Topical bibliography

World bank. n.d.-a. “Force Majeure clauses checklist and Sample Wording.” Washington, Dc,

World bank. https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/sites/ppp.worldbank .org/files/documents/Forcemajeurechecklist.pdf. World bank. n.d.-b. “Sample Force Majeure clauses.” World bank, Washington, Dc. https://ppp .worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/ppp-overview/practical-tools/checklists -and-risk-matrices/force-majeure-checklist/sample-clauses. World bank Group. 2017. “Guidance on PPP contractual Provisions, 2017 edition.” World bank,

Washington, Dc. https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/sites/ppp .worldbank.org/files/documents/Guidance_%20PPP_contractual_Provisions_en_2017 .pdf. World bank, PPIAF (Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility). n.d. “Toolkit for Public-

Private Partnerships in roads and highways.” World bank, Washington, Dc. https://ppiaf .org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/documents/toolkits/highwaystoolkit/index.html.

TOPICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

Land availability and acquisition

APMG International. 2018. “land Availability and Acquisition risk.” In PPP Certification

Program Guide. buckinghamshire, uK: APMG International. https://ppp-certification.com /ppp-certification-guide/111-land-availability-and-acquisition. Mills lindsay, J. 2012. “compulsory Acquisition of land and compensation in Infrastructure

Projects.” World bank, Washington, Dc. https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private -partnership/library/ppp-insights-compulsory-acquisition-land-and-compensation -infrastructure-projects-0. rajeswari, P. 2014. “land Acquisition and rehabilitation—A Great challenge to PPPs.” http:// www.iracst.org/ijcbm/papers/vol3no62014/15vol3no6.pdf.

Stakeholder management

APMG International. 2018. “relationship Management.” In PPP Certification Program Guide. buckinghamshire, uK: APMG International. https://ppp-certification.com/ppp -certification-guide/44-relationship-management. IFc (International Finance corporation). 2007. Stakeholder Engagement: A Good Practice

Handbook for Companies Doing Business in Emerging Markets. Washington, Dc: IFc. https:// www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site /sustainability-at-ifc/publications/publications_handbook_stakeholderengagement__wci __1319577185063.

lopez, A., b. bell, O. Flores-Dewey, and A. h. Guerrero. 2018. “The role of Private bus

Operator risk Profile in Transit Formalization: A Framework from Mexico.” World bank,

Washington, Dc. PPP Knowledge lab. n.d. “Stakeholder communication and engagement.” World bank,

Washington, Dc. https://pppknowledgelab.org/guide/sections/39-stakeholder -communication-and-engagement.

Permits and licensing

APMG International. 2018. “Permits.” In PPP Certification Program Guide. buckinghamshire, uK: APMG International. https://ppp-certification.com/ppp-certification-guide/113-permits.

Scope of design

Çigdem, h., W. leendertse, l. volker, and M. hertogh. 2007. “Flexibility in PPP contracts—

Dealing with Potential change in the Pre-contract Phase of a construction Project.”

Construction Management and Economics 35 (4): 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144619 3.2016.1241414.

PPP Knowledge lab. n.d. “Appraising Potential PPP Projects.” World bank, Washington, Dc. https://pppknowledgelab.org/guide/sections/49-appraising-potential-ppp-projects.

Environmental and social risks

ADb (Asian Development bank). 2012. Involuntary Resettlement Safeguards: A Planning and

Implementation Good Practice Sourcebook. Manila: ADb. https://www.adb.org/sites /default/files/institutional-document/32827/files/ir-good-practices-sourcebook-draft .pdf. ebrD (european bank for reconstruction and Development). n.d. “resettlement Guidance and

Good Practice.” ebrD, london. https://www.ebrd.com/documents/.../pdf-resettlement -guidance-and-good-practice.pdf. PPP Knowledge lab. n.d. “environmental and Social Studies and Standards.” World bank,

Washington, Dc. https://pppknowledgelab.org/guide/sections/52-environmental-and -social-studies-and-standards.

World bank. 2016. “environmental and Social Framework: Setting environmental and Social

Standards for Investment Project Financing.” World bank, Washington, Dc.

Financial risks

Dodero, A. l., A. h. Guerrero, F. T. rodriguez, and A. l. heras. 2016. “bus Financing in urban

Transport Projects in Mexico: challenges and Opportunities.” Transportation Research

Record 2581 (1): 79–87. Farquharson, e., c. Torres, e. r. yescombe, and J. encinas. 2011. “how to engage with the

Private Sector in Public-Private Partnerships in emerging Markets.” World bank,

Washington, Dc. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/995241468337913618/pdf /how-to-engage-with-the-private-sector-in-public-private-partnerships-in-emerging -markets.pdf. Irwin, T. c. 2007. Government Guarantees: Allocating and Valuing Risk in Privately Financed

Infrastructure Projects. Washington, Dc: World bank.

Financial closure

european PPP expertise center. n.d. “The Guide to Guidance: how to Prepare, Procure, and

Deliver PPP Projects.” european Investment bank, Kirchberg. https://www.eib.org /attachments/epec/epec_the_guide_to_guidance_en.pdf?f=search&media=search. PPP Knowledge lab. n.d. “how PPPs Are Financed.” World bank, Washington, Dc. https:// pppknowledgelab.org/guide/sections/16-how-ppps-are-financed.

Affordability

ITDP (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy). n.d. BRT Planning Guide. new york: ITDP. https://brtguide.itdp.org/branch/master/guide/. World bank. 2002. “urban Transport Pricing and Finance.” In Cities on the Move: A World Bank

Urban Transport Strategy Review. Washington, Dc: World bank. http://siteresources.worldbank .org/eXTurbAnTrAnSPOrT/resources/341448-1269891107889/financing.pdf.

Fare evasion

GTZ (German Development Agency). 2005. Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-

Makers in Developing Cities: Bus Rapid Transit. bonn: GTZ. https://www.sutp.org/files /contents/documents/resources/A_Sourcebook/Sb3_Transit-Walking-and-cycling /GIZ_SuTP_Sb3b_bus-rapid-Transit_en.pdf. verougstraete, M., and e. MacDonagh. 2016. “Automatic Fare collection System: The case of

Manila.” united nations economic and Social commission for Asia and the Pacific, bangkok. https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/case%206-%20Automated%20Fare%20 collection.pdf.

World bank. 2011. “Fare collection.” In Toolkit on Intelligent Transport Systems for Urban

Transport. Washington, Dc: World bank. https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files /publications/Toolkits/ITS%20Toolkit%20content/its-applications/fare-collection.html.

Changes in ownership

APMG International. 2018. “changes in Ownership.” In PPP Certification Program Guide. buckinghamshire, uK: APMG International. https://ppp-certification.com/ppp -certification-guide/82-changes-ownership. Global Infrastructure hub. n.d. “change of Ownership.” In PPP Contract Management Report.

Sydney: Global Infrastructure hub. https://managingppp.gihub.org/report/construction -and-operations-routine-contract-management/change-of-ownership/.

Construction delays

ITDP (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy). n.d. BRT Planning Guide. new york: ITDP. https://brtguide.itdp.org/branch/master/guide/.

Component interfaces

ITDP (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy). n.d. BRT Planning Guide. new york: ITDP. https://brtguide.itdp.org/branch/master/guide/.

Geotechnical risks

APMG International. 2018. “Assessing the Technical Feasibility.” In PPP Certification Program

Guide. buckinghamshire, uK: APMG International. https://ppp-certification.com/ppp -certification-guide/7-assessing-technical-feasibility. APMG International. 2018. “Other Potential Interruptive events during construction.” In PPP

Certification Program Guide. buckinghamshire, uK: APMG International. https://ppp -certification.com/ppp-certification-guide/117-other-potential-interruptive-events -during-construction.

Completion and commissioning risk

ITDP (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy). n.d. BRT Planning Guide. new york: ITDP. https://brtguide.itdp.org/branch/master/guide/.

Quality and level of service

Gómez-lobo, A., and J. briones. 2014. “Incentives in bus concession contracts: A review of

Several experiences in latin America.” Transport Reviews: A Transnational Transdisciplinary

Journal 34 (2): 246–65. Tiznado, I., P. Galilea, F. Delgado, and M. niehaus. 2014. “Incentive Schemes for bus Drivers:

The case of the Public Transit System in Santiago, chile.” Research in Transportation

Economics 48 (December): 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.reTrec.2014.09.034.

Congestion

APTA (American Public Transportation Association). 2010. “Designing bus rapid Transit running Ways.” APTA, Washington, Dc. https://www.apta.com/resources/standards /Documents/APTA-bTS-brT-rP-003-10.pdf.

Repayment

Irwin, T. c. 2007. Government Guarantees: Allocating and Valuing Risk in Privately Financed

Infrastructure Projects. Washington, Dc: World bank.

Adequate fuel supply

World bank. 2009. “Green your bus ride: clean buses in latin America.” World bank,

Washington, Dc. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/410331548180859451 /pdf/133929-WP-PublIc-P164403-Summary-report-Green-your-bus-ride.pdf. World bank and IAPT (International Association of Public Transport). 2018. “electric Mobility and Development.” World bank, Washington, Dc. http://documents.worldbank.org /curated/en/193791543856434540/pdf/132636-eMADv4-web.pdf.

Other infrastructure

ITDP (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy). n.d. BRT Planning Guide. new york: ITDP. https://brtguide.itdp.org/branch/master/guide/.

Default

Pereira, P., and M. Kearney. 2018. “Multilateral Development banks’ risk Mitigation Instruments for Infrastructure Investment.” Inter-American Development bank, Washington, Dc. World bank. 2018. “leveraging the Private Sector and Optimizing Scarce Public resources for

Sustainable Mobility: Operational Guidance for the World bank Group.” World bank,

Washington, Dc.

Fleet maintenance

PPP Knowledge lab. n.d. “Inadequate Maintenance.” World bank, Washington, Dc. https://pppknowledgelab.org/guide/sections/13-inadequate-maintenance.

Repair costs

PPP Knowledge lab. n.d. “Inadequate Maintenance.” World bank, Washington, Dc. https://pppknowledgelab.org/guide/sections/13-inadequate-maintenance.

Infrastructure maintenance

PPP Knowledge lab. n.d. “Inadequate Maintenance.” World bank, Washington, Dc. https://pppknowledgelab.org/guide/sections/13-inadequate-maintenance.

III Defining the Project Structure

This part aims to help planners to polish the project structure, in preparation for the structuring phase. A finalized risk matrix corresponds to a well-defined project structure. Chapter 9 provides examples of common and new risk mitigation and allocation strategies and considers adjustments in the proposed structure. Chapter 10 reviews definitions of funding sources and financing mechanisms. These definitions directly affect how risks are allocated and mitigated. Finally, chapter 11 guides planners through an exercise of translating the proposed structure into essential elements of the concession. The purpose of this chapter is not to draft a concession contract (which pertains to the structuring phase and is thus beyond the scope of this analytical framework) but to identify inconsistencies or imbalances as well as new risk management strategies through a careful conceptual consideration of the essential elements of a concession contract.