SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) (ARCHITECTURE)
BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423) PROJECT 1 - CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS
SUMMIT SHOPPING COMPLEX, USJ, SUBANG JAYA
Cheong Siew Leong Chuah Wei Hong Phang June Ee Tan Wei How Wong Peakky Wong Kwok Kenn Yong Chang Theng
0310845 0310900 0311954 0310707 1101A13474 0300146 0310925
Fire Protection System Water Supply System Mechanical Ventilation & Air-Conditioning System Mechanical Transportation System Sewerage & Sanitary System Sewerage & Sanitary System Electrical Supply System
TABLE CONTENT 1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
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2.0 Water Supply System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6-27 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Literature Review 2.2.1 Source of Water 2.2.2 Water Treatment 2.3 Case Study: Water Distribution System 2.3.1 Gravity and Pumped Combination System 2.3.2 Cold Water Storage and Distribution 2.4 Components of Water Supply System 2.4.1 Water Bulk Meter 2.4.2 Suction Tank and Booster Pump 2.4.2.1 Suction Tank 2.4.2.2 Hydro Pneumatic Pump 2.4.3 Water Storage Tank 2.4.3.1 Domestic Water Storage Tank 2.4.3.2 Fire Services Storage Tank 2.4.4 Valves and Piping 2.4.4.1 Valves 2.4.4.2 Piping 2.5 Maintenance 2.6 Analysis 2.7 Conclusion 3.0 Sewerage, Sanitary, Drainage System……………………………………………………………………………………… 28-43 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature review 3.3 Diagram of waste water flow 3.4 Case Study 3.4.1 Rain water drainage 3.4.2 Sewerage of food and beverage 3.4.3 Biomatic grease interceptor 3.4.4 Drain waste vent system 3.4.5 Sanitary appliances 3.5 UBBL Requirements 3.6 Conclusion 4.0 Mechanical Transportation System………………………..……………………………………………………………… 44-74 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Literature Review 4.3 Case Study 4.3.1 Elevator 4.3.1.1 Elevator Car 4.3.1.2 Hoistway 4.3.1.3 Machine/Drive System Page | 1
4.3.1.4 Electrical Control System 4.3.1.5 Safety System 4.3.1.6 Firefighter Elevator 4.3.2 Escalator 4.3.2.1 Landing Platform 4.3.2.2 Truss 4.3.2.3 Tracks 4.3.2.4 Steps 4.3.2.5 Handrail 4.3.2.6 Balustrade 4.3.2.7 Machine/ Drive System 4.3.2.8 Electrical and Control System 4.3.2.9 Safety Device 4.4 UBBL Requirements 4.5 Conclusion 5.0 Mechanical Ventilation and Air-Conditioning System…………………………………………………………… 75-96 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Functions of mechanical ventilation system 5.1.2 Functions of air-conditioning system 5.2 Literature Review 5.2.1 Types of Air-Conditioning System 5.2.2 Chillers & Compressors 5.2.3 Cooling Towers 5.2.4 Air Handling Units & Fan Coil Units 5.2.5 HVAC control system 5.2.5.1 Types of Sensors 5.2.5.2 Controllers Types 5.2.6 The importance of Mechanical Ventilation System 5.2.7 Types of Mechanical Ventilation System 5.3 Case Study 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Cooling Tower 5.3.3 Chillers & Chilled water pump 5.3.4 Evaporator 5.3.5 Compressor 5.3.6 Condenser & Condenser Pump 5.3.7 Refrigerant 5.3.8 Control Panel 5.3.9 Air-Handling Unit (AHU) 5.3.10 Air Filter 5.3.11 Fan 5.3.12 Cooling Coil 5.3.13 Mixing Box 5.3.14 Diffusers 5.3.14.1 Supply air diffusers 5.3.14.2 Return air grilles 5.3.15 Duct System Page | 2
5.3.16 Split Unit Air-Conditioning System 5.3.17 Mechanical Ventilation 5.4 Regulations 5.4.1 UBBL 5.4.2 MS1525 5.4.3 Analysis 5.5 Conclusion 6.0 Electrical Supply System………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 97-116 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Malaysia’s main electricity supply 6.1.2 Act, Regulation and Code 6.2 Literature Review 6.3 Case Study 6.3.1 TNB Substation 6.3.1.1 Transformer 6.3.2 High Tension (HT) Room 6.3.3 Low Voltage (LV) Room 6.3.3.1 Switchboards and Switchgear 6.3.4 Building Control System Room 6.3.5 Main Distribution Room 6.3.6 Emergency Power System 6.3.6.1 Gen Set Room 6.3.6.1.1 Gen-set 6.3.6.1.2 Items and Equipment in a Gen-Set Room 6.3.7 Electrical Riser Room 6.3.7.1 Distribution Board 6.3.8 Electrical Services 6.3.8.1 Overhead Service 6.3.8.2 Underground Service 6.4 UBBL Requirement- Emergency Power System 6.5 Electrical Regulation 6.6 Space Requirements for Electrical Room 6.6.1 Basic Room Requirements 6.6.2 Genset Space Needs 6.6.3 Switchgear Considerations 6.6.3.1 Remote radiators 6.6.3.2 Remote switchgear 6.7 Size of Different Electrical Room 6.8 Short Forms 6.9 Analysis 6.9.1 Overall 6.9.2 Problem and Recommendation 6.9.2.1 Exposed services 6.10 Conclusion 7.0 Fire Protection System………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 117-135 7.1 Introduction Page | 3
7.2 Literature Review 7.3 Active Fire Protection 7.3.1 Fire Detection and Alarm System 7.3.2 Sprinkler System 7.3.3 Hose Reel System 7.3.4 Wet Riser System 7.3.5 CO2 Fire Suppression System 7.3.6 Fire Hydrant System 7.3.7 Portable Fire Extinguisher 7.4 Passive Fire Protection 7.4.1 Vertical and Horizontal Escape 7.4.2 Fire Rated Door, Ceiling and Wall 7.4.3 Compartmentalization 7.4.4 Assembly Point 7.5 Conclusion 8.0 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………… 135-138
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Photo credit: AmBank Group The Summit Subang USJ is located at the intersection between Persiaran Kewajipan and Persiaran Subang Permai at about 35km from Kuala Lumpur City Centre. It can be easily accessible through major highway such as LDP, NPE and Federal Highway. Opened in year 1999, the Summit Subang USJ is an integrated commercial complex which comprises of a 13 storey office tower and a 17 storey hotel tower, both located on top of a 6 storey shopping mall. It has an approximate 1.2 million square feet of gross area with 800000 leasable spaces. It is currently undergoing a major renovation in order to attract more tenant and customer to the aging building.
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Water Supply System
2.1 Introduction
The water supply is very important to the community. People depend on it for daily activities such as drinking, cooking, washing and other domestic needs. On the other hand, water supply systems must also available for public, commercial, and industries activities. In either way, the water must achieve both quantity and quality requirements. In our country Malaysia, there are some private water companies that are providing water supply to the whole community. In Selangor, SYABAS is currently supplies treated water all over the state. The main purpose of their existence is to process and treat the water before distributed to all the users.
Federal Government and State Governments have the same jurisdiction over the Water supply and services in Malaysia. National Water Services Industry (NSW) Act (2006) (ACT 655) and the National Water Services Commission (SPAN) ACT (2006) (ACT 65) were introduced so as to increase Malaysia’s water services quality especially protecting consumers’ rights. To encourage effectiveness and sustainability of the water supply system to benefit the consumers, inventors and also the operators, we must have a well-functioned water services in place. Water supply in Malaysia is trustworthy and safe in terms of quality and it is 24-hour accessible.
This chapter is basically talking about the general analysis about water services available in Summit Shopping Complex. The information stated is related with the analysis about how the water supply is accessible and being distributed throughout the whole shopping complex. The water services study covered included water distribution system and its components. The water supply system will also be studied to give a better understanding related to water services.
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2.2 Literature Review
2.2.1 Source of Water
Water covers 71 percent of the surface on Earth. The Water Cycle also known as the hydrologic cycle is the cycle water takes as it circulates back and forth between the land and the sky. The Sun provides heat energy to evaporate water from the Earth. Through transpiration, plants also lose water. The water vapor condenses and formed tiny droplets in the clouds. When the clouds meet cool air, rain, sleet, or snow is generated, and water returns to the earth. Most of the water flows back to the seas.
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy that caused the change of temperature. For example, water absorbs energy from the surroundings during evaporation and cools down the environment. When it condenses, it warms the environment by releasing energy. These heat exchanges influence the climate on the Earth.
Figure 2.2.1a: The Process of Water Cycle (Source: pmm.nasa.gov)
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2.2.2 Water Treatment
The main sources of water we use are from the rain. Rainfalls and river flows will be pumped to the water treatment plant and from there. By going through the process of aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and conditioning, the raw water is treated. It is treated according to international standards for drinking water set out by the World Health Organization (WHO).
The treated water that is already safe for drinking will then be pumped to the balancing reservoirs before being distributed to service reservoirs. From here, then water is supplied to its customers.
Figure 2.2.2a: Water treatment process (Source: www.aabergclaims.com)
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2.3 Case Study: Water Distribution System in Summit Shopping Complex Treated water transported from SYABAS are used for domestic purpose, for flushing toilets, is used in air conditioning system and for sprinkler system in Summit Shopping Complex. The diagram below shows how the water being distributed throughout Summit Shopping Complex.
Figure 2.3a: Water Supply System in Summit Shopping Complex (Source: Drawn by WH Chuah)
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2.3.1 Method of Water Distribution: Gravity And Pumped Combination System
Summit Shopping Complex is using the most common water distribution system which is the Gravity and pumped combination system. Treated water from SYSBAS is pumped by hydro pneumatic pump and stored in the storage tank at Level 6. Then the water is supplied by action of gravity for daily uses throughout the mall. The gravity and pumped combination system is economical, efficient and reliable; therefore it is also the most common system for water distribution.
Pumped water Gravity pulled water
Figure 2.3.1a: Gravity and pumped system (Source: Drawn by WH Chuah) Page | 10
2.3.2 Cold Water Storage and Distribution System: Indirect Water System Under the indirect supply system in Summit Shopping Complex, fresh water that stored in suction tanks that located at the basement is pumped by a booster pump to water storage tanks which located at the Level 6. After that, the water that stored in the storage tank is then transmited to the whole building for daily uses. Indirect supply system is used in Summit Shopping Complex as to ensude there is always a momentary back up of stored water in the event of a mains breakdown. Beside that, indirect water supply system is less noisier than direct water supply system as the water is under less pressure and prevent noises such as water hammer. However, indirect supply system needs more pipework and spaces for huge storage tanks. At the same time, the maintanance fee such as cleaning fees is higher than direct supply system.
Tank Figure 2.3.2a: Indirect water system (Source: Drawn by WH Chuah)
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2.4 Case Study: Components of Water Supply System in Summit Shopping Complex 2.4.1 Water Bulk Meter The water company, SYABAS delivers water through a huge pipe called main, to a building passing through the water bulk meter of this building. The water bulk meter is often found on the street side.
Figure 2.4.1a: Location of Water Bulk Meter in Summit Shopping Complex (Site Plan) (Source: Given by Summit Shopping Complex)
Figure 2.4.1b: General water bulk meter (Source: www.lye.com.my)
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Water bulk meters are manufactured for the purpose of monitoring large flows of water for water system management and commercial billing purposes. It can accurately detect and record the large flow ranges of water that distributed to Summit Shopping Complex.
Figure 2.4.1c: Section of a water bulk meter (Source: Drawn by WH Chuah)
Figure 2.4.1d: Water meter Page | 13
2.4.2 Suction Tank and Booster Pump
2.4.2.1 Suction Tank Treated water transported from SYABAS is stored in the suction tanks and prepare for further usage. Booster pump will pump up the water in the suction tanks to the domestic water tank located at level 6. The suction tank will act as a back up to provide necessary water needed for the Summit Shopping Complex when the main water supply is shutted.
Figure 2.4.2.1a: Location of Suction Tank in Summit Shopping Complex (Source: Given by Summit Shopping Complex)
Figure 2.4.2.1b: Suction tank at Summit Shopping Complex Page | 14
2.4.2.2 Booster Pump: Hydro Pneumatic Pumping System Hydro Pneumatic pump is used to pump water from the suction tank to where the flows are highly variable by increasing the water pressure. Cost, maintenance and reliability of a pump are always factors that will affect the choice of pumps. Besides, the yield of the rate of a well, the size of the storage tank, the daily flow needed by users, the total operating pressure against the pump and so on are also factors that affect the choice of pumps. The total pressures that act against the pump in Summit Shopping Complex are the frictional force and lift force throughout the piping system. The flow rate depends on the number of fixtures to be served in Summit Shopping Complex. These two are the main reasons that caused Summit Shopping Complex to use hydro pneumatic Pump.
Figure 2.4.2.2a: Location of the hydro pneumatic pump (Source: Given by Summit Shopping Complex
Figure 2.4.2.2b: Hydro pneumatic pumping system at the basement
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This type of pump is used in water management systems in Summit and is essential in a wide range of public and private settings. The hydro pneumatic pump is installed at the connection point between the water supply pipe and the primary building. The pump is electricity powered and control by a control panel connected to it.
Figure 2.4.2.2c: Hydro Pneumatic Pump
Figure 2.4.2.2d: Hydro Pneumatic Pumping System Source: www.watersparks.com Page | 16
Control Panel of Hydro Pneumatic Pumping System The control panel controls all the processes and can be adjust manually by the technicians. The control panel also shows the pressure of the hydro pneumatic pump
Figure 2.4.2.2e: Control Panel of hydro pneumatic pumping system in Summit Shopping Complex
Figure 2.4.2.2f: Inside of the control panel Page | 17
2.4.3 Water Storage Tank
One of the most important elements in water distribution system is water storage. The hours of supply, fire storage requirements and the degree of pressure in mains, are all the factors that affect the choice of storage capacity required for the. The demand for water also varies over 24-hour period.
Requirements for water storage:
Tanks are installed on bases above ground level, platforms where the tank is being located at is designed to bear the weight of the tank when it is filled to maximum capacity, without unnecessary alteration taking place. Metal tank are to be installed with a membrane of non-corrosive insulating material between the support and the underside of the tank. Tanks must be supported in a certain manner, so that no load is transmitted to any of the attached pipes. Tanks are located somewhere accessible for inspection, repairs, maintenance and replacement. Tanks must be provided with a cover, designed to prevent the entry of dust, roof water, surface water, ground water, birds, animals or insects. Insulation from heat and cold should also be specified. Tanks storing potable water should not be located directly beneath any sanitary plumbing or any other pipes conveying non-potable water.
Figure 2.4.3a: Water Storage tank located on Level 6.
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Figure 2.4.3b: Placement of the water tank. Horizontal concrete beam are used as a supporting system for the water storage tanks so that the piping system can go through under the tank.
When the water is full, it flows out from the overflow pipe to prevent creating pressure in the tank.
Figure 2.4.3c: Overflow pipe
Figure 2.4.3d: Domestic water storage tank.
Figure 2.4.3e: Fire services storage tank.
A water storage system must have the ability to provide sufficient consumption during periods of high usage while meeting fire protection requirements. The two main types of water tanks available at Level 6 of Summit Shopping Complex are the domestic water storage tanks and also the fire services storage tanks. Page | 19
2.4.3.1 Domestic Water Storage Tank The water transported to the suction tanks that located at the basement is pumped up to the main domestic water storage tank located at Level 6. From the domestic water storage tank, the water is then distributed throughout the whole Summit Shopping Complex. The building has 6 floors to distribute water to, and since the tank is located at Level 6, the water is distributed throughout the building through the pulling force of the gravity.
Figure 2.4.3.1a: Location of domestic water storage tank (Source: Given by Summit Shopping Complex)
Figure 2.4.3.1b: Domestic water storage tank located at Level 6 Page | 20
2.4.3.2 Fire System Storage Tank
Fire-Flow Requirement
UBBL 247 (1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting system and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out the Tenth Schedule to these ByLaws The water supply system of a building must be able of supplying the fire flow specified plus any other requirement that cannot be reduced during the fire period at the required residual pressure and for the required period. The supplies of each system must be investigated to conclude whether the capacity of the system is fixed by the domestic requirements, by the fire demands, or by a combination of both of them. Where fire-flow demands are comparatively high, or needed for long period, and population and industrial use is comparatively low, the total needed capacity will be determined by the main fire demand. In some unique cases, this may warrant consideration of a special water system for fire purposes, separate, in part or in whole, from domestic system. However, such separate systems will be suitable only under exceptional circumstances and are to be avoided generally.
UBBL
UBBL
247
247
(2) Main water storage tanks within the building. Other than for hose reel system, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances
(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.
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In Summit Shopping Complex, water tanks are provided to supply water during emergency for the sprinkler system and wet riser system,. The water can be resupply through water supply system or through breeching inlet in case of emergency.
Figure 2.4.3.2a: Location of Fire services tank (Source: Given by Summit Shopping Complex)
Figure 2.4.3.2b: Fire services storage tank Page | 22
2.4.4 Valves and Piping 2.4.4.1 VALVES A valve is equipment that adjusts, directs or controls the flow of water by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways or pipes. In an open valve, water flows from higher pressure to lower pressure region. There are many types of valve and these are the valves that can be found in the water supply system of Summit Shopping Complex. Globe Valves Globe valve is a linear movement valves. The main advantage of globe valve is that it opens faster than a gate valve, as the disc only needs to move a short distance from its seat to allow full flow of water. Globe can be used for higher pressure or higher volume applications, as they are less likely to leak than gate valves.
Figure 2.4.4.1a: Globe valve in Summit Shopping Mall
Figure 2.4.4.1b: Section of a globe valve (Source: www2.spiraxsarco.com) Page | 23
Gate Valves The components inside a gate valve can be damaged when in the partially open position therefore gate valves are not usually used to regulate flow. The pressure drop across the valve when fully open is also limited to prevent damage. Setting the valve to the fully open or closed position requires the handle to be turned many times, which generally makes these valves have the longest operating times. Flow is controlled raising or lowering by rotating the hand wheel.
Figure 2.4.4.1c: Gate valve attached to tanks in Summit Shopping Complex
Figure 2.4.4.1d: Section of a gate valve (Source: www2.spiraxsarco.com) Page | 24
Butterfly Valves Butterfly valves are commonly preferred as they are lower in cost as well as lighter in weight and that caused less support is required. The closing mechanism of a butterfly valve takes the form of a disk. The disc is situated in the center of the pipe, a rod passing through the disc and connected to an actuator outside of the valve. The disc either turned parallel or perpendicular to the flow by rotating the actuator to stop or allow water flow.
Figure 2.4.4.1e: Butterfly valve attached to tanks in Summit Shopping Complex
Figure 2.4.4.1f: Section of a gate valve (Source: www.koyoimex.com) Page | 25
2.4.4.2 Piping
Water distribution piping differs according to their usage and functionality in supplying water to their nominated areas. Each pipe sizes and material correspond to their individual distribution outlets in order to offer the necessary pressure for the usage of the users. Below is the table that representing the different types of piping and their particular material and sizes used in Summit Shopping Complex. Type Material Cold water rise Mild steel cement lining pipe (MSCL) Cold water distribution ABS PN 15 Table 2.1: Pipe sizes and materials
Size (mm) 150 100
There are no regulations or code that states the needs in providing water services pursuant to the by-laws referring to the Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL). In accordance to this matter, the engineers will be setting the regulations for the water services and are in accordance to the drawings.
2.5 Maintenance
To avoid water supply breakdown, maintenance is very important. Date center will usually have the toilets to stand-alone all the floors due to leakage so that it is easier for them to have the maintenance and check up. Maintenance in Summit Shopping Complex is done once every month to ensure the water supply system is working perfectly.
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2.6 Analysis
Cold water supply system used in Summit Shopping Complex is main water supply where they use water tank to store water from the water main (suction tank to domestic tank) and distributes the water throughout the entire building. The benefit of using this system is that the water tanks reverse the water supply, in case of shortage from the water main. Moreover, water tanks are sufficient enough in this building to provide water supply and as preparation when shortage coming.
In this system, water pumps are needed to push up pressure when the water supply from the main is low. In Summit Shopping Complex, domestic water tank is located on the Level 5, which had save up a lot of cost on installing water pumper as the water is distributed by using the gravitational force. Besides, the installation of water tank is a success, which had fulfilled the requirements of the UBBL by-law.
2.7 Conclusion
Based on the analysis and exploration conducted in this chapter, it can be said that the cold-water distribution system in Summit Shopping Complex is appropriate as it has 6 floors to distribute the water to.
Two huge main water tanks act as daily water supply and others act as back up just in case there is a water shortage happening. Due to the number of consumers occupying the building, it is safer to have a few water tanks to provide necessary water supply to the occupants in the building. Costs are reduced and energy is saved, by controlling the amount of water pump.
As a conclusion, the water services in Summit Shopping Complex are efficient and suitable enough for the building. Finally, Summit Shopping Complex could practice Rainwater collection system for sanitary services, which would reduce cost and usage of water from the mains.
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3.0 SEWERAGE, SANITARY, DRAINAGE SYSTEM
3.1 Introduction Sewerage system is essential for water system to eliminate waste water. There are three types of water that is being eliminated from the building which are namely rainwater, wastewater and groundwater. Sewerage ends at the entry of a sewage treatment plant which is sadly discharged into the environment sometimes. In this topic, an investigation upon ways to handle waste water would be conducted. Waste water are primarily released from two parts of our studied building which are namely:

Sanitary appliances

Kitchen
Both of these discharges will undergo different process before sending for treatment. Waste water from sanitary appliances will first filter through floor trap then channeled through for filtration. Waste from kitchen will first pass through grease interceptor for elimination of fats and oils. Then, the waste would undergo the same process of passing towards filtration and undergo water treatment.
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3.2 Literature Review Sewerage: Above ground system Above ground system are septic tanks that storage containers are less expensive than below ground tanks, but they are subject to sunlight and other weather conditions that may affect the system. In addition, they might take up a lot of space in residential or urban places and may be considered an eyesore to some. Sewerage: Below ground system Below ground system costs more than above ground septic tanks because they cost more in terms of installation and maintenance. They also require pumping while above ground tanks can operate solely on gravity flow. Below ground storage tanks are subject to shifting and settling of the Soil, which can lead to cracks. These cracks, because they are underground can be very difficult to detect. In addition, a below ground tank is at risk to pollution runoff if the riser (lid) is not properly installed. They are difficult to inspect and clean. Advantages to belowground tanks are that they maintain a consistent water temperature throughout the year, are less visible, and take up less space. (Reference: http://rainwaterharvesting.tamu.edu/aboveground-vs-belowground/) However, above ground tanks has a few drawbacks. Mainly that it needs to be emptied once a few years: an often unpleasant and expensive task. And as compared to the below ground tank, the sewage is usually transported into the tank via a pump, as opposed to gravity. This may potentially cause the solids in the sewage to be chopped into smaller pieces, and to escape the tank along with the effluent. As the solids settle out of the effluent, they can cause pipe blockage. Since above ground tanks are exposed to the elements, they also have a tendency to wear out more quickly as compared to the tanks buried below ground.
 (Reference: http://www.septicsystem.com/above-ground-septic-tanks.html) The above ground system for building has to deal not only with flows from sanitary appliances but also with rainwater from roofs and paving. The established techniques for these installations are divided into work as waste and soil systems for flows from sanitary appliances and as rainwater pipes for surface water.
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3.3 Diagram of Waste Water Flow
Figure 3.3(a): Flow diagram of water discharge As the diagram showed above, the waste water will be directed for filtration to remove dirt like, tissues and paper. After filtration process, the dirty water will be treated before channeling it for collection and finally until it’s full before going to the Indah Water.
3.4 Case Study
Figure 3.4(a): Location of water pump room The water pump room are located at the ground floor back ally of the shopping mall. And the waste are directed outside the boundary of the shopping mall and to Indah Water after the filtration. Page | 30
Figure 3.4(b): Septic tank room located behind the mall Picture on the right showing the control panel of the septic tank, we were told that the water pump is to ensure the water to be directed to Indah Water out of the mall boundary. Picture on the right showing the control panel to monitor the activities of the septic tank.
Figure 3.4(c): Schematic diagram Page | 31
Sanitary appliances located at each floor of the shopping mall are connected to the main pipe and are to transfer to sewerage treatment plant system. Waste water that go through the sanitary appliances will be filter through water pipes and filtration process for treatment. Waste water rubbish like tissues, paper, and hair will be eliminated from water. And the water will be directed to a treatment plant, which chemical will be added in the tank to eliminate virus and bacteria.
Figure 3.4(d): Rubbish eliminated from waste water After the waste water being treated, the water will then be directed to desludging tank. Indah water will then collect the water from the desludging tank when it’s full.
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3.4.1 Rain Water Drainage Rain water drainage is a system that discharge the unnecessary rain flow from streets, sidewalks, roof and buildings. Surface water will be another word for rain water, water that falls as rain, is collected by drains and gutters and finally directed to a public sewer. Without a proper rain water drainage system, the amount of water collected may cause danger to the building and the users. Simple example, flooding, slippery walk way, and unhygienic environment for the users. Worst scenario, warm bed for bacteria and insects such as mosquitos.
Figure 3.4.1(a): Rain gutter
A rain gutter is a narrow channel which forms a roof system which collects and direct the rainwater away from the roof. The rain gutter is to protect the foundation of a building from channeling rain water from its roof. Other than that, it reduce erosion, prevents leaks in basements and also painted or stained surfaces by reducing the chances of exposing the water. The rain water collected by a rain gutter is then direct from the top of the roof to the bottom part of the building, where it is then discharge to the public sewer.
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Figure 3.4.1(b): Downspout A downspout is a vertical pipe which connects the rain gutter for the purpose of carrying and channeling the rainwater to the ground level. Which the rainwater are then directed to the public sewer, to prevent the foundation from water damage. Showing in figure above, splash blocks and drain tiles are needed to keep water away from the house when it reaches the ground level.
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Figure 3.4.1(c): Perimeter drain
Figure 3.4.1(d): Interior drainage & sump pump
Perimeter drainage are usually installed on the interior perimeter of the foundation, it can also be installed on the exterior of a house depending on its design. Perimeter drain is actually a PVC pipe cover with gravels, which direct the water to the drain sump.
Figure 3.4.1(e): Sump
Figure 3.4.1(f) Sump pump
Sump is a part of the interior drainage which collects water from the perimeter drain. The sump pit collects the water from the perimeter drain for pumping away purpose using a sump pump showed in figure 3.4.1(f). The water collected in the sump pit need to be clear from time to time.
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3.4.2: Sewerage of Food and Beverage Most of food and beverage are located on the lower ground floor. The waste such as food bits, oil, cleaning liquids will be transferred through the sink and directed to the sewerage system. A grease interceptor will then be needed to remove the waste from the water before heading towards the sewerage plant. And finally, it will be directed to the sewerage tank. Diagram below will be showing the flow diagram from the kitchen to Indah Water.
Figure 3.4.2(a): Kitchen waste water flow chart Biometric grease interceptor is usually used in kitchens to eliminate grease and fats from water. To prevent pipes blockage, biometric grease interceptor is essential in avoiding grease and fats. Instead of normal interceptor, biometric interceptor are more superior in eliminating grease and fats.
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3.4.3 Biomatic Grease Interceptor
Figure 3.4.3(a): Biomatic Grease Interceptor flow chart Standard biomatic grease interceptor will sized at 2500x5000 mm. Enzymes would be added into the waste to decompose and permanently convert grease and protein into water soluble substances. Figure above showing process of decomposing and converting the waste.
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3.4.4 Drain Waste Vent System A combined stack system are used in the Summit USJ, distributing water towards sanitary appliances scattered in each floor. Two pipes system installed in this building, soil stack pipe that carry soil waste from all the sanitary appliances. And another pipe which carry waste from kitchen and food and beverage floor, which will be the waste stack pipe.
Figure 3.4.4(a): Stack pipe system
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Stack pipe system allows all the branch pipes to connect to the main pipe, as shown in figure above. And then waste water from the main pipe will be directed to the treatment plant, to remove all the unnecessary agents, and finally discharge to Indah Water.
Figure 3.4.4(b): Waste stack
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3.4.5 Sanitary Appliances Different sizes of pipe are being applied to sanitary appliances like water basin, toilet bowl, floor trap and also urinal due to different kind of water pressure of different appliances. Until today, uPvc are still widely used in construction industry as it does not corrode, or change the taste and smell of water. Other than that, it’s cheaper compare to other materials, and recyclable.
Figure 3.4.5(a): Siphon P-trap water closet Figure 3.4.5(a) number 1 showing a siphon P-trap water closet. Water enters through rim punching and jets placed in an up-leg of the rear trap, filling the trap way and creating an instant siphon action without rise of water level. The result is quick water withdrawal. Large water surface provides an efficient and clean operation. Number 2 showing a floor trap, which allow the water to exit the closet, without causing blockage caused by objects such as hairs and papers.
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Figure 3.4.5(b): Bottle Trap Use to prevent harmful air or creatures from entering through the sanitary appliances, similar function as the vent pipe. But if a toilet is left abandoned without any usage, the water evaporation in the seal trap will cause the harmful air to enter therefore a vent pipe is essential.
Figure 3.4.5(c): Vent pipe The vent pipe is an extension of the waste stack that runs up through the roof to the exterior, for venting of exhaust gases and to maintain the standard pipe pressure in the waste system.
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Figure 3.4.5(d): Soil pipe & waste pipe The soil stack pipe shown in figure above, carries waste from toilets to house trap. And from there it connects to the sewer line which extends towards outside of the building and finally to a public sewer. The waste stack pipe shown above, refers to vertical drain piping that does not carry soil from a sanitary unit. Which typical waste stack pipe carries drainage away from sinks, tubs, and showers.
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3.5 UBBL Requirements UBBL By-law- Section 123 Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosure shall be:
a) Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and the crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated. The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitable places to enable lengths of pipes to be installed and removed.
UBBL By-law- Section 115 All roofs of buildings shall be constructed as to drain effectively to suitable and sufficient channels, gutters, chutes or through which shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of these Bylaws for receiving and conveying all water which may fall on and from the roof.
3.6 Conclusion Based on observations and the compliance of UBBL water sewerage treatment laws. The Summit USJ Shopping Complex has managed to accommodate a college with a high water waste discharge.
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4.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
4.1 Introduction This research discusses about the types of mechanical transportation used in Summit Shopping Complex. It will include a literature review discussing about the types of mechanical transportation in the complex. The examples of mechanical transportation system in this report includes elevators and escalator. All these examples will be covered in the case study section. The information is about the mechanical transportation in Summit shopping complex gathered will be referenced conforming to the UBBL Mechanical Transportation System Requirements. Detailing of the respective mechanical transportation system will also be explained for further knowledge and understanding of the system in Summit shopping complex. The research then concludes with and analysis and recommendations for improvements to the mechanical transportation system at Summit shopping complex.
4.2 Literature Review The mechanical transportation of people and equipment around and between buildings is of considerable importance in relation to the degree of satisfactory service provided. Hence, cost-effective and energyefficient transportation will always be in demand. Walking and cycling are supreme of personal low-cost mobility for the majority of the population. Vertical transportation is a transportation of passengers travelling between floors in a building. Mechanical transportation systems are of vital importance in highrise building, such as shopping complex, apartment, office buildings and so on. Permanently mechanical transportation systems in use are as follows: Elevator An elevator is a long-lasting lifting equipment serving two or more landing levels. It carries not only passengers but also goods. Elevators runs either vertical or inclined to the vertical by less than 15 degree. Every elevator is different from another, so the feature and operation are also different. Standard Elevator Types: Type (I): starting from 320 Kg up to 800 Kg rated load. Type (II): more than 800 Kg up to 1600 Kg rated load. The Standard Elevators Layouts: Arrangement (A): Car with side opening door and the counterweight is located at the back wall. Arrangement (B): Car with central opening door and the counterweight is located at the back wall. Arrangement (C): Car with side opening door and the counterweight is located at one side. Arrangement (D): Car with central opening door and the counterweight is located at one side. Elevators are by far the most important and common transportation systems for serving both passenger and freight traffic in buildings. Safe, fast, and economical movement have been provided for people and goods, and elevators are able to cater to all kinds of traffic patterns.
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Escalator An escalator is a moving staircase, which is a conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a building. It is powered by constant-speed alternating current motors and move at approximately 1–2 feet (0.30–0.61 m) per second. Modern escalators have single piece aluminum or steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop. The direction of escalator movement (up or down) can be permanently the same, or be personnelcontrolled according to the time of day, or automatically be controlled by whoever arrives first, whether at the bottom or at the top (the system is programmed so that the direction is not reversed while a passenger is on the escalator). Standard Elevator Types: 1. Parallel Escalator 2. Crisscross Escalator 3. Multiple Parallel Escalator 4. “UP” Escalator Next to Staircase
Figure 4.2a Parallel Escalator
Figure 4.2c Multiple Parallel Escalator
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Figure 4.2b Crisscross Escalator
Figure 4.2d “UP” Escalator Next to Staircase
4.3 Case Study 4.3.1 Elevator
Firefighter elevator Elevator Elevator Motor Room
Figure 4.3.1a Floor plan that shows the location of the elevators, firefighter elevators and elevator motor room
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The standard elevators will include the following basic components: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Car. Hoistway. Machine/drive system. Control system. Safety system.
COverspeed Governor
Machine Drive
Control Cabinet
Elevator Car
Apron Counterweight Guide Rails Guide Rail Fixing Bracket Landing Doors Car Guide Rail Counterweight Frame
Tension Pulley
Counterweight Buffer
Car Buffer
Figure 4.3.1b Components of elevator
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4.3.1.1 Elevator Car Normal elevator car can be classified according to the location and number of entrances as follows: 1. Normal Cabin 2. Open Through Cabin 3. Diagonal Cabin The type that chosen to be used in Summit Shopping Complex is just one type, which is the Normal Cabin, which is composed of the following components: 1. Car Sling, a metal framework connected to the means of suspension, 2. The elevator cabinet,
Siding Guide Shoe with Lubricator
Upper Transom Roller Guide Shoe Braking System Upper Isolation
Adjustable Height Side Frame
Lower Isolation
Lower Transom
Overload Inductive Sensor Limit Switch Safety Gear Actuation Lever
Figure 4.3.1.1a Components of elevator cabin Page | 48
Car Sling
Figure 4.3.1.1b Components of car sling Car Sling is load carrier element in the elevator car together with its function of isolating vibrations due to running. It can be tied in with braking or without braking system. Car Sling Main Components: 1. Upper Transom: Upper transom is the suspension element of the car by using some 360 mm diameter polyamide pulleys, it is designed to base sliding or roller guide shoes. Other than that, it also mounts the braking system catch clamps. 2. Lower Transom: Lower transom is the carrier of car flooring through an exactly arranged pressure springs mounted in the lower isolation subassembly. Besides, Safety gear catch clamps are fixed in the lower transom and their actuation action is done by a shearing linkage system. 3. Side Frame: The two adjustable height side frames are bolted together and attached to both upper and lower transom.
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Elevator Cabinet
Emergency Trap Door Balustrade
Car Ceiling
Blower Fan Car Door Operating Fixing Brackets Upper Portal Handrail COP Car Panels
COP Panel Kick Plate Floor Covering
Apron
Car Floor Side Portal Car Door Track
Figure 4.3.1.1c Components of elevator cabinet 1. Car Floor: Car floor have the sufficient mechanical strength to sustain forces, which are useful during standard operation, safety gear operation and the impact of the car to its bumpers. The floor size which is the same size of the car (width & depth) and floor extension defines door opening, side portal depth and location. 2. Car Ceiling: Car ceiling is considered to be able to support two persons during maintenance operation without permanent deformation. Besides, it is prepared also to mount emergency trap door, blower fan and balustrade.
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3. Front Panels: The front panel assembly defines door opening height and position. There are two types of front panels, upper and side panels.
Figure 4.3.1.1d Front panels of the cabinet 4. Car Operating Panel COP Car operating panel COP is a panel fixed in the car containing the car operating controls, for example call register buttons, alarm emergency stop, bell, button for door open and close and whatever other buttons or key switches are required for operation. Capacity and Instruction Plate Emergency Call Button and Alarm
Floor Buttons
Figure 4.3.1.1f The capacity and instruction plate Door Open/Close Buttons Key Controls
Figure 4.3.1.1e Indication of the car operating panel
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5. Handrail: Handrail is a rail within the elevator car, where passengers can use for support. There must be at least one side of the car has a handrail mounted in case of using the elevator for passengers including persons with disabilities. The handrails in Summit shopping complex come with different finishes like stainless steel styles or painted in color.
Figure 4.3.1.1g Handrail in the elevator cabinet 6. False Ceiling: False ceiling is the main source of lighting in the elevator car. Fluorescent lighting and spotlights are the most common lighting elements used for elevator lighting and a combination of the two types can be used also.
Figure 4.3.1.1h False ceiling in the elevator cabinet 7. Emergency Trap Door Assembly Emergency trap door can be easily opened from inside the car by using triangular key and from outside the car without a key by turning the link to pull locking arms. Electrical safety switches that are fixed to the side frame of trap door causes the lift to stop if the locking ceases to be effective; restoring the lift to service shall only be possible after careful relocking. According to the UBBL, the emergency trap door size is 600x400 mm to permit the rescue and evacuation of passengers. 8. Balustrade Car roof shall be provided with a balustrade where the free distance between the car ceiling and the shaft wall exceeds 0.3 m.
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4.3.1.2 Hoistway Hoistway is the enclosed space between the fireproof walls and elevator doors for the travel of one or more elevators, dumbwaiters or material elevators. It is equipped with the following components:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Guide rails for both the car and counterweight. Counterweight. Suspension (Hoisting) Ropes (Cables). Landing (Hoistway) doors.
1. Guide Rails Guide Rails are steel tracks in the form of a “T� that run the length of the hoistway with guiding surfaces to guide and direct the course of travel of an elevator car and elevator counterweights and usually mounted to the sides of the hoistway.
Figure 4.3.1.2a Guide rails of the hoistway 2.Counter Weight Counterweight is a tracked weight that is suspended from cables and moves within its own set of guide rails along the hoistway walls. Counterweight is used for the following:
1. Balancing the mass of the complete car and a portion of rated load, so that it will be equal to the dead weight of the car plus about 40% of the rated load. 2. Reducing the necessary consumed power for moving the elevator.
Figure 4.3.1.2b Counterweight of the hoistway
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3. Suspension Rope (Hoisting Cable) Suspension Ropes are suspension means for car and counterweight, representing by steel wire cable. They are attached to the crosshead and extending up into the machine room looping over the sheave on the motor and then down to the counter weights.
Figure 4.3.1.2c Suspension rope of the hoistway 4. Landing Doors The doors that are seen from each floor of a building are referred to as the outer or hoistway doors. These doors are a part of the building (Summit shopping complex). Hence, it is important to realize that the car door does all the work; the hoistway door is a dependent. All of these doors in the complex can be opened or closed by electric engines, or physically for emergency incidents. The difference between the hoistway doors and the car doors is that the elevator car door travels through the hoistway with the car but the hoistway doors are fixed doors in each landing floor.
Hall Lanterns
Hoistway Landing Doors
Hall Buttons
Figure 4.3.1.2d Indication of the landing hoistway
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4.3.1.3 Machine/Drive System 1. Geared Machine Geared machine used in low and midrise applications. It’s design utilizes a mechanical speed reduction gear set to reduce the rpm of the drive motor (input speed) to suit the required speed of the drive sheave and elevator (output speed). Normally, geared machines are used for speeds between 0.1 m/s and 2.5 m/s and are suitable for loads from 5 Kg up to 50,000 Kg and above. A geared machine includes the following components:
Figure 4.3.1.3a Geared machine in the machine room
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Drive motor. Brake. Speed reduction unit or gearbox. Drive sheave. Bedplate. Deflector sheave (if mounted as integral part of the bedplate assembly).
Brake Gear Box Drive Motor Bedplate
Drive Sheave
Deflector Sheave Sound Isolation Pad
Figure 4.3.1.3b Components of a geared machine
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2. Elevator Machine Room Elevator Machine Room, which located at level 5 of Summit shopping complex is enclosure in where the machinery and electrical controls used for an elevator are contained. It is fully enclosed or otherwise secured against non-authorized access. Besides, it located above the hoistway in a penthouse or two floors above the highest floor it serves. Within a typical machine room one will likely find the following:
1. Electrical Disconnects. 2. Machine (geared or gearless or drum type). 3. Machine brake. 4. Drive motor. 5. Encoder. 6. Motor Generator Set. 7. Selector. 8. Car Controller Cabinet. 9. Group Dispatcher or Common Relay Panel Cabinet. 10. Car Governor. 11. Counterweight Governor. 12. Rope Gripper. 13. Light fixtures and light control switch. 14. Fire alarm devices. 15. Hoist beam. 16. Power receptacles. 17. HVAC equipment (used to service the elevator equipment room or space). 18. Deflector Sheaves.
Figure 4.3.1.3c Machine room at level 5, Summit Shopping Complex Page | 56
4.3.1.4 Electrical and Control System Elevator Control System is the system used for coordinating all aspects of elevator service such as travel, speed, and accelerating, decelerating, door opening speed and delay, leveling and hall lantern signals. The main aims of the elevator control system are:
1. 2. 3. 4.
To bring the lift car to the correct floor. To minimize travel time. To maximize passenger comfort by providing a smooth ride. To accelerate, decelerate and travel within safe speed limits. Emergency Call Button and Alarm
Floor Buttons
Door Open/Close Buttons Key Controls
Figure 4.3.1.4a Indication of the car operating panel tor 1. Buttons Hall Buttons Hall buttons are on a button panel on the outside of the elevator shafts and are used by potential passengers to call an elevator cab to the floor. There are two Hall buttons on each floor, one for up and another for down, except on the top floor where there is only down and vice versa. The controller interacts with these buttons by receiving press and release signals indicating the requested direction and floor number. Elevator Car Button These buttons are located on a button panel on the interior of each elevator car where the controller interacts with these buttons by receiving pressed signals indicating the desired floor number and elevator car, which they were pressed from.
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2. Key Controls Key controls may only be activated by the suitable keys. Their use is thus restricted to elevator operators or firemen. It is used in place of or in conjunction with a pushbutton to restrict access to a floor. 3. Brakes There are a few brake systems in a typical elevator system, which include of the mechanical and electromagnetic brakes. The mechanical brakes at the sheave itself also stop the car from moving when the car is inactive. The electromagnetic brakes activate automatically if there is a sudden loss of power or when the car is stationary. 4. Bells Emergency Bell Emergency bell is used to alert people outside of the elevator system that someone is trapped inside an elevator cab. The controller interacts with the emergency bell by sending it a signal to ring.
Load Bell Each car has a load bell that is used to alert the passengers inside the car that there is too much weight in it to operate it safely. The controller interacts with the load bell be sending it a signal to ring. 5. Displays Car Position Display The interior of each elevator car has a display that shows to its passengers which floor the elevator car is currently on. The controller interacts with this display by sending a signal that tells it which floor number to display. Direction Display The interior of each elevator car has a display that shows the current direction of an elevator car; it is either up or down. The controller interacts with this display by sending it a signal that tells it which direction to display.
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6. Controller PLC controller (computer based technology) The advent of personal computers has made microprocessor technology affordable for many other fields. Elevator Concepts utilizes a special type of industrial computer called a Programmable Logic Controller PLC to control the logic of more complex jobs. They are very dependable, compact, and simple to troubleshoot. Computer based controllers are suitable for the following:
1. All lifts types. 2. All drive speeds (i.e. 0.5 m/s to 10 m/s). 3. Lift groups of all sizes.
Figure 4.3.1.4b PLC controller in the machine room
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Figure 4.3.1.4c Statechart of Controls System Behavior
4.3.1.5 Safety System The following list describes all the safety components used in electrical traction elevator safety system: 1. Device for locking landing doors (Hoistway Door Interlock). 2. Buffers. 3. Firefighter Switches. 1. Hoistway Door Interlock The hoistway door locking device offers mechanically lock each hoistway door and the elevator cannot leave a landing unless the doors are fully closed and secured. Each of the devices are also interconnected electrically to prevent operation of the elevator if any of the elevator’s hoistway doors are open. For example, if the doors be forced open, the interlock circuit will be broken, causing the elevator to immediately stop.
Figure 4.3.1.5a Hoistway door interlock of the elevator 2. Buffers A buffer is a device intended to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its normal limit and to moderate the force with which the elevator turns into the pit during any emergency. A Spring Buffer is one type of buffer most frequently found on hydraulic elevators and used for elevators with speeds less than 200 feet per minute. These devices are used to cushion the elevator as well as are most always located in the elevator pit.
Figure 4.3.1.5b Buffers of the elevator 3. Firefighter Switches The firefighter switch functions to instruct the car to go to any floor it serves. When the car arrives at the floor, the doors do not open automatically but will open only with continuous pressure on the door open button. This feature is meant to protect firefighters from opening the doors into a fire situation. After the doors have been fully opened then the elevator will stay in place with the doors open and remain until a command is given to close them by continuously holding the door close button. The elevator will then stay in place with the doors closed until a floor button is pressed, when it will then start the same process on the selected floor.
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4.3.1.6 Firefighter Lift
Figure 4.3.1.6a Firefighter elevator located at level 1 In Summit Shopping Complex, there are firefighter elevators at every group of lifts. There are also firefighter elevators that are not accessible by the public. These elevators are for the fire unit during any emergency. Furthermore, some of them also used as service elevator. This type of elevator has the fireman’s service mode activated by a toggle switch. Although it looks the same as the standard elevator from the exterior, but the performance wise is different from the normal passenger elevator. The features of a firefighter elevator are the following:
The platform area are contract load should be at least 1.45m2 and 550kg. It is able to reach the top of the building within one minute. It has an overriding “Fire Control” switch at the fire control floor level to bring the lift under manual control of the fire officer.
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4.3.2 Escalator
Escalator
Figure 4.3.2a Floor plan that shows the location of the escalators Parallel Escalator Up and down escalators "side by side or separated by a distance," seen often in metro stations and shopping complex.
Figure 4.3.2b Parallel escalator in Summit Shopping Complex
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The Escalator consists of the following components: 1. Landing Platforms. 2.
Truss.
3.
Tracks.
4.
Steps.
5.
Handrail.
6.
Escalator Exterior (Balustrade).
7.
Drive system.
8.
Auto-Lubrication System.
9.
Braking system.
10.
Safety devices.
11.
Electrical & Control Systems.
Figure 4.3.2c Components of escalator Page | 63
4.3.2.1 Landing Platform
Figure 4.3.2.2a Landing platform in Summit
These two platforms house the curved sections of the tracks, as well as the gears and motors that drive the stairs. The top platform contains the motor assembly and the main drive gear, while the bottom holds the step return idler sprockets. These sections also anchor the ends of the escalator truss. Furthermore, the platforms contain a floor plate and a combplate. The floor plate provides a place for the passengers to stand before they step onto the moving stairs.
4.3.2.2 Truss The escalator truss is the structural frame of the escalator and consists of three main areas:  Lower section,  Incline section,  Upper section.
It is a hollow metal structure that connects the lower and upper landings. It is composed of two side sections combined together with cross braces across the bottom and just below the top. Figure 4.3.2.2b Truss of an escalator
The ends of the truss are involved to the top and bottom landing platforms with steel supports. The truss carries all the straight track sections connecting the upper and lower sections. The structural steel truss members are designed to carry the entire load of the escalator equipment and the steel covering without shifting more than specified by the contract requirements.
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4.3.2.3 Tracks The track system is constructed into the truss to direct the step chain, which continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an endless loop. There are two tracks, which are:  One for the front wheels of the steps (called the step wheel track).  One for the back wheels of the steps (called the trailer-wheel track). The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out from under the combplate. Besides, along the straight section of the truss, the tracks are at their Figure 4.3.2.3a Tracks of an escalator maximum distance apart. This configuration forces the back of one step to be at a 90-degree angle relative to the step behind it. This right angle bends the steps into a shape resembling a staircase.
4.3.2.4 Steps The steps are solid, die-cast aluminum or steel. There are yellow demarcation lines added to clearly indicate their edges. The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop. Other than that, the front and back edges of the steps are each connected to two wheels, which are set further apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have shorter axles to fit into the narrower front track.
Figure 4.3.2.4a Step of an escalator
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4.3.2.5 Handrail The handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are riding the escalator. It is pulled along its track by a chain that is connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys.
4.3.2.6 Balustrade The balustrade consists of the exterior supporting structure of the escalator and the handrail as well. It is the escalator exterior components, which supports the handrail. Each interior balustrade panel section is individually removable to allow easy access to the escalator interior for maintenance, cleaning, and replacement of mechanisms.
Figure 4.3.2.6a Balustrade of an escalator
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4.3.2.7 Machine/Drive System An escalator drive system consists of the following: 1. Drive Machine and Gear Reducer. 2.
The Step Drive System.
3.
The Handrail Drive System.
The Drive Machine used to drive the pinion gear or the main drive chain may directly or indirectly drive the Handrail Drive System. 1. Drive Machine The drive machine as well as the gear reducer used to provides the force to drive the step band at a constant speed. The main drive gear assembly may be a single-stage type gear reducer. It is an enclosed, mechanical device that takes the drive motor torque and transmits this torque to the bull gear through a gearbox shaft (pinion) or the main drive chain. Besides, the gear reducer assembly contains a steel worm gear that is coupled or directly sleeved onto the motor shaft and it meshes with the pinion (bronze) gear. Figure 4.3.2.7a Drive machine of an escalator
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2. Step Drive System The step motion is accomplished by a direct step assembly connection to the step chains. Two-step chains; one for each side of the escalator are straightly coupled to the main drive axle, the bull gear shaft, through the step chain sprockets. A loop for the length of the truss is formed from the step chain sprockets at the upper end down to the tension carriage gear or turnaround at the lower end or the lower reversing station.
Figure 4.3.2.7b Step drive system inside the escalator
Step Chain Step
Figure 4.3.2.7c Step drive system diagram
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Main Drive Axle
Bull Gear
3. Handrail Drive System The handrail drive moves the handrail along the handrail tracking system through traction on the Vshaped handrail underside. The handrail drives consists of the following: 1.
The handrail drive and idler sheaves.
2.
Handrail drive sprockets.
3.
Handrail drive chains.
4.
Handrail Take-Up Devices.
5.
The Handrail Support Rollers.
Handrail Drive Middle Sprocket Main Drive Sprocket Main Drive Chain Handrail Take-up Device
Handrail Drive Chain Handrail Drive Chain Tension Adjust
Adjust Handrail Tension by Pushing The Tension Rollers
Tension Carriage
Step Chain
Figure 4.3.2.7d Handrail drive system diagram
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4.3.2.8 Electrical and Control System 1. Escalator Motor The escalator motor is typically an AC direct-on-line flange mounted unit, directly and/or flexibly coupled to the reduction gear. It is always protected by thermal and electro-magnetic overload devices together with thermistors in the motor winding. The motor operation is controlled by the main controller.
Figure 4.3.2.8a Escalator motor 2. Main Controller The main controller will use a soft start controller or a variable frequency drive along with a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) to control and monitor the status of the escalator. The PLC are capable of communicating via an Ethernet to permit remote monitoring of the system. Modern escalator controllers incorporate an electronic fault diagnostic system. The escalator controller and fault diagnostic system include a text display to allow immediate identification of the cause of a shutdown. Operation of the fault diagnostic system is possible at the display point by the use of menus and keypads adjacent to or contained as part of the display system. The standard main controller will include the following basic components: Control Transformer Cooling Fan
Panel Disconnect
Power Circuit Fuses 3 Phase
Soft Start Controller Control Circuit Fuses
Brake Chopper
Main Contactor
Overload Relay
Figure 4.3.2.8b Components of escalator main controller Page | 70
3. Main Electrical & Control Cabinet The Main Disconnect Switch, motor protection and control devices are installed in an electrical cabinet positioned in the upper machinery well-way of the escalator. It will correspond to NEMA 3, ANSI/ASME standards by the escalator manufacturer comprising a steel enclosure with all required relays, automatic circuit breaker, and terminals completely wired for the escalator control. Fault annunciation is delivered to identify activation of specific escalator safety devices.
Figure 4.3.2.8c Electrical and control cabinet of an escalator
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4.3.2.9 Safety Device An Emergency Stop Button is provided at both the upper and lower landing of the escalator. This covered button allows anyone to stop the escalator immediately in the event of an emergency. Lifting the cover of the emergency stop button will cause an alarm to sound for five minutes or until the escalator is restarted. Pressing the button will stop the escalator immediately. The escalator can be restarted after releasing the button by using the normal start-up procedure. Besides, there are also some signboard and stickers around the escalator to warn users about the safety issues.
Figure 4.3.2.9a Emergency stop button on the escalator
Figure 4.3.2.9b Signboard that reminds the DONTS to users
Figure 4.3.2.9c Sign sticker that warn users to stand within the yellow line
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4.4 UBBL Requirements According to UBBL 1984, Section 124 For all non-residential buildings more than 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.
Section 151-155 1. The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from then fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually. 2. If main power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open. 3. The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman’s switch. 4. Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to car calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154. 5. In the event of mains power failure, all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor and operate under emergency power as described under paragraph 2-4.
Section 243 1. In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 meters above the fire appliance access level fire lifts shall be provide. 2. The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a separate lobby. 3. Fire lifts shall be provided at the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts are not located more than 61 meters travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor.
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4.5 Conclusion The elevators in Summit Shopping Complex have met all the requirements stated in the UBBL. All the elevators are strategically located near the exits at the ground floor. During fire emergencies, all elevators will stop at ground floor and passengers can exit the building conveniently to the gathering location. This is to ensure the elevators go according to the requirements of UBBL Section 154. There are several fire lifts in total and they are all located nearby each other. Besides, all the fire lifts fulfilled the requirement of having smoke detectors at the life lobbies. The fire lifts, which are set in every group of elevators have fulfilled the requirement of UBBL Section 243. Furthermore, the escalator are also safe in a way where they have all the standard safety features with additional impact sensor at the skirting. The method of placing the escalator and the circulation around is a clever method to attract customers to the complex. There are several difficult requirements that have to be satisfied by any passenger transportation system, but the first one is safety. Potential dangers to passengers in buildings involve falling, crushing, getting trapped, and many other possibilities. People must be protected not only from equipment malfunctions and other accidents with external causes, but also from the unintended consequences of their own actions, whether due to carelessness, or deliberate misuse.
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5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
5.1 Introduction Mechanical Ventilation system is defined as the process of changing air in an enclosed space. Air Conditioning system is defined as the control of humidity, temperature, air movement, air cleanliness and heat radiation with mechanical means, to achieve human thermal comfort. Both of the systems are embodied as one. The components of the air-conditioning system will be studied according to the following sequence:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Cooling tower Chilled water system Air-handling unit (AHU) Supply air diffusers Return air grilles Ductwork Piping system
5.1.1 Functions of mechanical ventilation system 1. Expel stale air containing water vapor, carbon dioxide, airborne chemicals and other pollutants 2. Draw in outside air, which presumable contains fewer pollutants and less water vapor 3. Distribute/circulate the outside air throughout the house
5.1.2 Functions of air-conditioning system 1. Equipment to generate cooling 2. A means of distributing cooling and filtered ventilation air where needed 3. Devices that deliver cooling and fresh air into the building
UBBL requirements and related regulations have been set to ensure the quality of air being provided via the air-conditioning system. Therefore, the mechanical ventilation system and the air-conditioning system will be studied in accordance with the UBBL requirement and related requirements.
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5.2 Literature Review Mechanical Ventilation system is an important system that every building must have. As it is a process of changing air in an enclosed space. Indoor air of a building is withdrawn and replaced by fresh air continuously through the system. Fresh air is supplied by clean external source. Therefore, the users of the building could inhale fresh air continuously. Air-conditioning system is one of the method of the mechanical ventilation system. It could control the temperature, humidity, air cleanliness and air movement. In other word, it is a system that can provide fresh air for a building consistently. The quality of the air of a building is also ensured through the air-conditioning system. Summit was chosen as our case study building. It is a commercial building, therefore it requires a large amount of cooling load. This is to meet the thermal comfort of the users in the building. Therefore, airconditioning system is implemented in the building to meet the thermal comfort of the users as well as providing good quality of fresh air for the interior.
5.2.1 Types of Air-Conditioning System 1. Room air-conditioner (window unit) 2. Split unit air-conditioning system 3. Packaged unit air conditioning system 4. Centralized/plant air-conditioning system
5.2.2 Chillers & Compressors There are two types of chillers, which are air-cooled and water cooled. Air is a poor conductor of heat compared to water. Therefore, air-cooled chillers comes in larger size and is less efficient. Air cooled chillers are normally located outside the building and rejects heat directly to the atmosphere. Water cooled chillers are normally located within the building and uses cooling towers which are located outside of the building to reject the heat. Large building normally uses water chilled system. In such a system, the entire refrigeration cycle occurs in a chiller. An electrically driven water chiller uses the same vapor-compression refrigeration as a DX system. But instead of cooling air, it chills water which is pumped to the air handling units. Types of Compressors
1. 2. 3. 4.
Reciprocating Compressors Scroll Compressors Screw Compressors Centrifugal Compressors
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5.2.3 Cooling Towers A cooling tower is a heat rejection device. It is installed at the outside of the building, through which condenser water is circulated. Refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is condensed in a refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger. Heat rejected from the refrigerant increases the temperature of the condenser water. Therefore, it must be cooled in order for the cycle to be carried on. The condenser water is piped to the cooling tower where heat from the water is being removed through evaporative cooling and added to the outside air. The cooled condenser water is then circulated back to the condenser of the chiller. Types of Cooling Towers
1. Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower 2. Natural Draft Cooling Tower
Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower Forced Draft Tower
Figure 5.2.3a Forced Draft Tower Air is "pushed" through the tower from an inlet to an exhaust in forced draft cooling towers. It is a blowthrough arrangement, where a blower type fan at the intake forces air through the tower.
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Induced Draft Tower
Figure 5.2.3b Induced Draft Tower A second type of tower, induced draft has a fan in the wet air stream. It is to withdraw air through the fill. The fan which pulls air through tower is located at the discharge end.
Natural Draft Cooling Tower
Figure 5.2.3c Natural Draft Tower Natural draft tower doesn’t uses mechanical system to create airflow. It uses the buoyancy of the exhaust air rising in a tall chimney to provide the draft. Warm, moist air naturally rises due to the density differential to the dry, cooler outside air.
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5.2.4 Air Handling Units & Fan Coil Units In order to maintain the environmental requirements, an air handling unit provides conditioned air to the space. It supplies constant airflow, drawing air from the outsides, controls temperature, filters pollutants and delivers fresh air into the distribution system. It is made up of a few of components. There are also different types of AHU. Types of AHU
1. Central system 2. Unitary equipment - Roof Top Unit - Make-Up Air and Recirculating Units - Fan Coil Unit - Induction Unit
5.2.5 HVAC control system HVAC control system, from the simplest room thermostat to the most complicated computerized control, has four basic elements. 1. Sensors 2. Controllers 3. Controlled devices - Controller receives input from sensor, processes the input and then produces intelligent output signal for controlled device. 4. Source of energy - Source of energy is needed to power the control system. Control systems use either a pneumatic or electric power supply.
5.2.5.1 Types of Sensors 1. Analog Sensors are used to oversee continuously changing conditions. The analog sensor provides the controller with a varying signal. 2. Digital sensors are used to provide two position open or closed signal such as a pump that is on or off. The digital sensor provides the controller with a discrete signal such as open or closed contacts. 5.2.5.2 Controllers Types 1.
Temperature Controllers.
2.
Relative Humidity Controllers.
3.
Enthalpy Controllers.
4.
Universal Controllers.
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5.2.6 The importance of Mechanical Ventilation System 1. Preservation of O2 content – this should be maintained at approximately removal of CO2 2. Control of humidity for human comfort 3. Prevention of heat concentrations from machinery, lighting and people 4. Prevention of condensation 5. Dispersal of concentrations of bacteria 6. Dilution and disposal of contaminants such as smoke, dust gases and body odors 7. Provisions of freshness 8. As an alternative to the unreliable natural systems.
5.2.7 Types of Mechanical Ventilation System 1. Spot Ventilation - Supply - Extract - Balance / Combination 2. Energy – Recovery Ventilation System
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5.3 Case Study 5.3.1 Introduction The Summit USJ is a commercial building located at USJ. Due to the size of the building, it needs a central air-conditioning system to provide thermal comfort for the users in the building as well as ensuring the quality of the air in the building. The central air-conditioning system is an appropriate system for commercial buildings because it is very efficient in providing cool air. The system works by distributing cool air to all areas via a duct system, then to a complex plan of diffusers from the AHU. The temperature of the building could be controlled in the AHU room.
5.3.2 Cooling Tower A cooling tower is a heat rejection device, installed outside of the building envelope, through which condenser water is circulated. Refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is condensed in a refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger. Heat rejected from the refrigerant increases the temperature of the condenser water, which must be cooled to permit the cycle to continue. The condenser water is circulated to the cooling tower where evaporative cooling causes heat to be removed from the water and added to the outside air. The cooled condenser water is then piped back to the condenser of the chiller.
Figure 5.3.2a Cooling Tower located at the rooftop of Summit USJ Page | 81
Figure 5.3.2b Cooling Tower Components
The type of cooling tower used in Summit USJ is the packaged cooling tower. It could be considered as one of the mechanical draft cooling towers. Due to the limited capacity of the packaged cooling tower, it is only used for buildings with low heat rejection requirements. The cooling rates of mechanical draft cooling towers relies on their fan diameter and speed of operation and can be adjusted based on the needs of the building. In this type of cooling towers, the condensed water is pumped from the chiller room to the top of the cooling tower and falls downward over the fill. The air is then introduced at the side either on one side (single-flow tower) or opposite sides (double-flow tower). An induced draft fan draws the atmosphere air across the wetted fill and expels the hot air through the top of the structure. The basin at the bottom of the cooling tower collects all the cooled water and transfers it back to the chiller room.
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5.3.3 Chillers & Chilled water pump Summit USJ is using the water cooled chillers, whereby heat is transferred via cool water from chiller plant, AHU and the cooling tower. Water cooled chillers is usually used by buildings that are larger in size as it is very efficient and the size of it is smaller, therefore, requires a little amount of space. Due to the noises that are being created by the chillers during operation and may disturb the users in the building, therefore it is located at the top floor of the building. The chillers are connected to AHU to circulate the chilled water, and also to the cooling towers which are located at the roof to circulate the condensed water. The circulation for both chilled water and condensed water are supported by respective pumps to maximize efficiency and thus can run simultaneously. Chilled water system uses chilled water to transport heat energy between the refrigerants and the AHU room. The warm refrigerant that has been sent back from the AHU is cooled by the chilled water from the cooling tower. The chilled water is then transferred back to the cooling tower as it has gained heat during the cooling process and needs to be cooled again. It is a cycle and repeats again and again. Besides, the condensing water acts just like the cooling tower to cool the mechanical equipment in chiller room. There is two types of pump in the chilled water system, which is the condenser pump (to be studied later) and chilled water pump. The chilled water pump is used to pump the chilled water to AHU room and to return the warm chilled water to the chiller so that it could be chilled again.
Figure 5.3.3a Chilled water are being sent back from the AHU through the blue color chiller pipe
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Figure 5.3.3b Chilled water are being sent to the AHU through the green color chiller pipe
Figure 5.3.3c Chiller system
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5.3.4 Evaporator
Figure 5.3.4 The evaporator is located beside the condenser which is black in color The evaporator is the heat exchanger where the heat is removed from the system. It is removed through the boiling of the refrigerant in the evaporator. Refrigerant flows over evaporator tube bundle and evaporates, removing heat energy from the water. Therefore, the water is being chilled and circulates back to the AHU. However, this process causes the refrigerant vapor to be drawn out of the evaporator by a compressor.
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5.3.5 Compressor The compressor will then draw the refrigerant vapor into it. The converse of this low pressure and low temperature gaseous refrigerant into high pressure, high-temperature gas is needed to be done by a compressor. After that, the increment of the pressure and the temperature of the vapor to a level that is required which is typically 98℉ will compress the vapor. Then, it flows into the condenser.
5.3.6 Condenser & Condenser Pump The condenser is a heat exchanger where the precipitation of refrigerant gas takes place, releasing its heat to the atmosphere. The hot refrigerant gas is being cooled by the cool water from the cooling tower. The hot gas in the condenser is then condensed and turns back into liquid state. Then, it is being transferred to the evaporator. In the same time, the heat was transferred to the cold water and turns it to become hot water and is piped back to the cooling tower to be cooled. Hot condensed water is being channeled by the condenser pump to the cooling tower and cold condensed water is being returned back into the condenser.
Figure 5.3.6a Condenser located next to the evaporator which is in light green color
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Figure 5.3.6b Condenser pump are located behind the blue color chilled water pump 5.3.7 Refrigerant The type of refrigerant used in the chiller is known as R-134a (Tetrafluoroethane). It is a haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane), but with less ozone depletion potential. R-134a has the formula CH2FCF3.
Figure 5.3.7a&b Refrigerant that is used
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5.3.8 Control Panel All of the processes can be adjusted manually by the technicians in the chiller plant room through the control panel. The pressure and temperatures of each chiller are also indicated by the control panel.
Figure 5.3.8a Air-conditioning switchboard for Summit USJ
Figure 5.3.8b Air-conditioning switchboard for Summit USJ
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5.3.9 Air-Handling Unit (AHU) During the site visit, we weren’t being brought to the AHU room. But, we were told that the AHU room could be found in every floor of Summit USJ. More than 1 AHU were needed as the building is large in size. Then, fresh air is to be mixed with the air extracted from the mall when it passes through the cooling coils and then supplies the mixed air to the shopping mall. AHU is a constant airflow system. The temperature of airflow will not fluctuate and the cool air at the specific temperature is being provided. The control panel that can be found in the AHU room could adjust the temperature. The temperature is uniform throughout the whole building because it’s a central airconditioning system. Therefore, the temperature for the whole building is uniform and couldn’t be adjusted for individual spaces. The AHU are all located in rooms that are specifically designed for it. This is to protect AHU and other components in it from unwanted forces. The room for it protects the components within it.
Figure 5.3.9 Air Handling Unit
5.3.10 Air Filter The air that is being returned from the shopping mall enters the air grilles and later being sent to the air ionizer before to the air filter. Charged electrical surfaces is being used by the ionizer to generate electrically charged air. This is to remove the dirty, impurities and unwanted contaminations that is in the air. The air quality is being improved by doing so. The air moves to the air filter before the cooling coil to ensure the cleanliness of the air after the air passes the air ionizer. 5.3.11 Fan Two types of fan could be found in the AHU room, which is the fan that blows air to go through cooling coil and a supply fan that blows the air into the supply duct.
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5.3.12 Cooling Coil Cooling coil is made up with copper pipes. As it is being coiled up, therefore, surface are is increased to maximize the heat transfer within the air. When contacting with cooling coil, the heat is removed from the mixed air. The cooling coil attaches to the chilled water pipe which is transferred from the chiller plant via a blue pipe. This is to cool down the mixed air.
5.3.13 Mixing Box The mixing box is where the mixing of the cool air with the fresh air occurs. The damper is controlled by the ratio of recycled air and fresh air. When more than 500pm carbon dioxide in the return air from the shopping mall is being detected by the sensor, the system will be activated automatically and intakes fresh air from the exterior of the building so that the air in the building could always stay fresh.
5.3.14 Diffusers 5.3.14.1 Supply air diffusers Diffusers are being used to distribute the air into the spaces of Summit USJ. It doesn’t require any generation of power and the efficiency of the entire air-conditioning system is improved by dividing the distribution of air from AHU. Diffusers provide a comfortable environment for the users by constantly removing heat and providing refreshed cool air. In Summit USJ, there are 2 main types of diffusers being applied which are round diffuser and linear slot diffuser. Most of the diffusers are being mounted on ceiling of the shopping mall. The number of diffusers for each floor relies on the area that needs to be covered with air-conditions.
Figure 5.3.14.1 Supply air diffuser Page | 90
5.3.14.2 Return air grilles Return air grille functions as a carrier of the air back to the specific area in the AHU room. The return air grille is being covered with grillwork. This is to cover up the duct behind it. It is also preventing big objects from entering the duct and damaging the AHU. The filter that is behind the grille is used to trap pollutants to maintain the air quality. The return air grilles are also placed at the ceiling of Summit USJ. A fan behind the grille extracts out warm air from the space. The return air grilles are larger than the diffusers, but lesser in numbers.
Figure 5.3.14.2 Return Air Grille
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5.3.15 Duct System Duct system functions as a carrier of the cooled air from AHU into the spaces of the Summit via a diffuser. The duct that is being used for this building is made of galvanized steel. Reason being is because that the material itself has good insulation qualities. This is to make sure that the air remains cool when it is being transferred into the diffuser. A blower or fan is also installed within the duct system to assist the circulation of the air.
Figure 5.3.15 Duct system connecting to one of the diffusers
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5.3.16 Split Unit Air-Conditioning System The split unit air-conditioning system is being used in the basement. It is being used to cool the spaces where people uses it to enter the shopping mall through escalator. Split unit air-conditioning system consist of two units, which is outdoor unit (condenser) and indoor unit (evaporator/AHU) connected by copper tubing. There are few types of split unit air-conditioning system. The type that is being used in Summit USJ would be the ductless split unit (without outside air). It doesn’t supply fresh air to renew the existing indoor air. Therefore, the existing indoor air is recycled and recirculated.
Figure 5.3.16 The condenser of split unit air-conditioning system
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5.3.17 Mechanical Ventilation Spot Ventilation – Balance / Combination System is being used in the basement car park of Summit USJ. This type of ventilation supplies fresh air and extracts stale air using fan. Slight pressurization of the air inside the building is achieved by using an extract fan smaller than inlet fan. It is to prevent dust, draughts and noise. It can supply fresh air and pick up stale air from a multiple point.
Figure 5.3.17a Diagram showing how spot ventilation – balance / combination system works
Figure 5.3.17b Basement car park duct system Page | 94
5.4 Regulations 5.4.1 UBBL ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 SPACE, LIGHT AND VENTILATION Section 41 1. Where the permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and height of rooms may be waived at the discretion of local authority. 2. Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified here in after shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning. 4. Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained with accordance with the requirement of the Third Schedule to the By-Laws. The provision of the By-Laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water closets, bathrooms and corridors.
5.4.2 MS1525 Indoor design Conditions Section 13a At normal comfort room temperature (23 to 26째c), the acceptable air velocity would be in the region of 0.15 to 0.5m/s. The indoor design conditions of an air-conditioned space for comfort cooling is recommended to have dry bulb of 23 to 26째c. The recommended design relative humidity is 55-70%. The recommended air movement is 0.15 to 0.5m/s. According to Department of Malaysian Standards, the maximum air movement is 0.7m/s. Separate air distribution system Zones which are expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year shall be served by independent air conditioning systems. Off-hour Control ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or alternative use of the spaces served by the system.
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Temperature Control Each system should be provided with at least one thermostat for the regulation of temperature. Each thermostat should be capable of being set by adjustment or selection of sensors over a minimum range of between 22째c to 27째c.
5.4.3 Analysis Summit USJ complies with the regulations that are set by different government bodies. The building complies with thermal control requirements stated in MS1525. Dry bulb temperature is constantly set at 25째c to fulfil the requirement, as well as for the comfort of mall user. Besides, Summit USJ also operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year by using the air distribution system. Summit USJ only schedules to open during the office hours. The ACMV system automatically shuts down after office hours to prevent wastage of energy. The building also has a thermostat to measure the temperature of the building. This is to ensure the temperature is always at an average of 24째c.
5.5 Conclusion In conclusion, using a centralized air-conditioning system is the best option for Summit USJ, because of the size of the commercial building. The components of the air-conditioning system such as AHU, chiller plant and cooling tower were placed at appropriate levels. This helps the system to run smoothly and save great amount of energy at the same time. Besides, the positioning of these components also prevents the user of the building from getting disturbed. The building complies with the regulations that were set by different bodies. This has contributed to the comfort and efficiency of the air-conditioning system within the building. The appropriate application of the air-conditioning system in this mall helps to achieve the best mechanical ventilation in terms of the size of the building.
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6.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Malaysia’s main electricity supply Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) supplies households and industry with electricity generated from six thermal stations and three major hydroelectric schemes in Malaysia. It is the largest electric utility company in Malaysia and the largest power company in Southeast Asia. TNB’s main businesses are in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. It also manages and operates the National Grid which links TNB power stations and IPPs to the distribution network. 6.1.2 Act, Regulation and Code The electricity supply and installation practice in Peninsular Malaysia are governed by Electricity Supply Act 1990- Act 447, Licensee Supply, Regulations 1990, Electricity Regulations 1994, Occupational, Safety & Health Act 1994, Malaysian Standard MS IEC 60364 Electrical Installation of Building
Figure 6.1.2a shows that sources to generate electricity in Malaysia
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6.2 Literature Review Electrical supply system is a complicated system, from its placement to the maintenance of each component. The system can be divided into off-site power system and on-site power system. Power sources such as transformers, auxiliary power supply, cables and gen-set are including in the on-site power system. The off-site power system consists of the grid, generators, transmission and distribution systems. Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) supplies electricity and distributed to the High Voltage (HV) Room of the commercial building like Summit USJ. The electrical supply then distributed from HV room to Low Voltage (LV) Room. The electricity is transmitted to risers on each floor of the building. The risers then distribute electricity throughout the floors. Diesel powered Generator Set known as Gen-Set acts as an emergency power system which supply electricity for emergency uses. Modern building like Summit USJ adapts the building Automatic System (BAS). It has a main control room which controls and monitors services through a centralized system including mechanical services, fire alarm system, CCTV security system, lighting, air handling units and switchboards. Several electrical devices are used to distribute electricity throughout the building and electricity usage is measured by using electrical meters, in Kilowatt per hour. Fuses, breakers and circuit are safety devices used to prevent fire or damage of the system due to over usage. Circuit breakers functions as protective device and switch which allows electricity to pass through and ensuring to break the circuit when overload. Distribution boards receive current, which is then distributed through a branch circuit due to its safety purposes. Three different types of outlets- single, multiple and general multiple circuits that are generally use for lighting, small devices and appliances.
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6.3 Case Study
Power station
Step up Transformer
Step Down Transformer Electricity Transmission Tower -Allow the high voltage conductor separate from each other
Electricity Transmission Tower
TNB Substation- Convert high voltage electrical transmission
Commercial Building of Summit
to low voltage for usage
Diagram 6.3a Electrical System Page | 99
Diagram 6.3b Single-line diagram of a typical building electrical distribution system.
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Diagram 6.3c Typical building electrical power system
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6.3.1 TNB Substation An electrical substation is a combination of electrical components including switchgear, step down transformer, auxiliaries, busbar. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched off during normal operation by manual command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short circuit. A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers electric power via the outgoing transmission lines. During the site visit to the Summit Mall, we were not allowed to go inside the Substation. According to OSHA 1026.966(e)(3), only authorized electrical technicians are allowed to enter the substation. To prevent illegal access, the substation is protected with wall and entrance is locked as mentioned in OSHA 1926.966(e)(5) and OSHA 1926.966 (e)(2).
Figure 6.3.1a Substation
Figure 6.3.1b Transformer
6.3.1.1Transformer A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. It functions to increase or decrease the input voltage in a system. Transformer can be classified into step-up and step down, oil-based and dry type. The transformer is usually found in the substation located at the ground floor of the building. This is to allow sufficient ventilation to cool down the transformer inside. We assume the type of transformer in Summit USJ is a dry type, air filled transformer. It is a step-down transformer as smaller voltage is required. Only authorized personnel is allowed to access the room due to safety purpose
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6.3.2 High Tension (HT) Room HT Room is located on the ground floor for easy access area for TNB. Switch gear inside in charge of regulating the flow of electricity in the whole electrical system of the building. It is well ventilated and protected with a wire screen enclosure and danger signs to warn people from entering the electrical room. High-tension switch room during the site visit, we were not allowed to go inside because it is dangerous. We can only view the room and take photo from the outside. Figure 6.3.2a shows the exterior of HT Room
6.3.3 Low Voltage (LV) Room Low voltage room is located at the ground floor and it functions as electrical protection for over voltage and under voltage protection, safe isolation from live parts, local or remote switching. Circuit breakers such as thermal magnetic devices, residual current operated tripping devices are installed for the low voltage electrical protection. Aluminum Louvered windows are fixed to allow free air circulation to cool the electrical devices inside the LV room. The warning sign is placed in front of the entrance and the sign LV room is stated on the wall. Electrical circuits of LV installations must be defined according to national and international standards. The capabilities and limitations of the various switching devices which are collectively referred to as switchgear. Electrical protection at low voltage is incorporated in circuit breakers in the form of thermal-magnetic devices or/and residual-current operated tripping devices (less common, residual voltage-operated devicesacceptable to, but not recommended by IEC)
Figure 6.3.3a LV room Page | 103
Figure 6.3.3b switch panels
6.3.3.1 Switchboards and Switchgear Switchboard is a large, free-standing assembly of switches, fuses, circuit breakers, which normally provide switching and overcurrent protection to a number of circuits connected to a single source. Metering and instruments are also often included. It serves to distribute, with adequate protection, bulk power into smaller ‘packages’ The functions of switchgear are: - Electrical protection -
Safe isolation from live parts
-
Local or remote switching Summary of Different Functions
Electrical protection against
Isolation
Control
-Short-circuit currents -Overload currents -Insulation failure
-Isolation clearly indicated by an authorizes fail-proof mechanical indicator - A gap or interposed insulating barrier between the open contacts, clearly visible
-Emergency Stopping -Functional switching -Emergency switching -Switching off for mechanical maintenance
Table 6.3.3.1a In addition to functions shown in Table, other functions are: -Under-voltage protection -Over-voltage protection These functions are provided by specific devices such as relays associated with contactors, remotely controlled circuit-breakers, and with combined circuit-breaker/ isolators, lightning and various other types of voltagesurge arrester and so on.
Figure 6.3.3.1b Switchgear Page | 104
Figure 6.3.3.1c
Switchboard
6.3.4 Building Control System Room Building Control Room is an automation system that enables the maintenance personnel to observe and control the whole electrical supply system and other systems. Examples of the controlled systems are mechanical services, electrical services, fire alarm system and other systems. Furthermore, the Control room helps in saving 10-40 % of the operational cost in terms of controlling the energy usage of the building if the systems are proper managed. For the site visit in Summit commercial building, we were not allowed to enter the Building Control System Room because of safety and security purposes. To show the example of the Building Control System Room, there are photos of the Control Room taken in Perbadanan Putrajaya.
Figure 6.3.4a Control room interior
Figure 6.3.4b Computer showing different systems
6.3.5 Main Distribution Room The MDF Room consists of Main Distribution Frames. These signal distribution frames used in telephony to interconnect and manage telecommunication wiring between itself and any number of intermediate distribution frames and cabling from the telephony network.
Figure 6.3.5a Main Distribution Frames room Page | 105
Figure 6.3.5b interior of the MDF
6.3.6 Emergency Power System Emergency systems are intended to supply electric power to equipment essential for human safety, prevent property and financial loss upon interruption of the normal power supply. The power supplied during emergency is for illumination in area of assembly to permit safe exiting, prevent panic and other vital functions including fire detection, alarm systems, elevators, fire pumps, public address, communication systems, orderly shutdown and maintenance of hazardous processes. 6.3.6.1 Gen Set Room This room is used for placing the Diesel engine-generator sets. Self-contained lighting is installed to facilitate exit lighting, exits signs and emergency lighting. The gen-set is oriented so that the hot radiator cooling air vented through an outside wall flows in the same direction as prevailing winds. A solid masonry wind and noise barrier not less than 1.8metres from the radiator air outlet is recommended, as well as an elevated exhaust pipe outlet. National Electrical Code (NEC) 6.5.1.3 states that instruction should be provided of the way to operate the generator when is not functioning automatically. The room must enable spaces for at least 2 people to pass one another to carry out service duties with enclosure open door. NEC 2.7.3.1 states that self-contained lighting should be installed to facilitate exits lighting, emergency lighting and exit sign.
Air outlet Duct
Vibration Isolators
Concrete Base Diagram 6.3.6.1a
Image source: http://www.kohlerpower.com/industrial/detail.htm?sectionNumber=13261&categoryNumber=11961&filte r_1=50%20Hz&prodnum=21536202 Page | 106
6.3.6.1.1 Gen-set The gen-set has mainly 3 components- a fuel system, the set itself and exhausts facilities.
The Used of Engine-Generator sets Advantages
Disadvantages
Unlimited kVA capacity, duration of power limited only by the size of the fuel tank
Noise, vibration, the nuisance of exhaust piping, the need for constant maintenance and regular testing,
Indefinite life if properly maintained
Difficulties with fuel storage
6.3.6.1.2 Items and Equipment in a Gen-Set Room Items and equipment must be placed not to block the air ventilation for the Gen-set. The gen-set is quite large and must be oriented so that the hot radiator cooling air vented through an outside wall flows in the same direction as prevailing winds. Recommended distance between the radiator air outlet and a solid masonry wind and noise barrier is at least 1.8metres.
Figure 6.3.6.1.1a Ventilation system for Gen-set
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Figure 6.3.6.1.2a
Figure 6.3.6.1.2b
Diesel barrels
Gas storage
Figure 6.3.6.1.1b Gen-Set
Figure 6.3.6.1.2c Diesel storage for gen-set
6.3.7 Electrical Riser Room They are used to house the vertical sub main cables that carry electricity supplies to the upper floors of the commercial building. It supplies electricity to the plants and machineries at the roof top such as the chiller plants, cooling towers or the lift motor rooms Electrical riser are important efficient operation of an electrical installation in a multi storey building and high rise building. The vertical rising mains the supply the lateral distributions on individual floors are installed in the concrete vertical ducts. Riser Rooms stacked straight up from the lowest floor to the highest building floor to minimize the length of the electrical cables. Minimize the cable length not only reduce the voltage drop but also cost effective.
Figure 6.3.7a Electrical riser upper floor
Figure 6.3.7b Electrical riser connect to Electrical riser entrance
Figure 6.3.7c
6.3.7.1 Distribution Board It can be called as panel board or breaker panel, functions as to divide electrical power fed into subsidiary circuits. Each circuit is accompanied by a protective fuse or circuit breaker in a common enclosure as protective features. The placement of a distribution board depends on the specific type, number and the availability of space. The board is placed not exceeding 30 meters to the circuit to limit the voltage drop on the brunch circuit in accordance with code requirements.
Figure 6.3.7.1a Distribution Board Page | 108
6.3.8 Electrical Services Electrical services can be divided into two types- Overhead Service and Underground Service. Service from a building may be run overhead or underground depending upon many factors such as length of the service run, type of terrain, service voltage, maintenance and service reliability, importance of appearance and so on. 6.3.8.1 Overhead Service The Summit Mall is using overhead electric lines because it is low cost and common type of electrical service in Malaysia. During the site visit to the mall, we saw the services were exposed because the mall was under renovation. Besides that, overhead lines are easily maintained and repaired. Faults are easily located and service continuity with overhead lines is generally acceptable. To overcome the unattractiveness of overhead service, plaster ceiling can be used to cover the cables, clutters and other electrical components. 6.3.8.2 Underground Service The advantages of underground electric service are attractiveness, service reliability, and long life. It has no physical and visual clutter overhead. The disadvantage of underground service is high cost. Utilities frequently use direct burial techniques that, by eliminating a raceway, reduce costs considerably. Underground service is preferable in area with severe weather conditions, called heavy loading areas, where combinations of snow, wind and ice increase the possibility of outages on overhead lines.
Figure 6.3.8.2a & Figure 6.3.8.2b
Examples of Overhead Service
6.4 UBBL Requirement- Emergency Power System 253(1) Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the event of accident to elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential for safety to life and property. Page | 109
253(2) Emergency power systems shall provide power for smoke control systems, illumination, fire alarm systems, fire pumps, public address systems, fire lifts and other emergency systems. 253(3) Emergency systems shall have adequate capacity and rating for the emergency operation of all equipment connected to the system including the simultaneous operation of all fire lifts and one other lift. 253(4) All wiring for emergency systems shall be in metal conduit or of fire resisting mineral insulated cables, laid along areas of least fire risk. 253(5) Current supply shall be such that in the event of failure of the normal supply to or within the building or group of buildings concerned, the emergency lighting or emergency power, or both emergency lighting and power will be available within 10 seconds of the interruption of the normal supply. The supply system for emergency purposes shall comprise one or more of the following approved types: 253(5a) Storage Battery Storage battery of suitable rating and capacity to supply and maintain at not less than 87.5 percent of the system voltage the total load of the circuits supplying emergency lighting and emergency power for a period of at least 1.5 hours; 253(5b) Generator set A generator set driven by some form of prime mover and of sufficient capacity and proper rating to supply circuit carrying emergency lighting or lighting and power with suitable means for automatically starting the prime mover on failure of the normal service
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6.5 Electrical Regulation P.U(A) 38/94 Electricity Regulation 1994 Electricity Supply Act 1997 Act 447 Regulation 15- Apparatus, conductors, accessory etc. Any conductors or apparatus that is exposed to weather, water, corrosion, under heating or used in inflammable surroundings or in explosive atmosphere shall be constructed or protected in such a manner to prevent danger. Regulation 16- Switch fuse, fuse switch, circuit breakers, contactors, fuse, etc. (3) a) Fuse or circuit breakers shall be: A0 constructed and arranged in such a manner so as to break the current when it exceeds a given value for such a sufficient time to prevent danger. b) Constructed guarded or place in a manner as to prevent danger of overheating, arcing or from scattering of hot metal or other substances.
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6.6 Space Requirements for Electrical Room Building service equipment and the associated personnel must have an advocate early in the design process. It is far easier and less expensive to plan for adequate space and access in the design phase than to compromise on unit size and retrofit equipment to fit in cramped areas, which are difficult to access. A properly designed power system space will provide expected performance and reduce maintenance costs. 6.6.1 Basic Room Requirements Minimum requirements set for the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in the National Electric Code (NEC) are that a person must be able to complete service duties with enclosure doors open and for two people to pass one another. If maintenance must be done at the rear of the cabinet, similar access space must be available. The NEC also requires 3 to 4’ (1m to 1.3m) of aisle space between live electrical components of 600 volts or less, depending on whether live components are on one or both sides of the aisle. Installations over 600 volts require even wider aisle space, from 3’ (1m) to as much as 12’ (4m) for voltages above 75kV. Service rooms with 1,200 amps or more require two exits in case of fire or arcing. Because transformers vary, make sure minimum wall clearances are met as specified by the manufacturer. Specific rules and exceptions are spelled out by the NFPA in its recently revised NEC rules. 6.6.2 Genset Space Needs Caterpillar suggests floor space between an engine and parallel wall space or another genset should not be less than the width of the engine. There should be enough space overhead to allow convenient removal of cylinder heads, manifolds, exhaust piping, and any other equipment for service. Consider specifying enough room for a chain hoist or overhead crane. Space fore and aft of the engine should allow camshaft removal. Batteries to start gensets should be kept as near as possible to the engine to avoid long energy robbing cables. The fuel tank should be located near gensets to prevent long fuel line runs which can tax fuel pumps. Access to this equipment for service must also be considered in the design phase. 6.6.3 Switchgear Considerations Controls and switchgear are best housed in a separate air-conditioned room next to the genset with a window into the engine room. Switchgear that can’t be placed in a separate room should be located to take advantage of incoming air to cool the switchgear. Consider Remote Options Many times, building demands for emergency power increase so dramatically that the standby facility outgrows the space it was originally allocated. Consider the following remote options: • 6.6.3.1 Remote radiators Radiators mounted on rooftops or inconspicuously at ground level outside can open up floor space and help lower room temperature when gensets are in operation. NOTE: recommend remote radiators as a last resort. Increasing the complexity of your design and adding components to the system inherently affects its reliability. The complexity of new Tier III and IV e
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6.6.3.2 Remote switchgear Switchgear placed in another service area near the genset room opens floor space and helps keep operators out of high decibel areas when gensets are in operation and protects delicate electronics from the heat and vibration associated with these machines. • Stand alone packages. Here, the total genset installation is moved to a separate building or a standalone pre-package genset is utilized. Self-contained units can be equipped with removable wall and/or roof sections that allow for genset maintenance and repairs.
6.7 Size of Different Electrical Room Electrical Room
Minimum Sizes Requirement (mm) (Width X Depth X Height)
TNB Substation
6000 X 5000 X 4000
LV Switch Room
8500 X 9000 X 4000
HT Room
6000 X 5000 X 4000
Genset Room
6500 X 9000 X 5000
Electrical Riser
2500 X 1000
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6.8 Short Forms TNB
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
LV
Low Voltage
MV
Medium Voltage
HV
High Voltage
CT
Current Transformer
PT/VT
Potential Transformer / Voltage Transformer
OSHA
Occupational Safety & Health Administration
NEC
National Electric Code
IEC
International Electro technical Commission
UBBL
Uniform Building By- Laws
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6.9 Analysis 6.9.1 Overall Most of the electrical rooms in Summit USJ have complied with the Laws and Regulations requirement. It meets the minimum sizes required for the space. Now, certain parts of the mall are undergoing renovation. Refurbishment on current building services can be made to improve the efficiency of the system. Old machineries and components can be replaced and recycled. 6.9.2 Problem and Recommendation 6.9.2.1 Exposed services Exposed services will affect the aesthetic value of the commercial building, Summit USJ. The aesthetic of the building will affect the business of the building. One of the recommendations is installing a whole area of suspended plaster ceiling to cover all the pipes, cables and other services above. There is also another economic way of doing it. The whole ceiling including the duct, cables, wires and pipes painted in the same black color to hide all the services except for fire fighting service in red because of requirement purposes.
Figure 6.9.2.1 Exposed services
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6.10 Conclusion By doing this project, we could have the chance to visit the building services of Summit USJ. We managed to learn and gained knowledge about different types of services from the personnel who brought us around the building. Unfortunately, we were not allowed to visit certain parts of the building such as substation and the main control room because of safety purposes. We had to do research and assume the components inside the electrical rooms. We concluded that overall of this building is complied with the UBBL and Regulation but there also some old system need to be improve to achieve a higher efficiency.
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7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 7.1 Introduction The following chapter will cover the fire protection system of The Summit which is divided into Active Fire Protection and Passive Fire Protection. The system will be explained with the aid of photo and diagram. 7.2 Literature Review Fire, a chain reaction caused by the three factors – Oxygen, Heat and Fuel and also known as the Fire Tetrahedron. Fire can be classified into a few types: Class A Ordinary combustible such as wood, paper, fabric and other ordinary materials.
Class B Flammable liquids such as petrol, oil, diesel, paint and etc.
Class C Flammable gases such as butane, methane and etc.
Class D Flammable metals and are often specific for the type of metal in question such as sodium, titanium, magnesium and potassium
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Class E Electrically energized fires such as combustion of circuit breaker, wires, outlets, and other electrical equipment.
Most of the fires are always caused by mishandling of chemical, electrical and mechanical equipment. Fire will cause serious fire injury, respiratory tract burn, dehydration and etc. Research has found out that smoke is the main factor contributing to most of the fire deaths as it can cause the loss of oxygen. Thus, every building in Malaysia has to comply to the Uniform Building by Laws as a guidelines for fire protection system in order to get the O.C (Operation Certificate).
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7.3 Active Fire Protection 7.3.1 Active Fire Protection - Fire Detection and Alarm system Law of Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Section 225 – Detecting and Extinguishing Fire 1) Every Building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirement as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.
Figure 7.3.1a Smoke Detector The type of smoke detector used in the mall is the photoelectric type. This device is automatically activated when the smoke enter into the chamber blocked the light source that is emitting on a photoelectric-sensitive cell. Heat detector is a device that will sense the difference in ambient temperature and thermal heat caused by a heat source such as fire. It will then send out alarm signal to the Fire Alarm Panel.
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Figure 7.3.1b Heat Detector (Left), CO2 Discharge Nozzle (Right) Law of Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Section 240 – Electrical Isolating Switch 1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square meters shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served.
Figure 7.3.1c Fireman Switch Fireman Switch is a device that can be used by firefighter to cut off all the electrical equipment in case of a fire to prevent them from exploding due to the extremely high temperature. Page | 120
Law of Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Section 237 – Fire Alarms 2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square meters in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.
Figure 7.3.1d Alarm Bell, Break Glass and Fireman Switch Break glass which is also known as manual call point is a device with a thin glass that can be activated by manually breaking it, signal will be sent to the Fire Alarm Panel once it is activated. When the Break glass, smoke detector and heat detector are activated, they will not only sending out alarm signal to the Fire Alarm Panel and also trigger the alarm bell to ring. Fire alarm bell is a device that will ring once it been activated. A hitting mechanism will knock on the gong to produce the loud sound that will alert the people in the building to evacuate. Fire alarm bell come in various sizes but the most typical one is 150mm diameter.
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Law of Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Section 238 – Command and Control Centre Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a command and control center located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard. Due to the restriction that restricted us from visited the Fire Control Room, typical setting will be used to explain it. In the Fire Control Room, one will find the Fire Alarm Panel which will enable the operator to quickly identify the fire source and send out the evacuation order to the public through the public address system. Fire alarm panel also comes with mimic diagram which will show the layout of the building with LED light to indicate different building zones. The LED light will change its color when a fire has broken out at one of the zones. Next, fireman intercom can be found there too. It is used by the firefighter to communicate with the control room operator during a fire emergency. Then, Computer Monitoring System is used to monitor the fire protection system 24 hours.
Figure 7.3.1e Fireman Intercom
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7.3.2 Active Fire Protection - Fire Suppression System (Sprinkler System) Law of Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Section 228 – Sprinkler Valves 1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority. 2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
Figure 7.3.2a Sprinkler System Diagram (Bromindo.com) The above diagram shown the typical layout for sprinkler system. In a sprinkler system, a water tank is needed to supply the water for the sprinkler and it can be resupply through the water supply system or through breeching inlet in case of emergency. Then, water will flow to the water pumps which will drastically increasing the water pressure to push the water to higher level. There are three types of water pumps used – Duty, Standby and Jockey. The type of water tank used is hot dipped galvanized pressed steel which comes in parts which can be easily assembled on site and must be seated on a reinforced concrete plinth. According to UBBL, 12m
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Figure 7.3.2b Pressure Switch Coming off from the water pump, the water will flow through the Pressure Switch which is used to monitor the water pressure and control the water pump. Water pump will be activated which it detects dropping of water pressure.
Figure 7.3.2c Sprinkler Alarm Valve When the sprinkler system is activated, the water will flow through the Sprinkler Alarm Valve before reaching the sprinkler head. Sprinkler alarm valve is used to prevent the backflow of water into the water pump during normal days. In case of fire, it will also activated the sprinkler alarm valve which will ring to notify that the sprinkler system is in operation.
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Figure 7.3.2d Upright Pendent Type Sprinkler Head The sprinkler heads that are being used in the building consist of two types which are the pendent and upright type due to their position. A thin glass inside the sprinkler head will explode and trigger the system when a fire is detected. The pipe sizes that are used in a typical sprinkler system are 150mm, 100mm, 80mm, 65mm, 50mm, 40mm, 32mm and 25mm GI Pipe. The different sizes of pipe are crucial to control the water pressure at an optimum level.
Figure 7.3.2e Sprinkler System Control Panel Sprinkler system control panel is used to monitor and control the system. For the ease of maintenance work, the control panel is put at the pump house instead of the fire control room. But, a signal will be sent to the fire control room in case of fire.
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7.3.3 Active Fire Protection - Fire Suppression System (Hose Reel System)
Figure 7.3.3a Hose Reel System Diagram (FireFighting.com.my) The above diagram shown the typical Hose Reel System layout. In Hose Reel System, a water tank is needed to supply water to the two pumps which are the duty and standby pump. The water will then flow through the piping system to reach the Hose Reel Cabinet which stores the hose reel drum and the hose reel hose. Hose reel drum is attached to a metal side plate which will enable it to swivel left and right. The hose reel hose length according to the UBBL should be 30m length. The pipe sizes used in the Hose Reel system are 50mm, 25mm GI Pipe.
Figure 7.3.3b Hose Reel Drum along with Hose Reel Hose with Diffuser Nozzle Page | 126
7.3.4 Active Fire Protection - Fire Suppression System (Wet Riser System) Law of Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Section 231 – Installation and Testing of Wet Rising System 1) Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level.
Figure 7.3.4a Wet Riser System Diagram (HIGH-RISEfireFighting.co.uk) Similar to Sprinkler System, Wet Riser also required a water tank and three types of water pumps to function. The water is then supplied to the fire hydrant valve where firefighter will be able to connect their fire hose for fire suppression. This system helps to increase the efficient of firefighting especially in high level building. This is because the firefighter would not have to drag the fire hose from ground floor to the level higher up which is time consuming. The sizes of pipe used are 150mm and 100mm GI pipe.
Figure 7.3.4b Hydrant Valve and Fire Hose Cabinet Page | 127
7.3.5 Active Fire Protection - Fire Suppression System (CO2 Fire Suppression System)
Figure 7.3.5a CO2 Fire Suppression System CO2 Fire Suppression System is used when an area that is sensitive to water such as Generator room, RMU room, TX room and MSB room is present. In case of a fire, the system can be activated manually through manual pull switch or automatically through heat detector and smoke detector. CO2 will then discharged from the CO2 cylinder to the discharge nozzle. During the discharging of the gas, no one is allowed to be entered. Warning light that is placed outside the room will change its color accordingly.
Figure 7.3.5b CO2 Fire Suppression System Warning Light
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7.3.6 Active Fire Protection - Fire Suppression System (Fire Hydrant System) Law of Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Section 225 – Detecting and Extinguishing Fire 2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access.
Figure 7.3.6a Fire Hydrant System Diagram (Shahfiresafety.in) The above diagram shown the typical layout of Fire Hydrant System. Fire Hydrant is supplied with water from the local water authority instead of the building. They are placed strategically in order to provide the fire engine water in case their own internal water tank is depleted. Normally, fire hose cabinet with fire hose inside will be provided beside the fire hydrant. Parking beside the fire hydrant will also be provided for the fire engine too.
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7.3.7 Active Fire Protection - Fire Suppression System (Portable Fire Extinguisher) Law of Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Section 227 – Portable Extinguishers Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar fire extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
Figure 7.3.7a CO2 Portable Fire Extinguisher (Top), ABC Powder Portable Fire Extinguisher (Bottom) In a building, two types of portable fire extinguisher are used – ABC Dry Powder and CO2. Both of the portable fire extinguishers come in different sizes but the most commonly used are the 9kg ABC Dry Powder and 2.5kg CO2. ABC Dry Powder portable fire extinguisher can be used to extinguish all types of fire but it will damage the electrical equipment and therefore the CO2 is more suited for extinguish the electrical equipment fire. Portable Fire Extinguisher in the building should be SIRIM Certified, attached with BOMBA certificate and maintained regularly.
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7.4 Passive Fire Protection 7.4.1 Passive Fire Protection – Fire Escape (Vertical & Horizontal Escape) Law of Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Section 202 – Pressurized System for Staircase All staircase serving buildings of more than 45.75 meters in height where there is no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization. Law of Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Section 172 – Emergency Exit Signs 1) Stories exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment. In high rise building, staircase is the most important escape route as people are not allowed to use elevator during a fire emergency besides fire lift which only can be used by firefighter. It allows building users from upper floor to reach the lower floor and then proceed to the assembly point as instructed. The Summit’s staircases are installed with pressurized system to prevent the smoke from entering the staircase shaft during a fire. Emergency KELUAR sign must be placed at each emergency exit to guide the people in case the power supply is down. Fire escape route plan must be placed at strategic place too to show the exit point, hose reel and fire extinguisher location.
Figure 7.4.1a Fire escape route plan
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Requirement of a fire escape staircase: 1) Tread not less than 225mm and riser not more than 180mm 2) Depth of landing cannot be less than width 3) Winders are not allowed for fire escape staircase 4) Tread and riser must be constant in dimensions to prevent people from tipping over 5) Width of staircase must be constant throughout the path
Figure 7.4.1b Ground Floor Plan (Yellow represent horizontal escape exit, Red represent vertical escape exit)
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7.4.2 Passive Fire Protection – Fire Rated Door, Ceiling and Wall Law of Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Section 204 – Classification of restriction of flame over surfaces of walls and ceilings For the purpose of this Part and the Eighth Schedule to these By-Laws any reference to a surface being of a specified class shall be constructed as a requirement that the material of which the wall, ceiling or soffit is constructed, shall comply with the following requirements: Class 0. Surfaces of no flame spread.Fire rated door is placed at fire escape route such as staircase shaft and smoke lobby as they can help to hold out the fire for at least two hours while also closing itself to keep the staircase shaft pressurized. There are two types of automatic door closer which are the hydraulically spring operated for swing door while wire rope and weight type for sliding door. The ceilings and walls of The Summit are required to be finish with Class 0 material properties in order to restrict the spread of flame over surface as required in UBBL.
Figure 7.4.2a Illuminated ‘KELUAR’ Sign and Fire Rated Door
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7.4.3 Passive Fire Protection – Compartmentalization Compartmentalization is important in a building during a fire emergency. It will help to prevent the smoke from spreading uncontrollably throughout the building. The most basic type of compartmentalization is fire rated door. In The Summit, air conditioning duct also works as a smoke spill duct. During a fire, a signal will be sent to close off the cool air supply duct and activated the smoke spill fan which will be used to suck out the smoke. Besides the mentioned, fire rated ceiling and wall also play a crucial part in holding back the smoke to buy the building user enough time to evacuate.
Figure 7.4.3a Typical Smoke Spill System (coltinfo.co.uk)
7.4.4 Passive Fire Protection - Assembly Point Assembly point is where all the building users will evacuate to during a fire. It should be placed close to the emergency exit routes but not too close with building too in order to protect the building users from the dangerous elements.
Figure 7.4.4a Assembly Point Symbol (Lynwoodsigns.co.uk) Page | 134
7.5 Conclusion In conclusion, The Summit is having a comprehensive Fire Protection System. A well maintained system is the key to the long term safety of the building throughout its building life time. And off course, there are improvements for the building too, its atrium should be installed with Fire Rated Roller Shutter or Curtain to control the spreading of smoke during a fire. It is a compulsory safety feature in similar building nowadays therefore The Summit should also comply with the latest fire protection requirement. Then, the fire rated door should be remain closed at all time. Other than that, the building’s Fire Protection System is designed according to the UBBL. Fire Inspections are also conducted by the Fire & Rescue Department of Malaysia yearly in order to make sure that the operator and the equipment are performing properly at all times.
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