Chapter 4 Case Studies Based on the second chapter, the current key sea level rise effects in Jakarta like flood hazard are always become a threat to the community’s life and decrease the quality of urban environment. Thus, climate change is expected to exacerbate these risks through some government public policies which can control and mitigate that problem. Therefore, in this chapter, the author will determine some of case studies in accordance with literature review. It must be the places and policies where similar problems have been addressed and resolved with a degree of success. It means where the intervention has been inclusive and sustained in time. The purpose of the case studies is to show how precise issues or overall strategies have been addressed elsewhere, that can expand author’s knowledge. According to previous chapter, flood is one of the costliest common perils in terms of financial misfortunes (Najibi and Devineni, 2018; Wallemacq et al., 2018). Specifically, flood disaster in coastal cities like Jakarta is anticipated to enhance because of different factors. For instance, the acceleration of rising sea level, intensity of storm deluges, and an expansion of river water volume in peak (Lin et al., 2016; Wahl et al., 2017). This kind of perils influenced the largest extent of the worldwide population (45%) contrasted with other catastrophic events and caused 5,424 death case from 2000 until 2017 (CRED, 2018). Based on geography observer point of view, the greatest increment in future flood hazard was found in Asia, America, and Europe. Many Asian (e.g. Bangkok and Shanghai) and European (e.g. Hamburg and Rotterdam) cities already took mitigation action towards erosion and flood (IPCC, 2012). Moreover, the factor of rapid urbanization in numerous cities especially those in Asia will predict the improvement of flood hazard (Ehrlich et al., 2018; Du et al., 2019). Even worse, UN-Habitat said that in the Southeast Asian urbanization, 31% of citizen occupies in slums settlement which is illegal inhabitant (Dahiya, 2012). Therefore, the case studies that author selected is one of the Southeast Asian (Bangkok in Thailand) and European (Hamburg in Germany) cities which has investigated on how the prevention actions can cause transformations in flood perils. •
Case Study 1: Bangkok, Thailand Bangkok which situated in Thailand becomes the first selection for the case studies
because it is one of the top 10 coastal cities in worldwide that encountered flood disaster more frequently (Hanson et al., 2010). This city is one of the South East Asian cities with the most 25
