B.Arch Thesis - Nomadic Urbanism

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COMMUNITY IN FLUX ——A NEW TYPOLOGY ADDRESSING NOMADIC URBANISM Yiliu Willow Hong

Thesis submitted to the faculty of Cornell University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Architecture in the year 2016. Thesis presentation took place on 13th of May, 2016 at the city of Ithaca in the state of New York.

Thesis Advisor: Lily Chi, Mark Cruvellier

ABSTRACT

This thesis intends to develop an alternative architectural approach to a particular phenomenon that occurred in the urbanization process of Chinese cities. In the outskirt area of Beijing, traditional courtyard housings have transformed into high density low-rise building blocks to accommodate the large inflow of “urban nomads” population, and resulted in a unique urban typology called the “urban village”. Although the resulted communities are lively, local government treats these villages as scars of the city due to their lack of regulations. This thesis aims to create a new village model that inherits the characteristics of the original communities, while at the same time offering a physically and psychologically healthy living environment responding to nomadic urbanism.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ISSUE & SITE

7

OLD TANGJIALING VILLAGE ANALYSIS

11

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

17

SITE ANALYSIS

19

EARLY ITERATIONS

21

FINAL PROPOSAL

24

COMMUNITY PLANNING

30

LIVING SCENE

34

REFERENCES

39

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

41

ISSUE | SITE

The chosen site is called tangjialing, which was one of the largest urban villages in Beijing, with 3,000 villagers accommodating 50,000 urban nomads. Many types of urban nomads once lived in tangjialing, which includes a large number of newly graduate students, self-employed people and white collars. All these people rent housings from the local villagers, and together they created a pretty lively community.

Counrtyard Courtyard Village Village

However, the government view these urban villages as scars of the city, so tangjialing was demolished in 2010 and was replaced by a gated community intending to accommodate both the villagers and the urban nomads. Unfortunately, the gated community housing didn't possess any characteristic from the old village, and urban nomads were forced to seek for other villages to stay. This triggered the creation of new urban villages. And this cycle has been repeated over and over in many village sites. Urban Village Village Urban The thesis now focuses on finding a way to break this cycle, to create a new village model that inherits the characteristics of the old Tangjialing village.

GatedCommunity Community Gated

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COMMUNITY IN FLUX

A New Typology Addressing Normadic Urbanism OldOld Village VillageTimeline Timeline

Issue | Site Huanghoudian Daniufang

Shigezhuang Xiaoniufang

Tangjialing Tujingcun

Old Tangjialing Village (now Zhongguancun Park)

Dongbeiwangxiang Malianwa

409,300m2 3,000 villagers 47,000 nomads <5% vacancy

5th Ring

Xiaojiahe

409,300

Shucun

4th Ring

3rd Ring

2nd Ring

New Tangjialing Gated Community 366,000m2 1,190 villagers 3760 nomads >30% vacancy

Recurrence of Urban Villages in Beijing Recurrence of Urban Villages in Beijing Village Owned Collective Land 133,617m2

Tangjialing Area

8

6

City Urbanization Encroach Farmland

Expand

Increase

City

Mega City

Leave

Attract

Elite Class

Settle

Urban Nomads

Rural Area

Typical Urbanism

Leave

Commercial Housing

Too Expensive Leave

Revenue Decrease No Hukou

City Periphery

Newly Graduate

Self-employed

White Collar

Settle

Replacement Housing

Cycle

High Vacancy Rate

Villager

Village Defarmerization

Settle Build Maximaze Land Value

Social Tie Breaks Down

Rent as Only Revenue Informal UV

Build

No Planning Take Land Government

Demolish Developer

Construction Company

Modify

New Village Generation Become

Grown

Nomadic Urbanism Settle

Maximaze Land Value

? Collective Land Architectual Planning Demolish Supervise

Narrative: Alternative Architectural Model

Social Tie Remains Build

Government Keep Land Villager=Developer+Constructor

9

Housing Price Sell Land Developer

Constructor

Sell Land

Compensate Buy Land

Model 1

Sell Housing

Pay

Demolish Construct 30% profit Villager Compensate Buy Land

Villager

Model 3 (Tangjialing) Relocate

Villager Lease Housing

Leave Commercial Housing

Nomad

Construct 30% profit

Nomad Collective Land 1 Collective Land 2

Relocate

Leave

Sell Housing Demolish Construct

Nomad Collective Land 1 Collective Land 2

Government

Developer

Villager

Commercial Housing

Collective Land

National Land

Lease Housing Nomad

National Land

Villager Incentive Architect

Constructor Pay

Pay Demolish Construct

Model 2

Compensate Buy Land

Support

Villager

Compensate

Villager

Nomad Collective Land 1 Collective Land 2 Relocate

Nomad Collective Land 1 Collective Land 2

Demolish

Proposed Model

Relocate 10% Commerce

10% Commerce

Collect

Collect

Construct

Leave

Lease Housing

Lease Housing Develop

Villager National Land

Narrative: Alternative Financial Model 10

Nomad

Nomad

Villager Collective Land 2

Collective Land 1

Financial Model

Desired Level

Self-employed Needs Diagram

Achieved Level

General Population

Esteem Needs

Safety Needs

Traffic

Essential Space

Environment

Supply

Community Service

Noise

Sanitation

Air

Lighting

Sex

Health

Stability

Job Oppotunity

Surveillance

Belonging Needs

Access Barrier

Group Activity

Privacy Control

Entertainment

Approximity

Communication

Spatial Flexibility

Ownership

Total Space

Makerspace

Education

Self Actualization

Spatial Uniqueness

Analysis on the Tangjialing village prior to its demoltion is performed, and the needs of both the villagers and the urban nomads are also discovered through research on published interviews and surveys.

Body Improvement

Cognitive Identiy

OLD TANGJIALING VILLAGE ANALYSIS

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Physiological Needs

Desired Level Achieved Level

Self Actualization

Esteem Needs

Safety Needs

Essential Space

Traffic

Environment

Supply

Community Service

Noise

Sanitation

Lighting

Air

Sex

Health

Stability

Job Oppotunity

Surveillance

Belonging Needs

Access Barrier

Privacy Control

Group Activity

Entertainment

Communication

Approximity

Spatial Flexibility

Spatial Uniqueness

Total Space

Ownership

Makerspace

Body Improvement

Education

Cognitive Identiy

General Population

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Physiological Needs

Desired Level Achieved Level

White Collar Needs Diagram

Self Actualization

Esteem Needs

Belonging Needs

Safety Needs

Physiological Needs

Essential Space

Traffic

Environment

Supply

Community Service

Noise

Sanitation

Lighting

Air

Sex

Health

Stability

Job Oppotunity

Surveillance

Access Barrier

Privacy Control

Group Activity

Entertainment

Communication

Approximity

Spatial Flexibility

Spatial Uniqueness

Total Space

Ownership

Makerspace

Body Improvement

General Population

Education

For the villagers, since they have the capital, the expansion of their building blocks have never stopped since day one. The resulted spatial relationship, unlike the traditional courtyard type, discourags the communication between the villagers and the urban nomads, and even hampers the interaction among villagers themselves.

Newly Graduate Needs Diagram

Cognitive Identiy

What is found is that for the urban nomads, they were actually quite satisfied with the small space they have, and what they really want is an improvement of the physical environment, such as light, air, privacy and flexible space. The last one is particularly important because such space allows informal activities to happen, which are essential to generate a sense of community.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Needs Diagram 11

Bei Tempple

Xi Temple

Folk religion Clinic

Health care

Elderly Kindergarten+ Activity Center Ele. School

Community Primary Education Village Core Value

Village Incremental Transformation 12

Villager

Villager/Nomads 3220

2480

One-floor Courtyard

8m2

Courtyard+High-rise 12m2

13.5m2

3000

3000

5000

4500

3000

6000

3000

Villager/Nomads 4200

Villager/Nomads

15m2

18m2 4200

Villager+Nomads 4980

Villager/Nomads High-rise

22m2

Household Incremental Transformation

Rental Unit Typology

13

Food

Food

Clothes

Clothes

Beauty

Living

Food

Living Health Service

Linear

Linear Commerce Pattern 14

Corner

Corner

Temporary

Time Based (morning/night)

Indoor Chaotic

Walkway Street

Indoor Organized

Walkway

Street Border 15

Intimacy Non-Resident

Low

Physical Enclosure

High Open

Street

Walkway

Circulation

Street

Walkway

Circulation

Clothes Drying Cooking/Dining

Street

Walkway

Circulation

Clothes Drying

Commune Commune Bath Cooking/Dining

Street

Walkway

Circulation

Clothes Drying

Commune Cooking/Dining

Street

Walkway

Circulation

Clothes Drying Cooking/Dining

Semi-open/closed

Closed

Store

Self-Employed Store/ Commune Bath Workshop

Living

Newly-Graduate Living

Rest

Living

Rest

Bath

Living

Rest

Bath

White-Collar

Villager

Territory 16

Public

Intermediate

Private

Rest

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

The research continues with a comparison between the urban village and the traditional Chinese courtyard housing, intending to have a deeper understanding of the embedded spatial meaning of each typology.

Hutong Community

Urban Village

EXPANSION

17

Hutong Community

Urban Village

TERRITORY

Sub-groups’ relationship

Single-group territory hierachy

Hutong Community

Urban Village

BOUNDARY

18

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

100,000m2 440 buildings 700 villagers 8000 nomads 100m2/floor, 4 floor FAR: 1.7 (ideal 1.0)

Site Analysis

Nomads

13.5m2 6 rooms/floor Villager 8m

The existing density model of the old Tangjialing is projected onto the new test site, resulting in an accomodation portfolio of 700 villagers hosting 8000 urban nomads. Essential community programs and surrounding contexts are also analyzed.

3m

100m2 1 household/floor

Densitymodel Model Density

Zhongguancun Park Market

Community Clinic

Elderly Activity Center

Kindergarten/ Primary School

P Commercial: Makerspace/Education Center

Villager Parking

Program Programs

Gated Community Zhongguancun Tech Park Office Complex 19

Site Control Lines

Site Control Lines

Potential Residential Area

High Voltage Power Lines

Vegetation

Noise Source

Gated Area

Site Control Lines

Potential Access Point

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Potential Commercial Development

Connecting Route

Park

Restaurant & Grocery

Sport

Medical

Living

Transportation

Transportation & Site Access

Transportation

LIving

Living Programs

Automobile

Bus

Pedestrian

Subway

Agriculture

Agriculture & Service Routes

Potential Access Point

Agricultural Facility

Arable Land

Connecting Route

Agriculture 19

EARLY ITERATIONS

From: DENSIFIED HUTONG In this very first design scheme, density was the major consideration, and individual nomad units are conceived to be grouped into clusters that form the porous residential “wall�. 1. Hutong neighborhood

2. Increasing density

3. Massing proposal

4. Three-dimentional hutong

Conceptual Diagram

Framework

Original State

Expanded State

Unit Expansion 21

To: EXTROVERTED COURTYARD The design moved on to create a sense of community using the traditional courtyard typology. The large outdoor platforms encourage collective living and the generation of informal activities. These spaces are also conceived as potential development zone for future expansion.

Collective Living 22

To: COMPARTMENTALIZED HOUSING The design stepped forward from delievering a single fixed built form into creating a modular system that allows flexible construction to meet the needs and behaviors of both villagers and urban nomads. Growth Stage 1

Component Disassemblement

Growth Stage 2 23

FINAL PROPOSAL

REST SERVICE

LVING

CIRCULATION TOPOLOGICAL CHANGE

Learnt from all these analysis, a modular system is proposed that essentially creates an inverted typology of the existing built environment. Here the most essential program needed for the urban nomads is integrated to create the smallest unit that matches up with the original density. And they become the bricks that occupy the original void space between building cubes.

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Module 1

dapt e odu e

Villager basic unit

Nomad units

Nomad commune space

Large business space

Module 5 & 6

Module 4

Module 2 & 3

Balcony

Stairs Nomad basic unit

Indoor living+circulation

Indoor living

Small business space

ADAPTIVE MODULES

Three types of modules are designed as components of the framework, a cross form module that serves as the basic villager housing, and it can be adapted into various programs serving for nomadic group, such as sleeping units, commune utilities, business space, etc‌the smaller module serves as nomad’s basic unit, and the accommodation type matches the demographics of the nomad population. This module can also be adapted into additional living spaces for both the nomads and the villagers. The third type of modules serve additional incremental growth.

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Scenario 3

Scenario 2

Scenario 1

Aggregation

Individual villager housing

Relationship establishment

Horizontal aggregation

AGGREGATION

This modular system is able to perform the following operations to reflect the constant change of the village. The aggregation starts with individual villager housing, depending on the relationship each family wants to have with other villager families, different spatial conditions would be established, then the nomad’s unit began to fill in the gap between the cross form and create different types of outdoor informal activity spaces that can be shared by all residents.

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Vertical aggregation

Circulation establishment

Outdoor living

Mergence

MERGENCE

Mergence of modules gives opportunities to expand their housing infinitely without undermining the established spatial relationship.

27

Scenario 1

Infill f

Scenario 2

Commercial street

Scenario 3

Pedestrian path

Potential area

INFILL The potential infill space of the framework allows the community to grow and generate a spatial hierarchy ranging from shop front condition of commercial streets, to temporary and small businesses along pedestrian path, to communications within the living compound.

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Spatial relationship

Living compound

Territory

Spatial Relationship

Primary Villager/nomad relationship

Tertiary Nomad territory hierachy

Boundary

Samle form

Secondary

SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP The diagram evaluates the spatial characteristics of the design proposal in comparison to the traditional courtyard housing typology in Beijing Hutong community. The resulted condition aims to mitigate the segregation between local villagers and the urban nomads, and provide a sense of belonging to the nomad population.

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COMMUNITY PLANNING

The next step was to imagine how this modular system actually start and grow to form into a community on the chosen test site, which is a piece of collective land owned by the tangjialing village. Analysis on the settlement structure of traditional Chinese villages is performed. Together with previous analysis on the test site context and the transformation pattern of the old tangjialing, a phasing strategy of the community is conceived. The initial step is the placement of a infrastructure system tailored to the target community. Villagers would then start building housing units along the major circulation stem and around the infrastructure. The expansion process would begin simultaneously; villagers are abe to perform the operations described above to allow their settlement grow within the modular system framework. Eventually when all crosses have been connected and all infill space are filled, the community would reach to its capacity for sustaining a healthy environment for both the viillagers and the urban nomads.

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Village Plan

Overall

Lineage-based

Economy-based

Traditional Settlement Analysis 31

Village Plan

Overall

Lineage-based

Body Improvement Makerspace

Phase Phase 3 3

Self Esteem Actualization Belong Este SelfNeeds Actualization

Self Esteem Actualization Belong Este SelfNeeds Actualization

Ownership Cognitive Identiy Total Space Education Cognitive Identiy Spatial Uniqueness Body Improvement Education Spatial Flexibility Makerspace Body Improvement Approximity Ownership Makerspace Communication

Self Actualization

Education

Self-employed Needs Self-employed Diagram Needs Dia Self-employed Need

Self Actualization

32

Newly Graduate Needs Newly Diagram Graduate Needs Di Newly Graduate Need

Phasing Strategy

Cognitive Identiy

Phase 2

Cognitive Identiy Education Body Improvement Makerspace Ownership Cognitive Identiy Total Space Education Cognitive Identiy Spatial Uniqueness Body Improvement Education Spatial Flexibility Makerspace Body Improvement Approximity Ownership Makerspace Communication

PhasePhase 4 4

Needs Analysis Needs Analysis Needs Analysis

Phase 1

Economy/ Authority-based

Typical Settlement Plan 33

LIVING SCENE: SECTION

34

35

LIVING SCENE: GROUND FLOOR PLAN

36

ጴ່

37

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REFERENCES

Andersson, Cecilie. Migrant Positioning: In Transforming Urban Ambience : Urban Villages and the City, Guangzhou, China. Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Urban Design and Planning, 2012. Web. Chow, Renee Y. Changing Chinese Cities: The Potentials of Field Urbanism. N.p.: Univ Hawaii Pr, 2015. Print. Hall, Edward T. The Hidden Dimension. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966. Print. Li, Chen. Reinterpretation of Traditional Chinese Courtyard House. Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2009. Web. Li, Peilin. Cun Luo De Zhong Jie: Yangcheng Cun De Gu Shi. Beijing: Shang Wu Yin Shu Guan, 2004. Print. Lynch, Kevin. The Image of the City. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1960. Print. Murakami, Shuzo, Shinsuke Kato, Ryozo Ooka, and Yasuyuki Shiraishi. Design of a Porous-type Residential Building Model with Low Environmental Load in Hot and Humid Asia. Energy and Buildings 36.12 (2004): 1181-189. Web.

Previ-Lima Low Cost Housing Project. Architectural Design 4 (1970): 187-205. Web. Qin, Xiang. Micro-apartment in Beijing China. Electronic Thesis or Dissertation. University of Cincinnati, 2015. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center. Web. Shanshan, Li. A View Of Flexible Housing In China. Thesis. Politecnico Di Torino, Department of Architecture and Design, 2015. Web. Si, Lian. Yi Zu. Gui Lin: Guang Xi Shi Fan Ta Xue Chu Ban She, 2009. Print. URBANUS. Village/City City/Village. N.p.: China Power Press, 2006. Print. Wang, H. Space configuration and movement pattern of Chinese traditional settlement. 7th International Space Syntax Symposium Proceedings. Stockholm, Sweden, 2009. Web. Xiang, Biao. Kua Yue Bian Jie De She Qu: Beijing "Zhejiang Cun" De Sheng Huo Shi. Beijing Shi: Sheng Huo, Du Shu, Xin Zhi San Lian Shu Dian, 2000. Print. âźšâż—âż— ăŁ?䊧 ă??ĺ†? âşšĺ„˜ âĄ’ăˆŠ㲧ă‚łă’Œáą‘ä„°ä”†áą’ăˆźăˆ´ă¤™ăˆ´ä“‚âż˜ăˆ”äˆŒä…ƒäŠ™âŽ˜âĽŠ>-@ 䓂㤙

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude toward my thesis committee: Lily Chi and Mark Cruvellier for their devotion and constant bettering of the project. I would like to thank my family and friends for their support and encouragement. Special thanks to my friend Edbert Cheng, my boyfriend Gao Han and my thesis helper Melody Li, for their tremendous patience and kindness.

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