The Long Shadow of Informality

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C H A P T ER 6

T H E L O NG S HA D O W O F I N F O R MA L I T Y

References Alfaro, L., O. Becerra, and M. Eslava. 2020. “EMEs and COVID-19: Shutting Down in a World of Informal and Tiny Firms.” NBER Working Paper 27360, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. Almeida, R., J. Behrman, and D. Robalino. 2012. The Right Skills for the Job? Rethinking Training Policies for Workers. Human Development Perspectives. Washington, DC: World Bank. Amaral, P. S., and E. Quintin. 2006. “A Competitive Model of the Informal Sector.” Journal of Monetary Economics 53 (7): 1541-53. Anand, R., and P. Khera. 2016. “Macroeconomic Impact of Product and Labor Market Reforms on Informality and Unemployment in India.” IMF Working Paper 1647, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Andrews, D., A. Sánchez, and Å. Johansson. 2011. “Towards a Better Understanding of the Informal Economy.” OECD Economics Department Working Paper 873, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. Antunes, A. R., and T. Cavalcanti. 2007. “Start Up Costs, Limited Enforcement, and the Hidden Economy.” European Economic Review 51 (1): 203-24. Auriol, E., and M. Warlters. 2005. “Taxation Base in Developing Countries.” Journal of Public Economics 89 (4): 625-46. Awasthi, R., and M. Engelschalk. 2018. “Taxation and the Shadow Economy: How the Tax System Can Stimulate and Enforce the Formalization of Business Activities.” Policy Research Working Paper 8391, World Bank, Washington, DC. Aziz, M., D. Bloom, S. Humair, E. Jimenez, L. Rosenberg, and Z. Sathar. 2014. “Education System Reform in Pakistan: Why, When, and How?” IZA Policy Paper 76, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, Germany. Bachas, P., L. Gadenne, and A., Jensen. 2020. “Informality, Consumption Taxes and Redistribution.” Policy Research Working Paper 9267, World Bank, Washington, DC. Barro, R. J., and L. W. Lee. 2013. “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950– 2010.” Journal of Development Economics 104 (September): 184-98. Bayar, Y., and O., Ozturk. 2016. “Financial Development and Shadow Economy in European Union Transition Economies.” Managing Global Transitions 14 (2): 157-73. Beck, T., A. Demirgüç-Kunt, and R. Levine. 2000. “A New Database on the Structure and Development of the Financial Sector.” World Bank Economic Review 14 (3): 597-605. Bellon, M., J. Chang, E. Dabla-Norris, S. Khalid, F. Lima, E. Rojas, and P. Villena. 2019. “Digitalization to Improve Tax Compliance: Evidence from VAT e-Invoicing in Peru.” IMF Working Paper 19/231, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Berdiev, A., and J., Saunoris. 2016. “Financial Development and the Shadow Economy: A Panel VAR Analysis.” Economic Modelling 57 (September): 197-207. Benjamin, N., and A. Mbaye. 2012. The Informal Sector in Francophone Africa: Firm Size, Productivity, and Institutions. Washington, DC: World Bank. Betcherman, G., N. Melten Daysal, and C. Pagés. 2010. “Do Employment Subsidies Work? Evidence from Regionally Targeted Subsidies in Turkey.” Labour Economics 17 (4): 710-22.


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Articles inside

References

17min
pages 344-353

Annex 6A Policies and informality

3min
pages 323-324

Fiscal measures

2min
page 301

Data and methodology

2min
page 300

6.1 Financial development and the informal economy

9min
pages 290-294

6.8 Informality after labor market reforms in EMDEs

2min
page 313

Conclusion

2min
page 271

References

20min
pages 272-284

Conclusion

2min
page 319

Latin America and the Caribbean

2min
page 251

South Asia

2min
page 260

Sub-Saharan Africa

4min
pages 264-265

Middle East and North Africa

2min
page 255

Europe and Central Asia

2min
page 246

East Asia and Pacific

2min
page 241

Informality in EMDEs

2min
page 237

References

24min
pages 222-234

4D.7 Regression: Changes in informality and poverty reduction

2min
page 208

competition

2min
page 206

4D.8 Regression: Changes in informality and improvement in income inequality

1min
page 209

4D.14 Regression: Developmental challenges and DGE-based output informality in EMDEs

5min
pages 216-218

Annex 4C Bayesian model averaging approach

4min
pages 200-201

4D.4 Regression: Labor productivity of formal and informal firms 4D.5 Regression: Labor productivity of formal firms facing informal

1min
page 205

Annex 4B Regression analysis

2min
page 199

Annex 4A Meta-regression analysis

2min
page 198

Informality and SDGs related to human development

2min
page 191

Informality and SDGs related to infrastructure

2min
page 193

4.3 Informality, poverty, and income inequality

5min
pages 180-182

Informality and institutions

2min
page 189

Finding the needle in the haystack: The most robust correlates

2min
page 195

Conclusion

1min
page 197

Informality and economic correlates

2min
page 179

4.2 Casting a shadow: Productivity in formal and informal firms

4min
pages 167-168

Links between informality and development challenges

2min
page 165

4.1 Informality and wage inequality

8min
pages 158-161

References

6min
pages 147-152

Conclusion

2min
page 136

Data and methodology

2min
page 129

Literature review: Linkages between formal and informal sectors

6min
pages 126-128

References

13min
pages 115-122

2B.9 World Values Survey

1min
page 114

2B.8 MIMIC model estimation results, 1993-2018

1min
page 113

Future research directions

2min
page 54

Database of informality measures

14min
pages 81-86

References

10min
pages 55-62

Key findings and policy messages

6min
pages 36-38

Definition of informality

4min
pages 79-80

Conclusion

2min
page 99

Annex 2A Estimation methodologies

9min
pages 100-103

16 Informality indicators and entrepreneurial conditions in Sub-Saharan

2min
page 35
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