RadioComms Asia-Pacific Jul/Aug 13 by Westwick-Farrow Media

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Jul/Aug 2013- RADIO COMMS

2 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

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on your wavelength 6

contents

on the cover

Radio Comms Asia-Pacific July/August 2013

Testing interference in a wireless environment

More speed, more insight

16 radio@work 4G LTE coverage testing 28

The man who gave radio its voice

positive feedback

Comms Connect 2013: first speakers announced

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The field of test and measurement is vital in radio communications, at all stages of the design, installation and maintenance of a system. Our industry’s engineers and technicians are responsible for ensuring that systems meet performance, reliability and safety expectations and standards. This is a particularly pertinent issue in an era when many operators are switching from analog to digital, often with a period of simultaneous operation. An added challenge is the squeeze on spectrum and demand for more bandwidth. Advances in technology have vastly increased the precision of measurement devices, be they scopes, analysers, meters, cable testers and so on. Today’s test devices are a far cry from the basic instruments of old, such as a venerable Avo 7, fondly remembered by Mike Smyth in his ‘Positive feedback’ column. What legacy test instrument(s) do you have that you simply cannot part with? This issue we feature a number of articles that illustrate the challenges and opportunities facing the industry in test and measurement. For instance, the ‘Radio@work’ item illustrates the need for testing to ensure a system can handle the expected load - in this case, a major sporting event with thousands of people all wanting to transmit and receive at once. And the article ‘More speed, more insight’ introduces the concept of FFT-based EMI testing and the benefits it can bring. Don’t forget that the Comms Connect 2013 conference and exhibition in Melbourne in November is rapidly approaching. Make sure you book early to secure your attendance. This year’s event promises to be huge, with many informative and fascinating presentations scheduled, including a special keynote address by Len Ricardo, Operations Manager at NASA’s Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex, who’ll speak about the special challenges of communicating over distances of millions of kilometres through deep space - and you think terrestrial comms are tricky!

NOW in DIGITAL! Your copy of Radio Comms Asia-Pacific is now available as an online eMag.

Jonathan Nally, Editor rc@westwick-farrow.com.au

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on the cover

o celebrate the availability of 400-470 MHz for the DMR Tier 3 and P25 Phase 2-capable solutions, Tait Communications has produced a bunch of fun videos showing its new portables taking some serious knocks. Check out the ‘Bowling’ and ‘Catapult’ tests, to name a few, along with more detailed information on its DMR and P25 solutions. Tait digital solutions continue to grow with products, applications and a range of features that continue to be added across its digital portfolios. In addition to the launch of 136-174 MHz in 2012, the introduction of 400-470 MHz means that even more organisations can take advantage of the exceptional voice, data and network performance. The Tait DMR Tier 3 solution provides location services with worker safety features and workforce management tools to maximise operational efficiency, while the simple network architecture provides easy scalability and longterm protection for your organisation. Combined with standardised application interfaces, the Tait DMR Tier 3 solution provides access to innovative applications and significant operational efficiencies using the data capabilities for location services, detailed job dispatch and telemetry. Built on the ETSI DMR open standards, the Tait DMR Tier 3 solution is a future-proofed investment that provides a smooth migration path from analog to digital and guarantees your freedom of choice now and into the future. Tait has been awarded interoperability certification by

the DMR Association (available at dmrassociation. org, or contact Tait for information) and will continue to work with them to refine and implement the DMR standards. Tait has designed the DMR Tier 3 solution with the customer in mind, minimising the costs and interruption associated with migrating to a new system. The multimode featured terminals coupled with the Tait network gateway allows for a smooth and well-managed migration path from analog to digital. The multimode TP9300 portables and TM9300 mobiles can operate on conventional analog or MPT1327 trunked systems and roam onto new DMR Tier 3 networks when required. With a Tait DMR solution you can implement a staged transition to digital, channel by channel, site by site, without interrupting fleet communications, meaning you can migrate with confidence. The Tait DMR Tier 3 solution is designed for continuous operations in the toughest environments, and portable radios on the frontline face the brunt of these harsh conditions. So Tait had a bit of fun and filmed its own tough tests, which saw the TP9300 catapulted, smashed, drowned, crushed and punched! - View the videos at go.taitradio.com/tough The TP9300 proved it could withstand the types of hard knocks the front-line often sees. Users can rest assured knowing that they have a seriously tough radio in their hand - one that simply won’t let them down. The release of both DMR Tier 3 9300 and P25 Phase 2-capable 9400 series in 136-174 and 400470 MHz is a significant and exciting milestone. Tait Communications go.taitradio.com/tough

Check out this magazine’s sister website. 4 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

A.B.N. 22 152 305 336 www.westwick-farrow.com.au Head Office Cnr. Fox Valley Road & Kiogle Street, (Locked Bag 1289) Wahroonga NSW 2076 Australia Ph +61 2 9487 2700 Fax +61 2 9489 1265 Editor Jonathan Nally rc@westwick-farrow.com.au Technical Advisor Mike Smyth Chief Editor Janette Woodhouse Publisher Geoff Hird Art Director/Production Manager Julie Wright Art/Production Tanya Scarselletti, Jeanette Teuma Colleen Sam Circulation Manager Sue Lavery circulation@westwick-farrow.com.au Copy Control Mitchie Mullins copy@westwick-farrow.com.au Advertising Sales National Sales Manager Nicola Fender-Fox Ph: 0414 703 780 nfender-fox@westwick-farrow.com.au VIC, SA, WA - Lachlan Rainey Ph 0402 157 167 lrainey@westwick-farrow.com.au NSW, QLD - Lisa Gilbert Ph 0414 283 933 lgilbert@westwick-farrow.com.au New Zealand - Gemma Burr Ph 0800 442 529 gburr@westwick-farrow.com.au USA - Huson International Media East Coast Ph +1 212 268 3344 West Coast Ph +1 408 879 6666 ralph.lockwood@husonmedia.com UK - Huson International Media Ph +44 1932 56 4999 gerryb@husonmedia.com Asia - Lachlan Rainey Ph +61 (0) 402 157 167 If you have any queries regarding our privacy policy please email privacy@westwick-farrow.com.au Subscriptions: For unregistered readers, price on application

March 2013 total CAB Audited Circulation (Aust + NZ) 4,422 (71% personally requested) Print Post Approved PP100007393 ISSN No. 1448-9201 Printed and bound by Pegasus Print Group +61 2 8822 0716 All material published in this magazine is published in good faith and every care is taken to accurately relay information provided to us. Readers are advised by the publishers to ensure that all necessary safety devices and precautions are installed and safe working procedures adopted before the use of any equipment found or purchased through the information we provide. Further, all performance criteria was provided by the representative company concerned and any dispute should be referred to them. Information indicating that products are made in Australia or New Zealand is supplied by the source company. Westwick-Farrow Pty Ltd does not quantify the amount of local content or the accuracy of the statement made by the source.

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RFID report forecasts healthy growth

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dvances in technology, enhanced capabilities and reduction in cost are some of the major factors driving the RFID market across various sectors, according to a new market research report. RFID applications offer innovation in the form of tracking on a real-time basis, which can be used in various industries such as aerospace/ defence, healthcare, transport/automotive, retail and others. Chip-less RFID has given a new dimension to the track-and-trace market, leading to an expectation that the global market for RFID tags and readers will grow at a CAGR of 16% over the period of 2012-18. The report analyses the RFID equipment market according to various market segments and major geographic regions. The study includes trend analysis, market numbers, industry growth drivers and restraints along with the future market projections, and includes analysis of current developments, Porter’s five force analysis and detailed profiles of top industry players. The report is available at http://www. marketresearchreports.biz/analysis-details/rfidequipment-market-global-industry-size-marketshare-trends-analysis-and-forecasts-2012-2018.

The man who led AWA

he ABC’s Hindsight program has broadcast a fascinating historical look at Ernest Fisk, the Briton who rose to head the Australian wireless company AWA during the 1930s and 1940s. Fisk said that wireless was “the greatest gift of science to Australia”, adding that its possibilities were “as great as the future of Australia itself”. The program includes extracts from Ernest Fisk’s talks and publications, and excerpts from speeches and other documents written by the then Australian prime minister Billy Hughes. You can listen to the program on the web site of the Hindsight program.

6 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

TC Communications and ADF sign WGS contract

ustralian satellite communications specialist, TC Communications, has signed another contract to provide service and support to the Australian Defence Force (ADF) in their project to deploy integrated Wideband Global Satellite communications capability into the ADF. On May 9 2013, Minister for Defence Materiel Dr Mike Kelly AM MP announced that Defence had signed two multimilliondollar contracts for the supply and support of satellite terminals to the ADF. TC Communications partnered with L-3 Oceania in this program, which will see L-3 Oceania providing 51 terminals, 30 deployment kits, spares and test equipment at a value of approximately $38.5 million. TC Communications is involved in a separate, performance-based, in-service support contract that provides logistics support, engineering services, supply support services and maintenance services.

This contract follows on from another WGS contract that saw a partnership between TC Communications and Bridge Networks deliver the first WGS anchor earth stations via the JP 2008 Phase 4 project. TC also provides all training and support functions, including engineering support, under a multi-year contract for Phase 4 of the JP2008 project. In 2007 the Australian Government announced that it would fund a sixth Wideband Global Satellite (WGS) under an agreement to access the US satellite communications system. This agreement sought to strengthen the Australian-US alliance and enhance the communication capability of the military by delivering access to the WGS constellation of satellites with their global coverage, increased wideband capacity and operational flexibility. The WGS program directly contributes to the ADF, fulfilling the Network Centric Warfare Roadmap aims of becoming a network-enabled force by 2016. The signing of this contract under JP 2008 Phase 3H will expand the use of the WGS system by introducing medium-sized, WGS-certifiable transportable satellite terminals to ADF land forces - thus allowing earlier use of enhanced satellite communications services in Australia and in key operational areas where commercial satellite resources are limited.

NZ announces spectrum consultation New Zealand’s Communications and Information Technology Minister, Amy Adams, has released a consultation document for the upcoming auction of the 700 MHz band of radio spectrum. The 700 MHz band - freed up by the switchover to digital television - can be used in the building of fourth-generation (4G) mobile networks, capable of speeds up to 10 times faster than today’s networks. The document released today is likely to be of most interest to potential bidders for the 700 MHz spectrum, as it provides the technical details about the auction design. The consultation, to be undertaken by the Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment, will cover government decisions to date, including the technical band plan, acquisition limits and an implementation requirement.

The consultation will also focus on the auction rules, management rights and how best to achieve the government’s objective of increasing cell phone coverage in rural areas. Industry is also being consulted on a potential scheme that would spread payment for the spectrum over time, rather than having a oneoff, lump-sum payment as has been the practice in the past. The auction reserve price will be announced closer to the auction. The price does not form part of the current consultation. Indications are that by using spectrum for 4G mobile networks, economic benefits of up to $2.4 billion can be expected over the next 20 years. To view the consultation document, go to: http://www.rsm.govt.nz/cms/policy-andplanning/consultation/digital-dividend-auction.

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elstra has made a US$18.3 million strategic investment in Kony Solutions, Inc, a leading US mobile and multichannel application platform provider. Telstra Ventures Managing Director Mark Sherman said as well as taking a stake in the company, Telstra would offer Kony ’s innovative pre-built applications and applications platform to business and enterprise customers. Sherman said the move aligned to Telstra’s strategy of developing new growth businesses

and builds capability in Telstra’s domestic mobiles portfolio. Kony offers business and enterprise customers a library of pre-built mobile applications including the Kony Platform that enables customers to write their own applications and deploy them across multiple channels. Telstra’s investment will enable Kony to further expand into the Asia-Pacific region, leverage its well-established customer channels, continue cloud product development and penetrate new global geographies.

Wireless microphone regulation changes

A discussion paper is now available for submissions to proposed regulatory changes to address the supply of wireless audio transmitters, including wireless microphones that operate in the digital dividend frequencies (694-820 MHz). The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) recently announced changes to the frequency ranges that can be used for wireless audio transmitters. The proposals in the discussion paper are but the next step in ACMA’s ongoing support of the transition of wireless audio transmitters from the digital dividend frequencies by 31 December 2014. Recent changes to the Radiocommunications (Low Interference Potential Devices) Class Licence 2000 mean that after 31 December 2014, wireless audio transmitters will no longer be authorised to operate in the digital dividend frequencies. The proposed legislative amendments will require affected Australian manufacturers and importers to include information that the transmitters cannot be operated in the 694-820

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MHz frequency range after 31 December 2014 and to cease supplying the relevant wireless audio transmitters within three months of the publication of the revision to the technical standard. The proposed changes are intended to encourage manufacturers and importers of wireless audio equipment to offer equipment that is operable after 31 December 2014 to the Australian market. Critically, they also provide support for informed purchase decisions by consumers looking to buy wireless audio devices. ACMA is encouraging all interested parties to make a submission to the paper before 9 July 2013. Industry and users of wireless microphones can keep up to date with changes over the next 18 months by subscribing to ACMA’s wireless microphones e-bulletin. Further information on new arrangements for wireless microphones is available here.

Telstra invests in mobile apps

SA police get in-vehicle repeaters

he South Australian Government Radio Network (SAGRN) is one of the largest wide area radio networks in the world, covering several thousand square kilometres from the WA border to the Victorian border in the east. Established in 2000, the network is being upgraded from analog technology to a state-of-the-art P25-based system. Following a competitive tender process, Tetracom has been contracted by SA police to improve the functionality of many of their vehiclemounted radios in their fleet by adding in-vehicle repeater (IVR) modules manufactured by LMR Systems. The advantage of the IVR is that it will provide extended coverage from portable radios in remote areas as well as improved in-building coverage in built-up areas. The equipment is fully compatible with the current system and will easily upgrade to the new P25 system as the transition occurs. The IVRs work by leveraging the higher performance of the in-vehicle radios with their more efficient antenna systems and higher output power, which in turn interfaces via the IVRs to a second, local antenna system. When the officers leave the vehicles the IVRs are activated, which then enables their portable radios to connect to the main wide area network. This often occurs in areas where the portable radios may not have reliable coverage on their own. The IVR enhances the communication capability of the portable radios, allowing for greater flexibility and convenience to the officers while providing more control and feedback in any incident - thereby enhancing the safety of the general public and the officers themselves. The IVR ensures all communication remains securely encrypted end-to-end, eliminating the possibility of external interference. Should multiple vehicles attend an incident, the IVRs have a built-in priority algorithm ensuring that only one repeater is active on any given talkgroup. This algorithm covers vehicles entering and leaving a scene, with each IVR constantly communicating with other nearby units. A priority hierarchy is established to ensure that only one IVR is in repeat mode at any given time in order to prevent collisions in transmit activity. This ensures that each officer is using the same channel and all who are in attendance are able to be involved in all critical communications at all times.

Jul/Aug 2013- RADIO COMMS

Test & measurement

Testing interference in a wireless environment In wireless systems, interference in the wireless channel can be quite problematic, degrading the reception of desired signals. It can originate from a variety of intentional, unintentional and incidental radiators and occurs in both licensed and unlicensed spectrum.

ith the growing scarcity of radiofrequency spectrum and ongoing efforts to improve its use for the highest capacity and performance (eg, by sharing or re-use), wireless communication systems must now operate under a limited amount of radio interference. Unfortunately, as demand for spectrum increases, so too does wireless system interference. As a result, the identification and reduction of interference has become absolutely essential to the proper operation of all wireless systems. Of course, testing interference in a wireless environment is no easy task, demanding new measurement techniques and placing added requirements on existing measurement instrumentation. Addressing it effectively requires an advanced measurement tool like a high-performance spectrum analyser, to 8 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

evaluate, monitor and manage the interference levels between various wireless systems.

Classifying interference In wireless communications systems, many different kinds of interference may be encountered. Such interference is often classified as: • In-band interference - an undesired transmission from a different communication system or unintentional radiator that falls inside the operating bandwidth of the desired system. • Co-channel interference - a common type of radio interference stemming from another radio operating within the same wireless system. • Out-of-band interference - originates from a wireless system designed to operate in an assigned frequency band

but, due to improper filtering, nonlinearity and/or leakage, also transmits energy into the frequency band of another wireless system. • Adjacent channel interference - the result of a transmission at the desired frequency channel producing unwanted energy in other nearby channels, usually within the same system. • Uplink (reverse link) interference interference affecting the base station receiver and associated communications from mobile devices to the base station. • Downlink interference - interference corrupting downlink communications, typically between a base station and mobile device. The class of interference affecting a wireless system is important since it helps dictate the engineer’s response. For example, out-of-band interference can www.radiocomms.com.au

Test & measurement

occur when a poorly designed or poorly filtered transmitter creates harmonics that fall into a higher frequency band. Because of this, properly filtering out the harmonics of a transmitter is critical and necessary to ensuring that one wireless system does not affect another system operating in a higher frequency band.

Techniques for measuring interference When a wireless system does not operate as expected and radio interference is suspected, a modern, high-performance spectrum analyser should be used to confirm the existence of undesired signals in the frequency channel of operation. Such tools are extremely useful for measuring the power levels of interfering signals as a function of time, frequency and location. Since interference testing often requires measurement and data collection in the environment surrounding a wireless system, a lightweight, batteryoperated instrument with performance consistent with traditional benchtop instrumentation is highly recommended (Figure 1). The process of identifying undesired signals may involve uncovering the type of signal, including: its duration of transmission, number of occurrences, carrier frequency and bandwidth, and possibly even the physical location of the interfering transmitter. If the system operates in full-duplex mode, it may also be necessary to examine the uplink and downlink frequency channels for signs of interference. Measuring interference, especially over the air, typically requires a spectrum analyser with a very low noise floor or DANL (displayed average noise level). The DANL is a function of the resolution bandwidth (RBW) setting with smaller values resulting in lower noise. A typical reduction in RBW by a factor of 10 results in a 10 dB improvement in noise floor. The analyser’s measurement sweep time is an inverse function of the RBW. Therefore, longer sweep time is required with smaller RBW settings. As the ability to quickly measure and display a lowlevel signal is a function of the signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the detector of the analyser, improving the signal level can be achieved by reducing the amount of input attenuation on the analyser. With a lower value for input attenuation, typically down to 0 dB, it may be possible to increase the RBW, resulting in faster sweep times. The measured signal level at the detector www.radiocomms.com.au

may also be improved by using a built-in or external preamplifier. Special attention should be given to the analyser when reducing the input attenuation and measuring large amplitude signals. Large amplitude signals can overdrive the analyser’s frontend, resulting in internally generated distortion or instrument damage. The internally generated distortion is displayed by the analyser as if it were coming from the signal-of-interest. Under these conditions, the attenuator setting should be optimised for the highest dynamic range. When measuring interference that is pulsed, intermittent or frequency hopping, the spectrum analyser display can be configured a number of different ways to aid in the detection and identification of these signal types. In MaxHold mode, for example, the spectrum analyser display can store and display the maximum trace values over multiple sweeps (Figure 2). This mode is very useful when only the maximum amplitude of an intermittent signal is required. If the signal variation as a function of time is also required, a spectrogram or waterfall display mode can provide additional insight into the intermittent signal structure. A spectrogram is a unique way to examine frequency, time and amplitude on the same display. It shows the progression of the frequency spectrum as a function of time where a colour scale maps to the amplitude of the signal. The Waterfall display provides a 3D colour-coded history of the amplitude levels as a function of frequency and time. Zero span mode and sweep acquisition may also be useful when measuring intermittent interference. In the zero span mode, the centre frequency of the spectrum analyser is tuned to a fixed frequency and it sweeps in the time domain. The RBW filter is adjusted wide enough to capture as much of the signal’s bandwidth as possible without increasing the measurement noise floor to unacceptable levels. Sweep acquisition captures low-duty cycle pulses or intermittent signals by capturing entire quantities of time domain data at a time. Interfering signals that are difficult to detect can also be captured with proper settings of RBW, attenuation and the preamplifier on.

Understanding equipment requirements Several main features of the spectrum analyser must be considered when interference testing in the field, including its portability and ruggedness. A long

battery life with quick battery replacement, rapid turn-on from a paused state, built-in GPS, DC block and DC voltage source are other requirements for field testing. The DC voltage source, when used with an external bias tee, is especially useful for powering a low noise block (LNB) downconverter found in satellite applications. Along with the high-performance spectrum analyser, a high-quality test cable is required for connecting the analyser to the system’s test port or to the test antenna. Properly maintaining the cable, including protecting and cleaning the connectors on both the analyser and cable, is vital for accurate and repeatable measurements. The test antenna is another important part of the interference test components. It should be designed to cover the frequency range of interest, while also being portable and lightweight. Ideally, it should have characteristics similar to those used in the wireless system under investigation. If the system antenna is a low-gain omnidirectional antenna with vertical polarisation, the antenna attached to the spectrum analyser should be the same (Figure 3). When examining the spectrum over a broad range of frequencies, a broadband whip-type antenna can be substituted for the typically narrowband system antenna. When making measurements of very weak signals or when ‘direction finding’ unlicensed transmitters, a high-gain directional antenna should be attached to the analyser.

Summary Given the growing demand for spectrum, wireless interference is sure to be an expanding problem. At best, the interference will impact only a small number of users, while at worst it will disrupt communication within the entire wireless system, making it all the more critical for engineers to effectively test for radio interference. A modern, high-performance spectrum analyser can play a key role in accomplishing this goal. Selecting one that meets essential requirements for field testing and using it with a range of measurement techniques can be just as critical in ensuring a wireless system is not adversely affected by interference. Agilent Technologies Aust Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/S276

Jul/Aug 2013- RADIO COMMS

Test & measurement

More speed, more insight

Jens Medler, Rohde & Schwarz, Test and Measurement Division, Munich, Germany

FFT-based EMI test receivers used for compliance measurements can reduce scan time by several orders of magnitude and to provide more precise and reproducible measurements.

raditional EMI test receivers measure a signal within the IF bandwidth during the set measurement time. This results in a long scan time for the entire frequency range, as the measurement time per frequency point needs to be quite long in order to capture intermittent emissions. FFT-based receivers measure the emitted signals in frequency segments much wider than the IF bandwidth. The actual IF bandwidth is achieved via an FFT filter bank and a bank of weighting detectors. This approach offers the following benefits: • The time needed for measurement of electromagnetic emissions is significantly reduced by approximately the number of filters used with the FFT filter bank plus the time needed by the test receiver to switch frequency. This reduces test time by up to several orders of magnitude without degradation of accuracy. • Ability to apply longer measurement times, eg, for measuring intermittent signals. 10 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

• Makes enhanced measurement functions like spectrogram and spectrum in persistence mode applicable. With the publication of Amendment 1 to the 3rd Edition of CISPR 16-1-1 in June 2010, FFT-based measuring instruments were introduced for EMI compliance measurements. The publication of the basic standard is a prerequisite for the method to be used by product standards. This is already the case for emission measurements of sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment (CISPR 13:2006) and for multimedia equipment (CISPR 32:2012). Product standards for lighting equipment (CISPR 15) and for automotive equipment (CISPR 25) will follow. The selection of the measurement time using an FFT-based EMI test receiver needs attention when measuring broadband disturbance and intermittent signals. Furthermore, the use of RF preselection filters is highly recommended for maximum dynamic range and to

avoid overload. This is particularly true for quasi-peak measurements of weak pulsed signals in the presence of high amplitude signals.

The concept behind CISPR 16-1-1 Currently, CISPR 16-1-1 uses a ‘black box approach’ to define specifications for measuring apparatus. This means that all stated specifications must be met by the measuring apparatus, independent of the selected implementation or technology, in order to be considered suitable for measurements in accordance with CISPR standards. To reflect this approach, a new definition of the term ‘measuring receiver’ has been added in Amendment 1:2010-06 to CISPR 16-1-1:2010-01. It says: “instrument, such as a tunable voltmeter, an EMI receiver, a spectrum analyser or an FFT-based measuring instrument, with or without preselection, that meets the www.radiocomms.com.au

Test & measurement

relevant parts of this standard”. As a consequence an FFT-based measuring instrument that meets the requirements of CISPR 16-1-1:2010 and its Amendment 1:2010 can be used for EMI compliance measurements. Generally, this comprises the following parameters: input impedance, detectors, bandwidth, overload factor, VSWR, absolute sine-wave voltage accuracy, response to pulses, overall selectivity, intermodulation effects, receiver noise and screening. In addition to the above general requirement, the FFT-based measuring instrument shall sample and evaluate the signal continuously during the measurement time. This is essential for capturing impulsive disturbance and intermittent signals. It disqualifies the use of digital storage oscilloscopes for EMI compliance measurements due to the existence of blind times.

How a basic standard comes into force Basic standards come into force with dated or undated normative references in product standards: • If the reference is undated, the latest edition of the standard shall apply. • If the reference is dated, the specific edition of the basic standard shall apply. CISPR 13:2006 (Ed. 4.2) has undated

references to basic standard CISPR 16-1, whereas all other CISPR product standards and IEC generic standards for emission measurements have dated references - see Table 1. Therefore, the users of CISPR 13:2006 (Ed. 4.2) and CISPR 32:2012 (Ed. 1.0) can immediately employ an FFT-based measuring instrument for EMI compliance measurements if the instrument meets the requirements of CISPR 16-1-1:2010 and its Amendment 1:2010 (Ed. 3.1). The references in CISPR 15 will be updated in 2013. All other product standards are more or less in maintenance freeze until 2014. CISPR 22 will not be amended any further and will be replaced by CISPR 32 in 2017. For this reason, pure FFT-based measuring instruments will still not be suitable for compliance measurements for quite a long time. To gain from the dramatically increased measurement efficiency of FFTbased receiver technology it is beneficial to use an EMI test receiver, which combines the traditional EMI receiver concept with the FFT-based time-domain scan function in one device. Even if the product standard does not yet allow the FFTbased measurement, the method can be used for pre-qualification measurement followed by a measurement according to the traditional analog receiver method at the frequencies identified as critical (see Figure 1).

Timing and dynamic range considerations Two different approaches for implementation of FFT-based receivers are possible: • The oscilloscope approach digitising the RF signal directly using a high dynamic range AD converter. • The receiver approach using a wideband IF design and digitising the IF signal. The limitation with the oscilloscope approach is the AD converter, which needs to have a very high resolution and a high sampling rate to cope with the dynamic range requirements set by CISPR 16 and the bandwidth. Considering some margin for input filtering for a 1 GHz receiver, an AD converter with 2.5 GHz sampling rate is needed. To meet the CISPR 16 requirements, a minimum 14-bit resolution is necessary. Such AD converters are currently not available. Therefore, autorange routines and software measures are necessary to get close to the required performance. A better approach which guarantees the required performance is to combine both types in one instrument, eg, direct AD conversion up to 30 MHz input frequency and using, for example, a 30 MHz-wide IF with a traditional receiver concept. That way the bandwidth to digitise is limited to 30 MHz, putting lower and feasible demands on the AD converter.

Table 1. Dated references to CISPR 16-1-1 Product Standard

Reference to CISPR 16-1-1

Stability Date

CISPR 11:2010 (Ed. 5.1) — product standard for industrial, scientific and medical equipment (ISM)

CISPR 16-1-1:2006 and its Amendments 1:2006 and 2:2007

2014

CISPR 12:2009 (Ed. 6.1) — product standard for vehicles, boats and internal combustion engines (protection of off-board receivers)

CISPR 16-1-1:2006

2014

CISPR 13:2009 (Ed. 5.0) — product standard for sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment

CISPR 16-1-1:2006 and its Amendments 1:2006 and 2:2007

2014

CISPR 14-1:2011 (Ed. 5.2) — product standard for household appliances and electric tools

CISPR 16-1-1:2003

2014

CISPR 15:2009 (Ed. 7.2) — product standard for electrical lighting and similar equipment

CISPR 16-1-1:2003

2013

CISPR 22:2008 (Ed. 6.0) — product standard for information technology equipment (ITE)

CISPR 16-1-1:2006 and its Amendments 1:2006 and 2:2007

2017

CISPR 25:2008 (Ed. 3.0) — product standard for vehicles, boats and internal combustion engines (protection of on-board receivers)

CISPR 16-1-1:2006 and its Amendments 1:2006 and 2:2007

2014

CISPR 32:2012 (Ed. 1.0) — product standard for multimedia equipment

CISPR 16-1-1:2010 and its Amendment 1:2010

2015

IEC 61000-6-3:2010 (Ed. 2.1) — generic standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments

CISPR 16-1-1:2010

2014

IEC 61000-6-4:2010 (Ed. 2.1) — generic standard for industrial environments

CISPR 16-1-1:2010

2014

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Jul/Aug 2013- RADIO COMMS

Test & measurement

Figure 1. EMI compliance measurements using time-domain scan if the product standard does not refer to CISPR 16-1-1:2010 and its Amendment 1:2010.

This concept offers the following advantages: • High dynamic range by limited bandwidth and availability of a high-resolution and high-dynamic 16-bit AD converter. • The upper frequency limit of the receiver is not limited by the AD converter sampling frequency. • The bandwidth filtering and all weighting detectors can operate in real time, ie, the complete conducted or radiated emission spectrum can be displayed without any interruptions or time gaps. • Above 30 MHz the frequency range of interest is subdivided into several segments of, for example, 25 MHz, which are measured sequentially. • Long maximum dwell time by low sampling rate, eg, up to 100 s. • Thanks to the limited frequency band used for the FFT, an RF preselector can be used. It protects the receiver input from overload due to high outof-band signals and guarantees correct measurement of weak disturbance signals in presence of strong signals. As a consequence, an FFT-based EMI test receiver combines a filter bank with N parallel filters and a stepped frequency scan using a step width according to the FFT width. For this purpose the frequency range of interest is divided into several segments that are measured sequentially (see Figure 2). The scan time Tscan is calculated as: 12 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

Figure 2. FFT scan in sequence. Source: CISPR 16-2-3.

Tscan = Tm Nseg where Tm is the measurement time for each segment and Nseg is the number of segments For a correct measurement, the measurement time Tm is to be selected longer than the pulse repetition interval of impulsive noise. If the measurement time is too short, pulses are missed, which may result in enormous measurement result errors. In a worst case, the measuring receiver may not capture the disturbance signal at all. This is particularly fatal if the segment size has a large width, eg, 25 MHz or more. If the pulse repetition interval is unknown, multiple scans with various measurement times using a ‘maximum hold’ function are necessary to determine the spectrum envelope. For low repetition impulsive signals, several (eg, 10 to 50) scans will be necessary to fill up the spectrum envelope of the broadband component. The correct measurement time can also be determined by increasing it until the difference between maximum hold and clear/write displays is below, for example, 2 dB. Generally the EMI test receiver must be equipped with preselection filters for providing a sufficient dynamic range for quasi-peak measurements of pulse signals with a low pulse repetition frequency (PRF), and particularly to protect the input circuit of the instrument from overload or damage when measuring weak disturbance signals in the presence of high

amplitude signals or strong broadband signals with a bandwidth that is much wider than the instrument’s measurement bandwidth (see Figure 3). A preselection filter of this type should provide at least 30 dB of attenuation at the frequency of the strong signal. A number of such filters are required to cover the frequency range 9 kHz to 6 GHz. The dynamic range is limited on the bottom line by the displayed noise level at the requested resolution bandwidth, eg, 120 kHz in CISPR band 30 MHz to 1000 MHz. The upper limit is the 1 dB compression point of the first mixer. This maximum dynamic range can be used to measure a continuous-wave (CW) signal (narrowband) only. If a high-level broadband signal is measured, there will be very high levels of distortion products due to nonlinearities of the mixer. As a consequence, the maximum intermodulation-free input level (maximum indication range) is reduced by the bandwidth factor (see Figure 4). For example: The bandwidth factor without preselection is about 26 dB using an IF filter bandwidth BIF = 50 MHz, and assuming that the bandwidth of the broadband signal is equal to the RF bandwidth of the EMI test receiver BRF = 1 GHz. The bandwidth factor is about 6 dB using a preselection filter with a bandwidth BPRE = 100 MHz, hence the maximum indication range is 20 dB higher than without preselection. www.radiocomms.com.au

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Test & measurement

Figure 3. Principle of preselection.

Figure 5. R&S ESR, persistence mode

Time-domain scan and persistence mode Rohde & Schwarz has introduced a new generation of FFT-based EMI test receiver for CISPR 16 compliant disturbance measurements, the R&S ESR. Its FFT-based time-domain scan can deliver measurement speeds up to 6000 times faster than can be achieved with a traditional single-channel filtering approach. Frequency scans in the CISPR bands using the peak detector can be performed in just a few milliseconds. And even with quasi-peak and average detector it takes just seconds, which makes preview measurements with peak detector obsolete. The fast measurement speed is particularly useful if the equipment under test can be operated only during a short period of time, eg, a starter motor in cars. A part of the time saving can also be used for applying longer measurement times in order to reliably detect narrowband intermittent signals or isolated pulses. 14 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

Figure 4. Dynamic range and bandwidth factor.

Figure 6. R&S ESR, real-time spectrum mode. The yellow trace represents the current spectrum, the blue trace max hold.

In persistence mode, the R&S ESR writes the seamless spectra into a single diagram (see Figure 5). The colour of each pixel indicates how often a specific amplitude occurs at a specific frequency. Frequently occurring signals can be shown in red, for example, and sporadic ones in blue. If signals no longer occur at a specific frequency with a specific amplitude, the corresponding pixel disappears after a user-definable persistence period. This allows users to clearly distinguish between pulsed disturbances, which are present only for very brief periods, and continuous disturbances. In addition, different pulsed disturbances can easily be distinguished from one another. Example: The disturbance spectrum shown in Figure 5 is caused by an electric motor with poor EMI suppression. A second pulsed disturbance is clearly visible, which cannot be identified in conventional analyser mode as it is hidden by the broadband disturbance (see Figure 6).

Conclusions FFT-based EMI test receivers can be used for EMI compliance measurements in accordance with Amendment 1 to the 3rd Edition of CISPR 16-1-1 if this standard is referenced in the product standard or if the reference is undated. Therefore, users of CISPR 13:2006 (Ed. 4.2) and CISPR 32:2012 (Ed. 1.0) can immediately employ an FFT-based measuring instrument for EMI compliance measurements. Users of other standards can use the fast time-domain scan to speed up the timeconsuming preview measurements. The use of FFT-based EMI test receivers is motivated by reducing the scan time by several orders of magnitude, and to get more insight due to the possibility for applying longer measurement times and enhanced measurement functions like spectrum in persistence mode. For precise and reproducible measurements the use of preselection filters is highly recommended. Rohde & Schwarz (Australia) Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U481 www.radiocomms.com.au

@work

RADIO Project: 4G LTE coverage testing Application: Handling high capacity constraints

DSU recently participated in the preparation for one of the largest sporting events in North America using its JD745A Base Station Analyser. In conjunction with a major wireless service provider, a team of JDSU system engineers worked with operator engineers at the huge, multipurpose Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana, to ensure 4G LTE coverage at the event. The existing 4G LTE network needed to be ready to handle capacity constraints imposed by the tens of thousands of additional subscribers on the network during the week-long event. Engineers tested the DAS in the catwalk/rafters of the stadium roof and several errors were immediately apparent. The JD745A quickly pinpointed LTE modulation quality issues which affected service. Previously, there had been no way to verify the quality of the LTE signal; the operator relied on its eNodeB vendors to verify that radiofrequency signals were working properly. The JDSU JD745A, a single, portable tool with one-button measurements, identified the faulty external equipment and service levels were promptly restored. A JD745A is used to determine that signal quality originating from a base transceiver station (BTS) or eNodeB is maintained through cabling, installation and ongoing maintenance. Testing signal quality and power levels ensures optimal data throughput and the voice capacity of a network by not degrading signals as they are being distributed. Of the three variables that can be changed to modulate a signal - amplitude, frequency and phase - in cellular networks, adjusting communication between cell sites and user equipment is typically done by changing amplitude and phase simultaneously. Modulation analysis is performed using polar diagrams where the modulated signal is indicated using multiple symbols with two characteristics: a vector magnitude representing the signal’s amplitude and a vector angle representing the signal’s phase. An arrangement of multiple positions allows data commu-

16 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

nication. Higher modulation schemes transmit a series of symbols, each with different amplitude and phase, allowing the communication of multiple bits at the same time, such as 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) that can transmit 64 symbols at different positions, each transmitting 6 bits. The JD745A simultaneously shows every modulation format for LTE by individual downlink channel. This means an engineer can immediately gauge the importance of an error vector magnitude (EVM) measurement relative to the format. The unit also clearly specifies which control or data channel is being analysed. EVM measurements can provide a great deal of insight into LTE modulation performance. EVM is expressed as the difference between the vector of an ideal symbol and the symbol under test. It is the percentage of error that indicates how far the symbol is transmitted from its ideal position. The higher the modulation, the higher the number of symbols, which results in a smaller margin of error. With proper use, EVM and related measurements can pinpoint exactly the types of degradations present in a signal and can even help identify their sources. The JD745A performs EVM testing on LTE data and control channels such as reference signals. In the case of the Lucas Oil Stadium, the unit revealed modulation degradation at the antenna point of the DAS, indicating performance issues on that particular branch. In addition, the JD745A can measure from each antenna on a MIMO configuration, identifying installation errors on cabling. The timely detection of these kinds of problems can prevent significant troubleshooting complications such as misidentification or mislabelling of network elements.

“With proper use, EVM and related measurements can pinpoint exactly the types of degradations present in a signal and can even help identify their sources.”

JDSU Australia Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U478

www.radiocomms.com.au

newproducts Digital two-way radios

High-end signal and spectrum analyser

Vertex Standard has introduced its eVerge digital twoway radio series. The eVerge portfolio includes the EVX-530 series portable radios, EVX-5300/5400 series mobile radios and EVX-R70 repeater for a complete digital system. These radios are designed to work with existing analog radios for easy conversion from analog to digital. eVerge radios are suitable for commercial and industrial customers who currently use basic LMR for voice communications and could benefit from improved audio quality, improved coverage and more privacy without incurring higher equipment costs. They are also designed to help customers use TDMA, for optimum power and spectrum efficiency. TDMA is compliant with the DMR (digital mobile radio) standard so eVerge digital radios are compatible with more than 74% of digital radios used worldwide. TDMA also maximises user performance with double the call capacity in one frequency channel to support two simultaneous digital conversations without relicensing or rebanding. In Australia and New Zealand, eVerge two-way radios will operate in VHF (136-174 MHz) and UHF (403-470 MHz; 450-520 MHz) bands. The eVerge portable EVX-530 series and mobile EVX-5300/5400 series are compact in size. Other features include: AMBE+2 vocoder technology to improve voice quality in noisy environments; enhanced call management capabilities to control who hears what is transmitted on a channel; the ability to place direct calls to a specific individual or to select groups of radios; text messaging; enhanced privacy when operating in digital mode without the need for extra encryption hardware; and Auto Range Transpond System (ARTS) monitoring that enables users to always know their connection status with other ARTS-enabled radios (eVerge also includes ARTS II that operates in both digital and analog modes to alert users when they are no longer in range to communicate). The EVX-530 series: have up to 40% longer battery life when operating in digital mode; are IP57 fresh water submersible for 3 feet up to 30 min; plus have one-touch emergency and lone worker safety alert capabilities.

Rohde & Schwarz has doubled the analysis bandwidth of its high-end R&S FSW signal and spectrum analyser from 160 to 320 MHz. Rohde & Schwarz claims the FSW is currently the only signal and spectrum analyser on the market able to process signals in this bandwidth. This makes it suitable for a variety of applications related to wideband digital communications and radar systems.

Vertex Standard (Australia) Pty Ltd

Rohde & Schwarz (Australia) Pty Ltd

Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U060

Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U342

18 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

Users who need to analyse radar signals with very short pulses of less than 10 ns or wideband signals in radar systems will find the analyser to be a useful tool. Analysing automotive radar signals (FM CW radar or pulsed radar) requires at least 200 MHz, for example. The instrument is also suitable for performing interference analysis on radar signals and digital communications signals and for testing multistandard radio base stations. In addition, the analyser can be used for carrying out modulation analysis on radio links with a channel bandwidth of 250 MHz. During measurements for determining the digital predistortion required for amplifier linearisation, signals with a wider bandwidth than that of the actual signal have to be captured. The R&S FSW makes it possible, for example, to include both adjacent channels of an 80 MHz wide WLAN signal in the analysis. In the past, measuring these kinds of wideband signals required complicated test set-ups consisting, for example, of a digital oscilloscope and a downconverter. The R&S FSW not only simplifies the test set-up, it also offers significantly wider dynamic range and is easier to calibrate than other solutions. Users can upgrade their R&S FSW from 160 to 320 MHz by entering a key code. No hardware modification is necessary.

www.radiocomms.com.au

newproducts Videoscope The Olympus iPLEX MX II Videoscope, available to rent from TechRentals, is used for identifying defects in hard-to-reach spaces. The tough, flexible insertion tube enables manoeuvrability while remaining crush resistant. The 6.5″ LCD monitor can be mounted on the person or placed on a bench and features a low-reflection display that reveals small defects clearly and accurately. The scope tip’s LED array evenly illuminates objects and is 4x brighter than the conventional model. The TrueFeel controller allows menu navigation and the scope tip has 120° articulation. Features include a tough insertion tube, bright LED illumination and the ability to take high-quality JPEG still images. TechRentals Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U175

Bench oscilloscopes Rohde & Schwarz has expanded the functional range of its bench oscilloscopes with its RTM series. The key upgrades are a 20 Msample deep memory and a logic analysis option with 16 digital channels. The RTM provides time domain, logic, protocol and frequency analysis functions in a single box, making it suitable for the testing and development of electronic circuits. The RTM has colour-coded controls, logically grouped menus with flat structures and dedicated keys for frequently used functions. The undo/redo function makes it possible to easily restore previous settings - easing the correction of mistakes. A VirtualScreen frees up more space for the simultaneous display of analog, logic, maths and reference signals - the screen can be expanded to 20 divisions. The user can move the visible section of the VirtualScreen to the desired position using a rotary knob. The RTM-B1 logic analysis option adds 16 logic channels. With a sampling rate of 5 GSa/s and memory depth of 20 MSa, the bench oscilloscope enables users to make precise measurements of long signal sequences. Due to the high input sensitivity, the entire measurement bandwidth and the full resolution of the A/D converter can be used even at 1 mV/div. High trigger sensitivity makes it possible to measure signals that would be lost in the noise by other instruments. At the push of a button, the QuickMeas feature displays the key measurement values and updates them continuously. Rohde & Schwarz (Australia) Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U029

GME dust- and waterproof UHF CBs Standard Communications has introduced the TX685 and TX6150 compact 3 and 5 W UHF CB handheld radios. These Australiandesigned radios are built rugged, and the company claims they are the first dust- and waterproof radios available with a 24-hour battery life. The radios have a range of software and hardware features in scanning and memory, signal processing and privacy, ensuring consistent reliable communications even in the most extreme conditions. With a range of accessories, these radios are suitable for team communication within construction and maintenance, agriculture and primary industry, destination and event management. Features include: IP67 rating; die-cast chassis and temperature range of -20 to +60°C; 3 or 5 W versions; 2000 mAh (TX685) and 2200 mAh (TX6150) lithium-ion battery packs, and hardware and software design to enable operation for 24 h min on low power or 15 h on high power; 104 CTCSS, 50 DCS tones and Voice Inversion Scrambler; and open scan with user-selectable channel memory and dual watch. Standard Communications Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U407

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20 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

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newproducts

Multi-UE LTE-A test mobile platform Aeroflex has announced the launch of the TM500 Multi-UE LTE-A Test Mobile platform, which supports carrier aggregation across multiple mobile terminals or user equipment (UE). Carrier aggregation, a key component of LTE-A, enables multiple carriers comprised of either contiguous or non-contiguous spectrum to be added together, enabling wider channel bandwidths - and higher data rates - to be achieved. Carrier aggregation has been available for the Single-UE TM500 for over a year. Once cellular infrastructure vendors have verified carrier aggregation capability with a single mobile terminal, they can use the TM500 LTE-A Test Mobile to emulate real network traffic with multiple terminals at an early stage, ahead of the widespread availability of real LTE-A terminals and handsets. Aeroflex says the TM500 Test Mobile platform is a de facto industry standard for testing LTE and LTE-A base stations or eNodeBs. The company says it is continuing to work with mobile operators and leading network infrastructure vendors to enable them to develop and begin to roll out the high bandwidth services promised by LTE-A in both FDD and TDD modes for operation. LTE-A has provision for up to five component carriers (CC) of up to 20 MHz bandwidth to be combined, with the aim of raising the peak data rate to 1 Gbps and beyond. 3GPP Release 10 specifies 11 TDD bands, along with a range of scenarios for aggregating specific pairs of these bands in both contiguous and non-contiguous combinations. This technique combines the capacity of different frequency bands while maximising the benefits of the superior propagation capability in the lower frequency band. Aeroflex Asia Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U448

Tomorrowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s critical communications, today Looking for innovative and intelligent TETRA solutions? You can rely on Sepura to solve your operational challenges with rugged terminals, flexible systems and efficiency boosting applications. For forward-thinking communications, trust Sepura.

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22 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

www.radiocomms.com.au

newproducts

Hytera TETRA base station Hytera has launched its next-generation base station family, the DIB R5 TETRA 2 that supports redundant operation without a single point of failure. Compliant to the latest TETRA Release 2 specification including TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS), the DIB R5 is not only a suitable choice for building up a voicecentric TETRA network, but also for the realisation of high-performance integrated data-applications. With its adaptive QAM multi-carrier modulation, the air interface dynamically adjusts to a changing radio environment and uses the available spectrum most efficiently. TEDS provides a data throughput of about 80 kbps with 50 kHz RF bandwidth. The base station operates with up to 150 kHz RF bandwidth which makes it futureproof for even more demanding data applications. Hytera TETRA system Accessnet-T IP supports integrated voice and data services. With todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s more demanding data applications requiring higher data throughput, TEDS achieves this requirement and it is fully supported by the DIB R5 family.

CHECK OUT THE SERIES

Hytera Communications Co. Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U160

Volts In Volts Out

Hand-portable TETRA radios The Sepura STP9000 is a series of robust, fully featured hand-portables for the TETRA radio market. It has inherited all the attributes of the existing STP8000 series, but with a new generation of features suitable for a broad range of end users. The STP9000 series also has an IP67 (dustand waterproof) rating, advanced sensitive GPS, an enhanced and intuitive user interface, and RFID capability. The STP9000 series hand-portables are suitable for users operating in a variety of challenging environments and demanding a high-performance, robust product. Sepura PLC Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U400

www.radiocomms.com.au

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Jul/Aug 2013- RADIO COMMS

newproducts Rohde & Schwarz Power Viewer mobile app A feature of the Rohde & Schwarz NRP power sensors is their ability to work independently of a specific base unit. The sensors can be connected directly to a PC or laptop via USB. Rohde & Schwarz has now implemented this feature for compact smartphones and tablet PCs as well. The mobile device must have the Android 4 operating system and support USB host mode. After installing the app, the user only needs the appropriate USB on-the-go adapter to connect the power sensor, and the mobile measuring instrument is ready to go. The new app provides users with a mobile solution for situations where minimal weight and size of the measuring instrument are essential, yet high-precision average power measurements are required. The portfolio of compatible power sensors from R&S provides a suitable solution for any application when it comes to frequency and dynamic range; for example, installing base stations or performing maintenance on microwave link systems. To ensure high measurement accuracy even at low levels, the app can zero the sensor or average the measured values to eliminate the effects of noise. In addition, users can use an offset or S-parameter correction to compensate for attenuators or adapters. Rohde & Schwarz (Australia) Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U447

Handheld spectrum analyser The Aaronia SPECTRAN handheld Spectrum Analyser is based on a patented method of spectrum analysis. It measures RF, EMF and EMC. The SPECTRAN has a compact, portable design and high sensitivity to -170 dBm (1 Hz) (HF-60100 V4 with Preamplifier (Option 020)). It offers a wide frequency range from 1 Hz up to 9.4 GHz, high accuracy and internal data logger to store measurement results. It comes with analysis software for Mac, OS, Linux and Windows and offers different options such as preamplifier, peak-power meter, static field sensor and TCXO. A USB version in an aluminium housing is also available. Various accessories such as LogPer Antenna (RF-Analyser), 3D Sensor (NF-Analyser) and transport case are included. The analyser is suitable for EMC/field strength measurements in laboratories, universities and military sectors and situations where portability, mobility, low weight and dimensions are important. Clarke & Severn Electronics Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U476

24 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

www.radiocomms.com.au

newproducts

Compact analog portable radio The Hytera TC-518 analog portable radio features a small size, wide band coverage, stable output power and clear audio quality, meeting the most practical needs required by commercial applications. Along with these features, the structure design with channel selector, the power switch and the PTT button and volume knob location provide a convenient and flexible user experience. Its wide band coverage enables the radio to be compatible with another radio working within a relatively narrow frequency band. The volume adjustment is divided into several levels and each level is vocally marked, enabling the user to choose a suitable volume level in accordance with the environment. With the PTT button and volume knob combined, users can handle the radio with a single hand. Power-off by software technology is much more durable and can serve a longer time than the traditional mechanical switch. Recommended applications include hotel, restaurant, property management, supermarket, logistics and shopping malls. Hytera Communications Co. Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/T586

TX4800 • 25 watt VHF/UHF commercial radio • Ingress protected to IP67 • 500 channel / 50 zones • MDC1200 compatible signaling

www.radiocomms.com.au

Jul/Aug 2013- RADIO COMMS

newproducts

INDUSTRY TALKING Half a calendar year gone, a change of prime minister, Australian dollar exchange movements - things are certainly moving rapidly and will continue to do so, especially for ARCIA and the industry. The election for the executive and general committee members is coming up in August, and I have decided not to stand for president again as there are some other activities I want to pursue. After five years, I think it is time to hand over to someone else. I urge you to get involved and make a difference. It has been an interesting five years and we have been responsible for some substantial accomplishments: the realisation by statutory bodies that the industry is not only alive and well but growing; considerable effect on the changes to the 400 MHz spectrum; and involvement in educational institutions’ curricula specific to radio and the industry. We’ve also seen a substantial growth in membership and a corresponding growing and strengthening voice of the industry. Accreditation has moved from an idea through to a process that works and adds value to our customers and members; extending involvement in the committee to other states throughout the nation. We’ve also built on the success of the annual dinner in association with the CommsConnect conference to a series of regional events that continue to grow in size; and we’ve seen the development of the history project, which will serve to showcase the achievements of the industry in the formative years. There’s also been the development of a scholarship program that has rewarded a number of young people studying and working in the industry; a revision to the website to keep it modern and relevant with the introduction of white papers and a member and job section; regular news updates on the website and by email; and a program to seek feedback on a variety of topics. The rest of this year will see us involved with the Brisbane regional event; an Adelaide event (5 September 2013 at the National Wine Centre of Australia); a Perth get-together; the Melbourne CommsConnect conference, the annual gala dinner and industry excellence awards. Make your nominations for the excellence awards on the website now with as much detail as you can to make the judges’ job as easy as possible. Full details of all these activities can be found at www.arcia.org.au. I thank all of the committee members and the administrative staff who have been instrumental in getting the association to where it is today. I am certain that the dedication and effort will continue and that I can hand over to an executive who has the support required to continue to achieve growth and functionality. Christian Kelly President Australian Radio Communications Industry Association

26 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

TEDS option for radio test set Aeroflex has released the TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS) option for the 3920 Digital and Analog Radio Test Set, enabling the technician or engineer to use the set for verifying the operation of TEDS mobile stations and base stations. Included is the capability to test the RF performance of the transmitter and receiver of TEDS-capable TETRA radios. This option implements the testing of TEDS using the TETRA T4 test mode of operation. Using the T4 test signal, the 3920 measures the transmitter peak and RMS error vector magnitude, as well as the IQ imbalance. The set can also measure the RF power and frequency error of the TEDS radio. For mobile testing, the product measures the timing alignment of the bursts. Using the TETRA T4 mode of operation also enables the user to measure the bit error rate (BER) or message error rate (MER) of the TEDS radio. The BER and MER measurements give the user the capability to check the operation of the receiver of the TEDS radio. The TEDS test option also includes graphical display of the modulation including a display of the QAM constellation. This option includes display of the RMS vector error, magnitude error or phase error over a TEDS time slot. This visual display of the modulation provides the user with valuable graphical information of the performance of the TEDS radio. Aeroflex Incorporated Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U101

DMR Tier III trunking system The Hytera DS-6211 DMR Trunking Lite system is a digital trunking system for industry users. The system is based on RD98XS transceivers, realising system upgrade from analog conventional to digital conventional, and to digital trunking. With a flexible network structure, powerful functions and various applications, the system delivers optimised system performance and operation efficiency with lower infrastructure costs. Hytera Communications Co. Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/T585

www.radiocomms.com.au

newproducts

Certification tools for cable installers Fluke Networks has announced its family of Versiv Cable Certification Testers designed to help data communications installers more quickly, accurately and profitably achieve system acceptance for copper and fibre jobs. The Versiv platform offers interchangeable modules for copper, fibre and optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) testing, as well as software innovations that speed test time and accuracy, and simplify testing set-up, planning and reporting. In a global study of cabling professionals, mistakes, complexity and rework are adding more than a week of labour to a typical 1000 cabling drop installation, resulting in average losses of more than US$2500. To combat these growing challenges, Versiv has been built from the ground up to go beyond testing and troubleshooting to address the entire certification life cycle. Its capabilities help contractors manage the complexities of today’s certification landscape and reduce errors that can threaten profitability. Key to simplifying the complexity is the ProjX management system. In addition to letting team leaders set up test parameters to work across multiple jobs and media, the system accelerates planning and set-up of projects by letting technicians capture consistent test parameters across an entire job, or switch from job to job by simply clicking between projects stored in the tester. The system also enables up-to-the-minute project analysis and oversight to help speed certification and reporting. If problems are encountered during the testing process, technicians can create a ‘Fix Later’ troubleshooting to-do list for later evaluation by more experienced installers. Versiv also features an intuitive and instructive touch-screen interface that elevates the capabilities of the less experienced installers and increases the speed of testing and global ISO Level V testing compliance. Fluke Networks Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U292

www.radiocomms.com.au

Jul/Aug 2013- RADIO COMMS

Radio pioneer

In later life, Fessenden moved from radio to sonar. He is shown here with an oscillator used for underwater signalling and obstruction detection. Courtesy NOAA.

The man who gave radio its voice Mike Smyth, specialist technical writer

A largely forgotten Canadian was once the world’s most famous radio inventor, responsible for the first audio broadcasts.

any inventors and scientists were involved with the early days of radio, but only a few have gone on to become household names. One who is certainly not in that category is Reginald Fessenden, a Canadian inventor who should probably be more widely known, as it was he who theorised and developed the heterodyne principle of radio and insisted that the only way to transmit legible information was by using a sine wave. Born in Quebec in 1866, Fessenden was a student with exceptional abilities and by the age of 14 held a mastership in mathematics from a school in Quebec. He began teaching younger students while simultaneously studying at Bishop’s University. Wanting to improve his knowledge of electricity, he moved to New York, hoping to be employed by Thomas Edison. Although his first applications were rejected, 28 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

eventually he was accepted as an assistant tester and quickly rose through the ranks to work for Edison himself on chemical, metallurgical and electrical problems. But in 1890, with Edison’s business facing financial difficulties, Fessenden and many others were laid off. By 1893, Fessenden had become head of the electrical engineering department at the Western University of Pennsylvania (now the University of Pittsburgh), where he started investigating wireless telephones. By 1899 he had a wireless communication system in operation between Pittsburgh and Allegheny City. Meanwhile, news of Marconi’s experiments inspired Fessenden to the conclusion that he could develop a much more efficient radio detector than the spark gap and coherer duo. But there the matter rested until in 1900 he went to work for the US Weather Bureau to prove

the viability of using a network of coastal radio stations, which would eliminate the telegraph. His deal with the Bureau was that it could use any innovations he came up with, but he would retain ownership of the concepts. His first achievement for the Bureau was the barretter detector, followed closely by the electrolytic detector. This was a fine wire dipped in nitric acid and so successful was it that it became the standard for sensitivity in radio reception.

First audio transmissions About this time he began looking into the heterodyne principle, where two signals are combined to produce a third, audible tone. Although the theory was sound enough, a workable heterodyne had to wait for a stable local oscillator, and this was not possible until the thermionic valve had become established. www.radiocomms.com.au

Radio pioneer

At Rock Point, Maryland, in 1900, Fessenden, using an HF spark transmitter, sent distorted speech signals over 1.6 km. This is believed to have been the first audio radio transmission. Following this success more stations were built along the Atlantic coast, but the venture became marred by a dispute with the Weather Bureau - Fessenden claimed the Bureau had tried to gain a half share of his patents and he refused to sign over the rights, which ended his association with the Bureau. The next step was the formation of the National Electric Signalling Co (NESCO) with money from two Pittsburgh businessmen investors, with Fessenden as an employee. Its aim was to further Fessenden’s work - it resulted in the development of a high-power rotary spark transmitter for long-distance radio telegraph work and a low-power continuous wave alternatortransmitter for audio and telegraphic transmissions. Fessenden became even more convinced that a continuous wave transmitter producing a pure sine wave would be the most efficient method of sending quality audio by radio. To bring this about, General Electric was brought in to help develop a series of HF alternator-transmitters. In January 1906, the decision was taken to attempt to establish a transatlantic radio telegraph service between Brant Rock, Massachusetts and Scotland. Twoway Morse signals were successfully sent; however, it was found that signals could not span the distance during daylight or in summer, and experiments were postponed until the end of the year. Tragedy then struck - a contractor at the Scottish site made an error when moving an antenna support cable and the whole tower collapsed, bringing an end to the venture.

Loud and clear Fessenden stuck to his idea of a sine wave. His starting point was a basic electric alternator that normally produced AC at a few hundred hertz. He reasoned that by speeding this up he could produce tens of kilohertz, which would produce a signal that would be suitable for connection to an antenna. He then thought that by putting a carbon microphone in the transmission line the strength of the signal could be varied, the genesis of what later came to be known as amplitude modulation. While this was the theory, it would take a few years for a workable prototype to be available. Various HF alternator-transmitters were produced in conjunction with GE but the inability to amplify the signals was a major drawback. But Fessenden kept the preswww.radiocomms.com.au

sure up, and in 1906 Ernst Alexanderson came up with an improved alternatortransmitter that operated at around 50 kHz and was suitable for Fessenden’s purposes. With it, he made the first shortdistance audio transmissions. Ever the entrepreneur, Fessenden is credited with making the very first entertainment broadcast to a general audience. On Christmas Eve 1906, broadcasting from Brant Rock, Fessenden made a short speech, played a phonograph recording of Handle’s Largo, and followed up by grabbing his violin and playing O Holy Night. The broadcast ended with a reading from the Bible by his wife and his secretary.

He immediately sued for breach of contract and a drawn-out legal battle followed. NESCO went into receivership and was then reborn as the International Radio Telegraph Company, before being bought by Westinghouse and then the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). It was March 1928 before the matter was settled and Fessenden received a large cash payout from RCA. Work on the alternator-transmitter continued at GE and by 1916 a high-powered Alexanderson alternator was produced that could transmit across the Atlantic. A few years later, with the development of valves and amplifiers, audio radio broadcasting had become well established.

Ever the entrepreneur, Fessenden is credited with making the very first entertainment broadcast to a general audience.

Fessenden (seated) and his staff at Brant Rock. Although the broadcast was heard hundred kilometres away, the signal was marred by noise caused by irregularities in the spark gap transmitter. The broadcast was repeated only days later on New Year’s Eve, this time aimed at ships of the United Fruit Company out in the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.

Later life Technical success may have brought recognition but it didn’t bring riches. The two principals of NESCO wanted to sell the company but no buyers were forthcoming. In the meantime, the Fessenden Wireless Company of Canada had been formed in Montreal and this probably raised suspicions that Fessenden was trying to eliminate NESCO from the scene. The matter came to a head in 1911 when Fessenden was dismissed by NESCO.

By the end of his life Fessenden held more than 500 patents and had received numerous awards. Although he gave up radio after his dismissal from NESCO, he went on to work on a type of sonar system that allowed submarines to communicate with each other, and also developed a radar-like system of detecting icebergs to help prevent Titanic-like disasters. At the beginning of the First World War he developed a device for detecting enemy artillery. He also founded the principle of reflective seismology and invented a fathometer, a sonar device that measured the depth of a submerged object. As with many inventors he had his idiosyncrasies: he liked to float on his back in a river or lake while he pondered some new project; he also enjoyed lying on his back on the carpet at home with a cat on his chest. Who can begrudge him these oddities when he gave so much to radio? Jul/Aug 2013- RADIO COMMS

newproducts

High-power hybrid couplers Zybis has introduced four models of 2x2 hybrid couplers that offer a frequency range of 694 to 2700 MHz and a power rating 200 W. The couplers have an insertion loss of 3.01 ±0.2 dB, insertion loss tolerance, isolation and passive intermodulation characteristics. Zybis offers a choice of VSWR of ≤1.15 or ≤1.2 and PIM of ≤-155 dBc or ≤-160 dBc. The hybrid couplers’ cavity design delivers durability and stability in any site conditions. The Zybis hybrid couplers are an easy and lowcost way to combine signals of any frequency band (within the wide range specified) and are suited to critical cases such as base transceiver station combining, cable sharing, antenna sharing, simple POI structures etc. Applicable wireless systems include mobile TV, Tetra, CDMA, UMTS850/900, GSM, DCS, WCDMA, TD-LTE, LTE and WiMAX etc. Tenrod Australia Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U480

When a promise is made,

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30 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

POLAR ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES Pty Ltd TEL: (03) 9555 2500 • FAX: (03) 9555 1515 • TOLL FREE 1800 33 5633 9-15 Friars Rd, Moorabbin, VIC, 3189 AUSTRALIA • Web: www.polarelec.com.au

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www.radiocomms.com.au

newproducts

Wireless remote tools Anritsu has released Wireless Remote Tools v1.01, a software suite suitable for use with many of its handheld analysers. This free software provides remote screen viewing and remote control of the E Series Site Master, B series VNA Master, E + T series Spectrum Master and the PIM Master series of analysers. Using a pocket-sized Wi-Fi router, the analysers can be controlled over a Wi-Fi link from any Wi-Fi-enabled personal computer, with the proviso that the analyser must have (in some cases the optional) ethernet interface fitted. Older instruments or old firmware levels are not supported, nor are older non-touch-screen instruments. Anritsu Pty Ltd Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U404

9-1-1 MAX CallTaking system Zetron has announced that its IP-based i3 9-1-1 MAX Call-Taking system can now operate on a tablet PC. This allows call-taking operations to be deployed quickly and securely, wherever and whenever they are needed. Whether an agency must set up a remote, backup or mobile location, or provide call-takers with a temporary set-up during the transition to a disaster-recovery centre, MAX Call-Taking running on a tablet PC allows them to do so with greater speed and agility. This is a major breakthrough for public-safety agencies that were previously limited by the constraints imposed by older technologies and the time, equipment and costs required to deploy them. MAX Call-Taking is the latest addition to Zetron’s Remote Command-andControl Suite, which was announced earlier this year. Thus far, it includes Zetron’s Advanced Communications (Acom) system and Mobile CAD applications. Zetron Australasia Contact info and more items like this at wf.net.au/U373

www.radiocomms.com.au

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info@rftechnology.com.au

Jul/Aug 2013- RADIO COMMS

Mike Smyth, specialist technical writer

The remarkable Avo Mark 7 moving coil multimeter remained in production from 1936 to 1986. No self-respecting engineer was without one. It doesn’t seem that many years ago when the average radio engineer or technician had a very limited arsenal at his or her disposal for identifying and correcting problems. High-class workshops might have had an oscilloscope running at 10 MHz with a single trace and costing a fortune. There was that mysterious instrument known as a valve voltmeter that largely presented a high impedance load to the circuit under investigation. And there were signal generators and watt meters, and more specialised instruments such as the grid dip meter, field strength meter and the SWR meter. But apart from the ubiquitous small screwdriver in the top pocket, the tool most technicians relied on was the moving coil multimeter … and if it was worth its salt at all, it had to be one from the Avo range, the first of which appeared in 1923 as a seven-range instrument. The model most well known to radio engineers was the Mark 7. Specifically designed for radio work, it was promoted as a ‘high sensitivity device for radio and electronics’, and stayed in production from 1936 to 1986. With 1000 ohm/volt sensitivity, a current range to 10 A and a voltage range extending out to 1000, the Mark 7 also had power factor and wattage units available as add-ons to increase its versatility. Each Avo (amps, volts, ohms) model had a very long production run, and some were quite extraordinary - the Model 8, for example, was introduced in 1951 and continued until 2008 (the year of the company’s demise). Even the earliest models had the large, distinctive, kidney-shaped viewing area, which was to last until the end. They all had knife-edge pointers and a parallax correcting mirror. These meters, although regarded with great affection by their thousands 32 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

of users, were eventually overtaken by technology the makers did not wish to follow up. The digital multimeter (DMM) became master of the field and instruments such as the valve voltmeter faded into irrelevancy. Having said that, there are still many people out there who prefer the comfort and familiarity of a moving coil meter and its needle that swings across a scale. Precise measurement may be a little more of a challenge, especially in the low ohms range, but it is the skill of using an instrument with a Rolls-Royce pedigree that is part of the attraction. While today’s analog multimeters have great sensitivity (sometimes up to 100,000 ohm/V) and a wide selection of switchable ranges, many of them have relatively small display scales that make it difficult to get an accurate reading. Compare a DMM whose overall accuracy may be 0.8%, with an analog struggling at 3%, and it becomes obvious why Avo has slipped from the lexicon and the workbench. There is little doubt that the DMM currently reigns supreme - a very high impedance that puts minimal load on the circuit under test, and its great accuracy, have ensured its universal adoption. Oscilloscopes, too, have advanced out of sight. Once they were a desktop fixture. Today they can be carried in the pocket like a multimeter. Speeds have gone through the roof, there are colour displays, huge data storage and multiple traces. As specs have risen, prices have fallen. So we’ve come a long way from the Avo 7. They are now collectors’ items with asking prices far above the original cost. But hopefully, the much loved and sought after instrument will not become as extinct as the Tasmanian tiger.

”Apart from the ubiquitous small screwdriver in the top pocket, the tool most technicians relied on was the moving coil multimeter.“

www.radiocomms.com.au

20–22 NOVEMBER

Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre In conjunction with the ARCIA Industry Gala Dinner

Government • Enterprise • Transportation • Utilities • Mining • Public Safety • Security

Comms Connect delivers more for 2013 Comms Connect – formerly RadioComms Connect – returns to Melbourne’s MCEC this November to deliver vital information to the mission and businesscritical communications communities – the users, the dealers and industry. Help create safer, smarter, more secure environments, where available information is gathered and then distributed to those that help protect us and our environments when, where and how they need it most. With almost 100 exhibitors, 50 speakers, 6 ALL NEW training workshops, panel discussions, roundtables and more, Comms Connect 2013 has the answers to your communication infrastructure and system requirement questions.

Focus for 2013’s half-day training workshops:

• Mobile broadband for critical communications users • Infrastructure and towers • Advanced radio over IP • In-building distributed antennae systems (DAS) • Tetra network and design • Implementing a digital radio system

REGISTRATION NOW OPEN

Visit the website where this year’s speakers, topics and full training workshop outlines can be found! For further information, please contact Lisa on 02 9487 2700 or events@comms-connect.com.au.

Platinum Sponsors:

In association with:

Gold Sponsors:

Magazine partner:

www.radiocomms.com.au

Supporting associations & media organisations:

comms-connect.com.au

Jul/Aug 2013- RADIO COMMS

Comms Connect 2013: first speakers announced

rganisers of the upcoming Comms Connect 2013 conference in Melbourne say they have received a fabulous response to the call for papers. Here are just a few of the confirmed speakers and topics: • Tasso Mangos (Chief Technology Officer, NEC Australia) - ‘Radio is dead, long live radio’ • Inspector (Ret) Lance Valcour OOM (Executive Director, Canadian Interoperability Technology Interest Group) - Public Safety Interoperability: An international perspective • Mohd Fauzi Bin Abdul Hamid (Manager, Excellence Centre, Planning & Development Malaysian Airports) - ‘Moving from analog to digital radio’ • Greg Boumeester (Public safety solutions expert, Motorola Solutions) - ‘LTE and its role within Australia’s public safety industry’ • Sameer Kaul and Moti Shalev (Axell Wireless) - ‘Connecting the Brisbane Airport Link: providing in-building cellular and public safety wireless coverage in Australia’s longest tunnel’

34 RADIO COMMS - Jul/Aug 2013

• Ben Pearce (Director, Codan Radio) - ‘P25 network extension: how HF can integrate into the P25 interfaces’ • Hanu Aronsson (Chief Technology Officer, Portalify) - ‘Data and apps on narrowband radio networks: getting more out of your network’ • Henrik Jacobsen (Managing Director, Applied Satellite Technology Australia Pty Ltd) ‘Extending your Close User Group to the world’ The special keynote address will be given by by Len Ricardo, Operations Manager at NASA’s Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex , who’ll speak about the special challenges of communicating over distances of millions of kilometres through deep space. This should be a mind-expanding presentation for everyone in the ‘terrestrial’ radio industry. Pre-conference training workshops take place on 20 November. With numbers strictly limited, the organisers are advising delegates to book at the

time of registering for the conference and dinner, if attending, so as not to be disappointed. This year’s event will see six all-new training workshops: • Infrastructure and towers • Advanced radio over IP • In-building distributed antenna systems (DAS) • TETRA network and design • Wireless broadband for critical communications • Implementing a digital radio system The conference and exhibition will run over two days, 21-22 November. Almost 100 exhibitors will represent the very best technologies and solutions from Australia and the rest of the world. The world-class line-up of speakers, both local and international, will discuss technology developments, from apps to professional LTE and case studies in mining, energy, transport and more. Full conference and training workshop details will be published online in early August, and at the same time registration for all sessions with be opened. Registration for the exhibition is open already. www.radiocomms.com.au

Respond, Achieve

Tough Radios, for Tough Tasks

At Hytera we have responded to your demands of more efficient radio communication solutions, ranging from terminal repeater and infrastructure, to dispatching application of DMR & TETRA standards.

When the America’s Cup World Series needed a radio communication solution, they turned to Hytera.

With cutting edge design, advanced technology and agile service, Hytera are trusted by the world’s biggest icons to supply quality communication solutions.

With over 18 regattas, in 6 host countries with at least 200 days on the water, the Hytera radio equipment supplied succeeded where others could not; providing reliability and durability in the demanding salt water environment.

Hytera – Respond & Achieve