situations, PCR may be greatly inhibited, making it nearly impossible for researchers to obtain reliable data. The product provides the advantages of other Bio-Rad supermixes with the added benefit of inhibitor tolerance. Its formulation has been optimised and validated to tolerate a wide spectrum of PCR inhibitors, including those found in crude lysates, polysaccharides and polyphenols, and various reagents left over from sample prep such as ethanol, isopropanol, EDTA and sodium chloride. The inhibitor-tolerant version includes Bio-Rad’s Sso7d-fusion polymerase, which is engineered for enhanced qPCR performance. The supermix is compatible with all real-time PCR instruments and functions under any reaction condition. Bio-Rad Laboratories Pty Ltd www.bio-rad.com
50 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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what’s on
Australian Genomic Technologies Association conference The 14th Australasian Genomic Technologies Association (AGTA) conference
of Melbourne under the iconic spire that has featured as part of this year’s
will be held at the Crown Promenade, Melbourne, Australia, Sunday 12 to
conference logo.
Wednesday 15 October 2014.
The AGTA conference enables the opportunity for interaction between
The AGTA conference (formerly known as AMATA) is Australia’s foremost
biologists, bioinformaticians and technologists. This unique mix is one of
genomic technology conference. This year brings an exciting program that
the reasons that the Australian genomics community has a dynamic cross-
spans a diversity of research topics utilising cutting-edge genomic technologies.
disciplinary and innovative approach to genomic analysis and is at the forefront
Major themes include clinical genomics, functional genomics, bioinformatics,
of analysis tools for new types of ’omics data.
metagenomics, cancer genomics, epigenomics and plant genomics. The
The conference will host an outstanding list of international and national
conference will also host a workshop focusing on the application of clinical
speakers plus has engaged industry to showcase the best in new genomic
genomics, an exciting area currently undergoing a major expansion in Australia.
technologies. There will be opportunity for some great networking and cutting-
Further features of the conference program include new student social
© 2014 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. All rights reserved.
functions and the regular conference dinner to be held at the Arts Centre
edge science in the heart of the “most livable city” in the world. For more details and to register to attend, visit: agtaconference.org.
Exceptional Water Quality Converting tap water into high purity ASTM Type II purified water, the Pacific TII is the ultimate system for the automatic and economical production of Type II water. The Pacific TII can support daily requirements from 20 to 200 litres. Reliable, easy to operate and with low running costs, the Pacific TII is the best choice to meet your lab’s purified water needs.
without the Attitude 20%
Trade-In Offer
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• For more information, contact 1300-735-292 or visit thermofisher.com.au/waterpurification
LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 51
what’s new Materials microscopy system Primotech is an imaging system for material analysis. The product can be used in industrial quality control, geology, mineralogy and education environments. The system is offered in four stand variations, meaning configurations are available for a wide variety of applications. In routine applications, users can quickly and reproducibly analyse their products within the production process. In an educational setting, Primotech and the iPad imaging app Matscope transform classical learning environments into digital classrooms. The integrated camera and various interfaces make it possible to connect the system to additional microscopes, printers or other devices. The Matscope app allows multiple users to view images from all connected microscopes on a projector, enhancing laboratory communications or the classroom experience. The app makes transferring images to PCs easy and offers measuring tools for material analysis. Additional measuring tools are available for certain applications, such as the inspection of circuit board traces, which increase throughput. Users can create reports and send them via email. The encoded nosepiece turret automatically recognises the attached objective and adjusts scalings in the sample image, reducing sources of error. The large sample space allows users to analyse objects up to 34 mm in size. Simultaneous reflected- and transmitted-light illumination makes it possible to view both transparent and non-transparent materials on the one microscope. The product can also be used to analyse birefringent structures. Carl Zeiss Pty Ltd www.zeiss.com.au
ISH assays and research staining platform Advanced Cell Diagnostics’ RNAscope LS ISH assays are being marketed alongside Leica Biosystems’ Bond RX research staining platform, providing researchers with an integrated and fully automated ISH solution. The RNAscope assays offer robust single RNA molecule detection for formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded (FFPE) tissue. The assays have been used by pharma biotech companies and research institutions for drug discovery, translational research and the development of clinical and companion diagnostic tests. The assays are fully automated on the Bond RX platform. The open and flexible system automates staining to provide a fast, high-throughput workflow with good consistency and minimal hands-on time. Australian Biosearch www.aust-biosearch.com.au
52 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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genomics
Eucalyptus genome sequenced
E
Sappi and Mondi, funded the construction of the genome map used as a scaffold for genome assembly, as well as the sequencing of expressed genes used for annotation of the ucalypts are the world’s most widely
genome. The results were published in the journal Nature
planted hardwood trees, grown in 100 countries
and the genome data are available through the DOE JGI’s
across six continents, with their beneficial properties
comparative plant genomics portal Phytozome.
including wide adaptability, extremely fast growth
© iStockphoto.com/Philip Down
and complex oil production.
The genetic blueprint of the Eucalyptus grandis (flooded gum) has been sequenced for the first time. The five-year effort to analyse the 640 million basepair genome was conducted by 80 researchers from 30 institutions across 18 countries.
“We sequenced and assembled >94% of the 640-megabase genome of Eucalyptus grandis,” the
The project, which started over a decade ago,
researchers said, and discovered over 36,000 genes -
involved researchers from the University of Tasmania,
almost double the number of genes in the human genome.
The University of Melbourne, the Victorian Department
The team’s analysis revealed an ancient whole-genome
of Environment and Primary Industries, the Australian
duplication event estimated to have occurred about 110
National University, Western Australian Department of
million years ago, as well as an unusually high proportion
Parks and Wildlife and the University of the Sunshine
of genes in tandem duplicate arrays. Their results, Tuskan
Coast along with international collaborators.
said, highlight the major role of the phenomenon of
The sequencing project was led by Alexander
tandem replication in shaping functional diversity in
Myburg of the University of Pretoria (South Africa);
Eucalyptus and suggest that the tree may have followed
Dario Grattapaglia of the Brazilian Agricultural
an evolutionary path that highlighted specific genes for
Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) and Catholic
woody biomass production.
University of Brasilia; Gerald Tuskan of the Oak Ridge
The researchers also identified 113 genes responsible
National Laboratory (ORNL), the BioEnergy Science
for synthesising terpenes - hydrocarbons which serve as
Center and US Department of Energy Joint Genome
chemical self-defences against pests, as well as providing
Institute (DOE JGI); Dan Rokhsar of the DOE JGI; and
the aromatic essential oils used in medicinal cough drops
Jeremy Schmutz of the DOE JGI and the HudsonAlpha
and in industrial processes. Furthermore, they found
Institute for Biotechnology.
that among the family of terpene compounds naturally
South Africa’s Department of Science and
produced in plants and in particularly high abundance
Technology (DST), together with forestry companies
in Eucalyptus trees, derivatives of sesquiterpenes that
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LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 53
genomics Dario Grattapaglia, Zander Myburg and Jerry Tuskan pose in front of Eucalyptus regnans in Tasmania. Image credit: Zander Myburg. contain 15 carbon atoms may be promising alternatives
carbohydrates that can be used for biofuel production.
for petroleum-based fuels. Researchers have already
“By tracing their evolutionary lineages and
made important breakthroughs in engineering aspects
expression in woody tissues, we defined a core set of
of terpene biosynthesis into microbes such as bacteria
genes as well as novel lignin-building candidates that
and yeast.
are highly expressed in the development of xylem - the
“This means that in future we could use specially
woody tissue that helps channel water throughout
selected Eucalyptus genes in bacteria and yeasts, turning
the plant - which serves to strengthen the tree,” said
them into bio-factories to manufacture advanced biofuels
Myburg.
on a large scale,” Myburg said.
“We have a keen interest in how wood is formed,”
Tuskan added, “By having a library of these genes
said Tuskan. “A major determinant of industrial
that control the synthesis of terpenes, we are able to
processing efficiency lies in the composition and cross-
dissect which genes produce specific terpenes; then we
linking of biopolymers in the thick secondary cell walls
can modify this biochemical pathway in the leaves so
of woody fibres. Our analysis provides a much more
that we can develop the potential of Eucalyptus as an
comprehensive understanding of the genetic control
alternative source feedstock for jet fuel.”
of carbon allocation towards cell wall biopolymers in
to diminish the negative environmental impacts that
woody plants - a crucial step toward the development
threaten many species.”
The researchers were particularly interesting in those genes which may influence the production of ‘chemical
The extensive catalogue of genes contributed by
of future biomass crops.”
cellulose’ - secondary cell wall material that can be
“Our comparative analysis of the complex traits
the team will allow breeders to adapt Eucalyptus trees
processed for pulp, paper, biomaterials and bioenergy
associated with the Eucalyptus genome and other large
for sustainable energy production in regions where they
applications. Approximately 80% of the woody biomass
perennials offers new opportunities for accelerating
cannot currently be grown.
in a Eucalyptus is made of cellulose and hemicellulose,
breeding cycles for sustainable biomass productivity
“And, with this new knowledge about the molecular
while the remaining biomass primarily comprises a
and optimal wood quality,” said Grattapaglia. “In
basis for superior growth and specific adaptations in
glue-like material called lignin. The team identified genes
addition, insights into the trees’ evolutionary history and
plants, we can apply the same techniques to other woody
encoding 18 final enzymatic steps for the production
adaptation are improving our understanding of their
plants that can be used as feedstock in the bio-economy
of cellulose and the hemicellulose xylan, both cell wall
response to environmental change, providing strategies
of the future,” said Myburg.
54 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new Portable spectrophotometer Software for lab instrument data integration PAC has launched its instrument data integration software designed specifically for PAC laboratory instruments. IRIS Software provides users with the advantage of connecting their PAC laboratory instruments and managing these instruments, including gathering and analysing test data and communicating results, from a single computer. The product is said to improve
The DR1900 is a light and compact portable spectrophotometer. The product is built for rugged conditions and is also flexible, accepting a wide range of vial sizes. Built with field use in mind, the unit has a large, clear screen and a simple user interface that makes testing easy in even the most demanding conditions. Easy to hold and operate, it is a valuable tool for field technicians. Underneath the rugged exterior, the product has over 220 of the most commonly tested pre-programmed methods already built in. Users can also use the easy-to-use interface to create their own methods. Tests are performed with a wavelength range of 340 to 800 nm, which means it can be used to find results typically only seen in laboratory instruments. Hach Company www.hachpacific.com.au
laboratory efficiency as the software has the same look and feel across all instruments, which reduces the amount of training needed when working with multiple software platforms. In addition, it can perform data reprocessing without re-running a sample, which increases laboratory productivity. The software is compliant with security and quality protocols. It includes password protection at multiple levels and user traceability. This helps ensure that the laboratory instrument data is secure and only accessible to authorised people within the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s organisation. Integrated statistical process control charting is also available for many instrument models. The software has numerous plug-ins (PAC instruments it connects to) including the Herzog OptiDist, ISL PMD 110, Herzog HVM472, ISL VIDA and many more. All IRIS plug-ins include a results section to view previously completed tests, a run control section that displays real-time instrument data, a reports section to print reports, a LIMS connection to automatically transfer data and an online manager to allow web-based control of the software and remote data access. AMS Instrumentation & Calibration Pty Ltd www.ams-ic.com.au
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LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 55
what’s new
Brushless DC motor and planetary gearbox maxon motor has released its latest brushless DC motor and highspeed planetary gearbox. There are seven different windings and two power levels available for the motor and many different gearbox ratios, allowing designers to select the products in a modular fashion to best suit the application requirements.
CMV assay
The product achieves low levels of noise and with the specially bal-
DiaSorin has launched a molecular assay for the rapid detection
anced rotor and detent-free construction, even at high speed levels.
and quantification of cytomegalovirus (CMV). The DiaSorin Iam CMV
The planetary gearbox features high-speed power transmission, with
assay is used to detect and quantify clinically relevant subtypes of
an input speed capability of 40,000 rpm.
CMV in human plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), mak-
The DC motor is particularly suitable for hand tools. Combined
ing it suitable for the diagnosis and monitoring of CMV infection
with sterilisation tested at 1000 cycles at 135° and 2.3 bar without
in transplant recipients and other immunocompromised individuals.
any need for dismantling, medical device hand tools are a suitable
The assay has good intra-run precision (≤0.3 log cps/mL) and
application for the motor and gearbox drive system.
diagnostic sensitivity (≥97%) and specificity (100%) said to be
maxon motor Australia Pty Ltd
comparable to conventional PCR, but with results in a fraction of
www.maxonmotor.com.au
the time. In addition to being used for the detection and monitoring of CMV infection in immunocompromised individuals, the product is also used in the diagnosis of maternal and foetal CMV infection in early pregnancy and for monitoring CMV infection in affected babies. It is CE marked in accordance to IVD Medical Device Directive 98/79 CE. DiaSorin www.diasorin.com wmb-730 Australian quarter page_Layout 1 11/08/2014 11:49 Page 1
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56 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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clean technology Lauren Davis
Clean tech lab to make products
“benign by design” In November 2013, Flinders University officially opened its Clean Technology Laboratory - a $1.1 million initiative to research and develop sustainable manufacturing methods. The establishment of the lab corresponded with the appointment of Professor Colin Raston, the South Australian Premier’s Professorial Research Fellow in Clean Technology, to the university.
P
the uniformity of the solution - and, by extension, the amount of waste being generated. Such control would not be possible using a classic round-bottom rofessor Raston describes himself as
flask, Professor Raston said.
“the anchor to run the research”. Supported by two
Not only can production processes be made
ARC Discovery grants, as well as funding from the
cleaner, but in the future, so too could applications.
Government of South Australia, his work is “all about
Professor Raston referred to the example of drug
developing processes and products that are tracking
delivery - if you could utilise nanoparticles for the
towards benign by design”.
controlled delivery of drugs, you’d only need a small
“I guess from my point of view, you can take any technology and tweak it and make it cleaner,” Professor
amount of the drug, and the amount of waste ending up in sewage would diminish.
Raston said. In particular, he aims to avoid the use of
“Most drugs we take end up in the sewage, and
toxic reagents in organic reactions, as well as reduce
how do you recycle sewage water that’s loaded with
waste generation.
drugs?” he noted.
“When you buy your kilogram of pharmaceutical
The lab has already attracted international
products over the counter, there could be up to half a
attention, with researchers from China having
tonne of waste sitting somewhere on the planet that
shown interest in the lab’s biomass utilisation and
went into making that, and that’s because of issues
membrane technology research. Collaborations
associated with waste generation for specific organic
are underway with institutions around the
reactions during synthesis,” he noted.
world, including the University of Cambridge,
Professor Raston said this waste mainly comes
the University of California, Irvine, Ben-Gurion
from the difficulties associated with scaling up
University in Israel, the University of Malaya,
reactions from small to large vessels, such as non-
the University of Quebec and the University of
uniform mixing and uneven heat transfer. But
Missouri-Columbia.
researchers at the clean technology lab “incorporate
And with clean technology a focus of Flinders
scalability into the science”, he said, through a process
University, the lab receives plenty of attention at
called thin-film microfluidics and the use of a patented
home. There is collaboration within the university
vortex fluidic device.
“in a whole raft of projects”, said Professor Raston,
By placing a liquid on a rapidly rotating surface, chemical reactivity can be better controlled, as can
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“within chemical and physical sciences, medicine, biotechnology… it goes on”.
LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 57
what’s happening
Brocade to handle genome facility’s big data Driven by the growth of genomic data sets, the Australian Genome Research Facility (AGRF) is deploying a high-performance 10 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) core network across its entire estate, with its Melbourne node the first to go live with new switching infrastructure from Brocade. A national not-for-profit organisation, the AGRF is the country’s largest provider of genomics services, with laboratories in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth. The facility utilises cutting-edge technology to provide contract genomics services to academic, applied research and commercial markets spanning biomedicine, plant and animal science, microbiology, evolutionary biology and biodiversity. One of the issues faced by AGRF and the genomic research community at large is coping with big data, with the latest generation of gene sequencing technology generating data files of over a terabyte every week off each of its five systems in operation. At the AGRF’s Melbourne node, the IT infrastructure has been upgraded to deliver the compute power, storage capacity and network performance to handle the growing data challenge. “Universities and research institutes are now constantly moving around anything from 100 to 700 gigabytes of data, and the previous network was a real bottleneck for clients,” said AGRF Senior Systems Engineer Gismon Thomas. “We’re introducing new IT capabilities, including 80 terabytes of storage with 10GbE connectivity to handle the exponential growth of data archiving. We are also now testing a bioinformatics cloud infrastructure environment based around a set of blade servers that will go into production in the near future. A more capable network infrastructure was absolutely essential to fully enable these new systems.” To replace its legacy network switches, Thomas said AGRF looked for a solution that could deliver low-latency 10GbE performance at wire-speed, with a simplified network architecture and streamlined network management. He said the focus was on a cost-effective, single-vendor solution that could handle three years of projected network traffic growth, to be rolled out across all AGRF sites. Brocade partner Mycom proposed a solution based around the Brocade ICX 6610 Switch, which is designed to deliver chassis-like switch capabilities in a stackable form factor. Mycom was able to demonstrate its solution on-site and run a proofof-concept project to show that a Brocade ICX 6610 switch stack could meet all of AGRF’s performance and latency requirements while being simple to operate. “Compared to offerings from the other major switch vendors, the Brocade ICX 6610 switches deliver similar performance, but with an outstanding return on investment,” said Thomas. “Basically, we get three switches for the price of one, with two stacked to give us a fully redundant high-performance network core in the server room and the third deployed to handle outside traffic. “The solution is very much plug-and-play so it was really easy to set up and, since deployment, we’ve doubled the amount of data running across the network without a problem. There’s capacity to spare in the stack, which we can activate through a software licence, enabling us to accommodate more servers over the next 12 months or so. If and when we need more scale, it is a simple matter of adding another switch to the stack.” © freeimages.com/profile/flaivoloka
Each product has four dedicated 40GbE stacking ports that enable up to eight switches to be linked into a single logical device, managed through a single IP address, with 320 Gbps of total backplane stacking bandwidth. Each switch has up to eight 10GbE fibre ports and 48 1GbE ports. In a stacked configuration, traffic forwarding is transparent across the pool of ports, all of which deliver wire-speed, non-blocking performance. “They’re easy to deploy, easy to manage and easy to integrate into both new and existing networks,” said Adam Judd, Brocade vice president for Asia Pacific. “With capacity upgrades though software licences and the ability to scale by adding to a stack, this is very much a ‘pay-as-you-grow’ solution that enables the AGRF to easily cope with its big data growth.” Brocade Communications Systems Inc www.brocade.com
58 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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what’s new
Stem cell reprogramming kit Life Technologies and DNAVEC have launched the CytoTune-iPS 2.0 Sendai Reprogramming Kit which enables an efficient method to develop induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from human somatic cells. The kit doubles the number of colonies that can be produced. The kit uses a benign RNA virus developed by DNAVEC to deliver the reprogramming factors and clears out of the cell after about five replication cycles. The technology helps overcome major hurdles associated with traditional reprogramming techniques, which are inefficient and can lead to unwanted genetic mutations. Efficient development of iPS cells provides advantages for the basic and translational research fields. Scientists who test existing or novel drugs in the hopes of treating specific conditions can have faster access to patientderived, physiologically accurate cells for disease modelling studies. Life Technologies Australia Pty Ltd www.invitrogen.com
DNA quality control standard for reference material Starna’s DNA Quality Control Standard is an easy-to-use liquid vial (1.5 mL) that provides the company’s DNACON 260/280 reference material in a consumable format suitable for use in drop technology systems. The vial is produced in an ISO 17025- and ISO Guide 34-accredited environment and provides a NIST-traceable quality control standard to enable quick and reliable quality assurance of the DNA 260/280 nm measurement process. The concentration is matched for use with the ultralow (less than 5 µL) and short path length (1 mm) volume measurement systems and is suitable for performing DNA purity evaluations in clinical and bioscience laboratories. The QC standard mimics the spectral characteristics of DNA solutions with respect to the 260/280 nm ratio. The reference material is stable and durable because it is not DNA and overcomes the problem of DNA solutions being inherently unstable, with changes constantly occurring within the materials themselves. DNA-based QC materials for routine use are not a viable proposition for process verification as the chemistry of molecular and microbiological organic substances is complicated and the materials themselves are often difficult to characterise, handle, package, store and certify. Starna Pty Ltd www.starna.com.au
I M A G I N G // C H E M I D O C™ TO U C H I M AG I N G SYS T E M
Introducing the New ChemiDoc™ Touch Sensitive, precise, and flexible, the ChemiDoc™ Touch Imaging System is a complete solution for gel and western blot imaging. • Equal to film in sensitivity and resolution • Superior to film in signal-to-noise ratio and linear dynamic range • Highly intuitive software and user interface
With this seamless integration of high-quality imaging and quantitative tools, the path from experiment to usable data has never been so clear or streamlined. Arrange a demonstration today.
60 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
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psilocybin
The physical effects of
© iStockphoto.com/Chris Lemmens
magic mushrooms Researchers have examined the brain effects of the psychedelic chemical in magic mushrooms, called ‘psilocybin’, revealing the physical changes the chemical makes to the brain. Their work has been published in the journal Human Brain Mapping.
U
Dr Robin Carhart-Harris, from Imperial College
Previous research has suggested that there may
London, said he was “fascinated to see similarities
be an optimal number of dynamic networks active in
between the pattern of brain activity in a psychedelic
the brain, possibly optimising the balance between the
state and the pattern of brain activity during dream
stability and flexibility of consciousness. The mind
sers of psychedelic drugs often describe
sleep, especially as both involve the primitive areas
works best at a critical point when there is a balance
‘expanded consciousness’, including enhanced
of the brain linked to emotions and memory. People
between order and disorder and the brain maintains
associations, vivid imagination and dream-like states.
often describe taking psilocybin as producing a dream-
this optimal number of networks. When the number
To explore the biological basis for this experience,
like state and our findings have, for the first time,
goes above this point, the mind tips into a more chaotic
the researchers analysed brain imaging data from 15
provided a physical representation for the experience
regime where there are more networks available than
volunteers who were given psilocybin (and later a
in the brain.”
normal. The latest results suggest that psilocybin can
placebo) intravenously while they lay in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner.
Following initial data collection at Imperial
manipulate this critical operating point.
College London in 2012, specialists in the mathematical
“Psychedelic drugs … are powerful tools
The study examined variation in the amplitude of
modelling of brain networks - Professor Dante Chialvo
for exploring what happens in the brain when
fluctuations in what is called the blood-oxygen level
from CONICET and Dr Enzo Tagliazucchi from
consciousness is profoundly altered,” said Dr
dependent (BOLD) signal, which tracks activity levels
Goethe University - were recruited to investigate how
Tagliazucchi. “It is the first time we have used these
in the brain. This revealed that activity in important
psilocybin alters brain activity to produce its unusual
methods to look at brain imaging data and it has given
brain networks linked to high-level thinking becomes
psychological effects. As part of the new study, the
some fascinating insight into how psychedelic drugs
unsynchronised and disorganised under psilocybin.
researchers applied a measure called entropy, which
expand the mind.”
One particular network that was especially affected
can be used to measure the range or randomness of
plays a central role in the brain, essentially ‘holding it
a system.
all together’, and is linked to our sense of self.
“Learning about the mechanisms that underlie what happens under the influence of psychedelic
The researchers computed the level of entropy for
drugs can also help to understand their possible uses,”
Meanwhile, activity in the different areas of a more
different networks in the brain during the psychedelic
added Dr Carhart-Harris. “We are currently studying
primitive brain network became more synchronised
state. This revealed an increase in entropy in the
the effect of LSD on creative thinking and we will also
under the drug, indicating they were working in a
more primitive network, ie, an increased number
be looking at the possibility that psilocybin may help
more coordinated, ‘louder’ fashion. The network
of patterns of activity that were possible under the
alleviate symptoms of depression by allowing patients
involves areas of the hippocampus (associated with
influence of psilocybin. The volunteers appeared to
to change their rigidly pessimistic patterns of thinking.
memory and emotion) and the anterior cingulate
have a much larger range of potential brain states that
Psychedelics were used for therapeutic purposes in the
cortex (related to states of arousal), which were active
were available to them, which may be the biophysical
1950s and 1960s but now we are finally beginning to
at the same time in a pattern of activity similar to that
counterpart of ‘mind expansion’ reported by users of
understand their action in the brain and how this can
observed in people who are dreaming.
psychedelic drugs.
inform how to put them to good use.”
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LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014 | 61
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ComBio2014
28 September 2014 - 2 October 2014 National Convention Centre, Canberra ComBio2014 incorporates the annual meetings of the Australian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian Society of Plant Scientists and Australia and New Zealand Society for Cell and Developmental Biology. The program will feature up to 17 plenary presentations from international scientists plus a number of society speciality lectures. There will be seven symposium streams featuring both international and local invited speakers, as well as talks selected from submitted abstracts. Several poster sessions are also planned. www.asbmb.org.au/combio2014/index.html Joint International Symposium on the Nutrition of Herbivores/International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology International Conference 8 - 12 September, Canberra www.herbivores2014.com/ International Association for Breast Cancer Research 2014 14 - 17 September, Sydney www.iabcr2014.org 15th International Conference on Systems Biology (ICSB) 14 - 18 September, Melbourne www.icsb14.com 21st NSW Stem Cell Network Workshop 23 September 2014, Sydney stemcellnetwork.org.au analytica China 24 - 26 September 2014, Shanghai www.analyticachina.com Chemeca 2014 - Processing Excellence; Powering Our Future 28 September - 1 October 2014, Perth www.icheme.org/chemeca2014 ComBio2014 28 September 2014 - 2 October 2014, Canberra www.asbmb.org.au/combio2014/index.html Human Proteome Organization World Congress 2014 5 Oct 2014 - 8 Oct 2014, Madrid www.hupo2014.com Australian Bioinformatics Conference 11 - 12 October, Melbourne http://bioinformatics.net.au/abic2014/index.shtml Australian Genomic Technologies Association (AGTA) Conference 12 - 15 October, Melbourne www.agtaconference.org
Towards precision medicine: Phenotyping human diseases in mice 20 - 21 October, Canberra http://towardsprecisionmedicine-symposium2014. org.au BioProcessing Network Conference 2014 21 - 23 October 2014, St Kilda bioprocessingnetwork.com.au/events/bioprocessingnetwork-conference-2014 TRX14 - Translational Research Excellence Conference 24 October, Brisbane www.trx14.com.au 15th Australasian Plant Breeding Conference 26 - 29 October, Melbourne www.australasianplantbreeding.com.au/
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XRM2014 - 12th International Conference on X-ray Microscopy 26 - 31 Oct 2014, Melbourne www.xrm2014.com Australasian Association of Clinical Biochemists 52nd Annual Scientific Conference 27 - 29 October, Adelaide www.aacb.asn.au/events/event/aacb-52nd-annualscientific-conference
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Laser Diffraction Particle Sizing Course 28 Oct 2014, Auckland www.atascientific.com.au/eventsandtraining/ training-tutorials/ AusBiotech 2014 29 - 31 October 2014, Gold Coast ausbiotechnc.org
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Agriculture and Food Biotechnology Symposium 30 - 31 October, Gold Coast ausbiotechnc.org/program/AFBS
ISSN No. 2203-773X
Energy Future Conference 3 - 5 November 2014, Sydney www.ozenergyfuture.com/
Tell the world about your event: email LLS@westwick-farrow.com.au
62 | LAB+LIFE SCIENTIST - September 2014
Chief Editor Janette Woodhouse LLS@westwick-farrow.com.au
All material published in this magazine is published in good faith and every care is taken to accurately relay information provided to us. Readers are advised by the publishers to ensure that all necessary safety devices and precautions are installed and safe working procedures adopted before the use of any equipment found or purchased through the information we provide. Further, all performance criteria was provided by the representative company concerned and any dispute should be referred to them. Information indicating that products are made in Australia or New Zealand is supplied by the source company. Westwick-Farrow Pty Ltd does not quantify the amount of local content or the accuracy of the statement made by the source.
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