Endnotes

1 “The Global Gender Gap Report” (Cologny/Geneva Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 2018), vii, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2018.pdf.

2 “The Global Gender Gap Report,” 16.

3 Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, The Concept of Representation, 1st ed. (Berkeley, California: The University of California Press, 1967).

4 Provan, K. G. (1980). Recognizing, measuring, and interpreting the potential/enacted power distinction in organizational research. Academy of Management Review, 5(4): 549-559.

5 “Gender Statistics Database. Women and Men in Decision-Making. Methodology,” n.d., 7.

6 Al-Lamky Asya. “Feminizing Leadership in Arab Societies: The Perspectives of Omani Female Leaders.” Women in Management Review 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 49–67.

7 Yerkes, Sarah, and Zeineb B. Yahmed. “Tunisia’s Political System: From Stagnation to Competition.” Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, March 28, 2019: 4.

8 Doss, Cheryl, Caren Grown, and Carmen D. Deere. “Gender and Asset Ownership: A Guide to Collecting Individual-Level Data.” The World Bank, August 2008: 3.

9 Christian Gonzales et al., “Fair Play: More Equal Laws Boost Female Labor Force Participation,” Staff Discussion Notes 15, no. 2 (2015): 6, https://doi.org/10.5089/9781498354424.006.

10 Marmenout, “Women-Focused Leadership Development in the Middle East: Generating Local Knowledge.”: 8.

11 Grewal, Sharan. “Can Tunisia Find a Compromise on Equal Inheritance?” Lawfare (blog), September 26, 2018. https://www.lawfareblog.com/can-tunisia-find-compromise-equal-inheritance.

12 ibid

13 “Tunisia Cabinet Approves Equal Inheritance Law.” Middle East Monitor, November 26, 2018.

14 Bessma Momani, “Equality and the Economy: Why the Arab World Should Employ More Women,” n.d., 3.

15 Assaad, Gagui, Rana Hendy, Moundir Lassassi, and Shaimma Yassin. “Explaining the MENA Paradox: Rising Educational Attainment, Yet Stagnant Female Labor Force Participation.” IZA Institute of Labor Economics, March 2018:1

16 ibid,7

17 Mouelhi, Rim B.A., and Mohamed Goaied. “Women in the Tunisian Labor Market.” Economic Research Forum, November 2017:114,120.

18 Feliciano, Mariana, and Varun Gauri. “Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan: Understanding How Gender Norms in MNA Impact Female Employment Outcomes.” Washington D.C.: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank, June 1, 2018: 26

19 Gonzales, Christian, Sonali Jain-Chandra, Kalpana Kochhar,and Monique Newiak, “Fair Play: More Equal Laws Boost Female Labor Force Participation.” Staff Discussion Notes 15, no. 2 (2015): 19.

20 Aslam, Neelufer. “A Role and Contributions of Women in the Sultanate of Oman.” International Journal of Business and Management 6, no. 3 (March 2011): 237.

21 Ameen, H. (2019, August 27). Personal Interview.

22 Balf, N. (2019, August 22). Personal Interview

23 Hughes, Melanie, Pamela Paxton, and Mona Lena Krook. “Gender Quotas for Legislatures and Corporate Boards.” Annual Review of Sociology 43 (May 19, 2017): 332.

24 Ibid, 333.

25 Hughes, Melanie M., and Pamela Paxton. “The Increasing Effectiveness of National Gender Quotas, 1990-2010.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 40, no. 3 (January 2015): 353-354.

26 Balf, N. (2019, August 22). Personal Interview.

27 Hughes and Paxton, “The Increasing Effectiveness of National Gender Quotas, 1990-2010.”:332.

28 Kawar, M. (2019, August 29). Personal Interview

29 Levi, G. ( 2019, August 23). Personal Interview

30 Kawar, M. (2019, August 29). Personal Interview

31 Elamin, Nisrin, and Tahani Ismail. “The Many Mothers of Sudan’s Revolution.” Al Jazeera, May 4, 2019.

32 Tripp, Aili Mari. “Women Are Deeply Involved in the Algerian Protests- on International Women’s Day, and All the Time.” The Washington Post, March 8, 2019.

33 Balf, N. (2019, August 22). Personal Interview.

34 Aboulenein, Ahmed. “Egypt Issues NGO Law, Cracking down on Dissent.” Reuters, May 9, 2017.

35 Nicholasen, Michelle. “In the Crosshairs of an Academic Crackdown.” The Harvard Gazette, April 19, 2019.

36 Aldosari,H. (2019, September 24). Personal Interview

37 Kaufman, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi. “The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues.” Draft Policy Working Paper. Brookings Institution and The World Bank, September 2010: 3.

38 Bseiso, H. (2019, August 22). Personal Interview.

39 Sarah Sunn Bush, “International Politics and the Spread of Quotas for Women in Legislatures,” International Organization 65, no. 1 (2011): 104.

40 ibid, 104.

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